BEE-spoke-data/govdocs1-by-extension · Datasets at Hugging Face

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converted_docs	218809	EROS LABORERS NO.1 UNION NATIONAL AGREEMENT COVERING SERVICE AND SUPPLY CONTRACT THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT [INDEX]{.underline} ARTICLE I PARTIES 1 ARTICLE II RECOGNTTION 1 ARTICLE III MANAGEMENT RIGHTS 1 ARTICLE IV UNION REPRESENTATION 2 ARTICLE V HOURS AND OVERTIME RATES 2 ARTICLE VI WAGES, FRINGE BENEFITS, VACATIONS AND 3 SHIFT SCHEDULES ARTICLE VII HOLIDAYS 4 ARTICLE VIII BEREAVEMENT LEAVE 5 ARTICLE IX SENIORITY AND REDUCTION IN FORCES 5 ARTICLE X PROMOTIONS 6 ARTICLE XI SAFETY 7 ARTICLE XII MAINTENANCE OF STANDARDS AND PROTECTION 7 OF RIGHTS ARTICLE XIII DISCHARGE OR SUSPENSION 8 ARTICLE XIV NO STRIKES, NO LOCKOUTS 9 ARTICLE XV GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE AND ARBITRATION 10 ARTICLE XVI EXTRA CONTRACT AGREEMENT 11 ARTICLE XVII SEPARABILITY AND SAVINGS CLAUSE 12 ARTICLE XVIII EFFECTIVE DATE AND DURATION 13 SCHEDULE A EMPLOYER'S JOB AND LOCATIONS SCHEDULE B WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS, WORKING CONDITIONS > ARTICLE I [Parties]{.underline} This Agreement has been entered into by, and is binding upon, [PLEASANT VALLEY CLEANING]{.underline} (hereinafter referred to as the "Employer"), and the EROS Laborers #1 Union and it's affiliated Unions and/or District Councils having jurisdiction over the Employer's locations and operations covered by this Agreement (hereinafter referred to as the "Union"). ARTICLE II [Recognition]{.underline} [Section 1.]{.underline} The Employer agrees to recognize the Union as the sole and exclusive bargaining representative with respect to wages, hours, and all other terms and conditions of employment of its employees employed at the EROS Data Center. [Section 2.]{.underline} "Employees", within the meaning of this Agreement, shall include all employees of the Employer working at the job locations presently or hereafter covered under Article I of this Agreement who are defined as employees under the Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947, as amended. [Section 3.]{.underline} The employees covered under this Agreement shall constitute custodial employees. ARTICLE III [Management Rights]{.underline} The Employer shall at all times have full control of matters relative to the management and conduct of its business and shall control its operations, the direction of its working force, the methods of production, the management of its plants and buildings, the care and use of its machinery and materials, and the right to hire, promote, and transfer employees, subject to the provisions of this Agreements. ARTICLE IV [Union Representation]{.underline} [Section 1.]{.underline} The Union shall have the right to appoint as many shop stewards as it deems necessary. The Union shall supply the Employer, in writing and shall maintain with the Employer on a current basis, a complete list of all authorized stewards, together with the designation of the group of employees each is authorized to represent. [Section 2.]{.underline} A chief steward shall be permitted to furnish information and/or process grievances relating to matters of mutual concern to the Employer and the employee. [Section 3.]{.underline} The Employer agrees that in the event it is planned to transfer a steward, officer, or representative from one work shift and/or shop to another, it will inform the Union five (5) days prior to taking such action. ARTICLE V [Hours and Overtime Rates]{.underline} [Section 1]{.underline}. The regular schedule of hours shall be eight (8) hours in one day, excluding the lunch period, and forty (40) hours per week. All overtime hours worked in excess of the employee's regular work day or in excess of forty (40) hours in the employee's regular work week shall be paid for at time-and-a-half, including any applicable shift differential or premium. There shall be no pyramiding of overtime. [Section 2.]{.underline} The hours of work shall be established to meet the requirements of the Employer's contract with the applicable Government agency. [Section 3.]{.underline} Any employee scheduled to work or called in to work by the Employer shall receive at least two (2) hours pay if he reports for work at the required time and no work is available, unless the Employer shall have taken reasonable steps to notify such employee that there will be no work. [Section 4.]{.underline} No employee scheduled to work or called in to work by the Employer shall be required to stand by for an assignment unless he is paid his regular straight-time rate during such waiting period, unless the Employer has taken reasonable steps to notify such employee that there will be no work or that his starting time has been changed. [Section 5.]{.underline} Lunch period shall be not less than one-half (1/2) hour and not more than one (1) hour. ARTICLE VI [Wages, Fringe Benefits, Vacations and Shift Schedules]{.underline} [Section 1.]{.underline} The employees shall receive wages, be provided with health and welfare coverage, and be subject to shift schedules and vacation rights as set forth in Schedule B, attached hereto. Unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties, the Employer agrees to make pension contributions to the IRA Pension Fund on behalf of each employee covered in this Agreement. The amounts and frequency of such contributions are set forth in Schedule B, attached hereto. [Section 2.]{.underline} Unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties, the terms and conditions set forth in Schedule B are to be separately negotiated between the Employer and the Union having jurisdiction over such Employer operation. [Section 3.]{.underline} Unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties, the terms and conditions set forth in Schedule B shall be reopened on each anniversary date of this Agreement, and all terms and conditions set forth therein shall be the subject of renegotiation. If the parties are unable to reach agreement upon changes in the aforementioned terms and conditions by such anniversary date, they shall be free to resort to economic recourse and the no-strike, no-lockout provisions of Article XVI herein shall be inapplicable thereto. ARTICLE VII [Holidays]{.underline} [Section 1.]{.underline} All employees shall be entitled to the following ten holidays with pay: New Year's Day, Martin Luther King Jr.'s Birthday, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Veterans Day, Columbus Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day; provided, however, that any employee who is absent without an acceptable excuse on the work day immediately preceding or the work day immediately following a holiday shall forfeit his right to be paid for such holiday. If an employee is prevented from working on the work day immediately preceding or the work day immediately following a holiday because of illness attested to by a physician, or death in his immediate family, such fact shall constitute an acceptable excuse. (The immediate family shall include spouse, parent, child, grandchild, mother-in-law, father-in-law, brother, and sister.) [Section 2.]{.underline} The Employer may substitute for any of the named holidays another day off with pay, in accordance with a plan communicated to the employees involved and agreed to by the Union. [Section 3.]{.underline} Holidays, as determined above, will be observed as non-work days. Whenever such holidays fall on Saturday or Sunday, and the Employer's operation is closed on the preceding Friday or the succeeding Monday, then such Friday or Monday shall be deemed to be such holiday. ARTICLE VIII [Bereavement Leave]{.underline} In the event of a death in the family (spouse, parent, child, brother, sister, grandchild, mother-in-law, father-in-law), a regular employee shall be entitled to three (3) days off as bereavement leave. The compensable days must fall within the employee's regularly scheduled work week. ARTICLE IX [Seniority and Reduction in Force]{.underline} [Section 1.]{.underline} Seniority rights of employees covered by this Agreement are hereby fully recognized by the Employer. Such seniority rights shall exist on a job-location-wide basis. In the event of a reduction in force by the Employer, the employee last hired, by classification, shall be the first laid off. [Section 2]{.underline}. The Employer agrees to notify the Union as promptly as possible concerning pending reductions in force and provide probably impact information. [Section 3.]{.underline} When an employee is discharged for cause, or laid off, he shall be paid, to date, after he has turned in his keys, government identification card, and government driver's license. When an employee terminates his employment voluntarily, he shall be paid at the conclusion of the current pay period. A person absent for three (3) days without notifying his Employer is considered to have voluntarily terminated. [Section 4.]{.underline} In recalling employees, the Employer shall contact each employee by telephone, or telegram, at his last known address. The employee shall be required to respond and to be available for work within seventy-two (72) hours. Seniority rights apply only to full-time permanent employees. ARTICLE X [Promotions]{.underline} In affecting a promotion, the employer shall give first consideration to employees presently employed at the job location involved. All jobs and the minimum requirements for each shall be posted with a time limit for those candidates meeting the requirements to respond. If there are no bidders, or those who did bid cannot meet the requirements, outside applicants will be considered. The applications of all candidates will be reviewed by the employer with full regard given to each candidate's skills, abilities, and experience. ARTICLE XI [Safety]{.underline} In order to provide safety controls for protection to the life and health of the employees, for prevention of damage to property, materials, supplies, and equipment, and for avoidance of work interruptions under this agreement, the Employer shall comply with the pertinent provisions of the Government Manual entitled, "General Safety Requirements", FM 385-1-1, as revised. ARTICLE XII [Maintenance of Standards and Protection of Rights]{.underline} [Section 1.]{.underline} The Employer agrees that all conditions of employment relating to wages, hours of work, overtime differentials, and general working conditions shall be maintained at not less than the highest standards in effect at the time of the execution of this Agreement; and the conditions of employment shall be improved wherever specific provisions for improvement are made elsewhere in this Agreement. [Section 2.]{.underline} It shall not be a violation of this Agreement, and it shall not be cause for discharge or disciplinary action, in the event an employee refuses to enter upon any property involved in primary labor dispute, or refuses to through or work behind any primary picket line, including the primary picket line of the Union party to this Agreement and including primary picket lines at the Employer's places of business. [Section 3.]{.underline} It shall not be a violation of this Agreement, and it shall not be cause for discharge or disciplinary action, if any employee refuses to perform any service which the Employer undertakes to perform as an ally of an employer or person whose employees are on strike, and which service, but for such strike, would be performed by the employees of the employer or person on strike. ARTICLE XIII [Discharge or Suspension]{.underline} [Section 1.]{.underline} The employer shall not discharge or suspend any employee without just cause; and with respect to any discharge or suspension, the Employer shall give at least two (2) warning notices to the employee of the complaint against such employee, in writing and a copy of the same to the Union and job steward affected. On receiving the second warning notice (reprimand) in a six month period, that employee will be subject to a three (3) day suspension. However, no warning notice need be given to an employee before his is discharged if the cause of such discharge is one of the following: (1) Failure to observe safety rules and regulations (2) Failure to maintain Company property in a safe and operational manner; (3) Gambling on Company or Government property; (4) Drinking or possessing intoxication liquor on Company or Government property; (5) Fighting on Company or Government property; (6) Acts of indecent or immoral conduct on Company or Government propery; (7) Willful damage or unauthorized removal of property belonging to the Company or Government; (8) Deliberately falsifying or punching another person's time sheet or card; (9) Insubordination; (10) Sleeping during duty hours. However, when an employee is guilty of one of the above mentioned infractions, he or she can be discharged or receive a three (3) day suspension. The warning notice as herein provided shall not remain in effect for a period of more than six (6) months from the date of said warning notice. Discharge must be by proper written notice to the employee and the Union affected. [Section 2.]{.underline} No employee shall be discriminated against, suspended, or discharged on the basis of sex, race, religion, national origin, creed, union affiliation, or political belief. Nor shall any employee be discriminated against, suspended, or discharged for exercising rights under the National Labor Relations Act as amended, the Equal Employment Opportunities Act, or any other federal or state law regulation. ARTICLE XIV [No Strikes, No Lockouts]{.underline} [Section 1.]{.underline} It is the intent and purpose of the parties hereto to set forth herein the basic agreement covering wages, hours of work and other terms and conditions of employment to be observed by the parties, and to provide a procedure for the prompt and equitable resolution of disputes and grievances arising between the parties. Accordingly, it is agreed that there shall be no interruptions in or impediments to Employer's operations, or any stoppages, strikes, or lockouts during the life of this Agreement arising out of usual disputes and grievances. Instead, such disputes and grievances shall be peacefully resolved under the grievance procedure provided for herein. [Section 2.]{.underline} It is agreed that in all cases of any unauthorized strikes, slowdown, walkout, or any other unauthorized cessation of work, the Union shall not be liable for damages resulting there from. The Union shall undertake to encourage employees to return to their jobs during any unauthorized stoppage of work mentioned above. The Employer has the right to permanently replace economic and sympathetic strikers. ARTICLE XV [Grievance Procedure and Arbitration]{.underline} All disputes or grievances involving the interpretation or application of this Agreement shall be settled in the following manner. [Step 1.]{.underline} The first attempt to settle any such dispute or grievance shall be made at the job level between the representatives of the Union involved in such dispute and the Employer's representative. [Step 2]{.underline}. If such dispute or grievance is not settled at the job level within one week, it shall then be referred to the Employer or his designated representative and the Labor Relations Director of the Employer or his designated representative. If the dispute or grievance is not settled on this level within five (5) days, the parties to the dispute may extend the period for the settlement to another fixed date, mutually agreed upon; and if a settlement is not affected by such date, the dispute or grievance may be submitted for arbitration under the provisions of Step 3 hereinafter set forth. [Step 3]{.underline}. If after referral to Step 2, the dispute or grievance remains unresolved, the mater may then be referred to arbitration by either party upon written notice to the other. After service of such notification, in the event the parties are unable to agree upon an arbitrator, application shall be made to the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service for a panel of five arbitrators from which list both parties shall alternately strike names until the last name remains, which person shall be designated as the arbitrator. The procedure for soliciting the arbitrator shall be completed within two (2) weeks of receipt by the parties of the list of names from the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. The decision of the arbitrator shall be final and binding on the Employer and on the Union and its members. With respect to any dispute, complaint, or grievance arising out of the interpretation or application of Article II, S-2 of this Agreement, the Employer here acknowledges that the Union may, at its option, by-pass Steps 1 and 2 of this grievance procedure and proceed immediately to Step 3. Employee and the Employer shall bear their respective costs of the arbitration procedure separately. The fees of the arbitrator shall be shared equally between the Employee and the Employer. In the event that either party fails to comply with the decision of the arbitrator, the terms and conditions of Article XIV shall not apply. ARTICLE XVI [Extra Contract Agreement]{.underline} The Employer agrees not to enter into any agreement or contract with its employees, individually or collectively, which in any way conflicts with the terms or provisions of this Agreement, or which in any way affects wages, hours, or other working conditions of said employees, or any individual employee, or which in any way may be considered a proper subject for collective bargaining. Any such agreement shall be null and void. ARTICLE XVII [Separability and Savings Clause]{.underline} [Section 1.]{.underline} If any Article or Section of this Agreement is held invalid by operation of law or by any tribunal of competent jurisdiction, or if compliance with or enforcement of any Article or Section should be restrained by such tribunal pending a final determination as to its validity, the remainder of this Agreement, or the application of such Article or Section to persons or circumstances other than those as to which it has been held invalid or as to which compliance with or enforcement of has been restrained, shall not be affected thereby. [Section 2.]{.underline} In the event that any Article or Section of this Agreement is held invalid or enforcement of or compliance therewith has been restrained, as set forth above, the parties affected thereby shall enter into immediate collective bargaining negotiations for the purpose of arriving at a mutually satisfactory replacement provision. In such event, the parties shall be permitted all legal or economic recourse in support of their demand, not withstanding the provisions of Article XIV of this Agreement. ARTICLE XVIII [Effective Date and Duration]{.underline} This Agreement, entered into this day of April 1, 2006 shall be binding upon the parties hereto, their successors in the employing industry, and their administrators, executors, and assigns, and shall remain in full force and effect until and through September 30, 2010, and from year to year thereafter unless written notice is given by the Union or the Employer ninety (90) days prior to the expiration date of its desire to modify, amend, or terminate this Agreement. The parties shall commence good faith bargaining negotiations within fifteen (15) days after receipt of such notice. Employer Company[: PLEASANT VALLEY CLEANING]{.underline} Name and Title[: ]{.underline} Address: Date Signed: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ This Agreement is applicable with respect to the following employer job location(s) and operation(s). EROS Data Center, Custodial Employees. ADDRESS: PLEASANT VALLEY CLEANING 47420 271 STREET SIOUX FALLS, SD 57108 [CLASSIFICATION AND WAGES]{.underline} \[Schedule B\] [Classification]{.underline} 4-1-06 10-1-06 10-1-07 10-1-08 10-1-09 10-1-10 [Students]{.underline} A student shall be anyone who is returning to school at the beginning of the fall term of school. Employment is not to exceed ninety (90) calendar days. [FOREMAN AND LEADMEN]{.underline} If the Employer assigns any employee as foreman or leadsman of any employees on any project, he shall receive \$1.25 per hour above the highest rate being paid to any employee under his supervision, regardless of his or her craft. No Foreman or Leadsman shall supervise over more than ten (10) employees. [SHIFTS]{.underline} [First Shift:]{.underline} 6:45 A.M. through 3:15 P.M. 8 hours work for 8 hours pay [Second Shift:]{.underline} 4:00 P.M. through 12:00 A.M. 7-1/2 hours work for 8 hours pay [Third Shift:]{.underline} 11:30 P.M. through 7:00 A.M. 7 hours work for 8 hours pay Straight time shift work will run from 0.0 Hr. Monday to 0.0 Hr. Saturday. Employees shall be entitled to overtime for any time worked in excess of eight (8) hours per day or forty (40) hours in any week; provided however, that there shall be no pyramiding of overtime. There shall be no split shifts. For all hours worked on Saturdays, employees shall be paid time and one half. Sundays and Holidays shall be paid at double time. If the holidays fall between Monday and Friday, overtime shall be computed after thirty-two (32) hours of straight time pay. Where two or more shifts are employed, the first shift shall work seven and one half (7-1/2) hours and receive eight (8) hours pay, and the third shift shall work seven (7) hours and receive eight (8) hours pay. All work performed on the sixth shift day of the work week shall be paid for at time and one half of the regular straight time hourly rates, and work on the seventh shift day shall be paid for at double time. A shift shall be defined as one crew of workmen replacing another crew. [WAGE PAYMENTS]{.underline} All employees covered by this Agreement shall be paid before the end of their shift every other Thursday, the week following the two weeks for which the pay has been earned. When an employee quits, he or she shall be paid the next pay day in full. When an employee is discharged, or laid off, he or she shall be paid in full immediately after turning in keys, government identification card, and government driver's license. [SICK LEAVE]{.underline} Each full-time employee shall be granted up to 9 days (72 hours) sick leave for each year of continuous employment. Payment will be paid upon notice of an absence if notice is given two hours after shift starting time. Telephoning is acceptable. Sick leave in excess of three consecutive working days will require a medical certificate. Payment shall be made for unused sick leave, and paid at the close of the contract year. Accrued sick leave may be applied for as personal business. [SHORT TERM DISABILITY SICK LEAVE]{.underline} Each full-time employee shall be granted up to 10 days (80) hours short term disability sick leave for each year of continuous employment. Payments will be paid upon notice of an absence of three or more consecutive working days and the presentation of a medical certificate. Any short term disability sick leave not used during the year will accrue each year thereafter, and be transferred to the succeeding contract. Short term disability sick leave will not be paid off at the end of the contract year, nor upon termination of employment. Accrued short term disability sick leave may not be applied for as personal business. Short term disability sick leave has been in effect since October 1, 1988 and shall be transferred from contractor to contractor. [JURY DUTY]{.underline} The Employer will reimburse an employee who has worked for the employer for one year or more for the difference between his normal earnings for the time absent on jury service and the amount received for such jury duty, on a showing that the employee has returned to work everyday of said period when employee was excused form jury duty for two (2) hours or more during the regular working hours thereof, and upon a showing of satisfactory evidence of the amount received for jury service. For those employees working shifts other than day time, said employees will be required to work their assigned shift if they have a 10-hour rest period prior to or immediately following jury service. Employer must be notified immediately following employee's receipt of notification of jury duty selection. [HOLIDAYS]{.underline} The following ten (10) paid holidays shall be observed: [New Year's Day, Martin Luther King Jr.'s Birthday, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veteran's Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day.]{.underline} The Employer may substitute for any of the above holidays, another day off with pay, acceptable to employees involved, at double time rate. No work shall be performed on Labor Day except in case of any emergency. If the Federal Government recognizes more holidays than the ones listed, they shall apply. [VACATION]{.underline} (7 days) of vacation with pay (56 hours) shall be given each employee upon completion of one year's continuous employment. (12 days) vacation with pay (96 hours) shall be given each employee upon completion of two, three, and four year's continuous employment. (17 days) vacation with pay (136 hours) shall be given to each employee after five, six, seven, eight, and nine years continuous employment. (20 days) vacation with pay (160 hours) shall be given to each employee after 10 or more consecutive years of continuous employment. (22 days) of vacation with pay (176 hours) shall be given to each employee after 15 years of continuous employment, thereafter. [GROUP INSURANCE]{.underline} The contractor will provide a group health insurance plan for all permanent full time employees and any eligible dependents, upon acceptance by the contractor's insurance carrier. The contractor will pay \$.90 per hour for health insurance. Should actual cost of health insurance be more than \$.90 per hour, the additional cost shall be incurred by the employee. Should the actual cost of health insurance be less than \$.90 per hour, the difference will be paid to the employee. However, if an employee wishes not to be on the contractor's health insurance plan, he or she may, upon proof of coverage under another health insurance plan, receive \$.90 per hour on their paycheck labeled H&W (Health and Welfare). Social Security tax and income tax will be deducted as for regular pay. However starting October 1, 2006, employees will be paid \$1.50 per hour by the contractor for group health insurance. Employees will not be without coverage due to a change in insurance carrier. Insurance carrier cannot be changed without all employees who want to receive coverage are accepted by the insurance carrier. In the event of a change in contractor, the contractor will give the successor contractor the option of retaining employee's current group health insurance plan. [INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNT]{.underline} The Employer agrees to make contributions to the IRA in accordance with the requirements of Article XIV, Section 1 of this Agreement. After three (3) months of employment the Employer will contribute 15 percent of each employee's Regular Wages (excluding wages paid for Health and Welfare) to the IRA. Only permanent employees are eligible for IRA benefits. [NONDISCRIMINATION CLAUSE]{.underline} The Employer and the Union agree not to discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, color, creed, age, sex or national origin. This includes, but is not limited to hiring, placement, upgrading, transfer, demotion, layoff, or termination. [DISCHARGE]{.underline} Each employee shall be issued a list of rules on minor and major offenses for disciplinary action or dismissal. Minor offenses shall have two warning notices in writing. Major offenses can be reason for dismissal. The warning notices shall be issued in writing to the employee and to the Union; except that no warning notice need be given to any employee before he is discharged, if the cause of discharge is major. This Article shall apply to the grievance procedure. Minor offense notices shall be removed from the file after six (6) months from the date the notice was issued. [ADMINISTRATIVE LEAVE]{.underline} All approved administrative leave by the Federal Government shall be paid to employees by the contractor, subject to approval by the Contracting Officer Representative (COR). [SEVERANCE PAY]{.underline} Two weeks severance pay will be paid to an employee if not notified two weeks in advance of a layoff. Excluding current contractor losing bid for contract. > [REOPENER CLAUSE]{.underline} \[Schedule A\] This agreement is to become effective [APRIL 27, 2006]{.underline} and to continue in effect until [SEPTEMBER 30, 2010]{.underline} and each year thereafter it shall be reopened for wage rates set out hereinbefore. Notwithstanding any other language in the Contract, the Union specifically reserves the right to strike if no agreement is reached on reopening of wages. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Name and Title Date LABORERS #1 UNION EROS Data Center Sioux Falls, SD \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Name and Title Date \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Name and Title Date	en
all-txt-docs	413892	^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Folklife Center News American Folklife Center The Library of Congress Spring 1998 Volume XX, Number 2 ISSN 0149-6840 Catalog Card No. 77-649628 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The American Folklife Center was created in 1976 by the U.S. Congress to "preserve and present American folklife" through programs of research, documentation, archival preservation, reference service, live performance, exhibition, publication, and training. The Center incorporates the Archive of Folk Culture, which was established in the Music Division of the Library of Congress in 1928 and is now one of the largest collections of ethnographic material from the United States and around the world. Administration Alan Jabbour, Director Doris Craig, Administrative Assistant Camila Bryce-Laporte, Program Coordinator Acquisitions Joseph C. Hickerson, Head Processing Stephanie A. Hall, Archivist Coordinator Catherine Hiebert Kerst, Archivist Nora Yeh, Archivist Programs Peter T. Bartis, Folklife Specialist Mary Hufford, Folklife Specialist David A. Taylor, Folklife Specialist Publications James Hardin, Editor Public Events Theadocia Austen, Coordinator Reference Jennifer A. Cutting, Folklife Specialist Judith A. Gray, Folklife Specialist, Coordinator Ann Hoog, Folklife Specialist Administrative Office Fax: 202 707-2076 Reference Service Tel: 202 707-5510 Board of Trustees Congressional Appointees William L. Kinney Jr., Chair, South Carolina James F. Hoy, Vice-chair, Kansas Judith McCulloh, Illinois Carolyn Hecker, Maine Nina Archabal, Minnesota Charles E. Trimble, Nebraska Juris Ubans, Maine Presidential Appointees Joseph D. Duffey, Director of the United States Information Agency Ex Officio Members James H. Billington, Librarian of Congress I. Michael Heyman, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution Chairman, National Endowment for the Arts William Ferris, Chairman, National Endowment for the Humanities Alan Jabbour, Director, American Folklife Center FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS James Hardin, Editor David A. Taylor, Editorial Advisor John Biggs, Library of Congress Graphics Unit, Designer FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS publishes articles on the programs and activities of the American Folklife Center, as well as other articles on traditional expressive culture. It is available free of charge from the Library of Congress, American Folklife Center, Washington, D.C. 20540-4610. FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS does not publish announcements from other institutions or reviews of books from publishers other than the Library of Congress. Readers who would like to comment on Center activities or newsletter articles may address their remarks to the editor. TELEPHONE AND ONLINE INFORMATION RESOURCES American Folklife Center publications (including FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS), a calendar of events, collection guides, general information, and connections to a selection of other Internet services related to folklife are available on the Internet. LC Web is available through your local World Wide Web service. The Center's home page can be accessed from the Library's main menu. The direct URL for the Center's home page is: http://lcweb.loc.gov/folklife/ Folkline, an information service providing timely information on the field of folklore and folklife, including training and professional opportunities and news items of national interest, is available through the above Internet servers. For telephone service, call the Folklife Reading Room: 202 707-5510. EDITOR'S NOTES Teachers who use John Steinbeck's novel THE GRAPES OF WRATH in the classroom will be particularly interested in the Center's new online presentation "Voices from the Dust Bowl: The Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection, 1940-1941." There are many parallels between the collection material and the novel, and students may find that pictures and music greatly enhance their understanding of the period depicted. Charles L. Todd, one of the creators of the Todd/Sonkin Collection, lives in Florida, and was happy to learn that his work of sixty years ago is having a new life on the Internet. He writes as follows: "I have just spent an hour watching "Voices from the Dust Bowl" on a friend's computer set up. It brought back many memories of those "Okie" days out in California, and many of those old voices brought tears to these old eyes of mine. . . . "When I remember that bulky old Presto recorder which young Jerry Wiesner taught me how to use, I am amazed at the quality of the sound after all these years. I could almost hear the toilets flushing as those tow-haired little Okies sailed little toothpick boats round and round in them--having never seen such miracles before back in the Ozarks." The Jerome Wiesner Todd mentions was the first chief engineer at the Library's newly created Recording Laboratory. Wiesner went on to become President Kennedy's science advisor and then president of M.I.T. Senate Committee Hearings On March 4, the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration met to hear testimony from the Librarian of Congress, James H. Billington; the Deputy Librarian, Thomas Scott; and the chairman of the Board of Trustees of the American Folklife Center, William L. Kinney, on a number of proposals involving the Library of Congress, including permanent authorization for the Center. Kinney made an eloquent statement on behalf of the Center, mentioning his own experience with grassroots cultural traditions as a newspaper publisher in Bennettsville, South Carolina, and the many undertakings of the Center, including a favorite of his, the Federal Cylinder Project. Committee chairman John Warner (Virginia) praised Kinney for his testimony, and Sen. Thad Cochran (Mississippi) spoke in support of permanent authorization. Other members of the committee present were Sen. Wendell Ford (Kentucky) and Sen. Ted Stevens (Alaska). Sonneck Society Bulletin Belated acknowledgement to the Sonneck Society for American Music. An earlier version of Catherine Kerst's article "Outsinging the Gas Tank: Sidney Robertson and the California Folk Music Project" (FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS, Winter 1998) appeared in the SONNECK SOCIETY BULLETIN (Fall 1994). Cover: Mr. and Mrs. Frank Pipkin being recorded by Charles Todd (left) at the Shafter Migratory Labor Camp, Shafter, California, 1940. Todd wrote that Mrs. Pipkin was a gold mine of old English ballads, and that many thought of her as the prototype for "Ma Joad" in THE GRAPES OF WRATH. Photo by Robert Hemmig, Ventura, California ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Voices From the Dust Bowl: The Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Collection By Robin Fanslow ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection, documentary materials gathered in California in the 1940s at Farm Security Administration workers communities, is now available online. Called "Voices from the Dust Bowl," it is the second American Folklife Center collection in the Library's ongoing National Digital Library Program. A complex set of interacting forces, both economic and ecological, brought the migrant workers documented in this ethnographic collection to California. During the recession that followed World War I, the drop in the market prices for farm crops led Great Plains farmers to compensate for lost revenues by increasing productivity--which they accomplished through greater mechanization and by cultivating more land. But these methods were dependent upon increased borrowing and spending, and many farmers found themselves financially overextended. The stock market crash in 1929 exacerbated an already tenuous economic situation. Many independent farmers lost their farms when banks came to collect on their notes; and tenant farmers were put off the land by large landholders shifting to more efficient means of production. There was a 30 percent unemployment rate at the time, and the attempts of displaced agricultural workers to find other work often met with frustration. Furthermore, increased cultivation placed a greater strain on the land--the grasslands of the southern Great Plains. The rich soil lost its ability to retain moisture and nutrients and began to erode. Soil conservation practices were not widely employed by farmers during this era, and a seven-year drought began in 1931. In the dust storms of the following years, many of the farms literally dried up and blew away, creating what became known as the "Dust Bowl." For many refugees of the Dust Bowl, people whose lives had revolved around farming, California seemed like an ideal place to look for work. California's mild climate allowed for a long growing season and a diversity of crops with staggered planting and harvesting cycles. Popular songs and stories, circulating for decades in oral tradition, exaggerated these attributes, depicting California as a veritable Promised Land. And flyers advertising a need for farm workers in the Southwest were distributed in areas hard hit by unemployment. The country's major east-west thoroughfare, U.S. Highway 66- -also known as "Route 66," "The Mother Road," "The Main Street of America," and "Will Rogers Highway"--abetted the westward flight of the migrants. A trip of such length was not undertaken lightly in this pre-interstate era, and Highway 66 provided a direct route from the Dust Bowl region to an area just south of the Central Valley of California. Although the Dust Bowl included many Great Plains states, the migrants were generically known as "Okies," referring to the approximately 20 percent who were from Oklahoma. California was emphatically not the promised land of the migrants' dreams. Although the weather was comparatively mild and farmers' fields were bountiful with produce, California also felt the effects of the Depression. Local and state infrastructures were already overburdened, and the steady stream of newly arriving migrants was more than the system could bear. After struggling to make it to the state, many found themselves turned away at its borders. Migrants who did cross over found that the available labor pool was vastly disproportionate to the number of job openings that could be filled. And those who found employment soon learned that this surfeit of workers caused a reduction in the going wage rate. Even with an entire family working, migrants could not support themselves on these low wages. Many set up camps along irrigation ditches in the farmers' fields. These "ditchbank" camps fostered poor sanitary conditions and created a public health problem. Migrants were drawn to California's agricultural centers, but arrival in the state did not put an end to the migrants' travels. In an attempt to maintain a steady income, workers had to follow the harvests. When potatoes were ready to be picked, the migrants traveled to where the potatoes were--or the cotton, lemons, oranges, or peas. The ethnographic collection created by Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin provides a glimpse of the everyday life and cultural expression of people living through the Great Depression and Dust Bowl era. The migrants represented in the online presentation of the collection, "Voices from the Dust Bowl," came primarily from Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri. Most were of Anglo- American descent with family and cultural roots in the rural South. In the homes they left, few had been accustomed to living with modern conveniences such as electricity and indoor plumbing. The Arvin Migratory Labor Camp, which opened in 1937 near Arvin, California, was the first Farm Security Administration (FSA) camp. It was also the starting point of the Todd/Sonkin expedition. The FSA camps were intended to resolve poor sanitation and public health problems, as well as to help relieve the burden placed on state and local infrastructures by the influx of workers. The camps also furnished the migrants with a safe space in which to escape from discrimination and rekindle a sense of community. Although each camp had a small staff of administrators, much of the responsibility for daily operations and governance devolved to the campers themselves. Civil activities were carried out through camp councils and camp courts. The motivation for Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin to document life in the migrant camps of California arose from a combination of circumstances. Todd held a longstanding interest in balladry, acquired during his undergraduate studies of English literature. He also had a more general interest in folk music. Todd held firmly to the premise that folksong was a form of journalism carried out orally. Ultimately, however, it was John Steinbeck's portrayal of the San Joaquin Valley migrant camps in a pamphlet entitled "Their Blood is Strong" that inspired him to investigate the camps firsthand. In 1938, Charles Todd planned a trip to visit his mother and stepfather, an avocado rancher, at their home in California. Todd was a graduate student in the Department of Public Speaking at the City College of New York at the time, and he decided to do a little work to underwrite the expenses of his summer vacation. He procured a freelance assignment to write an article for the magazine COMMON SENSE (precursor of THE NEW REPUBLIC). His subsequent article gives an overview of the historical, economic, and social context in which this collection was created ("Trampling Out the Vintage: Farm Security Adminstration Camps Provide the Imperial Valley Migrants with a Home and a Hoe," COMMON SENSE, July 1939). It was also during this period that Charles Todd met Robert Sonkin, while they were both working in CCNY's Department of Public Speaking. Sonkin approached the project from a different perspective. According to Todd, "[Sonkin] had this passion for Americana. He was a great linguistics man, fascinated by American speech." To facilitate their documentary project, Todd contacted Alan Lomax, then assistant in charge of the Archive of American Folk Song at the Library of Congress, to arrange support for a recording expedition to the camps. The two had met earlier in New York City at the Village Vanguard, a Greenwich Village nightclub frequented by such notables of the folk revival movement as Woody Guthrie, Huddie Ledbetter, Burl Ives, John Jacob Niles, and Frank Warner. In 1940 and 1941, the Archive provided Todd and Sonkin with a Presto disc recording machine, recording discs, and batteries. In return the researchers agreed to place their collection at the Library of Congress. At first the team used acetate-on-aluminum recording discs, but as the war effort got underway and aluminum became scarce, they were forced to switch to heavier, more fragile acetate-on-glass discs. The recording equipment used by Todd and Sonkin was the latest technology at the time, yet at a weight of approximately eighty pounds, the Presto disc recorder was hardly what we would consider portable today. The recorder worked by engraving tracks into the acetate coating of the discs with a stylus. Due to the fragility of the glass discs, some of the recordings did not survive. Along with the equipment, the Archive provided the team with instructions on how to document ethnographic material. In a letter dated July 20, 1940, Alan Lomax outlined a methodology. In addition, Todd and Sonkin received the "W.P.A. Folksong Questionnaire" and training by the Library's chief engineer, Jerome Wiesner, in the use of the recording equipment. Thus armed with equipment and trained in collecting techniques, Todd and Sonkin set off on the first leg of their expedition. In July and August of 1940, they visited the Arvin, Shafter, Visalia, Firebaugh, Westley, Thornton, and Yuba City Farm Security Administration camps. Due to the constraints of the school calendar, Todd and Sonkin were forced to return to New York at summer's end to resume their duties at the City College of New York. In August and September of 1941, the pair returned to California to visit the Shafter, Arvin, Visalia, Porterville, and El Rio FSA Camps. Their first stop, the Arvin Migratory Labor Camp, is notable both as the first camp of its kind in California and as the camp where John Steinbeck did research for THE GRAPES OF WRATH. The territory Todd and Sonkin covered during their field project ranged as far south as El Rio, just north of Oxnard, and as far north as Yuba City, north of Sacramento. Much of the documentation work was concentrated in the San Joaquin Valley. While visiting the camps, Todd became aware of the important possession the migrants had brought with them: their cultural heritage and, in particular, the ballads and other folksongs they performed and enjoyed. When they were not working, looking for work, or tending to the civil and domestic operations of the camp, the migrants engaged in recreational activities including singing and other music making, which took place both in private living quarters and in public spaces. The music performed by the migrants derives from a number of sources. The majority of songs belong to the Anglo-Celtic ballad tradition, such as "Barbara Allen," "The Brown Girl," "Nine Little Devils," "Father Rumble," "Lloyd Bateman," "Pretty Molly," and "Little Mohee." But other sources were evident as well: gospel and popular music, the minstrel stage, tin pan alley, early country music, and cowboy music. The works of the Carter Family, Jimmy Rodgers, and Gene Autry appear to have been particular favorites of the migrants. Also included in the online presentation are square dance calls, such as "Soldier's Joy" and "Sally Goodin," and play-party rhymes such as "Skip to My Lou" and "Old Joe Clark." Some songs reflect the migrant experience, including Jack Bryant's "Sunny Cal" and Mary Sullivan's ballads "A Traveler's Line" and "Sunny California." These songs all speak of hardship, disappointment, and a deeply cherished wish to return home. One difficulty Todd and Sonkin encountered was that of oral communication. Although both worked in the City College Speech Clinic at the time, they were frequently perplexed by turns of phrase employed by the migrants. For example, the performers referred to the songs they had created to tell the stories of their displacement and subsequent experiences as "migracious" songs. Charles Todd relates that he thought the performers were identifying these numbers as "My gracious!" songs, but he later realized that they were referring to their migratory, or "migracious," experiences. The recordings were made at various events, including "literary" evenings at Visalia; social gatherings in people's homes; Saturday night dances; camp council meetings; camp court proceedings; and two "folk festivals," multi-camp events arranged for the benefit of the researchers. Throughout the recordings we hear children playing, doors slamming, trains passing by, and the hum of "desert coolers"--described by Sonkin as electric fans covered with wet burlap--that operated at public gatherings for the comfort of participants and spectators. Todd and Sonkin were not the only ones drawn to document the plight of the Dust Bowl refugees. According to Todd, the camps were "full of Ph.D. scholars and do-gooders studying the real people." Much to his dismay, he learned that some of the songs they recorded that chronicled the plight of the Dust Bowl migrants had been composed by an unidentified "Ph.D. from Vassar." "Voices from the Dust Bowl" illustrates certain themes common to human experience: the trauma resulting from dislocation; the tenacity of a community's shared culture; and the solidarity within and friction among groups. Intergroup tension is further illustrated in this presentation by contemporaneous urban journalists' portrayals of rural life, California farmers' attitudes toward both Mexican and "Okie" workers, and discriminatory attitudes toward migrant workers in general. Todd and Sonkin also held recording sessions with a few Mexican migrants living in the El Rio Farm Security Administration camp. Unfortunately, the glass-based acetate discs on which the Spanish-language musical performances were recorded did not survive. However, photos from El Rio and interviews with Jos Flores and Augustus Martinez provide at least a glimpse into the lives and culture of non-Anglo farm workers, who represented the majority of migrant farm laborers in California. We know that the Todd/Sonkin collecting expedition achieved a degree of notoriety because the researchers were invited to the White House to play some of their recordings for President and Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt in September 1941. From the correspondence we may surmise that Robert Sonkin returned to his teaching post at the City College of New York. We know that Charles L. Todd returned to California in 1942, and worked as associate manager of the Tulare Migrant Camp in Visalia. As World War II wore on, Todd, Sonkin, Alan Lomax, and many of the migrant workers were subsumed by the war effort, either through conscription or through work in the defense industry. The state of the economy, both in California and across the nation, improved dramatically as the defense industry geared up to meet the needs of the war effort. Many of the migrants went off to fight in the war. Those who were left behind took advantage of the job opportunities that had become available in West Coast shipyards and defense plants. As a result of this more stable life, numerous Dust Bowl refugees put down new roots in California soil, where their descendants reside to this day. ............................................................. Folklorist Robin Fanslow is working at the American Folklife Center, digitizing collections for the Library's National Digital Library Program. Selected Bibliography Baldwin, Sidney. POVERTY AND POLITICS: THE RISE AND DECLINE OF THE FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1968. Bonnifield, Paul. THE DUST BOWL: MEN, DIRT, AND DEPRESSION. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1979. Farris, John. THE DUST BOWL. San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc., 1989. Gregory, James N. AMERICAN EXODUS: THE DUST BOWL MIGRATION AND OKIE CULTURE IN CALIFORNIA. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hurt, R. Douglas. THE DUST BOWL: AN AGRICULTURAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1981. McWilliams, Carey. ILL FARES THE LAND: MIGRANTS AND MIGRATORY LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1941. Riney-Kehrberg, Pamela. ROOTED IN DUST: SURVIVING DROUGHT AND DEPRESSION IN SOUTHWESTERN KANSAS. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1994. Shindo, Charles J. DUST BOWL MIGRANTS IN THE AMERICAN IMAGINATION. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1997. Stanley, Jerry. CHILDREN OF THE DUST BOWL: THE TRUE STORY OF THE SCHOOL AT WEEDPATCH CAMP. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1992. Photo captions: Baseball game, Tulare Migratory Labor Camp, Visalia, California, March 1940. (LC-USF34-24123-D) Prints and Photographs Division. Photo by Arthur Rothstein A man has his shoes shined at a social hour in Shafter Camp. This is Charles Todd's favorite picture of an "Okie Family." Photo by Robert Hemmig, Ventura, California Charles Todd at the recording machine, surrounded by Mexican men and boys, El Rio Camp, 1941. Photo by Robert Hemmig, Ventura, California The King Family Singers, with Syd Thompson playing the fiddle. Location and date unknown. The King family came to California from Arkansas as migratory farm workers. They brought their instruments and songs with them, and entertained their fellow "Okies" as they traveled from farm to farm, following the crops. Photo by Robert Hemmig, Ventura, California Dance at the Arvin Camp. Date unknown. Photograph by Robert Hemmig, Ventura, California, courtesy of Charles Todd Will Neal playing fiddle for Robert Sonkin (behind microphone) and Charles Todd (right), Arvin Camp, 1940. Photograph by Robert Hemmig, Ventura, California Back cover: Band playing at a Saturday night dance, Farm Security Administration Tulare Migratory Labor Camp, Tulare, California, 1940s. Photo by Arthur Rothstein, courtesy of Charles Todd. A new online collection from the Archive of Folk Culture features "Voices from the Dust Bowl." See page 3. In Boxes: And perhaps a man brought out his guitar to the front of his tent. And he sat on a box to play, and everyone in the camp moved slowly in toward him, drawn in toward him. Many men can chord a guitar, but perhaps this man was a picker. There you have something--the deep chords beating, beating, while the melody runs on the strings like little foot-steps. Heavy hard fingers marching on the frets. The man played and the people moved slowly in on him until the circle was closed and tight, and then he sang "Ten-Cent Cotton and Forty-Cent Meat." And the circle sang softly with him. And he sang "Why Do You Cut Your Hair, Girls?" And the circle sang. He wailed the song, "I'm Leaving Old Texas," that eerie song that was sung before the Spaniards came, only the words were Indian then. (John Steinbeck, THE GRAPES OF WRATH) The migrant people, scuttling for work, scrabbling to live, looked always for pleasure, dug for pleasure, manufactured pleasure, and they were hungry for amusement. Sometimes amusement lay in speech, and they climbed up their lives with jokes. And it came about in the camps along the roads, on the ditch bands beside the streams, under the sycamores, that the story teller grew into being, so that the people gathered in the low firelight to hear the gifted ones. And they listened while the tales were told, and their participation made the stories great. (John Steinbeck, THE GRAPES OF WRATH) These three in the evening, harmonica and fiddle and guitar. Playing a reel and tapping out the tune, and the big deep strings of the guitar beating like a heart, and the harmonica's sharp chords and the skirl and squeal of the fiddle. People have to move close. They can't help it. "Chicken Reel" now, and the feet tap and a young lean buck takes three quick steps, and his arms hand limp. The square closes up and the dancing starts, feet on the bare ground, beating dull, strike with your heels. Hands 'round and swing. Hair falls down, and panting breaths. Lean to the side now. (John Steinbeck, THE GRAPES OF WRATH) New Online: "Voices from the Dust Bowl" "Voices from the Dust Bowl: The Charles T. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection" has just been made available online through the National Digital Library Program of the Library of Congress (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tshome.html). The collection consists of approximately 18 hours of audio recordings (436 titles on 122 recording discs), 28 graphic images (prints and negatives), and 1.5 linear feet of print materials, including administrative correspondence, field notes, recording logs, song text transcriptions, dust jackets from the recording discs with handwritten notes, news clippings, publications, and ephemera. The online presentation provides access to 371 audio titles, 23 graphic images, a sampling of the dust jackets, and all the print material in the collection. Covering the period between 1940 and 1941, this collection documents the lives of Dust Bowl migrants living in Farm Security Administration camps in California. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Tradition of Yue Ju Cantonese Opera By Nora Yeh ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ............................................................. This article is based on a lecture and Chinese opera demonstration, sponsored by the American Folklife Center and the Asian Division, presented by Nora Yeh at the Library of Congress, November 3, 1997, to celebrate the opening of the Asian Reading Room in the Library's newly renovated Jefferson Building. .............................................................. Chinese opera is the musical and theatrical culmination of many artistic elements: face painting, costume, implements, and recently, backdrops; melodic and percussive instruments, singing, monologue, dialogue, and numerous combinations of these; and stylized movement, dancing, pantomime, acting, facial expressions, hand gestures, and acrobatics. As local operas evolved in different regions of China, some of these elements were emphasized over others. Yue ju, the dominant tradition in Cantonese opera today, is only one of the 365 types of Chinese opera. Cantonese opera originated in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 A.D.) under the reign of the emperor Jiajing (1522-64 A.D.). It derived from three main sources: (1) a very popular folk singing style known as yi yang qiang, from the interior mainland; (2) an elegant theatrical and classical genre enjoyed by the literati known as kun qu, from the coastal area; and, (3) during the next 150 years, the development of standard repertoire and tunes, which combined xi pi melodic tunes from Hunan province with the er huang melodic tunes from Anhui province. Cantonese opera evolved from its infancy in the mid-1500s to its maturity in the 1720s. Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism have all influenced Chinese opera. The social hierarchy and class distinction, as defined by Confucian morality, demanded segregation between the male and the female performers, making it necessary to present entire programs with either an all-male or all-female cast. Thus, men impersonated female characters in the all-male casts and women impersonated men in the all-female casts. Although mixed companies are now acceptable, fan chuan or the "reversal of roles" still exists. Most Chinese theaters follow this custom, and yue ju Cantonese opera is no exception. Formerly the music of yue ju Cantonese opera was almost identical to that used for older and more established operatic forms. But, since the beginning of this century, yue ju has become a blend of conventional tunes and fragments from Cantonese folk melodies, popular songs, modern Cantonese instrumental compositions, and even Western tunes. Two extreme cases involve the use of jazz and experimentation with the tune of Strauss's famous "Merry Widow Waltz." Often the opera melodies have changed so much from their prototypes that the only recognizable trace is in the first few words or syllables of the title of the original tune. The repertoire varies from two thousand to three thousand pieces. But all in all, the yue ju opera music has developed into a style with unique yue ju characteristics. Unlike arias in Western opera, no musical pieces are composed specifically for a particular Chinese opera. The music is often borrowed and adapted, either in part or whole, from all kinds of music. Being essentially monophonic, the instrumental accompaniment follows the same principles in the orchestral arrangement. Thus, so long as the leading melodic instruments play the main tunes, secondary instruments can be varied in number, and become dispensable. The secondary instrumentalists can perform, even improvise, to provide variegated melodies for heterophonic textures according to the performer's ability and knowledge. Every instrumentalist uses the same notation, unlike the Western orchestra, in which each section reads from its own instrumental score. After years of evolution, the singers have developed three types of vocal productions. The first is the trained natural voice, used by males. The second is the high-pitched, "squeaky" falsetto voice, used only by refined female characters. The third, sung by young male characters only, is nasal and produced from the back of the mouth chamber. It does not sound high- pitched and is not a head tone. This range of stylized vocal textures matches the various characterizations for the many roles. Because in the past performances took place outdoors, where it was necessary to attract the attention of the audience, singers were trained to use their diaphragms to enhance sound projection. Today, although most shows are indoors and microphones are used, singers are still trained to project their voices. Members of the audience who are unaccustomed to Chinese opera may find the sound surprisingly or even unpleasantly loud. The costumes of Cantonese opera provide socio-historical and even geographical resonance for the performances, and are designed for symbolic and aesthetic effect. Costumes (along with makeup and props) help to portray the status and personality of the different characters. Six distinct roles make up the cast: (1) wen wu sheng or young fighting general; (2) xiao sheng or young scholar; (3) hua dan or young female; (4) er hua or supporting female; (5) chou sheng or clown; and (6) wu sheng or acrobatic performer. If a man or woman wears long white "water sleeves" and carries a fan, he or she is from an imperial family, and, if a man, he would be a high official or scholar. The sleeves signify that the character belongs to a class that does not do manual work, and in performances the sleeves are used to magnify gestures and movements. Pheasant feathers, fur, and boots are usually worn by male or female military commanders. (Because most battles in history occurred in the north and west frontiers of China, one can logically assume that the dramas with such characters originate from northern or western China.) A hard round belt (about the size of a hula hoop) worn around the waist shows a person of high rank in a civil court. Elevated shoes worn by a male character indicate moral stature and physically enhance his height. Elevated shoes worn by a female character, which are tiny and elaborately decorated, underscore the dainty walk of women from the upper class who have bound feet. Light-colored floor-length gowns with elaborate embroidery are usually worn by people of the leisure classes; whereas, black, blue, or brown, less highly decorated shirt-and- pants outfits are worn by servants. Symbolism is prevalent in every aspect of yue ju. Four soldiers onstage may symbolize an army of ten thousand. When a character enters and exits the stage several times, it may mean that he has traveled hundreds or thousands of miles and for many years. Pantomime involving a stylized "horse whip" conveys working a horse--exercising, mounting, riding, or dismounting it. A table may stand for a table, a bed, a mountain, the top of a castle wall, or a balcony. Manipulating an oar indicates rowing a boat or raft. The rich cultural and historical heritage, the vast geographical regions, the diverse ethnicities, and the eventful encounters of China with its neighbors offer a tremendous variety of material to Chinese opera dramatists. Stories are based on a wide range of subjects, including romantic encounters, historical events, ghost tales, patriotic episodes, moral teachings, famous classics, pseudo-religious tales, and heroic epics. In addition to providing entertainment, the operas also serve to educate people about Chinese language, belief systems, society, arts, history, and even etiquette. This function was especially true when most of the population was illiterate and the opera was probably one of the few means of transferring such information to certain social classes such as farmers, laborers, and merchants. Precisely because Chinese opera was a powerful tool for mass communication, rulers often carefully scrutinized the presenters and their presentations in order to prevent uprisings that might result from possible anti-government themes. One typically Cantonese opera is based on a semi-fictitious story about the Lady Flower Blossom (Hua Ray Fu Ren), a beautiful consort to King Meng Chang: In the year of 965 A.D., King Meng Chang of the Kingdom Hou Shu, located in today's Sichuan Province, was defeated by the first emperor of the Song Dynasty, Tai Zu. Barely escaping from the pursuit of the Song army, King Meng Chang left his beloved Lady Flower Blossom behind. Subsequently Lady Flower Blossom was captured by Tai Zu. Enchanted by her beauty and talents, the emperor kept her as his concubine. Although many years passed, she could not forget King Meng Chang. Therefore, when she found out that Meng Chang had become a Buddhist monk and exiled himself to a remote Sichuan temple, she asked Tai Zu to grant her permission to go on a pilgrimage to her homeland's temple, with the hidden purpose of meeting her former husband. At the temple, the reunion between the former king and the lady was very emotional. To express her love for him, she drew his portrait. Then they parted in tears. Upon her return, she displayed the portrait on the palace wall, which eased the pain of her unending love. One day Tai Zu saw the portrait and asked her who it was. She responded that this was a deity by the name of Zhang Xian, and that whoever wished a son could pray to him for one. Tai Zu prayed, and a son was born. Ever since then, Zhang Xian became a popular deity for anyone who wants a son. This drama contains many typically Chinese cultural subjects. It involves history, romance, and patriotism; the trilogy of Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism; a beautiful woman, royalty, political intrigue, and revenge; and folktales and folk belief. The heyday for Chinese opera has passed and the tradition has declined rapidly. What used to be an outdoor event, performed at the temple yard, market place, at a wealthy clans' inner courtyard, or a tea house, is now performed mostly indoors at an auditorium. Chinese opera was once popular among all social classes. Although it was supported by the rich and upper classes, it was for the enjoyment of people from all walks of life. During the Communist takeover, especially at the time of the Cultural Revolution (about 1967 to 1977), this artistic product from the time of feudalism, together with many other classical performing traditions, was completely destroyed. The performers were put into exile and "brainwashed." Costumes, handbooks, artifacts, and stage props were burnt. The instrumentalists were retrained and reassigned to the state supported model operas, the yang ban xi. Today, few artists dedicate themselves to Cantonese opera. In China, there is still a school where some very talented children are being trained in this theatrical tradition. In the United States, there are Cantonese opera associations in New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C. Because of time and budget constraints, productions may consist of several highlights of one long opera or excerpts from several different operas. In recent years there has been a revival of Chinese opera, but its comeback has been slow. Competing forms of entertainment, the time required to learn to perform or even appreciate this art, the disintegration of communities and clans, the lack of interest among the younger generations, limited funding, and an increase in Western-style education, all contribute to the diminishing social significance of the Chinese opera. Despite these social and cultural changes, yue ju deserves to be preserved for its unique aesthetic and cultural values. Photo captions: The Shing Ping Music Club ensemble, performing at the Library of Congress, November 3, 1997. Jennifer Lee sings the excerpt "Miao Rong," from the opera LADY FLOWER BLOSSOM, which tells of the tragic feelings that followed the demise of the country Shu. This is the moment in the opera when Lady Flower Blossom visits her beloved husband, played here by James Peng (right), who exiled himself in order to lead a monastic life. Photo by James Hardin Paul Hahn of the Regional and Cooperative Cataloging Division models the costume of a Chinese emperor's yellow hunting outfit. The tasseled baton he holds represents his riding crop. Photo by James Hardin Julia Leggett of the Asian Division models the traditional red wedding dress worn by an empress. The headdress, called feng-guan (phoenix crown), is decorated with designs representing the phoenix, butterflies, coins, wings, and pearls, all of which symbolize good fortune. On the wedding night, a red cloth covers the bride's head until the newlyweds enter their bedroom. Photo by James Hardin Jennifer Lee sings the part of Lady Blossom Flower in the opera of the same name. Her role type, called zheng ying hua dan, is the leading female role, which demands vocal production of bright head tones. Photo by James Hardin ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Two New Library of Congress Folk Music Records Reissued on Compact Disc ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The American Folklife Center and Rounder Records have released two new compact disc publications of American folk music, reissued from the legendary Library of Congress albums FOLK MUSIC OF THE UNITED STATES. The series of reissues, produced by Bob Carlin, will number at least twenty over the next few years. SACRED HARP SINGING (Rounder CD 1503), which features a form of sacred group singing found in the American South, was originally recorded by Alan Lomax and George Pullen Jackson at the thirty-seventh annual session of the Alabama Sacred Harp Singing Convention at Birmingham, Alabama, August 1942. THE HAMMONS FAMILY: THE TRADITIONS OF A WEST VIRGINIA FAMILY AND THEIR FRIENDS (Rounder CD 1504/05), a double-CD set, combines two recorded publications originally issued in 1973: THE HAMMONS FAMILY: A STUDY OF A WEST VIRGINIA FAMILY'S TRADITIONS (a two LP box set) and SHAKING DOWN THE ACORNS: TRADITIONAL MUSIC AND STORIES FROM POCAHANTAS AND GREENBRIER COUNTIES, WEST VIRGINIA (a single LP). Both Hammons family recordings were drawn from a documentary project conducted by Carl Fleischhauer and Alan Jabbour from 1970 to 1972. THE SACRED HARP is the title of a collection of sacred songs compiled by B.F. White and E.J. King and published by J. L. White at Atlanta, Georgia, in 1844. The book has given its name to a particular network of singing gatherings, where one or another form or edition of the book is used. In the case of this documentary recording, the songs are from ORIGINAL SACRED HARP (Denson Revision), 1936. While the singing is sacred, it does not occur as part of a church service; rather, people gather especially for a Sacred Harp sing, often at all-day sessions. This album of Sacred Harp songs represents a cross section of the tradition, which was born centuries ago in the British Isles, crossed the Atlantic with the early colonists, took on the colors of the eighteenth-century singing school, and, after the Revolution, spread to the Southeast. Both original Hammons family albums featured Burl Hammons, Maggie Hammons Parker, Sherman Hammons, and their family, but SHAKING DOWN THE ACORNS also includes selections by two friends of the family, Lee Hammons (no known relation) and Moss Coffman. The ancestors of the Hammons family were among the pioneer settlers who made their homes in the woodlands of Eastern Kentucky and West Virginia, gaining their sustenance from hunting, gathering, and simple gardening and animal husbandry, and entering the cash economy only marginally through the occasional piecemeal sale of pelts, logs, and ginseng. Fleischhauer and Jabbour met the Hammonses in 1970 and set about a full-length study that brought together recordings, printed material, and photography, and combined music, lore, oral history, documentary research, and general cultural reflections, as a way of conveying publicly the interconnections between art and life in the traditions of a single family. Rounder Records, a company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, has specialized in American folk music recordings since the early 1970s. Over the years Rounder has released a number of LPs and CDs drawn from the collections of the Archive of Folk Culture, including recordings of Leadbelly, Woody Guthrie, Jelly Roll Morton, Aunt Molly Jackson, and many others. The present series represents a collaboration between Rounder and two Library of Congress divisions: the American Folklife Center, which includes the Archive of Folk Culture, and the Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division, which includes the Library's Recording Laboratory. The original recordings were released through the Recording Laboratory Revolving Fund. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Texaco Foundation Funds Internet Presentations of Traditional Music By Alan Jabbour ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Texaco Foundation, as part of its new focus on broadening the use of music in education, has presented the first installment of a $300,000 pledge to the National Digital Library Program of the Library of Congress. The foundation's new signature program in music education explores the potential of music to improve academic achievement. The emphasis is on serious curricular reform, which will be aided by the Library's program to make original music source material available for student and teacher use on the Internet. The Texaco donation will be used for online presentations of four collections from the Archive of Folk Culture featuring rural Southern, African American, Hispanic, and American Indian musical traditions. They include sound recordings, photographs, and manuscript materials. "The Texaco Foundation is proud to be part of the National Digital Library Program," said Anne T. Dowling, president of the Texaco Foundation in White Plains, New York. "These collections from the American Folklife Center celebrate the many remarkable, unique voices that have shaped America." The four collections proposed for online presentation are: The John and Ruby Lomax Southern States Collection, 1939. Using the Library's sound recording apparatus, John Lomax and his wife, Ruby, documented Southern traditional material on a three- month trip through nine states: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia. They recorded religious songs, spirituals, field hollers, blues, rags, Civil War songs, work songs, ballads, dance tunes, Spanish-language folk dramas, children's games, lullabies, prayers, narratives, and oral history interviews. The Lomax/Hurston/Barnicle Expedition, 1935. Alan Lomax, John Lomax's son and the new assistant in charge of the Folk Archive, collaborated with Zora Neale Hurston and Mary Elizabeth Barnicle on an expedition to document African American music and lore from Georgia, Florida, and the Bahamas. The expedition included a visit to Eatonville, Florida, the black township where Hurston had grown up, and the recordings include not only members of her community but herself in the dual roles as collector and informant. Hurston has become almost legendary today as a pioneering African American woman whose novels, plays, and folkloristic writings are widely studied and appreciated. The collection contains children's game songs, ring shouts, spirituals, dance tunes, ballads, and stories. The Juan Rael Collection. The upper valley of the Rio Grande is home to descendants of early Spanish settlers who have conserved some of the oldest European traditions in America. In 1940, with support from the Library of Congress, Juan Rael traveled through the upper Rio Grande communities of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico recording their traditions. His field recordings include coplas (couplet songs), decimas (a sung verse form), alabados (religious songs), valses de cadena (traditional Spanish waltzes) and other dance tunes, marches, and religious folk drama. Omaha Indian Music, Past and Present. A major collection of wax cylinder recordings made in 1896 by ethnologists Alice Fletcher and Francis LaFlesche (himself an Omaha) explores the traditions of the Omaha tribe of northeastern Nebraska and highlights the pioneering research done by one of the first Native Americans to document his own tribal traditions as a scientific undertaking. A modern recording session by the American Folklife Center documents the encounter with these early recordings by a contemporary Omaha elder, John Turner. And the Center's extensive documentation of several annual Omaha powwows in the 1980s, in both recorded and photographic form, not only captures the cultural energy of the modern powwow movement but also features contemporary renditions of some songs found on the early cylinder recordings. The four new collections from the Archive of Folk Culture will join "California Gold" and "Voices from the Dust Bowl," already online, as well as presentations in preparation on quilts and quilting and on Nevada ranching traditions. There are more that two dozen American history collections available from the Library of Congress, including "African American Perspectives," "Selected Civil War Photographs," early short films, and panoramic maps. Photo caption: Anne T. Dowling (right), president of the Texaco Foundation, presents a check to Jo Ann Jenkins, the Library's chief of staff, in the Librarian's Office. Also pictured are (from the left) Norma Baker, director of the Development Office, and Susan Siegel, executive assistant to the director, January 14, 1998. Photo by James Hardin	en
converted_docs	774962	------------------ ------------- ---------------- ------------ ------------------------ Normative Text for QoS Date: 2006-December-22 Author(s): Name Company Address Phone email Nada Golmie NIST 100 Bureau Dr, +1 301 nada.golmie@nist.gov Stop 8920 975-4190 Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA Richard Rouil NIST 100 Bureau Dr, +1 301 richard.rouil@nist.gov Stop 8920 975-3387 Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA ------------------ ------------- ---------------- ------------ ------------------------ Abstract This document contains normative text changes related to the support of the Media Independent Handover Quality of Service model currently defined in IEEE 802.21 draft D3.0. Content Section 5.1.3 Quality of Service Section 5.2.2 QoS Design Principles Table 6 - Information Elements Section 6.4.5.2.6 QoS in Network (for Access Network + Operator) Section 7.5.4 Link_Configure_Thresholds Section 7.5.10 Link_Parameters_Report.indication Section 7.5.15 Link_Get_Parameters Section 7.6.11 MIH_Link_Parameters_Report Section 7.6.15 MIH_Get_Status Section 7.6.17 MIH_Configure Section 8.4.1.23 Link Quality Parameter Type Section 8.4.1.26 Link Status Parameters Type Section 8.4.1.29 Link Configure Parameters Type Section 8.4.1.31 Link Parameter Threshold Section 8.4.1.36 Link Status Parameters Response Section 8.4.1.37 Link Configure Parameter Value Annex 4 -- QoS Examples 5.1.3 Quality of Service (page 13) The quality of the service (QoS) experienced by an application depends on the accuracy, speed and dependability of the information transfer of the communication channel. The IEEE 802.21 standard provides support for fulfilling application QoS requirements in the presence of a communication handover. ~~The MIH QoS model defines parameters that may be used in specifying and assessing characteristics of packet transfers between a source and its destinations. The communication channel is considered to be composed of several connected segments, each under a possibly different but cooperative administrative authority. Examples for such channels, such as for IP traffic have been detailed in \[34\].~~ There are two aspects of QoS to consider in the context of 802.21. Firstly, there is the QoS experienced by an application during a handover. Secondly, there is the QoS considered as part of a handover decision. The IEEE 802.21 specifications includes mechanisms that support both aspects of QoS towards enabling seamless mobility; however the MIHF alone cannot guarantee seamless mobility. Depending on the QoS requirements of the end-to-end application, seamless mobility implies minimizing the latency, and potential packet loss incurred during a handover so as to minimize the end-to-end delay and loss perceived by the application. Seamless mobility also implies the timely assessment of network conditions, such as the monitoring of packet loss on the link of current network and of signal strength on the link on both current and target networks in order to optimize the handover decision and its execution. The MIH services defined by the IEEE 802.21, including event, command, and information service, need to consider network traffic performance objectives and how well they meet the application quality of service requirements. The MIH QoS model defines parameters that are used to set the requirements and assess the performance of packet transfers between a source and its destinations. When used in threshold setting commands (such as MIH_Configure), these parameters describe the QoS requirements of the MIH user. On the other hand, when used in parameter reporting events (such as MIH_Link_Paramerters_Report) and parameter extraction commands (such as MIH_Get_Status), they characterize current network conditions. Therefore, depending on their usage these parameters can represent either static QoS requirements or dynamic network measurements. ~~The communication channel is considered to be composed of several connected segments, each under a possibly different but cooperative administrative authority. Examples for such channels, such as for IP traffic have been detailed in \[34\].~~ 5.2.2 QoS Design Principles (page 16) In the context of the 802.21 specifications it is assumed that applications communicate via a packetized communication channel ~~over which a transmitted packet can experience the following outcomes~~ that is considered to be composed of several connected segments, each under a possibly different but cooperative administrative authority. Examples of such channels, such as for IP traffic have been detailed in \[34\]. A transmitted packet over a communication channel can experience the following outcomes: 1. Be received with no errors at its intended destination 2. Be received with errors at its intended destination 3. Not be received in which case it is said that the packet is lost. The maximum attainable speed of information transfer over a given communication channel can be constant, as it is usually the case with network segments involving only wired links, or it can be time varying at different scales, at is the case for segments involving wireless links. This measure will be called channel ~~capacity~~ throughput, for the purposes of this document. The ability of the channel to provide accurate information transfer can be described via a statistical model characterized by the following parameters: 1. Minimum Packet Transfer Delay: is defined as the minimum delay over a population of interest ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 2. Average Packet Transfer Delay: is defined as the arithmetic mean of the delay over a population of interest 3. Maximum Packet Transfer Delay: is defined as the maximum delay over a population of interest 4. Jitter: is defined as the standard deviation of the delay over a population of interest 5. Packet loss rate: is defined as the ratio between the number of frames that are transmitted but not received and the total number of frames transmitted over a population of interest. 6. Packet error rate: is defined as the ratio between the number of packets that have been received with errors and the total number of packets present in a population of interest. It is generally accepted that based on the required accuracy of information transfer applications can be grouped into a small number of behavioral sets \[Y.1541\] called Classes of Service (CoS). Support for differentiation via Classes of Service is pervasive in many of the IEEE 802 based standards (802.11, 802.1q, 802.16, etc.). For a link that supports CoS differentiation, per CoS traffic accuracy parameters need to be maintained in order to provide insights on how individual traffic classes are faring. In summary, the following set of parameters characterize the speed and accuracy of the information transfer a multi-CoS traffic link supports: 1. Link ~~capacity~~ Throughput, representing the maximum information transfer rate achievable. This value is determined by the physical characteristics of the link. While for wired links ~~is~~ it is usually a constant, for wireless links it is time varying due to the sharing of the medium ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 2. Link Packet Error Rate: representing the ratio between the number of frames received in error and the total number of frames transmitted in a link population of interest 3. Supported classes of service: represents the maximum number of differentiable classes of service supported by this link. 4. Class of Service Parameters List. For each of the supported classes of service the following parameters are defined: ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` a. Class Minimum Packet Transfer Delay: is defined as the minimum delay over a class population of interest ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` b. Class Average Packet Transfer Delay: is defined as the arithmetic mean of the delay over a class population of interest c. Class Maximum Packet Transfer Delay: is defined as the maximum delay over a class population of interest d. Class Packet Delay Jitter: is defined as the standard deviation of the delay over a class population of interest e. Class Packet loss rate: is defined as the ratio between the number of frames that are transmitted but not received and the total number of frames transmitted over a class population of interest. It is assumed that the classes of service definitions used within IEEE 802.21 conform to \[Y.1541\]. ~~The performance implications to consider from the MIH perspective include both the transient network performance achieved during a handover as well as the continuous monitoring of current network conditions.~~ ~~The 802.21 specifications provide mechanisms to support seamless mobility as an enabler; however the MIHF alone cannot guarantee seamless mobility. Depending on the QoS requirements of the end-to-end application, seamless mobility implies minimizing the latency, and potential loss incurred during a handover so as to minimize the end-to-end delay and loss perceived by the application. Seamless mobility also implies the timely assessment of network conditions, such as the monitoring of packet loss on the link on current network and of signal strength on the link on both current and target networks in order to optimize the handover decision and its execution.~~ ~~The MIH services defined by the IEEE 802.21, including event, command, and information service, need to consider network traffic performance objectives and how well they meet the application quality of service requirements.~~ 6.4.3 Information Service Elements (page 50) Table 6 - Information Elements +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| No \| Name of Information \| Description \| Repr \| \| \| Element \| \| esentation \| \| \| \| \| in Section \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| G \| \| \| \| \| en \| \| \| \| \| er \| \| \| \| \| al \| \| \| \| \| I \| \| \| \| \| nf \| \| \| \| \| or \| \| \| \| \| ma \| \| \| \| \| ti \| \| \| \| \| on \| \| \| \| \| El \| \| \| \| \| em \| \| \| \| \| en \| \| \| \| \| ts \| \| \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 1 \| TYPE_IE_NETWORK_TYPE \| Link types of the \| \| \| .1 \| \| networks that are \| \| \| \| \| available in a given \| \| \| \| \| geographical area \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 1 \| TYPE_I \| The operator identifier \| \| \| .2 \| E_OPERATOR_IDENTIFIER \| of the access net \| \| \| \| \| work/core network . \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 1 \| TYPE_ \| Identifier for the \| \| \| .3 \| IE_SERVICE_PROVIDER_I \| service provider. \| \| \| \| DENTIFIER \| \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| Ac \| \| \| \| \| ce \| \| \| \| \| ss \| \| \| \| \| N \| \| \| \| \| et \| \| \| \| \| wo \| \| \| \| \| rk \| \| \| \| \| sp \| \| \| \| \| ec \| \| \| \| \| if \| \| \| \| \| ic \| \| \| \| \| i \| \| \| \| \| nf \| \| \| \| \| or \| \| \| \| \| ma \| \| \| \| \| ti \| \| \| \| \| on \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| F \| \| \| \| \| or \| \| \| \| \| ea \| \| \| \| \| ch \| \| \| \| \| ( \| \| \| \| \| Li \| \| \| \| \| nk \| \| \| \| \| Ty \| \| \| \| \| pe \| \| \| \| \| a \| \| \| \| \| nd \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| pe \| \| \| \| \| ra \| \| \| \| \| to \| \| \| \| \| r) \| \| \| \| \| c \| \| \| \| \| om \| \| \| \| \| bi \| \| \| \| \| na \| \| \| \| \| ti \| \| \| \| \| on \| \| \| \| \| f \| \| \| \| \| ol \| \| \| \| \| lo \| \| \| \| \| wi \| \| \| \| \| ng \| \| \| \| \| i \| \| \| \| \| nf \| \| \| \| \| or \| \| \| \| \| ma \| \| \| \| \| ti \| \| \| \| \| on \| \| \| \| \| m \| \| \| \| \| ay \| \| \| \| \| be \| \| \| \| \| pr \| \| \| \| \| ov \| \| \| \| \| id \| \| \| \| \| ed \| \| \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 2 \| TYP \| Identifier for the access \| \| \| .1 \| E_IE_ACCESS_NETWORK_I \| network. \| \| \| \| DENTIFIER \| \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 2 \| TYP \| Roaming Partners. \| \| \| .2 \| E_IE_ROAMING_PARTNERS \| \| \| \| \| \| Access Network Operators \| \| \| \| \| with which the current \| \| \| \| \| access network operator \| \| \| \| \| has direct roaming \| \| \| \| \| agreements. \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 2 \| TYPE_IE_COST \| Cost. \| \| \| .3 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Indication of cost for \| \| \| \| \| service or network usage \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 2 \| TY \| Access Network specific \| \| \| .4 \| PE_IE_NETWORK_STANDAR \| applicable revisions to \| \| \| \| DS \| the base access network \| \| \| \| \| standard \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 2 \| TYP \| Security characteristics \| \| \| .5 \| E_IE_NETWORK_SECURITY \| of the link layer \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 2 \| TYPE_IE_NETWORK_QOS \| QoS characteristics of \| \| \| .6 \| \| the link layer \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| P \| \| \| \| \| oA \| \| \| \| \| sp \| \| \| \| \| ec \| \| \| \| \| if \| \| \| \| \| ic \| \| \| \| \| i \| \| \| \| \| nf \| \| \| \| \| or \| \| \| \| \| ma \| \| \| \| \| ti \| \| \| \| \| on \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| F \| \| \| \| \| or \| \| \| \| \| ea \| \| \| \| \| ch \| \| \| \| \| P \| \| \| \| \| oA \| \| \| \| \| of \| \| \| \| \| ea \| \| \| \| \| ch \| \| \| \| \| ( \| \| \| \| \| Li \| \| \| \| \| nk \| \| \| \| \| Ty \| \| \| \| \| pe \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| pe \| \| \| \| \| ra \| \| \| \| \| to \| \| \| \| \| r) \| \| \| \| \| f \| \| \| \| \| ol \| \| \| \| \| lo \| \| \| \| \| wi \| \| \| \| \| ng \| \| \| \| \| I \| \| \| \| \| Es \| \| \| \| \| m \| \| \| \| \| ay \| \| \| \| \| be \| \| \| \| \| pr \| \| \| \| \| ov \| \| \| \| \| id \| \| \| \| \| ed \| \| \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 3 \| TYPE_IE_POA\_ ADDRESS \| MAC Address of PoA \| \| \| .1 \| \| \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 3 \| TYPE_IE_POA_L OCATION \| Location of PoA. \| \| \| .2 \| \| Geographical location of \| \| \| \| \| a given PoA. Multiple \| \| \| \| \| location types are \| \| \| \| \| supported includ ing \| \| \| \| \| coordinate-based location \| \| \| \| \| information and civic \| \| \| \| \| address \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 3 \| TYPE_IE_POA_DATA_RATE \| Data Rate. The minimum \| \| \| .3 \| \| and maximum value of data \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| rate supported by the \| \| \| \| \| link layer of a given PoA \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 3 \| TY \| Channel Range/Parameters. \| \| \| .4 \| PE_IE_POA_CHANNEL_RAN \| \| \| \| \| GE \| Spectrum range supported \| \| \| \| \| by the Channel for that \| \| \| \| \| PoA \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| Hi \| \| \| \| \| gh \| \| \| \| \| er \| \| \| \| \| l \| \| \| \| \| ay \| \| \| \| \| er \| \| \| \| \| se \| \| \| \| \| rv \| \| \| \| \| ic \| \| \| \| \| es \| \| \| \| \| /i \| \| \| \| \| nf \| \| \| \| \| or \| \| \| \| \| ma \| \| \| \| \| ti \| \| \| \| \| on \| \| \| \| \| p \| \| \| \| \| er \| \| \| \| \| P \| \| \| \| \| oA \| \| \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 4 \| TYP \| Information about subnets \| \| \| .1 \| E_IE_POA_SUBNET_INFOR \| supported by a typical \| \| \| \| MATION \| PoA \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 4 \| TYPE \| IP Configuration Methods \| \| \| .2 \| _IE_POA_IP_CONFIG_MET \| supported by a typical \| \| \| \| HODS \| PoA \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 4 \| TYPE_IE_POA\_ \| Bitmap of PoA \| \| \| .3 \| CAPABILITIES \| capabilities \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 4 \| T \| IP Address of PoA. \| \| \| .4 \| YPE_IE_POA_IP_ADDRESS \| \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| O \| \| \| \| \| th \| \| \| \| \| er \| \| \| \| \| I \| \| \| \| \| nf \| \| \| \| \| or \| \| \| \| \| ma \| \| \| \| \| ti \| \| \| \| \| on \| \| \| \| \| El \| \| \| \| \| em \| \| \| \| \| en \| \| \| \| \| ts \| \| \| \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ \| 5 \| Vendor Specific IEs \| Vendor Specific Services \| defined by \| \| .1 \| \| \| individ \| \| \| \| \| ual \| \| \| \| \| vendors. \| +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ 6. QoS in Network (for Access Network + Operator) (page 58) --------------------- ----------------- ---------- ---------------------------- Type Description Length Value TYPE_IE_NETWORK_QOS Network QOS Variable QoS classes and Traffic Characteristics Specifications. The length, format and semantics of this field are defined in Table 12. --------------------- ----------------- ---------- ---------------------------- Table 12 - QoS Parameter Encoding ---------------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------- ~~Syntax~~ ~~Length ~~Notes~~ (octets)~~ ~~Throughput~~ ~~4~~ ~~The maximum information transfer rate achievable. It is measured in kbps~~ ~~Link Packet ~~2~~ ~~A value equal to integer part of the result Error Rate~~ of multiplying -100 times the log10 of the ratio between the number of packets received in error and the total number of packets transmitted in a link popula tion of interest.~~ ~~Supported ~~2~~ ~~The maximum number of differentiable classes number of COS~~ of service sup ported.~~ ~~CoS Minimum ~~4~~ ~~This is an encoded value which contains the Packet Transfer class of service identi fier in the 2 most Delay~~ significant octets and the minimum packet transfer delay for the class in ms in the two least significant octets. Valid range for minimum packet transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~CoS Average ~~4~~ ~~This is an encoded value which contains the Packet Transfer class of service identi fier in the 2 most Delay~~ significant octets and the average packet transfer delay for the class in ms in the two least significant octets. Valid range for average packet transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~CoS Maximum ~~4~~ ~~This is an encoded value which contains the Packet Transfer class of service identi fier in the 2 most Delay~~ significant octets and the maximum packet trans fer delay for the class in ms in the two least significant octets. Valid range for maximum packet transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~CoS Packet ~~4~~ ~~This is an encoded value which contains the Transfer Delay class of service identi fier in the 2 most Jitter~~ significant octets and the packet transfer delay jit ter for the class in ms in the two least significant octets. Valid range for packet transfer delay jitter: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~CoS Packet ~~4~~ ~~This is an encoded value which contains the Loss rate~~ class of service identi fier in the 2 most significant octets and a value equal to integer part of the result of multiplying -100 times the log10 of the ratio between the number of packets lost and the total number of packets transmitted in the class population of interest~~ ---------------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------- +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ \| Syntax \| Le \| Notes \| \| \| ngth \| \| \| \| (oct \| \| \| \| ets) \| \| +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ \| QoS Parameter \| 2 \| The type of QoS parameter as defined in \| \| Type \| \| Table T0 \| +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ \| QoS Parameter \| Vari \| The parameter value is dependent on the \| \| Value \| able \| parameter type. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| For generic QoS parameters, the encoding is \| \| \| \| defined in Table T1 \| +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ Table T0 -- QoS Parameter Type Encoding +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ \| Syntax \| Le \| Notes \| \| \| ngth \| \| \| \| (oct \| \| \| \| ets) \| \| +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ \| QoS Link \| 1 \| The type of link for the QoS Parameter. \| \| Family \| \| Values for these types are defined in Table \| \| \| \| 8. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Type 0 indicates Generic link type. \| +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ \| QoS Parameter \| 1 \| The subtype of QoS parameter. \| \| Subtype \| \| \| \| \| \| The QoS parameters for the Generic link \| \| \| \| type: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0: Number of supported CoS \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1: Throughput (kb/s) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2: Packet Error Rate \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3: CoS Minimum Packet Transfer Delay (ms) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4: CoS Average Packet Transfer Delay (ms) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5: CoS Maximum Packet Transfer Delay (ms) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6: CoS Packet Transfer Delay Jitter (ms) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7: CoS Packet Loss Rate \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 8\~255: Reserved \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \[Editor's note: The QoS parameters for link \| \| \| \| specific types are TBD.\] \| +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ [Table T1 - QoS Parameter Value Encoding]{.underline} +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ \| Syntax \| Le \| Notes \| \| \| ngth \| \| \| \| (oct \| \| \| \| ets) \| \| +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ \| Number of \| 1 \| The maximum number of differentiable classes \| \| Supported CoS \| \| of service supported. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Valid range: \[0..255\] \| +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ \| Throughput \| 4 \| The maximum information transfer rate \| \| \| \| achievable. It is measured in kb/s. \| +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ \| Packet Error \| 2 \| A value equal to the integer part of the \| \| Rate \| \| result of multiplying -100 times the log10 \| \| \| \| of the ratio between the number of packets \| \| \| \| received in error and the total number of \| \| \| \| packets transmitted in a link population of \| \| \| \| interest. \| +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ \| CoS Minimum \| 4 \| This is an encoded value which contains the \| \| Packet \| \| class of service identifier in the 2 most \| \| Transfer \| \| significant octets (valid range: \[0..255\]) \| \| Delay \| \| and the minimum packet transfer delay for \| \| \| \| the class in ms in the two least significant \| \| \| \| octets. Valid range for minimum packet \| \| \| \| transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms. \| +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ \| CoS Average \| 4 \| This is an encoded value which contains the \| \| Packet \| \| class of service identifier in the 2 most \| \| Transfer \| \| significant octets (valid range: \[0..255\]) \| \| Delay \| \| and the average packet transfer delay for \| \| \| \| the class in ms in the two least significant \| \| \| \| octets. Valid range for average packet \| \| \| \| transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms \| +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ \| CoS Maximum \| 4 \| This is an encoded value which contains the \| \| Packet \| \| class of service identifier in the 2 most \| \| Transfer \| \| significant octets (valid range: \[0..255\]) \| \| Delay \| \| and the maximum packet transfer delay for \| \| \| \| the class in ms in the two least significant \| \| \| \| octets. Valid range for maximum packet \| \| \| \| transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms. \| +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ \| CoS Packet \| 4 \| This is an encoded value which contains the \| \| Transfer \| \| class of service identifier in the 2 most \| \| Delay Jitter \| \| significant octets (valid range: \[0..255\]) \| \| \| \| and the packet transfer delay jitter for the \| \| \| \| class in ms in the two least significant \| \| \| \| octets. Valid range for packet transfer \| \| \| \| delay jitter: \[0..65535\] ms. \| +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ \| CoS Packet \| 4 \| This is an encoded value which contains the \| \| Loss rate \| \| class of service identifier in the 2 most \| \| \| \| significant octets (valid range: \[0..255\]) \| \| \| \| and the value equal to the integer part of \| \| \| \| the result of multiplying -100 times the \| \| \| \| log10 of the ratio between the number of \| \| \| \| packets lost and the total number of packets \| \| \| \| transmitted in the class population of \| \| \| \| interest in the two least significant \| \| \| \| octets. \| +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ 7.5.4 Link_Configure_Thresholds (page 84) 1. Link_Configure_Thresholds.request (page 84) 7.5.4.1.1 Function This primitive is used by MIHF to configure thresholds for Link_Parameters_Report indication. 7.5.4.1.2 Semantics of service primitive The primitive parameter is as follows: Link_Configure_Thresholds.request( ~~LinkParameterList~~ LinkConfigureParameterList ) +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ \| ~~Name~~ \| ~~Type~~ \| ~~ \| ~~Description~~ \| \| \| \| Valid \| \| \| \| \| Ra \| \| \| \| \| nge~~ \| \| +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ \| ~~LinkPar \| ~~List~~ \| ~~ \| ~~A list of following \| \| ameterList~~ \| \| N/A~~ \| set of parameters:~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~LinkParameterType,~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Init \| \| \| \| \| iateActionThreshold,~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Roll \| \| \| \| \| backActionThreshold,~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Ex \| \| \| \| \| ecuteActionThreshold~~ \| +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ \| ~~LinkPar \| ~~A pair of \| ~~ \| ~~Parameters for which \| \| ameterType~~ \| {Lin \| N/A~~ \| thresholds may be \| \| \| kType:ParamType}.~~ \| \| set~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Examples:~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~{Generic:Link \| \| \| \| \| Speed},~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~{Generic:Link Bit \| \| \| \| \| Error Rate},~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~{Generic:Link \| \| \| \| \| Frame Loss Rate \| \| \| \| \| before \| \| \| \| \| retransmission},~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~{Generic:Link \| \| \| \| \| Signal Strength},~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~{Generic:Link \| \| \| \| \| SINR},~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~{GPRS:BLER},~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~ \| \| \| \| \| {GPRS:RxLevNCell}~~ \| \| \| +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ \| ~~I \| ~~Threshold values \| ~~ \| ~~Threshold value \| \| nitiateActio \| are dependent on \| N/A~~ \| which may cause MIH \| \| nThreshold~~ \| parameter for which \| \| Users to start "setup" \| \| \| they are being \| \| type activities in \| \| \| set.~~ \| \| response to actual \| \| \| \| \| parameter values \| \| \| \| \| crossing this \| \| \| \| \| threshold.~~ \| +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ \| ~~R \| ~~Threshold values \| ~~ \| ~~Threshold value \| \| ollbackActio \| are dependent on \| N/A~~ \| which may cause MIH \| \| nThreshold~~ \| parameter for which \| \| Users to cancel or \| \| \| they are being \| \| rollback the above \| \| \| set.~~ \| \| setup type operation \| \| \| \| \| if the actual \| \| \| \| \| parameter values \| \| \| \| \| retreat to this \| \| \| \| \| threshold.~~ \| +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ \| ~~ \| ~~Threshold values \| ~~ \| ~~Threshold value \| \| ExecuteActio \| are dependent on \| N/A~~ \| which may cause MIH \| \| nThreshold~~ \| parameter for which \| \| Users to execute \| \| \| they are being \| \| taking appropriate \| \| \| set.~~ \| \| action if the actual \| \| \| \| \| parameter values cross \| \| \| \| \| this threshold.~~ \| +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ ---------------------------- ---------------------- -------- ------------------------- Name Type Valid Description Range LinkConfigureParameterList List N/A A list of LinkConfigureParameter: ---------------------------- ---------------------- -------- ------------------------- Elements of LinkConfigureParameter +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid \| Description \| \| \| \| Range \| \| +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ \| QoSP \| INTEGER \| ~~ \| Parameter for which \| \| arameterType \| \| 1-255 \| thresholds may be set \| \| \| \| ~~N/A \| as defined in Table \| \| \| \| \| 12. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Note~~: Type 0 is \| \| \| \| \| reserved~~Subtype 0 \| \| \| \| \| for Generic link type \| \| \| \| \| is reserved. \| +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ \| InitiateAct \| Threshold values \| N/A \| Threshold value which \| \| ionThreshold \| are dependent on \| \| may cause MIH Users to \| \| \| parameter for which \| \| start "setup" type \| \| \| they are being set. \| \| activities in response \| \| \| \| \| to actual parameter \| \| \| \| \| values crossing this \| \| \| \| \| threshold. \| +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ \| RollbackAct \| Threshold values \| N/A \| Threshold value which \| \| ionThreshold \| are dependent on \| \| may cause MIH Users to \| \| \| parameter for which \| \| cancel or rollback the \| \| \| they are being set. \| \| above setup type \| \| \| \| \| operation if the \| \| \| \| \| actual parameter \| \| \| \| \| values retreat to this \| \| \| \| \| threshold. \| +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ \| ExecuteAct \| Threshold values \| N/A \| Threshold value which \| \| ionThreshold \| are dependent on \| \| may cause MIH Users to \| \| \| parameter for which \| \| execute taking \| \| \| they are being set. \| \| appropriate action if \| \| \| \| \| the actual parameter \| \| \| \| \| values cross this \| \| \| \| \| threshold. \| +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ 7.5.4.1.3 When generated This primitive is generated by an MIHF that may need to set threshold values for different link parameters. 7.5.4.1.4 Effect on receipt The recipient responds immediately with Link_Configure_Threshold.confirm primitive. 7.5.4.2 Link_Configure_Thresholds.confirm (page 85) 7.5.4.2.1 Function This primitive is sent in response to the Link_Configure_Threshold.request primitive. This primitive specifies the status of threshold configuration operation. 7.5.4.2.2 Semantics of service primitive The primitive parameters are as follows: Link_Configure_Thresholds.confirm ( ~~LinkParameterStatusList~~ LinkConfigureStatusList, Status ) +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ \| ~~Name~~ \| ~~Type~~ \| ~~ \| ~~Description~~ \| \| \| \| Valid \| \| \| \| \| Ra \| \| \| \| \| nge~~ \| \| +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ \| ~~LinkPar \| ~~List~~ \| ~~ \| ~~A list of following \| \| ameterSta \| \| N/A~~ \| set of parameters:~~ \| \| tusList~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~LinkParameterType~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Status~~ \| +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ \| ~~L \| ~~A pair of \| ~~ \| ~~Parameters for which \| \| inkParame \| {Li \| N/A~~ \| thresholds may be set~~ \| \| terType~~ \| nkType:ParamType}.~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Examples:~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~{Generic:Link \| \| \| \| \| Speed},~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~{Generic:Link Bit \| \| \| \| \| Error Rate},~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~{Generic:Link \| \| \| \| \| Frame Loss Rate \| \| \| \| \| before \| \| \| \| \| retransmission},~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~{Generic:Link \| \| \| \| \| Signal Strength},~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~{Generic:Link \| \| \| \| \| SINR},~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~{GPRS:BLER},~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~ \| \| \| \| \| ~{GPRS:RxLevNCell}~~ \| \| \| +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ \| ~ \| ~~Enumerated~~ \| ~ \| ~~Status of operation~~ \| \| ~Status~~ \| \| ~Succ \| \| \| \| \| ess~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Er \| \| \| \| \| ror~~ \| \| +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid \| Description \| \| \| \| Range \| \| +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ \| LinkC \| List \| N/A \| A list of \| \| onfigureS \| \| \| LinkConfigureStatus \| \| tatusList \| \| \| \| +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ \| Status \| Enumerated \| Su \| Status of operation \| \| \| \| ccess \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Error \| \| +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ Elements of LinkConfigureStatus +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid \| Description \| \| \| \| Range \| \| +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ \| QoSPara \| INTEGER \| N/A \| Parameter for which \| \| meterType \| \| \| thresholds configuration \| \| \| \| \| was requested. Table 12 \| \| \| \| \| for encoding. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Note: Subtype 0 for \| \| \| \| \| Generic link type is \| \| \| \| \| reserved. \| +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ \| Status \| Enumerated \| Su \| Status of operation \| \| \| \| ccess \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Error \| \| +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ 7.5.4.2.3 When generated This primitive is generated in response to the Link_Configure_Thresholds.request operation 7.5.4.2.4 Effect on receipt The recipient prepares to receive Link Parameter Change notifications on successful execution of this primitive. However, if Status indicates an error, the recipient shall ignore any other returned values and, instead, shall perform appropriate error handling. 7.5.10 Link_Parameters_Report.indication (page 91) 7.5.10.1 Function Link_Parameters_Report indicates changes in link parameters have crossed specified threshold levels. This may include link layer parameters such as throughput, delay, etc. The threshold level for each such parameter may have to be configured through a separate command to link layer. Event Type: State Change 7.5.10.2 Semantics of service primitive Link_Parameters_Report.indication (\ LinkIdentifier,\ LinkParametersReportList\ ) Parameters +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid \| Description \| \| \| \| Range \| \| +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ \| LinkIdentifier \| Link ID \| N/A \| Identifier of the link \| \| \| \| \| associated with the event \| +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ \| ~~Num \| ~~INTEGER~~ \| ~ \| ~~Number of parameters in \| \| Li \| \| ~0-65 \| LinkParameterList~~ \| \| nkParameters~~ \| \| 535~~ \| \| +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ \| ~~LinkP \| List \| N/A \| ~~A list of triplets of \| \| arameterList~~ \| \| \| {LinkParameterType, \| \| \| \| \| oldValueofLinkParameter, \| \| LinkParame \| \| \| newValueOfLinkParameter)~~ \| \| tersReportList \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| A list of \| \| \| \| \| LinkParameterReport \| +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ Elements for LinkParameterReport +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid \| Description \| \| \| \| Range \| \| +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ \| Qo \| INTEGER \| N/A \| Parameter for which \| \| SParameterType \| \| \| threshold has been crossed \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Note: Subtype 0 for Generic \| \| \| \| \| link type is reserved. \| +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ \| oldValueo \| Threshold \| N/A \| Old parameter value \| \| fLinkParameter \| values are \| \| \| \| \| dependent \| \| \| \| \| on \| \| \| \| \| parameter \| \| \| \| \| for which \| \| \| \| \| they are \| \| \| \| \| being set. \| \| \| +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ \| newValueO \| Threshold \| N/A \| New parameter value \| \| fLinkParameter \| values are \| \| \| \| \| dependent \| \| \| \| \| on \| \| \| \| \| parameter \| \| \| \| \| for which \| \| \| \| \| they are \| \| \| \| \| being set. \| \| \| +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ 7.5.10.~~2~~3 When generated 7.5.15.1 Link_Get_Parameters 7.5.15.1 Link_Get_Parameters.request 7.5.15.1.1 Function This primitive is used by MIH Function to obtain Link Parameters. 7.5.15.1.2 Semantics of service primitive The primitive parameter is as follows: Link_Get_Parameters.request (\ ~~LinkParameterList~~ LinkParametersRequest\ ) +--------------+------------+-----------+------------------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid \| Description \| \| \| \| Range \| \| +--------------+------------+-----------+------------------------------+ \| ~~LinkPa \| ~~List~~ \| ~~NA~~ \| ~~A list of link \| \| ramterList~~ \| \| \| parameters.~~ \| \| \| BITMAP \| N/A \| \| \| LinkParam \| \| \| BITMAP representing the list \| \| etersRequest \| \| \| of QoS Parameters for which \| \| \| \| \| status is requested. The bit \| \| \| \| \| position represents the QoS \| \| \| \| \| Parameter Type. For example \| \| \| \| \| if bit 0 is set, the MIHF is \| \| \| \| \| requesting the maximum \| \| \| \| \| number of CoS supported by \| \| \| \| \| the link. \| +--------------+------------+-----------+------------------------------+ 7.5.15.1.3 When generated This primitive is generated by an upper layer entity that may need to immediately obtain present values of different link parameters. 7.5.15.1.4 Effect on receipt The recipient responds immediately with Link_Get_Parameters.confirm primitive. 7.5.15.2 Link_Get_Parameters.confirm (page 93) 7.5.15.2.1 Function This primitive is sent in response to the Link_Get_Parameters.request primitive. This primitive provides present value conditions of the link, which may reflect an on going average measurement. 7.5.15.2.2 Semantics of service primitive The primitive parameters are as follows: Link_Get_Parameters.confirm (\ ~~LinkParameterList,~~ LinkParametersStatusList,\ Status\ ) +-------------+---------+---------------+-----------------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid Range \| Description \| +-------------+---------+---------------+-----------------------------+ \| ~~LinkPar \| List \| N/A \| ~~A list of link \| \| amterList~~ \| \| \| parameters.~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Li \| \| \| A list of QoS Parameter as \| \| nkParameter \| \| \| defined in Table 12 \| \| sStatusList \| \| \| \| +-------------+---------+---------------+-----------------------------+ \| Status \| Enu \| Success \| Status of operation \| \| \| merated \| \| \| \| \| \| Error \| \| +-------------+---------+---------------+-----------------------------+ ~~Table 29 - Valid Range of Link Parameters~~ --------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ~~Name~~ ~~Valid Range~~ ~~RSSI~~ ~~0-90dB~~ ~~SNR~~ ~~-30-60dB~~ ~~C/I~~ ~~-20-50dB~~ ~~BER~~ ~~10e-1 to 10-e-6~~ ~~Data Rate~~ ~~In Mbps~~ --------------------------------- ------------------------------------- 7.6.11 MIH_Link_Parameters_Report 7.6.11.1 MIH_Link_Parameters_Report.indication (page 106) 7.6.11.1.1 Function MIH_Link_Parameters_Report notification is sent by the MIHF to MIH Users to indicate various values of link parameters. The event may be local or remote. Parameters +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid \| Description \| \| \| \| Range \| \| +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ \| LinkIdentifer \| Link ID \| N/A \| Identifier of the link \| \| \| \| \| associated with the event \| +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ \| ~~L \| List \| N/A \| A list of QoS Parameter for \| \| INK_QOS_PARAME \| \| \| which threshold has been \| \| TER_LIST~~ \| \| \| crossed ~~as specified in \| \| \| \| \| Table~~ \| \| LinkParame \| \| \| \| \| tersStatusList \| \| \| Note: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Subtype 0 for Generic link \| \| \| \| \| type is reserved. \| +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ 7.6.15 MIH_Get_Status (page 108) An MIH_Get_Status command is issued by upper layer entities to discover and monitor the status of the currently connected and potentially available links. An MIH_Get_Status command may be local or remote. For example, a local get status may help the policy function that resides out of MIH to make optimal handover decisions for different applications when multiple links are available in a mobile node. A remote initiated MIH_Get_Status from the network side may enable the network to collect the status information on multiple links in a mobile node through the currently connected link. Upper layer entities may query the lower layers periodically in a specified interval or based on the preferences in a policy engine, which is out of the scope of the standard. 7.6.15.1 MIH_Get_Status.request 7.6.15.1.1 Function This primitive is issued by MIH Users to discover the status of the currently connected and potentially available links. 7.6.15.1.2 Semantics of the service primitive The parameters of the primitive are as follows: MIH_Get_Status.request ( SourceIdentifier, DestinationIdentifier, LinkIdentifierList, GetStatusRequestSet ) +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid Range \| Description \| +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ \| Source \| Identifier \| Any valid \| The identifier of \| \| Identifier \| \| individual or \| entity where the \| \| \| \| group \| request is initiated. \| \| \| \| identifier \| This field may be \| \| \| \| \| optionally left empty \| \| \| \| \| if the command is \| \| \| \| \| local. \| +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ \| Destination \| Identifier \| Valid MIHF \| The destination \| \| Identifier \| \| identifier \| identifier of request \| \| \| \| \| or response. This is \| \| \| \| \| the identifier of local \| \| \| \| \| or peer MIHF. \| +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ \| LinkId \| LIST \| N/A \| List of link \| \| entifierList \| \| \| identifiers for which \| \| \| \| \| status is requested. If \| \| \| \| \| the list of empty, \| \| \| \| \| return the status of \| \| \| \| \| all available links. \| +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ \| Get Status \| ~~Set of \| ~~Set of \| ~~Containing a set of \| \| Request Set \| status \| status \| interested status \| \| \| requests~~ \| requests~~ \| information.~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Integer \| N/A \| List of StatusRequest. \| \| \| \| \| The encoding uses a \| \| \| \| \| bitmap as follows: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit #0: DEVICE_INFO \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit# 1: OPERATION_MODE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit# 2:CHANNEL_ID \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit# 3:BATTERY_LEVEL \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit# 4: \| \| \| \| \| LINK_Q \| \| \| \| \| OS_PARAMETERS_TYPE_LIST \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit# 5-255: reserved \| +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ 7.6.15.1.3 When generated This primitive is generated when MIH Users request the status information from lower layer links. 7.6.15.1.4 Effect of receipt An MIH_Get_Status command is issued by the local MIH Function to get information on the status of the links. A remote MIH_Get_Status command causes the peer MIH entity to issue the local MIH_Get_Status command. 7.6.15.2 MIH_Get_Status.confirm 7.6.15.2.1 Function This primitive is issued by the MIHF entity to report the status of the links in response to the requests of MIH Users. 7.6.15.2.2 Semantics of the service primitive The parameters of the primitive are as follows: MIH_Get_Status.confirm ( SourceIdentifier, DestinationIdentifier, GetStatusResponse~~Set~~List, Status ) +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid Range \| Description \| +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ \| Source \| Identifier \| Any valid \| The identifier of \| \| Identifier \| \| individual or \| entity where the \| \| \| \| group \| request is initiated. \| \| \| \| identifier \| This field may be \| \| \| \| \| optionally left empty \| \| \| \| \| if the command is \| \| \| \| \| local. \| +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ \| Destination \| Identifier \| Valid MIHF \| The destination \| \| Identifier \| \| identifier \| identifier of request \| \| \| \| \| or response. This is \| \| \| \| \| the identifier of local \| \| \| \| \| or peer MIHF. \| +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ \| GetS \| ~~Response \| ~~Set of \| ~~Contains status \| \| tatusRespons \| for \| status \| response for set of \| \| e~~Set~~List \| requests~~ \| response~~ \| requested items~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| LIST \| N/A \| List of StatusResponse \| +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ \| Status \| Enumerated \| Success \| Status of operation \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Error \| \| +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ Elements of StatusResponse ---------------- --------------- ------------------ ------------------------ Name Type Valid Range Description LinkIdentifier INTEGER N/A The link identifier for which status has been requested LinkStatusList LIST N/A List of LinkStatusResponse ---------------- --------------- ------------------ ------------------------ Elements of LinkStatusResponse +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid Range \| Description \| +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ \| S \| INTEGER \| 0-255 \| Type of parameter to \| \| tatusPara \| \| \| be configured: \| \| meterType \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0: DEVICE_INFO \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1: OPERATION_MODE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2:CHANNEL_ID \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3:BATTERY_LEVEL \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4: \| \| \| \| \| LIN \| \| \| \| \| K_QOS_PARAMETERS_LIST \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5-255: reserved \| +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ \| Configura \| Values are \| N/A \| Value of the \| \| tionParam \| dependent on \| \| parameter being set \| \| eterValue \| parameter \| \| \| \| \| for which \| \| \| \| \| they are \| \| \| \| \| being set. \| \| \| +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ LinkStatusType values +---------------+---------+-----------------+--------------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid Range \| Description \| +---------------+---------+-----------------+--------------------------+ \| DEVICE_INFO \| STRING \| N/A \| Information on \| \| \| \| \| manufacturer, model \| \| \| \| \| number, revision number \| \| \| \| \| of the software/firmware \| \| \| \| \| and serial num ber in \| \| \| \| \| displayable text are \| \| \| \| \| returned. \| +---------------+---------+-----------------+--------------------------+ \| O \| INTEGER \| 0x00 Normal \| Returns the link's \| \| PERATION_MODE \| \| Mode \| current power mode. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0x01 Power \| \| \| \| \| Saving Mode \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0x02 Power Down \| \| +---------------+---------+-----------------+--------------------------+ \| CHANNEL_ID \| INTEGER \| N/A \| The ID of the channel \| \| \| \| \| currently in use \| +---------------+---------+-----------------+--------------------------+ \| BATTERY_LEVEL \| INTEGER \| 0-100; -1; \| Battery level in \| \| \| \| unknown bat \| percentage; \| \| \| \| tery level \| \| +---------------+---------+-----------------+--------------------------+ \| LIN \| LIST \| N/A \| List of QoSParameterType \| \| K_QOS_PARAMET \| \| \| as defined in Table 12. \| \| ERS_TYPE_LIST \| \| \| \| +---------------+---------+-----------------+--------------------------+ 7.6.15.2.3 When generated This primitive is generated when MIHF receive the status information and report to MIH Users. 7.6.15.2.4 Effect of receipt Upon receipt of the link status information, the MIH Users make decisions and take actions. +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ \| ~~Name (Get \| ~~Type~~ \| ~~Valid \| ~~Description~~ \| \| Status \| \| Range~~ \| \| \| Requests)~~ \| \| \| \| +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ \| ~~DEVICE_INFO~~ \| ~ \| ~~N/A~~ \| ~~Information on \| \| \| ~STRING~~ \| \| manufacturer, model \| \| \| \| \| number, revision \| \| \| \| \| number of the \| \| \| \| \| software/firmware \| \| \| \| \| and serial num ber \| \| \| \| \| in displayable text \| \| \| \| \| are returned.~~ \| +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ \| ~~O \| ~~ \| ~~0x00 Normal \| ~~Returns the link's \| \| PERATION_MODE~~ \| INTEGER~~ \| Mode~~ \| current power \| \| \| \| \| mode.~~ \| \| \| \| ~~0x01 Power \| \| \| \| \| Saving Mode~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~0x02 Power \| \| \| \| \| Down~~ \| \| +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ \| ~~LINK_ID~~ \| ~~Link \| ~~N/A~~ \| ~~Return the ID of \| \| \| ID~~ \| \| the link currently \| \| \| \| \| configured to \| \| \| \| \| communicate with.~~ \| +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ \| ~~CHANNEL_ID~~ \| ~~ \| ~~N/A~~ \| ~~The ID of the \| \| \| INTEGER~~ \| \| channel currently in \| \| \| \| \| use~~ \| +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ \| ~~ \| ~~ \| ~~0-100; -1; \| ~~Battery level in \| \| BATTERY_LEVEL~~ \| INTEGER~~ \| unknown bat \| percentage;~~ \| \| \| \| tery level~~ \| \| +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ \| ~~LI \| ~~LIST~~ \| ~~N/A~~ \| ~~A list of QoS \| \| NK_QoS_PARAMETE \| \| \| Parameters and their \| \| R_LIST~~ \| \| \| corresponding values \| \| \| \| \| as specified in \| \| \| \| \| Table .~~ \| +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ 7.6.17 MIH_Configure (page 112) MIH_Configure may be issued by upper layer entities to control the behavior of lower layers, for example, to set some feature of the driver of a specific link. MIH_Configure may contain the configuration commands for multiple lower layer links. When MIH receives MIH_Configure, it issues the Link_Configure_Thresholds commands to corresponding links. The configuration parameter are passed on to Link_Configure_Thresholds commands. 7.6.17.1 MIH_Configure.request 7.6.17.1.1 Function This primitive is issued by MIH Users to control the behavior of a lower layer link. 7.6.17.1.2 Semantics of the service primitive The parameters of the primitive are as follows: MIH_Configure.request ( SourceIdentifier, DestinationIdentifier, LinkIdentifier, ConfigurationRequests~~Sets~~List ) +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid Range \| Description \| +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ \| Sou \| Identifier \| Any valid \| The identifier of \| \| rceIdenti \| \| individual or \| entity where the \| \| fier \| \| group \| request is initiated. \| \| \| \| identifier \| This field may be \| \| \| \| \| optionally left empty \| \| \| \| \| if the com mand is \| \| \| \| \| local. \| +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ \| De \| Identifier \| Valid MIHF \| The destination \| \| stination \| \| identifier \| identifier of request \| \| I \| \| \| or response. This is \| \| dentifier \| \| \| the identifier of \| \| \| \| \| local or peer MIHF. \| +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ \| LinkI \| Link ID \| N/A \| Identifier of the \| \| dentifier \| \| \| link to configure. \| +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ \| Conf \| ~~Set of \| N/A \| ~~Containing a set of \| \| iguration \| c \| \| configuration \| \| Re \| onfiguration \| \| parameters. See \| \| quests~~S \| parameters \| \| Table below.~~ \| \| ets~~List \| for corre \| \| \| \| \| sponding \| \| List of \| \| \| interfaces~~ \| \| ConfigurationRequest \| \| \| LIST \| \| \| +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ 7.6.17.1.3 When generated This primitive is generated when MIH Users attempt to control the behaviors of lower layer links, for example, set some features in the drivers. 7.6.17.1.4 Effect of receipt A local configure command causes the MIH to issue a Link Configure Threshold command to set the thresholds for lower layers according to the specified configuration parameters. A remote configure command causes the MIH in the peer entity to issue a Link Configure Threshold command. If multiple links need to be configured then Link Configure Threshold command should be sent to each of the links. Elements of ConfigurationRequest +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid Range \| Description \| +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ \| Configur \| INTEGER \| 0-255 \| Type of parameter to \| \| ationPara \| \| \| be configured: \| \| meterType \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0: OPERATION_MODE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1: \| \| \| \| \| DISABLE_TRANSMITTER \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2:LINK_ID \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3:CURRENT_ADDRESS \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4: SUSPEND_DRIVER \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5:LIN \| \| \| \| \| K_QOS_PARAMETERS_LIST \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6-255: reserved \| +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ \| Configura \| Values are \| N/A \| Value of the \| \| tionParam \| dependent on \| \| parameter being set \| \| eterValue \| parameter \| \| as defined in Table \| \| \| for which \| \| 30. \| \| \| they are \| \| \| \| \| being set. \| \| \| +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ Table 30 -- Link Configuration Parameter Values +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid Range \| Description \| +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ \| OPERATION_MODE \| INTEGER \| 0x00 Normal Mode \| Change the \| \| \| \| \| device's \| \| \| \| 0x01 Power \| power mode \| \| \| \| Saving Mode \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0x02 Power Down \| \| +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ \| DISABLE_TRANSMITTER \| Boolean \| N/A \| E \| \| \| \| \| nable/disable \| \| \| \| \| the \| \| \| \| \| transmitter \| \| \| \| \| of the inter \| \| \| \| \| face. \| +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ \| LINK_ID \| Link ID \| N/A \| Change to the \| \| \| \| \| specified \| \| \| \| \| link \| +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ \| CURRENT_ADDRESS \| STRING \| N/A \| Change the \| \| \| \| \| current \| \| \| \| \| address to \| \| \| \| \| the value \| \| \| \| \| specified \| +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ \| SUSPEND_DRIVER \| Boolean \| N/A \| Suspend or \| \| \| \| \| resume of the \| \| \| \| \| specified \| \| \| \| \| interface. \| +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ \| LIN \| LIST \| N/A \| A list of \| \| K_QOS_PARAMETERS_LIST \| \| \| QoSParameter \| \| \| \| \| and their \| \| \| \| \| corresponding \| \| \| \| \| values as \| \| \| \| \| specified in \| \| \| \| \| Table 12 . \| +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ ~~Table 31 - LinkQoSParameterType values~~ ----------- ---------------- ------------ ------------- ------------------------------- ~~Value~~ ~~Name~~ ~~Value Size ~~Valid ~~Description~~ (octets)~~ Range~~ ~~0~~ ~~Throughput~~ ~~4~~ ~~0-2\^32~~ ~~The maximum information transfer rate achiev able. This value is determined by the physical characteristics of the link. It is measured in kbps~~ ~~1~~ ~~Link Packet ~~2~~ ~~0-65535~~ ~~A value equal to integer part Error Rate~~ of the result of mul tiplying -100 times the log10 of the ratio between the number of packets received in error and the total number of packets transmitted in a link population of interest.~~ ~~2~~ ~~Supported ~~2~~ ~~0-65535~~ ~~The maximum number of number of COS~~ differentiable classes of service supported by this link~~ ~~3~~ ~~CoS Minimum ~~2~~ ~~0-65535~~ ~~This is an encoded value Packet Transfer which contains the class of Delay~~ service identifier in the 2 most signifi cant octets and the minimum packet transfer delay for the class in ms in the two least signifi cant octets. Valid range for minimum packet transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~4~~ ~~CoS Average ~~2~~ ~~0-65535~~ ~~This is an encoded value Packet Transfer which contains the class of Delay~~ service identifier in the 2 most signifi cant octets and the average packet transfer delay for the class in ms in the two least significant octets. Valid range for average packet transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~5~~ ~~CoS Maximum ~~2~~ ~~0-65535~~ ~~This is an encoded value Packet Transfer which contains the class of Delay~~ service identifier in the 2 most signifi cant octets and the maximum packet transfer delay for the class in ms in the two least signifi cant octets. Valid range for maximum packet transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~6~~ ~~CoS Packet ~~2~~ ~~0-65535~~ ~~This is an encoded value Transfer Delay which contains the class of Jitter~~ service identifier in the 2 most signifi cant octets and the packet transfer delay jitter for the class in ms in the two least significant octets. Valid range for packet transfer delay jitter: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~7~~ ~~CoS Packet ~~4~~ ~~0-2\^32~~ ~~This is an encoded value Loss rate~~ which contains the class of service identifier in the 2 most signifi cant octets and a value equal to integer part of the result of multiplying -100 times the log10 of the ratio between the number of packets lost and the total number of packets transmitted in the class population of interest~~ ~~8-255~~ ~~Reserved~~ ~~N/A~~ ~~N/A~~ ~~Reserved for future use.~~ ----------- ---------------- ------------ ------------- ------------------------------- 7.6.17.2 MIH_Configure.confirm (page 115) 7.6.17.2.1 Function This primitive is issued by the MIH entity to report the result of the MIH_Configure command. 7.6.17.2.2 Semantics of the service primitive The parameters of the primitive are as follows: MIH_Configure.confirm ( SourceIdentifier, DestinationIdentifier, LinkIdentifier, ~~ConfigurationResponseSets~~ ConfigurationResponseList, Status ) +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid Range \| Description \| +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ \| Source \| Id \| Any valid \| The identifier of entity \| \| I \| entifier \| individual or \| where the request is \| \| dentifier \| \| group \| initiated. This field may \| \| \| \| identifier \| be optionally left empty \| \| \| \| \| if the command is local. \| +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ \| De \| Id \| Valid MIHF \| The destination identifier \| \| stination \| entifier \| identifier \| of request or response. \| \| I \| \| \| This is the identifier of \| \| dentifier \| \| \| local or peer MIHF. \| +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ \| Link \| Link ID \| N/A \| Identifier of the link \| \| Identifer \| \| \| configured. \| +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ \| ~~Conf \| ~~Set of \| N/A \| ~~Containing a set of \| \| iguration \| configu \| \| configuration parameters \| \| Respo \| ration \| \| and their corresponding \| \| nseSets~~ \| parame \| \| configuration results:~~ \| \| \| ters and \| \| \| \| Conf \| their \| \| ~~ConfigurationParameter~~ \| \| iguration \| confi \| \| \| \| Res \| guration \| \| ~~ResultCode~~ \| \| ponseList \| r \| \| \| \| \| esults~~ \| \| List of \| \| \| \| \| ConfigurationResponse \| \| \| LIST \| \| \| +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ \| Status \| En \| Success \| Status of operation \| \| \| umerated \| \| \| \| \| \| Error \| \| +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ Elements of ConfigurationResponse +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ \| Name \| Type \| Valid Range \| Description \| +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ \| Configur \| INTEGER \| 0-255 \| Parameter for which \| \| ationPara \| \| \| configuration has been \| \| meterType \| \| \| requested. \| +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ \| Status \| En \| Success \| Status of operation \| \| \| umerated \| \| \| \| \| \| Error \| \| +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ 7.6.17.2.3 When generated This primitive is generated when MIH receive the results of the Link Commands. 7.6.17.2.4 Effect of receipt Upon receipt of the result code, the MIH Users make evaluations and take actions. 8.4.1.23 Link Quality Parameter Type This specifies the type of link parameter. +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| Type \| Length \| Value \| +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| 23 \| ~~2~~ \| ~~First Octet: Type of link.~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2 \| ~~0: Generic~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Other valid values are defined in Table 8.~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Second Octet: Type of Parameter~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~(definition is specific to the Type of Link)~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~For Generic Link:~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| First Octet: Type of link. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0: Generic link type \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1-255: Link specific types as defined in Table 8. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Second Octet: Subtype of Parameter \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Generic Link Parameters: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~0: Speed~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~1: Signal Strength~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~2: Bit Error Rate~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~3: Frame Loss Rate before Retransmission~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~4-255: Reserved~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0: Number of supported CoS \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1: Throughput \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2: Packet Error Rate \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3: Minimum Packet Transfer Delay \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4: Average Packet Transfer Delay \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5: Maximum Packet Transfer Delay \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6: Packet Transfer Delay Jitter \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7: Packet Loss Rate \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 8-255: Reserved \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \[Editor's note: specific link parameter types \| \| \| \| TBD\] \| +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ 8.4.1.26 Link Status Parameters Type This parameter specifies the set of link layer parameters for which status may be requested or reported. +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| Type \| Length \| Value \| +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| 26 \| 4 \| Set of link parameters for which status is \| \| \| \| requested or the value is reported \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Bit #0: Network Types~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Bit #1: Device Information~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Bit #2: Operation Mode~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Bit #3: Channel Identifier~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Bit #4: Channel Quality~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Bit #5: Link Speed~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Bit #6: Battery Level~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Bit #7\~31: Reserved~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit #0: Device Information \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit #1: Operation Mode \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit #2: Channel Identifier \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit #3: Link Speed \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit #4: Battery Level \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit #5: Link QoS Parameters Type List \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit #6\~31: Reserved \| +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ 8.4.1.29 Link Configure Parameters Type This specifies the set of link parameters that may be configured for handover. +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| Type \| Length \| Value \| +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| 29 \| 1 \| Set of link parameters which may be used to \| \| \| \| configure the link \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Bit #0: Operation Mode~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Bit #1: Transmitter Status~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Bit #2: Current Address~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ~~Bit #3\~31: Reserved~~ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit #0: Operation Mode \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit #1: Transmitter Status \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit #2: Link ID \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit #3: Current Address \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit #4: Driver Status \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit #5: Link QoS Parameter List \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bit #5\~31: Reserved \| +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ 8.4.1.31 Link Parameter Threshold This specifies the threshold value of a link layer parameter. +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| Type \| Length \| Value \| +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| 31 \| V \| Specifies the threshold value of a link layer \| \| \| ariable \| parameter. The value \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| depends on the parameter under consideration. \| +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ 8.4.1.36 Link Status Parameters Response This parameter specifies the response to request to get the status of link layer parameters, see Section 7.6.15.2.4 for details of link status parameter definition. --------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------- Type Length Value 36 Variable Status of different link layer parameters --------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------- 8.4.1.37 Link Configure Parameter Value This specifies the type of link parameter. --------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------- Type Length Value 37 Variable Values for a set of link parameters that need to be configured --------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------- Annex A4 - QoS Examples (informative) Table 42 below gives an example mapping between the QOS parameters defined by the MIHF and the measurements available on the link. This mapping is media specific and implementation dependent. Table 42 -- An example of a QoS Parameter Mapping Table. -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- ------------------------- 802.21 802.11 802.16 3GPP 3GPP2 Throughput Peak Data Maximum Maximum Peak_Rate Rate Sustained Bitrate Traffic Rate ~~Guaranteed ~~Minimum Data ~~Minimum ~~Guaranteed (Min) Rate~~ Reserved Bitrate~~ Bitrate~~ Traffic Rate~~ ~~Peak Rate~~ ~~Peak Data ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~Peak_Rate~~ Rate~~ Packet Loss Max_IP_Packet_Loss_Rate Rate ~~Before Retransm~~. Packet Error Packet Error SDU Error Rate Rate Ratio ~~Max Packet ~~Maximum MSDU ~~ ~~ ~~Maximum SDU ~~Packet_Size~~ Size~~ Size~~ Size~~ CoS Minimum Packet Transfer Delay CoS Average Transfer Delay Packet Transfer Delay CoS Maximum Delay Bound Maximum Max_Latency Packet Latency Transfer Delay CoS Packet Tolerated Delay_Var_Sensitive Transfer Delay Jitter Jitter -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- ------------------------- Figure 36 represents an example flow diagram for using the QoS framework defined by the MIHF. The MIH configure primitive is used to set the application quality of service requirements and make it available to the MIHF. These parameters are mapped into media specific measurements at the MIH layer and then used to configure the link parameter thresholds. While this mapping is not defined by these specifications, Table 42 provides an example of such mapping. The primitive MIH_Link_Parameter_Report is used to relay link specific measurements back to the MIH User.	en
converted_docs	923649	Assessing State Progress in Meeting the Highly Qualified Teacher (HQT) Goals Protocol for Department of Education (ED) Review to Determine Which States Must Submit Revised HQT Plans State: FLORIDA Date of Review: 5/3/06 Overall Recommendation: \_\_\_\_\_ Revised Plan Not Required: The State is making substantial progress and is not required to submit a revised HQT plan \_\_X\_\_ Revised Plan Required: The State has shown good-faith effort in meeting the HQT goal but a revised HQT plan is required \_\_\_\_\_ Revised Plan Required, Possible Sanctions: The State has not shown good-faith effort in meeting the HQT goal. A revised HQT plan is required and the Department will consider appropriate administrative actions or sanctions Comments to support recommendation: - Florida has made significant progress on implementing its HQT definitions and procedures. - The State has reported complete and accurate data in both its annual report cards and the CSPR. - Florida has a variety of strategies that address staffing inequities between high- and low-poverty schools. The State, however, lacks a comprehensive equity plan that would provide a blueprint statewide to ensure that all children have access to a high-quality teacher. - While the State has made substantial gains in meeting the HQT goal, it still faces challenges at the secondary level, especially within high-poverty schools. Decision Approve \_\_\_\_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Signature [Elizabeth A. Witt /s/]{.underline} Date [5/10/2006]{.underline} Disapprove \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Signature \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Requirement 1: [Appropriate HQT Definitions]{.underline}---A State must have a definition of a "highly qualified teacher" that is consistent with the law, and it must use this definition to determine the status of all teachers, including special education teachers, who teach core academic subjects \[ESEA §9101(23); IDEA §602(10)\]. ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y/N/U Evidence Y Does the State have an appropriate HQT definition in place? Y Do the definitions apply to all teachers of core academic subjects, including special education teachers? Y Has the State used these definitions to determine the HQ status of all teachers? N If the State has established HOUSSE procedures, has it completed its review of teachers who are not new to the profession? ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y=Yes; N=No; U=Undecided [Finding]{.underline}: \_\_\_ Requirement 1 has been met \_X\_ Requirement 1 has been partially met \_\_\_ Requirement 1 has not been met \_\_\_ Additional information needed to make determination \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date Requested \_\_\_\_\_\_ Submission Deadline[^1] [Supporting Narrative]{.underline}: - The U.S. Department of Education (ED) conducted an NCLB Title II, Part A monitoring review of Florida and is satisfied that the State has implemented the correct HQT definitions and procedures. Florida was issued a finding with regard to determining the HQT status of new and veteran elementary special education teachers, but has provided an acceptable corrective action plan to ED to address the issue. - Florida has a corrective action plan detailing how it will be applying the HQT requirements to new and veteran elementary teachers by June 30, 2006. - Florida is in the process of conducting its final HOUSSE review of its veteran teachers. Source: SEA Monitoring Protocol; Florida Monitoring Report for the October 26-28, 2006 visit; Florida State Response (4/6/2006); ED Resolution Letter (4/28/06). Requirement 2: [Public Reporting of HQT Data]{.underline}---A State must provide parents and the public with accurate, complete reports on the number and percentage of classes in core academic subjects taught by highly qualified teachers. States and districts must provide these data to parents through school, district, and State report cards. Parents of students in schools receiving Title I funds must be notified that they may request information regarding the professional qualifications of their children's teachers, and they must be notified if their children have been assigned to or taught for four or more consecutive weeks by a teacher who is not highly qualified \[ESEA §1111(h)(6) and §1119(i)\]. ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y/N/U Evidence Y Does the State have an Annual State Report Card that contains required information on the qualifications of teachers, including the percentage of classes not taught by highly qualified teachers? Y Does the State have annual report cards for all of its LEAs and schools that contain required information on the qualifications of teachers, including the percentage of classes not taught by highly qualified teachers? Y Does the State assure that all report cards are available to the public? Y Does the SEA assure that principals in all Title I schools send the required notification to parents when children are taught by teachers who are not HQ? Does the SEA have evidence that notification occurs in a timely way? Y Does the SEA ensure that parents of students in Title I districts are notified that they may request information regarding the professional qualifications of their children's teachers? ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y=Yes; N=No; U=Undecided [Finding]{.underline}: \_\_\_ Requirement 2 has been met \_\_\_ Requirement 2 has been partially met \_\_\_ Requirement 2 has not been met \_\_\_ Additional information needed to make determination \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date Requested \_\_\_\_\_\_ Submission Deadline [Supporting Narrative]{.underline}: Website link to report cards: http://doeweb-prd.doe.state.fl.us/eds/nclbspar/nclb0405.cfm?dist_schl=29_41#teacher The most recent report card data are for the 2004-2005 school year. Were HQT data included in the report cards? Yes Other information (if available): - The State publishes an annual report card with the required HQT information and makes it available to the public. - As part of its Title II, Part A, monitoring review of Florida, ED determined that the State was in compliance with Title I hiring and parental notification issues. Source: SEA Monitoring Protocol; Florida Monitoring Report for the October 26-28, 2006 visit; Florida State Response (4/6/2006); ED Resolution Letter (4/28/06). Requirement 3: [Data Reporting to ED]{.underline}---States must submit complete and accurate data to the U.S. Secretary of Education on their implementation of the HQT requirements as part of their Consolidated State Performance Report (CSPR). In addition to reporting the number and percentage of core academic classes being taught by highly qualified teachers in all schools, States must report on the number and percentage of core academic classes being taught in "high-" and "low-poverty" schools \[ESEA §1111(h)(4)(G) and §9101(23)\]. States must also provide additional information in the CSPR that describes, for classes taught by non-HQ teachers, the reasons why the teachers are not highly qualified. ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y/N/U Evidence Y Did the State submit complete HQT data in the 2004-05 CSPR? Y Are the submitted HQT data reported at the classroom level? Y Were data disaggregated for elementary and secondary schools? Y Were data disaggregated by high- and low-poverty elementary schools and high- and low-poverty secondary schools? Y Did the State provide specific information describing the reasons why teachers are not highly qualified? ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y=Yes; N=No; U=Undecided [Finding]{.underline}: \_X\_ Requirement 3 has been met \_\_\_ Requirement 3 has been partially met \_\_\_ Requirement 3 has not been met \_\_\_ Additional information needed to make determination \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date Requested \_\_\_\_\_\_ Submission Deadline [Supporting Narrative]{.underline}: - Florida reported complete 2004-05 HQT data in its 2006 CSPR by the required disaggregated categories. Florida corrected the 2004-05 CSPR data as a result of its finding on special educators (see above). - The State reported its greatest challenge in meeting the HQT goal is secondary classes taught by certified general education teachers who have not demonstrated subject-matter competence in those subjects (66 percent of the classes not taught by HQT). Source: Consolidated State Performance Report, March 2006; Followup of 2004-05 CSPR data verification (4/14/06). Requirement 4: [Equity Plans]{.underline}---States must have a plan in place to ensure that poor or minority children are not taught by inexperienced, unqualified, or out-of-field teachers at higher rates than are other children \[ESEA §1111(b)(8)(C)\]. ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y/N/U Evidence Y Does the State have a plan in place to ensure that poor or minority children are not taught by inexperienced, unqualified, or out-of-field teachers at higher rates than are other children? Y Does the plan include specific strategies for addressing inequities in teacher assignment? ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y=Yes; N=No; U=Undecided [Finding]{.underline}: \_\_\_ Requirement 4 has been met \_X\_ Requirement 4 has been partially met \_\_\_ Requirement 4 has not been met \_\_\_ Additional information needed to make determination \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date Requested \_\_\_\_\_\_ Submission Deadline [Supporting Narrative]{.underline}: - Florida received a finding on its lack of an equity plan during its monitoring review. ED received and accepted a corrective action plan that described the State's strategies to eliminating staffing inequities between high- and low-poverty schools. The approach described in the State's response did not provide enough detail to determine whether the plan adequately addresses all of ED's equity concerns. Source: SEA Monitoring Protocol; Florida Monitoring Report for the October 26-28, 2006 visit; Florida State Response (4/6/2006); ED Resolution Letter (4/28/06); Follow-up of 2004-05 CSPR data verification (4/14/06). [Analysis of the State's Progress Toward Meeting the HQT Goal:]{.underline} Has the State made annual progress in increasing the percent of classes taught by highly qualified teachers? [2002-03 data (from 2004 CSPR):]{.underline} +---------------------+-----------+----------------+------------------+ \| School Type \| Total \| Number of \| Percentage of \| \| \| Number of \| Core Academic \| Core Academic \| \| \| Core \| Classes Taught \| Classes Taught \| \| \| Academic \| by Highly \| by Highly \| \| \| Classes \| Qualified \| Qualified \| \| \| \| Teachers \| Teachers \| +---------------------+-----------+----------------+------------------+ \| ####### A \| NA \| NA \| 91 \| \| ll Schools in State \| \| \| \| +---------------------+-----------+----------------+------------------+ \| > All Elementary \| NA \| NA \| NA \| \| > Schools \| \| \| \| +---------------------+-----------+----------------+------------------+ \| All Secondary \| NA \| NA \| NA \| \| Schools \| \| \| \| +---------------------+-----------+----------------+------------------+ \| High-Poverty \| NA \| NA \| 93 \| \| Schools \| \| \| \| +---------------------+-----------+----------------+------------------+ \| Low-Poverty \| NA \| NA \| NA \| \| Schools \| \| \| \| +---------------------+-----------+----------------+------------------+ [2003-04 data (from 2005 CSPR):]{.underline} +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| School Type \| Total \| Number of \| Percentage of \| \| \| Number \| Core Academic \| Core Academic \| \| \| of Core \| Classes Taught \| Classes Taught \| \| \| Academic \| by Highly \| by Highly \| \| \| C \| Qualified \| Qualified \| \| \| lasses \| Teachers \| Teachers \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| ####### A \| 5 \| 511,055 \| 89.0 \| \| ll Schools in State \| 74,476 \| \| \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| > All Elementary \| 2 \| 226,357 \| 93.9 \| \| > Schools \| 41,136 \| \| \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| All Secondary \| 3 \| 284,698 \| 85.4 \| \| Schools \| 33,340 \| \| \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| High-Poverty \| 1 \| 93,978 \| 87.2 \| \| Schools \| 07,790 \| \| \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| Low-Poverty \| 1 \| 134,848 \| 91.0 \| \| Schools \| 48,106 \| \| \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ [2004-05 data (from 2006 CSPR):]{.underline} +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| School Type \| Total \| Number of \| Percentage of \| \| \| Number \| Core Academic \| Core Academic \| \| \| of Core \| Classes Taught \| Classes Taught \| \| \| Academic \| by Highly \| by Highly \| \| \| C \| Qualified \| Qualified \| \| \| lasses \| Teachers \| Teachers \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| ####### A \| 6 \| 604,781 \| 92.4 \| \| ll Schools in State \| 54,760 \| \| \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| ##### \| \| \| \| \| ## Elementary Level \| \| \| \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| High-Poverty \| \| 56,667 \| 93.9 \| \| Schools \| 60,368 \| \| \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| Low-Poverty \| \| 77,564 \| 95.5 \| \| Schools \| 81,162 \| \| \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| > All Elementary \| 2 \| 275,486 \| 94.8 \| \| > Schools \| 90,601 \| \| \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| # Secondary Level \| \| \| \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| High-Poverty \| \| 58,132 \| 87.7 \| \| Schools \| 66,289 \| \| \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| Low-Poverty \| \| 81,352 \| 93.1 \| \| Schools \| 87,379 \| \| \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ \| All Secondary \| 3 \| 329,295 \| 90.4 \| \| Schools \| 64,159 \| \| \| +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ [Finding]{.underline}: \_X\_ The State is making annual progress in increasing the percentage of classes taught by highly qualified teachers \_\_\_ The State is not making annual progress in increasing the percentage of classes taught by highly qualified teachers \_\_\_ Additional information needed to make determination \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date Requested \_\_\_\_\_\_ Submission Deadline [Supporting Narrative]{.underline}: - Florida reported that the percentage of classes taught by HQTs has increased from 89 percent in 2002-03 to 92 percent in 2004-05. However, given the State's compliance issue with special education teachers (see above) it is not clear if the data prior to 2004-05 accurately captured the HQT status of special education teachers. Source: Consolidated State Performance Reports; Follow-up of 2004-05 CSPR data verification (4/14/06). The 2004-05 CSPR data must show that the State has made substantial progress in reaching the goal that, after the 2005-06 school year, 100 percent of all core academic classes will be taught by a highly qualified teacher. ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y/N/U/NA Evidence Y Is the percentage of classes taught by highly qualified teachers in high-poverty elementary schools reasonably close to (e.g., within 5 points) the percentage of classes taught by highly qualified teachers in low-poverty elementary schools? N Is the percentage of classes taught by highly qualified teachers in high-poverty secondary schools reasonably close to (e.g., within 5 points) the percentage of classes taught by highly qualified teachers in low-poverty secondary schools? U Has the State made substantial progress since 2002-03 in reaching the goal of 100 percent of classes taught by highly qualified teachers? Y Are at least 90 percent of classes, in total, taught by highly qualified teachers? Y Are at least 90 percent of elementary school classes taught by highly qualified teachers? Y Are at least 90 percent of secondary school classes taught by highly qualified teachers? Y If more than 90 percent of classes are taught by highly qualified teachers, do the data on teachers who remain non-HQT suggest special cases that may make it difficult for the State to meet the HQT goal? ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y=Yes; N=No; U=Undecided; NA=Not Applicable [Finding]{.underline}: \_X\_ The State has made substantial progress in meeting the HQT goal \_\_\_ The State has not made substantial progress in meeting the HQT goal \_\_\_ Additional information needed to make determination \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date Requested \_\_\_\_\_\_ Submission Deadline [Supporting Narrative]{.underline}: - The percentage of classes taught by HQTs is above 90 percent in all categories except high-poverty secondary schools. At the secondary level, there is a six percentage point gap between high- and low-poverty schools. - Due to significant changes in data collection procedures from the baseline year trends from 2002-03 to 2004-05 cannot be determined. Source: Consolidated State Performance Reports; Follow-up of 2004-05 CSPR data verification (4/14/06). How does the State's progress in meeting the HQT goal align with its progress in ensuring that all schools make adequate yearly progress toward the goal of improvement in student achievement in reading and mathematics? ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y/N/U/NA Evidence N Does improved and exemplary statewide student achievement on NAEP or on the State assessment indicate that significant revision to the State's HQT plan is not required, even if more than 10 percent of classes are taught by teachers who are not HQ? Do districts or schools that are in need of improvement or in corrective action status have higher percentages of teachers who are not highly qualified than do other schools? ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ [Finding]{.underline}: \_\_\_ The State is making adequate yearly progress in student achievement in nearly all of its districts and schools \_\_\_ The State is not making adequate yearly progress in student achievement in a substantial number of its schools or districts \_\_\_ The State is not making substantial progress in meeting the HQT goal in many of the schools and districts that are not making AYP \_\_\_ Additional information needed to make determination \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date Requested \_\_\_\_\_\_ Submission Deadline [Supporting Narrative]{.underline}: [^1]: ^\*^ In general, the submission deadline for additional information will be 30 business days after the date of the request.	en
log-files	750616	! Started logfile: difmap.log on Wed Apr 9 12:54:53 2008 observe 1417+273_X.edt ! Reading UV FITS file: 1417+273_X.edt ! AN table 1: 99 integrations on 136 of 136 possible baselines. ! AN table 2: 51 integrations on 136 of 136 possible baselines. ! AN table 3: 179 integrations on 136 of 136 possible baselines. ! AN table 4: 40 integrations on 136 of 136 possible baselines. ! Apparent sampling: 0.0590427 visibilities/baseline/integration-bin. ! *** This seems a bit low - see "help observe" on the binwid argument. ! Found source: 1417+273 ! ! There are 4 IFs, and a total of 4 channels: ! ! IF Channel Frequency Freq offset Number of Overall IF ! origin at origin per channel channels bandwidth ! ------------------------------------------------------------- (Hz) ! 01 1 8.40997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 02 2 8.47997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 03 3 8.79497e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 04 4 8.89997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! ! Polarization(s): RR ! ! Read 1111 lines of history. ! ! Reading 11852 visibilities. select rr ! Selecting polarization: RR, channels: 1..4 ! Reading IF 1 channels: 1..1 ! Reading IF 2 channels: 2..2 ! Reading IF 3 channels: 3..3 ! Reading IF 4 channels: 4..4 rmod 1417+273_X.mod ! A total of 38 model components were read from file 1417+273_X.mod gscale true ! Performing overall amplitude self-cal ! Adding 38 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 38 components and 0.360001 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! A total of 1345 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 1.23 FD 0.90 HN 0.97 KB 3.39 ! KK 1.03 KP 0.87 LA 0.97 MK 0.93 ! NL 1.20 NY 1.00* OV 0.56 PT 1.02 ! SC 1.00* TS 1.01 WF 0.93 WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.24 ! ! A total of 618 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 1.11 FD 0.92 HN 1.09 KB 0.61 ! KK 1.13 KP 0.91 LA 0.94 MK 1.10 ! NL 1.21 NY 1.00* OV 1.05 PT 0.92 ! SC 1.03 TS 0.96 WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.19 ! ! A total of 2641 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.14 FD 0.94 HN 1.08 KB 0.60 ! KK 1.25 KP 0.92 LA 0.98 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.18 NY 1.00* OV 1.35 PT 0.95 ! SC 0.92 TS 0.92 WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.24 ! ! A total of 680 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* HN 0.00* KB 0.00* ! KK 0.00* KP 0.00* LA 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ZC 0.00* ! ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! A total of 1345 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 1.22 FD 0.95 HN 1.01 KB 3.02 ! KK 1.09 KP 0.91 LA 0.94 MK 0.89 ! NL 1.14 NY 1.00* OV 0.53 PT 1.00 ! SC 1.00* TS 1.05 WF 0.90 WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.12 ! ! A total of 618 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 1.14 FD 0.94 HN 1.13 KB 0.61 ! KK 1.13 KP 0.87 LA 0.94 MK 1.11 ! NL 1.15 NY 1.00* OV 1.01 PT 0.97 ! SC 1.01 TS 0.93 WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.10 ! ! A total of 2709 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.12 FD 0.95 HN 1.09 KB 0.58 ! KK 1.31 KP 0.89 LA 0.97 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.15 NY 1.00* OV 1.41 PT 0.99 ! SC 0.88 TS 0.96 WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.09 ! ! A total of 680 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* HN 0.00* KB 0.00* ! KK 0.00* KP 0.00* LA 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ZC 0.00* ! ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! A total of 1365 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 1.08 FD 0.93 HN 1.02 KB 2.88 ! KK 1.13 KP 0.80 LA 1.03 MK 0.98 ! NL 1.16 NY 1.00* OV 0.56 PT 1.03 ! SC 1.00* TS 1.09 WF 0.98 WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.00* ! ! A total of 650 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 1.17 FD 0.94 HN 1.09 KB 0.67 ! KK 1.25 KP 0.79 LA 0.97 MK 1.13 ! NL 1.18 NY 1.00* OV 1.10 PT 0.97 ! SC 1.02 TS 0.90 WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.00* ! ! A total of 2709 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.18 FD 0.94 HN 1.12 KB 0.65 ! KK 1.37 KP 0.81 LA 0.99 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.15 NY 1.00* OV 1.47 PT 1.00 ! SC 0.89 TS 0.93 WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.42 ! ! A total of 680 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* HN 0.00* KB 0.00* ! KK 0.00* KP 0.00* LA 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ZC 0.00* ! ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! A total of 1365 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 1.09 FD 0.92 HN 1.06 KB 2.45 ! KK 1.02 KP 0.78 LA 1.01 MK 0.94 ! NL 1.14 NY 1.00* OV 0.58 PT 1.02 ! SC 1.00* TS 1.19 WF 1.03 WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.00* ! ! A total of 650 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 1.18 FD 0.94 HN 1.14 KB 0.64 ! KK 1.01 KP 0.83 LA 1.00 MK 1.12 ! NL 1.20 NY 1.00* OV 1.04 PT 0.95 ! SC 1.06 TS 0.96 WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.00* ! ! A total of 2785 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.13 FD 0.98 HN 1.16 KB 1.00* ! KK 1.00* KP 0.84 LA 0.97 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.17 NY 1.00* OV 1.44 PT 0.99 ! SC 0.94 TS 1.00* WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.00* ! ! A total of 680 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* HN 0.00* KB 0.00* ! KK 0.00* KP 0.00* LA 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ZC 0.00* ! ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.133045Jy sigma=0.001665 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.127819Jy sigma=0.001175 quit ! Quitting program ! Log file difmap.log closed on Wed Apr 9 12:55:13 2008	en
converted_docs	903480	SAMPLE NONDISCLOSURE STATEMENT ACQUISITION SUPPORT SERVICES I understand that in connection with my participation in this task order \[INSERT TASK ORDER SERVICES HERE\], I may acquire or have access to information relating to any and all aspects of the acquisition. I hereby agree that I will not discuss with or reveal to any representative of any governmental entity, business organization, other entity, or any individual person (except persons specifically authorized by the Procuring Contracting Officer (PCO)), either within or outside the U.S. Government, any aspect of the acquisition. The term "any aspect of the acquisition" includes, but is not limited to, information contained (or to be contained) in any acquisition documentation created by or on behalf of the United States Government pursuant to FAR Subpart 7.1, requests for quotations/proposals, requests for quotation (RFQ), source selection information (as that term is defined in FAR § 2.101), trade secrets and other proprietary information (18 U.S.C. §§ 1832, 1905), the number and identity of Government personnel involved, and the schedule of key technical and acquisition events in the acquisition process. Except as specifically authorized by the PCO, release of such information is not authorized. I agree that this obligation shall continue both during the period of my current participation and thereafter. I recognize that a significant factor in the successful and proper completion of the acquisition is the strict confidentiality observed by all participants in the various evaluations, review, and discussion groups concerning all of the activities and procedures involved in acquisition development, and that failure to comply with these requirements may compromise the award decision. I acknowledge that the unauthorized release of acquisition information may result in the termination of my participation in this acquisition. Furthermore, I am aware that the unauthorized release of such information may subject me to criminal and civil penalties. In the event that I release any information described above or become aware that such information has been released by someone else, I agree to so advise the PCO. When so advising the PCO, I will provide the PCO with the following information: (1) the business organization or other entity, or individual person, to whom the information in question was divulged, (2) the identity of the person that disclosed the information, and (3) the content of the information. I further affirm that if I am notified of the identity of offerors, their subcontractors, joint venture partners, and team members by whatever means, I will (1) disclose to the PCO and to \[insert the ordering agency's\] Office of Counsel whether I or any member of my immediate family\* have any holdings or interest whatsoever in any offeror, their subcontractors, joint venture partners, or team members, and (2) if I or a member of my immediate family\* acquire holdings or interest in any offeror, their subcontractors, joint venture partners, or team members, notify the PCO and will not participate in any aspect of the acquisition unless authorized to do so by the PCO and Office of Counsel. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Signature and Date \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Printed Name Phone Number & e-mail \* The interest of a spouse, minor child, or other member of the employee's immediate household is reported in the same manner as an interest of the employee.	en
converted_docs	303103	M E M O R A N D U M DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research DATE: 7 August 2004 FROM: David Orloff, MD Eric G. Colman, MD Division of Metabolic and Endocrine Drug Products (DMEDP) Office of Drug Evaluation 2 (ODE 2) Center for Drug Evaluation & Research (CDER) Food & Drug Administration (FDA) TO: Members and Consultants, Endocrinologic & Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee SUBJECT: 8 September 2004, Advisory Committee meeting on the draft guidance: Clinical Evaluation of Weight-Control Drugs On 8 September 2004, key personnel from the Division of Metabolic and Endocrine Drug Products will meet with its Advisory Committee members and consultants to discuss the FDA draft guidance document entitled, Clinical Evaluation of Weigh-Control Drugs (hereafter, Obesity Drug Guidance) (enclosed). The meeting agenda includes five oral presentations during the morning session, with open discussion in the afternoon (enclosed). Broadly speaking, drugs that are FDA approved for the treatment of obesity fall into two categories: those approved for short-term use (i.e., a few weeks) and those approved for long-term use (Table enclosed). All of the drugs indicated for short-term use were approved prior to 1974. In general, the pre-approval trials for these drugs included fewer than 100 patients and were no more than 12 weeks in duration. In the spring of 1996 the Agency approved dexfenfluramine for the long-term treatment of obesity. Pre-approval trials for this drug included hundreds of subjects exposed to drug for as long as 52 weeks. As you know, dexfenfluramine (and fenfluramine) were withdrawn from the market due to reports linking their use to left-sided cardiac valvulopathy. In the fall of 1996, following input from its advisory committee, the Division of Metabolic and Endocrine Drug Products issued the Obesity Drug Guidance. Among other things, the guidance recommended the following: - The study population include those with a body mass index (BMI) of 27 kg/m^2^ to \< 30 kg/m^2^ when accompanied by comorbid conditions (i.e., hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus) and those with a BMI of [\>]{.underline} 30 kg/m^2^, with or without comorbidities; - Efficacy be based on weight loss following at least one year of double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment; - Safety be based on one year of double-blind treatment and a second year of open-label therapy; - That approximately 1500 subjects complete 12 months of therapy, with 200-500 of those completing a second year of study. The FDA approved sibutramine in 1997 and orlistat in 1999, both for the long-term treatment of obesity. Like dexfenfluramine, the pre-approval trials for these two compounds involved hundreds of patients exposed to drug for a minimum of one year. Recent estimates indicate that phentermine, approved in 1959 for the short-term treatment of obesity, is still the most widely-used weight-loss drug, followed by orlistat and sibutramine (paper by Stafford and Radley, enclosed). While it has been more than five years since the Agency approved an obesity drug, a large number of weight-loss agents, with a variety of mechanisms of action, are currently being studied under Investigational New Drug applications. Given the increasing magnitude of the obesity problem, the Division anticipates that development of drugs in this therapeutic class will greatly expand in the coming years. The Obesity Drug Guidance will therefore continue to be an important source of direction for pharmaceutical sponsors of weight-loss drugs. To ensure that the Obesity Drug Guidance reflects up-to-date scientific information and advice, the FDA requested public comment on the document in the 26 January 2004, issue of the Federal Register. Seventeen responses, mostly from the pharmaceutical industry, were received by the closing date of 26 April 2004 (enclosed). Comments and suggested revisions related to all aspects of the guidance were submitted, but several areas received considerable attention. These included: - Broadening the inclusion criteria for trial participation to include subjects who are overweight (extending the lower bounds of the entry criterion to a BMI [\>]{.underline} 25 kg/m^2^); - Eliminating the need for a second year of open-label study; - Reducing the number of subjects required to evaluate a drug's safety profile from 1500 studied for one year to approximately 300-600 patients exposed for 6 months and 100 patients for one year. These latter numbers reflect the International Committee on Harmonization's general recommendations for assessing clinical safety of a new drug (enclosed). We anticipate that these topics, among others, will be discussed in great detail at the September 8^th^ meeting and ask that you keep them in mind as you read the enclosed briefing material. We sincerely appreciate your willingness to participate in the advisory committee process and look forward to a productive meeting in September.	en
markdown	868090	# Presentation: 868090 ## IMPLEMENTING DOE ORDER 450.1ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS - U.S. Department of Energy - Richland Operations Office ## P2 EXPECTATIONS: Close Gap Between Current Performance and DOE Goals; Reduce Estimated Wastes by 10% Annually; Meet goals within current funding baselines; Contractors are to Incorporate P2 and Toxic Chemical Goals. - Close Gap Between Current Performance and DOE Goals; - Reduce Estimated Wastes by 10% Annually; - Meet goals within current funding baselines; - Contractors are to Incorporate P2 and Toxic Chemical Goals. APRIL 28, 2003 LETTER FROM J. ROBERSON TO FIELD OFFICES*“ACHIEVING DEPARTMENTAL P2 GOALS”* ## APRIL 28, 2003 LETTER FROM J. ROBERSON TO FIELD OFFICES“ACHIEVING DEPARTMENTAL P2 GOALS” DOE O 450.1 EXPECTATIONS: Incorporate EMS Into ISMS through; - Systematic Planning, - Integrated Execution, and - Evaluation of Programs EMS Applicability; - Public Health; - Environmental Protection - Pollution Prevention (P2) - Compliance with Environmental Regulations ## Commitment by K. Klein to J. Roberson to complete by 12/31/2005 via letter 03-SSD-0133 June 5, 2003; ROD was approved in November, 2003; P2 reporting has been initiated by FHI and BHI; RL has good start for compliant EMS within RIMS (EMS as part of ISMS); Preliminary Gap Analysis (broad overview) completed September, 2003. Contractor feedback indicates already compliant or no impact from CRD ROD was approved in November, 2003; P2 reporting has been initiated by FHI and BHI; RL has good start for compliant EMS within RIMS (EMS as part of ISMS); Preliminary Gap Analysis (broad overview) completed September, 2003. Contractor feedback indicates already compliant or no impact from CRD WHERE WE ARE TODAY ## FY 2003 FEDERAL SCORECARD Site EMS Policy Statement Issued; EMS Implementation Training Developed and Provided; Significant Environmental Aspects Identified; FY 2004 FEDERAL SCORECARD Measurable Environmental Objectives and Targets Established; EMS Awareness Training Program Established; FY 2005 FEDERAL SCORECARD All EMS Procedures Established; Self-Declaration or Third Party Certification Obtained. - Site EMS Policy Statement Issued; - EMS Implementation Training Developed and Provided; - Significant Environmental Aspects Identified; FY 2004 FEDERAL SCORECARD - Measurable Environmental Objectives and Targets Established; - EMS Awareness Training Program Established; FY 2005 FEDERAL SCORECARD - All EMS Procedures Established; - Self-Declaration or Third Party Certification Obtained. EM CEQ METRIC SURVEY AND IMPLEMENTATION STATUS EM requires continuous updates on O 450.1 implementation as follows: ## Obtain approval of Environmental Policy for RL; Incorporate CRD into FHI and BHI contract; Complete Gap Analysis (detailed analysis); Finalize RL EMS Program; Continuous updating of status to EM; Self-declaration. Incorporate CRD into FHI and BHI contract; Complete Gap Analysis (detailed analysis); Finalize RL EMS Program; Continuous updating of status to EM; Self-declaration. ACTIONS REMAINING TO COMPLETE ## Implementation of O 450.1 is a sustainable part of doing business; RL will meet 12/31/05 deadline by: Completing required EMS processes (procedures); Integrating of processes into project planning; Planning and implementing regulatory oversight; Completing Final Gap Analysis (validation); Self-Declaration or 3rd Party Certification. RL will meet 12/31/05 deadline by: - Completing required EMS processes (procedures); - Integrating of processes into project planning; - Planning and implementing regulatory oversight; - Completing Final Gap Analysis (validation); - Self-Declaration or 3rd Party Certification. CONCLUSION ## Contractor Response - Contractor Feedback indicates already compliant or no impact from CRD	en
markdown	382746	# Presentation: 382746 ## One Year Post Exclusivity Adverse Event Review as Mandated by the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act Presented at the Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee& Pediatric Subcommittee of the Anti-Infective Drugs Advisory Committee MeetingFebruary 2, 2004 Solomon Iyasu, MD, MPH Hari Cheryl Sachs, MD, FAAP Division of Pediatric Drug DevelopmentCenter for Drug Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration ## Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA) Jan 4, 2003 Section 17: Adverse Event (AE) Reporting review all AEs for one year after granting pediatric exclusivity report to the Pediatric Advisory Sub-Committee for review ## Data Source for Drug Adverse Events - FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) - spontaneous and voluntary reporting system - electronic database of postmarketing reports of adverse drug reactions - reporters include health care providers, pharmacies, consumers, and pharmaceutical manufacturers ## Paroxetine Pediatric Psychiatric Adverse Events ## Background Drug Information Moiety: Paxil®, Paxil CR® (paroxetine) Therapeutic Category: Antidepressant Sponsor: GlaxoSmithKline Adult Indications: Major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder adult dose range: 20-60 mg/day There are NO approved pediatric indications Original market approval: December 1992 Pediatric exclusivity granted: June 27, 2002 Pregnancy Category C Precautions: Suicide risk inherent in MDD Suicide risk present in co-morbid conditions Activation of mania Seizures Adverse events with abrupt discontinuation agitation, anxiety, dizziness, sensory disturbance, nausea and sweating Relevant Safety Labeling ## Drug use trends: paroxetine Second most commonly used SSRI in children.1 Both pediatric & adult prescriptions have increased steadily between 1999 and 2003. 1* * Pediatric Diagnosis (off label): depression, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders 2 Pediatric patients account for approximately 3.5 % of total U.S. prescriptions of Paxil® between Jul 2002 – Jun 2003 (1.1 million)*.*1,3* 1IMS Health, National Prescription Audit Plus, On-Line Source Year Aug 1999 – Jul 2003, Data Extracted Aug 2003 - 2IMS Health, National Disease and Therapeutic Index, CD-Rom, Source 3 Year Jul 2000 – Jun 2003* * * *3AdvancePCS Dimension Rx, On-Line - Calculation based on application of proportions of pediatric paroxetine prescriptions in AdvancePCS to IMS Health, - National Prescription Audit Plus to estimate number of paroxetine prescriptions dispensed nationwide to pediatric population ## Adverse Events 1992-2003: General Overview (raw counts) Total: over 17,000 adult and pediatric reports (68 % domestic)* < 5 % of total are pediatric Top 20 pediatric AEs similar to those reported in adults majority labeled unlabeled events related to maternal* *exposure Number of pediatric adverse event reports increased in 2002 compared with prior years ## Raw Counts* of Pediatric Adverse Event Reports by Year (Dec 1992 to Jul 2003) - * includes duplicate reports ## BBC show “The Secret of Seroxat,” BBC show “The Secret of Seroxat,” aired October 13, 2002 British government warning issued on June 10, 2003 FDA Talk Paper issued on June 19, 2003 FDA PUBLIC ADVISORY for antidepressants and suicide issued on Oct 27, 2003 - Exclusivity Period ## Pediatric Adverse Events in the One-year Post-exclusivity Period Total unduplicated reports (N= 127) _Gender_: Female - 61, Male - 59, Unknown - 7 _Age_: 0-<2 yrs (n=32), 2-5 yrs (n=6), 6-11 yrs (n=33), 12-16 yrs (n= 55) & unknown (n=1) _Outcomes_: 10 % of reports were deaths (n = 13) Approximately 1/3 hospitalizations/ER visit (n= 43) ## Pediatric Adverse Events by Gender, Age & Exposure to Paroxetine (N=127) \| \| \| --- \| \| Gender: Female Male Unknown \| \| Age: 0-2 yrs \| \| 2-5yrs \| \| 6-11yrs \| \| 12-16yrs \| \| Unknown \| \| Maternal/Breastfeeding (n=33) \| \| --- \| \| 7 \| \| 19 \| \| 7 \| \| 32 \| \| 0 \| \| 0 \| \| 0 \| \| 1 \| \| Direct Pediatric Exposure (n=94) \| \| --- \| \| 54 \| \| 40 \| \| 0 \| \| 0 \| \| 6 \| \| 33 \| \| 55 \| \| 0 \| ## Pediatric Adverse Events: Reasons for Exposure to Paroxetine (N=127) Prenatal Exposure/Breastfeeding (n= 33) Direct Pediatric Exposure (n=94) Depression/dysthymia - 28 Anxiety/Panic/PTSD- 15 ADHD- 2 OCD- 1 Multiple Psychiatric diagnosis- 18 Other- 9 Unknown - 21 ## Paroxetine: Pediatric Adverse Events Concomitant medications (n =55), exclusively paroxetine (n=5), most unknown (n= 67) Reporters: only 1/3 health professional; 2/3 consumer, media, litigation, etc. Dose range 5-60 mg/day (n=65, excludes maternal/breastfeeding exposure) ## Pediatric Adverse Events: Predominant Events Psychiatric adverse events (68) Discontinuation Syndrome/decrease in dose (7) Maternal exposure (33) Neurologic events (8) Accidental ingestion (2) Other (9) ## Psychiatric Adverse Events by Labeling Status (n=68 ) _Labeled_ Completed suicide - 9 Suicidal attempts -17 Suicidal ideation - 11 Occurrence of other psychiatric symptoms - 9 _Unlabeled _ Self-injurious behavior - 10 Completed homicide - 4 Aggression/Hostility/ Homicidal ideation - 8 ## Psychiatric Adverse Events (n=68) - Demographics: - Gender: 57% Female - Age: 2-5 yrs. (5%), 6-11 yrs. (35%), 12-16 yrs. (60%) - Concomitant medications described in only 24 patients - 20 of the 24 on other psychotherapeutic agent - discontinuation or decrease in dose noted in 11 of the 68 patients with psychiatric events ## Psychiatric Events with Discontinuation or Decrease in Dose Completed suicide (1 out of 9 ) Suicidal attempts (5 out of 17) Homicide (2 out of 4) Aggression/Hostility/Homicidal ideation (3 out of 8) ## Suicide Attempts(n=17) Diagnosis: Majority MDD, Bipolar Disorder Concomitant medications in approximately one third discontinuation or decrease in dose in approximately one fourth ## Pediatric Deaths (n=13) - 10 deaths involving direct pediatric exposures - 9 completed suicides - 1 case of Stevens Johnson Syndrome; patient also received valproic acid - 3 deaths among patients with prenatal exposure ## Pediatric Deaths: Completed Suicides (n=9) Ages 12-16 years Gender Female (5) Male (4) Initial Diagnosis: MDD (5) Explosive Disorder (1) Unknown (3) Duration of treatment- 14 days to 1 year Discontinuation or decrease in dose (2) Concomitant medication (4) Possible substance abuse (4) History of prior attempts (3) ## Factors Contributing to Difficulty in Assessing Causality - Patient Factors - severity of illness/ underlying disease - prior history of suicide attempts - concomitant medication - substance abuse - Reporting factors - inadequate detail in describing event - timing of event in relationship to medication - ascertainment of reported events - lack of follow-up ## Limitations of AERS - Spontaneous and voluntary system - Underreporting - Reporting bias (media publicity, length of time in market) - Report quality may vary (missing details e.g. concomitant medications) - Cannot estimate true incidence rate of events or exposure risk ## Closing Observations - The psychiatric events described in the adverse event reports may reflect: - underlying disease - drug adverse effect - lack of drug effect - Evaluation of controlled trials necessary to sort out ## Acknowledgements - ODS reviews prepared by: - Mark Avigan, MD, C. M. - Susan Lu, R. Ph - Carol Pamer, R. Ph - Toni Piazza-Hepp, Pharm.D. - Gianna Rigoni, Pharm.D. ## Citalopram: Pediatric Psychiatric Adverse Events Solomon Iyasu, MD, MPH Hari Cheryl Sachs, MD, FAAP Division of Pediatric Drug Development ## Citalopram: Background Drug Information Moiety: Celexa® (citalopram) Therapeutic Category: Antidepressant Sponsor: Forest Pharmaceuticals Adult Indication: Major Depressive Disorder Adult dose range: 20-40 mg/day There are NO approved pediatric indications Original market approval: July 17, 1998 Pediatric exclusivity granted: July 9, 2002 ## Relevant Safety Labeling Pregnancy Category C Excreted in human breast milk Precautions: Suicide risk inherent in depression Activation of mania/hypomania Any psychoactive agent may impair intellectual or psychomotor functions Seizures: introduce citalopram with care ## Relevant Safety Labeling(cont.) Adverse Reactions Agitation Pre marketing reports Frequent: impaired concentration, depression, suicide attempt, confusion Infrequent: aggressive reaction, psychotic reaction, delusion, paranoid reaction, emotional lability, panic reaction ## Drug use trends: Citalopram 4th most commonly used SSRI in children1 Both pediatric and adult prescriptions have increased between 1999 and 20031 Pediatric patients account for approximately 3.3% (665, 000) of the total U.S. prescriptions of Celexa® during Jul 2002- Jul 20031,2 Pediatric Diagnosis (off label): depressive disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention deficit disorder3 - 1IMS Health, National Prescription Audit Plus, On-Line Source Year Aug 1999 – Jul 2003, Data Extracted Aug 2003 - 2AdvancePCS Dimension Rx, On-Line, Jul 2001 – Jun 2003 - 3IMS Health, National Disease and Therapeutic Index, CD-Rom, Source 3 Year Jul 2000 – Jun 2003 - Calculation based on application of proportions of pediatric citalopram prescriptions in AdvancePCS to IMS Health, National Prescription Audit Plus to estimate number of citalopram prescriptions dispensed nationwide to pediatric population ## Overview of Adverse Event Reports Since Marketing Approval Total: over 6,000 reports (79% domestic) * <5 % of total are pediatric Top 20 AE All adverse events related to *in utero* exposure were unlabeled Adverse event reports for children involving direct exposure were generally similar to those reported for adults ## Pediatric Adverse Events in the One-Year Post-exclusivity Period Total unduplicated reports (n=42) 16* in utero *exposures; resulted in unlabeled events and one death 26 children involving direct exposure, 8 unlabeled events, no deaths 16 serious AEs (10 hospitalization, 4 life-threatening, 2 with disability) dose 5-60 mg/day, median dose 20 mg/day ## Pediatric Adverse Events byGender, Age and Exposure \| GENDER \| In Utero Exposure (n=16) \| Direct Exposure (n=26) \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Female \| 11 \| 17 \| \| Male \| 2 \| 9 \| \| Unknown \| 3 \| 0 \| \| AGE \| \| \| \| 0-2 yrs \| 15 \| 1 \| \| 2-5 yrs \| 1 \| 1 \| \| 6-11 yrs \| 0 \| 9 \| \| 12-16 yrs \| 0 \| 15 \| ## Pediatric Adverse Events:Reasons for Exposure to Citalopram In utero exposures – 16 Direct Pediatric Exposure – 26 Depression – 13 Ingestion of another person’s prescription – 2 Other – 5 Unknown - 6 ## Citalopram adverse events- Psychiatric (n= 5) _Labeled_ Cognitive impairment Aggression Agitation, mania, and delusions Suicidality Psychotic reaction _Unlabeled _ Violent/homicidal behavior ## Citalopram Adverse Events- Psychiatric (cont.) Gender: 4 males, 1 female Age: 6-11 yrs (2), 11-16 yrs (3) Diagnosis: MDD (4), ODD(1) Concomitant medications – 2 Prozac®; Keppra®, clonazepam Symptoms resolved when citalopram discontinued - 4 ## Closing observations Few psychiatric events were reported Unable to determine causality due to limitations of AERS FDA will continue monitoring these adverse events in children ## Acknowledgements ODS reviews prepared by: Mark Avigan, MD Toni Piazza-Hepp, Pharm.D. Kathleen Phelan, R. Ph Gianna Rigoni, Pharm.D.	en
markdown	248138	# Presentation: 248138 ## Direct Photons from RHIC to the LHC Stefan Bathe RBRC Nuclear Physics Seminar BNL, August 19, 2008 Notes: Changed title ## What I will do in this talk- a disclaimer - - I’ll talk little about RHIC physics - I’ll talk some about LHC physics - I’ll talk much about LHC calorimeters - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## RHIC Key Physics Result - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe Nucl.Phys.A757:184-283,2005 - High-pT hadron suppression - E loss of partons in medium PRL91(2003)072304 - p0 ## Surface Bias - Strong suppression (factor 5) - Dominated by surface emission (black probe) - Difficult to learn about suppression mechanism - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Dainese et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 38, 461 (2005) - Origin of partons that produce 5 GeV hadrons in central Au+Au ## How can we learn more? “[Almost] everything you want to know about jets can be found in 2-particle correlations.” Mike Tannenbaum - “Almost”: Shape of xE distribution not sensitive to FF - Reason: trigger bias - Trigger bias can be overcome by - g-h correlations (also overcomes surface bias!) - Full jet reconstruction (difficult, but higher rate) - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe  - So what does g-jet help vs. g-h? - Jet angle easy to measure - Expect multiple scattering in medium even w/o E loss ## Jet Measurements in HI Collisions - In cone of - there is - dET/dh in central Au+Au at RHIC is 600 GeV* - →E= 300 GeV in cone with R=1 - 75 GeV in cone with R=0.5 - Compare to maximum jet energy: 100 GeV - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe * Phys. Rev. C 71, 034908 (2005) Jet measurement in HI at RHIC difficult! ## Jet Measurements at LHC - dET/dh in central Pb+Pb at LHC ≈ 1200 GeV* - →E= 600 GeV in cone with R=1 - 150 GeV in cone with R=0.5 - Compare to: - maximum jet energy: 2750 GeV - - typical jet energy: 100-200 GeV - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe *Logarithmic extrapolation of √s dependence of (*dE**T**/d**h) /(*Npart/2) from SIS to LHC S. Milov, Jour.Phy.: Conf.Ser. 5 (2005) 17 Jet measurement in HI at LHC still challenging eliminate b fluctuations (large acceptance) ## RHIC to LHC - √s: 0.2 TeV → 5.5 TeV (x 27.5) - Relative rates (e.g. g/p0) ~ scale with xT - e.g. g fraction = 10%: 3 GeV at RHIC - 90 GeV at LHC - hard increases by orders of magnitude - Accessible pT range ~ 20-200 GeV (x10) - New probes available - Jets, direct g-jet correlations - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Detailed study of hard scattering - G. Roland, Hard Probes 2008 - Experimental limit at RHIC Pb+Pb design lumi: One Jet with 150 GeV/s ## Caveat - “If energy loss is low-pT phenomenon, LHC will have nothing to measure.” (Mike Tannenbaum) - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe Direct g RAA with measured p+p reference data h p0 g ## Experiments at the LHC - ATLAS - CMS - ALICE - Stefan Bathe ## The ALICE Detector: dedicated to HI Capabilities - Hadrons: 2p * 1.8 units h (dE/dx + ToF) - Leptons (dE/dx, TOF, transition radiation) - Photons (high resolution EM calorimetry, conversions) - Tracking and PID pT range: 100 MeV/c -100 GeV/c ## The ATLAS Detector The ATLAS Detector - Inner tracking - EM and Hadronic calorimeters - External muon spectrometers - Full azimuthal acceptance in all detectors - Large pseudorapidity coverage - 2 -  = 10 for Calorimetry -  = 5 for tracking Capabilities - High-precision tracking < 2.5 - Muon identification  < 2.5 - Highly segmented calorimetry < 5 - Forward coverage - Large bandwidth: DAQ + Trigger - Stefan Bathe ## The CMS Detector - Large (mid-rapidity) acceptance (tracker and calorimetry)‏ - DAQ+HLT will inspect every single Pb+Pb event - Large statistics for rare probes - 2 -  = 5 for Si tracker -  = 10 for Calorimetry Capabilities - High-precision tracking over < 2.5 - Muon identification over  < 2.5 - High resolution calorimetry over < 5 - Forward coverage - Large bandwidth: DAQ + Trigger - J.Phys.G34:2307-2455,2007 - Very well suited for HI environment - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## Measuring -Jet Correlations - q,g Hadrons Jet - q,g - q,g Photon 3) Jet axis provides parton direction 2) Photon energy tags parton energy ET 4) Charged hadron tracks used to calculate z = pT(track)/ET 1) Multiplicity, <pT> and flow measurements characterize density, path length - Measuring -Jet Correlations - Collisional/non-perturbative - vs. radiative E loss - Lokhtin et al. - BNL NuclPhysSeminar Radiation outside jet cone Radiation inside jet cone ## Photon Energy Tag Use photon to tag parton energy - Goal: Best correlation of photon and parton energy - Ideal: Use leading order photons - In practice: Isolated photons to select events with - good correlation of photon and parton energy - Background photons usually associated with jets - Remove using isolation cuts in data analysis and calculations - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## RHIC Calorimeters - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## STAR Calorimeter - Similar to LHC calorimeters - large coverage - high resolution in Shower Max for neutral hadron rejection - lower resolution in Towers for p0 measurement - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## PHENIX Calorimeter - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Two calorimeters: PbSc (sampling); PbGl (homogenous) - Spatial resolution: DhxDj = 0.01x0.01 - Energy resolution: s(E)/E = [1-2]%  [6-8]%/√E - Virtually complete background rejection for pT< 25 GeV through reconstruction of neutral hadrons ## PHENIX Isolation Cut in p+p - Why does isolation cut only suppresses background by factor 5 at 10 GeV? - Small acceptance?---Small effect. - More likely due to underlying event - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Signal fraction - pT - Uncorrected for cluster merging - bckgrd fraction - w/ iso - w/o iso ## The Higgs: driving the design of LHC calorimetry - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Higgs capabilities depend on - Rejection (ATLAS: lateral, longitudinal segmentation) - E Resolution (CMS: crystal) ## Coverage and Other Differences - ALICE: 1000 scientists, 1000 HI - ATLAS: 2500 scientists, ~35+ HI (11 inst.), photon experts - CMS: 2600 scientists, ~100 HI (25 inst.) - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe From 2010 ## Photon Detectors at LHC \| Exp. \| ATLAS \| \| CMS \| \| ALICE \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Name \| LAr Barrel \| LArEndCap \| ECAL(EB) \| ECAL(EE) \| PHOS \| EMCal \| Barrel \| \| Structure \| Liquid Argon \| \| PWO+APD \| \| PWO+APD \| Pb+APD \| TPC+ITS+ TRD+TOF \| \| Coverage \| 0<\|h\|<1.4 2p \| 1.4<\|h\|<3.2 2p \| 0<\|h\|<1.5 2p \| 1.5<\|h\|<3. 2p \| 0<\|h\|<0.12 0.6p \| 0<\|h\|<0.7 0.6p \| (0<\|h\|<0.9 2p)* 7% X/X0 \| \| Granularity Dh xDf \| 0.003x0.100 0.025x0.025 0.025x0.050 \| 0.003x0.100 0.025x0.025 0.025x0.050 \| 0.017x0.017 \| 0.017x0.017 to 0.05x0.05 \| 0.004x0.004 \| 0.014x0.014 \| 3.10-4x 2.10-4 (resolution) \| \| Resolution \| 10%/√E  0.5% \| 10%/√E  0.5% \| 2.7%/√E  0.55% \| 5.7%/√E  0.55% \| 3.3%/√E  1.1% \| 7%/√E  1.5% \| 2% low p T 5% high p T \| - A. Marin, Hard Probes 2008 ## ALICE ## Identifying prompt g in ALICE (PHOS) - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Identifying prompt g in ALICE (PHOS) - p+p R = 0.3, SpT < 2 GeV/c - Efficiency: 69% - Background rejection: 1/170 - First year (10 pb-1) - 3000 g (Eg > 20 GeV) - Pb+Pb R = 0.2, pTthresh = 2 GeV/c - Efficiency: 50% - Background rejection: 1/14 - One month of running - 2000 g (Eg > 20 GeV) - Y. Mao, Poster QM2008, - ALICE-INT-2007-021 - G. Conesa et al., NIM A 580(2007) 1446, - NIM A 585(2008) 28 - Stefan Bathe - Why S/B so good (100)? ## ALICE: Photon-Tag Jets Fragmentation Function - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - pp - PbPb - Y. Mao, Poster QM2008, ALICE-INT-2007-021 - Isolated photons and - background subtracted - Imbalance distribution - G. Conesa et al., NIM A 580(2007) 1446, - NIM A 585(2008) 28 - Pb+Pb - p+p - Stefan Bathe ## ALICE: g-tagged FF RAA - Charged + EM - ALICE: g-tagged FF RAA - Systematic errors due - to jet(p0)-jet background Sensitive to medium modifications at low z if larger than ~5%. - G. Conesa et al., NIM A 580(2007) 1446, - NIM A 585(2008) 28 - Stefan Bathe ## ATLAS ## Lateral Segmentation - First EMCal layer has high separation in h - Low occupancy even in central Pb+Pb - p0 rejection for ET  70 GeV - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe Central Pb+Pb Central Pb+Pb Single particle Single particle ## Photon ID: Loose Cuts - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Relative rejection of 2 at 85% efficiency with loose photon ID cuts below ~ 50 GeV - unquenched ## Photon ID: Tight Cuts - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Relative rejection of 1.5-2.2 at ~50% efficiency with tight photon ID cuts - unquenched ## Isolation Cut - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Relative rejection of 5 at ~60% efficiency in unquenched Pb+Pb ## Photon Spectrum - S/B > 1 for ET > 70 GeV in unquenched central Pb+Pb - Relative rejection factor ~ 15 - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## S/B - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - S/B = 1 at ET = 70 GeV for unquenched Pb+Pb - S/B ~ 4 at ET = 70 GeV for quenched Pb+Pb ## Medium Photons - Photons are abundantly produced at LHC - Jet-photon conversion in the plasma dominates 8<pT<14 GeV - Prompt hard NN scattering dominant for p T>20GeV at LHC - ATLAS better suited than CMS - Turbide, Gale, Jeon, and Moore - PRC (2004) 014906 - Stefan Bathe ## CMS ## ECAL Response in p+p and Pb+Pb - ECAL Response in p+p and Pb+Pb p+p (selective readout) p+p after seed threshold (0.5/0.18 GeV) Pb+Pb - dN/d ~ 2400 Pb+Pb after seed threshold (0.5/0.18 GeV) - ECAL clusters - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## Photon Selection - Selection variables - Cluster shape in ECAL - HCAL/ECAL energy ratios - Track isolation - 21 variables total - Linear discriminant analysis to select optimal cuts - Large acceptance essential for effective cuts w/o loss of signal - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## Photon identification performance - Set working point to 60% signal efficiency - Leads to 96.5% background rejection - Training is done on unquenched samples only - WP - p+p - Pb+Pb - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe Notes: So here is the obtained photon id performance, given as signal efficiency vs background rejection. Obviously one would like to have 100% signal and 100% background rejection. For pp as you can see we get close to this. For Pb+Pb we set our working point to 60% sig eff, which corresponds to about 96.5% background rejection. ## Photon Selection Performance - Before cuts: - After cuts: S/B=4.5 S/B=0.3 Photon isolation/shape cuts improve S/B by factor ~15 (at 60% signal acceptance, 97% background rejection) - PYQUEN/quenched Pb+Pb - C. Loizides nucl-ex/0804.3679v1 - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## Photon Selection Performance - Before cuts: S/B=0.3 ## Photon Selection Performance - Before cuts: S/B=0.3 p0 - Main background: high-z neutral hadrons - Why g/p0 flat (and not rising)? ## Fragmentation function ratio - Medium modification of fragmentation functions can be measured - High significance for 0.2 < ξ < 5 for both, ET >70GeV and ET >100GeV - ET >70GeV - ET >100GeV - Reco quenched Pb+Pb / MC unquenched p+p - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe Notes: Still the overall systematic errors are small compared to the effect we are after. Here you see the ratio of the reconstructed fragmentation function in Pb+Pb quenched case to the MC truth unquenched case for gamma et cut of 70 GeV left and 100 GeV right. In comparison with the horizontal line indicating no modification, it is obvious that for xi between 0.2 and 5 modified fragmentation functions will be measurable. ## Discrepancy in p+p - CMS: factor 200 background rejection - S/B = 10 after cuts - ATLAS: factor 15 rejection - S/B = 1 after cuts at (70 GeV) - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## Summary - LHC gives access to new regime of HI physics - High rates for hard scattering - New observables: jets, direct photon-jet - One dedicated HI experiment (ALICE) - Two large-acceptance HEP experiments (ATLAS, CMS) with excellent HI capabilities - ATLAS and CMS calorimeters ideally suited for jet measurement - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## ATLAS Calorimeter I - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## ATLAS Calorimeter II - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe	en
converted_docs	916065	![](media/image1.png){width="6.5in" height="0.6in"}Natural Resources Conservation Service 6200 Jefferson NE Albuquerque, New Mexico 87109 Phone: (505) 761-4400 Fax: (505) 761-4462 Web site: [www.nm.nrcs.usda.gov]{.underline} [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} January 13, 2005 NEW MEXICO BULLETIN NO. 250-5-02 SUBJECT: FNM -- ALL SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM MANAGER TRAINING CONFERENCE TO: All Employees [ACTION REQUIRED BY: January 18, 2005]{.underline} [Purpose]{.underline}. To transmit information to all employees. [Expiration Date]{.underline}. September 30, 2005 The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) encourages attendance and participation by employees in career-related professional organizations that enhance career development and professionalism. The All Special Emphasis Program Managers Training Conference will be held in Reno, Nevada March 28 -- March 31, 2005. The theme of the training is: "Together...Embracing the future through diversity". Please note that the information and request deadline for this training was unfortunately not received until today. The following attendance categories will receive approval consideration on a "government time and expense" basis. - Receiving a scholarship - Member of Chief's staff - Training (providing or fulfilling a training need) - Receiving an award, citation, or commendation ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Presenting a topical paper or poster Approval to attend on government time and expense will be in accordance with New Mexico policy in General Manual, Title 250, Part 406. Under that policy, the state conservationist will determine the number of employees that New Mexico can support financially to attend on government time and expense. Requests and justifications for meeting attendance should be submitted through proper channels to Financial Management (FNM) in the State Office. Request for attendance must be submitted in time to be received in FNM by January 18, 2005. Other employees may request to attend on a "government time only" basis if none of the above criteria are satisfied and the employee is a paid member of the Organization. /s/ ROSENDO TREVIÑO IIII ![](media/image2.png)State Conservationist	en
markdown	703427	# Presentation: 703427 ## CURRENT EMWIN OVERVIEW - April 27, 2004 - Santos Rodriguez, NWS EMWIN ## What is EMWIN? - The Emergency Managers Weather Information Network is a wireless, priority-driven computer weather data broadcast system that takes advantage of minimal wireless bandwidth. - EMWIN provides rapid Satellite, VHF Radio, and Internet dissemination of: - Alerts / Warnings < 1 minutes - Forecasts ~ 2- 5 minutes - Graphics ~ 10 – 15 minutes - Imagery ~ 10 – 15 minutes - Other (as time permits) - In severe weather non-warning products may take longer ## How it works - Data are collected from a variety of sources: - 1. Gateway - 2. Weather Wire - 3. FTP - 4. Internet - They are assembled at the EMWIN servers and : - 1. Prioritized into high , mid , and low priority products - 2. Split into 1k packets - 3. Assembled into a 9.6kbs serial data stream ## How it works cont. - The data stream is then sent to Wallops Command and Data Acquisition Station (WCDAS), NESDIS where it is Up linked to satellite (GOES 12 and GOES 10) - At Pacific Region HQ, it is received from GOES-10 and up linked to PSAT which relays the signal father west - EMWIN products can be retransmitted by other methods - Transmitted via radio frequency (local re-broadcast) - Sent on the Internet (Byte Blaster) ## NWS EMWIN Architecture - INTERNET CLOUD - NWS GATEWAY SYSTEM - WEATHERWIRE SYSTEM - A & C - B & D - BYTE BLASTER NETWORK WALLOPS CDAS GOES SPACE CRAFT - DEDICATED ANALOG LINE EMWIN FEED SOURCES EMWIN PC NETWORK - EMWIN INTERNET PUSH BITSTREAM - DEDICATED ANALOG LINE/T1 backup ## GOES FOOTPRINT - GOES 10 (WEST) - GOES 12 (EAST) ## EMWIN Users - National Weather Service Forecast Offices and Warning Coordination Meteorologists (WCM’s) - WCM’s use EMWIN as a tool to promote the NWS to the public and for training Skywarn members, storm spotters and Local and National Emergency managers - Canadian Met Service, South and Central American countries, Caribbean nations, Pacific Island nations, the NWS Pacific region - Schools , amateur meteorologists, EMT’s, hobbyists of all ages, storm spotters, storm chasers, Skywarn Network ## Many TV Stations in the mid-west, especially tornado alley Police Stations, Fire Stations, Emergency Centers, Emergency response personnel Re-broadcasters, paging networks Worldwide Internet Users via Byte Blaster network Weather Channel is known to use EMWIN U.S. Air force uses in remote areas - Police Stations, Fire Stations, Emergency Centers, Emergency response personnel - Re-broadcasters, paging networks - Worldwide Internet Users via Byte Blaster network - Weather Channel is known to use EMWIN - U.S. Air force uses in remote areas - EMWIN Users cont. ## EMWIN in the Pacific - Currently PSAT rebroadcasts an EMWIN data stream - Provides advance warning of Tsunami and Typhoons - We’ve received testimonials noting that after a severe event the only weather system still functioning is EMWIN - Many island nations already use EMWIN to save lives and property ## EMWIN VHF Re-transmission - The EMWIN signal is re-transmitted locally using NWS or National Guard VHF frequencies to local communities - Re-broadcasters can filter the national data stream and re-insert local emergency data or relay it in its’ entirety - Texas counties use EMWIN in Police cars - Florida’s network (FWIN) uses heavy filtering and employs 1200 baud as its’ retran data rate, it is a very effective network used statewide by Emergency Managers. ## Typical VHF Re-transmission System - Internet or Intranet cloud - EMWIN SERVER - VHF Transmitter - Receiver - Custom local EMWIN Data stream - To Paging Network - GOES EAST dish - GOES WEST dish - 153.950KHz - 1690.725MHz - 1690.725MHz ## Slide 12 ## Typical Radio Re-broadcast User - Standard Pentium PC - Internet access to Byte blaster network - Internet cloud - 0-100 mi from transmitter line of sight - EMWIN VHF Radio Receiver - 153.950KHz VHF EMWIN - Optional Alarm Controller - To Alarm Units ## Typical EMWIN Satellite User - Internet cloud - Standard Pentium PC - EMWIN SATELLITE Dish - Receiver - Internet access to Byte blaster network - Optional Alarm Controller - To Alarm Units ## Byte Blaster Server - Byte Blaster Server - Internet cloud - Standard Pentium PC - EMWIN SATELLITE Dish - Receiver - Internet access to Byte blaster network - Optional Alarm Controller - To Alarm Units ## Why EMWIN works so well - The equipment is inexpensive. - An entire turnkey system costs as little as $1k. - The System needs little to no infrastructure. - EMWIN runs on a laptop. - A Solar powered version exists. - Signal is “Weather Proof” due to L-Band transmission. - USER Equipment is relatively compact and is very rugged. - The Data-stream is free, repeatable and can be customized for local retransmission. - EMWIN is non-proprietary. - Multiple inexpensive software display packages are available. - A large and knowledgeable user community to help monitor performance and answer user questions (EMWIN user list). ## EMWIN Current Status - Frequency on GOES - 1690.725 MHz - Modulation – Dual Frequency Shift Keying (DFSK) - Speed - 9.6 kbps - Upcoming Changes: - 1. Power level of broadcast significantly reduced, therefore coding gains will be needed in order to keep current user - dish size the same. - 2. Frequency and Modulation will change.	en
markdown	148362	# Presentation: 148362 ## Patient Safety ModuletteInpatient Transitions of Care:Improving Safety by Improving Handover - Rajesh S. Mangrulkar, MD - J. Michael Kramer, MD - Department of Internal Medicine - University of Michigan Health System ## Outline - Introduction to the problem - The proposed solution: structured signout - Discussion of cases and skill development - Summary ## Physician discontinuity ## Inpatient signout: scope of the problem of shift change - Cross-coverage is a way of life for most physicians, especially residents - Adverse effects of being cared for by a cross-covering physicians include: - more patients leaving AMA - higher rates of ordering labs - increased preventable adverse events ## Inpatient signout: targeted interventions - Information management crucial to caring for patients not your own - Residents have expressed desire to improve the signout process1 - Use of automated signout forms may reduce preventable adverse events2 - 1Parker J, et al. JAMIA. 2000; 7(5): 453-61 - 2Petersen LA, et al. JCJQI. 1998; 24(2): 77-87. ## Goals of signout: an intern’s perspective - Patient Care - Don’t burden - your co-intern - -Unnecessary work - -Sick patients, no info - -Inaccurate info ## Proposed solution: structured signout DATA TASKS JUDGEMENT ## Structured signout: data - Appropriate - relevant to the current clinical condition(s) - Accurate - recent and precise - Complete - Labs, X-rays, code status, allergies, relevant meds, recent important events - Include anticipated information ## Structured signout: tasks - Limits unnecessary work, yet promotes care for the sickest patients - Focus on minimizing the “to do” list to the necessary - Minimize procedures where possible (including blood draws, ABG’s) - Minimize information seeking as a “task”: anticipate the information needs ## Structured signout: judgement - Capitalize on the opportunity to guide your colleague’s DDx and plan for your patient: *S I P S* *Status: mention clinical condition Interpret Potential events - Anticipate likely events - Give best judgement as to what is going on. - Suggest actions to take if these events occur. S*urveillance: encourage “checking” on the very ill ## Illustrative cases ## Case Discussion: Principles - For each case, reflect on the following: - Is the case description appropriately reflected in the signout document? If not, what are the big discrepancies? - What is missing information that should be present? - What is present in the document that should not be there? - What other aspects of the signout are inappropriate? ## Case 1 - On short call, the GI Liver team admits Ms. Williams, a 49 yo woman with end-stage liver disease and cirrhosis secondary to autoimmune hepatitis. At baseline, she is on spironolactone, lactulose, and lasix. She was placed on the transplant list and has had frequent bouts of hepatic encephalopathy. She presented to clinic today with worsened ascites, and was subsequently admitted to the short call team. She has had multiple paracentesis in the past in clinic, all successfully, but this time she is admitted to improve her status on the transplant list. On further questioning the patient’s family, it seems that the patient’s clinical status is truly at baseline, except for worsened ascites. Her mental status is fine. The short call team draws labs (shown below) without significant abnormality (including UA, CXR – all normal). Her aldactone dose is increased, and plans are made for a therapeutic paracentesis. The team elects to get an ultrasound-guided tap. However, the ultrasound is scheduled for 9:00 PM and the intern has the day off tomorrow. ## Case 2 - Mr. Paulette is a 60 yo man with a long standing history of type II DM, chronic renal failure secondary to DM and HTN (baseline Cr 3.0), currently he presents with a worsening diabetic foot ulcer. He was admitted from clinic yesterday. On presentation, he is afebrile, but he has a large right heel ulcer with surrounding erythema, probing through to bone. His foot is asensate and has poor distal pulses. WBC on admission was 8.6; his ESR was 63. His wound was debrided in clinic, and he was started on vancomycin and merepenem on the day of admission, because of a penicillin allergy. Blood cultures are negative, and he is scheduled to undergo an MRI of his foot. Unfortunately, Mr. Paulette loses his intravenous access the next day, and numerous attempts to place a peripheral line are unsuccessful. The PICC nurse is called who refers him to angio for placement, scheduled for tomorrow. Today, however, the team places a right subclavian line without event. The post-call intern placed the line at Noon, and orders the CXR. She’s quite tired and needs to leave the hospital by 1PM, as mandated by her schedule. ## Case 3 - Mrs. Jones is a 72yo woman with a history significant for CAD (2 vessel, s/p RCA stent 4 years ago, normal ejection fraction), osteoarthritis of both knees and left hip, and history of a TAHBSO. She presented to the hospital 1 day ago with a 1-week history of a fever, productive cough, worsening dyspnea on exertion, accompanied by pleuritic chest pain. On presenting physical examination, she was found to be febrile to 101.9F, tachycardic and tachypneic. Her O2 sat was 86% on RA. She was euvolemic, and had rhonchi and egophony at both lung bases. Her creatinine is elevated at 1.4 (baseline 1.1). ABG was 7.41/34/60/23 on RA. She was diagnosed with a LLL and RML pneumonia by CXR, and was also found to have a moderate left sided pleural effusion. The team attempted to drain this effusion without success. Post-procedural CXR showed no pneumothorax. Blood cultures are unrevealing. The team began her on ceftriaxone and azithromycin. She improves over the next day. ## Case 4 - Mr. Stevens is a 68 yo man with a history of smoking, COPD (FEV1 1.2 l), intermittent atrial fibrillation and osteoarthritis. He presented to the service 3 days ago with a 2 week history of progressive dyspnea, wheezing and a productive cough. He is admitted (as he has been several times in the past) with the diagnosis of a COPD exacerbation with probable bronchitis. His exam reveals wheezes, no egophony, some tachycardia and tachypnea. His O2sat is 90% on RA. His WBC is 15.2K, his CXR is clear on presentation. The team begins around-the-clock albuterol and atrovent nebulizer treatments, as well as solumedrol. On the admission day, the patient’s tachycardia progresses, with an irregular HR of 175. EKG reveals afib with RVR. At the same time he becomes hypotensive and thus receives DC cardioversion, resulting in a normal sinus rhythm and normal bp. On day 2, his hypoxia worsens and he develops a fever with a significant productive cough. CXR shows a new LLL infiltrate and he is begun on ceftriaxone and azithro. Today is day 3, and he is stable with regards to O2 requirements and dyspnea. His rate is better controlled and remains in normal sinus rhythm.	en
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It further implements requirements prescribed in Section 6002 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and Executive Order 12873, \"Federal Acquisitions, Recycling, and Waste Prevention.\"\] ET 96-01.1 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 11-09-95 Parts remaining in effect: 1447 TOC & Text ET 96-01.2 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 01-12-96 Parts remaining in effect: 1402 TOC 1407 TOC & Text 1409 TOC 1424 TOC & Text ET 96-01.3 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 02-29-96 Parts remaining in effect: 1453.303-DI-1958 -1401-5, 5A ET 96-01.5 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 04-30-96 Parts remaining in effect: 1445 TOC & Text 1448 TOC 1453.303-1401-3 -1401-4 -1423-1 Source Selection Handbook, encl. 2 ET 96-01.6 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 04-30-96 Parts remaining in effect: 1408 TOC + appendices A-E 1453.303-7-711,711A, 2080 1453.303-1423-1 ET 96-01.7 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 07-31-96 Parts remaining in effect: 1405 TOC 1414 TOC ET 96-08 DIAPR 96-7 \-- Simplified Acquisition of Commercial Items 04-30-96 \[Deviations to FAR 52.212-1 and 5 to allow use of other than SF 1449 for simplified acquisition; allow use of OF 347.\] ET 97-01.2 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 11-08-96 Parts remaining in effect: 1439 TOC & Text WBR 1453.303-1406-1 ET 97-01.5 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 09-22-97 Parts remaining in effect: 1428 TOC & Text 1433 TOC WBR 1453.303-1401-1 WBR 1453.303-1401-2 ET 97-02 Environmental Contracting Initiatives 12-13-96 ET 97-04 Department of the Interior (DIAPR) 1997-4 - Revised Contracting 02-26-97 Officer=s Warrant Manual ET 97-05 COTR Training in PBSC and Past Performance 03-11-97 ET 97-07 DIAR 96-13, Amendment 1 (Multiagency Contracts Under the 03-26-97 Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996) ET 97-08 Department of the Interior Acquisition Policy Release (DIAPR) 04-04-97 1997-6 Year 2000 Contract Specification ET 98-01.3 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 02-20-98 Parts remaining in effect: 1416 TOC ET 98-01.4 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 04-06-98 Parts remaining in effect: 1442 TOC & Text 1446 TOC & Text ET 98-05 Surcharge on GSA FMSS Schedule Contracts 10-14-97 ET 98-07 Department of the Interior Policy release (DIAPR) 1998-3 - 10-30-97 Affirmative Action Requirements ET 98-08 Department of the Interior Procurement Data System (IPDS) 12-08-97 Information Letter, 98-01 FPDS Reporting Manual (September 1997) ET 98-08.1 Electronic Transmittal (ET) No. 98‑08, Supplement 1 ‑ Department 01-15-98 of the Interior Procurement Data System (IPDS) Information Letter, 98‑01 FPDS Reporting Manual (September 1997) ET 98-09 Interior Procurement Data System (IPDS) Procedures 01-15-98 ET 98-09.1 Interior Procurement Data System (IPDS) Procedures 02-09-98 ET 98-12 Semi-annual Enforcement Reports 02-26-98 ET 98-14 Applicability of Commercial Items Procedures to Construction 07-17-98 ET 98-16 Application of Labor Standards to Demolition Contracts 09-28-98 ET 98-17 Authority for Interagency Tri-part Agreements with GSA 09-29-98 ET 99-01.3 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 04-09-99 Parts remaining in effect: 1414 Text ET 99-01.4 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 08-30-99 Parts remaining in effect: 1412 TOC & Text WBR 1453.303-7-702 WBR 1453.303-1432-1 ET 99-04 Reminder Notice - Evaluation of Past Performance as a Source 10-20-98 Selection Factor ET 99-05.1 Directive on Performance-Based Service Contracting(PBSC) 12-21-98 ET 99-08 Instructions for Waivers to Electronic Fund Transfers (EFT) 12-30-98 Payment ET 99-09 Recission of DIAPR 93-9, \"Revised Operating Procedures for the 01-20-99 Acquisition of Motion Picture Productions and Videotape Productions ET 99-10 Changes in Federal Contractor Veterans Employment (VETS-100) 01-21-99 Reporting and Solicitation Requirements ET 99-11 Implementation of the Very Small Business Set-Aside Pilot Program 01-22-99 ET 99-11.1 Implementation of the Very Small Business (VSB) Set-Aside Pilot 04-08-99 Program ET 99-12 Integrated Charge Card - Purchase Business Line - Roles and 02-12-99 Responsibilities ET 99-13 Provision of Supplies/Services to State and Local Governments by 02-25-99 the Cooperative Administrative Support Program (CASU) ET 99-15 Deviations from Contracting Officers Warrant System - Training 03-08-99 SF-182 ET 99-17 Small Disadvantaged Business Certification 05-20-99 ET 99-17.1 Small Disadvantaged Business Certification 05-27-99 ET 99-19 Electronic Commerce 05-28-99 ET 99-20 Changes to FPDS Reporting Manual on Purchase Card Transactions 06-15-99 ET 99-24 Federal Procurement Data System Guidance on Schedule Contracts, 09-28-99 Governmentwide Acquisition Contracts (GWAC), Multi-Agency Contracts and Inter-Service Support Agreements (ISSA) ET 99-25 Prohibition on Contracting with MACA, inc., Its Owners and Owner- 09-25-99 Controlled Enterprises ET 00-01.1 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 03-08-00 Parts remaining in effect: 1409 Text 1449 TOC & Text WBR 1453.303-1415-3 ET 00-01.2 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 05-23-00 Parts remaining in effect: WBR 1453.303-1413-1 ET 00-01.3 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 09-20-00 Parts remaining in effect: 1408 Text 1411 TOC 1448 Text ET 00-03 Class Deviation to the Requirement to USE the Prescribed FAR 09-28-00 Solicitation Provision for Brand Name or Equal Purchase Descriptions in Construction Procurements Where Information for an Equal product can be Submitted After Award ET 00-04 Guidance on Use of the Charge Card Above the Micropurchase Dollar 10-05-99 Threshold ET 00-05 Legal Opinion on Making Personal Purchases Under BLM BPAs 10-27-99 ET 00-06.1 Amendment 4 to the FDPS Reporting Manual 06-12-00 ET-00-07 U.S. Department of the Interior Notice to Contractors, 01-18-00 Subcontractors, and Lessors ET 00-09 Approval to Enter into Multi-Year Contracts for Severable Services 02-03-00 ET 00-10 Streamlined Acquisition of Services from Small Businesses 02-03-00 ET 00-11 Suspension of Work Pursuant to Court Order 03-31-00 ET 00-11.1 Clarification of Suspension of Work Order 03-26-00 ET 00-13 Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Deviation 03-22-00 ET 00-14 U.S. Department of the Interior Acquisition Policy Release 04-05-00 (DIAPR) 2000-4, Termination of Surety ET 00-15 U.S. Department of the Interior Integrated Charge Card (ICC) 06-05-00 Program Guidelines ET 00-17 Blanket Purchase Agreements handbook 09-01-00 ET 01-01.1 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 01-08-01 Parts remaining in effect: 1404 TOC ET 01-01.3 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 08-01-01 Parts remaining in effect: 1405 Text 1419 TOC 1431 TOC & Text 1453 TOC & Text WBR 1452.301 1453.303-1419-1 ET 01-04 Subcontracts for Commercial Services 10-12-00 ET 01-06 Performance-Based Service Contract (PBSC) Reporting 01-19-01 ET 01-07 Class Deviation from Federal Acquisition Circular (FAC) 97-21, 02-12-01 Contractor Responsibility ET 01-09 Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility, FAC 97-27 05-04-01 ET 01-10 Departmentwide Legal Review Standards for Acquisition and 07029-01 Acquisition-Related Actions ET 01-11 IT Security and Awareness Training Requirements 09-27-01 ET 01-11.1 IT Security and Awareness Training Requirements 10-02-01 ET 01-12 Release of Interagency Acquisition Handbook for Use Throughout 10-19-01 the Bureau of Reclamation ET 02-01.1 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 11-29-01 Parts remaining in effect: WBR 1453.303-1419 ET 02-01.2 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 03-01-02 Parts remaining in effect: 1416 Text 1453.303-1412-1 1453.303-1415-1 ET 02-01.3 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 6-17-02 Parts remaining in effect: 1402 Text 1403 TOC & Text 1404 Text 1411 Text 1413 TOC & Text 1419 Text 1423 1433 Text ET 02-01.4 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 9-30-02 Parts remaining in effect: 1422 ET 02-03 Department Class Justification and Approval to Limit Competition 11-20-01 and Waiver of Publication Requirements for Acquisitions in Response to the National Emergency Declared as a Result of the Recent Terrorist Attacks ET 02-04 Obtaining Web-Based Service Contract Act Wage Determination Data 12-06-01 Base and the Davis-Bacon Act Wage Determinations ET 02-05 List of Current and Superceded/Deleted Electronic Transmittals as 12-06-01 of December 6, 2001 ET 03-01.1 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 12/01/02 Parts remaining in effect: 1417 1425 1443 ET 03-01.2 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 04/17/03 Parts remaining in effect: 1401 1406 1415 1432 1436 1437 1452 WBR 1453.303-1415-2 WBR 1453.303-1432-2	en
converted_docs	398031	INSPECTION MEMORANDUM TO: William D. Hansen ## Deputy Secretary FROM: Mary Mitchelson ## Assistant Inspector General Analysis and Inspection Services ## SUBJECT: Review of Contracting Officer's Representative Training and Risk > Level Designations (ED-OIG/A&I 2001-03) This memorandum provides the results of our review of Contracts and Purchasing Operations' (CPO) training program for Contracting Officer's Representatives (COR) and the Department of Education's (the Department or ED) risk level designations for CORs.[^1] We conducted our inspection to determine whether: - CORs are receiving the necessary training, and ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - CORs have the proper position risk level designation. > We reviewed the Department's training courses and curriculum for COR > certification using the Office of Federal Procurement Policy's A > Guide to Best Practices for Contract Administration, October 1994 > (the Guide). We also reviewed the Department's administration of the > COR training program to determine if CORs were being trained in the > timeframes specified by Department policy. We found the training > courses meet or exceed most best practices contained in the Guide, but > the data maintained by CPO is inaccurate and incomplete for purposes > of properly administering the training program. The risk-level designation review was conducted at our request by the Department's Security Office using the CPO listing of COR information.[^2] The Security Office found COR positions that should have been designated as high-risk public trust positions due to the high-dollar value of the contracts under their supervision. We recommend that the CPO update its COR records and include the COR appointment date in its training database so CPO can fulfill its responsibility to schedule and conduct the COR training curriculum and properly certify and recertify the Department's CORs in a timely manner. We also recommend that principal offices conduct periodic reviews of the position risk level designations of their CORs to determine if their risk levels are correct in relation to the value and complexity of their contracts. The CPO is aware of our COR training findings and is taking action to address these issues. # COR TRAINING # Contracts and Purchasing Operations CPO, within the Office of the Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for: 1) appointing CORs for specific contracts; 2) determining the training requirements for CORs; 3\) conducting COR training; 4) certifying CORs upon completion of training; and 5\) maintaining accurate COR training records. Once appointed, the COR acts as a liaison between the Department's contractors and the CPO for a specific contract. The responsibilities of the COR include, but are not limited to: 1) reviewing periodic progress reports; 2) offering possible solutions to problems; 3\) maintaining records; and 4) monitoring invoices and schedule deadlines. COR Certification The Federal Acquisition Regulations that govern government contracting do not specify standards for COR training. The CPO Director, based on his experience and benchmarking of other agencies, established the Department's training requirements. The Department requires all CORs to complete 80 hours of training to become certified. CORs are also required to take an eight-hour recertification course, also called a refresher course, every two years. As of 1990, CPO policy states that COR training must be completed before an individual may serve as a COR. The CPO Director said that due to a shortage of certified CORs, however, contracting officers have assigned non-certified CORs to contracts. The appointment letters for these CORs state that they have one year from the date of their appointments to complete the mandatory COR training program. The COR appointment date is an essential data element that should be in the CPO database to monitor COR progress in meeting the mandatory training requirements. The CPO, however, does not maintain this data on the 734 CORs in the CPO database. Further, the database does not reflect which CORs are actively administering a contract. Without this information, we could not determine from the CPO database whether CORs completed the necessary training prior to or within one year of their appointment dates. In the judgmental sample of 26 CORs we interviewed, we obtained their appointment dates from them and found that 62%, or 16, were appointed prior to certification. In addition, we found that 35%, or 9, of our sample group did not complete their training within one year of their appointments. The CPO database does contain a record of the courses CORs have taken, the dates CORs were certified as having completed training, and the dates CORs were recertified and/or due for recertification. According to the database, 50%, or 368, of the 734 CORs are certified. Of those certified, we found 8%, or 31, had not taken all of the courses required for certification. In addition, 73%, or 267, of the certified CORs are overdue for recertification. The CPO Director indicated that the current training database is to be replaced by an Oracle database. The Director stated that many deficiencies in the current database are to be addressed in the new database, including adding the appointment dates and the active/inactive status of CORs. In addition, all Department CORs are to receive training on the new database. COR Training Curriculum CPO established two training tracks for COR certification. Both tracks contain ten days (80 hours) of training, exceeding the suggested 40 hours presented in the Guide. One track includes a five-day course while the second track provides similar course material in two separate courses. The remaining 40 hours of training are the same for both tracks. In addition to these courses, Student Financial Assistance (SFA) developed its own five-day COR training course with an emphasis on performance-based contracting. We compared the Department's COR training with the training at 13 Federal agencies. While ED requires 10 days of training, we found that other agencies require approximately 3.6 days of training for certification. ED requires COR recertification every two years, while the average time for COR recertification in other agencies requiring recertification is three years. Some of the agencies surveyed do not have recertification requirements. We compared the number of classes offered by the other agencies and found that ED requires more classes than most agencies. While ED requires four or five classes (depending on the track selected), most agencies require only one basic class. A comparison of course curricula found that the Department's curriculum is more comprehensive than those of all but two of the other agencies. Most agencies cover basic contract administration, including the role of a COR, the contract modification process, and contract closeout responsibilities. ED is one of the few agencies to cover such topics as the payment process, writing task orders, and evaluating the technical aspects of contracts. Training Improvement Initiatives During our interviews some CORs and program managers suggested that training could be improved by: 1) offering priority enrollment to CORs who need specific courses to complete their certification; and 2) providing in-class examples that relate specifically to ED contracting work, such as examples involving intellectual property and research projects. Course announcements now state that preference will be given to CORs needing the course for certification. Additionally, the Director of CPO said the contract trainers are provided with examples of ED contracting situations and problems to incorporate into their training. The Director stated that improving the relevancy of training examples remains a challenge, however, due to the diversity of the Department's contracts and the backgrounds of the contractors conducting the training. Some CORs said they had seen improvements in the relevancy of the courses, which they attributed to the Director's class visits to solicit ideas to improve training. One program manager also stated that her office benefited by inviting CPO staff to give a brown bag presentation on the contracting issues in her principal office. Best Practices As a result of our review we found that the CPO's training program generally meets or exceeds the list of best practices set forth in the Office of Federal Procurement Policy's A Guide to Best Practices for Contract Administration, October 1994. There are a few best practices the CPO could incorporate to improve the contract process in the future (See Appendix B, Best Practices: A Comparison of ED to Selected Training Procedures Contained in the Office of Federal Procurement Policy's Guide). These best practices include: - Program managers and direct supervisors of CORs play an important role in the contracting process. It may be helpful to add a basic contracting class for program managers and direct supervisors so they have a better understanding of the contracting process. - Reviewing invoices and vouchers is an essential part of a COR's responsibility during the contracting process. Creating a checklist or voucher review form, which includes major cost categories, may be a useful tool to determine the reasonableness of contractor invoices. Also, maintaining an invoice/voucher payment log could help a COR track the contractor's claimed costs against the costs set forth in the contract. POSITION RISK LEVEL DESIGNATION Position Description Proper Position Descriptions (PD) are the foundation of an effective and consistent suitability program. The PD provides a description of the duties used to determine what type of background investigation is required and how closely an individual is screened for a position. Additionally, as the level of authority and responsibility for a position becomes greater, character and conduct become more significant in deciding whether initial or continued employment would protect the integrity and promote the efficiency of the Federal service. The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) has provided draft guidance to determine the appropriate public trust designation and background investigation for positions held by government employees.[^3] The designation of position risk level is the responsibility of principal offices and is reviewed by the Department's Security Office. The PD has been the primary source of information needed for a principal office to make the appropriate risk designation. One factor in the designation is the fiduciary responsibility associated with the position. In recent years, the Department has created more generic PDs. In our review of the PDs for the CORs we interviewed, we found some that did not include COR responsibilities even though the COR participated in large-dollar- value contracts. Principal offices must consider this factor in setting the risk designation level of the position, even if it is not in the PD, to make accurate determinations of risk. Security Issues The Security Office reviewed the dollar value of all the contracts the Department's CORs monitor and identified 23 CORs in positions with risk-level designations that are too low. All of these CORs were in positions at a moderate risk level, even though the dollar values of their contracts ranged from \$12 million to \$162 million.[^4] The Security Office asked all of the affected principal offices to review the risk-level designations of these positions. As a result of the COR risk-level findings, we asked the Security Office to review the risk level designations for the program managers associated with the 26 contracts we reviewed. The Security Office identified three program managers whose positions did not have the appropriate risk-level designations. The Security Office has contacted the appropriate principal offices and asked them to review these risk-level designations. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. The CPO should update its COR records and include the COR appointment date in its training database so CPO can fulfill its responsibility to schedule and conduct the COR training curriculum and properly certify and recertify the Department's CORs in a timely manner. 2. The principal offices should conduct periodic reviews of the position risk level designations of COR positions and program manager positions to determine if the risk level is correct in relation to the dollar value and complexity of applicable contracts. Department Comments The Office of the Deputy Secretary responded to our draft memorandum and provided no comments. The Management Improvement Team (MIT) also responded to our draft. The MIT's concerns were that: 1. Our first recommendation did not sufficiently address the findings associated with training deficiencies. 2. The sample methodology for selecting the CORs we interviewed was not identified. 3\. Some of the identified best practices should be offered as recommendations. The MIT's full response is included in Exhibit 1. OIG's Response In response to the MIT's first concern, we have modified our first recommendation. We have made no changes in response to the second, as we believe our sample methodology is appropriately described in the Objectives, Scope and Methodology section of the memorandum, Appendix A. We disagree with the third suggestion, believing that our recommendations should focus on the critical steps needed to improve the COR training process, while leaving the best practices as possible enhancements for management to consider. We appreciate the cooperation we received from the CPO staff, the CORs, and the program managers interviewed for this review. If you have any questions, please call me at 260-3556. Attachments > Appendix A Objectives, Scope and Methodology The objectives of our inspection were to determine whether: 1) CORs are receiving the necessary training; and 2) CORs have the proper position risk level designation. The CPO provided a copy of its COR data files containing the names and training data for 734 CORs. The data files were used to analyze the accuracy and completeness of CPO's monitoring of COR training. The CPO also provided us with a list of over 400 current contracts that included the names of the delegated CORs. We selected a judgmental sample of the contracts with the greatest dollar value. The sample consisted of the sixteen largest dollar contracts in the Department and the ten largest in SFA. We interviewed the CORs and the program managers for those contracts with questionnaires developed using the General Accounting Office's Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government, November 1999. We compared ED's training program to the best practices contained in the Office of Federal Procurement Policy's A Guide to Best Practices for Contract Administration, October 1994. The Guide provides useful examples of what constitutes an effective training program and has designated them as best practices. We also compared the Department's COR training with the training at 13 Federal agencies. We specifically looked at the number and availability of COR training classes, the certification requirements, and the refresher classes offered at each agency. The agencies and departments surveyed were: Department of Agriculture Department of the Interior Department of Commerce Department of Justice Department of Defense Department of Labor Department of Energy National Aeronautics and Space Administration Environmental Protection Agency Department of Transportation General Services Administration Department of Treasury Department of Health and Human Services We provided the Security Office with the CPO list of all Department CORs and their contracts, including the dollar value of the contracts. We asked that the Security Office make a determination, using OPM's Suitability Processing Handbook (Draft), April 2001, if all of the risk levels were appropriate. We also asked the Security Office to evaluate the risk levels of the program managers for the contracts we reviewed. This review was performed in accordance with the President's Council on Integrity and Efficiency (PCIE) Quality Standards for Inspections, dated March 1993. Appendix B Best Practices: A Comparison of ED to Selected Training Procedures Contained in the Office of Federal Procurement Policy's Guide MEMORANDUM TO: Mary Mitchelson ## Assistant Inspector General ## Analysis and Inspection Services FROM: John P. Higgins, Jr., Team Leader ## Management Improvement Team DRAFT: Draft Inspection Memorandum > Review of Contracting Officer's Representative (COR) Training and > > Risk Level Desugnations (A & I 2001-03) I am writing to provide comments to the above mentioned draft report. I offer these comments for your consideration prior to your release of the final reports. I would like to express one primary concern, in addition to two other important points that I believe deserve your attention, as detailed below. - The recommendation intended to improve CPO's COR training deficiencies -- requiring CPO to update its COR records to more accurately track training records to ensure that proper certification and recertification occurs -does rot appear to sufficiently address this finding. While capturing more relevant data would allow CPO to more effectively monitor COR certification, it does not address the basic question of how CPO intends to ensure that all CORs actually complete the mandatory training necessary to become certified and recertified. Has CPO, for instance, worked with TDC to develop a training plan to address their needs in this area? - On page 2 reference is made to "...sample of 26 CORs we interviewed, ..." but the uthors do not identify sample type. You may find guidance in the audit manual useful. - On page 4 two "Best Practices" are identified -- adding a basic contracting class for managers and supervisors and creating a checklist for contractor invoices -- and the authors suggest that the Department implement them because "it may be helpful" and "may be a useful tool. Your other analytical narrative supporting the two is stronger and appears well-reason. If your opinion is that the Department will benefit from implementing these practices, why not offer them as recommendations? I hope that you find these comments helpful. If you have any questions please do not hesitate to contact me at 205-1738 Cc: Brent Weston [^1]: A position risk level designation is used to determine the level of security clearance required for Department employees. There are three levels of risk: low, moderate, and high. These levels are based upon the degree of public trust in a position, the fiduciary responsibility of the employee, the employee's importance to the program, the program authority level, and the level of supervision. Chapter II, Section A, Page 1, of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) Suitability Processing Handbook (Draft), April 2001. [^2]: At the time of our review, the Security Office was a component of the Office of Inspector General (OIG). It now is a part of the Office of Management. [^3]: OPM Suitability Processing Handbook (Draft), April 2001. [^4]: Job assignments involving disbursement of \$10 million or more per year are designated high risk. Chapter II, Appendix B, Page 10, of the OPM Suitability Processing Handbook (Draft), April 2001.	en
converted_docs	192752	FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION \+ + + + + INTERNATIONAL AVIATION SAFETY FORUM \"SAFETY FROM TOP TO BOTTOM\" \+ + + + + BREAKOUT PANEL - SESSION B THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 2006 \+ + + + + Westfields Marriott 17450 Conference Center Drive Chantilly, Virginia 20151 JAMES A. WILDING Moderator, Retired President and Chief Executive Officer, Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority CHARLES BARCLAY President, American Association of Airport Executives CATHERINE M. LANG Acting Associate Administrator for Airports, Federal Aviation Administration GAO LiJIA Deputy General Manager of Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited LANNY RIDER Airport Manager, Teterboro Airport, Port Authority of New York & New Jersey AHMED M. AL HADDABI Deputy Director General, General Civil Aviation Authority, United Arab Emirates P-R-O-C-E-E-D-U-N-G-S 2:33 p.m.) MS. GILLIGAN: Good afternoon, everybody. I\'m just here to call you all to order. I\'m the Deputy Associated Administrator for Aviation Safety. We\'re so pleased that you all could be here and thank you for joining us for the Airport Safety Emerging Risk Panel. The panel is actually put together by the FAA Airports Organization and we appreciate Kate\'s support and help in this and I just wanted to call you to order and turn this over to an old friend of the FAA who has agreed to be our moderator for this session, Jim Wilding. Thank you. MR. WILDING: Thank you very much, Peggy. Good afternoon, all. This is a gathering of the true believers back here, those of you that navigated your way to this room around back here. It is a pleasure to have the opportunity to moderate this and to do so up here on a panel with some old friends and some new friends. So the process \-- we\'ve got two hours allotted to us from 2:30 to 4:30. We have decided to forego any formal presentations. What we would like to do instead is simply have a discussion initially between the panelists and then sort of reaching out and pulling you all into that discussion as well of the emerging risks in the airport sector of aviation. I will try to start that discussion in just a moment after I introduce the panelists, by asking each of the panelists to initially address themselves to the question what one or maybe two risks as you look down the road are the most troubling to you when you think of the subject of airport safety. And then once they do that with whatever elaboration they choose to add, we can just take off from there and hopefully the panelists will follow up with each other. I\'ll try to follow up with them and then as we move along, we\'ll feed a few other topics into the conversation that I think are relevant to the subject of airport safety. And we\'ll go for awhile, maybe an hour or so, if it takes that long. And then at that point, I would like to reach out and pull you all into exactly that same sort of discussion. So if you would be making notes and thinking as you go along. If something said up here sufficiently outrages you that can\'t wait, by all means put up your hand. We\'re a small group, we can make up our rules as we go along. Or if you are violently in support of something, so, too, just say \"Aye, aye,\" and we\'d love to hear from you on it. First let me introduce the panel and I\'ll move from your left to your right. Sitting down here on the end is my old friend Kate Lang, who is the Acting Associate Administrator for Airports of the Federal Aviation Administration. Kate has been in that spot since December of last year, having been the Deputy Associate since August of 2003. Kate has been with the FAA since 1992; most of that time, not quite all of it, but most of that time in the airports office. Prior to that she did do a stint as the Chief of Staff to the Deputy Administrator of the FAA and prior to joining the FAA was an airport person as well, with the Department of Airports, the City of Chicago, so, Kate, welcome. Great to see you. Next to Kate over here, is Chip Barclay, President of the American Association of Airport Executives, an old hand around Washington, well-known, well-respected. Been with AAAE since 1983 which I find absolutely amazing, because it seems like yesterday but has taken an organization that was always a fine one and made it even finer, made it a very powerful voice in Washington for aviation matters. Chip has participated in any number of commissions and committees and he\'s short of on that short list of people when you need to put a bunch of people to think something through, Chip\'s name sort of jumps out of the Rolodex at you. Prior to joining AAAE, Chip put in some time both with the Civil Aeronautics Board and on Capitol Hill with the Senate Aviation Subcommittee. So Chip, great to see you. Skipping over myself, we next have Ms. Gao LiJia, from Beijing. MS. LiJIA: Yes. MR. WILDING: She is the Deputy General \-- she said, yeah, because I\'ve been having trouble pronouncing her name all day. I think that means I\'ve got it almost right. MS. LiJIA: You pronounce it very well. MR. WILDING: Well, thank you, thank you. She is the Deputy General Manager of the Beijing Capital International Airport Company, Limited, of course, of Beijing, China. That\'s a position she\'s held since early 2004. She\'s been with the airport company since 1996. She\'s responsible for developing and managing strategic planning projects for the company and her background is a strong technical engineering background which she practiced both in academia in the private sector over in China and then more recently with the Airport Companies. So welcome. MS. LiJIA: Thank you. MR. WILDING: Moving on down the line there is Lanny Rider, the manager of Teterboro Airport. Lanny has been with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey that owns an operators Teterboro since 1977. He has moved through a lot of key aviation assignments with the Port Authority, including time, very senior time, at both Kennedy and LaGuardia Airports. His time with the Port Authority, a career unto itself, follows a 20-year stint as an Army aviator. He holds a commercial pilot\'s license with over 3,000 hours, so he lends about 14 different perspectives to our discussion today. Lanny, great to see you. MR. RIDER: Thank you, sir. MR. WILDING: And last but far from least, down here on the end, is Mr. Ahmed Al Haddabi, the Deputy Director General of the General Civil Aviation Authority of the United Arab Emirates. He\'s held that position since March of 2006, a position which his resume which you have in your book, points out he got by royal decree which, when you get a job is probably a pretty good way to get one. He\'s been with the Civil Aviation Authority since 1998. His background is in aircraft manufacture and maintenance, both on the airframe and power plant side and his professional activities have centered around airworthiness, safety and security which safety, of course is our principal topic today. So Ahmed, thanks for joining us. With that said, let me now turn to sort of the kickoff question and just for the heck of it, why don\'t we start in the same fashion, sort of from your left to your right and ask each of the panelists to tell us as they think about whole myriad of issues that can lead to safety difficulties on airports, which one or two sort of pop to the top of their mind when they look down the road to the years ahead. Kate? MS. LANG: Yes, Jim, I\'m going to take the liberty of being able to take one or two and take two because I think it\'s actually a long important list that has to be examined, but the first two that come to mind are issues that have been of great concern to the FAA over the last couple of years. The first one has to do with what we have to do to reduce the risk of runway incursions on airports. You know, it\'s interesting a few years ago MIT did some studies and they were looking at the existing data associated with runway incursions at airports and they were looking at projected growth, and between the two of those things, extrapolating forward. They came up with some really startling and disturbing data as the potential risk for probability of accidents associated with runway incursion. So the Agency has put an awful lot of work on that and if you look at the airport piece of that, a major part of it is really dealing with the issues of airport geometry. We\'ve got a lot of \-- especially in the United States, we have a challenge of a lot of older airfields, a lot of them 40, 50 years old with intersecting runways, intersecting taxiways, a lot of opportunities or requirements for aircraft and vehicles to cross over aircraft movement areas. So it\'s been a real challenge trying to figure out how to mitigate those surfaces. On the one hand, you know, we have had \-- you know, made, I think, some real progress but it\'s really required sending teams to each of these airports to look at the incidents that have occurred and look at ways in which we can clear up as best we can, the geometry. And I would just maybe make one other comment on at least this area. I mean, as much as we can do to clean up the geometry, ultimately, a lot of what we see are related to human factors and human errors. I mean, ultimately, we have to do everything we can to improve situational awareness on the part of everybody on the airfield. Now, that\'s been very challenging. There\'s no shortcuts on that and there\'s a real redundancy of requirement on training. You know, for our office, we look at vehicle and pedestrian deviations, or VPDs. This has been really hard work. Over the last four years, we\'ve been able to bring down that rate despite growth in traffic down 36 percent. If we elect to really focus on these things, we can defy the statistics and really make more progress in that area, but I think that\'s a challenge we face worldwide as traffic is going to continue to grow, what are we going to do to mitigate and manage the risk of incursions on the airfield. The other area, you know, taking the liberty of a second one, I\'d mention is in the broad area of airport standards, again back to airport layout and geometry. But I do want to talk for just a minute about runway safety areas. Those are the areas, sort of the surfaces surrounding the ends of runways and they\'re very useful. If you over-shoot, under-shoot, or have an excursion off the runway, it\'s an opportunity to provide a reduction in the risk to aircraft and to life. You know, I would say that recent accidents both in Toronto, Midway Airport, really illustrate why having a standard RSA or Runway Safety Area, is so critically important. You know, once again, though, in many parts of the world and especially true in the United States, this is very challenging because we have such old airfields and it\'s very hard and very expensive in land-locked urban markets to bring these RSAs up to standard. So there is something that we\'ve had to do and I think that it\'s an essential part of the safety discussion is, we\'ve had to think more creatively in some of our research areas and we do have a success story in that regard. I mean, we came up with the technology several years ago, Engineering Arresting Materials Systems or EMAS. It took a long time to figure out how to make it work but it\'s an arrester bed system. It\'s a crushable concrete surface and we\'ve at this point, I think all together we\'ve got like, I don\'t know 21 runway ends we\'ve now done in the country and it allows you to \-- if you can\'t do a standard RSA of 1,000 feet or 308 meters, to get to 600 feet with the standard EMAS or 183 meters with EMAS and get the same safety benefit as if you did the full EMAS or the full RSA. And the interesting thing, I think, we\'re discovering is we\'re really reporting saves. Last month alone we had two EMAS saves, you know, in other areas where we couldn\'t get to a standard RSA. So I think the challenge is really especially for a lot of older airports, is meeting international standards really does make big differences in terms of the safety envelope we\'re improving. MR. WILDING: Thank you. Chip? MR. BARCLAY: Well, I\'ll do two as well, a micro and a macro view of airport safety. If I put an issue in a micro analysis it would be runway incursions, as Kate has said, because that\'s where we have the greatest liability for real catastrophic kind of event with the loss of life. So you\'ve got to be concerned about that. Airports are \-- airports like Providence have seen a trend toward deviations and been proactive working with FAA on testing new signage and painting patterns at the airport and found that there are things we can do that have been very successful working on those, and I think we\'ve got to keep working. We can have a longer discussion, of course, about runway incursions but that would be number one on my list for a specific item. More generally, though, if you stand back and take a look at what could concern you these days about safety and the emphasis we\'re putting on it, the thing that concerns me is the way all the oxygen is being used up on airport security. If you\'re an airport director today in the US, all of \-- you know, your top three priority issues are in anywhere in this area are security, security and security. There\'s a new SD coming out, you\'ve got to get everybody vetted, you\'ve got to redo your access control system. Your money is all going there from your budget. So if you\'re somebody who would normally have been sitting back thinking, \"Gee, I wonder, there\'s some new technology I\'ve read about. I\'d like to put it on the vehicles on the ramp because I think I could track them better and avoid runway incursions maybe that way\", you A, don\'t have a whole lot of time to be thinking about that because all your attention is over on the security side, and B, your budget for doing those kinds of things has been used up because you\'re redoing your access control system for security. And in the security, a lot of what we\'re doing in the US is every time one of us or somebody else can think of a potential liability, we\'re going and chasing that problem. And whereas, we can think of real safety issues, those are getting put often in a place where it\'s not getting the priority you would get if you had a better balanced view of the playing field, all the ways you could spend your time and money to better improve the environment at the airport for overall safety, including security. So that\'s the one item that I don\'t know to address much further other than to say it\'s a worry that makes me wring my hands but there\'s a lot of specifics, obviously. MS. LiJIA: It\'s my time? MR. WILDING: All yours. MS. LiJIA: Good morning \-- no, not morning, good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. I think my interpreter\'s English is better than mine, yeah, so I want to speak Chinese. I think at the end of this time, just one may can understand Chinese so turn to 10 to your channel, yeah, okay. I worked in Beijing Airport about nine years, so I worked in airports. So different city from government, from \-- I say, Chinese, I\'m sorry, I forgot. (Speaking Chinese) (Through Interpreter) According to what I can \-- over 10 percent so you can tell that the entire traffic amount that we face in China is number 2 in the world. Our volume level is number 2 in the world, so safety is a very important issue to us. In the past few years safety to us has had very good statistic, three accidents out of 1,000 planes. And we hope that in the next five years we can reach the same level as you are here in the United States. For other takeoffs we have less than two. I, myself, are from this airport in China and right now there are two runways in the airport and last year, we served 41 million customers, and this year, I think that that number will reach 48 million. That would be the capacity of our service so that\'s about a 17 percent increase per year. In such a situation that we find ourselves in, safety is a very, very important thing. The two experts before myself were just talking about three issues. First they were talking about the runways and they were talking about the structure, the geometry of the runways. And they were talking also about investing in the safety of the airport operations. You work at an airport, so what is the greatest expenditure? I think we have three big challenges at our airport. We have to, first of all, continue to maintain the growth that we\'re experiencing, so we\'re under a lot of pressure in how to use the resources that we have, that was to achieve a very high safety record with the resources that we have. And everybody knows right now that Beijing right now if facing an excellent opportunity for us, that is in the year 2008 we will be putting on the Olympics. During the Olympics, we think that the volume will go up to 60 million. Under that \-- for that reason, we\'ll be building the third runway and the third terminal. So the issue here that we\'ll be facing is how to effectively and safely operate three terminals and three runways and who to try to prevent accidents or any other bad things happening in a situation where there is so much traffic. We want to operate effectively with the air traffic controllers. We want to also try to reduce risk as much as possible. The third challenge that we face is the management challenge. I think James Wilding just now was talking about a couple of things. Personally, myself, I am not in charge of safety every day. I\'m not in charge of the safety, the operations of the airport. Basically, I, myself, am in charge of future strategic plans. I think he was saying that and also I do the budgeting and I also do reform management, how to manage our reform and in talking about how to manage reform and change, change management, it\'s very important. It\'s something that we talked about this morning and that is the culture has changed and in the process, in the midst of change, trying to pay more attention to safety. In the process of trying to carry out change throughout the whole machinery of operations, we have to really attach importance to security and know that everybody is interesting in knowing some details and if you want to know that, please go ahead and ask me as many questions as you want, because there are so many topics to talk about in an airport. And everyday such a huge airport that we have, we might have some incidents, we might have some accidents in our airport and you might want to know of the investigation and how we share the information related to that. We are willing to talk about any of that if you ask those questions. Thank you very much. MR. WILDING: Thank you. Your turn, Lanny. MR. RIDER: Okay, I\'d like to take the group on a little different journey here. I really want to thank Marion Blakey and the FAA for inviting me to attend and specifically \-- and Jim, but they specifically wanted to incorporate an element of general aviation in today\'s proceedings. And I spent 20 some years of airport management working at the air carrier airports and I was asked if I\'d be interested in being manager at Teterboro Airport. First of all, how many people have ever heard of Teterboro Airport? Probably because we had so many \-- MALE PARTICIPANT: You\'re famous. MS. LANG: Probably because we\'ve had so many incidents, but I know when I got \-- first got to Teterboro about five years ago, a lot of people didn\'t know where Teterboro was at and what it was. And to tell you the truth, I thought I knew just about everything there was to know about airport management and pretty much about the aviation industry. And when I walked in the door at Teterboro Airport, I found out very quickly that I had to relearn just about everything I knew. I\'m not going to say anything new here. I think all of us, and we\'re all professionals and you all know about the general aviation industry but sometimes just saying it kind of really paints a picture and things that if you don\'t work with general aviation every day, might be a little surprising. So I call general aviation right now the sleeping giant. And it\'s a sleeping giant that\'s just beginning to wake up. Let\'s talk a little bit about what is general aviation, what\'s the definition of general aviation? General aviation is every flight operation that\'s not a scheduled service air carrier or a military flight. So for example, let\'s talk about operations. It could be government, public safety, law enforcement, charter operators, air taxi operators, sightseeing operations, corporate operators, fractional ownership fleets, recreational flight operators, you know, that\'s the type of operations we\'re talking about. Everything from the guy who goes out on the weekend and jumps in his Cessna 172 up to and including people who fly 747s and have every rating in the book. So talk a little bit about aircraft, were talking about just that, everything from a 747, BBJ, Airbus Business Jets, every category of heavy, medium and light jets, turboprops, small piston aircraft, experimental aircraft, renovated antique aircraft, gliders and ultra-lights. That\'s quite a spectrum of equipment to deal with at an airport. Pilots and crews, again, everything from the hundred hour VFR pilot, even less than 100 hours, up to the 10,000 hour plus pilot who has an ATP rating and every other multiple rating there is in the book, all of these people can all land at the same airports under the same general categories. Airports, you\'ve got everything from a grass strip on the family farm up through and including the largest most sophisticated airports in the world. Kennedy Airport has a general aviation facility. Newark Airport does. LaGuardia Airport does, my airport is totally generally general aviation. So it gives you a little bit of a perspective of the type of industry we\'re looking at. The issue here is for many, many, many years, general aviation was, pardon the pun, flying below the radar. It was a niche kind of industry. As long as it wasn\'t creating a big problem for the air carrier operations and the air carrier airports, it pretty much was allowed to just operate and it had regulatory oversight, has always had regulatory oversight but again, as long as it wasn\'t creating or drawing a huge amount of attention, it was able to operate and it operated pretty well, pretty safely when you consider all of these elements that we\'re talking about. So what\'s changing. Why all of a sudden has the FAA asked and made several comments so far in this conference and referred to general aviation and what\'s happening? And what\'s happening is that since 2001, we\'re seeing the general aviation industry begin to blossom and expand. And it\'s expanding faster than any other segment of the aviation industry right now. And it\'s not just in the United States. I was talking to some representatives of Gulfstream and Bombardier and Falcon Jet and for the first time, the very first time in history, they\'re actually selling more general aviation corporate jets overseas than they\'re selling here in this country. So it\'s booming, it\'s expanding and it\'s happening very rapidly. I think what\'s happening here is that the FAA is recognizing, as the regulatory body, that this is a potential problem. That they have to get a better handle on what\'s happening out there in the general aviation industry. They have to review their own regulations to make sure their regulations are appropriate and are extensive enough. We all know that the FAA has limited resources to inspect and enforce their own regulations and the general aviation industry, again, is the one that\'s been flying under the radar, and unfortunately, we\'ve discovered that up at Teterboro Airport with some of the incidents that we have encountered up there. I think there\'s a huge problem on the airport side. There are 5,000 airports in the US or approximately 5,000 airports in the US and about 500 of those 5,000 airports actually serve about 90 or 95 percent of the air traffic in this country. Unfortunately or fortunately, as general aviation begins to expand, it\'s going to start using a lot of that capacity that\'s sitting out there. In small airports or airports that basically have low traffic levels, just because of the nature of the business, corporate aviation especially, they need to move fast, they need to circumvent delays. They need to look for routes to get them to where they want to go, be as close to where their customer wants to go and not incur a lot of ATC problems or airport problems. So they\'re going to start, I think, expanding out, fanning out into these smaller airports, less used airports and by the way airports that have less regulation and airports that have less resources and ability to upgrade, modernize and get up to today\'s standard. Now, I say that from personal experience because when I walked in the door at Teterboro Airport five years ago, and I looked around, having been used to dealing with professional air carrier airports, I was totally appalled to tell you the truth, at the conditions of the airport. They had two intersecting runways with a very limited, barely adequate taxiway system. Most of the taxiways did not have centerline lights. Neither one of the two runways had centerline lights. They had one set of visual aid indicators at one of the runways. The terminal and ramp facilities were inadequate and substandard. Luckily, I work for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Because I work for New York and New Jersey, they had a huge amount of resources I could tap into and we began a rebuilding program five years ago at Teterboro which encompassed a \$100 million capital improvements program and it\'s taken me five years to get the taxiways straightened out and to get appropriate NAV aids in there and in many cases we\'ve actually partnered with the FAA because the FAA was not capable of expending the money and installing a lot of the NAV aids that needed to be put in, visual aids, that we did it for them on agreements with the FAA that we would purchase them, install them and then maintain and operate them. So there are ways of doing it, but again, I\'m the lucky one. I\'m the one that works for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. I\'m not sure if these other 4,500 airports have that resource. So I think it\'s something that needs to be looked at. Up until one year ago, if your airport didn\'t have scheduled airline service in and out of the airport, you were not required to hold a certificate from the FAA to operate that airport. The 139 airport certificate, which is your basic safety standards and safety and operating standards for airports was not required for any airport that didn\'t have scheduled service. Now, we\'re a little different, again, working for the Port Authority. We\'ve had a 139 certificate at Teterboro since the \`70s and we had it because we requested it from the FAA and then we help maintain and keep it active and up to date. Last year a new regulation was passed concerning 139 which created a new category of airports, a Category 4, which is a minimal standard but at least it\'s a standard and it does require airports the size of Teterboro who do not have scheduled service, to now comply with 139. So I think this is a good step in the right direction, but I\'m not sure it\'s enough given something called a VLJ. A VLJ is Very Light Jet which, coming into the industry, there\'s thousands of them on order right now, basically, looking to cover two segments of the market as far as I\'m concerned; one, to replace a lot of the turboprops and two, an air taxi kind of operations where corporations will be able to throw one or two people in an aircraft and get them to the West Coast in a pretty quick time. VLJs are going to be able to operate in and out of small airports with runways as short as 2600 feet. Those airports right now, I\'ll tell you, have minimal facilities to be operating the jets. So, that\'s kind of an overview of where we\'re at with general aviation activity right now and my concerns about the evolving industry and I\'ve got to tell you, the corporate aviation piece of the business is expanding tremendously. I\'m now running 200,000 operations a year. About 75 percent of that are jets, mostly the medium jets, some jets up to 100,000 pounds. That\'s about two-thirds the number of aircraft that land and take off at Kennedy Airport which is five times my size and has two more runways than I have. We also, on daily activity, many times will exceed Kennedy Airport\'s amount of traffic. So while Kennedy might run 800 operations a day, I have been known to run as many as 1100 operations in one day on an intersection runway operation. I\'m nowhere near close to LaGuardia by the way, LaGuardia Airport, which is also an intersecting runway operation, a very old airport, just puts us to shame. The other running joke and all of us airport operators or managers at the Port Authority constantly make fun of one another and so whenever I get the chance to, I give Al Graser, (phonetic) the General Manager of Kennedy a hard time, about me operating more aircraft than he does. He comes back and says, \"You know, I have flies at Kennedy that are bigger than some of the airplanes that fly into your airport\", and he\'s exactly right. But we\'re a different kind of operation. Again, Teterboro, I think is advantageous that we have the resources of the Port Authority, the experience of the Port Authority. So let me talk about my two worries about airport safety. And the first one I\'m going to say and given my experience over the last two years, is awareness and awareness and awareness, and then there\'s awareness. And it\'s not just the pilots and crews but it\'s ground crews, it\'s operations people, it\'s police, it\'s ARF (phonetic) crews, it doesn\'t make any difference. We have to somehow raise the level of awareness in our general aviation facilities especially. It\'s interesting, every accident is different, every incident is different, different set of circumstances, but a couple of things I have found and that is people are very routinized. We\'re creatures of habit. If you make changes, you somehow have to raise the level of awareness of your operators and your users and highlight the fact that you\'ve made a change because they tend to do things the same way over and over and over again. I\'ll point out just a quick example of that. I just recently put in an EMAS, an arrester bed at the end of runway \-- it\'s the departure end of Runway 6, and that was put in as a result of a Challenger action that we had a year ago. We installed the EMAS and finished it on a Saturday morning, Friday night into Saturday morning. On Wednesday evening, an aircraft landed on Runway 6, got his instructions from the tower, \"End of Runway 6, turn left on the taxiway to LIMA, (phonetic) back to the ramp. He said, fine. He was from St. Louis. He had been in and out of the airport a number of times, but he wasn\'t a tenant there. So he remembered that the taxiway was right at the end of the pavement. So he taxied down to the end of 6, and when he got to the end, he saw something out there in front of him that looked like pavement, so even though there were a big set of lights there and there was a big number 24 up side down that he had crossed, and there was these huge big hash marks, and there was a sign that say Taxiway Alpha and there was green lights going down there, he didn\'t think that he was at the end of the runway so he taxied right into the arrester bed. It had been in place three days. Now, he went in about 40 feet. We\'ll probably have to replace about 15 blocks of the arrester bed. That\'s probably going to cost him 800, 1,000 to a million dollars. The arrester bed cost me \$7 million to put in. So, you know, here was a real stupid error that you wouldn\'t think would happen. How could a pilot not know where the end of the runway is? The other thing that was a little scary and leads me into my next items was I went out and these two young fellows were standing there and one of them looked about half the age of my son and I realize I\'m really old and I\'ve been in this business a long time and I probably should have given it up, but he walked over and introduced himself as the chief pilot. And that was a little scary to me. I know that the pilots are young. I\'ve seen airline \-- air carrier pilots that look younger than my son as well, but the chief pilot walked up and he really was maybe in this twenties. Not to say he wasn\'t totally qualified and had experience, but it brings me into my next issue and that is the forecast for being able to place crews in the cockpits and I think it\'s an air carrier issue as well as a general aviation issue. Where are we going to get out qualified people from? Are we paying enough attention as to how we\'re getting the experience to these people they need and then we\'re promoting and moving qualified people up in the ranks that are aware, aware, and aware? A big issue. And one last issue and I won\'t hold anybody else up for a lot more time here; we talked about physical constraints at airports. There\'s two major problems, especially at old airports, antiquated airports, we are landlocked and we are handcuffed by environmental protection rules. I have had a nightmare of a time making improvements to Teterboro Airport that I\'ve had to fight for every inch that I have gained with the environmental protection agencies. Our laws are onerous to the airports, public safety takes a back seat and mitigation requirements are so onerous trying to make up for past transgressions that it almost makes it impossible sometimes to build another taxiway or to add some ramp space or do things on an airport to make it a safer, better, more efficient operation. And I\'m not even going to talk about the public resistance. That\'s where I\'m at. MR. WILDING: Environmental, you say. MR. RIDER: Yes, sir. MR. WILDING: There\'s a raw nerve or two there. I suspect we might circle back to that but let\'s finish this first round. Ahmed, all yours. MR. AL HADDABI: Thank you, Jim. First of all, I would like to thank the FAA for the invitation and I\'m really pleased to be here. I believe Lanny has told a lot of things and I think you covered more than general aviation. What I\'m going to talk about is our experience in the United Arab Emirates as I was asked to talk about here. I\'m going to talk about the rapid growth that we are facing in the United Arab Emirates. Of course, currently, the UAE like any other Middle East country is basically witnessing unprecedented growth in it civil aviation sector. In the United Arab Emirates alone we have international carriers and we have regional carriers that are operating a number of aircrafts from general aviation, medium, wide-body aircraft and to the medium wide-body aircraft such as the A380 which is expected to be delivered within the next on year. The UAE itself, I\'m not going to advertise here but I\'m just \-- I would be sharing with you the challenges that we are, of course, facing that we have \-- that there are almost more than A380 aircraft and almost 100 more aircraft from what is Boeing here or from the United States and we have almost more than 24 type of aircraft registered in the United Arab Emirates Civil Aircraft Register. That is on the aircraft side. On the airport limit and the airport side, we have \-- you all, I\'m sure have heard of Dubai International Airport which is now being expanded, redeveloped to cater for at least 50 million passengers per annum as of \-- within the next five years, as of next year. That is, by itself, or course put a little pressure on the regulators from all aspects. Another airport in the UAE is being reconstructed to cater for another 25 million passengers with two runways. And the biggest project that is now being constructed, the new Jebel Alley City Airport, which is the biggest airport in the entire world, a capacity of 120 million passengers. In 2015 that airport is expected to handle the biggest traffic or cargo traffic volume in the entire world. That is the changes that the \-- that we are going to face and we have to find the right solution for it. Again, of course, we have done a lot of things and I am ready to share with you what we have done based on your questions. However, we do believe in the United Arab Emirates that the rapid growth will definitely bring with is safety risks and challenges and that is the whole issue that we have to find the right way to overcome these difficulties. Another thing that we are also facing or the industry is, of course, facing is working in isolations. The airport develop the airport work in isolation to \-- for examining the area control centers. They work in isolation with other government entities. So again, and that was what we are going to end up with, we are going to end up with congestions. If you have congestion on the ground, you will definitely have congestion in the air. That is one of the things that we have to sort out by having an ATM, an Air Traffic Management, not only for the airport or not only for the Air Control Center but for the whole industries. So this is one of the issues that we really have and one of the things that I would like to share with you is the introduction of the A380 aircraft, the wide-bodied aircraft which we really have to cater for as of next year. The other issue that the whole industry is facing is English language proficiency. That is one of the \-- one of the evolving and emerging risks. I\'m not talking about pilots only but even the ground operations, the ground handlers, they lack English language proficiency and that is a big risk. I don\'t know whether you really have it in the United States, but I\'m sure in our region we are a multi-cultural society and, therefore, we have people speak Arabic, speak different languages and therefore, that could be a risk when dealing with civil aviation. One of the other, of course, issues that we are actually facing is the ground handling, it was mentioned this morning. The ground handling are not being regulated and that is one of the other issues that has to be addressed. The IATA has not addressed any ground handling and therefore, some countries they have incorporated into the airport certification program where they have said, it\'s part of the safety management system. It is not and that\'s why you have a lot of ground incidents and even sometimes accidents that would really cause delay. According to IATA, it varies between 4 billion to \$20 billion US dollar, that is the cost to the industry because of the ground handling, because of the English language proficiency also. So I\'m sure there are so many things that we are facing but I would like to basically limit it as far as I am concerned to these three issues; the aircraft introduction, the English language proficiency in the ground handling, but again, one of the most important issues as I said, industry working in isolation. This is not in our region but it\'s in the whole industry, whether in the United States or in another part of the world. That is a challenge that I believe, by working together, we will reach to \-- it\'s not a one-way situation. There is no one industry. Everybody has to address the concern of others. And I don\'t think I\'ll elaborate further but if you have any questions, I\'ll be more than happy to take them. Thank you. MR. WILDING: Thank you. Thank you all. There were a couple of things that, I think, I\'d like to see us follow up on in this first round and several of the panelists touched on one aspect or another of human factors and the fact that for an airport to have a safe environment on the airplane side, there needs to be a safety awareness, a safety consciousness and it seems to me that we start from a fairly good place, because if you go into any airport that I\'m familiar with, and look at what\'s happening on the street side of the airport, and then walk through and look at what\'s happening on the airfield side, you see a much more disciplined, a much more safety consciousness operation on the airfield side but at the same time, the very things we\'ve talked about, more traffic, bigger airplanes, linguistic difficulties, all those sorts of things are constant pressures that are pushing downward on that. So I\'d like to see if anybody on the panel would like to take on just talking for a minute about what are the key factors in really building and maintaining and improving safety awareness on the part of a workforce in an airport and whose responsibility is it to see that that happens? Anybody? Lanny? MR. RIDER: Well, I would say that one of the things that\'s really being proposed and you\'re starting to hear it a lot is Safety Management Systems. Safety Management Systems are basically global in nature and you\'re not talking about a pilot program, you\'re not talking about an airport program. You\'re talking about a total program of safety, aviation safety and at Teterboro we have partnered with the industry, the general aviation industry and with NATA and NBAA and GAMA and IOPA, all our major fixed base operators or service companies and our user\'s group which is called the Teterboro Users Group, outfits like NetJets, and Falcon Jet, we actually pulled them all together in one room and we started talking about safety and safety management programs and we\'re partnering with NATA, who is actually creating safety management systems for all of those elements and then our goal is to actually blend all of them together so that we\'re all part of the Safety Management System. Now, whose responsibility is it, it\'s really every manager\'s responsibility, it\'s every pilot\'s responsibility, it\'s every line service guy\'s responsibility. It\'s everybody\'s responsibility. But in order not to diffuse it, you do have to determine who is responsible for safety and one of the elements of the Safety Management System is to actually create a Safety Manager for those different elements who then meet regularly and compare notes and share information and work with their elements of the system to keep the awareness high. So I think it\'s a good thing. I think it will help. MR. WILDING: Gao, did you start to? MS. LiJIA: Yes. MR. WILDING: Please. MS. LiJIA: (Through interpreter) I want to share with you the safety system that we have established at our airport. Just now we mentioned the industry has been developing very rapidly and while we\'re developing rapidly, we have to reduce the rate of accidents or incidents within the industry. Everybody is trying to look for a very good solution for it. This morning, somebody mentioned SMS. And in 2004, the entire Chinese civilization system started to look for a solution to reduce accidents or incidents. At that time SMS was not a globally accepted solution. So at that time, our authority had to give certain safety indicators that for the airports or for the airlines and everybody which will be used for performance evaluation. That includes everybody; air traffic control, our suppliers, our service providers. We established a committee called Safety Management Committee and every month we sat together and had a meeting and every week, on Monday morning, we also meet to talk about incidents or accidents. So on that I think that organization is very important and within the organization you have to have goals and you have to designate different responsibilities to achieve those goals. We also have independent evaluation organization and every month the evaluator submits a report to the committee. The most important thing is that the high level attention given to aviation safety. We actually have medium to high level leaders who have to attend the meetings of this committee on a monthly basis, even though I myself, is not in charge of aviation safety but my mere presence here is really because of the reports given by \-- to this monthly committee meeting and we all know that you have to know who\'s in charge of operations, who\'s in charge of safety and we all sit together to discuss these issues. There is also a Deputy General Manager, who is in charge of aviation, rather safety who would discuss with me on these things. We believe that the practice that we used in the past is actually pretty valuable and now with the introduction of SMS, we have some changes. One is we\'re trying to predict incidents rather than try to diagnose things that have already happened. Another one is called Just Catch or Just Culture, rather. And we\'re trying to introduce this culture to the operation of the organization and I think changing culture is very difficult for us, and my thought is that maybe we can start from the operation of the administrators and step-by-step trying to introduce some changes and we\'re still confident about that. I think we have a three-year plan. We have a roadmap already in place. And I think if we have a better platform to communicate with airlines and airports in other parts of the world, it would be a good thing to do and I think \-- I hope that the cost would be limited, too. MR. WILDING: Thank you. MS. LANG: Jim, if I could maybe just bookend this discussion because I really do think that the whole discussion about how do we change or develop a greater culture of safety, the movement to SMS, all of these things really are very critical to the future. It\'s really interesting to me because so often in the airport community the big conversation is, how are we going to meet this great growth coming? I mean, these are wonderful problems to have but the real focus is how are you going to meet future demand, how are you going to pay for it? If you\'re running an airport, I mean, the questions you get all the time are, are you on time, under budget, are you meeting schedules, but it really takes a discipline. I mean, a culture of safety is about every aspect of what we do no the airport landscape; planning, design, financial, operations, administration. All of it has to ask the basic questions about in the performance of this task, what are we really doing to insure that we\'ve maximized safety? Now, ICAO has required all member states to adopt SMS and we are moving that way. In the United States, we are right now preparing to make it a mandatory requirement for all of our 600 airports. I mean, that is a challenging thing to do, but I think it\'s really important. I mean, we\'ve got a wonderful safety record with it comes to the airport piece of the equation but as we look at the growth and the complexity, we\'re going to have to continue to develop ever finer tools and to really make sure everyone involved in the operations are really aware of, you know, their safety responsibilities. It\'s everybody\'s job, everyday, day after day. I mean, that\'s got to be the focus. And I think that\'s why we\'re very excited about the potential for SMS because it takes the best of what we do and requires everybody to agree to disciplined protocols and systematic ways of approaching it. So today we do or don\'t have ramp management practices on an airport or we do or don\'t have wildlife hazard mitigation management, or we have ops management. It basically says you\'re going to develop a system that everybody knows, that\'s a visible architecture. Everybody knows what the rules are and you have a predictable, reliable proactive and reactive way of addressing the safety environment of the airport. I think especially for airports, it\'s really kind of a new area we\'re getting into but I think it\'s essentially critical. I think we all are agreeing and I was very excited to hear about it this morning. I think everybody after a lot of debate in the international community on the application of SMS to aerodromes, I think we\'ve all come around and said, you know, this is where we need to go. Now the trick is figuring out what it is and how do we develop it. And that will be I think very much the conversation we\'re going to be having both in the United States and with our colleagues abroad over the next three to five years as we try to really begin to embrace SMS and begin to stand up these systems around the world and to do it in an integrated basis with air traffic management, with aircraft operations. MR. WILDING: Kate, I have the sense that the safety management system, you know, I think is very, very promising but that it\'s coming on so strong that a lot of airports are saying yea, yeah, and then they\'re walking away and saying, \"What the heck are they talking about\", you know, \"What\'s it mean? How is that \-- I know what I do today. MS. LANG: Right. MR. WILDING: \"Does that sort of slide into SMS or does SMS sit on top of it or along side of it or what\"? Chip, you started to say something and I interrupted you. MR. BARCLAY: Well, let me come back to SMS but first go to your point on human factors because I do think more human factors research on airport issues would have a great ROI in terms of safety for the industry. And you\'ve got an FAA budget that the entire R&D budget is 135 million. None of that \-- that\'s way too small. None of it\'s going to human factors on airport and stuff, and you do \-- and it\'s hard to get that up because of our success. I mean, one of the \-- one of our big problems is we\'ve been so successful on aviation in terms of deaths. You know, in this country, we kill more people on highways \-- we don\'t kill them. More people die on highways every three months than have been killed since the Wright Brothers in the history of aviation. So when you tell people, \"Oh, we\'ve got this great need for limited resources, to put more into safety at airports\", you don\'t always get a lot of attention to it, but the truth is that in terms of injuries on a ramp and in the airport environment, airports are, you know, like number three on the list or something after fishing in Alaska and timber, or something like that, and so you have lots of injuries and people in the past, like DuPont, have proved who years ago had horrible injury rates at their plants, and went into safety management, have found you \-- they make money for you. You know, you save so much more money by not having the injuries than these programs cost you if you invest in them and get them done, that it winds up being a positive economic as well as a positive safety issue. And if you\'re not injuring people, you\'ve got a lot better chance that you\'re not going to go further than that and really be hurting people, so just a pitch for more human factors research that I think would be well spent. SMS is a difficult thing to get your arms around. I don\'t think anybody in our community would say, \"We don\'t want to do better planning, we don\'t want to do safety management in a way that it does improve things\". On the other hand, in our country, you know, we\'ve always pre-empted local governments that run airports from doing any safety regulation in aviation. All the aviation laws, one of the first things they say is Federal Government does all safety regulation in aviation, local governments don\'t do it. And so you\'re now trying to say whereas in other countries you have airports that run part of the air traffic control system. Some of them run \-- actually are the regulators as well, So you\'ve got a worldwide system that\'s very heterogeneous when it comes to the way you run airports. So we\'re trying to figure out together with FAA, okay, how do you take a KO good concept, put it into our system and have airports do the kind of logical planning across tenants who you\'ve got some control over? Some of them over others. You\'ve got a lot of control over your own employees but they\'re a very small portion of what you\'re dealing with there at the airport. And it\'s how do we make that fit into our legal authority system to make it something really effective rather than just a new slogan on something we\'ve already been trying to do? MR. AL HADDABI: Jim, if I may add something. MR. WILDING: Please. MR. AL HADDABI: See, Safety Management System is basically a culture of change, so people would have to believe in it. It is not something from the regulator, \"Here you are, take it,\" and then you have to comply, of course. We believe, and I certainly believe that we have to do a little awareness of trainings and there should be a transition program between the old and the current or the new safety management system. And I do believe if the top management \-- and here we talk from top to bottom, and therefore, if they don\'t really believe in it, I think it will be a documentation of no use because Safety Management System is not only to aerodrome, not only to air navigation or ATC. It will also involve aircraft operation. So we do believe it is a culture of change, not to the industry but to the whole country. It is something if it is really done with a transition, with actually a program, with others, I think we will get to the objectives by having a Safety Management System which is useable, which is easy to take, easy to have it within the industry and I believe from the regulator's perspective, if we can really have a transition program, not necessarily having the SMS as well or the ICAO requirements. For example, most of the civil aviation now are ISO certified and they have met a lot of safety records. The SMS is something that will basically promote additional safety but also reduce manpower, so there\'s a lot of things into it. It\'s not something that will drastically improve the safety for actually one day or actually one night. We do believe without having a transition program, we do have in the UAE a safety measurement system on the ATC and AO certification but it is not fully SMS. We have to take into consideration the culture and we have to ask people to believe in it. It is not something that we have to enforce it, I believe. We will have enforce it one day or another but without having a program, I think it is of no use. This is what I wanted to add, thank you. MR. WILDING: Thank you. I\'d like to go back and pick up on a point that Lanny made at the very end of his initial statement having to do with the environmental things, and just as Chip pointed out, that security tends to eclipse safety somewhat these days in people\'s prioritization and where you\'re sort of dragged off in that direction, so too the environmental processes that we have tend, I think, to in many people\'s minds, get in the way of other worthy objectives, safety, the one we\'re talking about here. Kate, is there any mechanism at the federal level or would there likely be one if people pushed hard enough on it, to get sort of an environmental shortcut on the environmental laws, more of the regulations than the laws, if there\'s a bonafide safety project and maybe even more importantly, my sense and I\'d very much appreciate your reaction to it, is it in many areas what was years ago FAA advocacy for certain projects, safety would be a primary one, get sort of pushed back into the shadows for fear that you get out front environmentally and favor something before it\'s gone through the environmental hoops? Can you just sort of walk us around that block a little bit? MS. LANG: Yeah, you know, from where I sit, we have a lot of competing public interest but they\'re all good. So I have to tell you truthfully, I don\'t have a quarrel with our obligations under the law to be balanced in our approach to aviation, whether it\'s safety, capacity, in meeting our environmental \-- in balancing those against environmental impacts. I think we have to do that. I think we have to be responsible neighbors in that regard. And I\'ll tell you, there\'s very few safety projects that at the same time, don\'t improve the efficiency of the airport or potentially improve or increase capacity. And we should responsibly evaluate those and be clear and honest and truthful about the potential other benefits that come from those. Now, that doesn\'t mean we can\'t do it smarter and we\'ve spent in the United States the better part of the last four or five years really looking at the environmental process and trying to get rid of our nightmare approaches. You know, we\'ve had some projects that would take you know, literally in some cases decades to advance because of, you know, either clumsy or uncoordinated efforts among both either the federal parties or local parties or everybody in advancing those projects. We have done a lot, I think to do a better job in terms of the environmental management. I think we\'ve also tried to do a better job in looking at really the things that have an impact and need to be mitigated and those that don\'t. And we\'ve expanded the list of projects that you know, generally speaking, don\'t have an environmental impact. We\'ve tried to do the shortcuts, but you know, frankly, I think they\'ve got to live together. If we found something because we lived through some of this after 9/11 on a security end, if we found something that we, before God and country could say fundamentally in the interest, you know, of public exigency, that was something we had to essentially do faster, the environmental laws in the United States give us the flexibility to do that. So I\'d like to say, Jim, we do have that but we\'ve got to be careful not to wrap a capacity project up around the safety flag or to, you know, use euphemisms for projects that actually, you know, do increase capacity and so I think you\'ve got to be truthful in that. I think we\'re making progress. It is hard. I think that\'s okay. I mean, I think we have an obligation to be good stewards of the environment. I don\'t know that they have to cancel each other out though, but it is hard and we have to do it intelligently. MR. RIDER: I\'d just like to say, and I\'ll be the devil\'s advocate here for a moment, and I think in the big picture, you\'re exactly right and I also believe in protecting our environment, preserving it for our next generations, but I ran into a situation in New Jersey which is not uncommon and I think different states have different laws and different attitudes about how they enforce those laws. But when we put the arrester bed in at the end of 6, as a result of a major accident, that\'s a 150-foot wide, 260-foot long bed that required a patch of pavement at the end of the runway to put that in. It so happened at the end of that runway is classified as wetlands, and in my opinion, it was a big dirty mud puddle that had very little use to the public given that it was right off the end of the runway. But I\'m being facetious. The project was held up for at least six months in trying to get the permit. The problem was downstream effects by adding pavement and we had to guarantee as an airport that there would be no downstream effect, zero effect by adding this small piece of pavement. So we went through a mechanism of studies and whatnot to show that there would be minimal downstream effect and they came back and said, \"No, you misunderstood. We want you to have zero, no downstream effect\". And we said, \"Okay, well, the only way we can do that is to give up other pavement\". So we found enough pavement somewhere else on the airport and we guaranteed that we would rip up that other pavement and that would offset this small patch of pavement we were creating. They said, \"Fine, we\'ll agree to that but before we issue you the permit, we want a deed restriction on the airport that you can never use that piece of property that you just tore up. And that basically kicked over to the water department because as a public agency, we can\'t do deed restrictions and meanwhile the arrester bed was held up. We couldn\'t actually build the arrester bed. Now, I don\'t know how many reporters are in here but I would like to say this is off the record and next week if anybody wants to write to me it might be to the county jail, but we went ahead and built the arrester bed and we\'re still waiting on a determination on the permit. So although I think in the big picture that Kate\'s exactly right, I think here are specific projects that we need some help, some governmental help on. MS. LANG: Well, can I just footnote that because I mean, I do think that there are individual nightmare stories but I\'m hoping they\'re becoming rare but, you know, I\'m going to look at a couple of things because to me the proof is in the pudding or what we ultimately are building in this country. Since we started the RSA initiative, we\'ve completed 300 runway ends and each one of those had to go through an environmental processing. We think we\'ll have 92 percent including all environmentals done by 2010. And you know, the balance, just because of just complexities in portions of the country, they\'re going to get done. The same with runways. It\'s hard. These are hard projects to do but we\'ve commissioned 12 in the last five, six years and a great robust pipeline ahead of us. I\'m not quarreling that it\'s difficult but I do want to say that I think we have to do balanced \-- you know, as airport operators, as airport administrators, we have to be balanced and not cancelling one public interest over the other. I think we can live with them, you know, co-exist with them and as long as we\'re making progress, I think it\'s hard to make a case for cancelling out some of those obligations. MR. BARCLAY: Kate, I\'d just argue \-- I mean, you\'re one of the problem solvers in this so this really isn\'t directed to you but what the government needs is somebody who can make a decision when you do have a conflict. Somebody needs to make the balance because what you have is two co-equal parts of government arguing with each other. I mean, it was in the old days before we had, you know, schools where we could go ahead and do all our firefighting testing at airports being told by FAA, \"If you don\'t do live fire drills, we\'ll fine you\", and EPA is saying, \"If you do have live fire drills we\'ll fine you\". And somebody needs to make that call in \-- MS. LANG: Right. MR. BARCLAY: \-- the government. In Morristown, right down the street from Lanny, they had a tree growing into the flight path and they told the airport manager, \"We\'re going to throw you in jail if you cut it down\", the local EPA did. You know, so there are some of these cases where you\'ve just got to get somebody \-- we need to figure out a system of governance so we say, \"Okay, somebody make that balance\". MR. WILDING: Good. You know, this might be a good time to sort of try to include you out there in this. There\'s lots of signs of a very heavy lunch and the hour clicking on. Yes, sir. MALE PARTICIPANT: (Inaudible) Kate, I have a question for you. This Safety Management System, do you see that coming under \[FAA regulation 14 CFR\] 139? MS. LANG: I do, and I want to go back to \-- because my colleague from UAE, I think, made a very, very important point. That we really do have to make incremental progress. I mean, SMS really is about a culture change, and it is going to take time at a lot of levels to have \-- you know, to really take root. Where we\'re going in the United States is we will \-- Chip and I were just talking about this, I hope before early in the new year, we will be issuing an advisory circular for airports that will lay out what we believe are the basic requirements associated with an SMS system. You know, the challenge in the US is, because I\'ve worked for many years in Chicago. I mean, you can\'t \-- we have 600 airports that are certificated and they to from the 70 or 80 that constituted 90 percent of the operations in this country to airports, you know, with 10,000 or less in plane passengers. So we\'re going to have to figure out SMS systems that are appropriately scaled to the operation of the airport. So that guidance will be out by the end of the year. Likewise, we\'re right now developing for all inspectors what they\'re going to need in order to work with airports and coming into compliance and moving toward SMS. We have already initiated a rulemaking process that will propose making, as an amendment to our 139 which is the ANEX 14 requirements, we will be making it. We\'re proposing to make it a mandatory part of an airport\'s 139 requirements and a feature of the ACM or the airport manual, operations manual. So we\'re moving there but I mean, it\'s \-- I would like to think about it this way; it\'s the beginning of what will be a very long conversation. Jim and I both serve on a board called the Airport Cooperative Research Program, ACRP, is that it? MR. WILDING: Right. MS. LANG: And this summer when we met, SMS was a very animated conversation we had. The ACRP has also commissioned some studies to be done that will make available both to airport operators and to the FAA increasing literature about how we do this right. I mean, all over the world, we\'re looking at member states of ICAO trying to stand it up, but I think the trick is we\'re going to try to all figure out how we\'re going grow this system together. But you can expect within the next three to five years, we will have it as a formal mandatory requirement under 139. MALE PARTICIPANT: And then a couple of questions; what about ramp safety? Do you see that coming under 139 as well? MS. LANG: You know, I do. I think ramp safety ought to be something that an airport works on anyway and I agree. I\'ve looked at a lot of the reports done by the Flight Safety Foundation and it is really staggering to see the amount of aircraft damage that results because of just reckless activities on the ramp, and it\'s \-- they have a nice way of putting it, it\'s very democratic. I mean, everybody who has access to the ramp is doing something that is totally avoidable to do damage to aircraft and in some cases, they have catastrophic results. I mean, safety management on the ramp is a perfect example of something that if organized in a disciplined manner all the parties on the airfield really lends itself to SMS. So I would expect that ramp management is going to be an increasingly important topic both in the US and in the international community and just in light of the cost to aviation annually. So we\'re going to have to figure that one out, how to it better as well. MALE PARTICIPANT: And one more question; it\'s for the representative from Beijing. You said that you meet on a monthly basis and then on a weekly basis and you review accidents and incidents. What kind of after action do you do and how is it formed and also how do you control vehicles? What type of system do you have for controlling vehicles and vehicular activity, that type of thing. MS. LiJIA: Thank you for your question. The ramp management, generally speaking on that, we have four types of issues. One is the safety of runways and taxiways, prevention of birds getting in their or wild animals from incursions. And the third issue is how to control vehicles and to make sure that they would run their efficiently, effectively, preventing them from running into aircraft and the other is how to effectively manage these issues. I think you were probably asking us technically how do we control the vehicles on the runways or ramp. We have two ways. One is through certification. We certify all the vehicles annually who are allowed access to the airport. The drivers and the vehicles themselves have to be managed effectively. There are certain speed limits which is 25 kilometers and technically we have two ways of managing that. We have signs and lines in the area next to runways and we also use more advanced radar technology to detect speeding of vehicles. You also care about our routine meetings. Our routine meetings will categorize our safety-related issues into four areas. One is runway safety issues. A second category because our \-- we\'re not only responsible for safety but also security, so we have responsibilities in that area, too. And the third is information system which is also very important, the safety of information system and information equipment. And the fourth area of concern is fire control. So whenever there is an incident, we will have a decode recording under these four main categories, and there also are a lot of subcategories under each of the four and you will record the reasons of any incident so that all the airport operators are aware of their own performance. Therefore, everybody else can take a lesson from that, from what has happened. So we have been doing that for about seven or eight years. So we believe that this approach is a very important way of establishing a culture of safety awareness. We also have a lot of details if you\'re interested, we can talk about it, too. MR. AL HADDABI: Just one comment on \-- around safety. Some airlines or some of the regulators, they leave it up to the airline to basically insure that the ground handling are part of their system. Some regulators, they leave it up to the \-- as part of the aerodrome certification, part of the safety measurement system. But I think it is now time to regulate them and they are right now. But the problem that people are not aware of that is what kind of regulation you are going to apply, what kind of qualification that this one might have? Are we going to treat them like pilots, like ATC, like land dispatchers, like engineers? These guys are paid less than anybody, so what kind of system that you are going to apply? This is an issue that these people are normally less qualified, those who actually drive on the ramps, the ground handler. They are really paid less than anybody else. That is an issue of concern. We can have the best of regulations, but it if these guys are not educated, then you will have an accident, regardless of the best safety measurement that you really have. That is an issue as far as I can see. This is what I wanted to add. Thank you, sir. MR. WILDING: Yes, sir. MR. PAEZ: Yes, my name is Luis Paez. I come from the Columbian Civil Aviation Authority. I would like to address this question to Mr. Rider, in order to be sure I understand correctly. Did you consider that the safety culture is right now inside the US airports and also is there any FAA policy regarding implement a program of safety culture that enforce airports to adopt or is it an individual airports. It depends, as you mentioned it, for the manager to do that job or you transfer this job to the air carriers or operators of the airport? Thank you. MR. RIDER: Okay, you asked a lot of questions. I\'m not sure I can remember all of them. Let me try it. As far as safety regulations in the United States and the regulations that cover the general aviation industry, do I \-- I think you\'re asking do I think they\'re adequate. Okay. I think that we have regulations that cover all aspects of safety in the industry right now. That\'s not the problem. Having the regulations is not the problem. I think enforcing the regulations and implementing the regulations and getting buy-in from all segments of the industry is or can be a problem in the general aviation sector. When I talk about awareness and the \-- and my concern about the level of awareness, that\'s part of what I\'m talking about. It can be spacial awareness of where you\'re at in your aircraft on an airport. It can be an awareness of what the regulations are it can be awareness of future safety issues but what I\'m concerned about is not the regulations. I think the regulations are fine. I think this country has addressed all of the safety issues and they probably have a regulation that would address each and every thing, but we still do have accidents and we still have problems. And in an emerging or rapidly expanding portion of the industry, my concern is how do we raise the level of awareness within the industry to know what those regulations are, know how they impact your operation specifically and to be on the edge all the time. You know, it\'s easy to become complacent. And I think things like Safety Management System where we\'re trying to work together to keep that awareness up there at that very high level is a good thing, and it\'s something that is needed in my segment of the aviation industry. Is it the airport manager\'s responsibility? Well, again, we kind of fall back, I think we talked about this a little bit before, I think we\'re a good place to draw the different various groups together at a specific facility and raise the level of awareness such as at Teterboro, but it has to be done across the industry. You can\'t rely on just the airport manager. It has to be your operations directors, the company owners, the aircraft operators, the FBOs and the ramp service people. A big service company, Signature Flight Support is a huge \-- probably the largest FBO operation in the world. They have operations all over this country and all over international countries as well. If they develop a good SMS program for ramp safety then that, obviously, should go throughout their system, but it should show up at Teterboro somewhere along the line, and them working with me as the airport manager, can spread that word to other FBOs and ramp operations and get us all kind of up to that level. So that\'s kind of where I\'m hoping this is going to go. What was your other questions? Did I miss anything? Go ahead I can hear you. MR. PAEZ: No, you didn\'t miss anything because you are mentioning is that across the industry. They put me in that scenario of the FAA that is responsible to do that across the industry. So in this case, what is concern to me is that how could we, as international community, assure that SMS would be implemented in airports in the whole world and spread into the system in a proper way? If it is an ICAO standard, this morning we were talking about that there are a lot of countries that don\'t fulfill the ICAO standards. So we are going to develop SMS for airport, for airlines, for operators, for authorities, ATC providers, that they don\'t mesh together. How we can be sure and that\'s the question for the panel, that we are not going to generate more inconsistence and err against the harmonization that this morning we were talking about? Thank you, that\'s the other question. MR. RIDER: Yeah, and I couldn\'t agree with you more and I\'ll let Kate talk a little bit about this as well, but as they were mentioning it this morning and they actually have identified problem areas around the world, in Africa, in Russia, and in South America, that is not different than what\'s happening with general aviation in this country where you have different levels of sophistication, different levels of training and different levels of resources to be able to comply with this myriad of regulations and requirements. I think ICAO is a huge step forward in bringing the world together but there\'s two elements here. There\'s one that is education and educating the people about what is required and then getting them to evaluate their own operations and come up to at least a minimum standard. That\'s one side of the house. The other side of the house is enforcement. And I think you do have to have an enforcement arm and we\'ve seen this with some incidents at Teterboro recently where the enforcement part wasn\'t there, where there were gross negligent violations of existing regulations. I think there has to be an enforcement arm there and you need the education but you also have to see if people are complying or not. Kate, maybe you have some ideas. MS. LANG: You know, I think it\'s a great question and it\'s one, that again, I think requires that we move thoughtfully forward. You know, I\'ve spent a lot of time talking to my colleagues, Nick Sabatini and Peggy Gilligan in our safety organization that have stood up SMS and are already moving there and one of the most important things just within the agency is going to be the challenge of having our systems grow together kind of seamlessly. So we\'re going to actively have to work that, but I mean, that\'s really the whole point of SMS is that we find integrated ways to do things together. It\'s not just about stovepipe communication; you know, air traffic does its thing, flight standards does its thing, aircraft certification does its thing. It is about safety being everybody\'s thing which means figuring out ways again, back to the protocols and the process and the understandings of how we\'re going to communicate all of that together. I mean, right now, you know, I agree with Jim. You know, you said SMS and everybody is like, all right. I go to conferences and say to people, you know, how many people know what SMS is? You know, we\'re talking to US airports about moving to SMS, and I might get two hands out of 300. So we\'ve got a really long ways to go and I think the most important thing that we\'re learning as we go is that we\'ve got to do it in open dialogue. I mean, that\'s the challenge we have within the FAA. That\'s why I think forums like this are so important. I mean, we\'re just going to have to keep having a conversation with each other about you know, not only SMS, it\'s about sharing data. It\'s about collecting data. It\'s about making sure we all have, you know, visible systems and structures that we can share with each other. I mean, that\'s really the challenge of SMS and I think, again, it\'s about taking those incremental steps and a commitment. Whether you\'re just looking at the airport. I love your description of what you do in Beijing. It isn\'t just the ops office, it\'s everybody all the time sitting down and figuring out how you do it. I mean, it\'s first and foremost that commitment to get everyone together. So I think we\'re just \-- we\'re really kind of at the beginning of making sure exactly what you describe is where we are emerging to. MR. WILDING: My sense is sort of borrowing a page from the security area. I think one of the great successes in security in the United States at airports is having made the sale to the workforce at an airport sort of from the managerial level right down to the unskilled labor level that their eyes and ears were the biggest asset in the system. And that no matter what your job was, security was now also a part of it and if you saw something out of the ordinary, tell somebody. And even if you were wrong and were embarrassed, the organization would protect you. Again, I think that\'s one of the successes they had. I think that same attitude needs to be more uniformly present in the safety area. That if you, you know, on a cold blustery day, where you\'re anxious to get inside and you\'re driving a baggage tug, that it\'s just wrong to cut that corner. It\'s just wrong. It\'s wrong hopefully because you did something really bad but even if you don\'t buy into that, it\'s wrong because if your employer sees you, if the airport sees you, if one of the local police officers see you, that the odds are against you because there\'s a lot of people that think of this as their job and you\'re liable not to get away with it. That \-- I hope it doesn\'t get to that in a person\'s thinking but if it has to and some people just, that\'s the way they live their lives. They\'ll drive 100 miles an hour up this road here if they think the police aren\'t watching. That attitude sometimes creeps onto your airport, so you have to deal with that reality. So again, that same sort of general it is my job attitude, for everybody that\'s out on that airfield in the safety area just as it is in the security area, that, it seems to me is a goal, and I think it is achievable but it\'s an awfully hard sell, an awfully hard sell. Bob, you had a \-- oh, I beg your pardon. I\'ll go over there and then to Bob. MR. COHEN: Mickey Cohen from AAR. I would like to spend a little bit of time talking about the human factor side that we briefly went over. I just retired after 35 years in the airline business on the other side of the fence and I\'ve been through the pilot\'s side, I\'ve been through the maintenance side, the operations in total and we evolved CRM into MRM, which is all human factors. And one of the things that we have to admit to ourselves is we, as leaders, we have good ideas, but the really good ideas are the people that are doing the job out there. And we have to extract it from them. So you have to have a just culture out there where people have no fear of reprisal by coming forward. They have to be awarded, if you will, not necessarily monetarily but certainly be recognized for their contributions and get those people to come forward and give us their ideas, not after the fact all the time but some of the time proactive and if we take that and we move forward with it, it is a great stepping stone to this SMS. SMS is s giant step and we can\'t get there in one leap. So we need to have a couple of steps to get there. And I have seen great successes on the ramp, all the ramp damage we talk about. Terrific successes with it. In the maintenance organization, it\'s quite obvious and in the cockpit as well. So those of you that don\'t have programs, it\'s very easy. Boeing puts out a great training program. You can have a one-day training program and you can implement it and when you go out and you sell it to your employees, and once they have trust in you that you\'re not going to come and whack them on the head for something they tell you, you\'d just be amazed at how much information you get and the corrective actions you can take going forward. So I really encourage any of you that have not explored that, to do it. MR. WILDING: I would add the observation that it\'s my experience that when you whack them on the head, you might forget it the next week, but 10 years later, they still remember it. So I mean, it\'s amazing how long people can remember things like that and react to it. AUDIENCE MEMBER: The most important thing is they know they\'re going to get whacked and they\'re not going to tell you. They\'re going to hide it. And what you want to do is to get the information out because this person may have the skills to handle a situation, the next person may not, so you want to get the corrective action in there so it doesn\'t happen to the next person. MR. WILDING: Bob. MALE PARTICIPANT: That\'s Dan Marino of ICAO, wonderful, wonderful human factors person at one point said, and I\'m sure he said it a number of times, \"Blame is the greatest enemy of safety\". Interesting statement. Kate, could we ask you to talk a little bit more about EMAS? It seems to me it\'s something that\'s spreading now. It spreads a little faster after there\'s a Midway or a Burbank or a Teterboro. And could you talk a little bit about where you see it going in this country because there are a lot of people in this room, I think that will be interested, international people, who will be interested in EMAS.. It\'s obviously not something unique to us. MS. LANG: Well, maybe just a couple of other comments on EMAS. I mean, it really is from the FAA\'s perspective, one of those real success stories in taking something that was a research idea and finding a way to successfully deploy it in the field and you know, frankly, Bob, the more experience we get with it, the less costly it\'s becoming, the cheaper it\'s becoming to maintain. That\'s been a real impediment to getting the airports to embrace it. I think the good news is we are seeing more deployment in the United States. I mean, if you can get a standard RSA and it\'s, you know, affordable, that\'s a great thing to do, but if you can\'t EMAS is a really viable alternative. And as you go around the world, a lot of people are facing those challenges. MALE PARTICIPANT: Excuse me, is that funded by you? MS. LANG: It is funded by the FAA. I mean, at eligible places in the United States, we are doing EMAS installations under the grant program. I mean, we\'re also very vigorously funding RSAs. We\'re putting our money where our mouth is. We\'re doing about \$300 million a year to assist local airports in getting that done. I am very encouraged. We have ongoing research. I mean, there\'s real challenges to EMAS in terms of, you know, what we can do to improve the performance of it, so we\'ve got research in very cold conditions. We\'re really doing what we can to improve the quality of the arrester bed material. I\'m delighted. Within the past year we\'re really beginning also to see worldwide acceptance. I think we\'ve got China is interested right now, Madrid, Italy. So we\'ve got three countries right now that are looking into it, and the more we talk about it, the more acceptance, I think, it\'s going to gain worldwide. I think the more we keep researching to, we\'re going to increasingly make it more cost affordable for various airports to find it a viable solution for improving, you know, runway safety. MR. BARCLAY: Let me add, I don\'t disagree with Kate, but you can\'t minimize the fact that once you get down away from the port authorities, there\'s a great deal of concern of the small and medium sized airports on the maintenance issue, and well, and as Kate said, it doesn\'t work currently in cold weather. You\'re not going to solve your Alaskan problems with EMAS, at least currently. But the maintenance of it and the issues as the example at Teterboro showed, when you have someone make a mistake, repairing that, keeping it up on an annual basis it\'s a ways off from being a good economic solution at the smaller airports. MR. WILDING: Also, I should add that the very research program that Kate mentioned a minute ago, the new cooperative research program, the airport cooperative research program up at TRB, has a project underway now, 400,000-ish dollars, to look for other things like EMAS that can serve that same purpose and to look at EMAS and EMAS like arrester beds which are today designed purposely not to damage the airplane. That\'s kind of a constraint that\'s put in there, and you have some situations where, you know, damaging the airplane is a heck of a lot better than letter the airplane scoot off the end of the EMAS or something that\'s not protected by an EMAS. So it\'s starting to put some gradations in this thing where if it gets all the way down the end and it\'s still going, you sort of say, \"Well, the heck with the landing gear, you know, I want that thing to stop before it hits that road out there\". So there\'s some fairly active research going on in that area right now that I think is hopeful. MS. LANG: Hey, Jim, could I put a plug in. We\'ve mentioned the Airport Cooperative Research Program but it\'s new for us. We\'re only really \-- I guess we\'ve only had two meetings so far but anyone in the world can propose a topic that can be considered by our board. Anyone in the world can propose a topic if it is related to what can help you do any portion of your job in running an airport. You can apply to this program. You can go \-- we can either get you the information but we have a website for the program. It\'s a resource to the entire international community and all the research that comes out of the products that we do commission are available for free to anyone in the world. So it\'s a new resource. We\'ve very excited about it and I think the topics that we\'re starting to undertake are extremely timely in terms of what we\'re trying to do to improve both airport efficiency and safety. MR. RIDER: Maybe I\'ll just put a plug in, too, especially to the FAA because I\'m very glib about saying that the Port Authority or me or we installed an EMAS. The FAA paid for that EMAS, 95 percent of it and there was no problem getting the funds. They made it extremely easy and worked with us on all of the issues. It\'s a wonderful program as far as I\'m concerned. I was at Kennedy when the very first one was installed in the country. We had it in less than a year when a 17-passenger aircraft ran into that EMAS and minimal damage to the aircraft, absolutely no injuries to the people and I\'m personally convinced that aircraft would have wound up in a body of water up side down had not the EMAS been there and we probably would have lost all of those people. So I\'m personally a big, big believer. I will say that EMAS is designed for runway overruns. If the aircraft is airborne or almost airborne, it probably won\'t have an effect on the aircraft. Obviously, if it\'s airborne, it won\'t. MR. WILDING: Other questions, comments? CAPT; ROBERTS: Thank you for the panel. Captain Bill Roberts from American Airlines. I\'m the Managing Director of Flight Operations and I would like of like to direct my question towards Ms. Lang regarding runway status lights. Originally, we talked a lot about some concerns about runway incursions and certainly that is something that is a big concern for us, especially large operators out of DFW, Chicago, and things of that sort. And at DFW on the west side of the runway right now we do have runway status lights that are in place, and I believe, if I\'m not correct, if I\'m correct, there\'s also one in San Diego that\'s being tested as well. I\'m curious as to what the long-term progress is of that because I will tell you I\'ve had an opportunity to demonstrate it a couple of times to some local media folks in Dallas and also for the Discovery Channel and I am a huge proponent of that system. It works extremely well and I think it\'s something that I hope to be able to hear some positive news from. So if you could maybe address that, I would appreciate that, thank you. MS. LANG: Well, you know, I\'m delighted by your comments. I mean there are a lot of things that we have research programs going on and when we get enough confidence, we start to do field deployments. So it\'s very gratifying to hear from someone in the user community saying, \"Boy, this is terrific and it\'s working well\". I think the more \-- you know, the FAA is a conservative institution and I think you know, changing the environment of the airport is something we should to with, you know, a preponderance of evidence that it\'s going to work. So I think the fact that we\'ve got some of these in-field deployment right now, is how we\'re building up a body of evidence to say under what conditions and at what kind of airports do changes, whether it\'s markings or lighting or signage, what are the things that actually do something to add to clarity and not confusion on what\'s going on in the airfield. I mean, a lot of airports you can go out there and there\'s all kinds of lights doing all kinds of things. So we really do want to make sure that when we\'re going out into already a complex environment, we\'re doing things that, you know, increase clarity. So I would say that as long as the data keeps coming in saying that it moves in that direction, you\'ll see us again, not only doing \-- advancing field deployment but we\'re also happy to pay for those systems to assist airports in moving forward with things that do advance it. I would urge you because I have had a chance to talk to a lot of pilots, if you are getting positive feedback from that, let us know, let our Tech Center know because that is exactly the kind of \-- it\'s the reason why we\'re doing these tests out in the field. And DFW, I have to tell you, Dallas is a wonderful place. We\'ve got a number of research initiatives we\'re doing up there. Right now we\'ve got a radar system for bird strikes. So I\'m very grateful to our partners in the airport community for everything they do to help us test these systems. So I think the outlook is good. You\'re going to continue to see a lot of activity in this area on the part of the agency. And if you think we\'re missing a beat, you always got the ACRP to toss in an idea and suggest we do something we\'re missing. MR. WILDING: Kate mentioned the FAA\'s own research program up at the Tech Center at Atlantic City, New Jersey, which is separate and distinct from the ACRP program we talked about earlier. And they\'re doing what Kate just referred to, use of radar to strike \-- to sort of be able to spot bird migration which is promising. They\'ve got a radar system up there for FOD which is absolutely amazing. I mean that thing can spot a bolt laying on a runway three-quarters of a mile away when the bolt is sort of turned away from you and just showing the head. And you know, there are some wrinkles to iron out but there is a bunch of people up there that are the most curious, the brightest and I mean, they\'re just amazing. But the point Kate just made, I had the pleasure to serve on a little advisory committee for them, is how difficult it is for them to connect to the users of the system. I mean, they\'re up there just ginning up these ideas and reacting to it but as you can imagine, when you\'ve got research in your name, and you call somebody and you want them to do something, you know, \"Come back next week, I\'m kind of busy this week.\" The more the user community can put aside a little time and energy to work with these people, the payoff, I think will just be enormous. Last call, anybody else? Yes, sir. MALE PARTICIPANT: I would like to address this question to Ms. LiJia, Gao. I\'m going to do it in Spanish in order that the interpretation could help me. (Through interpreter) The question is the following. You are in charge of the planning process at the airport and understanding that that process includes the mitigation of risks and removing the risk of incursions, are there other risks that result in the severe damages to the airlines from the economic point of view, such as bird strike, weather, bad information, FOD and other incidents that take place on the runways and on the taxiways? Within the overall risks that Beijing Airport handles, what are the most significant risks in your opinion? Thank you. MS. LiJIA: (Through interpreter) Your question seems to be long and I know you spoke in Spanish, so I don\'t know, going into English and then back into Chinese, if I got you \-- if I got what you\'re saying and I\'ll try to continue along the lines of what I heard because English translated Chinese is difficult. But basically speaking, overall, we\'re all just talking about birds, bird ingestion and how we could use new technology to try to prevent bird ingestion. So we have a lot of information in this area because in different months of the year there are different bird activities that are going on. We used to use three different types of methods. We used to shoot them with a gun, we used to also use a gas gun, a regular gun and then the third thing that we used to do was we used to use ultrasound to try to get them. They idea is in general to have 76 sorties and so in other words, we\'re hoping that in getting at these birds and the bird ingestion, we can reduce the problems that occur as a result of them. What we\'d like to do is out of a million sorties, what we\'d like to do is bring it down to two incidents. So if you include the bird ingestion that becomes quite a pain in the neck. If it\'s a loss for the airline companies then it\'s a loss also for the airport, economically speaking. So we started to use another type of method. We were looking at the \[FAA regulation 14 CFR\] 139 that is part of FAA that was your document, in FAA, and what we did was we thought of a related method. Every month we have different types of birds that we see, different types of species and we wanted to first find out if they were migratory or local birds and we wanted to find out what their size was in the food chain and then we looked at the grass and the rats and the mice and anything that was related, we did research along the whole chain, the whole food chain and then we also researched the surrounding areas and the people that lived there and we did some sort of teaching and education. Some pigeons were also something that were a hazard. So after all this research, we found out that what we wanted to do was we wanted to talk to the local government to study the migratory patterns of them and then we also wanted to charge \-- if we could change the food chain pattern and we thought maybe we could change the fact of whether they come here or they don\'t. Your other question was about risks, what\'s our biggest risk. Actually, airport safety we have, for Chinese safety we actually have two characters as a translation for the word \"safety\". One is on which is risk or any potential damage. And trend is like integrity without any damage so there are two layers of meanings to us the word, safety, so when we talk about one which is integrity safety is no risk, the other is no damage. So all kinds of incursions on the runway or any kinds of threat to aircrafts, we have a lot of statistical data and we have evaluated all the damages, and the government has an analysis on human damages and asset damages every year on all kinds of accidents and just now you mentioned that I\'m responsible for budgeting and for strategic development. We have all kinds of records and data like that on hand, so every year we can base our training plans on those information so that we can mitigate risks. That is included in our plans. We also have a lot of investment on safety. We\'ve done a lot of research behind these investments. I don\'t know if I was able to answer your Spanish question in Chinese. MR. WILDING: Folks, that wraps up our time. How about joining me in thanking the panel here? (Applause) MR. WILDING: And thank you very much for coming and for participating so actively. Many, many thanks and have a good evening. (Whereupon, at 4:33 p.m. the above-entitled matter concluded.)	en
converted_docs	077410	![](media/image1.png){width="5.96875in" height="0.41944444444444445in"} Top of Form ## Complete Summary #### GUIDELINE TITLE VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for screening and management of overweight and obesity. #### BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCE(S) Management of Overweight and Obesity Working Group. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for screening and management of overweight and obesity. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense; 2006. 117 p. #### GUIDELINE STATUS This is the current release of the guideline. ### COMPLETE SUMMARY CONTENT SCOPE\ METHODOLOGY - including Rating Scheme and Cost Analysis\ RECOMMENDATIONS\ EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS\ BENEFITS/HARMS OF IMPLEMENTING THE GUIDELINE RECOMMENDATIONS\ CONTRAINDICATIONS\ QUALIFYING STATEMENTS\ IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GUIDELINE\ INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE (IOM) NATIONAL HEALTHCARE QUALITY REPORT CATEGORIES\ IDENTIFYING INFORMATION AND AVAILABILITY\ DISCLAIMER ### SCOPE #### DISEASE/CONDITION(S) Overweight and Obesity #### GUIDELINE CATEGORY Counseling\ Diagnosis\ Evaluation\ Management\ Screening\ Treatment #### CLINICAL SPECIALTY Cardiology\ Endocrinology\ Family Practice\ Internal Medicine\ Nursing\ Nutrition\ Pharmacology\ Surgery #### INTENDED USERS Advanced Practice Nurses\ Nurses\ Physician Assistants\ Physicians #### GUIDELINE OBJECTIVE(S) - To describe the critical decision points in the management of obesity - To provide a clear and comprehensive guideline incorporating current information and evidence based practice recommendations for practitioners throughout the Department of Defense and Veterans Health Administration system - To improve local management of patients with obesity and improve patient outcome #### TARGET POPULATION Adults (age 18 years or older) with overweight or obesity who are eligible for care in the Veterans Affairs (VA) or Department of Defense (DoD) health care delivery system Note: This guideline is not directed to the treatment of children, adolescents (less than age 18) or pregnant/lactating women. #### INTERVENTIONS AND PRACTICES CONSIDERED Screening 1. Measurement of height and weight ; calculation of body mass index (BMI) 2. Measurement of waist circumference 3. Determination of presence of obesity-associated health conditions 4. Promotion of healthy lifestyles in low-risk and normal weight patients 5. Annual screenings Assessment 1. Medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests (fasting lipid profile, liver function tests \[LFTs\], fasting glucose) as indicated 2. Social and psychological assessment 3. Assessment of patient readiness to lose weight 4. Incorporation of patient preferences in the treatment goals and plan Treatment/Management 1. Initiation of interventions based on risk level and patient preference 2. Interventions that include diet therapy, increased exercise, and behavioral modification 3. Pharmacotherapy (orlistat, sibutramine) in combination with a reduced-calorie diet and exercise interventions 4. Bariatric surgery 5. Assessment of response to therapy and adjustment of therapy to meet treatment goals 6. Interventions for weight maintenance, relapse prevention (e. g. maintenance program, encouragement, medication), and follow-up 7. Motivation of overweight or obese patients who are not ready to undertake weight loss #### MAJOR OUTCOMES CONSIDERED - Incidence and severity of obesity-associated conditions - Obesity related morbidity and mortality - Quality of life ### METHODOLOGY #### METHODS USED TO COLLECT/SELECT EVIDENCE Hand-searches of Published Literature (Primary Sources)\ Hand-searches of Published Literature (Secondary Sources)\ Searches of Electronic Databases #### DESCRIPTION OF METHODS USED TO COLLECT/SELECT THE EVIDENCE Formulating of Questions The Working Group developed researchable questions and associated key terms after orientation to the scope of the guideline and to goals that had been identified by the Working Group. The questions specified (adapted from the Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) toolbox, Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, \[[http://www.cebm.net](http://www.cebm.net/)\]): - Population -- Characteristics of the target patient population - Intervention -- Exposure, diagnostic, or prognosis - Comparison -- Intervention, exposure, or control used for comparison - Outcome -- Outcomes of interest These specifications served as the preliminary criteria for selecting studies. Research questions focused on the following areas of inquiry: screening; risk assessment; and treatment strategies for weight loss including diet, exercise and behavioral modification, drug therapy, and bariatric surgery. Selection of Evidence Published, peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were considered to constitute the strongest level of evidence in support of guideline recommendations. This decision was based on the judgment that RCTs provide the clearest, scientifically sound basis for judging comparative efficacy. The Working Group made this decision recognizing the limitations of RCTs, particularly considerations of generalizability with respect to patient selection and treatment quality. Evidence-based systematic reviews were considered to be the strongest level of evidence as well as meta-analyses that included randomized controlled studies. The evidence selection was designed to identify the best available evidence to address each key question and ensured maximum coverage of studies at the top of the hierarchy of study types: evidence-based guidelines, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. When available, the search sought out critical appraisals already performed by others that described explicit criteria for deciding what evidence was selected and how it was determined to be valid. The sources that have already undergone rigorous critical appraisal include Cochrane Reviews, Best Evidence, Technology Assessment, and Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) reports. The search was performed using the National Library of Medicine\'s (NLM) Medline database. The terms \"obesity\", \"weight gain\", \"body mass index\" and \"overweight\" were used together with the following Boolean expressions and terms: - Screening - Lifestyle - Caloric restriction, diet - Behavioral therapy - Anti-obesity agents - Gastric bypass - Patient education - Human, adults In addition to Medline/PubMed, the following databases were searched: Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CCTR). For Medline/PubMed searches, limits were set for language (English), date of publication (1995 through 2004) and type of research (RCT, systematic reviews and meta-analysis). Once definitive reviews or clinical studies that provided valid relevant answers to the question were identified, the search ended. The search was extended to studies/reports of lower quality (observational studies) only if there were no high-quality studies. Exclusion criteria included reviews that omitted clinical course or treatment. Some retrieved studies were rejected on the basis of published abstracts, and a few were rejected after the researchers scanned the retrieved citation for inclusion criteria. Typical exclusions included studies with physiological endpoints or studies of populations that were not comparable to the population of interest (e.g., studies of obesity in children). The bibliographies of the retrieved articles were hand-searched for articles that may have been missed by the computer search. Working Group members also contributed articles as part of the evidence gathering process. The results of the search were organized and evidence reports as well as copies of the original studies were provided to the Working Group for further analysis. Literature Review and Inclusion Criteria As a result of the original and updated literature reviews, articles were identified for possible inclusion. These articles formed the basis for formulating the guideline recommendations. The following inclusion criteria were used for selecting randomized controlled trial studies: - Articles published between 1995 and 2004, with some exceptions - English language only - Full articles only - Age limited to adults greater than 18 years - Randomized controlled trials only; no cross-over trials - Minimum 6 months of follow-up - Baseline body mass index (BMI) or body weight levels reported - Key outcomes cited (decrease in body weight, BMI) For some questions, special inclusion criteria (mostly related to minimum clinical trial size) were developed based upon research question content and available literature. The literature search for the guideline update was validated by: (1) comparing the results to a search conducted by the independent research and appraisal team, (2) a review of the database by the expert panel, and (3) requesting articles pertaining to special topics from the experts in the Working Group. #### NUMBER OF SOURCE DOCUMENTS Not stated #### METHODS USED TO ASSESS THE QUALITY AND STRENGTH OF THE EVIDENCE Weighting According to a Rating Scheme (Scheme Given) #### RATING SCHEME FOR THE STRENGTH OF THE EVIDENCE Quality of Evidence (QE) ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- I At least one properly done randomized controlled trial (RCT) II-1 Well designed controlled trail without randomization II-2 Well designed cohort or case-control analytic study, preferably from more than one source II-3 Multiple time series evidence with/without intervention, dramatic results of uncontrolled experiment III Opinion of respected authorities, descriptive studies, case reports, and expert committees ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- Overall Quality ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- Good High grade evidence (I or II-1) directly linked to health outcome Fair High grade evidence (I or II-1) linked to intermediate outcome;\ \ or\ \ Moderate grade evidence (II-2 or II-3) directly linked to health outcome Poor Level III evidence or no linkage of evidence to health outcome ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- Net Effect of the Intervention ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- Substantial: More than a small relative impact on a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering;\ \ or\ \ A large impact on an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. Moderate: A small relative impact on a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering;\ \ or\ \ A moderate impact on an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. Small: A negligible relative impact on a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering;\ \ or\ \ A small impact on an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. Zero or Negative impact on patients;\ Negative: \ or\ \ No relative impact on either a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering, or an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- #### METHODS USED TO ANALYZE THE EVIDENCE Review of Published Meta-Analyses\ Systematic Review with Evidence Tables #### DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODS USED TO ANALYZE THE EVIDENCE Preparation of Evidence Tables (Reports) and Evidence Rating A group of research analysts with experience in evidence-based appraisal independently read and coded each article that met inclusion criteria. The articles have been assessed for methodological rigor and clinical importance using the following criteria: - Appropriateness of inclusion and exclusion criteria - Concealment of allocation - Blinding of patients, interventions and providers - Objective method of data collection - Valid method of data analysis - Completeness and length of follow-up - Appropriateness of outcome measures - Statistical power of results The information was synthesized and reported in a brief summary of the critical appraisal of each article that included the following components: - Description of patient population - Interventions - Comparisons - Outcomes - Summary of results - Analysis of findings - Evidence appraisal - Clinical significance Quality of evidence ratings were assigned for each source of evidence using the grading scale presented in \"Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence\" in this summary. #### METHODS USED TO FORMULATE THE RECOMMENDATIONS Expert Consensus #### DESCRIPTION OF METHODS USED TO FORMULATE THE RECOMMENDATIONS The development of the Screening and Management of Overweight and Obesity Guideline was initiated in January 2005 and continued through August 2005. The development process followed the steps described in \"Guideline for Guidelines,\" an internal working document of Veterans Health Affairs\' (VHA\'s) National Clinical Practice Guideline Council, which requires an on-going review of the work in progress. The Working Group of the VHA/Department of Defense (DoD) was charged to provide evidence-based action recommendations whenever possible; hence, major clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies published from 1995 through December 2004 in the areas of diagnosis and treatment of overweight and obesity were used. Guideline Development Process The Offices of Quality and Performance and Patient Care Services, in collaboration with the network Clinical Managers, the Deputy Assistant Under Secretary for Health, and the Medical Center Command of the DoD identified clinical leaders to champion the guideline development process. During a preplanning conference call, the clinical leaders defined the scope of the guideline and identified a group of clinical experts from the VA and DoD that formed the Guideline Development Working Group. Working Group members included representatives of the following specialties: internal medicine, cardiology, surgery, endocrinology, medical nutrition therapy, social work, family practice, nursing, pharmacy, and healthcare systems management and policy. As a first step, the guideline development groups defined a set of clinical questions within the area of the guideline. This ensured that the guideline development work outside the meeting focused on issues that practitioners considered important and produced criteria for the search and the protocol for systematic review and, where appropriate, meta-analysis. The Working Group participated in an initial face-to-face meeting to reach consensus about the guideline algorithm and recommendations and to prepare a draft document. The draft continued to be revised by the Working Group at-large through numerous conference calls and individual contributions to the document. Following the initial effort, an editorial panel of the Working Group convened to further edit the draft document. Recommendations for the performance or exclusion of specific procedures or services were derived through a rigorous methodological approach that included the following: - Determining appropriate criteria, such as effectiveness, efficacy, population benefit, or patient satisfaction - Reviewing literature to determine the strength of the evidence in relation to these criteria - Formulating the recommendations and grading the level of evidence supporting the recommendation Selection of Evidence Each reference was appraised for scientific merit, clinical relevance, and applicability to the populations served by the Federal healthcare system. Recommendations were based on consensus of expert opinions and clinical experience only when scientific evidence was unavailable. Recommendation and Overall Quality Rating Evidence-based practice involves integrating clinical expertise with the best available clinical evidence derived from systematic research. The Working Group received an orientation and tutorial on the evidence U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) 2001 rating process, reviewed the evidence and independently formulated Quality of Evidence ratings, a rating of Overall Quality (see \"Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence\" in this summary), and a Strength of Recommendation (see \"Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Recommendations\" in this summary). Lack of Evidence -- Consensus of Experts The majority of the literature supporting the science for these guidelines is referenced throughout the document and is based upon systematic reviews and technology assessment that serve as the basis for other evidence-based guidelines for overweight and obesity, and key RCTs and longitudinal studies published from 1995 through 2004. Following the independent review of the evidence, a consensus meeting was held to discuss discrepancies in ratings and formulate recommendations. Where existing literature was ambiguous or conflicting, or where scientific data was lacking on an issue, recommendations were based on the clinical experience of the Working Group. These recommendations are indicated in the evidence tables as based on \"Working Group Consensus.\"). #### RATING SCHEME FOR THE STRENGTH OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The net benefit of the intervention -------------------- ----------------- -------------- ----------- ------------------- Quality of Substantial* Moderate Small *Zero or Evidence Negative** Good A B C D Fair B B C D Poor I I I I ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- ------------------------------------------------------------------- A A strong recommendation that the clinicians provide the intervention to eligible patients.\ Good evidence was found that the intervention improves important health outcomes and concludes that benefits substantially outweigh harm. B A recommendation that clinicians provide (the service) to eligible patients.\ At least fair evidence was found that the intervention improves health outcomes and concludes that benefits outweigh harm. C No recommendation for or against the routine provision of the intervention is made.\ At least fair evidence was found that the intervention can improve health outcomes, but concludes that the balance of benefits and harms is too close to justify a general recommendation. D Recommendation is made against routinely providing the intervention to asymptomatic patients.\ At least fair evidence was found that the intervention is ineffective or that harms outweigh benefits. I The conclusion is that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against routinely providing the intervention.\ Evidence that the intervention is effective is lacking, or poor quality, or conflicting and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined. --- ------------------------------------------------------------------- #### COST ANALYSIS Published cost analyses were reviewed in the preparation of the guideline. #### METHOD OF GUIDELINE VALIDATION Peer Review #### DESCRIPTION OF METHOD OF GUIDELINE VALIDATION Experts from the Veterans Administration (VA) and the Department of Defense (DoD) internal medicine, cardiology and primary care reviewed the final draft band their feedback was integrated into the final draft document. ### RECOMMENDATIONS #### MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS The recommendations for the screening and management of overweight and obesity are organized into 3 major modules. The algorithms, objectives and recommendations that accompany each module, and the evidence supporting the recommendations are presented below. The quality of evidence (QE) grading (I-III); overall quality (Good, Fair, Poor); and final grade of recommendations (R) (A-D, I) are provided for specific statements. These grades, along with \"net effect of the interventions\" are defined at the end of the \"Major Recommendations\" field. Note: A list of all abbreviations is provided at the end of the \"Major Recommendations\" field. Module A: Screening for Overweight and Obesity [Screening Algorithm](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/OBE/OBE_CPG/content/algorithms/algoA.htm) A. Adult Person Enrolled in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) or Department of Defense (DoD) Healthcare Systems > Definition > > Any adult eligible for care in the VHA or the (DoD) healthcare > delivery system should be screened and if necessary, treated for > overweight or obesity as described in this guideline. B. Obtain Height and Weight; Calculate Body Mass Index (BMI) > Objective > > Screen all adults for overweight or obesity. > > Recommendations: 1. Adult patients should have their BMI calculated from their height and weight to establish a diagnosis of overweight or obesity. \[B\] 2. Obese patients (BMI [\>]{.underline}30 kg/m^2^) should be offered weight loss treatment. \[B\] (See Module B: Treatment for Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance) 3. Overweight patients (BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m^2^) or patients with increased waist circumference (\>40 inches for men; \>35 inches for women) should be assessed for the presence of obesity-associated conditions that are directly influenced by weight, to determine the benefit they might receive from weight loss treatment. \[B\] 4. Normal weight patients (BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m^2^) should be provided with education regarding healthy lifestyle behaviors, advised of their BMI and their weight range margins, and instructed to return for further evaluation should those margins be exceeded. \[Expert Opinion\] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Classification BMI (kg/m^2^) Disease Risk with Disease Risk with Normal Waist Excessive Waist Circumference Circumference -------------------- -------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------ Underweight \<18.5 \- \- Normal 18.5-24.9 \- \- Overweight 25.0-29.9 Increased Moderate Obese I 30-34.9 Moderate Severe Obese II 35.0-39.9 Severe Very Severe Obese III [\>]{.underline}40 Very Severe Very Severe ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Adult patients should McTigue et al., 2003\ I Fair B have their BMI calculated National Heart, Lung, and from their height and Blood Institute (NHLBI), weight. 1998\ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), 2003\ World Health Organization (WHO), 2000 2 Overweight adults (BMI McTigue et al., 2003\ I Fair B between 25 and 29.9 NHLBI, 1998\ kg/m^2^) should be Strawbridge et al., 2000\ assessed for other risk USPSTF, 2003\ factors to determine if WHO, 2000 they need treatment for overweight. 3 Obese patients should be Heiat, Vaccarino, & I Good B offered weight loss Krumholz, 2001\ treatment. McTigue et al., 2003\ NHLBI, 1998\ WHO, 2000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) C. Obtain Waist Circumference Measurement > Objective > > Assess person\'s body fat distribution. > > Recommendations 1. For screening purposes, waist circumference should be obtained in patients with a BMI \<30 kg/m^2^ as a predictor of disease risk. \[C\] 2. The waist circumference measurement should be made with a tape measure placed above the iliac crest and wrapped in a horizontal fashion around the individual\'s abdomen at the end of a normal expiration. 3. Gender-specific cut-offs should be used as indicators of increased waist circumference. \[C\] - Men: waist circumference \>40 inches (102 cm) - Women: waist circumference \>35 inches (88 cm) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Waist circumference NHLBI, 1998\ II-2 Fair C should be obtained in Zhu et al., 2005 patients with BMI \<30 kg/m^2^ as a predictor of disease risk. 2 Gender-specific weight Janssen, Katzmarzyk, & III Poor C circumference (WC) Ross, 2002\ cut-offs should be used NHLBI, 1998\ as indicators of WHO, 2000 increased disease risk:\ \ Men \>40 inches (102cm)\ Women \>35 inches (88cm) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) D. Determine Presence of Obesity-Associated Health Conditions that Increase Risk > Objective > > Identify patients who are overweight and who will benefit from weight > loss treatment. > > Recommendations 1. Weight loss treatment should be offered to overweight patients (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m^2^) with one or more of the obesity-associated conditions that are directly influenced by weight loss (i.e., hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea) \[B\]; or with degenerative joint disease (DJD). \[I\] Table. Obesity-Associated Chronic Health Conditions ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The presence of any of the following conditions that are directly influenced by weight warrants weight loss therapy:\ \ Hypertension\ Type 2 Diabetes\ Dyslipidemia\ Metabolic Syndrome \\ Obstructive Sleep Apnea\ Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- \For a definition of Metabolic Syndrome, see the Table in Annotation L ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Overweight adults (BMI McTigue et al., 2003\ I Fair B between 25 and 29.9 NHLBI, 1998\ kg/m^2^) should be Strawbridge et al., 2000\ assessed for other risk USPSTF, 2003\ factors to determine if WHO, 2000 they need treatment for overweight. 2 Normal weight patients NHLBI, 1998\ III Poor I and overweight patients WHO, 2000 who do not have obesity-associated conditions should be educated to reinforce good lifestyle behaviors. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) E. Advise Patient to Maintain Weight and Prevent Weight Gain** > Objective > > Promote healthy lifestyles in low-risk patients. > > Recommendations 1. Overweight patients (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m^2^) who do not have associated risk factors should be offered brief advice, encouraged to maintain or lose weight, and offered assistance in establishing reasonable weight loss goals as well as diet and exercise plans if they seek help in losing weight. \[I\] 2. Overweight patients without obesity-associated conditions should be provided with education regarding healthy lifestyle behaviors, be advised of their BMI and their weight range margins and instructed to return for further evaluation should those margins be exceeded. BMI and risk factors should be reassessed annually. \[Expert Opinion\] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Brief advice for Working Group Consensus III Poor I overweight adults (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m^2^) without other associated risk factors assists in weight loss and/or weight maintenance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) F. Provide Brief Reinforcement and Lifestyle Education > Objective > > Promote healthy lifestyles for patients with normal weight. > > Recommendations 1. Patients of normal weight should be praised, encouraged to maintain their normal weight, and educated regarding a healthy lifestyle to include: \[Expert Opinion\] - A balance between caloric intake and energy expenditure - A healthy diet emphasizing, whenever possible, fresh fruits and vegetables (see MyPyramid at [http://www.mypyramid.gov](http://www.mypyramid.gov/)) - Regular, moderately intense physical activity for more than 30 minutes, five or more days per week - Additional healthy lifestyle elements related to weight maintenance that may include tobacco use cessation, limited caffeine intake, sleep hygiene, and stress management ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` G. Repeat Screening Annually > Objective > > Follow up patients with normal weight. > > Recommendation 1. Screening for overweight and obesity should be performed at least annually. \[Expert Opinion\] Module B: Treatment for Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance [Treatment Algorithm](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/OBE/OBE_CPG/content/algorithms/algoB.htm) Assessment H. Obese Person or Overweight with Obesity-Associated Condition(s) > Definition > > Patients who are obese, and patients who are overweight or have an > elevated waist circumference with one or more obesity-associated > conditions should be offered treatment for the reduction of body > weight. I. Obtain Medical History, Physical Examination, and Laboratory Tests as Indicated > Objective > > Identify medical disorders that may cause or complicate obesity. > > Recommendations 1. The clinical assessment of the overweight or obese patient should be done by the primary care provider. The assessment should include a basic medical history, a relevant physical examination, and laboratory tests as clinically indicated. The history should include age of onset or periods of rapid increase in body weight, precipitating factors, and maximum lifetime weight. \[Expert Opinion\] 2. The clinical assessment should rule out organic and drug related causes and identify health risks and/or the presence of weight-related conditions. \[Expert Opinion\] 3. In addition to a medical assessment, a social and psychological assessment may be indicated to identify barriers to participating in dietary or physical activity programs. The assessment may also include screening for behavioral health conditions that may hinder successful weight loss (i.e., depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, bipolar disorder, addictions, binge eating disorder, bulimia, and alcoholism). \[Expert Opinion\] 4. A nutritional evaluation should include an assessment of current intake as well as the use of supplements, herbs, and over-the-counter weight loss aides. In addition, meal and snack patterns and problem eating behaviors need to be assessed. The weight and dieting history should include the age of onset of weight gain, number and types of diets and attempts, possible triggers of weight gains and losses, and range of weight change. \[Expert Opinion\] 5. Current levels of physical activity and sedentary lifestyle should be assessed, including exercise frequency, duration, and intensity as well as the patient\'s motivation to increase physical activity. \[Expert Opinion\] ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` J. Assess Patient\'s Readiness to Lose Weight > Objective > > Identify the patient who is ready and willing to attempt weight loss. > > Recommendations 1. Readiness to lose weight should be assessed by direct inquiry. Those indicating an adequate readiness to lose weight (preparation or action stage) should proceed to treatment. Those not yet ready to lose weight (precontemplation or contemplation stage) should receive motivational counseling. \[Expert Opinion\] ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` K. Reach Shared Decisions about Goals and Treatment Plan > Objective > > Incorporate patient preferences in the treatment goals and plan to > optimize the patient\'s success in achieving and maintaining sustained > weight loss. > > Recommendations 1. The clinical team, together with the patient, should reach shared decisions regarding the treatment program. \[Expert Opinion\] - The clinical team should convey to the patient that obesity is a chronic disease that will require lifelong treatment - The clinical team should suggest the personalized preferred treatment options based on disease risk and patient characteristics (e.g., describe to the patient/caregiver the treatment options, including behavioral modification, diet and activity patterns, prognosis, estimated length and frequency of therapy, and expectations) - The patient should describe his or her needs, preferences, and resources and assist the team in determining the optimal environment for therapy and preferred interventions - The patient and the clinical team together should reach conclusions on the goals of therapy and preferred treatment plan ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 2. The patient\'s family/caregiver may participate in the treatment process and should be involved in assisting the patient with changing lifestyle, diet and physical activity patterns. \[Expert Opinion\] 3. Patient education should be provided in an interactive and written format. The patient should be given an information packet that includes printed material on subjects such as preferred foods to eat or foods to avoid, healthy lifestyle tips, support group information, and available audio/visual programs on weight loss. \[Expert Opinion\] 4. A detailed treatment plan needs to be documented in the medical record to provide integrated care. \[Expert Opinion\] Treatment For Weight Loss L. Initiate Interventions Based on Risk Level and Patient Preferences > Objective > > Stratify patients according to risk and provide weight loss treatment > accordingly. > > Recommendations 1. Weight loss therapy should be tailored to risk level based on calculated BMI and based upon the balance of benefits and risks and patient preferences. \[C\] 2. Patients who may benefit from weight loss should be offered interventions to improve their diet, increase exercise, and change related behaviors to promote weight loss. \[A\] 3. Weight loss interventions should combine dietary therapy, increased physical activity, and behavioral modification strategies rather than utilizing one intervention alone. \[A\] 4. A reasonable initial goal of weight loss therapy (intervention) is a 10 percent reduction in body weight. \[B\] 5. Drug therapy in combination with a reduced-calorie diet and exercise interventions should be considered for obese patients (BMI [\>]{.underline}30 kg/m^2^) or overweight patients (BMI [\>]{.underline}27 kg/m^2^) with an obesity-associated chronic health condition (i.e., hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and sleep apnea). \[B\] 6. Bariatric surgery to reduce body weight, improve obesity-associated comorbidities, and improve quality of life may be considered in adult patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}40 kg/m^2^ and those with a BMI [\>]{.underline}35 kg/m^2^ with at least one obesity-associated chronic health condition (i.e., hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and sleep apnea). \[B\] 7. There is insufficient evidence to recommend drug or surgical interventions specifically for patients who have documented coronary artery disease (CAD). \[I\] However, there is good evidence that drug and surgical weight loss interventions may improve cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. \[A\] 8. There is insufficient evidence to recommend drug or surgical interventions specifically for patients who have degenerative joint disease (DJD). However, physical activity and diet may improve physical function and chronic pain in patients with DJD. \[I\] Table. Indications for More Intensive Weight Loss Therapy ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The presence of the following conditions, directly influenced by weight loss, warrants consideration of more intensive therapy with drugs or surgery:\ \ Hypertension\ Type 2 Diabetes\ Dyslipidemia\ Metabolic Syndrome\ Obstructive Sleep Apnea ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Weight loss with diet, NHLBI, 1998\ I Good A exercise, and behavioral Appel et al., 2003 modification is recommended for patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}25 kg/m^2^ and hypertension. 2 Orlistat is associated Sharma & Golay, 2002 I Good B with lowering blood pressure as a secondary effect of weight loss in patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}27 kg/m^2^ and hypertension. 3 Bariatric surgery is Buchwald et al., 2004\ I Fair B effective in lowering Sjostrom et al., 2004 blood pressure in patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}35 kg/m^2^ and hypertension. 4 Sibutramine has been Arterburn, Crane, & I Good D shown to raise blood Veenstra, 2004 pressure in patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}27 kg/m^2^. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Weight loss with diet, Tuomilehto et al., 2001\ I Good A exercise, and behavioral The Diabetes Prevention modification is Program, 2002 recommended in patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}25 kg/m^2^ and diabetes. 2 Orlistat and sibutramine Didangelos et al., 2004\ I Fair B modestly improve glycemic Hanefeld & Sachse, 2002\ control in patients with Kelley et al., 2002\ a BMI [\>]{.underline}27 Miles et al., 2002\ kg/m^2^ and type 2 Torgerson et al., 2004 diabetes. 3 Bariatric surgery Buchwald et al., 2004 I Good B improves glycemic control or resolves diabetes in patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}35 kg/m^2^. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Weight loss is \"Third Report,\" 2002\ I Good A recommended in all NHLBI, 1998 patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}25 kg/m^2^ with dyslipidemia. 2 Orlistat and sibutramine Dujovne et al., 2001\ I Good B improve lipid levels in Hutton & Fergusson, 2004\ patients with a BMI Klein, 2004\ [\>]{.underline}27 Lucas, Boldrin, & Reaven, kg/m^2^ with 2003\ dyslipidemia. Micic et. al., 1999 3 Bariatric surgery Buchwald et al., 2004\ I Good B improves triglycerides in Sjostrom et al., 2004 patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}35 and dyslipidemia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) *Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome \[\"Third Report,\", 2002\]* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Three or more of the following risk factors Defining Level indicate metabolic syndrome:** --------------------------------------------- ------------------------- Abdominal Obesity: Waist Circumference (WC): Men\* Greater than 102 cm (\>40 in) Women Greater than 88 cm (\>35 in) Triglycerides Greater than or equal to 150 mg/dL HDL cholesterol: Men Less than 40 mg/dL Women Less than 50 mg/dL Blood pressure Greater than or equal to 130/85 mmHg Fasting glucose Greater than or equal to 110 mg/dL ----------------------------------------------------------------------- \Some men can develop multiple metabolic risk factors when the WC is only marginally increased (e.g., 37-39 inches \[94-102 cm\]). Such persons may have a strong genetic contribution to insulin resistance. They should benefit from changes in life habits, similarly to men with categorical increases in WC. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Weight loss is \"Third Report,\" 2002\ I Good A recommended in all NHLBI, 1998 patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}25 kg/m^2^ with metabolic syndrome. 2 Orlistat improves the Didangelos et al., 2004\ I Fair B components of the Lindgarde, 2000 metabolic syndrome in patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}27 kg/m^2^. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Weight loss is Carmelli et al., 2000\ II-3 Fair B recommended in patients Kansanen et al., 1998\ with a BMI Smith et al., 1985\ [\>]{.underline}25 Suratt et al., 1992 kg/m^2^ with sleep apnea. 2 The use of orlistat and N/A N/A N/A I sibutramine has not been adequately studied in obese or overweight patients with sleep apnea. 3 Bariatric surgery is Buchwald et al., 2004\ II-2 Good B recommended in morbidly Dixon, Schacter, & obese patients with sleep O\'Brien, 2001\ apnea. Karason et al., 2000\ Maggard et al., 2005\ O\'Brien et al.,2002 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) N/A = Not Applicable ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Weight loss is Christensen, Astrup, & I Poor C recommended in all obese Bliddal, 2005\ or overweight patients Felson et al., 1992\ with lower extremity DJD. Messier et al., 2004\ Rejeski et al., 2002 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) Weight Maintenance and Follow-Up M. Is Patient Losing Weight?** > Objective > > Assess response to therapy and progress toward weight loss goals. > > Recommendations 1. Patients on diet, exercise, and behavioral therapy who have lost on average 1 to 2 pounds per week should continue with their current treatment until their weight loss goal is achieved. \[B\] 2. Patients who have lost on average less than 1 pound per week should have their adherence to therapy assessed and treatment plan reevaluated. \[I\] 3. Obese patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}30 kg/m^2^, and overweight patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}27 kg/m^2^ and obesity-associated chronic health conditions who fail to achieve adequate weight loss through non-pharmacologic interventions may be candidates for pharmacotherapy with orlistat or sibutramine. \[B\] (See Module C, Section C-4 Pharmacotherapy.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 An energy deficit of \"Diet programs,\" 2004\ I Good B 500-1,000 calories can NHLBI, 1998 lead to weight loss of 1 to 2 pounds per week. 2 A reasonable time to NHLBI, 1998 I Good B achieve a 10% reduction in body weight is 6 months of therapy. 3 Patients who have lost on NHLBI, 1998 II Fair B average 1 pound or more per week should continue with their current treatment. 4 Use of medications for See Module C, Section C-4: maintenance. Pharmacotherapy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) N. Congratulate and Initiate Relapse Prevention/Maintenance > Objective > > Continue the necessary interventions to maintain the weight loss and > prevent weight gain. > > Recommendations 1. Patients who have met their weight loss goals or have stopped losing weight and are ready to sustain current weight loss should be offered a maintenance program consisting of diet, physical activity, and behavioral support. Weight status should be reevaluated and diet and physical activity should be adjusted so that energy balance is maintained (energy intake is equal to energy expenditure). \[B\] 2. Providers should continue to maintain contact with patients providing on-going support, encouragement, and close monitoring during the maintenance phase of weight loss to prevent weight regain. \[B\] 3. Patients who achieve their weight loss goal with a combination of medication, diet, and exercise may be considered candidates to include their medication as a component of their weight maintenance program with continued monitoring of effectiveness and adverse effects. \[B\] (See Module C, Section C-4 Pharmacotherapy recommendations below.) 4. Lifelong follow-up after bariatric surgery is necessary to monitor adherence to treatment, adverse effects and complications, dietary restrictions, and behavioral health. \[I\] 5. There is no established optimum visit length or duration between maintenance visits, but it seems reasonable to establish a minimum of quarterly follow-up (every three months) for the sustainment of weight loss and more frequently if the patient requests it. \[I\] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Continued contact with NHLBI, 1998 II Fair B patients providing on-going support, encouragement, and monitoring to prevent weight regain. 3 A maintenance program of NHLBI, 1998\ II-2 Fair B diet, physical activity, Tremblay, Doucet, & and behavioral support Imbeault, 1999 should be offered beginning at 6 months. 4 Emphasize working with NHLBI, 1998\ II-2 Fair B patients to solve Perri et al., 1988, 2001\ problems that impede Tremblay Doucet, & Imbeault weight management. , 1999\ Wing & Phelan, 2005 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) O. Assess Adherence and Modify Treatment > Objective > > Assess the patient\'s progress toward treatment goals and determine > adjustments as needed. > > Recommendations 1. Adherence to weight loss programs should be assessed by periodically measuring the patient\'s BMI and waist circumference and providing feedback. \[Expert Opinion\] 2. Patients should be encouraged to record activities by using food logs, exercise logs, and personal diaries to provide structure and allow the provider to identify compliance or relapse issues. \[B\] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Provide patient with Marlatt & Gordon, 2000\ II-2 Fair B objective evidence of Wadden, 1999 goal attainment. 2 Analysis/reinforcement of DiLillo, Siegfried,& II Poor B food logs, exercise Smith-West, 2003\ records, and personal NHLBI, 1998 diaries confirms compliance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) P. Reinforce Knowledge, Motivation, Skills, and Support > Objective > > Motivate overweight or obese patients who are presently not ready to > undertake weight loss to do so in the future. > > Recommendations 1. Motivational interviewing techniques should be utilized to motivate patients to improve their dietary habits. \[B\] 2. Motivational interviewing techniques should be considered to motivate patients to increase their physical activity. \[Expert Opinion\] 3. Patients who may benefit from weight loss but are not willing to attempt to lose weight at this time should receive brief, non-judgmental motivational counseling designed to increase their motivation to lose weight. This counseling should include discussion about: \[Expert Opinion\] - Relevance: connection between overweight and current symptoms, disease, and medical history - Risks: risks of continued overweight status, tailored to individual risk/relevance of cardiovascular disease or exacerbation of pre-existing disease - Rewards: potential benefits for losing excess weight to patients\' medical, financial, and psychosocial well-being - Roadblocks: barriers to losing weight, with options and strategies to address patient\'s barriers - Repetition: reassess willingness to lose weight at subsequent visits; repeat intervention for unmotivated patients at every visit Module C: Interventions for Weight Loss C-1 Diet Therapy Recommendations [Weight Loss]{.underline} 1. Dietary interventions should be individually planned, in conjunction with physical activity, to create a caloric deficit of 500 to 1,000 kcal/day. Such negative energy balance may lead to a weight loss of 1 to 2 pounds per week. \[B\] [Selection of Specific Diets]{.underline} 2. Dietary programs should at a minimum reduce the usual caloric intake by 500 to 1,000 kcal/day to achieve modest weight loss. \[B\] 3. Low-calorie diets (LCDs) should generally include 1,000 to 1,200 kcal/day for women and 1,200 to 1,600 kcal/day for men and should include the major nutrients in appropriate proportions (see Appendix C, Table C-1 in the original guideline document). \[B\] 4. Very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs) that restrict calories to less than 800 kcal/day \[15 kcal/kg ideal body weight\] are not recommended for weight loss, but may be used short term (12 to 16 weeks) under medical supervision. \[B\] 5. Low-fat intake (20 to 30 percent of total calories/day), as part of low-calorie diets (LCDs), can be recommended to induce weight loss and should be recommended for patients with cardiovascular disease or lipid abnormalities. \[B\] 6. Low-carbohydrate diets (less than 20 percent of total calories) may be used for short-term weight loss, but are not recommended for long-term dieting or weight maintenance. \[B\] 7. Low-carbohydrate diets can be recommended to reduce serum triglyceride levels for overweight patients with mixed dyslipidemia. \[B\] 8. Low-carbohydrate diets are not recommended for patients with hepatic or renal disease or for patients with diabetes who are unable to monitor blood glucose. \[C\] 9. Low-calorie diets (LCDs) or very low-calorie diets (VLCDs) may include meal replacements (e.g., bars and shakes). \[A\] 10. There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against a diet limited to foods with a glycemic index less than 55 as a means of producing weight loss. \[C\] [Commercial Diets]{.underline} 11. Patients should be encouraged to adhere to a specific diet, as adherence to any diet plan from a variety of programs (e.g., Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone) has been shown to be the most important factor in achieving weight reduction. \[B\] Table. Definitions of Common Diets ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Diet Approach Content (% of total calories) ------------------------------------------ ------------- ------------------- ------------- Fat Carbohydrates Protein Very-low carbohydrates\ 55--65 \<20 (\<100g) 25--30 (High-fat) Low carbohydrates\ 20--30 30--40 25--30 (Moderate-fat) Moderate-fat, balanced nutrient 20--30 55--60 15--20 reduction\ (Low-calorie) Low-fat 11--19 \>65 10--20 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 An energy deficit of \"Diet programs,\" 2004\ I Fair B 500-1,000 kcal/day will NHLBI, 1998 lead to weight loss of 1 to 2 pounds per week. 2 Energy deficit (calories Avenell et al., 2004\ I Fair B in vs. calories out), Freedman, King, & Kennedy, rather than macronutrient 2001\ composition is the major \"Diet programs,\" 2004\ determinant of weight McTigue et al., 2003 loss. 3 No single type of diet Avenell et al., 2004\ I Fair B has been shown to be more Dansinger et al., 2005\ effective than the \"Diet programs,\" 2004\ others. McTigue et al., 2003 4 LCDs may result in Avenell et al., 2004\ I Good A moderate weight loss for \"Diet programs,\" 2004\ patients that adhere to McTigue et al., 2003\ the diet program (3 to 18 NHLBI, 1998 months). 5 VLCDs (less than 800 Wadden & Stunkard, 1986;\ I Good B kcal/day) produce greater Wadden et al., 1994\ initial weight loss than Williams et al., 1998\ other forms of calorie Wing et al., 1994 restriction at 12 to 16 weeks. 6 VLCDs should be \"Very low-calorie diets,\" III Poor C monitored under medical 1993 supervision. 7 Greater initial weight Anderson et al., 2001 I Fair I loss induced without changes in lifestyle (e.g., VLCD) may improve long-term weight maintenance. 8 Low-fat diets produce NHLBI, 1998 I Good A a caloric deficit and lead to modest weight loss at 3 to 6 months. Greater weight loss is observed in patients with greater baseline weights. 9 Low-fat, calorie \"Third Report,\" 2002\ I Fair B restricted diets may lead NHLBI, 1998 to weight loss and reduction in Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol for patient with dyslipidemia. 10 Low-carbohydrate Bravata et al., 2003\ I Fair B diets result in more Brehm et al., 2003\ rapid short-term (6 Foster et al., 2003\ months) weight loss than Samaha et al., 2003 low-fat LCDs.\ \ Low-carbohydrate diets may reduce serum triglyceride levels and improve High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in patients with mixed dyslipidemia. 11 Low-carbohydrate Working Group Consensus III Poor I diets are contraindicated in patients with renal or hepatic disease and patients with diabetes that cannot monitor their blood sugars. 12 Meal replacements are Bowerman et al., 2001\ I Good A safe to promote weight Flechtner-Mors et al., loss in conjunction with 2000\ LCDs and VLCDs. Heymsfield et al., 2003\ Noakes et al., 2004 13 The evidence is III Poor I insufficient to substantiate the recommendation of a diet based on the glycemic index, without caloric reduction. 14 Low-energy-dense McCrory et al., 2000\ I Fair B diets can help lower Rolls & Bell, 2000 calorie intake without reducing food volume and lead to weight loss. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) C-2 Physical Activity Recommendations 1. Weight loss interventions should include exercise to promote weight loss \[A\], maintain weight loss \[A\], decrease abdominal obesity \[B\], improve cardiovascular fitness \[A\], improve cardiovascular outcomes \[A\], and decrease all-cause and cardiovascular mortality \[B\]. 2. Home fitness/lifestyle activities or structured supervised programs may be effectively used to produce a caloric expenditure leading to weight loss. \[A\] 3. Moderate levels of physical activity should be performed at least 30 minutes most days of the week. \[B\] 4. Physical activity may include short intermittent bursts (10 minutes or longer) as well as longer continuous exercise. \[A\] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 **Physical Activity/Exercise should occur to: a\. Promote weight loss NHLBI, 1998\ I Good A Ross et al., 2000 b\. Maintain weight loss Miller et al., 1997 I Good A c\. Decrease abdominal NHLBI, 1998 I Fair B obesity d\. Improve NHLBI, 1998 I Good A cardiovascular fitness e\. Reduce cardiovascular Bassuk & Manson, 2004\ I Good A risk factors NHLBI, 1998 f\. Decrease all-cause Blair et al., 1995\ II-2 Fair B and cardiovascular Lee, Blair, & Jackson, mortality 1999\ Paffenbarger et. al., 1993 2 Lifestyle physical Anderson et al., 1999\ I Good A activities (home fitness Fogelholm et al.,2000 programs) are just as effective in promoting weight loss as structured supervised exercise programs. 3 Moderate levels of Jakicic et al., 2001\ I Fair B physical activity should NHLBI, 1998\ be performed at least 30 Saris et al., 2003 minutes most days of the week. 4 Short intermittent bursts Frick et al., 2001\ I Good A of physical activity are Jakicic et al., 1999 just as effective as longer continuous exercise. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) C-3 Behavioral Modification Strategies** Recommendations 1. Behavioral modification interventions to improve adherence to diet and physical activity should be given to overweight or obese individuals. \[B\] 2. Behavioral modification interventions should be provided at a higher intensity when possible for greater effectiveness. Higher intensity is defined as more than one personal contact per month for the first three months (individual or group setting). Less frequent intervention may be an ineffective and inefficient use of manpower. \[B\] 3. Multiple behavioral modification strategies should be used in combination for greater effectiveness. \[A\] 4. Behavioral modification intervention should be delivered in a group format when possible rather than individually. \[B\] 5. For individuals unable or unwilling to participate in weight loss treatment in person, telephone or internet-based behavioral modification intervention may be considered. \[B\] 6. Behavioral modification intervention should be continued on a long-term basis to promote maintenance of weight loss. \[B\] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Behavioral modification Avenell et al., 2004\ I Fair B interventions add ICSI, 2005\ effectiveness to diet and McTigue et al., 2003\ exercise interventions in NHLBI, 1998\ promoting weight loss. Wadden & Butryn, 2003 2 Behavioral modification NHLBI, 1998\ I Fair B interventions with McTigue et al., 2003 greater intensity are more effective than those with less intensity in promoting weight loss. 3 Combined behavioral NHLBI, 1998 I Good A modification strategies are more effective than a single behavioral modification strategy in promoting weight loss. 4 Group-based behavioral Renjilian et al., 2001 I Fair B modification counseling is more effective than individual counseling in promoting weight loss. 5 Telephone and internet Boucher et al., 1999\ I Fair B behavioral treatment is Harvey-Barino et al., 2004\ effective in promoting Jeffery et al., 2003\ weight loss. Tate, Jackvony, & Wing, 2003 6 Continued behavioral Jeffery et al., 2000\ I Fair B modification Latner et al., 2002\ interventions are McTigue et al., 2003\ effective in sustaining NHLBI, 1998\ weight loss. Perri et al., 1988\ Perri et al., 2001\ Wadden & Butryn, 2003 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) C4 Pharmacotherapy Recommendations 1. Adult patients with a BMI greater than 30 kg/m^2^ or a BMI greater than 27 kg/m^2^ with obesity-associated conditions may be considered for pharmacotherapy in combination with a reduced-calorie diet, increased physical activity and behavioral therapy. \[B\] 2. Patients who do not respond to medication with a reasonable weight loss should be evaluated for adherence to the medication regimen and adjunctive therapies or considered for an adjustment of dosage. \[I\] 3. If the patient continues to be unresponsive to the medication, or serious adverse effects occur, the use of medication should be discontinued. \[I\] [Orlistat]{.underline} 4. Orlistat may be considered to reduce body weight \[B\] and improve obesity-associated cardiovascular risk factors \[C\]. 5. Patients who have lost 5 percent or more of their body weight after 12 weeks of treatment or lost an average of 1 pound or more per week with orlistat should continue their current treatment, as they are more likely to experience sustained weight loss. \[B\] 6. Orlistat may be considered as a component of weight maintenance programs for up to 4 years. \[B\] 7. Patients prescribed orlistat should take a multiple vitamin that includes fat soluble vitamins. \[Expert Opinion\] [Sibutramine]{.underline} 8. Sibutramine may be considered to reduce body weight \[B\] and improve glycemic and lipid parameters \[C\]. 9. Patients who have lost an average of 1 pound or more per week during the first 4 weeks of therapy with sibutramine should continue treatment, barring any intolerable side effects. \[Expert Opinion\] 10. Patients who fail to lose 4 pounds after 4 weeks treated with sibutramine should have their adherence assessed and, if appropriate, an increase in the dose for an additional 4-week trial. \[I\] 11. Sibutramine may be considered as a component of weight maintenance programs for up to 2 years. \[B\] 12. Sibutramine should be discontinued if it is not efficacious in helping the patient to lose or maintain weight loss. \[B\] 13. Sibutramine should be used with caution as it can elevate blood pressure and heart rate. \[A\] 14. Adult patients with uncontrolled hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke should not include sibutramine as a part of their weight loss program due to the increased risk of harm. \[D\] 15. Sibutramine should be avoided in patients taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), triptans, pseudoephedrine, and other agents that affect serotonin. \[D\] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of QE Overall SR Evidence Quality ------- -------------------- ---------------------- -------- ----------- ------------ -------- -------------- Weight CV Morbidity\ risk Mortality 1 Pharmacotherapy may Apfelbaum et al., I Fair B C I be considered for 1999\ BMI greater than 30 Arterburn, McDonell, & kg/m^2^ or a BMI Hedrick, 2004\ greater than 27 James et al., 2000\ kg/m^2^ with one or Li et. al., 2005\ more obesity related McTigue et al., 2003\ risk factors. O\'Meara et al., 2002\ Shekelle et al., 2004\ Torgerson et al., 2004 2 Orlistat may be Lindegarde, 2000\ I Fair B C I considered to reduce Padwal, Li, & Lau, body weight and 2004\ improve Shekelle et al., 2004 obesity-associated cardiovascular risk factors. 3 Patients who have Rissanen et al., 2003 II-2 Fair B C I lost greater than or equal to 5% of their body weight after 12 weeks of treatment with orlistat are more likely to experience sustained improvement. 4 Orlistat may be Padwal, Li, & Lau, I Fair B C B\ considered as a 2004\ (new onset component of weight Shekelle et al., 2004\ diabetes) maintenance programs Torgerson et al., 2004 for up to 4 years. 5 Sibutramine may be Arterburn, Crane, & I Fair B C I considered to reduce Veenstra, 2004\ body weight and Arterburn, McDonell, & improve glycemic and Hedrick, 2004\ lipid parameters. McTigue et al., 2003\ Padwal, Li, & Lau, 2004\ Shekelle et al., 2004 6 Sibutramine may be Arterburn, Crane, & I Fair B C I considered as a Veenstra, 2004\ component of weight Arterburn, McDonell, & maintenance program Hedrick, 2004\ for up to 2 years. Padwal, Li, & Lau, 2004\ Shekelle et al., 2004 7 Sibutramine should Arterburn Crane, & I Good A be used with caution Veenstra, 2004\ as it can elevate Arterburn, McDonell, & blood pressure and Hedrick, 2004\ heart rate. Padwal, Li, & Lau, , 2004 8 Avoid sibutramine in Arterburn Crane, & II-3 Fair D adult patients with Veenstra, , 2004\ uncontrolled Arterburn, McDonell, & hypertension, Hedrick, 2004\ cardiovascular Padwal, Li, & Lau., disease, and history 2004 of MI or stroke due to the increased risk of harm. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) C-5 Bariatric Surgery Recommendations 1. Adult patients with extreme obesity (BMI 40 kg/m^2^ or more) or severe obesity (BMI 35 kg/m^2^ or more with one or more obesity-associated chronic health condition) may be considered for bariatric surgery to reduce body weight \[A\], improve obesity-associated comorbidities \[B\], and improve quality of life \[B\]. 2. Roux-en-y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) is recommended as the bariatric procedure with the most robust evidence for inducing sustained weight loss \[B\] for patients with BMI greater than 40 kg/m^2^. 3. There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the routine use of bariatric surgery in those over 65 years of age and patients with a substantial surgical risk. \[I\] 4. Providers should engage all patients who are candidates for bariatric surgery in a detailed discussion of the benefits and potential risks of bariatric procedures. \[I\] 5. Relative contraindications to bariatric surgery that are supported only by expert consensus include: - Unstable coronary artery disease, severe pulmonary disease, portal hypertension or other conditions that can compromise anesthesia or wound healing - Patients who are unable to comprehend basic principles of surgery or follow-up postoperative instructions - Patients having had multiple abdominal operations, complicated incisional hernias - Patients who have illnesses that greatly reduce life expectancy and/or are unlikely to be improved in their medical condition by surgically-induced weight reduction (e.g., cancer). ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 6. Lifelong medical follow-up after surgery is necessary to monitor adherence to treatment, adverse effects and complications, dietary restrictions, and behavioral health. \[I\] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommendation Sources of Evidence QE Overall SR Quality ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Bariatric surgery (RYGB, ECRI, 2004\ I Good B AGB, & VBG) to promote Maggard et al., 2005\ substantial long-term (3 Shekelle et al., 2004 years) weight loss in patient with BMI [\>]{.underline}40 or BMI [\>]{.underline}35 with comorbid conditions. 2 Bariatric surgery (RYGB, Buchwald et al., 2004\ I Fair\* B AGB, & VBG) to improve or ECRI, 2004\ resolve comorbid Sjostrom et al., 2004 conditions. 3 Bariatric surgery (RYGB, ECRI, 2004\ I Fair\* B AGB, & VBG) to improve Karlsson, Sjostrom, & quality of life. Sullivan, 1998\ Shekelle et al., 2004 4 Bariatric surgery to Christou et al., 2004\ II-2 Poor I improve long-term Flum & Dellinger, 2004 (greater than 5 years) survival. 5 RYGB to promote greater Buchwald et al., 2004\ I Fair B weight loss than VBG or ECRI, 2004\ AGB Maggard et al., 2005\ Shekelle et al., 2004 6 Bariatric surgery in ECRI, 2004\ II-3 Fair I those over 65 years of Shekelle et al., 2004 age has higher risk of mortality 7 Preoperative requirements Expert Opinion\ III Poor I or effective means to Saltzman et al,, 2005 prepare patients for surgery. 8 Contraindication for Expert Opinion III Poor I bariatric surgery. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \Evidence quality was rated as fair, because few studies reported these outcomes consistently, and few studies were designed to examine the impact of surgery on these outcomes. QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) AGB = Adjustable gastric band; RBG vertical banded gastroplasty Definitions: Evidence Rating System* Quality of Evidence (QE) ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- I At least one properly done randomized controlled trial (RCT) II-1 Well designed controlled trail without randomization II-2 Well designed cohort or case-control analytic study, preferably from more than one source II-3 Multiple time series evidence with/without intervention, dramatic results of uncontrolled experiment III Opinion of respected authorities, descriptive studies, case reports, and expert committees ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- Overall Quality ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- Good High grade evidence (I or II-1) directly linked to health outcome Fair High grade evidence (I or II-1) linked to intermediate outcome;\ \ or\ \ Moderate grade evidence (II-2 or II-3) directly linked to health outcome Poor Level III evidence or no linkage of evidence to health outcome ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- Net Effect of the Intervention ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- Substantial: More than a small relative impact on a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering;\ \ or\ \ A large impact on an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. Moderate: A small relative impact on a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering;\ \ or\ \ A moderate impact on an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. Small: A negligible relative impact on a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering;\ \ or\ \ A small impact on an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. Zero or Negative impact on patients;\ Negative: \ or\ \ No relative impact on either a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering, or an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- Strength of the Recommendation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The net benefit of the intervention -------------------- ----------------- -------------- ----------- ------------------- Quality of Substantial* Moderate Small *Zero or Evidence Negative** Good A B C D Fair B B C D Poor I I I I ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- ------------------------------------------------------------------- A A strong recommendation that the clinicians provide the intervention to eligible patients.\ Good evidence was found that the intervention improves important health outcomes and concludes that benefits substantially outweigh harm. B A recommendation that clinicians provide (the service) to eligible patients.\ At least fair evidence was found that the intervention improves health outcomes and concludes that benefits outweigh harm. C No recommendation for or against the routine provision of the intervention is made.\ At least fair evidence was found that the intervention can improve health outcomes, but concludes that the balance of benefits and harms is too close to justify a general recommendation. D Recommendation is made against routinely providing the intervention to asymptomatic patients.\ At least fair evidence was found that the intervention is ineffective or that harms outweigh benefits. I The conclusion is that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against routinely providing the intervention.\ Evidence that the intervention is effective is lacking, or poor quality, or conflicting and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined. --- ------------------------------------------------------------------- Abbreviations and Acronyms List AGB - Adjustable Gastric Band BMI - Body Mass Index CAD -- Coronary artery disease DoD - Department of Defense DJD - Degenerative Joint Disease EBM - Evidence-Based Medicine HDL-C - High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol LCD - Low-Calorie Diet LDL -- Low density Lipoprotein MAOI - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors MI - Myocardial Infarction RYGB - Roux-en-y Gastric Bypass SSRI - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor VHA -- Veterans Health Administration VBG - Vertical Banded Gastroplasty VLCD - Very-Low-Calorie Diet WC - Waist Circumference #### CLINICAL ALGORITHM(S) Algorithms are provided for: - [Screening for Overweight and Obesity](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/OBE/OBE_CPG/content/algorithms/algoA.htm) - [Treatment for Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/OBE/OBE_CPG/content/algorithms/algoB.htm) ### EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS #### REFERENCES SUPPORTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS [References open in a new window](http://www.guideline.gov/summary/select_ref.aspx?doc_id=10714) #### TYPE OF EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS The guideline is supported by the literature in a majority of areas, with evidence-based tables and references throughout the document. The evidence consists of key clinical randomized controlled trials and longitudinal studies in the area of weight loss and weight maintenance therapy. Where existing literature is ambiguous or conflicting, or where scientific data are lacking on an issue, recommendations are based on the expert panel\'s opinion and clinical experience. The guideline contains a bibliography and discussion of the evidence supporting each recommendation. The quality of the evidence supporting individual recommendations is given for selected recommendations (see \"Major Recommendations\" field). ### BENEFITS/HARMS OF IMPLEMENTING THE GUIDELINE RECOMMENDATIONS #### POTENTIAL BENEFITS Weight loss improves blood pressure, cholesterol, glycemic control, and obstructive sleep apnea and reduces incident hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Modest weight loss among overweight and obese adults will reduce the incidence and severity of diabetes, a chronic condition that is linked to significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. #### POTENTIAL HARMS - Continuing a very low calorie diet (VLCD) for a long period may not be safe. - Potential adverse effects and precautions for drug therapy used in dyslipidemia are provided in Table F-1 in Appendix F of the original guideline document. - There are significant drug or nutrient interactions with anti-obesity agents. See Table F-3 in Appendix F in the original guideline document for a list of known drug interactions to date. - Bariatric surgery may be associated with stricture of gastrojejunonstomy, gastrointestinal bleeding, marginal ulcer, bowel obstruction, and complications of the LapBand. See Appendix G of the original guideline document for details. ### CONTRAINDICATIONS #### CONTRAINDICATIONS - Low-carbohydrate diets are contraindicated in patients with renal or hepatic disease and patients with diabetes that cannot monitor their blood sugars. - The use of sibutramine with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) is contraindicated. - Sibutramine is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled hypertension and in patients who have a major eating disorder (anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa). - Women who are pregnant or who are considering pregnancy in the next two years should not be considered candidates for bariatric surgery. - Relative contraindications to bariatric surgery that are supported only by expert consensus include: - Unstable coronary artery disease, severe pulmonary disease, portal hypertension or other conditions that can compromise anesthesia or wound healing - Patients who are unable to comprehend basic principles of surgery or follow-up postoperative instructions - Patients having had multiple abdominal operations, complicated incisional hernias - Patients who have illnesses that greatly reduce life expectancy and/or are unlikely to be improved in their medical condition by surgically-induced weight reduction (e.g., cancer). ### QUALIFYING STATEMENTS #### QUALIFYING STATEMENTS - The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and The Department of Defense (DoD) guidelines are based upon the best information available at the time of publication. They are designed to provide information and assist decision-making. They are not intended to define a standard of care, and should not be construed as one. Neither should they be interpreted as prescribing an exclusive course of management. - Variations in practice will inevitably and appropriately occur when clinicians take into account the needs of individual patients, available resources, and limitations unique to an institution or type of practice. Every healthcare professional making use of these guidelines is responsible for evaluating the appropriateness of applying them in the setting of any particular clinical situation. - Clinical practice guidelines, which are increasingly being used in health care, are seen by many as potential solutions to inefficiency and inappropriate variations in care. Guidelines should be evidenced-based as well as based upon explicit criteria to ensure consensus regarding their internal validity. However, it must be remembered that the use of guidelines must always be in the context of a health care provider\'s clinical judgment in the care of a particular patient. For that reason, the guidelines may be viewed as an educational tool analogous to textbooks and journals, but in a more user-friendly format. ### IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GUIDELINE #### DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY Clinicians can use the algorithms to determine appropriate interventions and timing of care for their patients and to better stratify obese and overweight patients and optimize healthcare utilization. There is no intent to restrict providers from using their clinical expertise in the care of an individual patient. The guideline\'s recommendations should facilitate, not replace, clinical judgment. This guideline has been developed to assist Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and Department of Defense (DoD) facilities to implement processes of care that are evidence-based. The guideline is designed to achieve maximum functionality and independence and improve patient/family quality of life. The recommendations may provide facilities lacking organized weight management care a structured approach to confront the challenges in facing the obesity epidemic and assure that veterans and active duty personnel who can benefit from weight reduction will have access to comparable care, regardless of geographic location. It is also meant to encourage each Veterans Integrated Services Network (VISN) or DoD medical treatment facility (MTF), or other care access sites in developing innovative plans, to remove barriers that prevent patients from gaining prompt access to preventive care and inhibit primary care providers, specialists, and allied health professionals from working together. #### IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS Clinical Algorithm\ Pocket Guide/Reference Cards\ Resources For information about [availability](#identifying-information-and-availability), see the \"Availability of Companion Documents\" and \"Patient Resources\" fields below. ### INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE (IOM) NATIONAL HEALTHCARE QUALITY REPORT CATEGORIES #### IOM CARE NEED Getting Better\ Living with Illness #### IOM DOMAIN Effectiveness\ Patient-centeredness ### IDENTIFYING INFORMATION AND AVAILABILITY #### BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCE(S) Management of Overweight and Obesity Working Group. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for screening and management of overweight and obesity. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense; 2006. 117 p. #### ADAPTATION The guideline draws, in part, from: - U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Obesity in Adults: Recommendations and Rationale. November 2003. Agency for Health Care Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. (<http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/obesity/obesrr.htm>). - National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Clinical Guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in Adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083, 1998. #### DATE RELEASED 2006 Dec #### GUIDELINE DEVELOPER(S) Department of Defense - Federal Government Agency \[U.S.\]\ Department of Veterans Affairs - Federal Government Agency \[U.S.\]\ Veterans Health Administration - Federal Government Agency \[U.S.\] #### SOURCE(S) OF FUNDING United States Government #### GUIDELINE COMMITTEE The Management of Obesity Working Group #### COMPOSITION OF GROUP THAT AUTHORED THE GUIDELINE Veterans Affairs (VA) Working Group Members: Nicky Goraya, MD (Co-chairman); Alison Acerra, RD; Ariana Aoun, RD; Vanita Aroda, MD; David Arterburn, MD; Charles Billington, MD; Mary Burdick, PhD; Melanie Erskine, RN; Richard Harvey, PhD; Mary Jansen, PhD; Edward Livingston, MD; Leonard Pogach, MD; Todd Semla, PharmD Department of Defense (DoD) Working Group Members: Wayne Z. McBride, DO (Co-chairman); Vincent F. Carr, DO; Sammy Choi, MD; Sally Glover, RN; Joyce Grissom, MD; Vivian Hutson, RD; Dawn Johnson, DO; Subrina Linscomb; Julie Liss, PharmD; Theresa Newlin, FNP; John Schriver, MD; Michael Sigmon, MD; Margaret Voelker, RN, MN; Marjory Waterman, RN Facilitator: Oded Susskind, MPH Evidence Appraisal Reports: Vivian H. Coates, MPH; Eileen G. Erinoff; Charles Turkelson, PhD Staff Support: Rosalie Fishman, RN, MSN; Martha D\'Erasmo, MPH; Sarah Carroll; Joanne Marko, MS, CCC; Kristyn O\'Reilley #### FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES/CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Not stated #### GUIDELINE STATUS This is the current release of the guideline. #### GUIDELINE AVAILABILITY Electronic copies: Available from the [Department of Veterans Affairs Web site](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/OBE/OBE_base.htm). Print copies: Available from the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Quality and Performance (10Q) 810 Vermont Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20420. #### AVAILABILITY OF COMPANION DOCUMENTS The following are available: - Screening and management of overweight and obesity guideline summary -- update 2006. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs (U.S.); 2006. 23 p. - Management of overweight and obesity pocket guide -- update 2006. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs (U.S.); 2006. 2 p. - Screening and management of overweight and obesity key points card -- update 2006. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs (U.S.); 2006. 2 p. Electronic copies: Available from the [Department of Veterans Affairs Web site](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/OBE/OBE_base.htm). Print copies: Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Quality and Performance (10Q) 810 Vermont Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20420. In addition, the VHA Web site provides references to related guidelines, performance measures, and other resources. The following are also available: - Guideline for Guidelines. Draft. Washington (DC): Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs. Available from the : [VHA Web site](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/policy.asp). - Guideline development process. Appendix A of the [original guideline document](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/OBE/OBE_CPG/frameset.htm) - Putting clinical practice guidelines to work \[online tutorial\]. Available from the [Department of Veterans Affairs Web site](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/Training/WWW/010000000010.html). #### PATIENT RESOURCES None available #### NGC STATUS This NGC summary was completed by ECRI Institute on June 7, 2007. #### COPYRIGHT STATEMENT No copyright restrictions apply. ### DISCLAIMER #### NGC DISCLAIMER The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ (NGC) does not develop, produce, approve, or endorse the guidelines represented on this site. All guidelines summarized by NGC and hosted on our site are produced under the auspices of medical specialty societies, relevant professional associations, public or private organizations, other government agencies, health care organizations or plans, and similar entities. Guidelines represented on the NGC Web site are submitted by guideline developers, and are screened solely to determine that they meet the NGC Inclusion Criteria which may be found at <http://www.guideline.gov/about/inclusion.aspx> . NGC, AHRQ, and its contractor ECRI Institute make no warranties concerning the content or clinical efficacy or effectiveness of the clinical practice guidelines and related materials represented on this site. Moreover, the views and opinions of developers or authors of guidelines represented on this site do not necessarily state or reflect those of NGC, AHRQ, or its contractor ECRI Institute, and inclusion or hosting of guidelines in NGC may not be used for advertising or commercial endorsement purposes. Readers with questions regarding guideline content are directed to contact the guideline developer. Bottom of Form © 1998-2008 National Guideline Clearinghouse Date Modified: 11/3/2008	en
log-files	979402	! Started logfile: J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_uvs.log on Fri Oct 5 17:16:00 2007 obs J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_uva.fits ! Reading UV FITS file: J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_uva.fits ! AN table 1: 20 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! AN table 2: 156 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! AN table 3: 156 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! Apparent sampling: 0.13142 visibilities/baseline/integration-bin. ! *** This seems a bit low - see "help observe" on the binwid argument. ! Found source: J1230+1223 ! ! There are 4 IFs, and a total of 4 channels: ! ! IF Channel Frequency Freq offset Number of Overall IF ! origin at origin per channel channels bandwidth ! ------------------------------------------------------------- (Hz) ! 01 1 2.22997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 02 2 2.25997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 03 3 2.34997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 04 4 2.36997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! ! Polarization(s): RR ! ! Read 1949 lines of history. ! ! Reading 33160 visibilities. select I ! Polarization I is unavailable. ! Selecting polarization: RR, channels: 1..4 ! Reading IF 1 channels: 1..1 ! Reading IF 2 channels: 2..2 ! Reading IF 3 channels: 3..3 ! Reading IF 4 channels: 4..4 print "field_size =",field_size ! field_size = 1024 print "field_cell =",field_cell ! field_cell = 0.5 print "taper_size =",taper_size ! taper_size = 20 ![@muppet J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus] integer clean_niter clean_niter = 100 float clean_gain clean_gain = 0.03 float dynam dynam = 6.0 float soltime1 soltime1 = 120 float soltime2 soltime2 = 20 float thresh thresh = 0.5 float win_mult win_mult = 1.8 float time_av time_av = 16 float old_peak float new_peak float flux_cutoff mapsize field_size, field_cell ! Map grid = 1024x1024 pixels with 0.500x0.500 milli-arcsec cellsize. startmod ! Applying default point source starting model. ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 1 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 1 components and 1 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! A total of 370 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 2493 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1926 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! A total of 370 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 2493 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1926 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! A total of 370 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 2493 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1926 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! A total of 370 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 2493 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1926 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=1.020209Jy sigma=0.006678 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.714491Jy sigma=0.004315 ! clrmod: Cleared the established, tentative and continuum models. ! Redundant starting model cleared. uvw 2,-1 ! Uniform weighting binwidth: 2 (pixels). ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=1.815 mas, bmaj=3.391 mas, bpa=8.184 degrees ! Estimated noise=1086.31 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! Added new window around map position (0, 0). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.617397 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.891952 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.891952 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.040902 max=0.152508 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000153 rms=0.010989 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.891952 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 10 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 10 components and 0.891952 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.609358Jy sigma=0.003935 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.606516Jy sigma=0.003928 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-2.5, 0.5). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.165398 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.269221 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.269221 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.029093 max=0.091790 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000071 rms=0.007871 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.16117 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 17 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 24 components and 1.16117 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.495871Jy sigma=0.003118 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.494031Jy sigma=0.003109 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-6, 1). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0938757 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.15813 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.15813 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.025024 max=0.068768 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000021 rms=0.006331 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.3193 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 17 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 36 components and 1.3193 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.440308Jy sigma=0.002710 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.438924Jy sigma=0.002702 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (3, -0.5). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0635573 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.110362 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.110362 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.021854 max=0.046689 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000015 rms=0.005418 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.42967 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 29 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 58 components and 1.42967 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.407322Jy sigma=0.002464 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.407195Jy sigma=0.002463 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-9, 2.5). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0488958 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0847598 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0847598 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.021139 max=0.034034 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000042 rms=0.004881 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.51443 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 31 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 81 components and 1.51443 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.386033Jy sigma=0.002300 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.385610Jy sigma=0.002297 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-12, 4.5). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0375679 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0667784 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0667784 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.019760 max=0.030459 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000063 rms=0.004503 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.5812 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 38 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 100 components and 1.5812 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.370769Jy sigma=0.002180 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.370544Jy sigma=0.002179 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-22.5, 10.5). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0330228 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0585291 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0585291 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.018094 max=0.027638 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000076 rms=0.004188 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.63973 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 30 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 115 components and 1.63973 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.358998Jy sigma=0.002087 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.358622Jy sigma=0.002085 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-19, 6.5). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0309539 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0544116 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0544116 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.017690 max=0.020113 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000086 rms=0.003884 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.69414 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 38 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 139 components and 1.69414 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.347561Jy sigma=0.001997 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.347240Jy sigma=0.001996 ! Inverting map print "************ FINISHED UNIFORM WEIGHTING CLEAN **********" ! ********** FINISHED UNIFORM WEIGHTING CLEAN ************ ! uvw 0,-1 ! Uniform weighting is not currently selected. ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. win_mult = win_mult * 1.6 clean_niter = clean_niter * 2 dynam = dynam - 0.5 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.001 mas, bmaj=3.951 mas, bpa=16.58 degrees ! Estimated noise=646.746 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0966525 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.168037 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.222485 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.264635 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.264635 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.024699 max=0.041150 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.002222 rms=0.010704 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.95878 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 109 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 212 components and 1.95878 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.311909Jy sigma=0.001711 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.310042Jy sigma=0.001698 ! Inverting map print "************ FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN **********" ! ********** FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN ************ ! gscale true ! Performing overall amplitude self-cal ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! A total of 30 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* GC 0.00* GG 0.00* ! HH 0.00* HN 0.00* KK 0.00* KP 0.00* ! LA 0.00* MA 0.00* MC 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ! A total of 111 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 1.01 FD 1.03 GC 1.06 GG 1.00* ! HH 1.06 HN 0.93 KK 1.04 KP 1.01 ! LA 0.96 MA 0.99 MC 0.86 MK 1.02 ! NL 1.01 NY 1.07 OV 1.03 PT 0.96 ! SC 1.06 TS 1.14 WF 0.95 WZ 0.97 ! ! A total of 42 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.04 FD 0.91 GC 1.00* GG 1.00* ! HH 1.04 HN 1.01 KK 1.00* KP 1.02 ! LA 0.90 MA 1.07 MC 1.04 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.04 NY 0.98 OV 1.03 PT 0.92 ! SC 1.01 TS 1.13 WF 0.84 WZ 0.98 ! ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! A total of 30 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* GC 0.00* GG 0.00* ! HH 0.00* HN 0.00* KK 0.00* KP 0.00* ! LA 0.00* MA 0.00* MC 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ! A total of 111 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 0.98 FD 1.01 GC 1.04 GG 1.00* ! HH 1.16 HN 0.96 KK 1.05 KP 0.90 ! LA 0.98 MA 0.82 MC 0.94 MK 1.05 ! NL 1.02 NY 1.11 OV 0.98 PT 0.99 ! SC 1.06 TS 1.18 WF 0.93 WZ 0.95 ! ! A total of 42 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.02 FD 0.91 GC 1.00* GG 1.00* ! HH 0.99 HN 0.98 KK 1.00* KP 1.00 ! LA 0.93 MA 0.91 MC 1.17 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.03 NY 1.01 OV 1.00 PT 0.96 ! SC 1.03 TS 0.99 WF 0.91 WZ 0.96 ! ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! A total of 30 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* GC 0.00* GG 0.00* ! HH 0.00* HN 0.00* KK 0.00* KP 0.00* ! LA 0.00* MA 0.00* MC 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ! A total of 111 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 1.04 FD 1.03 GC 1.00 GG 1.00* ! HH 0.99 HN 0.98 KK 1.06 KP 1.01 ! LA 0.95 MA 0.90 MC 0.88 MK 0.99 ! NL 1.01 NY 1.05 OV 1.00 PT 0.98 ! SC 1.02 TS 1.19 WF 0.92 WZ 0.96 ! ! A total of 42 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.07 FD 0.91 GC 1.00* GG 1.00* ! HH 1.00 HN 1.02 KK 1.00* KP 1.03 ! LA 0.89 MA 1.00 MC 0.96 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.03 NY 0.92 OV 1.00 PT 0.97 ! SC 0.98 TS 1.16 WF 0.91 WZ 0.96 ! ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! A total of 30 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* GC 0.00* GG 0.00* ! HH 0.00* HN 0.00* KK 0.00* KP 0.00* ! LA 0.00* MA 0.00* MC 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ! A total of 111 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 0.99 FD 1.02 GC 1.02 GG 1.00* ! HH 0.87 HN 1.01 KK 1.02 KP 1.00 ! LA 0.98 MA 1.01 MC 1.81 MK 0.97 ! NL 1.01 NY 1.12 OV 0.99 PT 1.09 ! SC 1.00 TS 1.10 WF 0.95 WZ 1.23 ! ! A total of 42 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.02 FD 0.92 GC 1.00* GG 1.00* ! HH 1.09 HN 1.01 KK 1.00* KP 1.02 ! LA 0.92 MA 0.87 MC 0.77 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.03 NY 1.14 OV 1.00 PT 0.95 ! SC 0.99 TS 0.53 WF 0.91 WZ 1.42 ! ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.310042Jy sigma=0.001698 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.281918Jy sigma=0.001580 dynam = dynam - 0.5 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.004 mas, bmaj=4.141 mas, bpa=15.87 degrees ! Estimated noise=638.198 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0212413 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0307277 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0333649 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0355521 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0355521 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.015304 max=0.036941 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.001185 rms=0.007677 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.99433 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 33 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 234 components and 1.99433 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.280192Jy sigma=0.001566 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.280517Jy sigma=0.001563 ! Inverting map selfcal true, true, soltime1 ! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 120 minute time intervals ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.280517Jy sigma=0.001563 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.284118Jy sigma=0.001550 dynam = dynam - 0.75 clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.004 mas, bmaj=4.141 mas, bpa=15.35 degrees ! Estimated noise=636.354 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0130412 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0177523 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0203546 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0222927 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0222927 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.016598 max=0.034902 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000927 rms=0.007460 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.01662 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 27 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 242 components and 2.01662 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.283334Jy sigma=0.001544 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.284972Jy sigma=0.001543 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! Added new window around map position (-50.5, 20). ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0380465 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0606965 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0751628 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.085176 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.085176 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.013947 max=0.026534 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000631 rms=0.005528 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.1018 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 60 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 300 components and 2.1018 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.280029Jy sigma=0.001499 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.279750Jy sigma=0.001497 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-15.5, -40.5). ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0265618 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0418581 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0526096 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0613736 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0613736 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.011289 max=0.017429 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000424 rms=0.004417 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.16317 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 48 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 343 components and 2.16317 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.277322Jy sigma=0.001473 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.277136Jy sigma=0.001472 ! Inverting map selfcal true, true, soltime2 ! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 20 minute time intervals ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.277136Jy sigma=0.001472 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.307144Jy sigma=0.001467 clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.006 mas, bmaj=4.145 mas, bpa=15.26 degrees ! Estimated noise=634.143 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0105736 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0188896 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0258582 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0315512 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0315512 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.010311 max=0.015974 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000484 rms=0.003899 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19472 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 42 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 364 components and 2.19472 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.306593Jy sigma=0.001462 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.307506Jy sigma=0.001461 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0050988 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00838676 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0115165 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0138819 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0138819 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.009926 max=0.015218 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000438 rms=0.003772 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.20861 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 53 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 378 components and 2.20861 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.307309Jy sigma=0.001460 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.307300Jy sigma=0.001460 ! Inverting map uvtaper 0.3,taper_size ! Gaussian taper: value 0.3 at UV radius = 20 mega-wavelengths. win_mult = win_mult * 1.2 selfcal true, true, soltime2 ! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 20 minute time intervals ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.307300Jy sigma=0.001460 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.348799Jy sigma=0.001458 clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=8.494 mas, bmaj=10.09 mas, bpa=-7.273 degrees ! Estimated noise=826.11 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0158458 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0261106 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0335075 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.036893 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.036893 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.017025 max=0.029207 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000865 rms=0.007732 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.2455 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 31 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 390 components and 2.2455 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.348767Jy sigma=0.001458 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.349037Jy sigma=0.001458 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00300303 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00561293 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00702558 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00788838 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00788838 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.016694 max=0.028813 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000796 rms=0.007644 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.25339 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 23 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 395 components and 2.25339 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.349052Jy sigma=0.001458 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.349055Jy sigma=0.001458 ! Inverting map uvtaper 0,0 ! No UV-taper is currently set. win_mult = win_mult / 1.2 print "************ FINISHED AMPLITUDE SELF-CAL **********" ! ********** FINISHED AMPLITUDE SELF-CAL ************ restore ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.007 mas, bmaj=4.146 mas, bpa=15.21 degrees ! Estimated noise=634.139 mJy/beam. ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 2.007 x 4.146 at 15.21 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0092532 max=0.73378 Jy/beam if(peak(flux) > thresh) selfcal true, true clean clean_niter,clean_gain selfcal flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) selfcal true, true end if ! Performing amp+phase self-cal ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.349055Jy sigma=0.001458 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.882508Jy sigma=0.001351 ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=1.999 mas, bmaj=4.141 mas, bpa=15.29 degrees ! Estimated noise=631.899 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.000427726 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.000612275 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = -0.000903136 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = -0.00117051 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = -0.00117051 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.009583 max=0.014110 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000301 rms=0.003434 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.25222 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 26 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 408 components and 2.25222 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.882435Jy sigma=0.001350 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.882387Jy sigma=0.001350 ! Inverting map ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.000115126 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.000350481 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = -0.000126694 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 8.07313e-05 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 8.07313e-05 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.009505 max=0.014074 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000302 rms=0.003435 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.2523 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 33 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 416 components and 2.2523 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.882361Jy sigma=0.001349 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.882362Jy sigma=0.001349 ! Inverting map ! Performing amp+phase self-cal ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.882362Jy sigma=0.001349 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.968361Jy sigma=0.001348 print "************ CLEARING MODEL AND STARTING OVER ******" ! ********** CLEARING MODEL AND STARTING OVER ******** clrmod true ! clrmod: Cleared the established and tentative models. uvw 2,-1 ! Uniform weighting binwidth: 2 (pixels). ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=1.798 mas, bmaj=3.467 mas, bpa=7.545 degrees ! Estimated noise=1100.71 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.619855 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.900739 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 1.06946 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 1.19061 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 1.19061 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.024914 max=0.069194 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000106 rms=0.007317 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.19061 Jy uvw 0,-1 ! Uniform weighting is not currently selected. ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Adding 25 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 25 components and 1.19061 Jy ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=1.999 mas, bmaj=4.143 mas, bpa=15.24 degrees ! Estimated noise=631.529 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam keep new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.22059 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.375076 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.488868 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.573657 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.573657 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.023573 max=0.053744 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.002074 rms=0.011800 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.76427 Jy ! Adding 95 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 105 components and 1.76427 Jy ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-15.5, 5.5). ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0647679 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.114923 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.15736 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.194098 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.194098 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.016329 max=0.032108 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.001332 rms=0.007617 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.95837 Jy ! Adding 90 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 179 components and 1.95837 Jy ! Inverting map uvtaper 0.3,taper_size ! Gaussian taper: value 0.3 at UV radius = 20 mega-wavelengths. clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=8.482 mas, bmaj=10.1 mas, bpa=-7.202 degrees ! Estimated noise=825.401 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0715367 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.123707 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.16323 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.193905 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.193905 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.022184 max=0.036795 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.001629 rms=0.009823 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.15227 Jy flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam keep new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.024205 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0434883 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0589433 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0713702 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0713702 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.018430 max=0.028651 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000970 rms=0.007881 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.22364 Jy ! Adding 160 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 317 components and 2.22364 Jy ! Inverting map uvtaper 0,0 ! No UV-taper is currently set. clean ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=1.999 mas, bmaj=4.143 mas, bpa=15.24 degrees ! Estimated noise=631.529 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.000967279 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00339777 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00649467 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.009311 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.009311 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.010805 max=0.014321 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000341 rms=0.003548 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.23295 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 27 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 336 components and 2.23295 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.968035Jy sigma=0.001355 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.967752Jy sigma=0.001353 wmodel J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_map.mod ! Writing 336 model components to file: J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_map.mod wobs J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_uvs.fits ! Writing UV FITS file: J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_uvs.fits wwins J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_map.win ! wwins: Wrote 11 windows to J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_map.win x = (field_size-8) * field_cell / 4 addwin -x,x,-x,x clean (field_size4),0.01 ! Inverting map ! clean: niter=4096 gain=0.01 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00662054 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.012523 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0180297 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0232439 Jy ! Component: 250 - total flux cleaned = 0.0280391 Jy ! Component: 300 - total flux cleaned = 0.0322644 Jy ! Component: 350 - total flux cleaned = 0.0365282 Jy ! Component: 400 - total flux cleaned = 0.0406603 Jy ! Component: 450 - total flux cleaned = 0.0444952 Jy ! Component: 500 - total flux cleaned = 0.048391 Jy ! Component: 550 - total flux cleaned = 0.0521777 Jy ! Component: 600 - total flux cleaned = 0.0553839 Jy ! Component: 650 - total flux cleaned = 0.0588218 Jy ! Component: 700 - total flux cleaned = 0.0618699 Jy ! Component: 750 - total flux cleaned = 0.0646981 Jy ! Component: 800 - total flux cleaned = 0.066884 Jy ! Component: 850 - total flux cleaned = 0.0684546 Jy ! Component: 900 - total flux cleaned = 0.0699972 Jy ! Component: 950 - total flux cleaned = 0.0715102 Jy ! Component: 1000 - total flux cleaned = 0.0727261 Jy ! Component: 1050 - total flux cleaned = 0.073923 Jy ! Component: 1100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0752307 Jy ! Component: 1150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0765172 Jy ! Component: 1200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0777818 Jy ! Component: 1250 - total flux cleaned = 0.0789018 Jy ! Component: 1300 - total flux cleaned = 0.0802501 Jy ! Component: 1350 - total flux cleaned = 0.0812153 Jy ! Component: 1400 - total flux cleaned = 0.0821696 Jy ! Component: 1450 - total flux cleaned = 0.0829937 Jy ! Component: 1500 - total flux cleaned = 0.0838046 Jy ! Component: 1550 - total flux cleaned = 0.0842632 Jy ! Component: 1600 - total flux cleaned = 0.0848319 Jy ! Component: 1650 - total flux cleaned = 0.0855039 Jy ! Component: 1700 - total flux cleaned = 0.0860578 Jy ! Component: 1750 - total flux cleaned = 0.0867153 Jy ! Component: 1800 - total flux cleaned = 0.0873637 Jy ! Component: 1850 - total flux cleaned = 0.0877917 Jy ! Component: 1900 - total flux cleaned = 0.0885315 Jy ! Component: 1950 - total flux cleaned = 0.0888454 Jy ! Component: 2000 - total flux cleaned = 0.0891565 Jy ! Component: 2050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0896705 Jy ! Component: 2100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0901784 Jy ! Component: 2150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0906806 Jy ! Component: 2200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0909787 Jy ! Component: 2250 - total flux cleaned = 0.0913723 Jy ! Component: 2300 - total flux cleaned = 0.0917619 Jy ! Component: 2350 - total flux cleaned = 0.0920513 Jy ! Component: 2400 - total flux cleaned = 0.0922431 Jy ! Component: 2450 - total flux cleaned = 0.0928121 Jy ! Component: 2500 - total flux cleaned = 0.0929048 Jy ! Component: 2550 - total flux cleaned = 0.092999 Jy ! Component: 2600 - total flux cleaned = 0.0932763 Jy ! Component: 2650 - total flux cleaned = 0.0935515 Jy ! Component: 2700 - total flux cleaned = 0.093642 Jy ! Component: 2750 - total flux cleaned = 0.0938214 Jy ! Component: 2800 - total flux cleaned = 0.0940885 Jy ! Component: 2850 - total flux cleaned = 0.0940004 Jy ! Component: 2900 - total flux cleaned = 0.0944384 Jy ! Component: 2950 - total flux cleaned = 0.0944382 Jy ! Component: 3000 - total flux cleaned = 0.0946106 Jy ! Component: 3050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0946959 Jy ! Component: 3100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0949499 Jy ! Component: 3150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0951174 Jy ! Component: 3200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0950341 Jy ! Component: 3250 - total flux cleaned = 0.0950342 Jy ! Component: 3300 - total flux cleaned = 0.0950338 Jy ! Component: 3350 - total flux cleaned = 0.0950335 Jy ! Component: 3400 - total flux cleaned = 0.0950336 Jy ! Component: 3450 - total flux cleaned = 0.0951142 Jy ! Component: 3500 - total flux cleaned = 0.0951141 Jy ! Component: 3550 - total flux cleaned = 0.0948762 Jy ! Component: 3600 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947984 Jy ! Component: 3650 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947989 Jy ! Component: 3700 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947991 Jy ! Component: 3750 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947223 Jy ! Component: 3800 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947984 Jy ! Component: 3850 - total flux cleaned = 0.0949494 Jy ! Component: 3900 - total flux cleaned = 0.0945722 Jy ! Component: 3950 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947972 Jy ! Component: 4000 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947966 Jy ! Component: 4050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947227 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 4096 components = 0.0946493 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003707 max=0.004806 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000017 rms=0.001435 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.3276 Jy keep ! Adding 423 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 754 components and 2.3276 Jy ![Exited script file: muppet] wmap "J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus\_map.fits" ! Inverting map ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 1.999 x 4.143 at 15.24 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0058008 max=0.72783 Jy/beam ! Writing clean map to FITS file: J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_map.fits float peak_flux peak_flux = peak(flux,max) print "The peak flux is",peak_flux ! The peak flux is 0.727826 invert ! Inverting map float image_rms image_rms = imstat(rms) print "The final image rms is",image_rms ! The final image rms is 0.00144785 device "J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus\_map.eps/VPS" ! Attempting to open device: 'J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_map.eps/VPS' loglevs 1003image_rms/peak_flux ! The new contour levels are: ! -0.596783 0.596783 1.19357 2.38713 4.77426 9.54852 19.097 38.1941 76.3882 print "clev=",int(3image_rms10000)/10000 ! clev= 0.0043 print "peak=",int(1000peak_flux)/1000 ! peak= 0.727 mapcolor none ! Mapplot colormap: none, contrast: 1 brightness: 0.5. mapplot cln ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 1.999 x 4.143 at 15.24 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0058008 max=0.72783 Jy/beam mapcolor color, 0.9 ! Mapplot colormap: rainbow, contrast: 0.9 brightness: 0.5. device "J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus\_map.gif/vgif" ! Attempting to open device: 'J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_map.gif/vgif' mapplot cln quit ! Quitting program ! Log file J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_uvs.log closed on Fri Oct 5 17:16:47 2007	en
converted_docs	483698	----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ![](media/image1.jpeg){width="0.6493055555555556in" Federal Transit Administration height="0.5555555555555556in"} Job Access & Reverse Commute Proposal Narrative ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Document the coordinated human services and transportation planning \| \| process (25 points) \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| A brief description (no more than three pages\--double spaced) of \| \| the collaborative transportation/human services process used in \| \| developing the Area-Wide Job Access and Reverse Commute \| \| Transportation Plan \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| A list of the organizations and other participants in the Job \| \| Access and Reverse Commute planning process \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| A description of the results of the local Job Access and Reverse \| \| Commute Plan consultation process with the community to be served \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Letters of endorsement or objections from planning partners (Please \| \| submit with written proposal) \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Applicant responses to any letters of objections \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Area-Wide Job Access and Reverse Commute Transportation Plan (60 \| \| points) \[Please submit with written proposal\]. Provide the \| \| following information as requested below from this Plan. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Document the unmet transportation needs on a region-wide basis from \| \| the Area-Wide Job Access and Reverse Commute Plan and provide project \| \| specific information on how the proposed services meet these needs \| \| (30 points) \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Describe the unmet need for additional transportation services \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| A definition of the proposed project service areas, the communities \| \| to be served and the geographic area covered by the area-wide job \| \| access and reverse commute plan. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| The number of welfare recipients and low-income persons within the \| \| proposed project service area \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| The percentage of the population that welfare recipients and \| \| low-income persons represent within the project/s service area. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| The percentage of the population that welfare recipients and \| \| low-income persons represent within the geographic area. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| A description of major employment opportunities. Please provide \| \| maps depicting the information listed.) \[Please submit maps with \| \| written proposal and, if possible, also electronically\]. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| A description of the existing transportation network, including \| \| human services, nonprofit, private and public transportation \| \| providers. \[Please submit maps with written proposal and, if \| \| possible, also electronically\]. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| A description of transportation gaps in existing services for \| \| welfare recipients and low-income populations seeking to reach jobs \| \| and employment support services. \[Please submit maps with written \| \| proposal and, if possible, also electronically\]. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| For reverse commute projects, information on the need for \| \| additional transportation services. \[Please submit maps with written \| \| proposal and, if possible, also electronically\]. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| MPOs and states should list projects in priority order for funding \| \| implementation and describe how each proposed project(s) will meet \| \| the unmet needs described above. \[Please submit maps with written \| \| proposal and, if possible, also electronically\] (30 points). \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| MPO/State Project Prioritization \--List Projects in Priority \| \| Order\-- \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| List Tribal Projects \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| PROJECT INFORMATION - Provide the following information for each \| \| project. If there are multiple projects included, use the additional \| \| Project Information template for each project. Projects include major \| \| discrete activities, subrecipient activities, and within Statewide \| \| applications, each jurisdictional project. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Describe the applicant\'s organizational capacity to implement the \| \| project. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Specify project goals and objectives. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Provide indicators that will be used to monitor project performance \| \| and to make subsequent adjustments in project implementation. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Describe the project. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Provide operation-specific data (e.g. miles/hours of service, new \| \| routes, route extensions, reduced travel time for target population \| \| where appropriate, etc.). \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Estimate capital and operating project costs Estimate annualized \| \| cost per rider of proposed project. For job access projects, estimate \| \| low-income and welfare recipient ridership and total annual \| \| ridership. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| For reverse commute projects, estimate annual ridership. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Percentage of target population to be served. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Describe how the project will address the mobility needs of persons \| \| with disabilities and provide certification that the ADA requirements \| \| will be met. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Identify employment potential in the proposed project\'s service \| \| area, including the new jobs and/or job and employment support sites \| \| reached. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Specify how existing service providers will be used to provide \| \| proposed services. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Describe mechanisms to coordinate or integrate new transportation \| \| services within existing needs of target populations. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| For applicants who already have received Job Access and Reverse \| \| Commute grants in FY 1999, provide a report depicting progress toward \| \| meeting project goals/objectives and performance information on the \| \| items described above. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Document financial commitments. (15 Points) \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Document sources, or expected sources, of matching funds. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Provide letters of financial commitment, or intent to commit, that \| \| document local match. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Identify how TANF, WtW, other Federal, state or local financial \| \| resources will be leveraged. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Identify the financial commitment of existing transportation \| \| providers. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Identify employer-provided resources. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Identify long-term financing that may be proposed or available to \| \| support continuation of the proposed project or other aspects of the \| \| regional plan, including continued transit, human service and \| \| employer provided financial resources. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| For application for continuation of services previously funded in \| \| FY 1999, applicants must provide information on financial commitments \| \| plus information drawn from their progress reports that demonstrates \| \| achievements in meeting project objectives, including the number \| \| of: \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| New employment sites reached. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| New employers reached. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| New jobs reached. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| New employment support facilities reached. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| New residential areas served with target populations. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Ridership on new services, including, if available, number of \| \| welfare recipients and low-income persons served, \[these figures may \| \| be generated by periodic surveys\]. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Cost per rider. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Additional vehicle hours of services provided. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Other progress and results toward meeting project goals. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| *Other Review Considerations (Refer to: VI. Grant Review \| \| Process)* \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1.Innovative Approaches** \| \| \| \| FTA encourages applicants to consider the use of innovative \| \| technological and methodological approaches, such as transportation \| \| mobility management/brokerage institutional arrangements and the \| \| application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Intelligent \| \| Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies, and geographic \| \| distribution of project funding. For further information on the \| \| deployment of innovation in the Job Access Program, see FTA\'s Joint \| \| Partnership Program description at - \| \| http://www.fta.dot.gov/research/implem/jpp/jppidt.htm \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 1 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 2 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 3 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 4 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Page 5 \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 2. Expected timeframe for project initiatives** \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+	en
all-txt-docs	284323	DISMISSED FOR LACK OF JURISDICTION: December 3, 1992 GSBCA 12167-P RMTC SYSTEMS, INC., Protester, v. DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE, Respondent, Jeff Stollman, President of RMTC Systems, Inc., Boulder, CO, appearing for Protester. Clarence D. Long, III, Office of General Counsel, Department of the Air Force, Washington, DC, counsel for Respondent. Before Board Judges LaBELLA, Acting Chief Judge, PARKER, and WILLIAMS. WILLIAMS, Board Judge. In this protest filed on November 10, 1992, RMTC Systems, Inc., has challenged the rejection of its offer and cancellation of solicitation number FO4606-92-R-17033 by the United States Air Force. The solicitation is for printers for the Communications System Segment (CSS) of the Cheyenne Mountain Complex (CMC). By motion dated November 18, and supplemented on November 23, the Air Force sought dismissal of the protest on the ground that the Board lacks jurisdiction under the Warner Amendment. Specifically, the Air Force contends that the equipment is an integral part of a weapons system and is critical to the direct fulfillment of military or intelligence missions. We agree that the procurement is subject to the Warner Amendment and grant the motion to dismiss. Findings of Fact On May 21, 1992, the Air Force issued solicitation number FO4606-92-R-17033 seeking printers for the CMC. Protest File, Exhibit 5. The CMC is the Command Control Communications and Intelligence Center for coordinating and controlling North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and United States Space Command (USSPACECOM) missions. Protest File, Exhibit 5, Security Classification Guide at 1. The CMC is the primary center for correlating integrated tactical warning/attack assessment data and space control direction. Id. The solicitation incorporated a Security Classification Guide which provided, in pertinent part: The CMC supports the primary mission of early warning and tracking of potential threats to North America. CMC resources also support the secondary mission of assessment and characterization of potential atmospheric, ballistic missile, and space attacks. Id. (emphasis added). The relationship of CSS to other Air Force and Department of Defense (DoD) systems was designated "mission critical." Protest File, Exhibits 3, 21. The Acting Chief of the Air Force's Sacramento Air Logistics Center, Detachment 25, explained: Its failure would cause the loss of incoming status messages from various air, missile, and space surveillance sensors to the NORAD Computer System, resulting in unacceptable risk to the National Military Command Center. Protest File, Exhibit 21. The printers were to be part of the Communications Systems Segment of the CMC, and were to replace the Houston Instrument Non-Impact Printers, Model 8210, which were no longer available. Protest File, Exhibit 1. The Houston printers were described as follows: The NIP (Non Impact Printer) are receive-only high speed printers shared by 6 MMI [Man Machine Interface] console operators. NIP's provide hardcopy printouts of system alarms, CPM [Computer Performance Monitor] alarm declarations and cancellations, CSS addressed comm[unication] user messages, and automatic switch reports. Id. at 1. In describing the CSS system in which the printers will be used, an Air Force colonel who is the commander of Detachment 25 of the Sacramento Air Logistics Center stated, "[t]his is a real world Air Defense Mission, not a hypothetical environment." Declaration of Colonel Edward K. McGuire (McGuire Declaration), IV. He further explained: The function of the Communication Systems Segment is to interface CMC systems with external, worldwide command, control and communications elements. The CSS performs message processing, integrity control, formatting recording, protocol conversion, and routing of internal and external messages from various air, space and missile systems. The printers are required to provide hardcopy printouts of system alarms, Communications Performance Monitor alarm declaration and cancellations, Communications System Segment addressed communication user messages, and automated switched reports. These printers are used in conjunction with operator consoles in Communications System Segment operations located at NORAD in Cheyenne Mountain and in the CMC off-site test facility in Colorado Springs. The printers provide the only real-time hardcopy output of data received by the CSS which is needed for instantaneous analysis by NORAD. If the printers are non-functional, the recording of events for real-time analysis is lost and operators will no longer have full status of the CSS. In addition, incoming messages to NORAD could be lost. These printers are mission critical to the performance of the weapon system. The printers are not used for any routine administrative and business applications. McGuire Declaration, IV. The Commander of the 721st Space Group elaborated on the role of the printers: These printers are the real-time Communication System Segment (CSS) status indicators. They provide chronological records of events as they occur. If the printers become non-operational the real-time analysis is lost and the CSS status is unknown. Declaration of Colonel Thomas D. Hatcher, V. Discussion Under the Warner Amendment, 40 U.S.C. 759(a)(3) (1988), this Board does not have jurisdiction over protests involving: (C) the procurement by the Department of Defense of automatic data processing equipment or services if the function, operation, or use of which-- . . . . (iii) involves the command and control of military forces; (iv) involves equipment which is an integral part of a weapons system; or (v) is critical to the direct fulfillment of military or intelligence missions, provided that this exclusion shall not include automatic data processing equipment used for routing administrative and business applications such as payroll, finance, logistics, and personnel management . . . . Respondent contends that the procurement is exempt from our protest jurisdiction on the basis of subparagraphs (iv) and (v) above. We lack an adequate record for determining whether the printers are part of a weapons system, as claimed by the Air Force. The Air Force must introduce specific evidence demonstrating that the procurement falls within the ambit of the Warner Amendment. Racal Information Systems, Inc., GSBCA 10264- P, 90-1 BCA 22,374, 1989 BPD 315. Here, the Air Force has not identified the weapons system of which these printers are claimed to be an integral part.[foot #] 1 Nonetheless, it is clear that these printers are "critical to the direct fulfillment of military missions" and they are in no way used for routine administrative business applications. The printers are to be used exclusively in a defense command facility. The communications system of which the printers are a part detects and tracks potential threats to North America and provides a communications interface between the CMC and other operations worldwide as well as air, space, and missile systems. The printers are used for instantaneous analysis of incoming tactical warning and attack assessment data, including alarms. They also function as real-time status indicators providing chronological records of events as they occur. We view the communications system at the Cheyenne Center as performing an ongoing defensive military mission and the printers as providing a critical function in fulfilling that mission. See generally, Lockheed/MDB v. Department of the Navy, GSBCA 12097-P (Nov. 13, 1992) (detection of hostile submarines is a military mission within the scope of the Warner Amendment). In opposing dismissal on Warner Amendment grounds, protester raises two contentions. First, it claims that the Air Force has ----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS --------- [foot #] 1 In his declaration, the Commander of Detachment 25 in the Sacramento Air Logistics Center stated: "These printers are mission critical to the performance of the weapon system." However, the weapon system was not identified. ----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS ----------- not shown a real and convincing nexus between the contract in question and the fulfillment of the alleged military mission because the Air Force canceled the solicitation, thus severing any such nexus. We reject this argument as it evinces a misunderstanding of the Warner Amendment. The Warner Amendment goes to the threshold issue of the Board's jurisdiction to hear a case. In defining cases which were to be exempted from the Board's jurisdiction, Congress spoke in terms of the "procurement" being challenged. Here, the fact that the solicitation has been canceled changes neither the nature of the procurement nor the fact that the challenged action involves a procurement we may not review. Second, protester claims that dismissing this case would not serve the basic purpose of the Warner Amendment which is, in its view, to prevent delays in the procurement of items critical to the defense of the nation. Protester points out that in fact it is trying to expedite this procurement by forcing the Air Force to purchase the printers immediately under the existing solicitation rather than incurring the lengthy delays of a new procurement that has not even begun. Protester has again confused the merits of its case with the threshold issue of our jurisdiction. Our jurisdiction is conferred by statute and its parameters are not subject to expansion on policy grounds; either the Board has jurisdiction to consider a protest or it does not. Because we conclude that the procurement is critical to the direct fulfillment of a military mission, we dismiss the case and end our inquiry. Cyberchron Corp., GSBCA 9445-P, 88-2 BCA 20,783, 1988 BPD 90 aff'd., 867 F.2d 1407 (Fed. Cir. 1989). Decision This protest is DISMISSED FOR LACK OF JURISDICTION. The Board did not issue an order suspending the Air Force's delegation of procurement authority based upon the Air Force's representation that it would not be proceeding with this procurement within the forty-five days this protest would be pending. _____________________________ MARY ELLEN COSTER WILLIAMS Board Judge We concur: ____________________________ ____________________________ VINCENT A. LaBELLA ROBERT W. PARKER Acting Chief Board Judge Board Judge	en
markdown	489232	# Presentation: 489232 ## How are we doing? - Energy lost per proton - Since MiniBooNE - Last 2 weeks - Unstable Running afterpower problems and Summer - Total protons/minute - Booster Power Loss So why do things suck now?!?!? ## MH2 Regulation Problems - It is rated for 60V, 1kA, but has run at ~62V for years. - Regulation problems occur at ~63V – VERY sensitive to line voltage. - MiniBooNE events cause line voltage to sag, which results in MH2 regulation problems. - Power supply seems to be deteriorating. - Have been lowering current setting and retuning line to compensate, but reaching the limit. - New supply (75V) ready for installation. - Need about a shift. - Effect on MiniBooNE intensity ## MH2 Continued - Booster batches - Booster batches - MI Current - Solution: MH2 Supply being replaced as we speak ## Other Stability Problems/Solutions - Linac Energy Drift (also related to line current) - Elliott McCrory has written a feedback control loop to regulate linac velocity - Will purchase power line stabilizers for all 200 MHz RF stations. - Water in Linac annex - Rerouting parking lot drainage – DONE. - General 400 MeV line reproducibility - Dave McGinnis is modifying beam line tuner code to automatically set trims to reproduce reference trajectory (kind of like “autotune”). Finished in ~1 week. - General booster characterization: - Sharon Lackey and Bill Marsh will modify BPM program to allow capture of turn by turn orbit data for all 96 BPM’s on a cycle. - Peter Kasper has introduced reference loss patterns into the BLM display to help reproduce periods of good performance (Jim Lackey suggestion) - Booster ramp monitor program now being commissioned (Guglielmo, Kasper, Coney, Jacobs) ## New BLM Trip Monitor (B88) - Higher than reference set - Lower than reference set ## Rampmon – Now appearing in logbook ## Summer Shutdown - The good news: ALL of the major Booster and Linac projects are back on the table for the summer shutdown. (Thanks Columbia, Indiana, Roger...) - The bad news: ALL of the major Booster and Linac projects are back on the table for the summer shutdown. ## Summary of Major Projects for the Summer Shutdown - Stretch out Long 3 extraction region (ameliorates dogleg problem). - Install collimator system. - Replace 2 (of 18) RF cavities with wide aperture prototypes. - New dedicated damping cavity for additional longitudinal modes. - Do complete vertical alignments !! (as-founds are ongoing) - Install new Linac Lamberston (will improve 400 MeV optics and reduce losses) - Install four new wide aperture (EDWA) magnets in 8 GeV line. - Install new MP01 power supply and cable to new cable header (preparation for new MP01 septum. - Install new vacuum gauges as part of vacuum system upgrade. Cautiously optimistic we can reach the MiniBooNE baseline goal after this shutdown!! ## Approximate Schedule	en
markdown	516817	# Presentation: 516817 Steller Sea Lion Research: Background ## Distribution of Steller Sea Lions (from North Pacific - Distribution of Steller Sea Lions (from North Pacific - Universities Marine Mammal Research Consortium website) ## Steller Sea Lion Population Trends ## Counts of adult and juvenile Steller sea lions (trend sites) ## Ultimate Cause(s) of Decline - Entanglement in marine debris - Pup/subsistence harvest - Pollution - Harassment - Increased predation - Disease - Oceanographic changes - Indirect effects of fisheries } - } - Not likely causes of the decline _Hypotheses_: Decline is caused by reduced prey availability caused by oceanographic changes or indirect effects of fisheries } - Not likely causes of the decline; may now be exacerbating the decline ## Slide 6 ## Conference Report (HR106-1033) (15 December 2000) referenced in Commerce Appropriations Bill (HR5548)(15 December 2000 Section 208 - $10,000,000 “shall be available only for research regarding litigation concerning the Alaska Steller sea lion and Bering Sea/Gulf of Alaska groundfish fisheries of which...” - $6,000,000 ~ OAR – “to study the impact of ocean climate shifts on the North Pacific and Bering Sea fish and marine mammal species composition” - $2,000,000 ~ NOS – “to study predator/prey relationships as they relate to the decline of the western population of Steller sea lions” - $2,000,000 ~ NPFMC – “for an independent analysis of Steller sea lion science and other work related to such litigation” ## Preliminary 3-Year (FY00-02) Research Plan - Objectives: - To understand the current decline in abundance of the western stock of Steller sea lions - To evaluate the extent to which commercial fisheries are contributing to this decline ## PMEL Research Plan ($3.4M) - Goal: To understand the relationship between the changes in the physical environment and the current decline in abundance of the western stock of Steller sea lions - Retrospective and Modeling - Argo Drifters - Aleutian Study - Kodiak Study ## Studies must be designed to differentiate between changes in marine mammal populations due to the environment and changes resulting from fisheries Need to gather data on the appropriate scale to determine. . . Cumulative ecosystem impacts Indirect effects of fisheries on Steller sea lions - Need to gather data on the appropriate scale to determine. . . - Cumulative ecosystem impacts - Indirect effects of fisheries on Steller sea lions Research Challenges Photo by NASA/SeaWIFs ## Slide 11 ## Determining the influence of climate change on the ecosystem “*to study the impact of ocean climate shifts on North Pacific and Bering Sea fish and marine mammal species composition”* - Basin scale - Regional scale (Alaskan Stream and subarctic gyre) - Local scale (Aleutian Passes and Kodiak Island rookeries) ## Critical habitat for Steller sea lions is the coastal regions of the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands and the Gulf of Alaska. ## Basin-scale climate variability The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is an index of climate variability derived from sea surface temperature anomalies. Arrows indicate the mean circulation patterns that respond to climate change. Basin Scale _Basin-scale climate variability_ ## Modeling Model domain (yellow) includes critical Steller sea lion habitat (red) Models enable examination of climate change on ecosystems associated with sea lions _Modeling_ Basin Scale ## Collaboration: Existing GLOBEC models Basin Scale ## Collaboration Floats will be deployed in 2001 (black dots). Conduct temperature and salinity profiles Transmit data to shore Provide information on vertical structure and its spatial variability Furnish input for models Last four years Basin Scale ## We will extend the grid in the N. Pacific into the Bering Sea. Basin Scale ## Collaboration _Collaboration_ In 2001, biophysical moorings will be deployed in the Bering Sea and North Pacific by GLOBEC, SEBSCC and FOCI. These programs also will conduct inter-disciplinary cruises. Regional Scale ## Moored Observations _Moored Observations_ PMEL has deployed bio-physical moorings since 1991 in the northern Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea. Biological and physical sensors measure critical aspects of the ecosystem provide necessary time series to examine temporal variability of ecosystem. ## Temperature and Fluorescence _Temperature __and __Fluorescence_ The first five years at Site 2 on the Bering Sea middle shelf Evolution of the water column structure Timing of spring bloom and its association with ice (subsurface temperatures <1oC) Impact of summer storms on primary production ## PMEL will deploy biophysical moorings in the N. Pacific. Local Scale Regional Scale Basin Scale ## Aleutian Islands We propose a study of climate impact on the local ecosystem of the Aleutian Islands. Local Scale ## Unimak Pass flow is driven by along shore wind ## Aleutian Islands Study Participants Atka mackerel (NMFS; L. Fritz) Orca whales (NMML, S. Moore ) Steller sea lions (NMML; T. Loughlin) Physical and nutrients (PMEL; P. Stabeno) Primary production, zooplankton and seabirds ## Kodiak Island Local Scale _Kodiak Island_ - We propose a study of climate impact on the local ecosystem around the Kodiak Island. ## Kodiak Island Study Participants Pollock (NMFS; A. Hollowed) Steller sea lions (NMML; T. Loughlin) Physical and nutrients (PMEL; P. Stabeno) Primary production and zooplankton will be made nearby as part of GLOBEC. ## Integrated Observational Network The integrated North Pacific observational grid consists of moored biophysical platforms (triangles) and Argo floats (circles). Sites to be added by our proposed research (pink) will relate climate change to Steller sea lion ecology. ## Current Lines of Research (FY00) - Non-pup counts and pup counts (NMFS, ADFG) - Food habits, nutrition, energetics, and foraging behavior (NMFS, ADFG, UofA-Sea Grant, NPUMMRC, ASLC, TAMU - Predation on Stellers- killer whales (NPUMMRC, NMFS) - Ecosystem change (NMFS, NPUMMRC) - Disease/health condition/contaminants (NMFS, NPUMMRC, ADFG, ASLC) ## Current Lines of Research (FY00)-cont. - Satellite tagging/other tagging (NMFS, ADFG, NPUMMRC, ASLC) - Remote sensing (NMFS, UofA,NPUMMRC) - Pup branding and tagging (NMFS, ADFG) - Competition with Fisheries (NMFS, NPUMMRC) - Reproduction (ASLC, NMFS) ## Fishery Management under ESA, MSFCMA, and NEPA - Fishery management measures under the MSFCMA are implemented as amendments to existing Fishery Management Plans (FMP) - Amendments often necessitate statutory requirements under the ESA (e.g., Biological Opinion) and NEPA (e.g., Environmental Assessment, Environmental Impact Statement) ## Fishery Management under ESA, MSFCMA, and NEPA- cont. - April 1990, by emergency rule, SSL listed as threatened under the ESA, monitoring of incidental take required, establishment of Recovery Team for SSL - Jan 1991, seasonal restrictions for pollock required - June 1991, spatial restrictions for pollock required, prohibition on trawling within 10 nm of 14 rookeries ## Jeopardy- - Jeopardy- ## } - Entanglement in debris - Subsistence harvest - Pollution - Harassment - Increased predation - Disease - Oceanographic changes - Indirect effects of fisheries _*CAUSES OF DECLINE_ - STELLER SEA LION- FISHERY INTERACTIONS SUMMARY }* } - POSSIBLE FACTORS - LIKELY FACTORS _*LEGAL CHALLENGES_ - 8 Aug 2000 – Injunction against all trawling in Critical Habitat - Remand to prepare comprehensive Biol. Opinion - Remand to prepare Suppl. Env. Impact Statement - Programmatic SEIS – due late Jan 2001 - 30 Nov 2000 – BiOp completed; injunction lifted - Special North Pacific Council meeting in Jan 2001 - Comments from all parties to judge on 2 February 2001 - _ALASKA FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER – 19 Jan 2001_ }* - UNLIKELY - FACTORS ## Temporal Variability _Temporal Variability_ Time history of PDO index (below) and associated changes in biological populations (right) Basin Scale	en
converted_docs	090099	SAND 2000-1436 Unlimited Release Printed June 2000 An Evaluation of Optimization Formulations for\ Production Planning at Pantex William E. Hart and Cindy Phillips Optimization/Uncertainty Estimation Department Craig Lawton Critical Infrastructure Surety Department Sandia National Laboratories P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, NM 87185-1110 > Abstract We reconsider the production planning problem that is solved by the Evaluation Planning Module (EPM), which is used to project how facilities and technicians will be used at Pantex. We describe a general formulations of this production planning problem that can be solved with general-purpose optimizers. Further, we describe a mixed-integer formulation of the problem that can be solved with branch-and-bound methods. We evaluate the solutions currently provided by the EPM, and we illustrate the utility of these problem formulations by applying general-purpose optimizers to generate globally optimal solutions. Finally, we evaluate the problem formulation used by the EPM. # Introduction Sandia National Laboratories has developed and implemented the Pantex Process Model, (Kjeldgaard, et al, 1998) a computerized model to support the planning and scheduling activities at Pantex, a US Department of Energy production plant in Amarillo, Texas. The plant simultaneously supports three major DOE programs---nuclear weapon disposal, stockpile evaluation, and stockpile maintenance--- which share its facilities, technicians, and equipment. The model incorporates modern management science techniques to optimize production planning and scheduling in the complicated production system at Pantex. The Evaluation Planning Module (EPM) is one of the core tools in the Pantex Process Model. This module provides production planning tools that are used to project how facilities and technicians will be utilized over a given planning horizon (typically a year). Kjeldgaard et al. \[2,3,4\] describe formulations of this planning problem. In this report we describe recent progress with new formulations of the EPM production planning problem that have been developed in the Mathematics, Computational and Computer Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratories (9200). We present a generic formulation of the EPM production planning problem and argue that the formulations previously developed are derivatives or approximations to this basic formulation. We reformulate the problem to develop formulations that can be solved by general purpose solvers: direct search methods and mixed-integer linear branch-and-bound. Direct search methods do not rely on the gradient of the objective function and they do not estimate the gradient. Branch-and-bound methods recursively partition the search domain to find provably optimal global solutions. Both of these classes of general-purpose optimization methods are quite diverse, so a wide range of optimizers can be applied to these new formulations. To illustrate the utility of these formulations, we provide some preliminary experiments of the application of general-purpose solvers to the production planning problem. We applied a simple evolutionary algorithm (EA) to perform global optimization for the EPM. This methods was able to solutions within 1% of the global optimum in 46% of the random trials. We also applied a simple pattern search method to refine the final solution provided current EPM (the $v$-variable formulation \[[23](#_Ref468597866)\]). This study shows that the final solution generated by the EPM is not particularly close to a local optimum. Further, the refined solution is a global optimum, so the solution of the$v$-variable formulation is in the general neighborhood of a global optimum. Additionally, we have updated the mixed-integer program (MIP) to better reflect the PPM model. We have resolved lingering data modeling issues so the MIP can use data from the PPM database. We have begun working on the translation of the continuous-time solutions generated by the v-variable formulation and evolutionary algorithms to a discrete-time formulation, which is necessary to perform formulation comparison studies. These results clearly illustrate the utility of general-purpose optimization techniques for these production planning problems. They also point to the need to more carefully examine the algorithmic difficulty and problem formulation for this class of problems. We evaluate several different aspects of the EPM problem formulation, noting weaknesses in the formulation and describing one way that the formulation could be tightened to provide a more accurate model of resource availability. # Problem Description A substantial portion of the Pantex workload relates to tests of weapons in the active stockpile. Each of these jobs involves partial disassembly of the weapon, one or more tests, and then re-assembly and return of the weapon to the active stockpile. The jobs are generally referred to as *evaluations, and their planning and scheduling fits a job-shop paradigm. Each job consists of a set of tasks. Some pairs of tasks have precedence constraints, where one job must complete before the other begins. The tasks vary widely in duration. Timing restrictions must be met: e.g., the earliest times when tasks can start, and the latest times when they can finish. The EPM planning problem is formulated using time periods, which are typically comprised of six consecutive eight-hour days. Because of uncertainties in the duration of tasks used in the planning problem, solutions to this problem are typically provided with an hourly time resolution. ![](media/image1.wmf) Figure 1. Illustration of an evaluation job, including a parent and daughter job. Arrows between tasks indicate precedence constraints. Figure 1 shows a typical evaluation job. Tasks P-1* through P-6 represent the *parent* job, while tasks D-1 through D-4 represent a *daughter* job. Daughter jobs begin only after their enabling task is completed in the parent job. In this case, Task D-1 can commence only when P-3 is complete. Daughter jobs may themselves have daughter jobs. Consequently the precedence constraints between tasks form a tree structure, but they are highly chainlike. The duration of each task is depicted by the width of the boxes; tasks can be as short as an hour or as long as several months. Tasks are assumed to have a fixed duration for purposes of the EPM planning problem. Each task can have an *earliest allowable start time* (EAST) and a **latest allowable finish time (LAFT)*. The first task in a parent job often has an EAST that is tied to the arrival of the weapon. The task for the test itself often has a LAFT because the test has to be conducted on or before a certain date to avoid tying up external resources (e.g., off-site engineers). The evaluation of each task requires a specific facility type (e.g., a Task Bay with 220 electricity) and a qualified crew (e.g., 2--3 people holding a specific certification). Facilities are hierarchically arranged to reflect how one facility can be replaced by another, more general facility. Each technician has a list of certifications to which (s)he can be assigned. The availability of each technician and the number of facilities of a given type varies by time period. In a schedule, each job would be assigned to a specific facility and given a specific team of qualified technicians. However, for planning future technician/facility needs, it is currently sufficient to assign tasks to a pool of facilities and technicians. Each technician is assigned to certifications by specifying the amount of time that will be devoted to each certification during each time period. No technician is assigned more time units for a particular certification during a time period than the sum of the task lengths (within that period) of tasks requiring that certification. For example, if there is only one task assigned to the time period and it requires 3 technicians for 2 units each, then no technician can have more than 2 units assigned to that certification during that time. A production plan assigns a start time and facility to each task. Preemption is not allowed, so a task will occupy that facility for its entire duration beginning at its start time. A production plan is feasible if: 1\) All precedence constraints, release dates, and deadlines are obeyed. 2\) Each task is assigned to an acceptable facility (type matches requirement). 3\) The total amount of work scheduled for each facility type during any particular time period does not exceed the availability of such facilities. 4) In each time period the requirements for technicians are matched by technician assignments and the total time assigned to each technician is not greater than an entire time period. 5) For each time period, no technician is assigned to a particular certification for more time units than the sum of the task lengths (within that period) of tasks requiring that certification (in the example above, constraint (4) could be satisfied by a single technician for 6 hours). Typically, an EPM planning problem spans a year and involves at least 500 jobs and 1000 tasks. Each job has from one to six tasks. About 28 facility types are involved along with 300 technicians, each of whom holds 2--3 of the 80 possible certifications. In practice, these planning problems are often infeasible. Consequently, the EPM module formulates the EPM planning problem using ghost facilities and ghost certification hours that reflect the number of additional resources that are required by a production plan. Thus the only constraints on a production plan are the scheduling constraints, which are much easier to satisfy. With this formulation, production plans are evaluated by summing the total number of hours of ghost facilities and ghost technicians that are required in each time period. These two factors are weighted equally. # Mathematical Problem Description In this section we provide a mathematical formulation of the EPM planning problem described in the previous section. This general formulation defines the underlying problem that is being solved by the EPM. As such, it is qualitatively different from previous formulations \[1,2,3,4\], which have been developed in the context of specific solution techniques. Thus this general formulation provides a basis for evaluating and comparing the previous formulations as well as the other formulations described later in this report. Specifically, comparisons with this mathematical formulation provide a basis for describing how the formulations used in various solution strategies approximate or simply reformulate the EPM planning. For simplicity, we assume that technicians are available on all working days and all certifications are valid for the entire planning horizon. The granularity of the time dimension is a single workday that contains eight hours of work, and each time period contains six days. Thus the duration of a time period is 6. We have also ignored the facility hierarchy structure that allows a one facility type to function as another at a penalty; the data sets that have been used to benchmark solution techniques for the EPM planning problem do not include facility hierarchy information. Formally, the general EPM formulation is as follows. Suppose we have J* tasks, indexed j,i = 1, 2, ..., J (with task J being a termination task) K facility types, indexed by either k = 1, 2, ..., K, or i= 1, 2, ..., K E technicians (employees), indexed by e = 1, 2, ..., E C certifications, indexed by c = 1, 2, ..., C T time periods, indexed by t = 1, 2, ..., T, and for each task, technician, and facility we have the following inputs: Task Inputs > d~j~ = duration of task j in days > > r~j~ = the release date for task j (i.e. its EAST) in days > > ~j~ = latest time for completion of task j (i.e. its LAFT) in > days > > $K_{j}$ = the set of possible facility types for task $j$ > > L~c~ = set of tasks requiring certification c Technician Inputs > h~j~ = number of technicians (crew size) required for task j > > H~et~ = days of availability for technician e in period t > > C~e~ = set of certifications held by technician e. Facility Inputs > $M_{\text{kt}}$ = days of availability for facility type $k$ in period > t Let $j \prec i$denote that task $j$immediately precedes task $i$. The decision variables in the general EPM formulation are: > $x_{j}$ = the time at which task $j$ starts > > $f_{j}$ = the facility type used by task $j$. The following variables are also used to define the objective function: > y~ect~ = number of days that technician e uses certification c > in period t > > f~kt~ = number of days of shortage for type k facilities in period > t > > q~ct~ = number of days of shortage for certification c in period > t > > $p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)$ = number of days spent processing task > $j$in time period t when it is started at time $x_{j}$ > > $\Theta$ = Weight of the facilities overage in the objective > > $\Omega$ = Weight of the technician overage in the objective. We are now prepared to define the general EPM formulation (Formulation I): minimize $\Theta\sum_{k,t}^{}f_{\text{kt}} + \Omega\sum_{c,t}^{}q_{\text{ct}}$ subject to $x_{j}³r_{j}$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (1) $x_{j} \leq t_{j} - d_{j}$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (2) $x_{j} + d_{j} \leq x_{i}$ $\forall j \prec i$ (3) $f_{j}{ÎK}_{j}$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (4) $\sum_{j:f_{j} = k}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)} \leq M_{\text{kt}} + f_{\text{kt}}$ $\text{t,k\} \{}$ (5) $\sum_{{cÎC}_{e}}^{}y_{\text{ect}} \leq H_{\text{et}}$ $\text{e,t\} \{}$ (6) $\sum_{j:j \in L_{c}}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)h_{j}} \leq \sum_{e}^{}y_{\text{ect}} + q_{\text{ct}}$ $\text{t,c\} \{}$ (7) $y_{\text{ect}} \leq \sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)}$ $\text{c,t,e:cÎC rSub \{ size 8\{e\} \} \} \{}$ (8) $f_{\text{kt}}³0$ $\text{t,k\} \{}$ (9) $q_{\text{ct}}³0$ $\text{t,c\} \{}$ (10) Constraints (1), (2) and (3) enforce EASTs, LAFTs, and precedence constraints respectively. Constraints (4) ensure that an appropriate facility has been chosen, and constraints (5) ensure that there is sufficient facility capacity in each time period. Constraints (6) ensure that each technician is not used longer than his availability, and constraints (7) ensure that there are enough technicians (by certification) assigned to the work in each time period. Constraints (8) ensure that no technician is assigned more time units for a certification during a time period than the sum of the task lengths (within that period) of tasks requiring that certification. Finally, constraints (9) and (10) ensure that the shortages are nonnegative quantities. The current formulation used by the EPM is the ![](media/image2.wmf)-variable formulation. To compare the ![](media/image3.wmf)-variable formulation with Formulation I, note that the solution process used by the EPM is broken into two stages \[1\]. In the first stage, a heuristic method is used to find solutions to the ![](media/image4.wmf)-variable formulation[^1]. The ![](media/image5.wmf)-variable formulation is a linear formulation that models tasks by an activity measure that reflects how much of the task is being processed in a given time period. The solution to the v-variable formulation is then processed to generate starting times for tasks. In the second phase, these starting times are used by a linear program to compute the facility and technician overages. Consequently, the first phase is responsible for finding a start times that satisfy constraints (1), (2) and (3) and for assigning tasks to facilities, while the linear program in phase two simply computes the objective function given these inputs subject to the remaining constraints in Formulation I. This approach is similar to what we describe in the next section, though we describe how to use a network flow algorithm \[7\] to compute the technician allocation variables, which should be faster compute than a general linear program. # Optimization Formulations This section describes three formulations of the EPM planning problem that revise Formulation I to allow solution by general-purpose optimization methods. In each of these formulations, the set of feasible plans is the same as that in Formulation I. The difference is the manner in which the linear constraints in Formulation I are managed. Formulations II, III and IV are bound-constrained formulations that hide the linear constraints through different penalty and problem-transformation methodologies. We begin by revisiting Formulation I to take note of how the structure of the constrained region can be exploited to simplify this formulation. The definition of Formulation Ia is given below. The objective of Formulation Ia differs from Formulation I in that the constraints on the technicians implicitly form a network flow problem that is solved separately. Figure 2 illustrates this network flow problem. A network flow problem is solved for each time period to compute $q'_{\text{ct}}$, the shortage for certification $c$ in period $t$ (we use $q'$ to indicate that the shortage is computed by the network flow subproblem). The flow goes from node $s$ to node $t$. The technician assignments to certifications are represented as flows from technician nodes to certification nodes. The capacities on the edges of this network are set as follows: $$\begin{matrix} e_{\text{se}} & & H_{\text{et}} \\ e_{\text{ec}} & = & \left\{ \begin{matrix} \sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)} & ,{cÎC}_{e} \\ 0 & ,\text{else} \end{matrix} \right.\ \\ e_{\text{ct}} & = & \sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)h_{j}} \end{matrix}$$ The value of $\varepsilon_{\text{se}}$reflects the upper bound on the total time available for a technician (constraint (6)), the value of $\varepsilon_{\text{ec}}$reflects the upper bound on the total time that a technician can spend on a given certification (constraint (8)), and the value of $\varepsilon_{\text{ct}}$reflects the total time required (work) for certification $c$ in time period $t$. If this flow problem can be solved such that the flow along each of the edges$\varepsilon_{c,t}$is maximized, then all of the certification demand for this time period can be met without additional technicians. More generally, this may not be the case, and the value of $q'_{\text{ct}}$ is the residual capacity, the amount of additional flow that would be needed to maximize the flow along $\varepsilon_{c,t}$. ![](media/image6.wmf) Figure 2: Illustration of the network flow problem that is used to compute $p'$. We are now prepared to define the revised general EPM formulation (Formulation Ia): minimize $\Theta\sum_{k,t}^{}{\text{max}\left( \sum_{j:f_{j} = k}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right) - M_{\text{kt}},0} \right) +}\Omega\sum_{c,t}^{}{q'_{ct}}$ subject to $x_{j}³r_{j}$ $\forall j$ (11) $x_{j} \leq t_{j} - d_{j}$ $\forall j$ (12) $x_{j} + d_{j} \leq x_{i}$ $\forall j \prec i$ (13) The only difference in terms of the space of solutions between Formulation I and Ia, is the assumption that $\left\| K_{j} \right\| = 1$ for all j. This assumption was made here and in subsequent formulations because the initial data set used in our computational experiments has this property. We revisit the implications of this assumption in the discussion section. Formulation Ia can be transformed to a bound-constrained formulation by observing that constraints (11) and (12) are simple bound constraints. Formulation II simply folds the violation of precedence constraints into the objective function with a simple penalty methodology. Let $P(x)$ equal ![](media/image7.wmf) if ![](media/image8.wmf)and zero otherwise. Then Formulation II is: minimize $\Theta\sum_{k,t}^{}{\text{max}\left( \sum_{j:f_{j} = k}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right) - M_{\text{kt}},0} \right) +}\Omega\sum_{c,t}^{}{q'_{ct}} + \sum_{j \prec i}^{}{P\left( x_{j} + d_{j} - x_{i} \right)}$ subject to $x_{j}³r_{j}$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (14) $x_{j} \leq t_{j} - d_{j}$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (15) For large problems, it may be difficult to satisfy all of these precedence constraints. We can trade off the feasibility of precedence constraints for the feasibility of the bound constraints by considering a reformulation that defines $x_{j} = \Delta_{j} + z_{j}$, where $z_{j} = r_{j}$if $x_{j}$ has no predecessors and $z_{j} = \text{max}\left( r_{j},x_{k} + d_{k} \right)$ otherwise, where k is the index of the predecessor. If we restrict ourselves to $D_{j}³0$and $\Delta_{j} \leq \tau_{j} - (r_{j} + d_{j})$then $x_{j}$ is feasible with respect to precedence constraints, though it may violate its upper bounds. Formulation III uses a simple penalty method to penalize violations of the upper bounds on $x_{j}$: minimize ![](media/image9.wmf) subject to $0 \leq \Delta_{j} \leq \tau_{j} - (r_{j} + d_{j})$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (16) $x_{j} = \Delta_{j} + z_{j}$ $\forall j$ (17) The equality constraints (17) can easily be folded into the calculation of the objective for this problem, so this problem is essentially bound-constrained. For problems with long chains, the upper bound on $\Delta_{j}$ may be rather weak, leading to many feasible points in the bounded region that violate the upper bounds on $x_{j}$. Consequently, we revised this formulation to only allow plans that are feasible with respect to the constraints in Formulation I. This formulation extends the notion of a delta offset from Formulation III to a percentage offset, where a percentage offset captures an offset through the percentage of remaining feasibility. Specifically, we consider decision variables ${p\Delta}_{j} = \left( x_{j} - z_{j} \right)/\left( \tau_{j} - d_{j} - z_{j} \right)$ subject to the constraints ${pD}_{j}³0$ and ${pD}_{j} \leq 1$. Using these variables, the upper and lower bounds on $x_{j}$ are immediately satisfied. Consequently, Formulation IV contains no penalty terms: minimize $\Theta\sum_{k,t}^{}{\text{max}\left( \sum_{j:f_{j} = k}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right) - M_{\text{kt}},0} \right) +}\Omega\sum_{c,t}^{}{q'_{ct}}$ subject to $0 \leq {pD}_{j} \leq 1$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (18) $x_{j} = \left( \tau_{j} - d_{j} - z_{j} \right){p\Delta}_{j} + z_{j}$ $\forall j$ (19) As with Formulation III, the equality constraints (19) can easily be folded into the calculation of the objective for this problem, so this problem is essentially bound-constrained. Since this formulation does not contain any penalty terms, all solutions to Formulation IV represent feasible solutions to Formulation I. However, this formulation may be difficult to solve with a general-purpose optimization strategy since the variables ${p\Delta}_{j}$ for tasks at the beginning of a job can limit the sensitivity of a solution to values for later tasks by allowing for a small absolute range of feasible values for the later start times. # Mixed Integer Linear Program Formulation This section describes a mixed-integer linear-programming (MIP) formulation of the EPM planning problem. This formulation differs from Formulation I in that the time horizon is discretized to facilitate the linearization of the formulation (in particular, constraints (5), (7) and (8)). The time horizon is broken into time periods, and each period is decomposed into a fixed number of units (currently hours). Task lengths are given in units. The MIP also considers an intermediate length of time called a slot (currently a day). There are a fixed number of units per slot and a fixed number of slots per period. A schedule assigns a start time and facility type to each task using a 0-1 variable $x_{\text{jk}\tau}$that is 1 if task $j$ uses facility type$k$ beginning at time slot $\tau$. Thus the time granularity for scheduling in this model is time slots and not time periods. As in Formulation I, each technician $e$ is assigned to certification $c$in time period $t$ by specifying $y_{\text{ect}}$, the (fractional) number of time units. To limit the size of the MIP, \"big\" tasks with length at least a slot are aligned with slots (days) by starting them at the beginning of a slot. Short tasks (strictly less than a slot long) can start on unit boundaries. This introduces less unforced idle time and makes the MIP output more comparable to output from the PPM. This is implicitly represented in the MIP with the $b\left( j,\overline{j} \right)$ function. Start times are specified as slots, but understood to be mid-slot if (1) a predecessor is running at the start of the slot, and (2) the task can finish before the end of the slot while obeying precedence constraints. That is, a short task will never be split across two slots. To be more explicit, there are two types of precedence constraints: packed and normal. In a normal precedence constraint, the successor cannot start until the slot after the completion of the predecessor. In a packed precedence constraint, the (short) successor can "pack" into the remaining time in the slot where the predecessor finishes (without going into the next slot). Therefore, long tasks have only normal predecessor constraints with their single immediate ancestor (if it exists). If a short job has a packing precedence constraint with its immediate ancestor, we may need to add one more (normal) constraint with a nonadjacent predecessor. For example, if there is a chain of many unit-sized jobs, each pair can share a slot, but the entire chain may not fit into a single slot. Specifically, let the precedence chain for short job j be p~1~, p~2~, ..., p~d~, where p~1~ is job j's immediate ancestor, p~2~ is p~1~'s ancestor and so on. There is a constraint between job j and job p~d~ if all the following conditions are met: 1) job j and jobs p~1~ through p~d-1~ all fit in a slot, 2) adding job p~d~ to the group in (1) would overflow a slot, and 3) Jobs p~1~ through p~d~ all fit in a slot. The first condition implies there are no extra constraints required between job j and predecessors jobs p~1~ through p~d-1~. The second condition implies a normal constraint between job j and p~d~. However, if the third constraint is not met, then there will already be a (nonadjacent) constraint earlier in the chain (e.g. between p~1~ and p~d~) and therefore adding one between j and p~d~ would be redundant. The following variables are also used to define the MIP formulation: > $T(j)$ = the set of time slots at which task $j$ can begin > > $b\left( j,\overline{j} \right)$ = 1 if $\overline{j} \prec j$ and > task $\overline{j}$ can be "packed" with $j$ We are now prepared to define the MILP formulation (Formulation V): minimize $\Theta\sum_{k,t}^{}f_{\text{kt}} + \Omega\sum_{c,t}^{}q_{\text{ct}}$ subject to $\sum_{tÎT(j)}^{}{\sum_{{kÎK}_{j}}^{}x_{\text{jk}t}} = 1$ $\text{j,k\} \{}$ (20) $\sum_{k \in K_{\overline{j}}}^{}{\sum_{r_{\overline{j}} \leq \tau' \leq \tau}^{}x_{\overline{j}k\tau'}}\sum_{k \in K_{j}}^{}{\sum_{r_{j} \leq \overline{\tau} \leq \tau - d_{j} + b\left( j,\overline{j} \right)}^{}x_{\text{jk \{}\overline{\tau}}}$ $\text{tÎT left (j right ), \{ bar \{j\}\}pj\} \{}$ (21) $\sum_{j:{kÎK}_{j}}^{}{\sum_{tÎT(j)}^{}{p(j,t,t)x_{jtk}}}M_{kt} + f_{\text{kt}}$ $\text{t,k\} \{}$ (22) $\sum_{{cÎC}_{e}}^{}y_{\text{ect}} \leq H_{\text{et}}$ $\text{e,t\} \{}$ (23) $\sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}{\sum_{tÎT(j)}^{}{\sum_{{kÎK}_{j}}^{}p(j,t,t)x_{jtk}}h_{j}}\sum_{e}^{}y_{\text{ect}} + q_{\text{ct}}$ $\text{t,c\} \{}$ (24) $y_{\text{ect}} \leq \sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}{\sum_{tÎT(j)}^{}{p(j,t,t)x_{jtk}}}$ $\text{c,t,e:cÎC rSub \{ size 8\{e\} \} \} \{}$ (25) $f_{kt}³0$ $\text{t,k\} \{}$ (26) $q_{\text{ct}}³0$ $\text{t,c\} \{}$ (27) Constraints (20) assure that every task is completed. Constraints (21) assure that a task is not started until all predecessors are completed. One could assure some separation of start times by enforcing only one such constraint on the mid-points of each (predecessor, successor) pair, but this formulation is likely to be tighter. Constraints (22) ensure that there is sufficient facility capacity in each time period. Constraints (23) ensure that each technician is not used longer than his availability, and constraints (24) ensure that there are enough technicians assigned to meet the demand for certification hours in each time period. Constraints (25) ensure that no technician is assigned more time units for a certification during a time period than the sum of the task lengths (within that period) of tasks requiring that certification. Finally, constraints (26) and (27) ensure that the shortages are nonnegative quantities. # Data Characteristics and Preparation To ensure that data input was consistent across all formulations, the PPM pre-processor was used to generate data files. This also allowed the PPM to perform the translation of data from the data repositories used in practice at Pantex (Access databases), to a format that could be easily interpreted for experimentation by the various experimental formulations. The result was a set of ASCII files containing indexed data (e.g. job, task, facility, technician, and certification information). The initial test data set was generated based on the Pantex database containing information specific to the 62 and 87 system operations performed during fiscal year 1998. The team felt that this was the most refined Pantex data set. This data set does not include facility hierarchies, and each task can be assigned to single facility type. The ASCII files contained indices referring to individual elements (e.g. the index of a task), indices of associated elements (e.g. the facility and certification indices required by a given task), and information specific to various data elements. For example, the EAST and LAFT fractions associated with a task, or the quantity available of a given resource. See the appendix for specific examples of these details and technical comments elaborating on the exact contents of these input data files. The quantities contained in the ASCII files assume a base unit of one day. Start times, EASTs, LAFTs, and task durations are represented as fractions of days. An EAST is assumed to be the first day of the EAST period and LAFTs are assumed to be the last day of the LAFT period for a given task. Two versions of this dataset were used in our experiments: (1) EASTs are rounded down and LAFTs are rounded up, and (2) the EASTs and LAFTs are left as fractional values. The first data set reflects how the EASTs and LAFTs are processed within the PPM, while the raw fractional values reflect how more recent algorithms for the PPM have been applied (e.g. see \[6\]). We computed a lower bound of the optimal objective value for these two data sets by considering the 43 tasks that require a type 2 facility; preliminary studies indicated that the shortage of type 2 facilities was a constraining factor in this data set \[6\]. We sorted these tasks in ascending order according to LAFT, from which we computed the total amount of work that must be accomplished with facility type 2 before each time period. There are two type 2 facilities available, so we compared the worked required with the available resources at each time period. The maximum amount of work that cannot be scheduled in for type 2 facilities was 648 for the rounded problem set and 712 for the second problem set. This analysis indicates that objective for these two problems cannot fall below these values when $\Omega = \Theta = 1$. Thus, the analysis indicates the importance of finding a way to increase the amount of facility type 2 time available, or to decrease the overall required workload. Finally, data validation between the experimental formulations and the EPM module was accomplished by fixing the start times of the tasks in the data set (setting start time equal to EAST) and computing resource utilization using both implementations. The resulting objective function values were compared to validate the experimental formulations. # Computational Experience This section describes computational experience with Formulations II, III and IV using a standard evolutionary algorithm. We have also evaluated the final solution generated by the $v$-variable formulation to determine whether or not it is locally optimal. These optimizers were taken from the SGOPT optimization library, and the resource overage was computed with a problem formulation that was carefully benchmarked against the EPM $v$-variable formulation. ## Evolutionary Algorithms We have done a preliminary evaluation of the applicability of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to Formulations II, III and IV. The goal of this effort was to evaluate whether or not the domain-specific methods developed by the PPM team (particularly the $v$-variable and $s$-variable formulations) provide significantly better solutions than a general-purpose global optimization heuristic like an EA. The EA used in this work is a method similar to evolutionary programming \[1\], a standard class of EAs used to optimize over continuous domains. This EA uses an intermediate crossover operator and a self-adapted normally distributed mutation operator. No effort was made to tune this method for these formulations, and bound constraints were implemented with a penalty method that biases the search towards feasible points. In Formulations II and III, the EA had difficulty identifying feasible points. Even when allowed to run for an extended period of time, this EA was unlikely to find a single feasible point. In Formulation IV, all points are feasible but the search is highly sensitive to some parameters more than others. The EA was used to optimize with Formulation IV with a time limit of 10,000 function evaluations; a function evaluation consists of computing the resource overage for a single production plan. On code compiled without compiler optimization turned on (and in fact, with debugging flags set on), this took about 20 minutes on a Sun Sparc 20. The EA was run with a set of 15 random seeds on both the rounded and unrounded data sets, and the distribution of final solutions generated by the EA had the following characteristics: --------------- --------------- ------------ ------------- ------------- Statistic Minimum Median Mean Maximum Rounded 3269 3722 3728 4226 Unrounded 3560 3615 3666 3920 --------------- --------------- ------------ ------------- ------------- This should be compared with the solution generated by the $v$-variable formulation, which was 4281 and 4479 for the rounded and unrounded data sets respectively. Thus in all of these trials the EA found better solutions than the solution generated by the $v$-variable formulation, and the average solution generated by the EA is at least 12% lower than the $v$-variable solution. Finally, from our lower bound on the optimal solution value, we can determine that in the unrounded data set the EA found solutions within 1% of the global optimum in 46% of the trials; for the rounded data set the EA found such a solution in only one of the trials. Consequently, these results indicate that general-purpose optimization strategies may be effective for this application ## Local Refinement We evaluated the degree to which the final solution generated by the $v$-variable formulation is locally optimal by applying a simple direct search procedure to this solution. We applied a simple pattern search method \[5\] to this solution using Formulation II with a penalty factor of 100,000 for violated precedence constraints. This algorithm was run until the step length parameter fell below ![](media/image10.wmf); this required approximately 10,000 function evaluations, and the pattern search method finished within 25 minutes. This optimizer was able to refine the initial ![](media/image11.wmf)-variable solution for both the unrounded and rounded data sets to a globally optimal point. This shows that our bound on the global optimum is tight for these problem sets. Further, this result strongly suggests that the $v$-variable formulation does not generate locally optimal solutions, and that refining the solutions generated for different formulations could substantially improve their quality. # Evaluating the EPM Problem Formulation Our reformulation of the EPM production planning problem has led to several insights into our current formulations of this problem. This section discusses these insights and provides suggestions for strengthening the problem formulation ## An Optimistic Approximation Formulations I and Ia are approximations to the actual scheduling problem faced by Pantex. The use of such an approximate model is appropriate because these models are being used for broader planning purposes. Thus data uncertainties in the model are less important because it does not aim to provide a true schedule to Pantex. Because these problem formulations are approximations, it is important to understand whether they provide an optimistic or pessimistic evaluation of the resources needed to complete a set of tasks. In fact, these formulations offer an optimistic evaluation because the assignment of technicians to tasks is not exact. Consequently, solutions to these forms of the EPM production planning problem are best used for arguing that too few resources are available to meet a set of production goals. It is also important to note that the granularity of the time period over which technicians are assigned to certifications impacts the accuracy of these formulations. Specifically, solutions with longer time periods are more optimistic than solutions with shorter time periods. This is unfortunate because the use of longer time periods is very desirable since this reduces the number of variables in the problem. Thus we need to evaluate the trade-off between the desired level of accuracy and the time-frame for solving problems, and it might be interesting for the PPM toolkit to allow users to explicitly control this trade-off (e.g. to get more accurate predictions once a reasonable approximate solution was found). ## Evaluating the Network Flow Subproblem The network flow subproblem used in Formulations Ia-IV captures the assignment of technicians to certifications. The following example shows how adding more work to a time period can actually lead the network flow subproblem to *reduce* the predicted technician overage. Consider the following set of tasks that are run in a given time period: --------------- --------------- ---------------------- ----------------- Task \# Crewsize Duration (Days) Certification 1 7 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 5 4 6 2 6 1 1 1 --------------- --------------- ---------------------- ----------------- Further, suppose we have seven technicians all of which have certification one and four of which have certification two. The following figure illustrates the corresponding network flow problem that can be used to determine the overage when tasks 1-5 are scheduled for a six-day time period: ![](media/image12.wmf) This network has a minimum cut with a flow of 40, which means that two additional technician days are needed (in particular, to meet the demand for certification one). Now consider the following network flow when the sixth task is also included: ![](media/image13.wmf) In this case the network has a minimum cut with a flow of 42, which means that no additional technician days are needed. Thus by adding a task to a time period we have reduced the amount of technician overage! The reason for this discrepancy is the fact that technician resources are constrained on the granularity of a time period, and because technicians are assigned to certifications rather than tasks. We expect that assigning technicians to tasks will eliminate this problem, and it will provide a tighter formulation; that is, it will provide a closer estimate of the true resource overages. We can augment Formulation I using the variable > Y~ejt~ = number of days that technician e works on task j in > period t to get the following formulation (Formulation VI): minimize $\sum_{k,t}^{}f_{\text{kt}} + \sum_{c,t}^{}q_{\text{ct}}$ subject to $x_{j}³r_{j}$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (28) $x_{j} \leq t_{j} - d_{j}$ $\forall j$ (29) $x_{j} + d_{j} \leq x_{\overline{j}}$ $\text{jp \{ bar \{j\}\}\} \{}$ (30) $f_{j}{ÎK}_{j}$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (31) $\sum_{j:f_{j} = k}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)} \leq M_{\text{kt}} + f_{\text{kt}}$ $\text{t,k\} \{}$ (32) $Y_{\text{ejt}} \leq p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)$ $\text{t,e,j\} \{}$ (33) $y_{\text{ect}} = \sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}Y_{\text{ejt}}$ $\text{e,t\} \{}$ (34) $\sum_{{cÎC}_{e}}^{}y_{\text{ect}} \leq H_{\text{et}}$ $\text{e,t\} \{}$ (35) $\sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)h_{j}} \leq \sum_{e}^{}y_{\text{ect}} + q_{\text{ct}}$ $\text{t,c\} \{}$ (36) $y_{\text{ect}} \leq \sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)}$ $\text{c,t,e:cÎC rSub \{ size 8\{e\} \} \} \{}$ (37) $f_{kt}³0$ $\text{t,k\} \{}$ (38) $q_{\text{ct}}³0$ $\text{t,c\} \{}$ (39) $Y_{\text{ejt}}³0$ $\text{t,e,j\} \{}$ (40) Constraints (33), (34) and (40) are the principle changes from Formulation I. Constraint (33) ensures that a technician can only work on a task as many hours as that task is scheduled for the given time period. Constraint (34) explicitly relates y~ect~ to Y~ejt~, which was implicitly done earlier by the definition of y~ect~. Finally, constraint (40) simply ensures that technicians work a nonnegative number of hours on each task. Formulation VI is tighter than Formulation I and its derivatives because of the additional constraint on the Y~ejt~ variables. Further, we can revise this formulation like Formulation Ia to assume that $\left\| K_{j} \right\| = 1$ for all j and to formulate a network flow subproblem. Formulation VIa requires a network flow subproblem that represents technician assignments to task as flows from technician nodes to task nodes. The weights on the edges of this network are set as follows: $$\begin{matrix} e_{\text{se}} & & H_{\text{et}} \\ e_{\text{ej}} & = & \left\{ \begin{matrix} p\left( j,x_{j},t \right) & ,{cÎC}_{e} \\ 0 & ,\text{else} \end{matrix} \right.\ \\ e_{\text{jt}} & = & p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)h_{j} \end{matrix}$$ This network is illustrated in Figure 3. Note that instead of certification nodes we now have task nodes. Since the total hours of certification overage equals the number of hours that tasks are not scheduled, this network flow problem captures the same information as the previous network flow problems. Further, the values of the certification overate,$q'_{\text{ct}}$, could be computed explicitly to accommodate an objective function that weighted them differently. ![](media/image14.wmf) Figure 3: Illustration of the network flow subproblem in Formulation VIa. ## Smoothness The resource overage objective function used for the EPM is piecewise linear because the underlying network flow problem is linear. This is a particularly nice class of problems. For example, subgradient or bundling optimization methods would probably be a better choice than the pattern search method used in our study. However, using a subgradient method requires a more explicit solution to the network flow problem, since this method would need to be reformulated to provide gradient information with respect to the decision variables. As a first step in this direction we analyze the derivatives of Formulation I. We now compute the change in the objective function (sum of facility and technician overages, all equally weighted) as a single job is moved infinitesimally forward or backward in time. For each time slot, we have a flow network as illustrated in Figure 2. For a particular certification C, technician assignments are represented by the flow through the subnetwork consisting of nodes s, C, t, and those workers E~i~ with certification C. The gradient with respect to a job J with certification C depends upon the structure of the flow and the residual graph. Given a flow f(i,j) over each edge (i,j) in a graph where each edge has capacity ε~ij~, the residual graph has the same topology as the original graph, but the new capacities $e_{\text{ij}}^{'} = e_{\text{ij}} - f_{\text{ij}}$. This is a directed graph. In the networks we use to assign technicians, capacity is only positive in the forward direction (from s to E~i~, from E~i~ to C~j\ ~and from C~j\ ~to t), and backward capacity is 0. Flow is antisymmetric (f~ij~ = -f~ji~). Thus for one of the forward edges, the residual capacity represents the amount of extra flow an edge can carry forward. For a backward edge, (j,i), the residual capacity is f~ij\ ~(the amount of flow going forward). This represents the ability to "send" flow from node j to node i by holding it back at node i. An augmenting path is an s-to-t path in the residual graph. A flow is maximum if and only if there are no augmenting paths in the residual graph. In particular, for a maximum flow, every path from s to t in the network has at least one saturated edge, that is, an edge where the flow is equal to the capacity of the edge (and hence the forward residual capacity is zero). We now consider the subnetwork representing the technician assignment to certification C and distinguish the direct s-to-t paths based upon the pattern of saturated edges in the maximum flow. In the following diagrams, the hatched edges are saturated. The simplest case is the type 0 path where the (C,t) edge is the only saturated edge (recall there is only one (C,t) edge for each certification C). ![](media/image15.wmf) If there is a type-0 path, then the gradient is 0. If the work is slightly increased, then employee E can do the extra work (additional capacity on the rest of the path), so there is no overage created. If the work is slightly decreased, the overage for certification C remains zero. There is no opportunity to use this decrease in work for certification C to increase work in another unfinished certification. If any employee could shift work from C to another (unfinished) certification C'', then they would in any maximum flow (employee E could complete the extra work on certification C). There are 3 possible saturation patterns for the direct paths from s to workers E having certification C. We associate the type with the path and the worker represented on the path. The dashed line on edge (C,t) indicates that edge could be saturated or not. First consider the case where (C,t) is not saturated. If a job of certification C is shifted slightly into the time period (work increase δ), then the capacity of edge (C,t) increases by H~j~ δ, where H~j~ is the crew size for job j, and the capacity of edge (E,C) increases by δ. The flow over edge (C,t) can increase δ for each s-to-E augmenting path in the residual graph, where worker E has certification C. For type-1 workers, this augmenting path is trivial (edge (s,E)). These paths cannot exist for type-2 workers, since their existence would imply an augmenting path in the original residual graph. For type-3 workers, there must be a more complicated augmenting path such as the one illustrated below. Such a path is not ruled out, since in the previous max flow, edge (E,C) was saturated and therefore not in the residual graph. Augmenting along this path shifts work on certification C~2~ originally done by worker E to worker E~2~ and work on certificationC~3~ from worker E~2~ to worker E~3~. Essentially, such an augmenting path makes a type-3 path effectively type 1. Thus the work-increasing gradient for this time period is $H_{j} - n_{\text{SE}}$, where n~SE~ is the number of workers E with s-to-E augmenting paths. More explicitly we have $n_{\text{SE}} = n_{1} + n_{3a}$, where n~1~ is the number of type-1 paths for certification C and n~3a~ is the number of type-3 paths with an augmenting path to E. Note that these augmenting paths could share edges, so we could not maximally augment them all simultaneously. However we could augment them all for sufficiently small δ. We now consider the gradient when shifting work of certification C out of the time period. The capacity on edge (C,t) now decreases by $H_{j}d$ and the capacity of edge (E,C) decreases by δ. However, δ flow is maintained for each path with an E-to-t augmenting path in the residual graph. This corresponds to worker E shifting work from certification C to another. Paths of type 1 cannot have such an augmenting path because it would imply an augmenting path in the original residual graph. Type-2 paths have a trivial augmenting path along edges (E,C) and (C,t), corresponding to worker E maintaining the same level of effort on certification C. Type-3 paths can have more complicated augmenting paths (representing a perhaps-cascading shift of assignments among workers to ultimately increase effort on another certification with overage). Sliding a job out of the time period decreases work available for certification C by H~j~δ and the amount of work assigned by $(H_{j} - n_{\text{Et}})d$, where n~Et~ is the number of workers E with an E-to-t augmenting path. Therefore the work-decreasing gradient for this time period (change in total overage) is$n_{\text{Et}}$. Now consider the case where there is no overage for certification C (edge (C,t) is saturated). Increasing work is identical to the case where it is not saturated except that we cannot create negative overage for certification C. Therefore the work-increasing gradient for this time period is $\text{min}(H_{j} - n_{\text{SE}},0)$. Note that now type-2 workers can have s-to-E augmenting paths. If work is decreased, the overage can decrease by at most$H_{j}d$. This must all come from workers shifting to work on other certifications. Type 2 paths no longer have an automatic augmenting path. The work-decreasing gradient for this time period is $\text{min}(n_{\text{Et}},H_{j})$. Because the flows for the time periods are independent, the total gradient is the sum of a work-increasing gradient on one end of the moving job and a work-decreasing gradient on the other. # Discussion Our formulation of the general EPM production planning problem in Formulation I provides a basis for comparison between different formulations for this problem. Formulation Ia illustrates how this problem can be reformulated to facilitate the application of general-purpose optimization methods. Furthermore, Formulations II, III and IV reformulate this problem so that simple bound-constrained optimizers can be used to solve it. The MIP formulation can be viewed as an approximation to Formulation I to the extent that the discretization of time creates (a) a discrete set of starting points for jobs and (b) the packing of short jobs into time slots approximates the scheduling of these jobs together within a day. Our empirical results with EAs offer evidence that general-purpose optimizers can be effectively applied to this application both for finding near-optimal solutions, but also for generating a distribution of good solutions. Further, our refinement experiment highlights the fact that the formulations that we consider for the EPM planning problem need to include a final refinement step. The MILP formulation of the EPM planning problem (Formulation V) is still being developed, but preliminary experiments with this formulation suggest that the bound derived from this linear model may not be particularly strong. We are extending this work in several directions. First, we have begun to develop EAs and pattern search methods that can be applied to linearly constrained problems like Formulation Ia. We expect that general-purpose optimizers that appropriately account for linear constraints can be more effectively applied to Formulation Ia than the methods that are applied to Formulation IV. The sensitivity of the variables along the precedence chains is a worrisome feature for this formulation, and we expect that it will be particularly problematic for problems with long precedence chains. We have also begun to reconsider the simplifications made to develop Formulations II, III, IV. In particular, these formulations assume that every task can only be assigned to one facility type; this simplification was made to facilitate benchmark comparisons between the EPM solutions and the methods developed within 9200. Limiting the facility assignments reduces the set of decision variables in Formulations II, III and IV to the scheduling start times for tasks. However, if this simplification were not made then the decision variables would also include the facility assignments, which would make the planning problem a mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problem. We expect that these problems would be significantly harder to solve, especially if the facility hierarchy was also included in the formulation. # Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered} We thank Justin Brickel for his work analyzing the derivative properties of the EPM problem formulation and for bring to our attention the example in Section 8.2. We also thank the members of the PPM team for their helpful discussions. # Bibliography 1. D.B. Fogel, Evolutionary Computation. IEEE Press. Piscataway, NJ. 1995. 2. []{#_Ref468597866 .anchor}E.A. Kjeldgaard, D.A. Jones, G.F. List, M.A. Turnquist, J.W. Angelo, R.D. Hopson and Hudson, "Swords into Plowshares: Nuclear Weapon Dismantlement, Evaluation, and Maintenance at Pantex", INTERFACES, 1999. To appear. 3. D.A. Jones, C.R. Lawton, G.F. List, G. F. and M.A. Turnquist, "The Pantex model: Formulations of the evaluation planning module\", Sandia National Laboratories, SAND99-2095, 1998. 4. E.A. Kjeldgaard, D.A. Jones, G.F. List, M.A. Turnquist, "Planning and Scheduling for Agile Manufacturers: The Pantex Process Model", Sandia National Laboratories, SAND98-0030, 1998. 5. J.E. Dennis and V.J. Torczon, "Derivative-free pattern search methods for multidisciplinary design problems", Proc Fifth AIAA Symp on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization. Pp. 922-932. 1994. 6. L.K. Nozick, M.A. Turnquist, C.R. Lawton, G.F. List, D.A. Jones, "Production Planning for a Project Job Shop, with Application to Disassembly, Evaluation and Maintenance of Nuclear Weapons", Submitted to J Production Planning and Control. Nov, 1999. 7. R. Ahuja, T. Magnanti, and J. Orlin, "Network Flows: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications", Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993. # Appendix \## \## Database of tasks \## \## Format: \## integer id \## char string description \## integer east (units are time periods) \## integer laft (units are time periods) \## double duration (units are time periods) \## integer predecessor ID \## integer child_flag (1 if true) \## integer number of technicians \## integer certification ID \## integer facility type \## 130 1,432,2.333333,8.5,2.5,-1,0,2,6,1 2,489,.3333333,7.5,1.666667,-1,0,1,8,2 3,521,0,29.66667,4.166667,-1,0,2,6,1 . . . \## \## Database of facility availability by time period \## \## Format: each row indicates the number of each of the \## facilities that are available. The order is assumed to follow that \## given in the facilities database; \## 42 4,2,4,4,4,1,2,2 4,2,4,4,4,1,2,2 4,2,4,4,4,1,2,2 . . . \## \## Database of facility hierarchy \## \## Format: \## integer facility ID \## char string description \## integer facility predecessor in hierarchy \## 8 1,1,-1 2,2,-1 3,10,-1 . . \## \## Database of technicians \## \## Format: \## integer technician ID \## char string description \## integer number of certifications \## integer,\...,integer certification (in sorted order) \## 47 1,7,1,10 2,15,1,10 3,17,1,10 . . . DISTRIBUTION: George List Department of Civil Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY 12180-3590 Linda Nozick Cornell University School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Hollister Hall Ithaca, NY 14850 Mark Turnquist Cornell University School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Hollister Hall Ithaca, NY 14850 1 1110 David Womble 9222 1 1110 Cindy Phillips 9211 10 1110 William Hart 9211 1 0451 Craig Lawton 6235 1 0451 Dean Jones 6235 1 0451 Ed Kjeldgaard 6235 1 0451 Steven Wright 6235 1 0451 Jennifer Nelson 6235 1 1089 Central Technical Files, 8940-2 1 0899 Technical Library, 9616 1 0612 Review & Approval Desk, 9612 For DOE/OSTI [^1]: ^\*^ The current algorithm implemented for stage one in the Pantex Process Model is actually a slight variation of the formulation documented in \[3\]. The formulation documented in \[3\] has a set of constraints that ensure start times are not computed in a way that violates precedence. In the variation of the algorithm implemented in the Pantex Process Model, primarily to decrease computation time, these constraints have been relaxed for those tasks that are shorter than one time unit. Our comparative results reflect what is implemented in the Pantex Process Model.	en
converted_docs	889613	Unit 3H, Tools, Activity 1 Answer hardware/network resources questions Fire managers are typically asking more of their respective Information Technology support staff than many agency personnel. Many factors contribute to this situation. Many fire management positions are inter-agency in nature or scope. There is often a need for access to multiple networks (external and internal), sources of agency data, sharing of files ranging from simple text to extensive databases or spatial data of large size and near real-time electronic connectivity. In addition fire specific applications are developed by academia and/or agency researchers and distributed through various sources other than network administrators. Typically application support is either lacking or provided off-site through development staff.\ \ Fire managers are left to navigate the morass of file management, application installation and support, and external connection functionality outside the realm of network administration provided at their local unit. Successful managers will quickly need to adapt to this condition and develop at least rudimentary skills in managing their information technology resources. In many cases interagency peers and fire specific support staff at the regional or national level can provide needed support.\ \ Familiarity with your typical hardware configuration can assist in meeting these challenges. Many managers have found it easier to work solely off one workstation that provides for networking at home and the same configuration on the road. Laptop computers can typically provide the same needed specifications for data processing, memory capacity, data sharing, and connectivity. For those users that prefer the ergonomic advantages of a desktop workstation, laptop configuration can easily accommodate external pointing devices, keyboards, and full-size monitors. Guidelines for hardware purchasing are usually managed through consolidated contract purchases and overseen by local IT staff. Available models and configurations are routinely updated to try and keep pace with industry advances. Most fire management users will find that high-end models described on government contracts are necessary to meet user demands. (See HO-1 describing suggested computer specification for attendance at higher level fire curriculum classes.).\ \ In addition to the hardware you will utilize, it is equally important to have the ability to manage the files, data and applications available to meet the demands of your position. Modern operating systems have responded to current threats and security concerns by building administrative controls over networked resources. These controls will typically limit the ability of the generic user to manage their IT resources in the realm of system set-up options and software installation. While there are significant benefits to this in the protection of government networks from corruption and invasion of privacy, it also introduces hurdles to the accomplishment of many duties. Unfortunately this is often not fully understood or discovered until fire personnel are working in time critical situations on emergency incidents or away from their duty station in meetings, workshops, or training sessions. When you have completed Lesson 3H, the review will ask the following questions:\ \ Is your workstation a desktop or laptop computer? If desktop, do you have a laptop computer available to you for assignment?\ \ On your primary workstation: What operating system is installed? What is your hard drive capacity and how much space is free? (Open My Computer and select properties of your local drive (C: typically); Do you have the ability to install software without assistance from IT?; What data sharing options are available to you?\ \ While away from work what are your options to connect to e-mail servers, Internet pages, Intranet connections, and your local network resources? Do you have an agency hosted dialer (toll-free, local, etc.)? Do you have access to a VPN (Virtual Private Network) connection?\ \ What security features are installed and enabled on your portable workstation?\ \ Will the virus protection software run while you are not connected to your home network?\ \ Are e-mail attachments screened for viruses?	en
markdown	130996	# Presentation: 130996 ## Preserving Earth Science Data for the Future - Strategic Evolution of ESE Data Systems (SEEDS) - Second Public Workshop - Graham Bothwell, JPL - EOS Science Working Group on Data (SWGD) - 18 June 2002 ## Why this presentation? - To provide a background for today’s later discussions about Life Cycle - To remind us of current status and what remains to be done - To present the work done by the Science Working Group on Data (SWGD) towards Long Term Archiving - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Data preservation:A foundation for the future - Why we need to address this issue - Most scientists assume that data from current missions will be available 15+ years from now (science work does not end at the end of a mission) - Our experience in safekeeping of data is not ideal - The proliferation and of missions, and the increasing size of data sets, present challenges not encountered before - While the future of Earth science data preservation is in the hands of current planners, legislators, administrators, community participants, the means are not necessarily obvious - Need concerted, publicly-visible, funded effort that can be gauged - The process has begun - Hopefully momentum does not need to await community demands - There is much to be done in obtaining commitments of government agencies - Feb. 5, 2002 ## A foundation in place to build on - NASA’s agency mandate is on research - ESE mission data products are managed by NASA’s Distributed Active Archive Centers - NASA’s partner agencies (NOAA and USGS) have a mandate for operations - These agencies will provide LTA services for ESE mission data products - NASA-NOAA MOU on EOS - 1989 - NOAA will use its best efforts to ... Assume responsibility at a time to be agreed upon for active long-term archiving and appropriate science support activities for atmospheric and oceans data for the EOS program - NASA-USGS MOU on EOS - 1993 - USGS will fund long-term archive functions. USGS will fund archive and distribution functions, including operations and maintenance costs for EOS and related data more than 3 years old ... - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Science community expectations - “...essential that the...program preserve key long term data...including the definitive version of of the EOS Level 1 data and derived products...and any other data sets/products needed to interpret them...” (USGCRP, LTA Workshop Report, 1998) - “A long-term archive should be established...not only for today’s generation of users but also for the next generation...” (NRC CES, Issues in the Integration of Research and Operational Satellite Systems for Climate Research, 2000) - “NOAA should begin now to develop...capabilities to preserve in perpetuity the basic satellite measurements...” (NRC CES, Ensuring the Climate Record, 2000) - Feb. 5, 2002 ## NOAA and USGS responsibilities - USGS is responsible for *ESE land data* - NSLRSDA: National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive at EDC - Established by legislation in 1998 - Existing activity in global land cover (done), SIR-C, AVHRR, etc. - NOAA is responsible for *ESE climate data* - CLASS: Comprehensive Large-Array data Stewardship System - NOAA initiative for archive, access and distribution to NESDIS data products - Will provide data services for NPP and NPOESS - A plan in place that includes L0 transfers starting in FY03 - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Building on the foundation - NASA, NOAA and USGS have initial agreements in place, but... - Are there adequate resources available? - Will the need be met in time for current missions? - Do NASA, NOAA, and USGS adequately understand their respective roles? - Do NOAA and USGS understand the variety and peculiarities of individual NASA missions? - Will future science users have access to historical data in the quantity and format desired? - Who will users consult to find out how to work with data sets? - Will the right kind of science data be preserved? - Have we learned from past experience? - We don’t have all the answers yet - There are some partial answers - But the requirements of data preservation are being identified - Feb. 5, 2002 ## SWGD and data preservation - SWGD charter: A forum to address common problems and develop solutions across EOS instruments re data processing, distribution, and related issues - A grass roots organization, with PSO very active, and embracing Terra, Aqua, Aura, and others - Voluntary participation - Web site: _[http://swgd.gsfc.nasa.gov](http://swgd.gsfc.nasa.gov/)_ - Long term archiving identified early as an SWGD issue - SEEDS provided a trigger for action - Feb. 5, 2002 ## EOS SWGD LTA Workshop - SWGD Long Term Archiving workshop held January 29-30 (chaired by Robert Wolfe, MODIS/GSFC) - Interest was intense, with Terra in flight, and Aqua close to launch - Attendance: 32 people from - NASA HQ, ESDIS, Terra PSO - Past missions (lessons learned): UARS, LANDSAT 1-5, 7 - LTAs: NOAA CLASS, USGS NSLRSDA - DAACs: GSFC, EDC, NSIDC, Langley - Instrument/Science Teams: MODIS, MISR, MOPITT, ASTER, CERES, TES, OMI, GLAS - Feb. 5, 2002 ## SWGD Workshop Objectives - Why a SWGD Long Term Archiving workshop at this time? - A significant stage in early LTA planning for USGS and NOAA - Our inputs requested for the first SEEDS workshop in Feb-2002 - What did we achieve? - Understood the LTA needs of current and near-term missions - Understood unique characteristics/challenges of each data set - Understood past experience where mechanisms were not put in place - Understood the plans and possibilities within NOAA and USGS - Provided general guidance for NASA (ESDIS/HQ) - Provided general guidance for USGS/NOAA (unofficial at this point) - Documented status/issues, prepare material for SEEDS workshop - Considered next/future steps in LTA planning - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Recommendations and issues - These are provided here in full as most of them remain current - Recommendations for specific things to do - Other issues and actions remaining - Embracing lessons from past experience - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Recommendations (1 of 3) Science stewardship: NASA, in conjunction with NOAA and USGS, should determine what it is and how it works, at the various stages in the life of the LTA, who is responsible, and who funds it. - Aspects of stewardship should be transferred to the LTA at an appropriate time - LTA must include the data, the information about it, and how to use it - Need to foster a sense of community between NASA and NOAA/USGS - NOAA/USGS need to develop familiarity with the data sets, and a substantive relationship with the instrument teams and DAACs. - The transfer of data sets to the LTA should begin as soon as feasible Pilot program (with appropriate funding) encouraged so that later funding for the full LTA implementation is encouraged - Transfers should begin early in existing/future missions with stable data sets, e.g. Level 0; prelaunch calibration data - Transfer more dynamic data sets when nominally stable, and update as necessary, e.g. L1+, production software; supporting data sets; supporting software - However, it is crucial to plan for all instruments from the start; otherwise, we will end up unable to handle unique aspects of individual instruments. (They are very different from one another.) - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Recommendations (2 of 3) Requirements of the individual instruments for the LTA should be communicated knowledgably to NOAA and USGS - Describe the products, supporting data sets, production mechanisms, supporting processes, calibration processes, organization - Almost all instruments require L0 through L3 to be in the LTA, with product generation impracticable within the LTA - Multiple versions of products will probably be necessary in the LTA - ASTER requires production-on-demand for most products - Reprocessing will occur, but is external to the LTA Coordinated schedules and goals should be set up for working with NOAA and USGS to effect the initial LTA agreements, planning, and transfer - Avoid this being just another academic exercise - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Recommendations (3 of 3) - Instrument teams and DAACs should participate in advisory panels and committees within NOAA/USGS to specify and administer the LTA - EOS teams should verify suitability of the functions and services provided by NOAA/USGS - Should be a standing role for "tire-kicking" and review purposes - Should review the prototype/early implementations to date - Provision is required for NASA investigators to have on-going access to the data sets under similar conditions to the present. - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Issues (1 of 4) - Determine where individual products should be archived, i.e. where an instrument produces products nominally relevant to both NOAA and USGS - Make a plan for ensuring that algorithms and related product information are adequately documented - Determine how multiple versions are to be handled by NOAA and USGS - Confirm that Level 2 and Level 3 products will be handled by NOAA and USGS - Determine how reprocessing is handled in the longer term w.r.t. NASA responsibilities - NOAA wants to know what is meant by NASA investigators having continual, on-going access to the data sets, and without additional charges. - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Issues (2 of 4) - Identify the evolutionary path for the DAACs and their roles in the LTA process. Determine the need for an on-going processing capability outside of the LTA, both for the near future and the very far future - Determine how the product ordering is to function for the LTA. NOAA/USGS have suggested that the NASA system might be involved. - Determine special arrangements for ASTER, viz. maintain the on-demand processing capability; access the MISR, MODIS, and NCEP atmospheric products; preserve atmospheric correction software; evolving arrangements with Japan - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Issues (3 of 4) - Determine long term handling for software that has source code maintained and built within configuration management systems such as ClearCase. Similar issues relate to migration of algorithms to different or future platforms and OSs. - Determine how subsetting and other specialized services will be provided for LTA data requests - Develop a set of _guidelines for new or emerging missions_ to accommodate LTA - Determine how to handle records that are in paper form only. (NOAA does not want to take paper.) - Determine how the scientific value of the data sets is looked after, and who has responsibility in the long term - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Issues (4 of 4) - Determine requirements for the metadata and data access models that will be used in the LTA, ensuring that existing metadata is fully captured, as well as new LTA-specific metadata - Confirm that NOAA/USGS LTAs will include any or all of the supporting data such as prelaunch calibration data; if not, then alternative mechanisms within NASA will need to be facilitated - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Workshop conclusions - Workshop was very effective in bringing together all of the interested parties: NASA, NOAA, USGS, instrument teams, DAACs, etc. - The relevant issues associated with long term archiving were identified, and discussed openly between the parties - NASA now has a better foundation for proceeding with LTA development, both in formulation of concepts, agreements between organizations, and development of a pilot program - The momentum needs to be continued; the transfer of data to the LTA needs to be in place well before end of mission - Recommendations and issues identified should in many instances be directly applicable to formulation of the SEEDS concepts - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Adding to the foundation - The requirements of data preservation are straightforward but far from simple - Great danger in taking a simplistic approach - Beware of generalizations and “one size fits all” (especially in pilot work) - Great danger in delaying because of organizational and/or political difficulties - The relevant issues have been identified for current and near-term missions - Virtually all of the issues relating to near-term missions are applicable to the longer term - Experience is the best teacher - The scale of the undertaking for effective data preservation is unprecedented - But the relevant parties know what is needed - Feb. 5, 2002 ## The final thought - Let’s work together to ensure the necessary agreements and promises (commitments) by individuals, organizations, agencies, and government to preserve NASA’s Earth Science Data for future generations of scientists - The future is formed from the now - _Let’s build on the foundation_ - Thank you to all who are working towards this necessary goal - Feb. 5, 2002	en
all-txt-docs	132687	HARRY P. BEGIER, JR., ETC., PETITIONER V. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA No. 89-393 In The Supreme Court Of The United States October Term, 1989 On Writ Of Certiorari To The United States Court Of Appeals For The Third Circuit Brief For The United States TABLE OF CONTENTS Question presented Opinions below Jurisdiction Statement Summary of argument Argument: American International's payments of its withholding and excise tax liabilities were payments of funds held in trust for the United States and, therefore, cannot be recovered from the government as preferences under 11 U.S.C. 547 A. Payments of funds held in trust are not avoidable preferential transfers under 11 U.S.C. 547 B. The "amount of tax" that American International withheld and collected was held in trust for the government C. The payments in this case, which were identified by American International as trust fund taxes, were properly treated as trust payments under Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code Conclusion OPINIONS BELOW The opinion of the court of appeals (Pet. App. A2-A20) is reported at 878 F.2d. The opinion of the district court (Pet. App. A22-A26) is unreported. The opinion of the bankruptcy court (Pet. App. A27-A44) is reported at 83 Bankr. 324. JURISDICTION The judgment of the court of appeals was entered on June 30, 1989. A petition for rehearing was denied on July 28, 1989. Pet. App. A1. The petition for a writ of certiorari was filed on September 11, 1989, and was granted on January 8, 1990. The jurisdiction of this Court is invoked under 28 U.S.C. 1254(1). QUESTION PRESENTED Whether an employer's payments of its trust fund tax obligations to the government before it filed a petition in bankruptcy can be avoided as a preference under Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code. STATEMENT This case involves the payment of trust fund taxes made to the government by a corporate debtor during the 90-day period before the debtor filed a petition for relief in bankruptcy. The trust fund taxes are federal income and social security taxes withheld by the corporation from the wages of its employees, as well as transportation excise taxes collected by the corporation from its customers on behalf of the government. See 26 U.S.C. 3102, 3402, 4291. The Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C.) provides that those amounts are "held to be a special fund in trust for the United States" that must be paid over to the government. 26 U.S.C. 7501. In this case, the bankruptcy trustee is attempting to recover the debtor's payment of trust fund taxes under Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code (11 U.S.C.). That provision allows a bankruptcy trustee to avoid as a preference certain payments made out of the debtor's property during the 90-day period before the debtor petitioned for relief in bankruptcy. 1. Petitioner is the trustee in bankruptcy of American International Airways, Inc., which was a commercial airline that provided passenger and air cargo service in the eastern and central United States. By the spring of 1984, American International was delinquent in remitting to the United States both social security and income taxes that it had withheld from the wages of its employees, as well as excise taxes that it had collected from its passengers. On March 1, 1984, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) notified the company of its delinquency and required it to file monthly, rather than quarterly, returns of its employment and excise taxes. The IRS also required American International to establish a separate bank account in which to deposit the withholding and excise taxes held in trust for the United States. Pet. App. A4, A29-A30. Shortly after receiving that notice, American International opened a separate bank account into which it deposited some, but not all, of the excise and employment taxes held in trust for the government. On April 30, 1984, American International paid the IRS $695,000 from its separate trust account and $734,798 from its general operating account. The April payments were followed in June 1984 by two other payments -- totalling $211,636 -- from American International's general account. By agreement with the IRS, the company allocated its payments to specific social security, income withholding, and excise taxes due and collected by American International between 1982 and April 1984. Pet. App. A4, A30-A31, A47-A48. On July 19, 1984, American International filed a petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. For the following three months, it attempted to operate as a debtor-in-possession. After that attempt proved futile, the bankruptcy court appointed petitioner as the company's trustee and began liquidation proceedings. Petitioner then brought this adversary proceeding against the government under Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code to recover as a preference the $1,641,434 in withholding and excise taxes that the company had paid to the IRS in April and June 1984. Pet. App. A4, A27-A28. /1/ 2. The bankruptcy court permitted the trustee to recover from the government a portion of the funds in question. Pet. App. A27-A44. It held that the $695,000 payment made by the company from its segregated trust account was a non-avoidable transfer of funds held in trust for the government under Section 7501 of the Internal Revenue Code; therefore, the bankruptcy court did not allow the trustee to recover those funds. Id. at A32. The court ruled, however, that American International's payments of trust fund taxes from the company's general account did not constitute a transfer of funds held in trust for the government. It therefore allowed the trustee to recover most of the payments made from that general account. Id. at A32-A44. /2/ The court reasoned that trust fund taxes are exempt from the provisions regarding preferential transfers "only where a tax trust fund is actually established by the debtor and the taxing authority is able to trace funds segregated by the debtor in a trust account established for the purpose of paying the taxes in question." Id. at A35. The government appealed to the district court, which affirmed in a decision issued from the bench. Pet. App. A22-A26. Although finding it to be "a very close case" (id. at A26), the district court concluded that the bankruptcy court correctly held that the payments from the general account should not be treated as having been made out of a trust fund. The district court concluded that the IRS must show at least "some evidence beyond that of merely (the debtor's) having made the payment" in order to establish that payments from commingled corporate funds were actually payments of funds held in trust for the United States. Id. at A25. 3. The court of appeals reversed. Pet. App. A2-A20. After reviewing Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code, the court concluded that Congress regarded "the act of payment of withholding taxes (as) identify(ing) those taxes as funds held in trust" for the government. Pet. App. A16. The court drew a distinction between payments made before bankruptcy (as in this case) and efforts by the IRS to recover funds from a bankruptcy estate. The court noted that, in the latter context, Congress sought to relax the strict tracing of trust fund taxes required in the aftermath of this Court's decision in United States v. Randall, 401 U.S. 513 (1971). In Randall, the Court had refused to allow the government to recover commingled trust fund taxes from a bankruptcy estate. Under the new Bankruptcy Code, the court of appeals held, Congress rejected the Randall approach and established the rule that the IRS can use "reasonable assumptions" to trace funds in the bankruptcy estate to withheld taxes belonging to the government. Pet. App. A10-A11. But where the debtor makes payments identified as trust fund taxes before it files a bankruptcy petition, the court held, the government is not required to trace further such trust fund payments back to the actual taxes withheld or collected by the employer. The court of appeals found that the legislative history of Section 547 demonstrates Congress's intent that monies actually paid by the debtor to meet its trust fund obligations should be regarded, in fact, as the payment of trust taxes. Id. at A13-A19. Accordingly, the court concluded that "the debtor's pre-petition payments on account of its tax withholding obligations are held to be a special fund in trust for the IRS for the government under I.R.C. Section 7501 and are not preferential transfers of the debtor's property under 11 U.S.C. Section 547(b)." Id. at A20. The court of appeals acknowledged that its holding conflicts with Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d 1102 (D.C. Cir. 1987). The court stated that it found "the Drabkin dissent convincing" (Pet. App. A13) because the majority in Drabkin had misinterpreted the legislative history of Section 547 and had failed to distinguish between a debtor's pre-petition payment of withheld taxes and a post-petition action by the IRS to recover withheld taxes in possession of the bankruptcy estate. See Pet. App. A18-A19. Judge Hutchinson dissented for the reasons set forth by the majority in Drabkin. Id. at A20. SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT 1. Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code allows a bankruptcy trustee to recover certain preferential transfers of the debtor's property that were made before the debtor filed its petition in bankruptcy. Such a transfer can qualify as an avoidable preference only if the property would have been a part of the bankruptcy estate for the benefit of the creditors. And it is clear under Section 541 of the Bankruptcy Code that property held in trust is not available to satisfy the claims on the bankruptcy estate. Hence, the preference provisions in Section 547 do not reach pre-petition payments of funds held in trust. 2. In this case, American International (the debtor in bankruptcy) withheld federal social security and income taxes from its employees' wages. American International also collected federal excise taxes from the users of its transportation services. Section 7501 of the Internal Revenue Code provides that "the amount of tax so collected or withheld shall be held to be a special fund in trust for the United States." Accordingly, American International's four payments of trust fund taxes to the IRS were payments of funds held in "trust for the United States" and, therefore, may not be reached as preferences under Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code. Contrary to petitioner's contention, a trust relationship is not created under Section 7501 only when the collector or withholder of federal taxes places those funds in a separate account with a "trust" label. Section 7501 provides in general terms that the "amount" of funds collected or withheld "shall be held to be a special fund in trust." Thus, as every appellate court that has considered the issue has recognized, the statutory trust relationship is created at the moment the private party withholds or collects the federal taxes. 3. In United States v. Randall, 401 U.S. 513 (1971), this Court refused to allow the government to recover trust fund taxes from a bankruptcy estate without following the old Bankruptcy Act's rules of priority. The Congress that adopted the Bankruptcy Code in 1978 disapproved Randall in two respects. First, Congress made it clear that trust fund taxes do not become a part of a bankruptcy estate for the benefit of creditors. Second, Congress relieved the government from any duty to trace such trust fund taxes into the bankruptcy estate with precision. Instead, Congress has authorized the government to use reasonable assumptions to identify trust fund taxes. This case does not involve an attempt by the government to identify trust assets in the bankruptcy estate. At the very least, however, the pre-petition payments at issue cannot qualify as preferences under Section 547 if the funds would not have become part of the estate if the payments had not been made. And the government has plainly used "reasonable assumptions" in concluding that the payments at issue were payments of funds held in trust for the United States. Those payments were: (1) made from American International's general account, (2) made to satisfy American International's obligation to turn over trust fund taxes to the IRS, and (3) identified by American International itself as trust fund taxes. It is surely reasonable for the trust beneficiary to assume that payments identified by the trustee as trust payments are, in fact, trust payments. Moreover, Congress specifically endorsed the reasonableness of such an approach to pre-petition payments of trust fund taxes. In a passage that fully comports with the text of all pertinent statutory provisions, the relevant House Committee Report on Section 547 stated that a payment of withholding taxes "will not be a preference because the beneficiary of the trust, the taxing authority, is in a separate class with respect to those taxes, if they have been properly held for payment, as they will have been if the debtor is able to make the payments." H.R. Rep. No. 595, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 373 (1977). Here, American International was able to make four pre-petition payments of the trust fund taxes that it had collected or withheld. Hence, as the House Report recognized, those payments are not preferences that may be recovered by the bankruptcy estate. ARGUMENT AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL'S PAYMENTS OF ITS WITHHOLDING AND EXCISE TAX LIABILITIES WERE PAYMENTS OF FUNDS HELD IN TRUST FOR THE UNITED STATES AND, THEREFORE, CANNOT BE RECOVERED FROM THE GOVERNMENT AS PREFERENCES UNDER 11 U.S.C. 547 This is an action against the United States to recover payments of the debtor's trust fund tax liabilities to the IRS that were made before the debtor filed a petition under the Bankruptcy Code. The Third Circuit correctly held that those payments were not preferences under 11 U.S.C. 547 because they were payments of funds held in trust for the United States. A. Payments Of Funds Held In Trust Are Not Avoidable Preferential Transfers Under 11 U.S.C. 547 1. Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code allows a bankruptcy trustee to recover certain preferential transfers of "property of the debtor" made before the debtor filed its petition in bankruptcy. /3/ The Bankruptcy Code does not define the phrase "property of the debtor." /4/ But the fundamental purpose of Section 547 is to preserve the "property of the estate" (11 U.S.C. 541(a))) for the benefit of creditors. As a starting point, therefore, the courts have consistently looked to the definition of estate property in Section 541 as guidance for the type of property that may be recovered as a preference under Section 547. See Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d 1102, 1104 & n.8 (D.C. Cir. 1987); Elliott v. Frontier Properties/LP (In re Lewis W. Shurtleff, Inc.), 778 F.2d 1416, 1419 (9th Cir. 1985); Perry v. General Motors Acceptance Corp. (In re Perry), 48 Bankr. 591, 599 n.14 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1985). If transferred property is not the type of property that would have become property of the estate for the benefit of creditors, it may never be recovered under Section 547(b). See Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d at 1104-1105; Clark v. Mutual Lumber Co., 206 F.2d 643, 646-647 (5th Cir. 1953). See also 4 L. King, Collier on Bankruptcy Paragraph 547.03(2) (15th ed. 1989) ("A transfer is preferential only if the property or the interest in property transferred belongs to the debtor."). 2. A debtor's mere possession of certain property does not mean that such property is available in the bankruptcy estate for the benefit of creditors. For example, no one doubts that creditors of an insolvent dry cleaner may not satisfy their claims by recovering as preferences the clothes that were picked up by patrons soon before the cleaner filed its petition in bankruptcy. Nor could creditors of a parking garage recover for the bankruptcy estate the cars that were returned to their owners in the days before the garage filed a bankruptcy petition. See Collier on Bankruptcy, supra, Paragraph 547.03; Jackson, Statutory Liens and Constructive Trusts in Bankruptcy; Undoing the Confusion, 61 Amer. Bankr. L.J. 287, 290 (1987). It is equally well settled that, by virtue of Section 541(d) of the Bankruptcy Code, property held by the debtor in trust for another does not become a part of the bankruptcy estate for the benefit of creditors. As the Court noted in United States v. Whiting Pools, Inc., 462 U.S. 198, 204 n.8 (1983), under Section 541 of the Bankruptcy Code, "Congress intended to exclude from the estate property of others in which the debtor had some minor interest such as a lien or bare legal title." /5/ See also S. Rep. No. 1106, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 33 (1978) ("amounts held by the debtor as trustee for another are not property of the estate"); 124 Cong. Rec. 34,016-34,017 (1978) (statement of Sen. DeConcini) ("property of the estate does not include the beneficial interest in property held by the debtor as trustee"); id. at 32,399 (statement of Rep. Edwards). /6/ Accordingly, all courts have agreed that a pre-petition transfer of funds held in trust may not be recovered by the estate as a preference. See Pet. App. A14-A15; Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d at 1107. That rule applies with equal force where, instead of a private instrument, it is a "statutory provision() * * * that creates a trust fund." 124 Cong. Rec. 32,399 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards). The precise question in this case, therefore, is whether American International's 1984 payments to the IRS were payments of funds held in trust for the government. A natural reading of the relevant provisions of the Internal Revenue and Bankruptcy Codes, as well as legislative history pertaining to this precise matter, lead to the same conclusion -- the payments at issue were properly treated as non-avoidable payments of trust fund taxes. B. The "Amount Of Tax" That American International Withheld And Collected Was Held In Trust For The Government 1. Beginning in the 1930s, the federal government has increasingly used private businesses and employers to collect federal taxes. See Note, The Private Tax Collector -- A New Fiduciary, 60 Harv. L. Rev. 786 (1947). This case involves such a collection method for three federal taxes. Sections 3102 and 3402 of the Internal Revenue Code require that an employer withhold federal income taxes and Federal Insurance Contribution Act (FICA) taxes from its employees' wages. The withheld tax is "owed" exclusively by the employee; thus the employee, and not the employer, is entitled to a refund or credit if the employer withholds an excessive amount. See Treas. Reg. Section 31.6402(a)-2(a)(2) and (b) (26 C.F.R.). A similar scheme governs the payment of excise taxes for transportation services, which are collected by the party providing such services. See 26 U.S.C. 4291. A withholding of taxes under Sections 3102 and 3402 occurs whether or not the employer physically deposits withheld income and FICA taxes in a separate "withholding" account when it pays its employees' wages. The Senate Finance Committee has given a simple example. It stated that, if an employer owes $100 in wages, and pays the employee $80, then "there has been $20 withheld." S. Rep. 1106, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 33 (1978). /7/ Employers are required to make periodic deposits of withholding taxes with designated depositaries. See Treas. Reg. Section 31.6302(c)-1 (26 C.F.R.). Collectors of excise taxes are required to make similar periodic deposits. See Treas. Reg. Section 49.6302(c)-1 (26 C.F.R.). The time for making such deposits depends upon various factors -- e.g., the size of the withholding and the timing of the employers' pay period. In general, however, deposits into the accounts of the United States Treasury are not made at the same time the taxes are withheld or collected. See Slodov v. United States, 436 U.S. 238, 243 (1978). If the collector of excise, FICA, or withholding taxes fails to turn the money over to the government, the government has no recourse against the taxpayer. Excise taxes cannot be collected twice, and withheld taxes are "credited to the employee regardless of whether they are paid by the employer." Slodov v. United States, 436 U.S. at 243; see, e.g., Treas. Reg. Section 1.31-1(a) (26 C.F.R.). The government's receipt of taxes collected or withheld by employers (and others) is thus at risk by virtue of the time gap between collection and deposit into a designated agent of the Treasury. As the Court observed in United States v. Sotelo, 436 U.S. 268, 277 n.10 (1978): (i)t is a common phenomenon of business failure that even an "honest" businessman, in attempting to salvage a business which appears headed for insolvency, will frequently "borrow" money of other people without their consent if he can get his hands on it. The one fund which he is almost always able to lay his hands on is the taxes he has withheld and is currently withholding from his employees for the Government. See also Slodov v. United States, 436 U.S. at 243. Congress addressed that concern in 1934 by creating a statutory trust relationship between the collector of federal excise taxes and the government. See Section 607 of the Revenue Act of 1934, ch. 277, 48 Stat. 768. In 1939, Congress extended the statutory trust provision to cover all withheld or collected taxes. See 53 Stat. 448. The statutory trust provision is currently codified as Section 7501 of the Internal Revenue Code. Section 7501 provides: Whenever any person is required to collect or withhold any internal revenue tax from any other person and to pay over such tax to the United States, the amount of tax so collected or withheld shall be held to be a special fund in trust for the United States. The Senate Committee that recommended enactment of the predecessor to Section 7501 explained its purpose and effect: Existing law provides with respect to a number of taxes that the amount of the tax shall be collected or withheld from the person primarily liable by another person, who is required to return and pay to the Government the amount of the taxes so collected or withheld by him. This is true, for example, in the case of the taxes on admissions, checks, and telephone and telegraph services. Under existing law the liability of the person collecting and withholding the taxes to pay over the amount is merely a debt, and he cannot be treated as a trustee or proceeded against by distraint. Section 606 of the bill as reported impresses the amount of taxes withheld or collected with a trust and makes applicable for the enforcement of the Government's claim the administrative provisions for assessment and collection of taxes. S. Rep. No. 558, 73d Cong., 2d Sess. 53 (1934); see also H.R. Conf. Ref. No. 1385, 73d Cong., 2d Sess. 32 (1934). Thus, Section 7501 establishes beyond doubt that the amounts of taxes withheld by a third party are not merely debts of the withholder; such amounts "shall be held to be a special fund in trust for the United States." As the court succinctly observed in Kalb v. United States, 505 F.2d 506, 509 (2d Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 421 U.S. 979 (1975), "(i)n paying taxes over to the government the employer merely surrenders that which does not belong to him." See also Newsome v. United States, 431 F.2d 742, 745-746 (5th Cir. 1970). If the employer fails to turn over funds held in trust, then the government may "treat" the employer "as a trustee" and "proceed() against (the funds) by distraint." S. Rep. No. 558, supra, at 53. See also In re Allied Elec. Products, Inc., 194 F. Supp. 26, 30-31 (D.N.J. 1961). In this case, American International made four relevant payments to the IRS of collected and withheld trust taxes. Pet. App. A4. Those funds, by operation of Section 7501, were "a special fund in trust for the United States." And American International agreed that its four payments were made to satisfy its obligation to turn over trust fund taxes to the government (as opposed to American International's own tax debts owed to the government). Accordingly, American International's payments of trust funds to the proper beneficiary -- the United States -- falls within the well-recognized rule that pre-petition payments of trust funds may not be recovered by the bankruptcy estate as preferential transfers under 11 U.S.C. 547. 2. We understand petitioner to agree with much of our analysis to this point. Petitioner does not now claim that American International's payment of $695,000 from the separate "trust" account was a preferential transfer. That is so, in petitioner's view, because the $695,000 came from a segregated account, not the company's general account. In other words, petitioner's main argument (Br. 19-21) is that a trust for the benefit of the United States is created under Section 7501 only if the withheld or collected taxes are placed in a separate "trust" account. Petitioner's formalistic position, however, finds no support in the language of the statute, the IRS regulations, or the relevant case law. /8/ Section 7501 is written in general terms, with no suggestion that a trust is created only if the withheld or collected taxes are placed in a separate account with a "trust" label before they are turned over to the government. It provides that "the amount of tax so collected or withheld shall be held to be a special fund in trust for the United States." The words "shall be held to be" mean that a trust in the "amount" of taxes withheld or collected is created by operation of law; a trust is not dependent upon or created by an employer's deposit of funds into a bank account labeled "trust account." /9/ Thus, as the Court stated in Slodov v. United States, 436 U.S. at 243, "(t)here is no general requirement (in Section 7501) that the withheld sums be segregated from the employer's general funds * * * or that they be deposited in a separate bank account until required to be paid to the Treasury." /10/ See also Treas. Reg. Section 31.6302(c)-1 (26 C.F.R.). /11/ Consequently, if an employer fails to pay over withheld taxes, the IRS may levy on the employer's bank accounts, see 26 U.S.C. 6331-6344, and it is no defense for the employer to say that its account does not contain the same "funds" that were withheld as taxes. See generally In re Gotham Provisions Co., 669 F.2d 1000, 1011 (5th Cir. 1982). Petitioner's claim that Congress implicitly intended to require a segregated trust account is also inconsistent with the purpose of Section 7501. As we explained above, Congress enacted Section 7501 to give the government a powerful new tool in receiving taxes collected by third parties. But there was no hint that the new tool -- i.e., the statutory trust -- was dependent on the third party's opening and making deposits in an actual "trust fund" account in a financial institution. An employer withholds taxes when it pays its employees less than they are due in wages. See p. 13, supra. There is no check or cash delivered from the employee to the employer. Hence, the effect of the withholding on the employer's general bank account is simply to reduce what would otherwise be paid out in wages. There is no tangible "res" that must be deposited somewhere; rather, the employer must only make an accounting notation in its books. Thus, "it is hard to conclude that Congress, having determined that, as additional protection for the Government, (withheld or collected) funds should be held in trust, simultaneously devitalized that provision by hinging its effectiveness upon the employers' method of" keeping accounts. Heffron, Fraud in Withholding, 18 N.Y.U. Inst. on Fed. Tax'n 1073, 1076 (1960). Accordingly, Congress and the courts have consistently ruled that Section 7501 imposes a trust on the amounts of withheld and collected taxes even if those amounts are part of a general business account including funds from several sources. See Pet. App. A10-A11; see also 124 Cong. Rec. 32,417 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 34,017 (statement of Sen. DeConcini). /12/ C. The Payments In This Case, Which Were Identified By American International As Trust Fund Taxes, Were Properly Treated As Trust Payments Under Section 547 Of The Bankruptcy Code 1. Although Section 7501 does not require a separate trust fund account, we do not suggest that there need be no nexus between the amounts of withheld or collected taxes and the statutory trust fund. Cf. Slodov v. United States, 436 U.S. at 256. Over the years, the courts have used a considerable array of rules to establish such a connection between the original source of a trust fund and property that is later used to satisfy the trustee's obligations to the beneficiary. Such rules -- often called "tracing" rules -- have varied widely depending on the context and reasons for the trust. See G. Bogert, The Law of Trusts and Trustees Sections 921-930 (2d ed. 1982). One tracing rule employed by courts in the setting of traditional trusts created by private instruments is the so-called "swollen asset" doctrine. See G. Bogert, The Law Of Trusts and Trustees, supra, Section 922. That rule essentially allows a trust beneficiary to trace trust funds into the trustee's general accounts. The rule is premised on the notion that the trustee's unauthorized use of trust funds relieved it of using non-trust assets and thus "swelled" the trustee's other accounts. See, e.g., Schumacher v. Harriett, 52 F.2d 817, 819 (4th Cir. 1931) (collecting cases); Edwards v. Lewis, 98 Fla. 956, 966-969, 124 So. 746, 749-750 (1929); Eastman v. Farmers' State Bank, 175 Minn. 336, 339-340, 221 N.W. 236, 237 (1928). The Congress that adopted the Bankruptcy Code endorsed that tracing rule in a context different from this case -- where the debtor did not make its payment of trust fund taxes before it filed a bankruptcy petition and the government seeks to recover such funds from the bankruptcy estate. To understand how Congress reached that conclusion, however, it is necessary first to return to the case of United States v. Randall, 401 U.S. 513 (1971). In Randall, the district court had ordered the debtor to pay withheld taxes into a special account, but the debtor had failed to comply. When the debtor was later adjudged bankrupt, the United States sought to recover the amount of the withheld taxes ahead of the payment of costs and expenses of administration of the bankruptcy proceedings. This Court, however, held that Section 64(a)(1) of the old Bankruptcy Act, which gave first priority to the costs and expenses of administering a bankruptcy estate, constituted an "overriding statement of federal policy on this question." 401 U.S. at 515. The Court therefore concluded that enforcement of the trust created by Section 7501 "would run counter to the grain of the Bankruptcy Act." Id. at 517. In applying Randall in cases arising under the Bankruptcy Act, the lower courts placed heavy or insurmountable burdens upon the IRS when it sought to recover trust fund taxes from a bankruptcy estate. Some courts interpreted Randall to mean that, in order to establish that funds held by the bankruptcy estate were trust funds, the IRS was required to trace rigorously such funds to monies actually withheld for the payment of the taxes at issue. See, e.g., In re Rohar Associates, Inc., 375 F. Supp. 637 (S.D.N.Y. 1974). The Ninth Circuit refused to recognize trusts even when such tracing was possible. See England v. United States (In re Shakesteers Coffee Shops), 546 F.2d 821 (1976); Rothman v. United States (In re Tamasha Town and Country Club), 483 F.2d 1377 (1973). Congress was aware of that situation in 1978 when it adopted the new Bankruptcy Code. See 124 Cong. Rec. 32,417 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 34,017 (statement of Sen. DeConcini); S. Rep. No. 1106, supra, at 33 & n.25. And Congress made clear that it was disapproving both of those readings of Randall. Congress drafted the new Bankruptcy Code so that: (1) trust fund taxes do not become a part of a bankruptcy estate for the benefit of creditors, and (2) the IRS is not required to trace trust fund taxes with precision. a. As we explained above, Section 541(d) of the Bankruptcy Code excludes from the definition of "estate property" all property in which the debtor holds "only legal title and not an equitable interest." In other words, Congress rejected the notion that, by commencing bankruptcy proceedings, the debtor could enlarge his rights in property by acquiring beneficial use of funds previously held only in trust. See H.R. Rep. No. 595, supra, at 367-368; S. Rep. No. 989, supra, at 82. See also 124 Cong. Rec. 32,399 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); United States v. Whiting Pools, Inc., 462 U.S. at 204 n.8. The Senate passed a version of Section 541 that explicitly excluded from the estate all taxes withheld or collected from others before commencement of the case. See S. 2266, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. (1978). The Senate Report emphasized that this included "taxes withheld or collected by the debtor from others," and that "(t)his rule supersede(d) cases holding that withheld amounts are property of the estate." S. Rep. No. 1106, supra, at 33 & n.25. Congress deleted that provision in the Senate Bill only because Congress believed it was "unnecessary since property of the estate does not include the beneficial interest in property held by the debtor as a trustee. Under the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (section 7501), the amounts of withheld taxes are to be a special fund in trust for the United States." 124 Cong. Rec. 34,016-34,017 (1978) (statement of Sen. DeConcini); see also id. at 33,999 (Section 541 will not "affect various statutory provisions * * * that creates (sic) a trust fund for the benefit of creditors") (statement of Sen. DeConcini); id. at 32,399 (statement of Rep. Edwards). See Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d at 1114; Selby v. Ford Motor Co., 590 F.2d 642, 648 n.18 (6th Cir. 1979); Schifter v. First Fidelity Financial Services, Inc. (In re First Fidelity Financial Services, Inc.), 36 Bankr. 508, 513 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 1983); Olsen v. Deutscher (In re Nashville White Trucks, Inc.), 22 Bankr. 578, 587 n.12 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1982). b. Congress also disapproved the strict tracing requirements that some courts had adopted in Randall's wake. The joint floor statements addressed the situation where the government attempts, after a petition for bankruptcy relief has been filed, to recover trust fund taxes that have been commingled with other funds: Where it is not possible for the Internal Revenue Service to demonstrate that the amounts of taxes withheld are still in the possession of the debtor at the commencement of the case, present law generally includes amounts of withheld taxes as property of the estate. See, e.g., United States v. Randall, 401 U.S. 513 (1973) and In re Tamash Town and Country Club, 483 F. 2d 1377 (9th Cir. 1973). Nonetheless, a serious problem exists where "trust fund taxes" withheld from others are held to be property of the estate where the withheld amounts are commingled with other assets of the debtor. The courts should permit the use of reasonable assumptions under which the Internal Revenue Service, and other tax authorities, can demonstrate that amounts of withheld taxes are still in the possession of the debtor at the commencement of the case. For example, where the debtor had commingled that amount of withheld taxes in his general checking account, it might be reasonable to assume on the commencement of the case are the withheld taxes. 124 Cong. Rec. 32,417 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 34,017 (statement of Sen. DeConcini); see also S. Rep. No. 1106, supra, at 33. Accordingly, the courts of appeals have agreed that Congress, in enacting the Bankruptcy Code, intended to permit the government to use "reasonable assumptions" to identify and recover trust fund taxes that are included in the commingled funds of a bankruptcy estate. See Pet. App. A11, A19; Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d at 1115. One such assumption is essentially the "swollen asset" doctrine (see p. 20, supra) -- i.e., in the absence of contrary evidence, "any remaining amounts" in the debtor's general "account on the commencement of the case are the withheld taxes." 124 Cong. Rec. 32,417 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 34,017 (statement of Sen. DeConcini). To be sure, this case does not involve the government's attempt to identify trust assets in the bankruptcy estate. At the very least, however, the payments at issue in this case cannot be reached as preferences under Section 547 if the funds would not have become part of the estate if the payments had not been made. See pp. 10-11, supra. And there can be little doubt that the government has used "reasonable assumptions" in concluding that the payments at issue in this case were payments of trust fund taxes. The payments were made from American International's general operating account. The payments were made to satisfy its obligation to turn trust fund taxes over to the IRS. And, significantly, American International itself identified the payments as trust fund taxes. /13/ If this case involved a traditional private trust that began with an identifiable and tangible res, it would be reasonable to assume that the funds remaining in American International's general account were linked to trust property. See p. 20, supra. Thus it is surely reasonable for the IRS to assume that payments identified as trust fund taxes -- which were originally collected by notations in American International's books -- are exactly what they purport to be: payments of trust fund taxes that were held by American International for the benefit of the United States. 2. Indeed, the Court does not have to judge for itself whether the government reasonably may treat pre-petition payments due and identified as trust fund taxes as such -- trust payments. Congress, in adopting Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code, specifically endorsed the reasonableness of such an approach to payments made to the government before a debtor files a bankruptcy petition. Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code -- the preference provision -- originated in the House of Representatives. See H.R. 8200, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. Section 547 (1977). The House Committee on the Judiciary's Report accompanying H.R. 8200 has been viewed by this Court as authoritative evidence of Congress's intent. See, e.g., Northwest Bank Worthington v. Ahlers, 485 U.S. 197, 208 (1988) (relying on House Report's definition of "property"); United Savings Ass'n v. Timbers of Inwood Forest Associates, 484 U.S. 365, 372 (1988); Ohio v. Kovacs, 469 U.S. 274, 279 (1985). And the House Report pertaining to Section 547 specifically addressed the pre-petition payment of trust fund taxes. /14/ It stated: A payment of withholding taxes constitutes a payment of money held in trust under Internal Revenue Code Section 7501(a), and thus will not be a preference because the beneficiary of the trust, the taxing authority, is in a separate class with respect to those taxes, if they have been properly held for payment, as they will have been if the debtor is able to make the payments. H.R. Rep. No. 595, supra, at 373 (emphasis added). The thrust of what Congress intended "comes across without static: if the debtor is able to make the payment, the taxes 'have been properly held for payment,'" and thus such trust fund payments may not be reached as preferences under Section 547. Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d at 1118 (R.B. Ginsburg, J., dissenting). See also Pet. App. A18; Pereira v. United States (In re Rodriguez), 50 Bankr. 576, 581 (Bankr. E.D. N.Y. 1985) ("the House Report on Section 547(b) recognized that where the debtor was able to make the withholding tax payments as evidenced by his delivery of the funds to the IRS, the monies should be labeled trust funds and the debtor's duty as trustee regarded as completed"); Razorback Ready-Mix Concrete Co. v. United States (In re Razorback Ready-Mix Concrete Co.), 45 Bankr. 917, 922 (Bankr. E.D. Ark. 1984) ("if the debtor was able to make the payments, designated the payments as 'taxes due' and delivered the payments to the government, the monies could be labeled trust funds and the debtor's duty as trustee was accomplished"). This express intent of Congress is readily understandable in light of the policies underlying Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code and Section 7501 of the Internal Revenue Code. /15/ Congress and this Court have noted that a struggling business may be tempted to fulfill its trust fund obligations only after it pays its other bills, a problem Congress sought to address with Section 7501. See, e.g., H.R. Rep. No. 595, supra, at 193. Congress further recognized the likelihood that a business will commingle trust funds with other funds. See, e.g., 124 Cong. Rec. 32,417 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 34,017 (statement of Sen. DeConcini). Congress has not prohibited such commingling, but it would be illogical to think that Congress intended the debtor's identification of trust funds to be questioned when the debtor avoids the temptation to dissipate trust fund taxes and actually pays over such amounts to the IRS. This is particularly true given that the government's collection of trust fund taxes -- which were originally paid by the employee or the transportation user -- does nothing to undermine the central goal of the preference provision in the Bankruptcy Code to prevent a struggling enterprise from unfairly favoring one of its creditors. See generally Collier on Bankruptcy, supra, Paragraph 547.01, at 547-11 to 547-13. For these reasons, it was eminently sensible for Congress (as the House Report explicitly stated) to exclude pre-petition payments that are identified as trust fund taxes from the preference provisions of Section 547. 3. Petitioner relies heavily (Br. 13-18) on the majority opinion in Drabkin v. District of Columbia, supra. In that case, the majority held that certain pre-petition payments of trust fund taxes could be recovered by the bankruptcy estate because the local government could not adequately trace the taxes. For the reasons we have explained above, however, Drabkin was wrongly decided. The majority in Drabkin misread the plain meaning of the House Report on Section 547; specifically, the panel failed to distinguish between a business's trust fund obligations and a business's own tax liabilities, such as corporate income taxes. /16/ The Drabkin majority began by correctly noting that Congress intended that some pre-petition tax payments could be avoided as preferences. That is clear from the fact that Congress ultimately rejected the Senate proposal that would have eliminated all tax payments from the reach of Section 547. See 124 Cong. Rec. 32,417 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 34,016 (statement of Sen. DeConcini). What the Drabkin majority failed to recognize, however, was that Congress consistently distinguished between taxes collected or withheld by the debtor (i.e., taxes held in trust for the government) and taxes incurred by the debtor itself. See, e.g., 124 Cong. Rec. 33,999-34,000 (1978) (statement of Sen. DeConcini); H.R. Rep. 595, supra, at 191-192; S. Rep. 989, supra, at 14; S. Rep. No. 1106, supra, at 33. Thus, the Drabkin majority is correct in its view that the House Report on Section 547(b) (H.R. Rep. No. 595, supra, at 373) shows that some tax payments might be avoidable preferences. But the notion that some pre-petition tax payments may be subject to avoidance as preferences does not support the conclusion that the payments of trust fund taxes may be avoided. Accordingly, as the court of appeals recognized in this case (Pet. App. A18), non-trust fund taxes, such as corporate income taxes, Federal Unemployment Tax Act taxes, and the employer's share of FICA taxes, may be recovered by the bankruptcy estate under Section 547(b). By contrast, pre-petition payments of trust fund taxes are not transfers of the debtor's property that can be recovered as preferences under Section 547. This is the view stated in the House Report (p. 26, supra); and, as we have explained, that view fully comports with the text of all pertinent statutory provisions and with the logic of Congress's undertaking in the Bankruptcy Code to limit the effect of this Court's decision in Randall. CONCLUSION The judgment of the court of appeals should be affirmed. Respectfully submitted. KENNETH W. STARR Solicitor General SHIRLEY D. PETERSON Assistant Attorney General LAWRENCE G. WALLACE Deputy Solicitor General BRIAN J. MARTIN Assistant to the Solicitor General GARY D. GRAY JANET KAY JONES Attorneys MARCH 1990 /1/ The IRS filed a proof of claim in the Chapter 11 case that sought, among other things, the unpaid portion of withholding taxes for the first quarter of 1984. This preference action involves withholding taxes for the same period. Thus, the government's sovereign immunity with respect to the trustee's action is waived under 11 U.S.C. 106(a). See S. Rep. No. 989, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 20-30 (1978). /2/ The court held that $246,024 of the amount paid out of the general account was not a voidable preference because it was paid for taxes due less than 45 days before the payment and therefore constituted a non-avoidable payment in the "ordinary course of business." Pet. App. A43-A44. See 11 U.S.C. 547(c)(2) (1982). /3/ Section 547 allows a trustee to avoid transfers that were made on or within 90 days before the debtor filed its petition for relief under the Bankruptcy Code. Such an avoidable transfer is called a "preference." /4/ Section 462(b) of the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-353, 98 Stat. 378 (1984 Act) substituted for the phrase "property of the debtor" in Section 547(b) the phrase "an interest of the debtor in property." Although the legislative commentary on the 1984 Act does not explain the amendment, it is described by the Senate Report introducing a predecessor bill as a "clarifying change." S. Rep. No. 65, 98th Cong., 1st Sess. 81 (1983), commenting on S. 455, 98th Cong., 1st Sess. Section 359(b) (1983). The amendment is effective as to cases filed 90 days after the enactment of the 1984 Act (Section 553(a), 98 Stat. 392), and is therefore not applicable to this case, which was filed on July 19, 1984. /5/ Section 541(d) of the Bankruptcy Code would allow recovery of a debtor's legal title to funds held in trust. But petitioner does not seek such legal title; he wants the money at issue to be paid by the government to the estate so it will be available to satisfy the claims on the estate. /6/ Although there were substantial differences between the House and Senate versions of the proposed Bankruptcy Code, time constraints prevented the preparation of a conference committee report reconciling those differences. Instead, the principal congressional sponsors of the statute, Representative Don Edwards and Senator Dennis DeConcini, made oral reports to Congress on the results of the closed-door conferences. See 124 Cong. Rec. 32,350, 32,391, 32,392 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 33,989, 33,990 (statement of Sen. DeConcini). See generally, Klee, Legislative History of the New Bankruptcy Code, 28 De Paul L. Rev. 941 (1979). This Court has viewed those floor statements as persuasive evidence of Congress's intent. See, e.g., CFTC v. Weintraub, 471 U.S. 343, 351 (1985). /7/ Likewise, a transportation entity collects $20 in transportation excise taxes when a passenger pays it $100 for a ticket that costs $80. /8/ Petitioner also errs in describing this case as one involving a question of priorities. Petitioner points to the "ascending priority for costs and expenses of bankruptcy administration" (Br. 24), and concludes that "the Internal Revenue Service should be treated no differently than any other creditor." Br. 23. This case, however, does not involve questions of priorities in a pool of funds but, rather, whether that pool may be expanded by trust fund taxes previously paid to the IRS. Although Congress has made clear that costs and expenses of administration are to have priority in bankruptcy, 11 U.S.C. 507, it has never stated any intention to force the IRS to turn over trust fund taxes to underwrite those costs and expenses. /9/ This is also implied by Section 7501's statement that a trust is created in "the amount of tax so collected or withheld." The "res" of the trust is thus an abstract "amount" -- not a tangible collection of money in a designated trust account. /10/ Slodov involved the question whether a corporate officer was subject to the "one hundred percent penalty" of 26 U.S.C. 6672 for his failure to use after-acquired funds to pay withholding taxes that had become delinquent before he gained control of the corporation. Reasoning that Congress had not intended Section 6672 to impose liability without fault, the Court held that the trust created by Section 7501 attached only to funds that had some nexus to the taxes withheld. 436 U.S. at 253-256. Slodov did not address the question of how that nexus could be established in a case involving 26 U.S.C. 7501 and Section 547 of the new Bankruptcy Code. /11/ If an employer fails to carry out its responsibilities to collect, account for, and pay over the trust fund taxes in a timely fashion, the IRS can require the employer to establish a separate tax account, as it did here. See 26 U.S.C. 7512. Section 7501, however, does not make the existence of the trust dependent upon the creation of a separate account. Petitioner errs in asserting (Br. 19-20 n.15) that Section 31.6302(c)-1 (26 C.F.R.) requires segregation of trust funds. Both that Section and Section 49.6302(c)-1 concern the payment of trust funds to designated financial agents of the government, not the establishment of a trust. It is illogical to suppose, as does petitioner (Br. 10), that "(t)he failure to pay these monies into an established tax depository bars the creation of the trust mandated by Section 7501." Once trust fund taxes are so deposited, they are under the control of the government and there is no longer any need for the trust provision contained in Section 7501. /12/ Even the District of Columbia Circuit in Drabkin v. District of Columbia, supra, recognized that deposits into a separate account were not needed to create a trust relationship under Section 7501. See 824 F.2d at 1116. /13/ Accordingly, this case does not present the question of how (or whether) the IRS must trace trust fund taxes when it seizes an employer's assets. See, e.g., United States v. Daniel (In re R & T Roofing Structures & Commercial Framing, Inc.), 887 F.2d 981 (9th Cir. 1989). /14/ Petitioner errs in claiming (Br. 12-17) that the House Committee Report refers to statutory language that was not enacted. No court that has addressed the issue, including the District of Columbia Circuit in Drabkin, has reached petitioner's surprising conclusion. In fact, the House version of Section 547(b), which is discussed in H.R. Rep. No. 595, was ultimately enacted. Compare H.R. 8200, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. Section 547 (1977). The much broader Senate version of Section 547, which excluded from preference treatment all pre-petition tax payments and not simply trust fund payments, was not passed. See 124 Cong. Rec. 32,400 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 34,000 (statement of Sen. DeConcini). /15/ Petitioner argues (Br. 18) that, if Congress had meant to exclude pre-petition payments identified as trust fund taxes from Section 547, it would have done so explicitly. This proves too much; one could just as easily say that, had Congress meant to require strict tracing or a segregated trust account, it would have done so explicitly. /16/ The Drabkin majority also reasoned that the House Report's passage concerning trust fund taxes was in the wrong place to support the government's position. The majority stated that "we would expect to find the passage in its commentary on section 541, which defines what property is included in the debtor's estate." Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d at 1112. We disagree. It was quite natural for the House to discuss preferences in its report addressing Section 547 -- the section setting forth the preference provisions.	en
converted_docs	905034	# SECTION D # PACKAGING AND MARKING D-1 PACKAGING, HANDLING, AND TRANSPORTATION (NFS 1852.211-70) (JUNE 2000) \(a\) The Contractor shall comply with NPG 6000.1E, "Requirements for Packaging, Handling, and Transportation for Aeronautical and Space Systems, Equipment, and Associated Components", dated April 26, 1999, as may be supplemented by the statement of work of specifications of this contract, for all items designated as Class I, II, or III. \(b\) The Contractor's packaging, handling, and transportation procedures may be used, in whole or in part, subject to the written approval of the Contracting Officer, provided (1) the Contractor's procedures are not in conflict with any requirements of this contract, and (2) the requirements of this contract shall take precedence in the event of any conflict with the Contractor's procedures. \(c\) The Contractor must place the requirements of this clause in all subcontracts for items that will become components of deliverable class I, II or III items. (End of Clause) D-2 MATERIAL INSPECTION AND RECEIVING REPORT (NFS 1852.246-72) (JUN 1995) \(a\) At the time of each delivery to the Government under this contract, the Contractor shall furnish a Material Inspection and Receiving Report (DD Form 250 series) prepared in \[Insert number of copies, including original\] copies, an original and copies \[Insert number of copies\]. \(b\) The Contractor shall prepare the DD Form 250 in accordance with NASA FAR Supplement 1846.672-1. The Contractor shall enclose the copies of the DD Form 250 in the package or seal them in a waterproof envelope, which shall be securely attached to the exterior of the package in the most protected location. \(c\) When more than one package is involved in a shipment, the Contractor shall list on the DD Form 250, as additional information, the quantity of packages and the package numbers. The Contractor shall forward the DD Form 250 with the lowest numbered package of the shipment and print the words \"CONTAINS DD FORM 250\" on the package. (End of clause) D-3 MARKING INSTRUCTIONS (KSC 52.247-92) (NOV 2000) > Transportation Officer, NASA > > J-BOSC Warehouse, Building M6-744 > > Kennedy Space Center, Florida 32899 In addition, special marks or ultimate consignee will be shown as: > Marked For: Ultimate Consignee > > Mail Code \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ > > Building \# \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ > > Contract \# \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (End of Clause) \[END OF SECTION\]	en
markdown	538752	# Presentation: 538752 ## Screening for Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection: Evidence from the Home Equity Market - Sumit Agarwal, Federal Reserve Bank - of Chicago - Brent W. Ambrose, Penn State University - Souphala Chomsisengphet, OCC - Chunlin Liu, Univ. of Nevada-Reno ## Theoretical Motivation - Stiglitz and Weiss (1981) - Despite the use of interest rate or collateral to screen borrowers, lenders still face imperfect information and are not able to entirely distinguish borrower risks. - Overall expected loan profitability declines even when loan rate increases - High-risk applicants will accept the higher interest rate while low-risk applicants will exit the applicant pool. - Adverse selection problem  credit rationing - Bester (1985) - Menu of contracts containing combinations of interest rate & collateral - Borrowers contract selection reveals their risk level ex ante - High-risk borrowers: select lower collateral requirement (higher rates) - Low-risk borrowers: select higher collateral requirement (lower rates) - Impact of adverse selection on credit rationing is then eliminated Notes: Let me begin with 2 fundamental theory papers that serve as an economic setting for our study. In their 1981 paper, SW argue that despite... In their model, they show that overall expected profit declines even when the lender increases the loan rate because of high-risk applicants will accept the higher rate and stay in the applicant pool, while low-risk applicants will leave the pool. This adverse selection problem leads lender to ration credit. Providing a counter argument to SW, Bester argues that lenders can offer a menu of contracts containing combinations of interest rate and collateral as a risk sorting mechanism. Where borrowers will self-select contract that ex ante reveal their risk level. High-risk borrowers will choose contract that has... While low-risk borrowers will choose contract that has... In turn, the impact of adverse selection on credit rationing is then eliminated. ## Theoretical Motivation - Definitions: Adverse selection is an ex ante event that occurs when potential borrowers respond to credit solicitations offered by banks. - Riskier borrowers respond to credit offerings at higher interest rates and/or lower collateral requirements Moral hazard usually refers to the incentives (or lack thereof) for borrowers to expend effort to fulfill their contractual obligations. ## Our Objectives - Research Questions - Part 1: - Do borrowers self-select loan contracts designed to reveal information about their risk level (Bester, 1985)? - Conditional on the borrowers’ contract choice, does adverse selection still exist (Stiglitz and Weiss, 1981)? - Part 2: - Do lender efforts to mitigate adverse selection and moral hazard problems effectively reduce default risks ex post? - If so, by how much? Notes: In this paper, we focus on the home equity market. In contrast to previous studies in secured lending, we follow applicants through the ... I will come back to this point in the next three slides when I cover the data. Our objectives in this paper can be divided into 2 parts based on the lender’s initial screening and additional screening. We first want to assess whether borrowers self-select ....and conditional on borrower’s contract choice, does .... Then we also want to assess whether secondary screening to mitigate adverse selection and moral hazard problems can effectively reduce default risks ex post. If yes, by how much? ## Home Equity Credit Market - Home equity represents a large (and growing) segment of the consumer credit market. - Market Size (2005): $702 billion - Typical Home Equity Menu: - Risk-based pricing according to loan-to-value - Less than 80% LTV - 80% to 90% LTV - Greater than 90% LTV - Thus, ideal setting for examining adverse selection and moral hazard. ## Slide 6 Notes: This chart describes better the home equity credit origination process that is captured in our dataset. At the top (Step 1), we observe an applicant choosing for example either a home equity loan or line, a first- or second-lien product, and down payment size. Once the applicant has chosen, the lender screens the application based on observable information and then makes a decision to either accept, reject, or subject the applicant to additional screening in order to induce borrower type or effort. During the secondary screening, the lender makes a counteroffer either to further mitigate moral hazard or to further mitigate adverse selection. We identify a counteroffer designed to induce borrower effort (i.e., to mitigate moral hazard) as one that the lender lowers the LTV and/or changes the product type from loan to line. And we identify a counteroffer designed to induce borrower type (i.e., to mitigate adverse selection) as one in which the lender increases the LTV or changes the product from a line to a loan. Then in step 3, we observe the applicant’s response to the lender’s counteroffer. ## Data - Home equity contract originations from a large financial institution - 108,117 consumers applying for home equity contract from lender’s standardized menu (March - December 2002) - 8 Northeastern states: MA, ME, CT, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI - Observe - Borrower’s initial contract choice - Lender’s primary screening (accept, reject, or additional screening) - Lender’s counteroffer - Borrower’s response to counteroffer - Borrowers’ repayment behavior (origination - March 2005) - Other observable information - Borrower’s credit quality and purpose for the loan - Demographics: income, debts, age, occupation Notes: Our sample comes from a large financial institution that originates home equity credits. We have more than 108k consumers applying for one of the lender’s standardized menu of contracts for home equity credits between March & Dec 2002 in the 8 Northeastern states. In the dataset, we directly observe borrower’s initial contract choice, lender’s primary screening, ... In addition, we also observe some other information such as the borrower’s credit quality, purpose for taking out the credit, and some demographics. ## Data Notes: This is our sample distribution of the dynamic process captured in our dataset. We have more than 108k applicants choosing a menu of credit contract. Following its initial screening based on observable information, the lender accepted 57% of the applicants, rejected 11% of the applicants, and performed additional screening on 31% of the applicants. Of the 33k that had to be screened again, 68% received a counteroffer to induce borrower effort and 31% received a counteroffer to induce borrower type. Of these 33k that received a counteroffer, about 37% rejected the lender’s counteroffer and 62% accepted the counteroffer. And so we have about 83k borrowers that originated the home equity credit and we are able to follow their repayment pattern. ## Empirical Analysis - Part 1: Primary Screening ## 1.1: Contract Choice - Three contract choices  borrower risk sorting mechanism - LTV  80  pledging at least 20 cents per dollar loan (j=1) - 80 < LTV < 90  pledging 20-10 cents per dollar loan (j=2) - LTV  90  pledging 10 cents or less per dollar loan (j=3) - Test whether riskier borrowers (lower credit quality) tend to self-select a higher risk contract (offer less collateral) - W = borrower credit quality - X = control variables (demographics, prop type, loan purpose, etc...) Notes: 3 contract choices serve as borrower risk sorting mechanism Contract choices are defined by the LTV (the amount of collateral borrower is willing to pledge). We estimate a multinomial logit model of a borrower contract choice of an 80-90 LTV or LTV > 90 (relative LTV  80). Wi represents borrower i’s credit quality as measured by the borrower’s FICO score. Xi represents a vector of control variables. ## 1.1: Contract Choice – Table 3 - Independent Variables: - Borrower Characteristics: - Borrower risk (FICO and FICO^2) - Log(Income) - Log (Borrower Age) - Log (House Tenure) - Debt-to-income ratio - Contract Characteristics - First or Second Lien position indicator - Line or Loan indicator - Use of funds indicator - (refinance, consumption, home improvement) - First mortgage indicator - Second home indicator - Condo indicator - Employment Control Variables - Employment tenure – Log(Years on the Job) - Type of employment - self-employed, retired, home-maker - Location Control Variables (state) ## 1.1. Contract Choice –Table 3 - Less credit-worthy borrowers (lower FICO) are more likely to apply for higher LTV home equity products (pledging less collateral per dollar). - For example, - Relative to a borrower with a score of 800, a borrower with FICO score of 700 is 18.4% more likely to select an 80-90 LTV contract than one with LTV  80. - Relative to a borrower with a score of 800, a borrower with FICO score of 700 is 19.6% more likely to apply for a LTV > 90 than one with LTV  80. - Consistent with predictions by Bester (1985). ## 1.1 Contract Choice - Conclusion: - We find evidence that borrowers do select contracts that reveal information about their risk level. ## 1.2: Lender response (Table 5) - If lender systematically screens for adverse selection and moral hazard, then we should observe a positive correlation between the likelihood of additional screening and collateral offered (LTV), holding all else constant. - Multinomial logit model: - The likelihood of a lender rejecting an applicant or subjecting an applicant to additional screening based on LTV, borrower risk characteristics, loan characteristics, and other control variables. - Base case: loans that were accepted out-right (without additional screening) Notes: In response to the borrower’s contract choice, the lender can accept, reject, and subject the borrower to additional screening. We estimate a multinomial logit model to assess factors that may affect the lender’s decision to reject or subject the an applicant to additional screening. Loans that were accepted out-right are used as the base case. ## 1.2: Lender response (Table 5) - Lender more likely to conduct additional screening or reject contracts with < 20 cents per dollar of collateral than those with > 20 cents per dollar of collateral. - For example, - LTV > 90 contract is 18.4% more likely to be rejected (15.8% more likely to be screened again) than LTV ≤ 80 contract. - 90  LTV > 80 contract is 8.7% more likely to be rejected (12% more likely to be screened again ) than LTV ≤ 80 contract. - 80-90 LTV contract: lender more likely to conduct additional screening than reject. - LTV > 90 contract: lender more likely to reject than conduct additional screening. ## 1.2: Lender Response - Conclusion: - Evidence that lender followed standard underwriting protocol. ## 1.3: Test for Adverse Selection - Test for the presence of adverse selection conditional on the borrower’s choice of contract type - Examine the loan performance of the 62,251 borrowers whose applications were accepted outright (without additional screening). - Competing-Hazard Model of Default & Prepayment: - The time to prepayment, Tp, and time to default, Td, are random variables that have continuous probability distributions, f(tj), where tj is a realization of Tj* (j=p,d). - The joint survivor function conditional on time-varying covariates - where gjn(r,H,X)*  time-varying function of the relevant interest rates, property values, loan characteristics, borrower characteristics Z  macro-economic factors, p and d  unobservable heterogeneity factors ## 1.3 Test for Adverse Selection - If adverse selection based on unobserved risk characteristics is present, then we should find a significant relationship between *initial* LTV and ex post default. - If adverse selection is not present, then we should observe no systematic relationship between *initial* LTV and default risk. ## 1.3: Competing Risks Model (Table 6) - Independent Variables: - Borrower Characteristics: - Borrower risk (FICO and FICO^2) - Log(Income) - Log (Borrower Age) - Log (House Tenure) - Debt-to-income ratio - Contract Characteristics - Lender LTV - First or Second Lien position indicator - Line or Loan indicator - Use of funds indicator - (refinance, consumption, home improvement) - First mortgage indicator - Second home indicator - Condo indicator - Auto pay - Time-varying Option Characteristics - Current LTV (CLTV and CLTV^2) - Prepayment Option - Difference in LTV - Difference in Housing Value - Account Age (Age, Age^2, Age^3) - Employment Control Variables - Employment tenure – Log(Years on the Job) - Type of employment - self-employed, retired, home-maker - Location and Economic Control Variables (state dummy and unemployment rates) ## 1.3: Evidence of Adverse Selection (Table 6) - Observable risk characteristics 100 point  FICO  default risks  43% (prepay  15%) Rate refinancing  3.7% less likely to default (2.8% more likely to prepay) No first mortgage  6.8% less likely to default (3.1% less likely to prepay) - One percentage point higher DTI  2.1% more likely to default (2.2% more likely to prepay) -  current LTV (e.g., 1% house price depreciation)  4% more likely to default (1% less likely to prepay) than borrowers whose current LTV  (i.e., house price appreciation) ## 1.3: Evidence of Adverse Selection (Table 6) - After controlling for the observable risk characteristics, borrowers with higher initial LTV contract (pledging less collateral per dollar loan) are *more* likely to default. - Relative to borrowers with LTV ≤ 80, those with 80 < LTV < 90 are 2.2% more likely to default (4.5% less likely to prepay) - Those with LTV  90 are 5.6% more likely to default (6.6% less likely to prepay) ## 1.3: Evidence of Adverse Selection - Conclusion: - Evidence consistent with the presence of adverse selection on unobservables in the home equity lending market (Stiglitz & Weiss, 1981). - Evidence also consistent with findings of adverse selection in the credit card market (Ausubel, 1999). ## Empirical Analysis - Part II: Secondary Screening ## 2.1: Lender’s Counteroffer - Factors that affect the lender’s decision to make one of the two counteroffers after the secondary screening. Counteroffer to further mitigate moral hazard: - if lender lowers LTV (increasing collateral required per dollar loan to induce borrower effort) and/or switches the product from a home equity loan to a home equity line. Counteroffer to further mitigate adverse selection: - if lender increases LTV and/or switches the product from a home equity line-of-credit to a home equity loan (increasing the APR to induce borrower type). - Estimate a logit model to assess the likelihood of a lender making a counteroffer designed to mitigate adverse selection. ## 2.1: Adverse Selection Counter (Table 8) - Higher risk borrowers less likely to receive adverse selection counter offer. - Relative to borrower with a score of 800, borrower with a FICO score of 700 is 24.6% less likely to receive a counteroffer designed to mitigate adverse selection than one designed to mitigate moral hazard. - Borrowers who overvalue their property value (relative to the bank’s estimated value) - One percentage point  in the lender’s LTV ratio over the borrower’s LTV ratio increases by 3.1% the probability that the lender counteroffers with a contract designed to mitigate adverse selection. Notes: For example, we find that borrowers who are less credit-worthy, who overvalue their property, who has higher debt-to-income ratio are more likely to receive an adverse selection counteroffer. While borrowers who are rate refinancing or who has no first mortgage are less likely to receive an adverse selection counteroffer. ## 2.1: Adverse Selection Counter - Conclusion - Lender does systematically screen borrowers for adverse selection and moral hazard. ## 2.2: Borrower response to counteroffer - 2 Logit models of borrower response: the likelihood of a borrower rejecting a “moral hazard” or “adverse selection” counteroffer. - Does secondary screen reintroduce adverse selection? - Do low credit risk applicants reject counteroffer? ## 2.2. Moral hazard counteroffer (Table 10a) - Each one percentage point *decrease* in the counteroffer interest rate relative to the original interest rate decreases the likelihood of a borrower rejecting the moral hazard counteroffer by 2.4%. - If lender estimates a 10 percentage point higher LTV than borrower, then likelihood of borrower rejecting moral hazard counter increases by 0.65%. - Indicates that counter offer introduces additional adverse selection. ## 2.2. Adverse Selection Counter (Table 10b) - Each one point *increase in the counteroffer interest rate over the original interest rate increases* the likelihood of a borrower rejecting the counteroffer designed to mitigate adverse selection by 1%. - Less risky borrowers (lower FICO scores) more likely to reject counter offer. - Results confirm that lender’s mitigation efforts introduce additional adverse selection. Notes: The results for impact of the APR Difference is still significant but the economic impact is smaller – a borrower who is offered a higher rate than the original contract rate is only 1 percent more likely to reject the adverse selection counteroffer. Applicants selecting a home equity loan, rate refinancing, or owns a second home are less likely to reject a counteroffer designed to mitigate adverse selection. Moreover, the economic significance of applicants without a first mortgage rejecting a counter offer designed to mitigate adverse selection is much higher than for rejecting a counteroffer designed to mitigate moral hazard. ## 2.3: Effectiveness of counteroffer (Table 11) - Estimate a competing-risks hazard model - Test the effectiveness of the lender’s adverse selection and moral hazard mitigation efforts - Sample - Include all loans accepted following both the primary and secondary screening - 83,411 borrowers - 2 dummy variables identify - Moral hazard counteroffer - Adverse selection counteroffer ## 2.3: Effectiveness of counteroffer (Table 11) - Relative to loans that did not receive additional screening, - the risk of default ex post declines by 12.2 percent for loans that the lender ex ante required additional collateral and/or switched the contract from a home equity loan to a home equity line. - Relative to loans that did not receive additional screening, - the risk of default ex post declines by 4.2 percent for loans where the lender ex ante reduced the required collateral and/or switched the contract from a credit line to a home equity loan. ## 2.3: Effectiveness of counteroffer (Table 11) - Considerable difference in the marginal impact - suggests that the lender’s effort to mitigate moral hazard ex ante is more effective than the effort to mitigate adverse selection in reducing the risk of default risk ex post. - consistent with lender being relatively more successful in inducing additional borrower effort ex post. ## Main Conclusions -- #1 - Borrower’s choice of credit contract does reveal information about her risk level. - Less credit-worthy borrowers are more likely to select a contract requiring less collateral - Even after controlling for observable risk characteristics, lender continues to face adverse selection problems due to unobservable information. ## Main Conclusions -- #2 - Lender’s efforts ex ante to mitigate adverse selection and moral hazard can be effective in reducing credit losses ex post. - Secondary screening and counteroffer designed to mitigate moral hazard reduce default risk ex post by 12%. - Additional screening and counteroffer to mitigate adverse selection reduce default risk ex post by 4%. ## Main Conclusions -- #3 - Mitigation efforts impose costs (higher prepayment rates) - Moral hazard mitigation increase the risk of prepayment by 11%. - Adverse selection mitigation increase the risk of prepayment by 2.9%. - Direct impact on secondary market investors and their ability to predict prepayment speeds on a securitized portfolio.	en
converted_docs	375515	Draft Report On the Indian Health Service Regional I/T/U Consultation Meeting held February 1, 2, 1999 In Reno, Nevada "SPEAKING WITH ONE VOICE IHS, TRIBES, URBAN" Consultation on the Reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act For the Alaska, California and Portland Areas I/T/U This draft report is prepared pursuant to IHS contract #282-97-0053 Task Order 5, The Office of Director's Consultation Initiative on the Reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act INDIAN HEALTH SERVICE Michael H. Trujillo, M.D., M.P.H., M.S. Assistant Surgeon General Director Indian Health Service Rockville, MD Michael Mahsetky Director of Legislative Affairs Office of the Director Indian Health Service Rockville, MD Kitty M. Rogers, M.S., R.N. Nurse Consultant Phoenix Area Indian Health Service Phoenix, AZ Submitted by Kauffman and Associates, Inc. P.O. Box 1401 Kamiah, ID 83536 (208) 935-0665 email: kauffman@camasnet.com Jo Ann Kauffman, President ###### Table of Contents {#table-of-contents .unnumbered} # Introduction # Background Summary of Recommendations Titles of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act Crosscutting and Emerging Issues Consensus Recommendations Individual Recommendations Attachments ###### INTRODUCTION Of the various statutes, which form the foundation of the U.S. Indian Health Service (IHS), the Indian Health Care Improvement Act is one of the most comprehensive and significant in terms of contemporary federal policies. First enacted in 1976, the IHCIA was authorized the IHS "...to implement the Federal responsibility to care and education of the Indian people by improving the services and facilities of Federal Indian health programs and encouraging maximum participation of Indians in such programs and for other purposes." The IHCIA was amended over the years four different times, most recently in 1992. At that time the IHCIA was extended through the end of Fiscal Year 2000, when it is scheduled to expire. The Director of the Indian Health Service is committed to ensuring that IHS, tribal and urban (I/T/U) providers are fully consulted during this next year and through-out the process to reauthorize the Indian Health Care Improvement Act. Only through a comprehensive I/T/U consultation process can the IHS ensure that appropriate language is built into the Indian Health Care Improvement Act, which addresses the changes in the current health care environment and reflects the concerns and priorities of the I/T/U systems. It is the hope that this comprehensive consultation process will help promote a unified position on the reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act. The theme of this effort is *"Speaking with one voice".* For this reason, the IHS has launched a series of four Regional Consultation Meetings to be held across the United States to incorporate the major policy issues and recommendations from I/T/U's in each of the twelve areas of the IHS. Prior to regional meetings, each IHS Area will convene I/T/U's in their Area for the purpose of reviewing the Indian Health Care Improvement Act and developing specific recommendations. At the Regional Consultation Meetings the Areas will have the opportunity to discuss their issues and recommendations with I/T/U's from other Areas, in an effort to reach consensus and resolution. The results of each Regional Meeting will be consolidated into a Draft Regional Report. After all four Regional Meetings have been conducted a Final National Report will be issued. The stated goals and objectives of this consultation process were identified by IHS headquarters as follows: GOAL: To conduct a comprehensive consultation process which will result in Indian Country reaching consensus on key policy issues that will be reflected in the reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act. OBJECTIVES : 1. Present Area policy issues and recommendations; 2. Identify cross-cutting and emerging policy issues; 3. Build consensus on major policy issues of the IHCIA; 4. Identify and develop collaborative relationships with key partners (Area, regional, national) in the reauthorization process; 5. Further the consultation process to include all stakeholders in Indian health. The second Regional Consultation meeting to be held was for the IHS, tribes and urban (I/T/U) health providers in the Alaska, California and Portland Areas of the IHS. The Regional Consultation Meeting was well attended and provided participants with the opportunity to better understand the Indian Health Care Improvement Act and to begin to identify significant policy issues and major recommendations. A total of 219 participants registered for the Reno meeting. A list of all participants is attached to this report. The meeting was facilitated by IHS contractor, Kauffman and Associates, Incorporated (KAI) and coordinated by the IHS 437 Team and IHS 437 Coordinators from each of the three Areas. The results of the Reno Regional Consultation meeting are contained in this report Currently, the following Regional Meetings are planned or have occurred: ####### Regional Meeting Site Dates Areas Involved Area Coordinators Rapid City, SD January 12, 13 Aberdeen Claudia Valandra ######## Billings Pete Conway Reno, NV February 1, 2 Alaska Dave Schraer, Jim Armburst California Rachael Joseph, A. Nelson ######## Portland Clark Marquart Las Vegas, NV March 23, 24 Albuquerque Anthony Yepa Navajo D. Hutchinson, A. Roanhorse Phoenix Chuck Grimm ######## Tucson Robert Price, Juana Casilla New Orleans, LA April 6,7 Bemidji Charlene Red Thunder Nashville Bill Drew Oklahoma Luke McIntosh The IHS approach to Regional Consultation on the Reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act is a direct result of the feedback received from Indian health experts and tribal leaders convened earlier in the year for an IHS roundtable discussion. The IHS convened health experts from Indian and non-Indian communities to begin discussing the reauthorization of the IHCIA and alternative approaches for a consultation process. During this roundtable discussion, the participants reached consensus that the IHS consultation process with I/T/U's should include the following features: - Meeting should promote a partnership environment - Need to be cognizant of the government-to-government relationship - Keep meetings positive; keep communications open - Work toward consensus - Need to take a new look at how we approach the Act; encourage creativity and new ideas - Keep an approach simple and documentation brief - Provide results of the meetings to tribal leaders for feedback The initial analysis conducted by the IHS sponsored roundtable, served as one of several resource documents for the participants at the Reno Regional Consultation Meetings. The Regional Consultation meetings were very much shaped by the recommendations from the participants in the IHS Roundtable on Reauthorization. In particular, the agenda for the consultation meeting provided ample time and resources for participants to ask questions of speakers and panel presenters. The facilitators encouraged questions or statements from the audience. Written materials were available for all registered participants to assist in their review and consideration of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act and related Indian health policy issues. In each packet were the following materials: - Agenda - IHS Roundtable Report on Reauthorization of IHCIA - IHS Status Report on IHCIA section-by-section - Annotated Codification of the IHCIA (as amended through 1996) - Current Issues in Indian Health Policy (Roubideaux) - Medicaid Managed Care Issues and Recommendations (NIHB) - "How a bill becomes a law" (Government Affairs Institute) - Timeline for FY 2001 Budget Formulation (IHS) - Meeting evaluation form In keeping with the recommendations of the IHS Reauthorization Roundtable, the agenda was presented in two phases. The first day, participants were provided the opportunity to give input on key policy issues and recommendations related to the specific titles of the existing IHCIA. Workgroups during included the following: Day One Workgroups: - Health Professions (Title I) - Health Services (Title II and Title VII) - Health Facilities (Title III) - Urban Health (Title V) - Access and Miscellaneous (Title IV and Title VIII) The second day, participants were asked to think beyond the restrictions of the existing statute and examine new and emerging issues. Day Two Workgroups: - Entitlements, Benefits Package and Health Disparities - Behavioral Health Issues (mental health and substance abuse) - I/T/U Partnerships for the Future - Medicaid and Managed Care - Other Emerging Issues Consensus based recommendations were developed in each of the workgroups. When possible consensus statements are included in this report. In cases where consensus was not reached or a final recommendation is not suggested, a summary of the discussion issues is provided. The theme of "Speaking with one voice", was integrated into the facilitation of each workgroup. Participants were advised that the goal of the workgroups was to identify those key policy issues and recommendations around which consensus could be built. The workshop also identified those issues or recommendations where no consensus was reached and attempts to articulate the perspectives of the group. During the general session on the first day, Tony Largo, Santa Rosa Band, provided a welcome from the California tribes to all attendees. The Area Directors for each of the three IHS Areas provided opening remarks on the subject of "unity". IHS officials, Michael Mahsetky and Kitty Rogers, provided an overview of the reauthorization process and their goals for the consultation process. Each of the three Areas were invited to share their specific policy issues and recommendations for reauthorization during the first morning of the meeting. In a panel presentation for each Area (California, Alaska, Portland), numerous issues were raised. H. Sally Smith, President of the Alaska Native Health Board, stated that due to limited notice their recommendations did not have tribal approval and Area-wide consensus had not occurred. However, there were numerous concerns expressed in the areas of long term care, inhalant abuse, third party billing, health professions, staff quarters and the elevation of the IHS agency within DHHS. The California panel also identified numerous issues and recommendations. Unlike the other areas, California, had held Area consultation meetings and had begun to identify consensus recommendations, although these were not ready for form presentation at the time of the Regional Meeting. Tribal spokesperson, Rachel Joseph, explained the uniqueness of California in comparison to the rest of Indian country. There are 104 federally recognized tribes in California and many more state recognized. Most tribes are small. The termination era severely affected California Indian health, closing two hospitals and eliminating services. The tribes in California have been trying to rebuild their base ever since. Ms. Joseph cited the 1974 Rincon decision and the 1979 judgement against the IHS establishing the "equity fund" to better support California and other underfunded tribes. However, inequity in funding continues to exist. California will be presented a comprehensive list of recommendations, which will likely include their support for continuation of the Equity Fund, and promotion of a more actuarally sound resource distribution methodology. The Portland Area panel included representatives from the Lummi Nation, Puyallup Tribe, the NARA Urban Health program and Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board. The IHS has not conducted an Area-wide consultation process prior to the Regional meeting. Instead, the NPAIHB has incorporated different aspects of the IHCIA in its regular quarterly meetings during each meeting for over a year. A variety of recommendations were emerging through this process, although a formal written presentation was not available for the Regional Meeting. Their panel voiced general support for health professions programs and the regional epidemiology centers, one of which is funded in the Portland Area. Concerns were also expressed regarding the Medicaid and Medicare provisions in the IHCIA and the need to waive co-payments, personal estate liability and improve flexibility. Facilities issues were identified with specific improvements in the areas of Joint Ventures, Ambulatory Care construction and long term care facilities. Finally, the Portland panel expressed strong support for Urban Indian Health and the Substance Abuse program. There were important discussions, which occurred during the plenary sessions as well. Several recommendations were made from the floor of the general session encouraging the IHS to move forward in developing specific draft legislation for review by the tribes. Comments were also made regarding the importance of continued consultation beyond the regional consultation meetings and seeking clarification on the reauthorization process. The second day presentation by Dr. Trujillo, triggered additional discussion regarding the political process for reauthorization and the importance to keep the lives of our community members in minds all the time. An elder from the Umatilla Tribe, Mrs. Bearchum, provided a community person's perspective on the importance of our work to improve health care and health status. She added that the group should keep in mind our spirituality as we do this work. A panel on "Strategizing Politically" provided a forum for tribal and urban leaders to share information and concerns about the whole process for reauthorization. ###### BACKGROUND ON THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REAUTHORIZATION The United States maintains a legal and moral responsibility to provide health services to America's Indian and Alaska Native population. These obligations are based upon numerous treaties signed between the U.S. and tribes which ceded millions of acres of land in exchange for certain reserved rights and basic provisions guaranteed by the United States, including health care. The unique relationship between tribes and the Unites States is underscored in the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8). Federal laws and court decisions have confirmed the unique relationship between tribes and the federal government, and upheld the obligation of the United States to provide health services to American Indians and Alaska Natives. In 1921, President Hoover signed into law the Snyder Act, which provides the underpinning for a variety of federal Indian programs, including the Indian Health Service. The Snyder Act provided, "...such sums as Congress may from time to time appropriate for the benefit care and assistance of Indians". The transfer of these responsibilities to the U.S. Public Health Service in 1955 sparked the beginning of the U.S. Indian Health Service, and a slow but measured rebound in the health status of American Indians today. The legislative history of Indian health care can be traced back to the Snyder Act in 1921. Only the Indian Health Care Improvement Act has provided more direction and foundation for the improvement of Indian health status. - The Snyder Act of 1921 (25 U.S.C. 13) The Snyder Act authorizes Congress to appropriate funds for the "relief of distress and conservation of health and for the employment of physicians" for Indians through-out the United States. It represents permanent statutory authority for Indian health programs. - The Johnson O'Malley Act of 1934, Amended 1936 (25 U.S.C. 452) The JOM Act authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to contract with states and other local governments to provide education, medical attention, agricultural assistance and social welfare for Indian people in hardships related to the allotment process or other hardships related to Indians living off the reservation. - The Transfer Act of 1954, Amended 1973, (42 U.S.C. 2001 et seq.) The Act established the U.S. Indian Health Service under the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and removed responsibilities for Indian health services from the Department of Interior. - Indian Health Facilities Act of 1957 (42 U.S.C. 2005) This Act provides the IHS with the authority to fund construction of hospitals for the benefit of Indian tribal patients. - The Indian Sanitation Facilities and Services Act of 1959, (42 U.S.C. 2004) This federal law expanded the duties of the IHS to ensure public health requirements were being met, including safe and sanitary drinking water, sewer systems, drainage facilities, waste and access to of water and sewer systems for Indian homes. - Public Law 91-224 of 1970, (16 U.S.C. 459; 33 U.S.C. 446; 31 U.S.C. 529; 41 U.S.C. 5) This law provided authority for the Departments of Interior and Health and Human Services to collaborate on demonstration projects, which would provide central community systems for safe drinking water in Alaska Native villages. - The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, Amended in 1988 and 1994, (25 U.S.C. 450 et seq) The Act authorizes federally recognized Indian tribes the means to contract with the federal government for the purpose of administering and operating federal programs, services, functions and activities which were established to serve that tribe. - The Indian Health Care Improvement Act of 1976, Amended 1980, 1988, 1990, 1992 and 1996 (25 U.S.C. 1601 et seq) This is landmark legislation, which elevated and invigorated Indian health care improvement measures to a higher level within Indian communities and within the federal government. The Act provided clear policy for the Nation to elevate the health status of Indians and Alaska Natives to the highest possible level. The current IHCIA provides a "Declaration of Health Objectives", which it proposes be met by the year 2000. The Act set out specific new programs and initiatives, including > Title I "Health Professions"(Recruitment, Scholarships, Externs, > Continuing Education, Community Health Representatives, School Loan > Repayment, Advanced Training, Nursing Recruitment and Schools, Tribal > Culture/History, INMED Program, Community Colleges, Incentives Ruse > Residency, Alaska Community Health Aid, Matching Grants to Tribes, > Tribal Health Administration, U of South Dakota Program) > > Title II "Health Services" (Indian Health Care Improvement Fund; > Catastrophic Health Emergency Fund; Health Promotion and Disease > Prevention Services; Diabetes Prevention, Treatment and Control; > Hospice Care Feasibility Study; Reimbursement from Certain Third > Parties; Crediting of Reimbursements; Health Research; Mental Health > Prevention and Treatment Services; Managed Care Feasibility; > California CHS Demonstration; Mammography Screening; Patient Travel > Costs; Epidemiology Centers; School Health Education; Indian Youth > Grants; Indians into Psychology Program; Tuberculosis Control; > Contract Health Service Study; Prompt Payments, Electronic Payments > Demonstration; Liability for Payment, Office of Indian Women's Health) > > Title III "Facilities", (Consultation on closure of facilities; > Safe Water and Sanitary Waste Disposal Facilities; Indian preference > on Firms; Soboba Sanitation; Expenditure of non-Service funds for > renovation; Grants for Construction, Expansion of Ambulatory Care > Facilities; Indian Health Care Delivery Demonstration Project; Land > Transfers and Buy American applicability.) > > Title IV "Access to Health Services; (Treatment of payments under > Medicare; Treatment of Payments under Medicaid; Report Requirements; > Grants and Contracts with Tribal Organizations; Demonstration for > Direct Billing; Emergency Contract Health Services) > > Title V "Urban Health"; (Contacts and Grants to Urban Indian > Organizations; Contracts and Grants for Health Care and Referral > Services; Contract and Grants to Determine Unmet Needs; Evaluations > and Renewals; Other Requirements; Limits on Authority; Facilities > Renovation; Urban Programs Branch; Alcohol and Substance Abuse; > Treatment of Certain Demonstration Projects and Urban NIAAA > Transferred Programs) > > Title VI "Organizational Improvements"; (Establishment of the IHS > as an agency of the Public Health Service; and Automated Management > Information System) > > Title VII "Substance Abuse Programs"; (Defines IHS > responsibilities; IHS Programs; Indian Women's Treatment; IHS Youth > Treatment; Training and Community Education; Gallup ASA Treatment > Center; Fetal Alcohol Syndrome grants; Pueblo Substance Abuse > Treatment; Thunderchild Treatment Center; Counselor Education Project; > Gila River Alcohol Treatment Facility; Alaska Native Drug and Alcohol > Abuse Demonstration) > > Title VIII "Miscellaneous Provisions", (Leases with tribes; > Limitations of use of funds; Nuclear Resource Development Health > Hazards; Arizona CHSDA; Eligibility of California Indians; California > CHSDA, Contract Health Facilities; National Health Service Corps; > Health Services for Ineligible Persons; Infant and Maternal Mortality > and FAS; CHS for Trenton Service Area; IHS/VA Facilities and Sharing > of Services; Reallocation of Base Resources; Demonstration Project for > Tribal Management; Child Sexual Abuse Treatment Programs; Tribal > Leasing; Home and Community-based Demonstrations; Shared Services > Demonstration; Priority of Indian Reservations.) - Indian Alcohol and Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, (Subtitle C of the Omnibus Drug Act o f1986: P.L. 99-570, Amended in 1988, 1990 and 1992) This Act provided specific authorizations to address the problem of alcoholism, alcohol abuse and drug abuse in Native American communities. Each tribe developed an action plan to combat addictions, and inpatient treatment centers for Indian adolescents were authorized. The IHS is an agency established under the U.S. Public Health Service within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The mission of the IHS is to provide a comprehensive health service delivery system for American Indians and Alaska Natives. The range of services provided through the IHS includes a broad spectrum of preventive, curative, rehabilitative and environmental services. The IHS has developed a model of service delivery, which incorporates direct outpatient and inpatient facilities, contracting for the provision of services from the private sector, contracting with tribes and urban providers of health services. The IHS approach is comprehensive and includes public health nurses, community health representatives, sanitation initiatives and housing quarters for providers in rural remote areas. The IHS provides health services through 144 Service Units which are composed of more than 500 direct healthcare delivery facilities, including 49 hospitals, 190 health centers, 7 school health centers, and 287 health stations, satellite clinics, and Alaska village clinics. In addition to direct services provided by IHS, within the system 1) Indian tribes deliver IHS funded services to their own communities with about 35 percent of the IHS direct services budget in 11 hospitals, 129 health centers, 3 school health centers, and 240 health stations; 2) various health care and referral services are provided to Indian people away from the reservation settings through 34 urban center programs; and, 3) the purchase of contract health services from non-IHS providers to support, or in some cases in lieu of, direct care services that IHS is unable to provide in its facilities. Services are administered directly by the IHS, Tribes or urban providers (I/T/U). Many of the American Indian and Alaska Native people served by the IHS live in some of the most remote and poverty stricken areas of the United States. For them, the IHS represents the only source of health care available. Others reside in larger communities but face cultural or financial barriers to care. While the IHS represents the primary health resource for most Indian people in the U.S., Indian people are also eligible for a variety of alternate resources, such as Medicaid, Medicare, state programs and private insurance. The IHS requires beneficiaries to exhaust these alternate resources before expending contract health resources. For federal, tribal and urban providers of services under the IHS, this myriad of alternate resources and requirement makes providing vital health services to American Indians and Alaska Natives a challenge. American Indians and Alaska Natives, while gradually improving in health status, remain one of the most vulnerable populations in the United States, dying at rates higher than other racial groups in America in many categories. - The median age for Indians living in the 34 reservation States is 24.2 compared to 32.9 for the U.S. All Races and 34.4 for the White Race. - For Indians, 33 percent of the population was younger than 15 years and 6 percent was older than 64 years. For the U.S. All Races population, the corresponding percentages were 22 and 13, respectively. - According to the 1990 Census, the median household income in 1989 for Indians residing in the current Reservation States was \$19,897, compared with \$30,056 for the U.S. All Races population. During this period, 31.6 percent of Indians lived below the poverty level, in contrast to 13.1 percent for the U.S. All Races population. The Indian Health Care Improvement Act represents this nation's commitment to improving the health status of American Indians and Alaska Natives. The U.S. Indian Health Service has conducted its' own assessment of the provisions of the IHCIA and provided these materials to I/T/U participants during the consultation process. ###### MAJOR POLICY ISSUES AND CONSENSUS RECOMMENDATIONS ##### Specific Titles of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act # 1. Health Professions (Title I) The Indian Health Manpower Title I, commonly referred to as [Health Professions]{.underline}, has twenty three (23) sections which describe methods of increasing the number of Indians entering the health professionals to the Indian Health Service, Indian Tribes, Tribal organizations, and urban Indian organizations that are involved in delivering health care to Indian people. - Health Professions Recruitment program for Indians: In this section grants are made to public or nonprofit private health or educational entities or Indian tribes or tribal organizations to assist such entities in meeting the costs of identifying Indians with a potential for education or training in the health professions and encouraging and assisting them in the process of preparation to enroll and study for a health career. The work group had concerns regarding the length of time for the grants. They stated that the grants should be for three (3) or more years. - Health Professions preparatory scholarships for Indians: The purpose of this section is to provide scholarships for undergraduate degrees leading towards a field of study in a health profession. Yearly re-applications are required. The work group stated that the scholarships should be guaranteed (after initial competition and award). - Indian Health Profession Scholarships: This scholarship is awarded with an active duty service obligation. The work group wanted the health profession type to be extended to licensed practical nursing, chiropractic, and acupuncture. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Continuing Education Allowance: This section grants continuing education funds to health professions in order to encourage them to provide health services in the rural and remote areas where Indian people reside. The work group stated that there is a lower percentage of Indian professionals who have been allowed to participate. They recommended that more Indian health professionals be included and that resources should be provided so that tribal members can access these funds. Communication should be improved regarding health professional's continuing education needs. - Nursing Program and Nursing Schools: This section provides grants to higher education institutions to recruit and train nurses, nurse midwifes, and nurse practitioners to provide or continue to provide health care services to Indians. The work group stated that it was not generally known what institutions had been awarded grants and they wanted a list of the schools with grants to be communicated to Indian country. They also stated that the grant length should be extended to five (5) years. 2. Health Services (Title II and VII) The workgroup on Health Services discussed issues related to Title II and Title VII of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act. These titles contain a wide variety of direct service related programs. The workgroup did not limit itself to only making recommendations under these titles. The workgroup made comments on a variety of issues. - Equity Funding: The workgroup identified a lack in equity funding across various Areas of the Indian Health Service system. The group noted that the last time the U. S. Congress attempted to adequately address and rectify inequitable funding allocations was in Fiscal Year 1991 appropriations. A recommendation was made to increase funding again to provide for better equity across the I/T/U system, regardless of location. This recommendation relates to the Appropriations process and would not affect the reauthorization bill language. - Agency Linkages: The workgroup discussed federal program consolidation for tribal governments, as is provided under P.L. 102-477, the Indian Employment Training and Related Services Demonstration Act of 1992. Under this legislation, tribes are allowed to consolidate a variety of federal programs from multiple federal agencies into one block grant, combining the application, administration and reporting procedures. This federal law has eliminated numerous administrative barriers for tribes to better administer employment, child care and welfare related programs. The workgroup considered a similar approach for health related programs to streamline tribal contracting and reporting requirements. Specific recommendations were developed to establish within the IHCIA a federal statute to allow for IHS, and agencies such as Centers for Disease Control (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Department of Justice (DOJ), to consolidate programs and resources to tribes. - Epidemiology Centers: The workgroup noted that not all IHS Areas have access to the Epidemiology Center resources. The IHS funds only four regional Epidemiology Centers currently, in Alaska Area, Phoenix Area, Bimidji Area and Portland Area. More centers needed to teach and provide technical assistance and support for tribes of all sizes and locations. This recommendation may not require a change to the IHCIA, but an increase for full funding under existing authority through the appropriations process. - Reporting Requirements: Changes in federal law are recommended which would authorize other federal agencies such as the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to accept the reports required of tribes by the Indian Health Service for similar purposes. - Diabetes Prevention, Control and Treatment: There was extensive discussion and consideration of changes to the IHCIA related to the prevention, control and treatment of diabetes. Participants were concerned that the current Diabetes Initiative of the Indian Health Service is limited only to five (5) years. The workgroup recommended that this program be integrated into the base budgets of the I/T/U for perpetual funding until diabetes is no longer a problem in the Indian population. The workgroup also recommends that the IHCIA provide authorization for I/T/U's to use diabetes funds under Section 204 (d) to support the collection of data. More specific programming of diabetes funds are suggested which would target prevention funding for all communities, and control and treatment funds for those already diagnosed with diabetes. The workgroup pointed out that the existing distribution formula for the IHS Diabetes Initiative treated the California Area consortia as tribes and provided funding for 40 tribes, when there are actually 104 tribes. This should be corrected. - Catastrophic Health Emergency Fund: The threshold for when Contract Health Service bills can be eligible for payment through the CHEF program should be lowered, particularly for smaller tribes with a smaller overall CHS budget. The workgroup recommends reducing the CHEF threshold by 50% for small tribes and tribes dependent on CHS for health care. The workgroup also supports increased funding for CHEF, although appropriations requests are not directly related to amendments to the IHCIA. - Delivery Areas: The Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) which outlines the geographic boundaries for persons eligible for Contract Health Services is recommended to be expanded through the IHCIA. The workgroup supported the expansion of CHSDA's and cited a request in California Area for seven (7) additional CHSDA's. There may be other Areas which should receive increased CHSDA designation. - Third Party Reimbursements: The workgroup discussed the problems with I/T/U access to third party revenues for patient services. The group recommends changes to the IHCIA, which would provide authority through the Health Care Financing Administration whereby I/T/U's could conduct their own eligibility determination for federal medical assistance under Medicaid and CHIP. In particular, this determination function will be important for tribes administering Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) programs. Federal law should be amended which would allow tribes to directly bill HCFA just as a state does. Currently only "states, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory or possession of the United States" has this authority to bill directly. - Data and Reporting: The Indian Health Service data reporting system (RPMS) is not working in all I/T/U locations. This is resulting in a loss in data and reporting capabilities on Indian health issues both nationally and locally. Increased attention is needed to ensure adequate staff training and technical assistance is provided in all locations. Additional staffing and other resources should be provided at the local levels to ensure the viability of this important data system. - Your Regional Treatment Centers: There were a number of recommendations regarding the Youth Regional Treatment Centers (RTC) first authorized under the Omnibus Anti-Drug Act and funded in most Areas of the IHS. Many of the workgroup recommendations request increased appropriations, and therefor are not specific to changes in the IHCIA. For example, the group recommends increased funding for the California Area RTC's. In addition, the group makes recommendations to expand the total number of RTC's available to Indian youth across the country. The group also recommends providing authority for the funds supporting RTC's to be available for distribution under tribal shares. Changes in the IHCIA are requested to assist RTC's treat youth with "dual diagnosis". The RTC section should be amended to authorize, in addition to counseling, medically supervised detoxification, education and family counseling in advance of admission into treatment. Finally, the workgroup made a recommendation that the IHCIA include a "formalized transitional aftercare" component is needed for post treatment support. - Long Term Care and Skilled Nursing Facilities: The workgroup discussed the lack of accessible long term and skilled nursing facilities across Indian country. Often, these facilities are located many miles away from tribal communities, creating hardships for families with elders or others in need of long term care. The lack of culturally sensitive nursing homes, and long term care is a problem as the Indian population grows older. The workgroup recommended that the IHCIA authorize comprehensive long term and skilled nursing facilities and programs, and that these resources be placed in close proximity to tribal communities and villages. Specific language should be included to exempt American Indians from means testing under Medicare and Medicaid to protect family assets, when their elders utilize these resources for long term care. - Hearing Aids: Expansion of Title II is recommended to include a hearing program which would provide comprehensive services for Indian children and elders and improve linkages to other resources. - Health Promotion Disease Prevention: The workgroup made recommendations to increase funding of the HPDP program to at least parity levels with acute care and treatment programs. A recommendation for increased appropriation would not require an amendment to the IHCIA, however, language requiring parity funding would be an amendment to the IHCIA. - Uniform Pharmacy Benefits: There was discussion regarding the lack of equity across I/T/U's to access pharmacy supplies and prices. It was recommended that the IHCIA be amended to authorize I/T/U's to access Veteran's Administration and Department of Defense or other federal prime vendor contracts for purposes of purchasing pharmacy and other supplies. - Substance Abuse: A variety of issues were discussed related to substance abuse prevention, treatment and aftercare. The workgroup recommends that the full realm or continuum of care by provided for all types of alcohol and substance abuse, including inhalant abuse. The would include prevention, education, intervention, pre-treatment, treatment, aftercare, family care in all areas, including inhalant abuse. The workgroup recommended using the Healthy People 2010 Objectives as a means to set specific improvement goals and any other appropriate improvement goals. The group also recommended that a more comprehensive and effective prevention program be integrated into the IHCIA. One "that works". The group also recommends that the IHCIA provide authority for interagency linkages between the IHS and agencies such as Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for purposes of substance abuse prevention and treatment. Finally, it was recommended that the IHCIA be amended to mandate the IHS to provide substance abuse services, and clarify that tribes may request these services from the IHS. - Community Health Representatives: Home health care through the CHR program was discussed in the workgroup. It was recommended that the CHR's receive more training and more equipment to do their jobs in tribal communities. An increase in the total number of CHRs is recommended, in particular among those qualified to do home health care. The workgroup recommends that the Alaska CHAPS program be used as a model for delivering home health care in Indian homes. The IHCIA should be amended to provide for a specific home health program which would qualify for reimbursement through the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA). - Mental Health: The workgroup discussed the problem of increased "youth gang" activities in Indian communities. More emphasis on gang prevention and intervention is needed for I/T/U's to respond to the problem. It was recommended that the IHCIA authorize linkages to the Department of Justice to provide financial support and assistance to I/T/U's regarding Indian gang activity. The entire mental health function of the IHS needs to be strengthened. The language describing "demonstration programs" should be eliminated in place of permanent, comprehensive mental health systems for I/T/U's. - Studies/Reports/Demonstrations: The IHCIA should include provisions which ensure the participation and access of smaller tribes to studies, reports and demonstration projects. When studies or reports are completed, the information and application of findings should be made available to the I/T/U system. - Violence: The IHCIA should include emphasis on the problem of domestic violence, including training for clinical staff on early identification and intervention. Funding for "safe houses" and "shelters" should be made available to tribes and urban programs to ensure the safety of victims of violence in Indian communities. - American Indians into Psychology: There were numerous comments regarding this section of Title II. The participants reached consensus that there is a need for increased numbers of behavioral health professionals, including mental health counselors, social workers, and chemical dependency counselors. More funding should be targeted to train and employ these professionals. There is also a recommendation to provide more emphasis in the IHCIA to the problem of depression in Indian communities. It was identified as a major problem by this workgroup and mental health services should be better targeted to screen and intervene in depression. Finally, there was discussion regarding amendment to the IHCIA to authorize "prescriptive authority" for Ph.D. level mental health providers, however there was NO CONSENSUS on this discussion. - Speech Therapy: The group recommended increasing the number of speech therapist available to the I/T/U system. - Dental: The workgroup recommended that a "comprehensive dental program" be authorized under the IHCIA which would include all levels of care, including pedio, endo, ortho, and perio dental care. Access to crowns, dentures and pediatrics was also recommended. - Traditional Medicine and Alternative Medicine: The workgroup recommended providing access to traditional and alternative medicine through the IHCIA, including the authorization of special funding. This program should be integrated into the overall I/T/U system. - Eye Care: The IHCIA should provide an amendment which would authorize a comprehensive eye care program for IHS patients, including eye care, special needs of diabetics, retinal screening and tonometry for glaucoma and other high risk populations. # 3. Health Facilities (Title III) Health Facilities (Title III) of the IHCIA describes the methods of funding for new and replacement facilities. There are provisions for tribal consultation, reporting to congress and methods for implementing the Indian Self-Determination Act. It includes safe water and sanitary waste disposal facilities provision and other alternative methods for funding facilities. - Accreditation: The current document identifies Joint Commission Accreditation of Hospital Organizations (JCAHO). The work group stated that the wording needed to be changed "not identifying" JCAHO as the specific accreditation authority as there are several other IHS approved accrediting authorities. In addition they stated that there were other accreditation issues needing to be considered throughout the law. In the current law it states that a new facility must be accredited by JCAHO within one year after construction is completed. Again, the work group stated that the new facility construction should meet the IHS standards of construction. The law should not specifically refer to JCAHO. It should refer to an IHS approved accrediting authority. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Health Facility Priority System: The work group stated that congress does not have an accurate picture of all unmet health facility needs. The current method favors hospitals and large facilities. An accurate and fair reporting system needs to be developed that reports annually clearly identifying the needs of smaller ambulatory facilities. Hospital rate higher on the construction priority list as compared to ambulatory health care facilities. The work group stated that the "agency" should not build hospitals where there is excessive bed space in urban areas so that construction resources can be re-allocted to ambulatory clinics. Existing resources must be best utilized in existing health facilities in urban areas. There has always been universal allocation of funding. Most IHS Areas go without construction funding while other IHS Areas get funding for new construction consistently. The work group wanted the current IHS priority system changed to allow equity in the distribution of new construction funds. They recommended that decisions should be made at the local (IHS Area) level as to the allocation of construction of new facilities. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Grant Program for the Construction Expansion and Modernization of small Ambulatory Care Facilities: The work group stated that this section had never been fully funded because congress does not realize the scope of the unmet needs. Appropriations will never be identified without proper documentation. It was recommended that IHS be required to provide an annual report to congress which will ensure equity and proper consideration for ambulatory facilities. In some cases tribes are funding their own construction through commercial or guaranteed loans: It was recommended that funds be made available to reimburse 100% of tribe's obligation for loans for health care facilities. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Safe Water and Sanitary Waste Disposal Facilities: The work group stated that Housing and Urban Development (HUD) would not accept " our environmental reviews." It was recommended that there needs to be a better coordinated effort between IHS and HUD to meet health, safety, and environmental reviews. At the tribes request the IHS should be deemed the regulating agency. IHS funds can not be used for sanitation facilities for HUD constructed homes. The relationship needs to be strengthened between IHS and HUD. HUD must clearly know that it has the responsibility for providing funds for sanitation facilities for homes they construct. IHS needs to continue providing technical assistances. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Sanitation Deficiency System (SDS): the tribes do not have input into the total system. Even though the tribes have input into their own community needs, they have no input into the system when it reaches the Area/HQ levels. It was recommended that the tribes have more involvement in the total process including input on the reports that are generated at the IHS Area and Headquarters levels. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Maintenance and Improvement (M&I ) funding: M&I funding has not increased over the past several years yet the amount of health facility space does increase. As more health facility space is approved for M&I eligibility, the existing health facilities get less funds when they are already under funded. There needs to be assurance that new health facilities will be funded with M&I funds through additional appropriations from congress. - Medicaid and Medicare Construction fund approval: The appropriations committee currently must approve use of M&M funds for renovation and construction projects over \$1 million dollars. The work group stated that congress should be notified as a "need to report" however approval for expenditures over this threshold should be changed. - Leasing: The IHCIA authorizes IHS to lease health care space from tribes under a twenty (20) year lease. However the Balance Budget Act requires that the full amount of these leases be "scored" in the first year of the lease. New language in the IHCIA should waive the requirement that the full lease amount be "scored" in the first year. - Matching Fund Requirement: Agencies that require matching funds do not permit funds from other federal agencies to be used as meeting the "matching dollar requirement(s)". IHS should be allowed to use appropriated federal funds to comply with the matching requirements of state, federal and other funding agencies. - Other Avenues for funding health facilities: There are not enough ways to get health facilities built. The agency needs to have multiple ways to get health facilities constructed such as on-time revolving loan programs and authority for guaranteed loan programs. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Definition of health facility: A clear definition of health care facilities is needed. Current IHS definition does not include the variety of health care services provided. The definition should include mental health, elder care, rehabilitation services, and alcohol/drug abuse. 4. Access to Services (Title IV) and Miscellaneous (Title VIII) The workgroup on Title IV and Title VIII, only had time to address issues related to Title IV "Access to Services. There were a variety of issues discussed. Consensus was reached on all recommendations presented here. - Licensing and Certification: The problem of tribal facilities seeking state licensure for the provision of federally funded health services to IHS beneficiaries was discussed. It was recommended that the IHCIA include a provision which would establish a IHS certification program for I/T/U's, which states would be required to accept as equivalent to state licensure for purposes of reimbursement. This certification would include all services provided by the I/T/U, whether to Indian or non-Indian patients. - Medicare: The existing provisions under Section 401 should be expanded to clarify that all services which are Medicare billable services, may be billed by the I/T/U for IHS beneficiaries, regardless if the patients are Indian or non-Indian. Further, the Health Care Financing Administration should be instructed by law, to allow a "window" of time during which I/T/U's can be eligible to build their infrastructure to provide certain Medicare billable services, and still be able to bill for those services during that window. - Medicaid: The existing language in the IHCIA restricts reimbursement in Medicaid services to facilities. The workgroup recommends that all billable services may be billed and paid to I/T/U's whether services are proviced directly or by referral through an I/T/U., and the state will still receive the full 100% FMAP reimbursement. - Non-Indian Beneficiaries: The workgroup recommends language be developed to clarify that Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement to I/T/U's be provided and that 100% FMAP provided to states for services to IHS eligible Indians and other individuals made eligible by section 813(a) or any other provision like it. - Direct Billing Demonstration: The workgroup recommends that Section 405 which provides for a demonstration status for four (4) sites, be made permanent for all I/T/U's to participate. - Premiums and Cost Sharing: The workgroup is recommending that all Indian beneficiaries of the IHS shall no longer be required to make co-payments or pay premiums for Medicaid, Medicare, CHIP or any other federally funded health program. This should be a provision in amended Title IV of IHCIA. - Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP): The IHCIA should be amended to include a provision which clarifies that states will also receive 100% FMAP for services provided through I/T/U's for IHS eligible patients under the CHIP program, and that there shall be no co-payments or premiums required of IHS beneficiaries. - Managed Care: The workgroup is recommending that provisions be included in Title IV which will address the difficulties of I/T/U in managed care systems for third party payments for care. The workgroup is recommending that I/T/U's be reimbursed for services provided to IHS beneficiaries even when an IHS beneficiary is enrolled in a managed care entity (through Medicaid, Medicare, or private coverage), and that all managed care entities can be billed directly by an I/T/U. Another option, which is recommended to address managed care problems, is a provision in the IHCIA which will authorize I/T/U's to bill states directly for Medicaid/CHIPS or other federal health programs, without being required to go through a managed care organization or entity. # 5. Health Services for Urban Indians (Title V) The purpose of this title is to establish programs in urban centers to make health care services more accessible to urban Indians. The discussion was primarily on national issues and methods of inclusion. - Memorandum of Agreement: Urban Indians are not included in the Health Care Finance Administration (HCFA) Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) regarding universal rates for Indian Health Service facilities and tribes. The work group stated that the urban Indians should be included. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Title V Continuing: The work group discussed whether the urban programs should be dispersed throughout the IHCIA in other titles or remain in Title V. The work group stated that the Urban Programs should remain in Title V however Title V should specify that Urban programs are eligible to participate in other sections with new funds to provide for professionals, facilities, services, etc. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - National data on Urban Indians: There is a lack of national data on Urban Indians. An Epidemiological Center for Urban Indians should be established to develop data, provide technical assistance to urban programs, and conduct needs assessments. This Urban EPI Center could be included in one of three or four "Centers of Excellence". ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Identification of new Urban sites: Many urban areas with large Indian populations do not have urban Indian Health programs. The agency needs to conduct an assessment for potential new program sites using current data. (socio-demographic variables: age, gender, and tribe, etc.). ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Consultation process: I/T/U and affiliated Indian engaged in the consultation process at the area level producing recommendations for IHCIA. The work group wanted the recommendations from the area to be carried forward in the consultation process. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - NIAAA programs: These programs have authority to be converted to Title V. IHS has not completed the process. The work group stated that the conversions of all NIAAA programs should be completed by the year 2001. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Relationships: There is a need for dialogue/relationship building process between the Tribes and Urban Programs in order to "speak with one voice." The major issues that need to be worked out are eligibility-enrollment status, federally recognized vs. affiliate Indians, and members from other tribes. In addition there are access problems. There are many inconsistencies in access regulations which leave many Indians not served. A. Crosscutting and Emerging Issues In addition to discussing the individual titles of the existing law, the participants at the Reno Regional Consultation Meeting, examined crosscutting and emerging issues which have an impact on I/T/U's now and into the future, but are not adequately considered in the existing law. These issues were developed in advance of the consultation meeting, based upon the analysis conducted by the IHS Roundtable on Reauthorization. During the general session of the Consultation Meeting, participants were offered the opportunity to change or amend any of the "emerging issue" topics. Upon consensus of the full group, these topics were included and the following recommendations or description of issues provided. 1\. Medicaid and Managed Care Medicaid and Managed Care work group had a variety of cross cutting issues which were discussed. Most of the dialogue was how to remedy some of the gaps in the systems (state, federal and I/T/U). The work group consisted of tribal health directors, Indian Health Service staff and urban programs. - 100% FMAP: The work group discussed the inconsistencies from state to state on how they managed the 100% federal match of dollars for Indian clients. Regulations should be developed to specify the IHS encounter rate by law. A joint Tribal and Federal group should develop the regulation. These regulations would develop Medicaid reimbursement rate for I/T/U's and define what services would be covered under the rate. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Anti-Deficiency Act-The work group discussed how this act kept the IHS from entering into contracts with MCO's because they could not assume risks. They stated that IHS (applies to IHS facilities) should be exempted from the Anti-deficiency Act for purposes of contracting with CO's. - MCO Demonstration Project: Tribal Governments are interested in becoming "MCO's". The work group proposed a demonstration project for I/T/U's to become the actual MCO to identify some of the risks and issues. It would enable the I/T/U to function as a Network Provider to fund a risk pool or any other stop loss mechanism. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Accreditation and Licensure: The work group recommended that a consolidation accreditation and licensure system be considered as an alternative to the existing certification and licensure process. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Eligibility Determinations: The work group recommended that Tribal Governments be given the authority to make eligibility determinations for Medicaid and Child Health Initiative Program (CHIP). 2. Behavioral Health, Mental Health and Substance Abuse Issues This topic was identified as a crosscutting and emerging issue because of its significant impact on all aspects of the health spectrum. The costs associated with treating the effects of mental health and substance abuse problems in Indian communities is significant, and impacts on I/T/U programs directly and indirectly. The workgroup addressed these issues and made the following general points. - Fragmentation vs. Holistic Approach: The participants noted the fragmentation in services is in conflict with a holistic approach to health care. The group recommends redefining the behavioral health field and concepts to focus more on the strengths of our communities than on the weaknesses or pathology of disease. The competition and conflict between the mental health and substance abuse fields should be resolved and a holistic approach supported in the IHCIA. - Local Models: The authority to create local models in behavioral health should be reinforced through the IHCIA. Redefining terms, concepts, and approaches that are more appropriate to the culture and values of each community should be supported. Comprehensive evaluations should be conducted to determine what community models exist in Indian country and to share that information with I/T/U's. - Cultural Considerations: An orientation program should be provided for new health providers, in order to bridge between traditional and medical practitioners. An ongoing process should be developed for staff and communities to integrate or coordinate traditional and western healers in the area of behavioral health. - Behavioral Health Scholarships and Education: The fierce competition for higher education in the mental health fields is leaving many interested American Indians overlooked. The IHCIA should be amended so that more collaboration with tribal colleges is provided around behavioral health professional development. The IHS scholarship program should be decentralized to ensure equity and fairness in the award of support. Information about existing demonstration projects attempting to increase the number of Indian behavioral health professionals should be shared with all I/T/U's. Indian applicants should show a strong commitment to serve Indian communities through I/T/U's. - Behavioral Health Models: The IHCIA should instruct the IHS to locate behavioral health models that demonstrate cost effectiveness in the provision of mental health and substance abuse services to Indian communities. These models should be shared with all I/T/U's for consideration. Models which focus on family treatment should be highlighted and disseminated. - Alcohol/Substance Abuse Aftercare: The Aftercare/Continuing Care component of the continuum of care is not available in Indian communities today. This is an important omission because aftercare is critical to sustaining recovery and sobriety. The IHS should continue to the next phase in its current evaluation of aftercare in IHS sponsored programs and broaden its application. Aftercare should be fully funded and developed by the IHS through the IHCIA. Existing studies, such as the Aftercare Study conducted by the Native American Research and Training Center at the Northern Arizona University should be considered in restructuring aftercare by IHS. - Access to Pilot Program Resources: Existing pilot programs funded by the IHS for mental health services should be made available to all I/T/U's for replication and sharing of information. - Substance Abuse Staff Training: The IHS should develop a certification and training program for American Indian and Alaska Native substance abuse treatment providers. Funding for counselor salaries should be increased to attract and retain qualified staff. - Advocacy: The mental health and substance abuse programs of the IHS need a strong advocate at headquarters to push behavioral health initiatives. The IHS should include I/T/U's in the development of behavioral health objectives and related reports to Congress. Strong advocacy is needed to ensure behavioral health issues are funded appropriately. 3. I/T/U Partnerships for the Future The relationship between IHS, tribal and urban programs has been a important issue which has not received full attention in a national forum. There have been significant changes in the relationship since the last reauthorization of the IHCIA. More and more tribes have contracted or compacted IHS health services. The role of the IHS has changed to one more of advocacy and support. Urban health providers fill a vital role in the network of services to American Indian people. This workgroup attempted to identify major issues for consideration and when possible, consensus recommendations. In beginning the discussion, the workgroup agreed it was important to minimize conflicts and continue dialogue between tribes and urban providers. To accomplish this, open communication, and mutual respect are important. - Urban Indian Health Programs Needed: There was consensus that urban Indian health programs are needed and fill a vital role in the delivery of health services to Indian people. - Government-to-Government Relationships: There was consensus that the government-to-government relationship is between federally recognized tribes and the U.S. government. - Tribal Responsibility for Members: There was consensus that tribes have a responsibility for their tribal members wherever their members are located, based upon each individual tribal governments' determination. It was also recognized there may be individual tribal members residing on "public domain allotments" outside tribal reservations and not served by existing I/T/U systems, who should be considered. - Federal Government Responsibility: It was agreed that the Federal Government has an obligation to provide health services, through the IHS, to all American Indian and Alaska Native people regardless of where they reside in the United States, including urban Indian populations. - Limited Resources for I/T/U System: The workgroup identified that the existing limited resources and inadequate appropriations for the I/T/U system should not be allowed to become a divisive issue for partnership and mutually supportive relationships among tribes and urban providers. 4. Entitlement, Benefits Package and Health Disparity This workgroup address the issues of entitlement, benefits package and health disparity. While the group was [not able to arrive at consensus]{.underline} with regard to recommended changes in the Indian Health Care Improvement Act, it was able to identify key issues and recommend a strategy to continue the discussion and analysis. The group did agree that there are problems with disparity in health resources and health status across the different regions of the United States. Some of the major issues which were identified included the following key points: - There is a need for meaningful data to better document health disparities across the regions, in order to assess need and arrive at a fair and equitable resolution. Each area has its own argument for not being funded as well as other areas, such as total per capita expenditures; lack of an IHS hospital; rural isolation; lack of public health infrastructure; health status indicators or other factors. To develop a fair definition of a benefits package, all these geographic and historic variables must be taken under consideration. - "Entitlement" is a concept of the federal government which means an individual or group is guaranteed a service regardless of budget constraint or increased volume. Entitlements such as welfare have been eliminated through welfare reform. Congress is more likely to restrict entitlements, such as Medicaid, than to increase entitlements to include Indian health. However, interest has been expressed by federal policy makers to consider an entitlement option in the IHCIA, and finally get a handle on Indian health appropriations struggles each year. - There is a recognition that American Indian people are, in fact, "entitled" to receive certain services, such as health care, due to promises made in Treaties and the application of that policy through federal laws and court decisions. Indian people generally agree that they are entitled to heath services, which were prepaid through the cession of millions of acres of Indian land to the United States. Federal health care to Indian people should be an entitlement. - Discussion of "benefits package" assumes that each geographical section of the IHS system is comparable, when it is not. Trying to find a way to ensure equity in health benefits, may result in reducing funds for some tribal health centers in order to better fund other tribal health centers, unless there is a great infusion of new dollars. Given that all systems are underfunded, this would create additional hardships and division. - There are at least three ways to look at the notion of "entitlement". (1) An [individual]{.underline} Indian person could have an entitlement for certain defined health services, regardless of where they reside or where they chose to receive services (like Medicaid beneficiaries). (2) [Providers]{.underline} of health services, such as the I/T/U system, could be entitled to a certain guaranteed level of funding to meet the federal governments responsibility to provide health services. (3) Governments, such as [tribal governments]{.underline}, could be entitled to receive full funding to meet health care needs of American Indians and Alaska Natives, or their enrolled membership, and administer that responsibility according to their own priorities and considerations. - Entitlement could be tracked to a status in health and not to a defined list of benefits. Too often a benefits package is viewed as the maximum amount of benefits and not the minimum, guaranteed benefits. - An entitlement approach would potentially allow for all other entitlements, such as Medicaid and Medicare, to be consolidated into one big national Indian health entitlement package. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Consensus to Continue Examination of Options: The workgroup did not reach consensus on any specific policy recommendation or amendment to the IHCIA, but it did agree that the discussion of establishing an entitlement to health services for American Indians should continue. Specifically, it was agreed that the consideration of entitlements and benefits package should continue on two parallel tracks: (1) Examine all options for a broader entitlement approach for Indian health; and (2) Continue to examine maximizing existing discretionary funding to get closer to full funding, and this must proceed within the next 2-3 months. - Entitlement for American Indians and Alaska Natives: There was agreement that Indian people are entitled to health care services by virtue of massive contributions t this country's benefit. There was not consensus as to whether this should be a position for the IHCIA. 5. Other Emerging Issues The Reno Regional Consultation Meeting provided an additional workgroup for participants to discuss other crosscutting and emerging issues which had not been covered in other workgroups. A wide variety of issues were discussed in this session. The following is a list of the major areas where consensus was identified. There were many more issued identified, but time did not permit the group to address all issues. - Indian Child Protection: The IHCIA should be used to amend the American Indian Child Protection Act to provide some flexibility. - Interagency Linkages: The IHCIA should be amended to provide linkages bewteen the IHS and numerous other federal agencies and departments to better coordinate resources and functions for Indian health. - Public Health Infrastructure: The IHCIA should address public health issues and functions specifically as it relates to the public health role of tribal governments. Tribes should be provided the funding, under the authority of the IHCIA to develop the necessary infrastructure to perform their public health responsibilities, including linkages with state systems, the Public Health Service and Centers for Disease Control. - Matching Grants: The IHCIA should include a provision exempting tribal governments from matching requirements for all other federal grants. - Issues not resolved: Other areas which were identified, but for which the group was not able to reach consensus due to time constraints included, expanding the scope of the IHS to include emerging issues; incorporating traditional healing services within the IHS system; environmental related diseases; examination of the positive health aspects of casinos; exemption for tribes under Davis/Bacon wage requirements for federal contracts and subcontracts. #### Conclusion The Reno Regional Consultation Meeting involved a high degree of participation by the attendees. Quinault Tribal President, Pearl Baller, led a large discussion session on the final day regarding tribal leader involvement in the reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act. Although several of the elected leaders had left prior to the last afternoon, there were still many tribal leaders voicing strong support and encouragement for the work ahead. This general session discussion produced several important recommendations from the audience: - Tribal leaders must keep their enthusiasm and vision for the reauthorization process to be successful; - Tribal drafts or key policy drafts should be used by IHS to work from; - Tribal leaders have a responsibility to ensure UNITY; - What are the next steps? Tribal leaders will work with NCAI, NIHB and regional or Area health boards to continue the process. - Can Area boards, such as NPAIHB provide regular fax updats on the reauthorization process?; - It is important that tribal leaders address the "Preamble" for the Act and include equity as a part of it; - We will look to other non-Indian national organizations for assistance and support. Summary of Consensus Recommendations REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| ### TITLE I \| ISSUES \| RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| : Health Professions \| \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 102 Health \| Problems with the \| Grant should be \| \| Professions \| grant length \| extended for more than \| \| Recruitment program \| period. \| 3 years. \| \| for Indians \| \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 103 Health \| Yearly \| Scholarships should be \| \| Professions \| re-applications \| guaranteed (after \| \| preparatory \| are required \| initial competition and \| \| scholarships for \| \| award). \| \| Indians \| \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 104 Indian \| There is a need \| Practical Nurses should \| \| Health Profession \| for more Licensed \| be added to program \| \| Scholarships \| Practical Nurses \| (funded under section \| \| \| \| 103) \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| # Section 104 \| Other health \| Chiropractic, \| \| \| specialties need \| acupuncture and other \| \| \| to be considered \| practitioners should be \| \| \| for funding. \| considered eligible for \| \| \| \| scholarship award. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| # Section 104 \| Problems \| 1) Provide technical \| \| \| identified in the \| assistance with \| \| \| receipt of \| application (video, \| \| \| applications that \| web site) \| \| \| are incomplete or \| \| \| \| not correctly \| 2) Simplify the \| \| \| completed. \| application form \| \| \| \| and clearly state \| \| \| \| the scoring system \| \| \| \| (why a letter from \| \| \| \| the Tribal Chairman \| \| \| \| weighs heavier than \| \| \| \| a co-worker). \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 105 \| No Comments. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 106 \| Scholarship \| 1) Provide continuing \| \| Continuing Education \| programs have \| education to keep \| \| Allowance \| lower % of Indian \| health \| \| \| health \| professionals up to \| \| \| professionals who \| date with \| \| \| have been allowed \| knowledge. \| \| \| to participate. \| \| \| \| \| 2) Provide resources \| \| \| \| that tribal member \| \| \| \| can access funds \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3) Improve \| \| \| \| communications \| \| \| \| regarding health \| \| \| \| professionals' \| \| \| \| continuing \| \| \| \| education needs. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 108 & 109 \| No Comment \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 112 Nursing \| Not generally \| Provide list of schools \| \| Program & Nursing \| known which \| with grant. \| \| Schools \| schools are \| \| \| \| awarded the \| \| \| \| grants. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 112 Nursing \| Shorter term of \| Extend grant length to \| \| Program & Nursing \| grant awards. \| 5 years. \| \| Schools \| \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 123 \| Needs adequate \| Fund it all. \| \| \| funding \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ GENERAL COMMENTS ON TITLE I: If pilot programs in Title worked well, open them up to all. Should all of or many of these programs be kept centralized (no tribal shares) or distributed to local programs. Consider that the federal government and IHS have an obligation to educate health professional with out an obligation of payback. REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| TITLE 2 & 7: Health \| ISSUES \| RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| Services \| \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| # Equity \| Equitable funding \| 1) Increase funding to \| \| \| all around, the \| bring everyone up \| \| \| last funding for \| to the same \| \| \| this occurred in \| standard of health \| \| \| 1991. \| care regardless of \| \| \| \| location. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Funding allocation \| \| \| \| formula. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| # Agency Linkages \| Multiple agencies \| 1) Use 477 as a model \| \| \| dealing with \| to include a \| \| \| health care could \| similar clause in \| \| \| benefit the \| 437, potential \| \| \| tribes. P.L. \| access to more \| \| \| 102-477 has \| resources through \| \| \| useful language \| more agencies. \| \| \| for linking \| \| \| \| federal programs \| 2) Apply specific \| \| \| and streamlining \| agency linkages \| \| \| tribal access, \| into law to \| \| \| contracting and \| increase \| \| \| reporting \| accountability, \| \| \| requirements. \| even if it starts \| \| \| \| with helping IHS in \| \| \| \| its role regarding \| \| \| \| the specific \| \| \| \| agency's function. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3) Linking CDC, NIH, \| \| \| \| DOJ, and Indian \| \| \| \| Health programs. \| \| \| \| (E.g.: 60% of youth \| \| \| \| in detention \| \| \| \| facilities are \| \| \| \| Indian, a \| \| \| \| department of \| \| \| \| Justice link would \| \| \| \| help access these \| \| \| \| youth to health \| \| \| \| services, or NIH or \| \| \| \| CDC to the Epi \| \| \| \| Centers.) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4) Linked agencies \| \| \| \| will accept IHS's \| \| \| \| reports as a basis \| \| \| \| of compliance \| \| \| \| requirements, i.e. \| \| \| \| facility studies by \| \| \| \| IHS should be \| \| \| \| recognized by all \| \| \| \| Federal \| \| \| \| organizations. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| # Epi Centers \| Epi centers are \| 1) More Epi centers \| \| \| not accessible by \| needed to teach and \| \| \| all areas, \| provide specific \| \| \| purpose, \| systems that will \| \| \| validity, and \| meet the needs of \| \| \| applications of \| small tribes and \| \| \| successful \| all sizes of \| \| \| centers are not \| clinics. \| \| \| widely known. \| \| \| \| \| 2) Link data with \| \| \| \| States and other \| \| \| \| agencies. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3) Need for Native \| \| \| \| American cohort \| \| \| \| studies to identify \| \| \| \| risks more \| \| \| \| completely. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| TITLE 2 & 7: Health \| ISSUES \| RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| Services \| \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Multiple Reporting \| Recognition and \| IHS reports should be \| \| Requirements \| acceptance of IHS \| accepted by other \| \| \| and tribal \| agencies as a basis of \| \| \| environmental \| compliance \| \| \| reports, studies, \| requirements, (i.e. \| \| \| and assessments, \| facility studies by IHS \| \| \| etc., by all \| should be recognized as \| \| \| other Federal \| being valid.) \| \| \| organizations. \| \| \| \| \| Other reporting \| \| \| \| agencies, HUD, EPA. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Specific Clinical \| Diabetes is under \| 1) "Special diabetes \| \| Services: Diabetes \| funded and needs \| funds" should be \| \| \| to be included in \| included in [base \| \| \| base funding as \| \| \| \| any other 638 \| funding]{.underline}, \| \| \| program (not a \| no longer treating \| \| \| grant program), \| it as a "grant" \| \| \| treated as a \| program. \| \| \| short term health \| \| \| \| issue. \| 2) Diabetes Programs \| \| \| \| only last 5 years, \| \| \| \| lift 5-year limit, \| \| \| \| funds need to be on \| \| \| \| going as part of \| \| \| \| the base program \| \| \| \| funding. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Diabetes 204 (d) 3 \| Amend language to \| 1) Support data \| \| \| allow funds to \| collection \| \| \| support data \| requirements with a \| \| \| collection \| mechanism (funding) \| \| \| requirement. \| to collect data. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Shouldn't require \| \| \| \| data without \| \| \| \| provided funs to do \| \| \| \| data collection. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Diabetes \| Prevalence of \| \| \| \| diabetes varies \| \| \| \| from tribe to \| \| \| \| tribe, will \| \| \| \| funding be \| \| \| \| variable? \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Diabetes \| Prevention, \| 1) Separate the \| \| \| education & \| activities: \| \| \| screening are \| Diabetes control \| \| \| viewed as \| and treatment are \| \| \| separate \| health concerns of \| \| \| activities from \| Indians who are \| \| \| treatment & \| already diagnosed. \| \| \| control; need to \| \| \| \| be separated in \| 2) Screening, \| \| \| the ICHIA. \| prevention and \| \| \| \| education are \| \| \| \| community health \| \| \| \| promotion \| \| \| \| activities. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Diabetes \| Issues specific \| California funding not \| \| \| to California \| equitable requires \| \| \| tribes and \| correction. Consortiums \| \| \| treatment \| were treated a single \| \| \| (funding) of \| tribes, funded for 40 \| \| \| "consortiums". \| tribes when there are \| \| \| \| 104 tribes. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Lower CHEF Threshold \| CHEF threshold \| 1) Lower CHEF \| \| \| too high for \| threshold by at \| \| \| small tribal \| least 50% for CHS \| \| \| program areas. \| dependent and small \| \| \| \| tribal program \| \| \| \| areas. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Increase the number \| \| \| \| of dollars in CHEF \| \| \| \| pool. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| CHSDA Changes \| Additional \| 1) California has \| \| \| counties to be \| identified 7 \| \| \| included in \| additional counties \| \| \| CHSDA. \| to add to the \| \| \| \| CHSDA. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Additional counties \| \| \| \| in other I/T/U's \| \| \| \| may need to be \| \| \| \| added to their \| \| \| \| CHSDA as necessary. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| TITLE 2 & 7: Health \| ISSUES \| RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| Services \| \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Eligibility \| Tribal sites \| Create tribal sites and \| \| Determinations \| needed and \| provide authority to \| \| \| authority to \| determine client \| \| \| determine \| eligibility for TANF, \| \| \| eligibility for \| CHIPs, etc. \| \| \| services. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Third Party \| 1\) No other \| Clarify billing \| \| Reimbursements \| governmental \| exemption is for States \| \| \| bodies and sub \| only. \| \| \| units may apply; \| \| \| \| the billing \| \| \| \| exemption is for \| \| \| \| State only. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2)Language: \| \| \| \| 206(g) for \| \| \| \| purposes of this \| \| \| \| section, "State" \| \| \| \| means a State of \| \| \| \| the United \| \| \| \| States, the \| \| \| \| District of \| \| \| \| Columbia and any \| \| \| \| commonwealth, \| \| \| \| territory or \| \| \| \| possession of the \| \| \| \| United States and \| \| \| \| does not include \| \| \| \| a political \| \| \| \| subdivision of a \| \| \| \| State, a State \| \| \| \| instrumentality \| \| \| \| or other local \| \| \| \| authorities or \| \| \| \| local \| \| \| \| governmental \| \| \| \| units. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Tribal \| RPMS doesn't work \| Addition funding needed \| \| Statistics/Data \| at all locations, \| to make RPMS work, \| \| \| staffing and \| additional staff \| \| \| training \| resources needed in \| \| \| identified as key \| local programs, and \| \| \| problems. \| training of staff. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Youth Regional \| Allocation of \| Increase funding \| \| Treatment Centers \| funds to \| allocation for the 3 \| \| \| California. \| treatment centers \| \| \| \| located in California \| \| \| \| (\$1.3 million not \| \| \| \| enough). \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Youth Rehabilitation \| Allocation and \| Support and protect \| \| Treatment Centers \| support of YRTC \| programs that have \| \| \| to prevent \| risked early start up \| \| \| shutdown. \| and now need additional \| \| \| \| support to prevent \| \| \| \| shutdown. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| YRTC \| Funding and \| Fully fund and expand \| \| \| expansion of \| the number of YRTC's or \| \| \| YRTC's. \| distribute money as \| \| \| \| shares. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| YRTC \| Expansion of \| Provide YRTC services \| \| \| programs services \| that assist youth with \| \| \| to meet needs of \| dual diagnosis; these \| \| \| youth with dual \| clients require extra \| \| \| diagnosis. \| services. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| YRTC \| Transitional \| A formalized \| \| \| aftercare. \| "transitional \| \| \| \| aftercare" program is \| \| \| \| needed for youth post \| \| \| \| treatment. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| TITLE 2 & 7: Health \| ISSUES \| RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| Services \| \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| YRTC \| Youth in need of \| 1) Provide \| \| \| program when \| (counseling, \| \| \| there are no \| medically \| \| \| available beds at \| supervised detox, \| \| \| the YRTC. \| education, family \| \| \| \| counseling, et al) \| \| \| \| to support youth \| \| \| \| and their families \| \| \| \| while waiting for \| \| \| \| bed space at YRTC. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) For lack of better \| \| \| \| terms, this might \| \| \| \| be considered a \| \| \| \| "pre-treatment \| \| \| \| support and \| \| \| \| preparation \| \| \| \| program". \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Long Term Care & SNF \| Lack of \| Authorize a \| \| \| comprehensive \| comprehensive range of \| \| \| range of long \| long term care and \| \| \| term or Skilled \| Skilled Nursing \| \| \| Nursing \| Facilities programs and \| \| \| Facilities (SNF) \| appropriate funds to \| \| \| programs and \| support them. \| \| \| funding. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Long Term Care & SNF \| Nursing Homes are \| 1) Long term care \| \| \| located far from \| close to home is a \| \| \| home & are \| priority. \| \| \| foreign to Indian \| \| \| \| elders & others \| 2) Assisted living \| \| \| needing long term \| housing in Alaska \| \| \| care, creating \| villages need to be \| \| \| hardships for \| specifically \| \| \| families to visit \| included as an \| \| \| and learn to \| activity under this \| \| \| provide the \| authority. \| \| \| needed care at \| \| \| \| home. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Long Term Care & SNF \| Protect cultural \| Culturally appropriate \| \| \| rights. \| and sensitive care \| \| \| \| should be the \| \| \| \| cornerstone for Long \| \| \| \| Term Care services. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Long Term Care & SNF \| Expanded \| Authorize linkages with \| \| \| resources and \| county, state and \| \| \| partnerships \| others to expand and \| \| \| \| improve Long Term Care \| \| \| \| services. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Long Term Care & SNF \| Protection of \| Exemption from Medicare \| \| Funding \| personal assets, \| and Medicaid means \| \| \| means testing and \| testing, no spend down \| \| \| spend down, to \| to protect family \| \| \| state recovery. \| homes, land, and \| \| \| \| personal assets. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Hearing Aids \| Comprehensive \| Comprehensive hearing \| \| \| services needed, \| service to include \| \| \| especially for \| audiometric evaluation \| \| \| children and \| and treatment, \| \| \| elders. \| especially for children \| \| \| \| and elders. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Hearing Aids \| Linkages to \| Authorize ADA \| \| \| improve access to \| (Americans with \| \| \| care. \| Disabilities Act) \| \| \| \| linkage to provide \| \| \| \| assisted hearing \| \| \| \| devices for children in \| \| \| \| schools. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Health Promotion \| Important program \| Reauthorize HPDP and \| \| Disease Prevention \| that has not been \| provide parity of \| \| (HPDP) \| adequately funded \| funding at levels \| \| \| or funded at \| comparable to acute \| \| \| equal levels to \| care and treatment \| \| \| acute care and \| programs. \| \| \| treatment \| \| \| \| programs. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| TITLE 2 & 7: Health \| ISSUES \| RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| Services \| \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Uniform Pharmacy \| Individual access \| Authorize the right to \| \| Benefits \| to medicines and \| individual access to \| \| \| other supplies \| medicines and other \| \| \| varies based on \| pharmaceutical supplies \| \| \| service \| irrespective of on site \| \| \| availability, CHS \| service availability, \| \| \| status or clinic \| CHS status or clinic \| \| \| size. \| size. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Uniform Pharmacy \| Access to 602 \| 1) Authorize tribal \| \| Benefits \| pricing. \| and urban access to \| \| \| \| Veterans Affairs \| \| \| \| (VA) or Department \| \| \| \| of Defense (DOD) or \| \| \| \| other Federal prime \| \| \| \| vendor \| \| \| \| arrangements, or \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Continue to provide \| \| \| \| access to 602 \| \| \| \| pricing, if they \| \| \| \| have been Federally \| \| \| \| Qualified Health \| \| \| \| Center (FQHC) \| \| \| \| qualified. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Substance Abuse \| Full realm of \| Authorize uniform \| \| \| comprehensive \| access to a \| \| \| services is \| comprehensive substance \| \| \| needed, including \| abuse (including \| \| \| treatment for \| inhalants) program \| \| \| inhalants. \| including: treatment, \| \| \| \| pre-treatment, \| \| \| \| post-treatment, family \| \| \| \| care, and inhalant \| \| \| \| abuse, etc. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 209 \| Inadequately \| This section is need of \| \| \| funded \| full funding, to \| \| \| \| provide for \| \| \| \| consultation with \| \| \| \| I/T/U. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Substance Abuse \| Set specific \| 1) Utilizing Year 2000 \| \| \| goals. \| Healthy people \| \| \| \| objectives as a \| \| \| \| model set specific \| \| \| \| improvement goals. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Provide any \| \| \| \| improvement \| \| \| \| objectives proposed \| \| \| \| for I/T/U \| \| \| \| consultation. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Substance Abuse \| Prevention \| Implement a prevention \| \| \| services need \| program that works. \| \| \| improvement. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Substance Abuse \| Federal agencies \| Authorize I/T/U's to \| \| \| only required to \| link with SAMHSA \| \| \| link with Tribes \| (Substance Abuse Mental \| \| \| at their own \| Health Services \| \| \| election. \| Administration), CDC \| \| \| \| (Center for Disease \| \| \| \| Control) to provide \| \| \| \| uniform access to \| \| \| \| substance abuse \| \| \| \| treatment. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Substance Abuse \| Not a mandate for \| Wording: "Tribe may \| \| \| tribes, but a \| request" these services \| \| \| mandate for IHS \| and that "IHS is \| \| \| to provide S/A \| required to provide \| \| \| services. \| these services". \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Community Health Reps \| CHRs need more \| 1) Authorize CHRs to \| \| \| frequent training \| receive more \| \| \| and equipment to \| frequent training. \| \| \| provide this \| \| \| \| service. \| 2) Authorize the \| \| \| \| purchase of \| \| \| \| equipment needed \| \| \| \| for CHRs to \| \| \| \| complete health \| \| \| \| assessments. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Home Visits \| More health \| Increase the number of \| \| \| qualified health \| qualified personnel \| \| \| personnel needed. \| needed to do home \| \| \| \| visits. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| TITLE 2 & 7: Health \| ISSUES \| RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| Services \| \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Home Visits \| Seeking examples \| 1) Authorize IHS to do \| \| \| from CHAPS in \| home health care, \| \| \| Alaska, certify \| therefor eligible \| \| \| individual home \| to bill for \| \| \| health programs \| services. Have \| \| \| that "services" \| HCFA, etc., to \| \| \| can be billed \| accept IHS \| \| \| for. \| certification -- \| \| \| \| Give IHS' \| \| \| \| certification \| \| \| \| "deemed status" \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Certification of \| \| \| \| home health program \| \| \| \| will allow billing \| \| \| \| for service. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Mental Health -- \| With gang \| 1) Authorize \| \| \| infiltration on \| Department of \| \| Gang Prevention \| reservations and \| Justice linkage to \| \| \| Indian \| provide financial \| \| \| communities, \| support and provide \| \| \| behavioral \| assistance and \| \| \| prevention \| consultation with \| \| \| programs need to \| I/T/U's. \| \| \| be beefed up. \| \| \| \| Vanderwagon: "60% \| 2) Include Juvenile \| \| \| of youth in \| Justice Programs \| \| \| detention \| \| \| \| facilities are \| \| \| \| Indian", need to \| \| \| \| look for \| \| \| \| department of \| \| \| \| justice link. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Mental Health \| Demonstration \| 1) Strengthen language \| \| \| projects language \| and funding, \| \| \| needs to be \| eliminate \| \| \| eliminated for \| "demonstration" \| \| \| comprehensive \| language in favor \| \| \| mental health \| of permanent \| \| \| services. \| comprehensive \| \| \| \| mental health \| \| \| \| services/programs. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Demonstration \| \| \| \| projects have the \| \| \| \| connotation of a \| \| \| \| "temporary" fix, or \| \| \| \| experimental \| \| \| \| programs; the \| \| \| \| services need to \| \| \| \| become permanent, \| \| \| \| comprehensive and \| \| \| \| fully funded. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Studies/R \| Small tribes are \| 1) Communicate with \| \| eports/Demonstrations \| underrepresented \| small tribes and \| \| \| in planning, \| include them in \| \| \| participating and \| studies and policy \| \| \| overseeing study \| development. (See \| \| \| efforts. \| section 204) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Improve equity in \| \| \| \| information access \| \| \| \| and study \| \| \| \| participation. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Studies/R \| No access to \| Improve availability of \| \| eports/Demonstrations \| study results. \| study results, make \| \| \| \| study outcomes \| \| \| \| available to all. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| TITLE 2 & 7: Health \| ISSUES \| RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| Services \| \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Mental Health \| Early \| 1) Authorize training \| \| \| identification, \| for mental health \| \| \| capacity building \| and primary care \| \| \| needed as part of \| professionals, to \| \| \| mental health and \| increase their \| \| \| primary medical \| capacity to early \| \| \| care efforts. \| identify domestic \| \| \| \| violence and \| \| \| \| provide appropriate \| \| \| \| intervention. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Include domestic \| \| \| \| violence prevention \| \| \| \| and treatment, as \| \| \| \| part of mental \| \| \| \| health program. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Mental Health \| Home or community \| Additional Mental \| \| \| based \| Health resources are \| \| \| intervention is \| needed to support home \| \| \| needed. \| visits for preventive \| \| \| \| and intervention \| \| \| \| services for domestic \| \| \| \| violence. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Mental \| "Safe Haven" \| Safe houses needed in \| \| Health/Violence \| capacity needed \| communities for \| \| \| for DV \| battered families. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Training for Health \| Local programs \| 1) Increase number of \| \| Professionals \| need more \| behavioral health \| \| \| behavioral health \| professionals \| \| \| professionals. \| staffing local \| \| \| \| programs, includes \| \| \| \| Mental Health, \| \| \| \| Social Workers, and \| \| \| \| Chemical Dependency \| \| \| \| Counselors. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Levels of need: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ```{=html} \| \| \| \| <!-- --> \| \| \| \| ``` \| \| \| \| (a) Money to programs \| \| \| \| to hire trained \| \| \| \| professionals, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (b) Money to go to \| \| \| \| Indian students to \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| [become]{.underline} \| \| \| \| professionals). \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Trained Health \| Under served \| 1) Need for more \| \| Professionals Section \| areas need \| providers with \| \| 217 \| alternative \| prescriptive \| \| \| methods for \| authority for \| \| \| meeting mental \| psychiatric \| \| \| health medication \| patients' \| \| \| needs of mental \| medications. \| \| \| health clients. \| \| \| \| \| 2) Consider \| \| \| \| prescriptive \| \| \| \| authority for Ph.D. \| \| \| \| level mental health \| \| \| \| providers as \| \| \| \| authorized in \| \| \| \| various areas and \| \| \| \| states. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| No consensus achieved \| \| \| \| on this. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Trained Health \| Service for \| Improve screening and \| \| Professionals \| depression, \| access to clinical \| \| \| depression is a \| services for \| \| \| major problem. \| depression. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Speech and other \| Need for more \| Increase number of \| \| Therapists \| speech and other \| speech and other \| \| \| therapists. \| therapists staffing \| \| \| \| local programs. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| TITLE 2 & 7: Health \| ISSUES \| RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| Services \| \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Dental \| Comprehensive \| 1) Comprehensive \| \| \| dental services \| program should be \| \| \| are needed. \| authorized (pedio, \| \| \| \| endo, ortho, perio) \| \| \| \| are all needed \| \| \| \| {crowns, dentures, \| \| \| \| pediatrics} \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Dental equipment is \| \| \| \| required to support \| \| \| \| service providers \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Traditional and \| Traditional and \| Provision of these \| \| Alternative Medicines \| Alternative \| services will require \| \| \| medicines are \| specific funding, \| \| \| needed, are \| should compliment \| \| \| critically \| behavioral and medical \| \| \| important in \| care, and woven into \| \| \| behavioral health \| every aspect of care. \| \| \| care services. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Eye Care \| Comprehensive \| A comprehensive program \| \| \| program is \| will include glasses, \| \| \| needed. \| special needs of \| \| \| \| diabetes patients, \| \| \| \| retinal screening and \| \| \| \| tonometry for glaucoma \| \| \| \| and high-risk \| \| \| \| populations. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| TITLE III: Health \| ISSUE \| RECOMMENDATION \| \| Facilities \| \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 804 \| The IHCIA \| The IHCIA should waive \| \| \| authorizes IHS to \| the requirement that \| \| \| lease health care \| the full lease amount \| \| \| space from tribes \| be scored in the first \| \| \| under a 20 year \| year of the lease. \| \| \| lease; however, \| \| \| \| the Balanced \| \| \| \| Budget Act \| \| \| \| requires that the \| \| \| \| full amount of \| \| \| \| these leases be \| \| \| \| scored in the \| \| \| \| first year of the \| \| \| \| lease. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 820 \| The IHS/HQ/DFEE \| Retain Section 820; do \| \| \| suggested \| not delete as \| \| \| deleting Section \| recommended by \| \| \| 820. \| HIS/HQ/DFEE document. \| \| \| \| (Possible deletion if \| \| \| \| not authorized in the \| \| \| \| Self Determination) \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| M & I funding \| The Maintenance & \| 1) Division of \| \| \| Improvement (M&I) \| Facilities & \| \| \| funding has not \| Environmental \| \| \| increased over \| Engineering (DFEE) \| \| \| the past several \| recommends to not \| \| \| years yet the \| allow M & I funding \| \| \| amount of health \| for new health \| \| \| facility space \| facilities coming \| \| \| does increase. As \| on line unless \| \| \| more health \| specific funding \| \| \| facility space is \| has been \| \| \| approved for M & \| appropriated by \| \| \| I eligibility, \| Congress for that \| \| \| the existing \| facility (increased \| \| \| health facilities \| space). \| \| \| get less funds \| \| \| \| when they are \| 2) There is also a \| \| \| already under \| need to identify \| \| \| funded. Needs to \| additional funds to \| \| \| be assurance that \| fully fund this \| \| \| new health \| initiative. \| \| \| facilities will \| \| \| \| be funded with \| \| \| \| M&I Funds, \| \| \| \| through \| \| \| \| additional \| \| \| \| appropriations \| \| \| \| from Congress. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 301 (a) \| The current \| 1) Change of wording \| \| \| document \| that does not \| \| \| identifies JCAHO \| identify JCAHO as \| \| \| specifically with \| the specific \| \| \| regard to \| accrediting \| \| \| accrediting \| authority as there \| \| \| authority. \| are several other \| \| \| \| IHS approved \| \| \| \| accrediting \| \| \| \| authorities. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Accreditation \| \| \| \| issues need to be \| \| \| \| consistent \| \| \| \| throughout the \| \| \| \| bill. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 301 \| Current law reads \| 1) New health facility \| \| \| that a new health \| construction should \| \| \| facility must be \| meet the IHS \| \| \| accredited by \| standards of \| \| \| JCAHO within one \| construction. \| \| \| year after \| \| \| \| completion. \| 2) Should not \| \| \| \| specifically refer \| \| \| \| to JCAHO but refer \| \| \| \| to an IHS approved \| \| \| \| accrediting \| \| \| \| authority. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 306 \| Not enough \| Include wording that \| \| \| federal funding \| says: Secretary may \| \| \| to support \| allow funds to \| \| \| construction of \| reimburse 100% of \| \| \| Indian Health \| tribes' obligations for \| \| \| care facilities. \| funds loaned by Federal \| \| \| Tribes are \| programs for health \| \| \| funding their own \| facilities \| \| \| construction \| construction. \| \| \| through personal \| \| \| \| funds or \| \| \| \| "personal loans" \| \| \| \| and must use \| \| \| \| health care \| \| \| \| dollars to pay \| \| \| \| off construction \| \| \| \| loans. Funds \| \| \| \| would be better \| \| \| \| used for \| \| \| \| providing health \| \| \| \| care. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| \| HUD won't accept \| Better coordination \| \| \| our environmental \| effort between IHS and \| \| \| reviews. \| HUD, to meet health, \| \| \| \| safety, and \| \| \| \| environmental reviews, \| \| \| \| the IHS, at the tribes' \| \| \| \| request shall be deemed \| \| \| \| as the regulating \| \| \| \| agency. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| \| Tribes do not \| Tribes should have more \| \| \| have input into \| involvement in the \| \| \| the Sanitation \| process from start to \| \| \| Deficiency System \| finish and be allowed \| \| \| (SDS) for \| to have input on the \| \| \| prioritization of \| reports that are \| \| \| sanitation \| generated at the Area \| \| \| facilities \| and Headquarters \| \| \| projects. This is \| levels. \| \| \| an IHS driven \| \| \| \| system. Even \| \| \| \| though the tribes \| \| \| \| have input into \| \| \| \| their own \| \| \| \| community needs, \| \| \| \| they have no \| \| \| \| input into the \| \| \| \| system once it \| \| \| \| reaches the \| \| \| \| area/HQ levels. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| \| Many agencies \| IHS should be allowed \| \| \| that require \| to use its appropriated \| \| \| matching funds, \| federal funds to comply \| \| \| do not permit \| with the matching \| \| \| funds for other \| requirements of other \| \| \| federal agencies \| state, federal and \| \| \| to be used as \| other funding agencies. \| \| \| meeting the \| \| \| \| matching dollar \| \| \| \| requirement(s). \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| \| IHS funds cannot \| 1) The relationship \| \| \| be used for \| needs to be \| \| \| sanitation \| strengthened \| \| \| facilities for \| between IHS and \| \| \| HUD constructed \| HUD. HUD must \| \| \| homes. HUD \| clearly know that \| \| \| currently \| it has the \| \| \| receives funding \| responsibility for \| \| \| for construction \| providing funds for \| \| \| of homes, which \| sanitation \| \| \| includes funds \| facilities for \| \| \| for sanitation \| homes they \| \| \| facilities. \| construct. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) IHS will continue \| \| \| \| technical \| \| \| \| assistance. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 401 \| Appropriation \| There should be no \| \| \| committees \| restrictions on the \| \| \| currently must \| dollar limit on use of \| \| \| approve use of \| M&M dollars for \| \| \| M&M funds for \| renovation and new \| \| \| renovation and \| construction. \| \| \| construction \| \| \| \| projects over \$1 \| \| \| \| million dollars. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 402 \| A clear \| Definition of health \| \| \| definition of \| care facility should \| \| \| heath care \| include mental health, \| \| \| facilities is \| elder care, \| \| \| needed. Current \| rehabilitation \| \| \| IHS definition \| services, alcohol/drug \| \| \| does not include \| abuse, etc. \| \| \| the variety of \| \| \| \| health care \| \| \| \| services \| \| \| \| provided. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| \| Not enough ways \| The agency needs to \| \| \| to get health \| have multiple ways to \| \| \| facilities built. \| get Indian health \| \| \| \| facilities constructed, \| \| \| \| such as on-time \| \| \| \| revolving loan programs \| \| \| \| and authority for \| \| \| \| guaranteed loan \| \| \| \| programs funded. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 301 (c) \| Congress does not \| 1) Get and accurate \| \| \| have an accurate \| and fair reporting \| \| \| picture of all \| system in place \| \| \| unmet health \| that is conducted \| \| \| facility needs. \| annually, one that \| \| \| The IHS Priority \| clearly identifies \| \| \| System favors \| needs of smaller \| \| \| hospitals and \| ambulatory health \| \| \| large facilities. \| facilities. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Comprehensive unmet \| \| \| \| facilities needs \| \| \| \| report will be \| \| \| \| developed on an \| \| \| \| annual basis and \| \| \| \| submitted to \| \| \| \| Congress. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 306 \| Section 306 has \| Require IHS to provide \| \| \| never been funded \| an annual report to \| \| \| because Congress \| Congress, which will \| \| \| does not realize \| ensure equity and \| \| \| the scope of the \| proper consideration \| \| \| need; \| for ambulatory \| \| \| appropriations \| facilities. \| \| \| will not be \| \| \| \| identified \| \| \| \| without proper \| \| \| \| documentation of \| \| \| \| the need. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| \| Hospitals rate \| Agency should not build \| \| \| higher on the \| hospitals where there \| \| \| construction \| is excessive bed space \| \| \| priority list as \| in urban areas so that \| \| \| compared to \| construction resources \| \| \| ambulatory health \| can be re-allocated to \| \| \| care facilities. \| ambulatory clinics. \| \| \| \| Existing resources must \| \| \| \| be best utilized in \| \| \| \| existing health \| \| \| \| facilities in urban \| \| \| \| areas. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| \| Central \| 1) Re-evaluate the \| \| \| allocation of \| current IHS \| \| \| funding; most IHS \| priority system, \| \| \| Areas go without \| change to allow \| \| \| construction \| equity in the \| \| \| funding while \| distribution of new \| \| \| other IHS Areas \| construction funds. \| \| \| get funding for \| \| \| \| new construction. \| 2) Decisions should be \| \| \| \| made locally as to \| \| \| \| how funds should be \| \| \| \| allocated for \| \| \| \| facilities \| \| \| \| construction. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| TITLE IV ACCESS \| ISSUES \| RECOMMENDATIONS \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 401 and 402 \| Licensing & \| 1) Indian Health \| \| \| Certification \| Service shall \| \| \| \| establish a \| \| \| \| certification \| \| \| \| program for \| \| \| \| I/T/U's, which \| \| \| \| States will be \| \| \| \| required to accept \| \| \| \| to be equivalent to \| \| \| \| state licensure for \| \| \| \| all programs. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Once certified by \| \| \| \| or through the IHS, \| \| \| \| the I/T/U's will be \| \| \| \| certified to serve \| \| \| \| both Indians and \| \| \| \| non-Indians. The \| \| \| \| IHS will establish \| \| \| \| its own \| \| \| \| certification \| \| \| \| process or may \| \| \| \| utilize other \| \| \| \| recognized body, \| \| \| \| such as JCAHO. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 401 \| I/T/U billing of \| 1) All Medicare \| \| \| Medicare \| billable services \| \| \| \| may be billed by \| \| \| \| the I/T/U for IHS \| \| \| \| beneficiaries, \| \| \| \| including both \| \| \| \| Indians and \| \| \| \| non-Indians \| \| \| \| serviced at \| \| \| \| I/T/U's. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) HCFA shall provide \| \| \| \| a "window" of time \| \| \| \| during which \| \| \| \| I/T/U's can build \| \| \| \| up their \| \| \| \| infrastructure and \| \| \| \| come into \| \| \| \| compliance to \| \| \| \| provide additional \| \| \| \| Medicare services, \| \| \| \| and shall be \| \| \| \| certified to bill \| \| \| \| for these services \| \| \| \| during that window. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 401 \| Medicaid problems \| 1) All Medicaid \| \| \| due to "facility" \| billable services \| \| \| based \| may be billed and \| \| \| reimbursement. \| paid to I/T/U's \| \| \| \| whether services \| \| \| \| are provided \| \| \| \| directly or by \| \| \| \| referral through an \| \| \| \| I/T/U. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) State will receive \| \| \| \| 100% FMAP. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 401 and 402 \| Medicaid and \| 1) 100% FMAP to states \| \| \| Medicare \| for services \| \| \| reimbursement to \| provided to all IHS \| \| \| I/T/U's for both \| eligible Indians \| \| \| Indian and \| and other \| \| \| non-Indian \| individuals made \| \| \| beneficiaries \| eligible by section \| \| \| \| 813 (a) or any \| \| \| \| other provision \| \| \| \| like it. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) And Medicare \| \| \| \| reimbursement will \| \| \| \| be provided to \| \| \| \| I/T/U's for these \| \| \| \| patients as well. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| New \| State recovery of \| There should be an \| \| \| Medicaid funded \| exemption for Indian \| \| \| services. \| beneficiaries from \| \| \| \| state recovery of \| \| \| \| medical costs of \| \| \| \| services provided to \| \| \| \| the elderly and for the \| \| \| \| birth of an Indian \| \| \| \| child. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| TITLE IV ACCESS \| ISSUES \| RECOMMENDATIONS \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Section 405 \| Direct billing on \| Section 405 should be \| \| \| M/M \| made permanent for all \| \| \| \| tribes \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| New \| M/M cost sharing \| Indian beneficiaries \| \| \| requirements \| shall no longer be \| \| \| \| required to make \| \| \| \| co-payments or pay \| \| \| \| premiums for Medicaid, \| \| \| \| Medicare, CHIP or any \| \| \| \| other federally funded \| \| \| \| health programs. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| New \| States and CHIP \| States would receive \| \| \| \| 100% FMAP for CHIP \| \| \| \| services provided by \| \| \| \| I/T/U's. There will be \| \| \| \| no premiums for IHS \| \| \| \| beneficiaries \| \| \| \| regardless of where the \| \| \| \| services are provided. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| New \| Managed care \| 1) I/T/U's shall be \| \| \| reimbursement \| reimbursed for \| \| \| \| services provided \| \| \| \| to IHS \| \| \| \| beneficiaries even \| \| \| \| when an IHS \| \| \| \| beneficiary is \| \| \| \| enrolled in a \| \| \| \| managed care entity \| \| \| \| (Medicaid, Medicare \| \| \| \| and Private \| \| \| \| Insurance \| \| \| \| entities). \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) All managed care \| \| \| \| entities can be \| \| \| \| billed by an I/T/U. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| New \| Billing States \| Allow I/T/U's to bill \| \| \| directly. \| the States directly \| \| \| \| without being required \| \| \| \| to go through a managed \| \| \| \| care entity for \| \| \| \| services provided to \| \| \| \| IHS beneficiaries \| \| \| \| eligible for Medicaid \| \| \| \| and CHIP. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| TITLE V URBAN \| ISSUES \| RECOMMENDATIONS \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| \| Urban programs \| Include Urban programs \| \| \| are not included \| in HCFA MOA. \| \| \| in the HCFA \| \| \| \| (Health Care \| \| \| \| Finance \| \| \| \| Administration ) \| \| \| \| MOA (memorandum \| \| \| \| of agreement) \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| \| Should urban \| Urban programs should \| \| \| programs remain \| remain in Title V, but \| \| \| in Title V or be \| Title V should specify \| \| \| dispersed \| that Urban Programs \| \| \| throughout the \| [are eligible to \| \| \| IHCIA in other \| p \| \| \| titles? \| articipate]{.underline} \| \| \| \| in other sections with \| \| \| \| new funds to provide \| \| \| \| for professions, \| \| \| \| facilities, services, \| \| \| \| etc. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| \| Lack of national \| 1) EPI (Epidemiology) \| \| \| data on Urban \| Center established \| \| \| Indians \| for Urban Indian \| \| \| \| Health Institute \| \| \| \| to: develop data, \| \| \| \| provide technical \| \| \| \| assistance to urban \| \| \| \| programs, conduct \| \| \| \| needs assessment, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) And collect urban \| \| \| \| data on national \| \| \| \| level, and be \| \| \| \| included in one of \| \| \| \| three or four \| \| \| \| "Centers of \| \| \| \| Excellence" \| \| \| \| throughout the \| \| \| \| country. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| \| Many urban areas \| 1) Establish new urban \| \| \| with large Indian \| programs. \| \| \| populations do \| \| \| \| not have urban \| 2) Conduct an \| \| \| Indian Health \| assessment of \| \| \| Programs. \| potential new \| \| \| \| program sites using \| \| \| \| current data \| \| \| \| (numbers, health \| \| \| \| status/needs, \| \| \| \| socio-demographic \| \| \| \| variables: age, \| \| \| \| gender, tribe, etc. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| \| I/T/U and \| Recommendations from \| \| \| Affiliated \| Area meetings are \| \| \| Indians \| carried forward in the \| \| \| (non-federally \| consultation process. \| \| \| recognized \| \| \| \| Indians) engaged \| \| \| \| in consultation \| \| \| \| process at the \| \| \| \| Area level and \| \| \| \| produced \| \| \| \| recommendations \| \| \| \| for IHCIA. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| \| NIAAA programs \| Complete the conversion \| \| \| have authority to \| of all NIAAA programs \| \| \| be converted to \| and funding from the \| \| \| Title V, Indian \| Alcohol and Substance \| \| \| Health Services \| Abuse Programs to Title \| \| \| has not completed \| V by the year 2001. \| \| \| the conversion. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| TITLE V URBAN \| ISSUES \| RECOMMENDATIONS \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| \| Relationship \| 1) Need for \| \| \| between tribes \| \| \| \| and urban \| dialogue/relationship \| \| \| programs. \| building process \| \| \| \| between the Tribes \| \| \| \| and Urban Programs \| \| \| \| in order to speak \| \| \| \| with one voice. \| \| \| \| Major issues that \| \| \| \| need to be worked \| \| \| \| out include: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ```{=html} \| \| \| \| <!-- --> \| \| \| \| ``` \| \| \| \| (a) Eligibility -- \| \| \| \| issues around \| \| \| \| enrollment status, \| \| \| \| federally \| \| \| \| recognized vs. \| \| \| \| Affiliated Indians, \| \| \| \| members from other \| \| \| \| tribes, etc. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (b) Access -- \| \| \| \| because of \| \| \| \| inconsistency in \| \| \| \| access regulations, \| \| \| \| many Indians are \| \| \| \| not served. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (c) Equity -- with \| \| \| \| the majority of \| \| \| \| Indians located in \| \| \| \| urban areas, only \| \| \| \| 1% of budget goes \| \| \| \| to serve Urban \| \| \| \| Indians. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| \| Urban programs \| Urban programs need to \| \| \| are not always \| be involved in the \| \| \| involved in \| consultation process in \| \| \| consultation \| order to network and \| \| \| process \| advocate for their \| \| \| \| needs at the national \| \| \| \| and tribal levels. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| CROSS CUTTING \| ISSUE \| RECOMMENDATION \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Medicaid and Managed \| To extend 100% \| 1) Regulations should \| \| Care \| FMAP to States \| be developed to \| \| \| for services \| specify the IHS \| \| \| provided to all \| encounter rate by \| \| \| individuals made \| law. A joint Tribal \| \| \| eligible by \| and Federal group \| \| \| section 813. \| will develop the \| \| \| \| regulations. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) These regulations \| \| \| \| will develop \| \| \| \| Medicaid \| \| \| \| reimbursement rate \| \| \| \| for I/T/U's' and \| \| \| \| define what \| \| \| \| services would be \| \| \| \| covered under that \| \| \| \| rate. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Medicaid and Managed \| IHS unable to \| IHS exempted by Anti- \| \| Care \| participate in \| deficiency Act for \| \| \| managed \| purposes of contracting \| \| \| care/Medicaid \| with MCO's \| \| \| systems as full \| \| \| \| partner. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Medicaid and Managed \| Demo project for \| 1) I/T/U's to be the \| \| Care \| I/T/U's \| actual MCO to \| \| \| \| identify some of \| \| \| \| the risks and \| \| \| \| issues. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) I/T/U's as Network \| \| \| \| Provider to fund a \| \| \| \| risk pool or other \| \| \| \| stop loss \| \| \| \| mechanism. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Medicaid and Managed \| Accreditation and \| Consolidated \| \| Care \| Licensure system. \| accreditation and \| \| \| \| licensure system is \| \| \| \| considered as an \| \| \| \| alternative to the \| \| \| \| existing certification \| \| \| \| and licensure process. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| CROSS CUTTING \| ISSUE \| RECOMMENDATION \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Medicaid and Managed \| Tribes are \| Tribal governments be \| \| Care \| interested in \| given the authority to \| \| \| becoming "MCO". \| make eligibility \| \| \| \| determinations for \| \| \| \| Medicaid and CHIP \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Mental Health & \| "Mental Health" \| \| \| Substance Abuse \| is stereotyped in \| \| \| \| Native American \| \| \| \| communities. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Mental Health & \| Fragmentation of \| 1) Need to redefine \| \| Substance Abuse \| issues vs. \| our definitions or \| \| \| holistic \| concepts (i.e.: \| \| \| approach: \| Prevention). \| \| \| depressions, \| Tendency to focus \| \| \| substance abuse, \| of weakness and not \| \| \| post traumatic \| strengths. \| \| \| disorder, abuse, \| \| \| \| and domestic \| 2 \| \| \| abuse. \| ) Competition/Conflict \| \| \| \| between Mental \| \| \| \| Health and \| \| \| \| Substance Abuse \| \| \| \| around these issues \| \| \| \| requires holistic \| \| \| \| approach. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Mental Health & \| "Walking the \| 1) Flexibility to \| \| Substance Abuse \| Talk" regarding \| create "local \| \| \| tradition. \| models" redefining \| \| \| \| terms, concepts, \| \| \| \| approaches that are \| \| \| \| more community \| \| \| \| friendly. Tailored \| \| \| \| to the local \| \| \| \| community. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Evaluation: What is \| \| \| \| working? \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Mental Health & \| With traditional \| 1) Orientation \| \| Substance Abuse \| approaches there \| programs for new \| \| \| is issue of \| providers. Bridge \| \| \| stigma and \| building between \| \| \| \| traditional and \| \| \| Cultural \| medical \| \| \| competency in \| practitioners. \| \| \| treatment \| \| \| \| providers from \| 2) Ongoing process for \| \| \| outside the \| new staff and \| \| \| community. \| community people. \| \| \| Cultural clash \| Healing plans need \| \| \| between \| to be developed by \| \| \| traditional and \| tradition healers \| \| \| western medical \| and western \| \| \| model paradigms. \| healers. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Mental Health & \| Education or \| 1) Funding in existing \| \| Substance Abuse \| scholarship \| language need to \| \| \| programs are \| address \| \| \| fiercely \| collaboration with \| \| \| competitive, even \| tribal colleges. \| \| \| the students' \| \| \| \| without straight \| 2) Decentralize the \| \| \| "A's" but are \| scholarship \| \| \| committed to \| program. \| \| \| their community \| \| \| \| are sometimes \| 3) Needs to be \| \| \| overlooked. \| equity/fairness in \| \| \| \| award. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4) Share information \| \| \| \| regarding pilot \| \| \| \| programs. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5) Applicants' need to \| \| \| \| have a commitment \| \| \| \| to their community. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| CROSS CUTTING \| ISSUE \| RECOMMENDATION \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Mental Health & \| Model Programs: \| 1) Locate project that \| \| Substance Abuse \| New approaches \| demonstrates "cost \| \| \| that seem to be \| effectiveness" of \| \| \| working in Indian \| developing \| \| \| Country. \| effective mental \| \| \| \| health/substance \| \| \| \| abuse programs in \| \| \| \| Indian communities. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Family treatment, \| \| \| \| working with the \| \| \| \| whole family. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3) Findings from this \| \| \| \| project disseminate \| \| \| \| throughout Indian \| \| \| \| country. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Mental Health & \| Aftercare and \| 1) Continue current \| \| Substance Abuse \| continuing care \| aftercare study in \| \| \| is not available \| next phases and \| \| \| in many \| broader expansion. \| \| \| communities. \| Fund aftercare now. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Incorporate \| \| \| \| existing studies \| \| \| \| such as the \| \| \| \| aftercare study \| \| \| \| recently done at \| \| \| \| the Native American \| \| \| \| Research and \| \| \| \| Training Center at \| \| \| \| the Northern \| \| \| \| Arizona University. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Mental Health & \| Pilot Programs \| 1) If successful, open \| \| Substance Abuse \| \| up to everyone \| \| \| \| else. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Disseminate \| \| \| \| information from \| \| \| \| pilot projects, \| \| \| \| studies, etc. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Mental Health & \| Training staffs \| 1) \| \| Substance Abuse \| and pay issues. \| Certification/training \| \| \| \| programs for \| \| \| \| American \| \| \| \| Indian/Alaska \| \| \| \| Native staff for \| \| \| \| substance abuse \| \| \| \| treatment \| \| \| \| providers. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Competitive pay to \| \| \| \| retain trained \| \| \| \| staff. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Mental Health & \| Objectives in \| 1) Dr. Trujillo and \| \| Substance Abuse \| status report for \| the Secretary of \| \| \| mental \| DHS should include \| \| \| health/substance \| Tribes in reporting \| \| \| abuse need a \| of status of \| \| \| strong advocate \| objectives to \| \| \| within Indian \| Congress. \| \| \| Health Service to \| \| \| \| get it pushed \| 2) Mental health and \| \| \| through. \| substance abuse \| \| \| \| issues become \| \| \| \| funding priority. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3) Level of "need" \| \| \| \| funded, does this \| \| \| \| adequately reflect \| \| \| \| the true mental \| \| \| \| health/substance \| \| \| \| abuse needs. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| CROSS CUTTING \| ISSUE \| RECOMMENDATION \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| I/T/U Partnership \| Minimizing \| 1) Need to work toward \| \| For The Future \| conflicts, \| minimizing \| \| \| continuing \| conflicts, \| \| \| dialogue between \| continuing \| \| \| I/T/U's \| dialogue, \| \| \| \| communication \| \| \| \| between tribes and \| \| \| \| urban programs \| \| \| \| needs improvement, \| \| \| \| respect is \| \| \| \| necessary. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Protocols and \| \| \| \| forums based on \| \| \| \| "Seattle" model \| \| \| \| could be considered \| \| \| \| in improving \| \| \| \| communications. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| I/T/U Partnership For \| Urban Indians \| Urban Indian Health \| \| The Future \| need services \| programs are needed. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| I/T/U Partnership For \| Government to \| \| \| The Future \| government \| \| \| \| relationships is \| \| \| \| between federal \| \| \| \| government and \| \| \| \| tribes. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| I/T/U Partnership For \| Tribes' \| 1) Tribes \| \| The Future \| responsibility \| responsibility \| \| \| for their people. \| [for]{.underline} \| \| \| \| their people and \| \| \| \| [to]{.underline} \| \| \| \| their people, \| \| \| \| wherever they are, \| \| \| \| based on individual \| \| \| \| tribal government's \| \| \| \| determination. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) These \| \| \| \| determinations by \| \| \| \| Tribes to serve \| \| \| \| their members may \| \| \| \| be based on their \| \| \| \| governmental \| \| \| \| authorities, \| \| \| \| priorities, \| \| \| \| resources, and \| \| \| \| other \| \| \| \| determinations. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| I/T/U Partnership For \| Individuals \| There are other \| \| The Future \| residing on \| individuals residing on \| \| \| "public domain \| public domain \| \| \| allotments" and \| allotments and other \| \| \| other allotments. \| allotments that need to \| \| \| \| be considered in the \| \| \| \| I/T/U partnership. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| I/T/U Partnership For \| An insufficient \| 1) We will not let \| \| The Future \| resource for \| limited resources \| \| \| Tribes, urban or \| be a divisive issue \| \| \| other programs to \| for the I/T/U \| \| \| provide health \| partnership. \| \| \| services to their \| \| \| \| members. \| 2) Federal government \| \| \| \| has obligation to \| \| \| \| provide health \| \| \| \| care, Indian Health \| \| \| \| Service has \| \| \| \| responsibility for \| \| \| \| all American \| \| \| \| Indians/Alaska \| \| \| \| Natives no matter \| \| \| \| where they are. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Entitlement Benefit \| There are regions \| Work along two tracks: \| \| Package & Health \| (including all of \| \| \| Disparity \| California) that \| 1) Examine options \| \| \| do not have \| (outside the box) \| \| \| hospitals. \| in a broader \| \| \| \| entitlement \| \| \| \| approach \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Continue to examine \| \| \| \| maximization of \| \| \| \| existing \| \| \| \| entitlements (M/M) \| \| \| \| to get closer to \| \| \| \| full funding. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA ------------------------ -------------------- -------------------------- CROSS CUTTING ISSUE RECOMMENDATION Entitlement Benefit Need meaningful data Package & Health on health Disparity disparities in order to assess need. Entitlement Benefit "Entitlement" is Package & Health virtually always Disparity seen as an individual benefit, and outsiders would not understand that "entitlement" would apply to a group in this case. Entitlement Benefit Entitlement benefits Package & Health could be applied in Disparity at least three different ways: (1) individual patient entitlement; (2) program I/T/U system entitlement; or (3) tribal government entitlement. Entitlement Benefit Reduce funding to Package & Health some tribal health Disparity centers in order to bring other clinics up. Entitlement Benefit Disparity in health Package & Health status and funding Disparity levels. Entitlement Benefit In defining need, Package & Health there has to be Disparity agreement. Then an unwieldy number of variable get introduced so each group feels represented. Entitlement Benefit There is perception Package & Health that gaming tribes Disparity have less "need". Entitlement Benefit Need a mechanism to Package & Health separate our Disparity financial needs from a voluntary annual budget (annual appropriation). Entitlement Benefit It is a Federal Package & Health responsibility to Disparity provide health care to Indian people; health care for Indian people should be an entitlement. ------------------------ -------------------- -------------------------- REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA ------------------------ -------------------- -------------------------- CROSS CUTTING ISSUE RECOMMENDATION Entitlement Benefit Access must include Package & Health access to health Disparity care AND access to Indian heath care. Entitlement Benefit Funding packages Package & Health need to be joined Disparity together to become a lump sum. Combine money for all eligible Medicare or Medicaid tribal members with IHS. Many poor Indians do not apply for money they are entitled to. If it came through a bundled Indian Health package, the tribes and tribal members could access that funding. ------------------------ -------------------- -------------------------- Entitlement Benefit Package & Health Disparity's POINTS OF CONCENSUS: Indian people ARE entitled to health care services by virtue of massive contributions to this country's benefit. REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| CROSS CUTTING \| ISSUES \| RECOMMENDATIONS \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| ## \| Implementation of \| Use IHCIA to amend \| \| Other Emerging Issues \| the Indian Child \| American Indian Child \| \| \| Protection Act \| Protection Act to all \| \| \| \| some flexibility, while \| \| \| \| implementing the intent \| \| \| \| of the Law. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| ## \| Linkages with \| Expand authorized \| \| Other Emerging Issues \| other agencies to \| linkages to other \| \| \| construct \| federal agencies and \| \| \| facilities; \| departments to include \| \| \| involve other \| all function and \| \| \| Agencies and \| services \| \| \| departments in \| \| \| \| facilities \| \| \| \| construction. \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| ## \| Public Health \| 1) The act should \| \| Other Emerging Issues \| issues/functions \| address Public \| \| \| as it relates to \| Health Issues and \| \| \| tribal \| functions as it \| \| \| governments. \| relates to tribal \| \| \| \| governments and \| \| \| \| should include all \| \| \| \| public health \| \| \| \| issues/functions. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2) Consider inserting \| \| \| \| a section in the \| \| \| \| act that address \| \| \| \| public health \| \| \| \| issues function \| \| \| \| (Epi center) and \| \| \| \| combining issues \| \| \| \| from through out \| \| \| \| the act. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3) Authorize funding \| \| \| \| to allow tribes t \| \| \| \| develop the public \| \| \| \| health capacity at \| \| \| \| tribal level. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4) Linkage with \| \| \| \| State(s) to allow \| \| \| \| tribes to access \| \| \| \| funding for Public \| \| \| \| Health services. \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Other Emerging Issues \| Exempt tribal \| Limited/flexible waiver \| \| \| match for all \| of Grant matching \| \| \| Grants. \| requirement(s). \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Other Emerging Issues \| Certify that \| Not an issue, Authority \| \| \| tribes may take \| already present (638) \| \| \| title to federal \| \| \| \| "Real Property". \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Other Emerging Issues \| Linkages to other \| Deal with on a case by \| \| \| Federal \| case basis. \| \| \| Age \| \| \| \| ncies/Departments \| \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| CROSS CUTTING \| ISSUE \| RECOMMENDATION \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Other Emerging Issues \| # \| Expand scope of IHS \| \| \| Emerging services \| authorized services to \| \| \| \| include emerging \| \| \| \| services. (no \| \| \| \| consensus) \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Other Emerging Issues \| Traditional \| Authorize the ability \| \| \| programs in the \| to operate Traditional \| \| \| IHS facilities. \| programs in the IHS \| \| \| \| facility.(no consensus) \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Other Emerging Issues \| Environmental \| Authorize the IHS to \| \| \| related diseases \| deal with environmental \| \| \| \| related diseases. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (no consensus) \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| Other Emerging Issues \| Health aspects of \| Create venue to \| \| \| casinos \| articulate positive \| \| \| \| health aspects of \| \| \| \| Casinos. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (no consensus) \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ \| ## \| Exempt Tribes on \| Exempt Tribes and \| \| Other Emerging Issues \| Davis Bacon \| tribal organizations \| \| \| wages. \| from having to pay \| \| \| \| Davis Bacon wages on \| \| \| \| contracts and \| \| \| \| subcontracts. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (no consensus) \| +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ Other Emerging Issues' General Comments: A statement of linkages should be emphasized perhaps as part of preamble. ### Summary of Individual Recommendations REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT RECOMMENDATIONS AS SUBMITTED BY INDIVIDUALS +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # TITLE \| # ISSUES \| # RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| II -- Heal \| \| \| \| th Services \| \| \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| 202(a)(1) \| Catastrophic \| "In recognition of the need for \| \| \| Health \| additional resources to meet the \| \| \| Emergency Fund \| extraordinary costs of catastrophic \| \| \| \| illness, natural disasters, or newly \| \| \| \| emerging infectious disease \| \| \| \| epidemics such as HIV/AIDS, the \| \| \| \| Indian catastrophic health emergency \| \| \| \| fund (hereinafter referred to this \| \| \| \| section as the "fund") is \| \| \| \| established." \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| 202(a)(5) \| Catastrophic \| "A portion of these funds may be \| \| \| Health \| used to purchase HIV/AIDS \| \| \| Emergency Fund \| medications in bulk and made \| \| \| \| available for national distribution \| \| \| \| to all qualified IHS-funded health \| \| \| \| systems." \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| 2XX \| National I/T/U \| Section 2XX -- In recognition of the \| \| \| New Drugs \| fact that newly emerging diseases \| \| \| Purchasing, \| like HIV/AIDS do occur, and the \| \| \| Storage and \| drugs used to treat such diseases \| \| \| Distribution \| are often extraordinarily costly, \| \| \| Programs \| this Act makes a provision for the \| \| \| \| purchase, storage and distribution \| \| \| \| of such drugs through a national, \| \| \| \| centralized and contracted service. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (a) The Secretary, acting through \| \| \| \| the Service, and in consultation \| \| \| \| with the Health Resources and \| \| \| \| Services Administration, shall \| \| \| \| establish a national drug \| \| \| \| purchasing, storage and \| \| \| \| distribution program for \| \| \| \| newly-developed and expensive \| \| \| \| drugs to treat emerging diseases \| \| \| \| such as HIV/AIDS for I/T/U, \| \| \| \| through a grant to a private \| \| \| \| non-profit corporation with \| \| \| \| national scope. This grant \| \| \| \| shall: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ```{=html} \| \| \| \| <!-- --> \| \| \| \| ``` \| \| \| \| (1) Include the selection of a \| \| \| \| single I/T/U pharmacy for \| \| \| \| storage at an advantageous \| \| \| \| location. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (2) Require the collection of \| \| \| \| demographic and epidemiological \| \| \| \| data on each patient being \| \| \| \| treated with such drugs for \| \| \| \| reportable diseases, and the \| \| \| \| sharing of such data with each \| \| \| \| state epidemiology department in \| \| \| \| which the patient resides, and \| \| \| \| with the Centers for Disease \| \| \| \| Control and Prevention. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (3) Require such drugs to be \| \| \| \| purchased at the lowest possible \| \| \| \| cost to the federal government. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (4) Require the drug formulary to be \| \| \| \| based on that of the state with \| \| \| \| the broadest selection of \| \| \| \| approved drugs. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (5) Require such drugs to be made \| \| \| \| available to any individual \| \| \| \| qualified to receive services in \| \| \| \| the I/T/U. \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT RECOMMENDATIONS AS SUBMITTED BY INDIVIDUALS +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # \| # ISSUES \| # RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| TITLE -- II \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Health \| \| \| \| Services \| \| \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Section 214 \| Epidemiology \| Add 214(a)(7) as follows: \| \| \| Centers \| \| \| \| \| "Epidemiology centers shall be \| \| \| \| responsible in each area for \| \| \| \| collecting and submitting case \| \| \| \| reports on behalf of the tribes for \| \| \| \| all reportable infectious diseases \| \| \| \| to the state epidemiologist's office \| \| \| \| in which the case is located. This \| \| \| \| is required in order to insure the \| \| \| \| effective coordination of disease \| \| \| \| surveillance within each state's \| \| \| \| boundaries, and nationally. Such an \| \| \| \| arrangement will respect tribal \| \| \| \| governments' relationship to the \| \| \| \| Federal Government." \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Title II \| Tribes unable \| Lower CHEF threshold by 50% for \| \| \| to meet the \| tribes. \| \| \| 100% CHEF \| \| \| \| threshold. \| \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Health \| Community \| Request \$1.5 million increase in \| \| Services/Pr \| Health \| training dollars, possibly more, \| \| ofessionals \| Representatives \| [per]{.underline} \| \| \| \| [year]{.underline}. Currently \| \| \| \| training dollars is inadequate. As \| \| \| \| Community Health Representatives \| \| \| \| expand services as a valuable \| \| \| \| component of Indian Health, we need \| \| \| \| an increase in funding for more \| \| \| \| positions in all 12 areas. \| \| \| \| Population growth in Indian country \| \| \| \| demands for more Community Health \| \| \| \| Representatives. \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| 216 -- \| Can the grant \| All organizations focusing on \| \| Indian \| be allocated to \| improving health of Native American \| \| Youth Grant \| IHS Contracted \| and Alaska Indians be eligible to \| \| Program \| Clinics \| receive funding from these grants. \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Universal \| Many T/U \| Provide equitable access to \| \| P \| facilities are \| prescription medication regardless \| \| rescription \| unable to \| of CHS status, availability of \| \| Benefit \| provide \| on-site pharmacy services, clinic \| \| (Add item K \| prescription \| size, clinic location, or governance \| \| of section \| medication \| status (I/T/U). \| \| 201) \| benefits. "Gap" \| \| \| \| Indian patients \| \| \| \| are unable to \| \| \| \| get the \| \| \| \| medicines \| \| \| \| prescribed at \| \| \| \| their clinic \| \| \| \| visit, \| \| \| \| effectively \| \| \| \| negating the \| \| \| \| benefit of the \| \| \| \| clinic visit. \| \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT RECOMMENDATIONS AS SUBMITTED BY INDIVIDUALS +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # \| # ISSUES \| # RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| TITLE -- II \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Health \| \| \| \| Services \| \| \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # Heal \| # Public Heal \| # In the act, ADD, the \| \| th Services \| th function -- \| public health function for Indian la \| \| \| IHCIA does not \| nd and for Indian people; also inclu \| \| \| address the tri \| de environmental health and other pu \| \| \| bal governments \| blic health services as appropriate. \| \| \| and federal go \| \| \| \| vernment's role \| 1) The act addresses the many \| \| \| for public hea \| public health issues, the act \| \| \| lth for Indian \| does not address the public \| \| \| lands and reser \| health responsibility of Tribal \| \| \| vations and for \| governments; and establish \| \| \| Indian people. \| funding mechanism for other \| \| \| \| federal public health dollars, \| \| \| \| not funded by IHS. \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # \| # Hea \| # Put under IHS authorit \| \| Comprehensi \| dStart Programs \| y for improved service delivery/adap \| \| ve school h \| \| tability to rural and cultural -- wh \| \| ealth educa \| \| ile still meeting intent. Need flexi \| \| tion progra \| \| bility here -- extremely difficult t \| \| ms. New aut \| \| o deliver under current regulations. \| \| hority over \| \| \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # TITLE III \| # ISSUES \| # RECOMMENDATIONS \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Section 3 - \| Definition of \| Include language and advocate for \| \| Declaration \| "Indian", we \| change in language to include \| \| of Health \| are fooling \| "non-Federally recognized \| \| Objectives \| ourselves if we \| groups/terminated groups" -- Then \| \| \| say we are \| and only then can we truly say we \| \| \| speaking with \| speak with one voice even this P.L. \| \| \| one voice. \| 94-437 reads its obligation to all \| \| \| \| Native Americans in providing health \| \| \| \| care. . . no need to say more. \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Section 3 \| Leasing \| Reauthorization should raise issue \| \| -- Health \| authority under \| of eliminating "Scoring Penalty" \| \| Facilities \| §804 (§804, \| which limits use of §804 to use IHS \| \| \| not§104) \| lease funds to pay off construction \| \| \| Funding \| loan -- may need to amend balanced \| \| \| \| budget act but may be able to work \| \| \| \| it out with OMB. National workgroup \| \| \| \| should meet with OMB. \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # TITLE IV \| # ISSUES \| # RECOMMENDATIONS \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Title IV -- \| Medical and \| Indian tribes that administer a \| \| Access to \| CHIP \| tribal TANF program are authorized \| \| Health \| eligibility \| to determine eligibility for \| \| Services \| \| Medi-Cal and Children's Health \| \| \| \| Insurance Program. \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Access \| Is there any \| If so, need language to allow this. \| \| \| prohibition \| Also need to allow Indians who never \| \| \| against I/T/Us \| signed up for Medicare Part B, to do \| \| \| using service \| so without having to pay large \| \| \| dollars or \| dollar amounts now required. \| \| \| collections to \| \| \| \| purchase \| Also need to look at estate recovery \| \| \| Medicare Part \| for Medicaid -- Impact of requiring \| \| \| B, co-pays for \| elders to sign up for Medicaid for \| \| \| Medicare, or to \| QUMBY, SLIMBY, home health care -- \| \| \| buy private \| need to get waiver from estate \| \| \| health \| recovery requirements (for those who \| \| \| insurance? \| are CHS eligible at a minimum) for \| \| \| \| Indians. \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Access -- \| California \| Equitable funding be distributed \| \| Contract \| tribes are \| equally and increase from \$114 per \| \| Health Care \| reimbursed at \| patient to the national level per \| \| Shortfalls \| \$114.00 per \| user of \$259. \| \| \| patient user \| \| \| \| verses \$259.00 \| \| \| \| reimbursement \| \| \| \| at the National \| \| \| \| level. \| \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT RECOMMENDATIONS AS SUBMITTED BY INDIVIDUALS +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # TITLE V \| # ISSUES \| # RECOMMENDATIONS \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Section 5XX \| Prevention and \| "(a) The Secretary, through the \| \| \| treatment of \| Service, shall make grants to urban \| \| \| HIV/AIDS and \| clinics, substance abuse treatment \| \| \| other \| programs, and other American \| \| \| sexua \| Indian/Alaska Native urban \| \| \| lly-transmitted \| community-based organizations for \| \| \| diseases \| programs to improve the prevention \| \| \| \| and treatment of HIV/AIDS and other \| \| \| \| sexually-transmitted diseases. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (b) Any grant made by the Secretary \| \| \| \| under this section shall include \| \| \| \| requirements that: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ```{=html} \| \| \| \| <!-- --> \| \| \| \| ``` \| \| \| \| (1) A thorough needs assessment be \| \| \| \| completed in the first year of \| \| \| \| the program to identify the most \| \| \| \| promising areas of intervention \| \| \| \| and appropriate target \| \| \| \| populations. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (2) Grantees be encouraged to seek \| \| \| \| technical assistance for program \| \| \| \| development from providers \| \| \| \| funded by the Centers for \| \| \| \| Disease Control and Prevention's \| \| \| \| National and Regional Minority \| \| \| \| Organizations program and the \| \| \| \| Health Resources and Services \| \| \| \| Administration Special Projects \| \| \| \| of National Significance \| \| \| \| program. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (3) All prevention programs be \| \| \| \| targeted to specific \| \| \| \| sub-populations who are at risk \| \| \| \| based on evidence provided by \| \| \| \| disease surveillance, other \| \| \| \| epidemiological studies, \| \| \| \| behavioral studies, criminal \| \| \| \| justice records, and similar \| \| \| \| community profile data. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (4) Proposed intervention be \| \| \| \| grounded in what has been \| \| \| \| learned through behavioral \| \| \| \| science and through traditional \| \| \| \| cultural teachings. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (5) All proposed treatment of case \| \| \| \| services programs participate in \| \| \| \| the National Native American \| \| \| \| AIDS Prevention Center's \| \| \| \| national research database. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (6) Evaluation studies be built into \| \| \| \| each project's overall design \| \| \| \| after the first year of \| \| \| \| assessment. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ```{=html} \| \| \| \| <!-- --> \| \| \| \| ``` \| \| \| \| (c) The Secretary shall also, \| \| \| \| through the Service, insure that \| \| \| \| necessary sums are available to \| \| \| \| grantees for the purchase of \| \| \| \| technical assistance. \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # \| # ISSUES \| # RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| TITLE VIII \| \| \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # Prov \| # At presen \| Provide T/U's with direct VA Prime \| \| ide for Dir \| t, T/U's sites \| Vendor access. \| \| ect Access \| that wish to ac \| \| \| to the VA P \| cess the VA's P \| \| \| rime Vendor \| rime Vendor pro \| \| \| \| gram must go th \| \| \| \| rough an Indian \| \| \| \| Health Service \| \| \| \| intermediary. \| \| \| \| Tribes should b \| \| \| \| e able to have \| \| \| \| direct access t \| \| \| \| o the VA Prime \| \| \| \| Vendor program. \| \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT RECOMMENDATIONS AS SUBMITTED BY INDIVIDUALS +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # \| # ISSUES \| # RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| TITLE VIII \| \| \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # \| # Many T/ \| Provide for continued '602' access \| \| Insure con \| U programs acce \| to T/U's after their FQHC status \| \| tinued '602 \| ss '602' pharma \| "sunsets". \| \| ' drug pric \| ceutical pricin \| \| \| ing access \| g as outlines i \| \| \| even after \| n the Veterans \| \| \| FQHC status \| Health Care Act \| \| \| "sunsets". \| of 1992. At pr \| \| \| \| esent, T/U's ar \| \| \| \| e able to acces \| \| \| \| s this pricing \| \| \| \| by virtue of th \| \| \| \| eir FQHC status \| \| \| \| . T/U's may pre \| \| \| \| fer '602' prici \| \| \| \| ng to Federal C \| \| \| \| eiling Pricing \| \| \| \| (FCP) because a \| \| \| \| ll clinic patie \| \| \| \| nts (Indian and \| \| \| \| non-Indian) ar \| \| \| \| e legal benefic \| \| \| \| iaries of this \| \| \| \| pricing schedul \| \| \| \| e as spelled ou \| \| \| \| t by HCFA's Off \| \| \| \| ice of Drug Pri \| \| \| \| cing (ODP). Onl \| \| \| \| y Indian patien \| \| \| \| ts are legal be \| \| \| \| neficiaries of \| \| \| \| FCP (VA Prime V \| \| \| \| endor) priced p \| \| \| \| harmaceuticals. \| \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # Se \| # Lack of t \| More regional/area meetings to \| \| ction I -- \| ime to address \| clearly identify and discuss issues \| \| P.L. 94-437 \| quality each se \| impacting Tribes. During this \| \| \| ction. I was in \| consultation process --we not only \| \| \| volved with the \| want to "speak with one voice" -- in \| \| \| workshop -- "A \| order to be in with each other -- we \| \| \| ccess" -- we we \| need appropriate time to discuss \| \| \| re to address a \| each section or else we will not \| \| \| nd review for r \| "speak with one voice" and find \| \| \| ecommendation S \| ourselves out of unison. Although we \| \| \| ection VI & VII \| have the same issues, California \| \| \| I -- Due to the \| tribes are impacted by the need to \| \| \| lengthy debate \| discuss at length these issues. \| \| \| of Section IV \| \| \| \| -- we never got \| \| \| \| to the point o \| \| \| \| f section VIII. \| \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # C \| # ISSUES \| # RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| ROSSCUTTING \| \| \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # M \| # "Estate \| To delete this criteria from the \| \| edicaid & M \| Recovery" unde \| Medicaid language. As it creates an \| \| anaged Care \| r Medicaid laws \| unnecessary hardship when we enforce \| \| \| \| the Payor of Last Resort Rule. No \| \| \| \| one wants to have their spouse or \| \| \| \| children sacrifice their homes for \| \| \| \| recovery of a debt which is a \| \| \| \| guaranteed right as an "Indian" as \| \| \| \| an IHS beneficiary. \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT RECOMMENDATIONS AS SUBMITTED BY INDIVIDUALS +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # C \| # ISSUES \| # RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| ROSSCUTTING \| \| \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # \| # Limi \| That other funding sources (other \| \| \| ts on indirect \| than IHS and BIA), must accept the \| \| \| rate by outside \| tribe's or tribal organizations' \| \| \| organizations. \| approved indirect rate when that \| \| \| \| tribal organization is fulfilling \| \| \| \| the mission of the IHS. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| At this time other agencies \| \| \| \| sometimes place a limit on the \| \| \| \| amount of indirect charges. This \| \| \| \| drives up the overall indirect rate \| \| \| \| for the tribal health care delivery \| \| \| \| program. \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ \| # \| # \| There must be a national meeting for \| \| \| National consu \| policy officials to review, respond \| \| \| ltation meeting \| and revise recommendations of the \| \| \| \| drafting team(s). \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Accurate data must be available to \| \| \| \| substantial recommendations in \| \| \| \| reauthorization (i.e., diabetes \| \| \| \| funding). \| +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ Attachments	en
markdown	530017	# Presentation: 530017 ## Scientific Data Management:An Incomplete Experimental HENP Perspective - D. Olson, LBNL - 26 March 2002SDM-ISIC MeetingGatlinburg ## Particle Physics Data Grid - www.ppdg.net - PI’s: - Mount, - Livny, - Newman - Coordinators:Pordes,Olson ## Contents - Quick overview of HENP data - Generic data flow - Sizes, timescales - Average physicist view - What’s hard - Making technology work in production - A clear view for average physicist - Analysis of large datasets - Other things as well - Today, many issues wrapped in hopes for “Data Grid” ## Experimental HENP event data - Basic character of data is “event” - May be few particles ## BaBar event - http://www.slac.stanford.edu/BFROOT/ ## Experimental HENP event data - Basic character of data is “event” - May be few particles - May be MANY particles ## STAR event, Au + Au - www.star.bnl.gov ## Experimental HENP event data - Basic character of data is “event” - May be few tracks - May be MANY tracks - Detector characteristics, beam types, triggers effect the type of events recorded - Physics analysis is a statistical analysis of many (1000’s, M’s, B’s, T’s) independent events ## Generic data flow in HENP - “Skims”, - “microDST production”, ... - Filtering chosen to make this a convenient size ## A collaboration of people - $100M, 10 yr, 100 people - Free?, 10 yr, 20 people - Free?, 1 yr, 10 people, 5x/yr - Free?, 1 mo, 1 person, 50x/yr - (“Typical” example today, LHC is larger) ## Example: CMS Tiers ## List of major accelerator-based HENP experiments \| Experiment \| Location \| # physicists \| Time scale \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| BaBar \| SLAC \| 800 \| 1999 - 2010 \| \| STAR \| BNL / RHIC \| 450 \| 2000 - 2010 \| \| PHENIX \| BNL / RHIC \| 450 \| 2000 - 2010 \| \| Jlab/CLAS \| JLAB \| 200 \| 2000 - 2010 \| \| CDF \| FNAL \| 800 \| 1995 - 2010 \| \| D0 \| FNAL \| 800 \| 1995 - 2010 \| \| ATLAS \| CERN \| 2000 \| 2006 - 2016 \| \| CMS \| CERN \| 2000 \| 2006 - 2016 \| \| ALICE \| CERN \| 1200 \| 2007 - 2017 \| \| Jlab Hall D \| JLAB \| 200 \| 2008 - 2018 \| ## Size / frequency of basic activities \| Item \| Size (TB) / Frequency (/yr) \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| Typical today \| LHC era (>5 yr) \| \| Raw data \| 100 TB / yr \| 1,000 TB / yr \| \| Event Reconstruction \| 3 / yr \| 2 / yr \| \| DST data \| 1 > DST/ raw > 0.1 \| 0.1 > DST/ raw > 0.02 \| \| microDST production \| 0.1 > microDST/DST > .001 \| ? \| \| Physics analysis \| 10 - 100 * #physicists / year \| ? \| ## Average physicist view - Mythology, culture, terminology varies a lot from one experiment to another. - BaBar - Object view or primary event store (Objectivity) - Event collection objects give primary access points to data - Event collection has list of references to all event components of interest - With 100,000 collections, how to organize them? - Ntuples & PAW for final data format, analysis tool - STAR (first year data, getting started) - A “production, trigger” is all reconstructed events for a trigger type with a certain version of code, (P00hg, central) - Access point is list of directory path’s below which all data are stored on disk - WZ will be setting up STACS - ROOT for data format and analysis tool - ... ## What’s hard I, living with technology - Typical computer center today - A couple STK Powderhorn tape silos, HPSS or home-grown MSS - 1000 linux processors - Assortment of 100/1000 Gbps network - 50 TB disk (1000 spindles) - Network s/w for I/O (NFS, Objy AMS, RFIO, ...) - AFS for distributed collaboration - Can make large RAID filesystems w/ network access - Faults can affect many nodes - stale NFS file handles - AFS faults affects nodes across country, work - Large RAID is $$$ - Desire to reduce effect of faults - Fewer faults - More tolerance - ... ## What’s hard II,A clear view for average physicist - What’s going on in this box? ## What’s hard II,A clear view for average physicist - What data is available? - “data” means - List of files? (like STAR) - Collection object w/ pointers to all events? (like BaBar) - “available” means - On disk? Where? - Exists? - Does it really have the filters and calibrations I need? - Is it the “official” version of the data? - ... ## What’s hard III,Analysis of large datasets - Dataset does not fit on disk, or requires parallel processing, oris large enough operation that chance of fault is high ## What’s hard III,Analysis of large datasets - Dataset does not fit on disk - Needs access s/w to couple w/ processing - SAM, STACS - Does performance meet demand? ## SAM (Sequential data Access via Meta-data) - http://d0db.fnal.gov/sam/ ## STACS - http://sdm.lbl.gov/projectindividual.php?ProjectID=STACS ## What’s hard III,Analysis of large datasets - Dataset does not fit on disk - Needs access s/w to couple w/ processing - SAM, STACS - Does performance meet demand? - Needs parallel processing (not very hard) - Can not do analysis on private/personal machine - Schedule access to shared resource (CPU and disk) - Operation for a single analysis is large enough that faults occur - Need exception handling - Need workflow management to complete failed tasks or, at least, accurately report status ## Example shared nothing cluster - http://www.ihep.ac.cn/~chep01/paper/4-026.pdf ## PPDG ## Summary - Faulty technology sets boundary conditions - Fault tolerant will expand boundaries of capabilities - Data management is coupled with processing - Visualization (access w/o processing) is minor in HENP - Need access to data when & where it is needed for processing - Working on data grid as context for data management - PPDG has SDM ISIC as one of the technology base projects	en
all-txt-docs	130901	SMC Technologies, No. 4190 (June 14, 1996) Docket No. SIZ-96-5-1-33 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION OFFICE OF HEARINGS AND APPEALS WASHINGTON, D.C. _______________________________ ) SIZE APPEAL OF: ) ) SMC Technologies ) ) Appellant ) ) Re: Anderson Chemical ) Docket No. SIZ-96-5-1-33 (PFR) Company, Inc. ) (96-3-1-19) ) Solicitation No. ) F34650-95-B-001 ) Department of the Air Force ) Tinker AFB, Oklahoma ) _______________________________) DIGEST A Petition for Reconsideration that fails to assert new questions raised by the decision concerning which the Petitioner had no previous opportunity to present evidence or argument will be dismissed. DECISION[1] June 14, 1996 BLAZSIK, Administrative Judge: Jurisdiction This Petition for Reconsideration is decided under the Small Business Act of 1958, 15 U.S.C. Sections 631 et seq., and 13 C.F.R. Part 121 (1995). Issue Whether the Petition for Reconsideration presents grounds for reconsideration of the prior decision. Background Facts On May 1, 1996, SMC Technologies (Petitioner) filed a timely Petition for Reconsideration from Size Appeal of SMC Technologies, No. 4161 (March 27, 1996).[2] In SMC Technologies, the Presiding Judge made two findings. First, since the protest was late-filed, she held that SMC Technologies had only future applicability, because a timely appeal cannot cure an untimely protest.[3] Second, relying on well-established case precedent, the Presiding Judge held that sworn, certified statements made by the challenged firm on its SBA Form 355 and other certified submissions, had greater evidentiary weight than unsupported assertions to the contrary. Accordingly, the Presiding Judge affirmed the Area Office's conclusion that the challenged firm was a small business under the applicable size standard. Arguments Raised on Petition Petitioner asserts its protest was timely under Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Section 33.103(b), which states, in part: ... protests shall be filed not later than 14 days after the basis of protest is known or should have been known, whichever is earlier.... Petitioner asserts neither the Area Office determination nor the prior decision made findings regarding the protest's untimeliness under the above regulation, i.e., when was the basis of SMC's protest "known or should have been known." Further, Petitioner asserts neither the Area Office determination nor the prior decision provides a rationale as to the "basis for supplanting the protest time period of FAR Section 33.103(b)" and substituting the more restrictive time period of 13 C.F.R. Section 121.1603(a)(1). Petitioner requests its protest be considered timely and made applicable to the instant solicitation. Petitioner also asserts the record shows it requested an extension of the close of record so it could supplement its appeal with additional documentation concerning the challenged firm's size status, after close of the 15-day period permitted by this Office's original docketing notice. Petitioner asserts the Presiding Judge's denial of its request was error and prejudicial to Petitioner. Accordingly, it requests the record be reopened for "additional discovery" and for supplementing the record.[4] Alternatively, Petitioner requests the Presiding Judge to remand the proceeding to the Area Office "with directions as to further areas of review." Petitioner attaches numerous appendices, which include copies of various documents pertaining to the challenged firm and Portals, a British company. Petitioner asserts that these documents show the "scope of Anderson's operations and transactions with the Portals entities," and demonstrate that the firms are affiliated, rendering the challenged firm large. On May 15, 1996, Anderson Chemical Company, Inc. (Anderson), filed an opposition to the petition. 13 C.F.R. Section 121.1721(d). Anderson asserts Petitioner failed to raise any evidence to support its petition. Anderson asserts the alleged relationship between Anderson and Portals was addressed in the initial documents supplied to the Area Office, which found such relationship to be inapplicable to Anderson's size status. Discussion Petitioner presents no issue permitting reconsideration of this decision. The pertinent regulation, 13 C.F.R. Section 121.1721(b), requires the grounds in support of a Petition for Reconsideration be limited to "new questions raised by the decision concerning which the Petitioner had no previous opportunity to present evidence or argument." Petitioner has failed to show such grounds. Petitioner's assertion that its protest was timely under FAR regulations, is not a "new question" within the regulatory definition. Even assuming it is a new question, the Presiding Judge still would reject it for lack of merit. The Presiding Judge explicitly addressed the issue of timeliness of the protest in the prior decision. Further, the timeliness of a protest in a small business set-aside, as with all other regulations for a small business set-aside, is governed exclusively by SBA regulations, not those of FAR. See 13 C.F.R. Part 121 (1995). For a protest to be applied to the current solicitation, it must be filed within 5 business days after bid opening. 13 C.F.R. Section 121.1603(a)(1). As found both by the Area Office and the Presiding Judge, based on record evidence, the protest was late- filed and, therefore, could have only future applicability. 13 C.F.R. Section 121.1603(b)(1). Further, Petitioner's assertion that the Presiding Judge improperly denied it an opportunity to present additional evidence after close of record cannot be construed as "new questions raised by the decision." As reflected in the record, the Presiding Judge denied Petitioner's original request for extension of the close of record, because Petitioner presented no valid reason for granting the extension. Petitioner's only reason was that it was on the "verge of uncovering further information...." The Presiding Judge noted in her Order that, if Petitioner had any information concerning the challenged firm's size status, it should have presented it to the Area Office at the time of the size investigation. See Order dated March 21, 1996. Additionally, by Order of April 11, 1996, the Presiding Judge denied Petitioner's motion for "emergency discovery." Thus, Petitioner's instant request for "additional discovery" is not a "new question." Finally, Petitioner's request to remand this proceeding to the Area Office also is not a "new question" as defined in the regulation. Even if the request were a "new question," Petitioner failed to show any valid reason for remand, and the Presiding Judge finds none. Conclusion Because Petitioner has raised insufficient grounds to support its Petition for Reconsideration, it is DISMISSED. The decision issued on March 27, 1996, is the final decision of the Small Business Administration. See 13 C.F.R. Section 121.1720(b). Gloria E. Blazsik Administrative Judge ____________________ [1] The Small Business Administration revised its Size and SIC regulations, both substantively and procedurally. See 13 C.F.R. Parts 121 and 134 (1996). Since the original solicitation, the Area Office's size determination, and the appeal predated the effective date of the revised regulations, 13 C.F.R. Part 121 (1995) applies here. [2] The Presiding Judge granted Petitioner an extension of time to file the instant petition. [3] Bid-opening was on December 14, 1995. SMC filed its protest on January 24, 1996. The size determination issued by the Atlanta Office of Government Contracting (Area Office) found the protest late and applied its determination for future purposes only, relying on 13 C.F.R. Section 121.1603(b)(1). [4] Petitioner previously had made an identical discovery request, which the Presiding Judge denied it by Order dated April 11, 1996.	en
converted_docs	234988	Pain Management Prepared by Kathy Kessel, Library Service \~ VAMC Northport, NY # ## APRIL 2004 This bibliography on PAIN MANAGEMENT was prepared by Kathy Kessel, Library Service, VAMC, Northport, NY as part of a VA Library Network (VALNET) effort to identify useful published information relating to trends in health care. This bibliography will be updated monthly. Please check with your Library Service if you are interested in this resource or would like to identify other materials specific to your information needs. All bibliographies can be accessed from the VALNET web site at: <http://vaww.vhacoweb1.cio.med.va.gov/VALNET/Bibliographies.asp> Bibliographies prepared for this project are: > Chemical/Biological Terrorism\ > Prepared by Halyna Korhun, Library Service, VAMC, Albany, NY > > Customer Focused Health Care And Delivery\ > Prepared by Sandra Brayson, Library Service, VAMC, Portland, OR > > End Of Life Care\ > Prepared by June Roullard, Library Service, VAMC, Togus, ME > > Hepatitis C\ > Prepared by Barry Powell, Library Service, VAMC, Memphis TN > > High Performance Development Model (HPDM)\ > Prepared by Joyce Zarrinnahad, Central Office Library, Washington, DC > > Patient Education\ > Prepared by Liz Burns, Library, VAMC, Kansas City, MO > > Patient Safety\ > Prepared by Farkhanda Sheikh, Library Service, VAMC, Perry Point, MD > > Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs)\ > Prepared by Caryl Kazen, VACO Library Service, Washington, DC > > Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder\ > Prepared by Caryl Kazen, VACO Library Service, Washington, DC > > Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) > > Smallpox\ > Prepared by June Roullard, Library Service, VAMC, Togus, ME > > Veterans Health Care\ > Prepared by Susan Harker, VAMC, Library Service, Miami, FL > > Women\'s Health\ > Prepared by Karen March, Library Service, VAMC, Fayetteville, NC Aaron, S. D., et al. \"Topical tetracaine prior to arterial puncture: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.\" Respiratory Medicine. 97, no. 11(2003): 1195-9 UI 14635973. The objective of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to determine whether a topical anesthetic agent (tetracaine) provides effective local analgesia prior to radial arterial puncture. Tetracaine or placebo gel was applied 45 min prior to arterial puncture to patients who were referred for elective arterial blood gas. The primary outcome was the patient\'s perception of pain associated with the procedure as measured by a visual analog scale. Fifty patients were randomized into the study, 24 received tetracaine and 26 placebo. Mean pain score on the visual analog scale was 26.2 +/- 32.6 for the tetracaine-treated patients and 23.8 +/- 27.4 for the placebo-treated patients (P = 0.78). Mean time from the first skin puncture to successful procurement of 1 ml of arterial blood was 70 +/- 103s in the tetracaine group and 49 +/- 48s in the placebo group (P = 0.40). Difficulty of arterial puncture as assessed by the respiratory therapist performing the test was identical for the two groups (P = 0.86). We conclude that tetracaine gel did not decrease patient\'s perception of pain associated with arterial puncture, nor did its use facilitate the ABG procedure. Alford, J. W., R. Tashjian, and R. M. Terek. \"Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee presenting as sciatica.\" The Journal of Knee Surgery. 16, no. 3(2003): 182-4 UI 12943290. Andersen, T., et al. \"Pain 5 years after instrumented and non-instrumented posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion.\" European Spine Journal. 12, no. 4(2003): 393-9 UI 12756629. Pain drawings have been used in spine surgery for diagnostic use and psychological evaluation of fusion candidates; they have rarely been used to evaluate pain status after spinal fusion. This study is a 5-year follow-up on a randomised clinical trial assigning patients to posterolateral spinal fusion with or without pedicle screw instrumentation. Patients were mailed a pain drawing and questionnaires including questions regarding work, social status, smoking status, the Dallas Pain Questionnaire (DPQ), and the Low Back Pain Rating Scale (LBPRS). Pain drawings were scored using a visual inspection method and a surface-based point scoring and evaluated for the presence of donor site pain. Pain drawings from 109 patients (87% of the initially included patients), 56 men and 53 women, mean age at follow-up 51 years, were analysed. Fifty-three patients had undergone an instrumented fusion and 56 a non-instrumented fusion. Some presence of low back pain was marked by 79% and leg pain by 69%. Sixty-two percent of the pain drawings were classified as \"organic\" and 38% as \"non-organic\". There was no difference between the instrumented and the uninstrumented group. DPQ and LBPRS scores were higher in the non-organic group ( P=0.007). Using the point scoring, no difference between the instrumented and the uninstrumented group was seen. The results of the point scoring were found to correlate with the DPQ and LBPRS scores ( P=0.001). Working patients (39%) had significantly better scores than the rest. Ten percent of the patients had donor site pain. Twenty percent of spinal fusion patients are totally pain free at 5-year follow-up. Ten percent still experience donor site pain. In general, instrumentation does not affect the amount and localisation of pain 5 years after lumbar spinal fusion surgery. The pain drawing seems to be a valuable tool when following spinal fusion patients, but its use as prognostic marker in connection with fusion surgery needs further investigation. Anonymous. \"Heart care methods put ED in top 5%, can help others.\" Ed Management. 15, no. 11(2003): 126-7 UI 14655615. Anonymous. \"Molecule of the month: ranolazine.\" Drug News & Perspectives. 16, no. 6(2003): 391 UI 12973449. Anonymous. \"Pain reliever gets buff.\" Consumer Reports. 68, no. 12(2003): 57 UI 14680012. Arain, S. R., et al. \"The efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus morphine for postoperative analgesia after major inpatient surgery.\" Anesthesia & Analgesia. 98, no. 1(2004): 153-8, table of contents UI 14693611. Thirty-four patients scheduled for elective inpatient surgery were randomized equally to receive either dexmedetomidine (initial loading dose of 1- microg/kg over 10 min followed by 0.4 microg. kg(-1). h(-1) for 4 h) or morphine sulfate (0.08 mg/kg) 30 min before the end of surgery. We determined heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR), sedation and analgesia (visual analog scale), and use of additional morphine in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and up to 24 h after surgery. Groups were similar for patient demographics, ASA physical status, surgical procedure, baseline hemodynamics, and intraoperative use of drugs and fluids. Dexmedetomidine-treated patients had slower HR in the PACU (by an average of 16 bpm), whereas MAP, RR, and level of sedation were similar between groups. During Phase I recovery, dexmedetomidine-treated patients required significantly less morphine to achieve equivalent analgesia (PACU dexmedetomidine group, 4.5 +/- 6.8 mg; morphine group, 9.2 +/- 5.2 mg). Sixty minutes into recovery only 6 of 17 dexmedetomidine patients required morphine in contrast to 15 of 17 in the morphine group. The administration of dexmedetomidine before the completion of major inpatient surgical procedures significantly reduced, by 66%, the early postoperative need for morphine and was associated with a slower HR in the PACU. IMPLICATIONS: The use of dexmedetomidine for postoperative analgesia resulted in significantly less additional pain medication (morphine) and slower heart rates than a control group receiving only morphine. These outcomes may prove advantageous for patients who might be placed at higher risk by tachycardia or large doses of morphine. Axelsson, K., et al. \"Patient-controlled regional analgesia (PCRA) with ropivacaine after arthroscopic subacromial decompression.\" Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 47, no. 8(2003): 993-1000 UI 12904192. BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate postoperative analgesia and safety of wound instillation of ropivacaine either by a single dose or a patient-controlled regional anaesthesia (PCRA) technique. METHODS: In 40 patients undergoing arthroscopic subacromial decompression the surgeon placed a catheter into the subacromial space at the end of the operation. In Phase I (10 patients), ropivacaine 250 mg was injected twice within 1 h. In Phase II, 30 patients were randomised into three groups: group prilocaine-ropivacaine (PR) = 20 ml of 1% prilocaine-epinephrine injected preoperatively into the subacromial bursa + 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine infused in the catheter postoperatively; group saline-ropivacaine (SR) = saline-epinephrine (20 ml) preoperatively + 0.5% ropivacaine as in group PR; group saline-saline (SS) = saline-epinephrine (20 ml) preoperatively + saline postoperatively. The PCRA pump was filled with local anaesthetic or saline to allow boluses of 10-ml each, maximum one bolus/h, via the catheter. Pain relief, side-effects and venous plasma concentration of ropivacaine were evaluated during a 24-h-test period. RESULTS: The free plasma concentration of ropivacaine was 0.12 + 0.041 mg l-1 in Phase I. No adverse effects were seen. In Phase II pain at rest and on movement was lower in group PR than in group SS during the first 30 min postoperatively (P \< 0.05). Group PR had the lowest morphine consumption (P \< 0.05). Five to seven boluses were administered via the PCRA-pump, and 20 min after administration of the study solution, pain was lower in groups PR and SR compared with group SS (P \< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative intrabursal prilocaine with epinephrine + postoperative subacromial administration of ropivacaine by PCRA-technique provided the most effective analgesia with no major side-effects. The free plasma concentrations of ropivacaine were far below toxic concentrations. Balazs, E. A. \"Analgesic effect of elastoviscous hyaluronan solutions and the treatment of arthritic pain.\" Cells Tissues Organs. 174, no. 1-2(2003): 49-62 UI 12784041. Elastoviscous hyaluronan solutions have an analgesic effect when injected intra-articularly in animal and human joints. This was first discovered using animal behavioral models and later confirmed in neurophysiological studies in cat and rat joints. These studies on both normal and experimentally produced arthritis in joints confirmed that only elastoviscous solutions of hyaluronan or certain of its derivatives (hylans) have a desensitizing effect on nociceptive sensory receptors. Recently, this desensitizing effect of elastoviscous hyaluronan solutions was also demonstrated on intact or on isolated patches of oocyte cell membranes. Viscosupplementation, the exchange of pathological synovial fluid in arthritic joints with pure elastoviscous solutions of hyaluronan or hylans, is a widely accepted therapeutic modality used to provide long-lasting analgesia in human knee joints. The clinical studies performed on human and animal temporomandibular joints since the mid-1970s are reviewed. These trials used three distinctly different preparations made from hyaluronan of different average molecular weight, polydispersity and, consequently, different elastoviscous properties. These differences are demonstrated and the consequences on the potential efficacy of the preparations are discussed. Copyright 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel \[References: 60\] Ballantyne, J. C. \"Does epidural analgesia improve surgical outcome?\" British Journal of Anaesthesia. 92, no. 1(2004): 4-6 UI 14665544. Benzer, W., S. Hofer, and N. B. Oldridge. \"Health-related quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease after different treatments for angina in routine clinical practice.\" Herz. 28, no. 5(2003): 421-8 UI 12928741. BACKGROUND AND AIM: The assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQL) increasingly is an important outcome in the management and care of patients with angina. The aim of this study was to describe the baseline HRQL in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and angina and to report the impact of the three established therapeutic strategies, continued medical treatment (CMT), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on HRQLover a 12-month follow-up period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The change in specific HRQL scores and angina severity was evaluated in a routine clinical practice setting in 158 patients with CAD and angina treated either with CMT, PCI, or CABG. The measure used in this study to assess HRQL was the MacNew Heart Disease HROL Questionnaire (MacNew). It was administered before coronary angiography and 12 months after treatment stratification. Angina pectoris was assessed with the modified Canadian Cardiovascular Society\'s classification. RESULTS: The MacNew discriminated between treatment groups with lowest (poorest HROL) baseline global, physical,and social HRQL scores seen in patients with subsequent CABG. There were significantly greater improvements in global and emotional HRQL scores after both PCI and CABG than after CMT. In all three treatment groups, improved HRQLscores were associated with improved angina grade. CONCLUSION: The present study has shown clearly that evaluating HRQL as an outcome before and after different treatments for angina is feasible and useful in routine clinical practice. Measurement of HRQL discriminated between treatment groups at baseline and was responsive demonstrating improvement with each treatment alternative but most notably with CABG. The improved HROL was consistent with changes in angina severity. The MacNew may be useful when comparing outcomes across different treatments among patients with CAD and angina. Bertolotto, M., et al. \"Resistive index in patients with renal colic: differences after medical treatment with indomethacin and ketorolac.\" Radiologia Medica. 106, no. 4(2003): 370-5 UI 14612828. PURPOSE: To investigate whether colour Doppler US can demonstrate haemodynamic differences in patients with renal colic after pharmacological treatment with indomethacin and ketorolac. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 180 consecutive patients with unilateral acute renal colic with colour Doppler US; 90 were treated with indomethacin, 90 with ketorolac. Furthermore, 37 consecutive patients without obstruction (17 treated with indomethacin and 20 with ketorolac) were also examined and considered normal controls. RESULTS: In the patients with renal colic the average resistive index (RI) was significantly greater on the side of the colic after administration of either indomethacin or ketorolac (p\<0.001). The average RI in the obstructed kidneys was significantly higher in the patients treated with ketorolac than with indomethacin (p\<0.005). No statistically significant differences were shown between the average RIs of the non obstructed kidneys of the patients with renal colic and between the kidneys of the control patients treated with either indomethacin or ketorolac. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Doppler evaluation of patients with renal colic requires careful interpretation after the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), since values of renal RI depend on the drug that has been used to relieve symptoms. Bewyer, D. C., and K. J. Bewyer. \"Rationale for treatment of hip abductor pain syndrome.\" Iowa Orthopaedic Journal. 23(2003): 57-60 UI 14575251. Patients with lower back or buttock pain that radiates into the posterior or lateral leg are often referred to physical therapy with a diagnosis of sciatica. Often the physical exam does not reveal neurologic findings indicative of radiculopathy. Instead, there is hip abductor muscle pain and weakness. This syndrome involves muscle imbalances that result in overuse strain of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles, myofascial trigger points, and trochanteric bursitis. This paper describes hip abductor pain syndrome and provides a rationale for the diagnosis and treatment. \[References: 23\] Bhagat, K., and H. M. Chinyanga. \"Trends in cancer pain management.\" Central African Journal of Medicine. 46, no. 2(2000): 46-54 UI 14674210. BACKGROUND: Pain is a prevalent symptom in cancer patients, affecting up to 50% of patients undergoing active cancer treatment and up to 90% of those with advanced disease. Although adequate relief can be achieved in the majority of cancer patients, pain is often treated inadequately in traditional settings and sometimes even under the management of more specialised units. In this review the authors use their experience and that of others to review the evaluation and diagnosis of pain syndromes and the principles of management. This is in keeping with increasing recognition by bodies such as the World Health Organisation and other governmental agencies who have recognised the importance of pain management as part of routine cancer care. Conducting a comprehensive assessment, competently providing analgesic drugs, and communicating with the patient and family allow effective management of pain in the cancer patient. \[References: 37\] Bianconi, M., et al. \"The pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ropivacaine continuous wound instillation after spine fusion surgery.\" Anesthesia & Analgesia. 98, no. 1(2004): 166-72, table of contents UI 14693613. Because local anesthetic continuous wound instillation has not been evaluated after spine fusion surgery, we designed this study to determine whether this technique could enhance analgesia and improve patient outcome after posterior lumbar arthrodesis. Thirty-eight patients undergoing spine stabilization were randomly divided into two groups. The M group received a postoperative baseline IV infusion of morphine plus ketorolac for 24 h, and the R group received IV saline. In both groups, a multihole 16-gauge catheter was placed subcutaneously; in the R group, the wound was infiltrated with a solution of ropivacaine 0.5% 200 mg/40 mL, and infusion of ropivacaine 0.2% 5 mL/h was maintained for 55 h. In the M group, saline infusion was given at the same rate. Pain scores were taken at rest and on passive mobilization by nurses blinded to patient analgesic treatment. The total plasma ropivacaine concentration was evaluated. Pain scores and rescue medication requirements (diclofenac and tramadol) were significantly less in the R group than in the M group. Postoperative blood loss was less and the length of hospital stay was shorter in the R group. The ropivacaine peak total plasma concentration occurred at 24 h during infusion and was within safe limits; no toxic local anesthetic side effects were observed. These results suggest that wound infiltration and continuous instillation of ropivacaine 0.2% is effective for pain management after spine stabilization surgery. IMPLICATIONS: Postoperative pain after lumbar arthrodesis is related to soft tissue and muscle dissection and to manipulations and removal at the operation site. By blocking noxious stimuli from the surgical area, infiltration and wound perfusion with ropivacaine were more effective in controlling pain than systemic analgesia. Bianconi, M., et al. \"Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ropivacaine continuous wound instillation after joint replacement surgery.\" British Journal of Anaesthesia. 91, no. 6(2003): 830-5 UI 14633754. BACKGROUND: As continuous wound instillation with local anaesthetic has not been evaluated after hip/knee arthroplasties, our study was designed to determine whether this technique could enhance analgesia and improve patient outcome after joint replacement surgery. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients undergoing elective hip/knee arthroplasties under spinal block were randomly assigned to two analgesia groups. Group M received continuous i.v. infusion of morphine plus ketorolac for 24 h. Then, a multi-hole 16 G catheter was placed subcutaneously and infusion of saline was maintained for 55 h. Group R received i.v. saline. Thereafter the wound was infiltrated with a solution of ropivacaine 0.5% 40 ml, then a multi-hole 16 G catheter was placed subcutaneously and an infusion of ropivacaine 0.2% 5 ml h(-1) was maintained for 55 h. Visual analogue scale scores were assessed at rest and on passive mobilization by nurses blinded to analgesic treatment. Total plasma ropivacaine concentration was measured. RESULTS: Group R showed a significant reduction in postoperative pain at rest and on mobilization, while rescue medication requirements were greater in Group M. Total ropivacaine plasma concentration remained below toxic concentrations and no adverse effects occurred. Length of hospital stay was shorter in Group R. CONCLUSION: Infiltration and wound instillation with ropivacaine 0.2% is more effective in controlling postoperative pain than systemic analgesia after major joint replacement surgery. Bilgin, M., Y. Akcali, and F. Oguzkaya. \"Extrapleural regional versus systemic analgesia for relieving postthoracotomy pain: a clinical study of bupivacaine compared with metamizol.\" Journal of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery. 126, no. 5(2003): 1580-3 UI 14666036. BACKGROUND: The effects of a local anesthetic delivered through a catheter inserted in the extrapleural region by a surgeon and an analgesic agent given systemically on pain after thoracotomy were assessed. METHODS: The patients in group I (n = 25) had a catheter inserted between the parietal pleura and the endothoracic fascia by a surgeon, and 0.5% bupivacaine was given through this catheter. Another 25 patients (group II) had metamizol given intravenously. Respiratory function tests, arterial blood gases, range of shoulder motion, and postoperative pain were evaluated for each group. Bupivacaine and metamizol were given just before finishing the thoracotomy and then repeated every 4 hours for 3 days. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in arterial blood gases between the groups (P \>.05). There were statistically significant differences in the respiratory function tests, range of shoulder motion, and visual analogue scale (P \<.05) between the groups. Group I had fewer complications than group II. There was no mortality in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Bupivacaine given through a catheter to the extrapleural region before finishing thoracotomy is substantially beneficial for the prevention of postoperative pain and reduction of postoperative complications. Boden, W. E. \"Practical approach to incorporating new studies and guidelines for antiplatelet therapy in the management of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.\" American Journal of Cardiology. 93, no. 1(2004): 69-72 UI 14697469. Bolin, D. J. \"Transdermal approaches to pain in sports injury management.\" Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2, no. 6(2003): 303-9 UI 14583158. There is much lore about training room treatments for common overuse and traumatic musculoskeletal injuries. This review looks at the evidence behind many of the common transdermal treatments that are purported to reduce pain and inflammation and improve function. These include cryotherapy, laser treatments, electrical stimulation, ultrasound and phonophoresis, extracorporeal shock wave therapy, and iontophoresis. In addition, there are numerous over the counter sports creams and prescribed topical treatments that are routinely used. With the pressure to treat athletes safely and efficiently, sports practitioners must rely on well-proven evidence to build the most effective treatment plans. \[References: 52\] Bouter, L. M., et al. \"Cochrane back review group.\" Spine. 28, no. 12(2003): 1215-8 UI 12811262. Bruera, E., et al. \"Methadone versus morphine as a first-line strong opioid for cancer pain: a randomized, double-blind study.\" Journal of Clinical Oncology. 22, no. 1(2004): 185-92 UI 14701781. PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness and side effects of methadone and morphine as first-line treatment with opioids for cancer pain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients in international palliative care clinics with pain requiring initiation of strong opioids were randomly assigned to receive methadone (7.5 mg orally every 12 hours and 5 mg every 4 hours as needed) or morphine (15 mg sustained release every 12 hours and 5 mg every 4 hours as needed). The study duration was 4 weeks. RESULTS: A total of 103 patients were randomly assigned to treatment (49 in the methadone group and 54 in the morphine group). The groups had similar baseline scores for pain, sedation, nausea, confusion, and constipation. Patients receiving methadone had more opioid-related drop-outs (11 of 49; 22%) than those receiving morphine (three of 54; 6%; P =.019). The opioid escalation index at days 14 and 28 was similar between the two groups. More than three fourths of patients in each group reported a 20% or more reduction in pain intensity by day 8. The proportion of patients with a 20% or more improvement in pain at 4 weeks in the methadone group was 0.49 (95% CI, 0.34 to 0.64) and was similar in the morphine group (0.56; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.70). The rates of patient-reported global benefit were nearly identical to the pain response rates and did not differ between the treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Methadone did not produce superior analgesic efficiency or overall tolerability at 4 weeks compared with morphine as a first-line strong opioid for the treatment of cancer pain. Buggy, D. J., et al. \"Lack of analgesic efficacy of oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in postoperative pain.\" Pain. 106, no. 1-2(2003): 169-72 UI 14581124. We have evaluated the efficacy of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, in postoperative pain. In a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose trial, we investigated 40 women undergoing elective abdominal hysterectomy. Randomization took place when postoperative patient-controlled analgesia was discontinued on the second postoperative day. When patients requested further analgesia, they received a single, identical capsule of either oral delta-9-THC 5 mg (n=20) or placebo (n=20) in a double-blind fashion. The primary outcome measure was summed pain intensity difference (SPID) at 6 h after administration of study medication derived from visual analogue pain scores on movement and at rest. Secondary outcome measures were time to rescue medication and adverse effects of study medication. Mean (SD) VAS pain scores before medication in the placebo and delta-9-THC groups were 6.3(2.6) and 6.4(1.3)cm on movement, and 3.2(1.9) and 3.3(0.9) on rest, respectively. There were no significant differences in mean (95% confidence interval of the difference) SPID at 6 h between the groups \[placebo 7.9, delta-9-THC 4.3(-1.8 to 9.0)cm h on movement; placebo 8.8, delta-9-THC 4.9(-0.2 to 8.1)cm h at rest\] and time to rescue analgesia \[placebo 217, delta-9-THC 163(-22 to 130)min\]. Increased awareness of surroundings was reported more frequently in patients receiving delta-9-THC (40 vs 5%, P=0.04). There were no other significant differences with respect to adverse events. This study demonstrates no evidence of an analgesic effect of orally administered delta-9-THC 5 mg in postoperative pain in humans. Bullington, J., et al. \"Meaning out of chaos: a way to understand chronic pain.\" Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 17, no. 4(2003): 325-31 UI 14629634. Pain is a multidimensional phenomenon lying at the intersection between biology and culture. The modern understanding of pain takes into account emotional, psychological, socio-political and existential aspects of pain as well as physiological, anatomical factors. Our aim in this study was to deepen the understanding of psychosocial, existential aspects of pain and to discuss how clinicians can better understand and treat patients with chronic pain. A focus group was formed consisting of a researcher and a group of clinicians (n = 3) with various backgrounds working at a specialized pain clinic. The group met once a month during a 6-month period. Questions concerning the life-world of the pain patient as well as inquiries into the conditions for \'the good clinical encounter\' were investigated. The results of this study consist of a systematization of the data (focus group meetings) collected and analysed in a collaborative effort between the researcher and group participants. The findings are presented in terms of themes. The main metaphor used to describe the path from the seeking of medical help to successful rehabilitation was order out of chaos. Ordering chaos was a process moving from diagnosis through a phase of heightened self-awareness towards responsibility-taking on the part of the patient. Related themes presented, illustrated and discussed in the paper concern problems of linkage, the role of flexibility and creativity in the healing process and the kind of clinical encounter conducive for the journey from chaos to the creation of new meaning. Butrick, C. W. \"Interstitial cystitis and chronic pelvic pain: new insights in neuropathology, diagnosis, and treatment.\" Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology. 46, no. 4(2003): 811-23 UI 14595223. Cascinu, S., et al. \"Pain and its treatment in hospitalized patients with metastatic cancer.\" Supportive Care in Cancer. 11, no. 9(2003): 587-92 UI 12905055. GOALS: The aim of this prospective study was to assess the quality of pain management hospitalized cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a quantitative and qualitative evaluation from six oncology centers in Italy, all consecutive cancer patients complaining of pain and hospitalized during the same 2 weeks were requested to fill in a McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ), a present pain intensity scale (PPI), and a hospital anxiety and depression acale (HADS), and to answer a questionnaire focused (QF) on the quality of medical and nursing care. The healthcare provider\'s antalgic prescriptions were assessed by an index of pain management (IPM). MAIN RESULTS: Of 120 patients with pain admitted to oncology divisions (65 men and 52 women; mean age 57 years, range 21-79 years), 117 completed the questionnaires. The quantitative evaluation (PPI) showed a significant pain reduction between admission and discharge pain levels-from 2.65 to 1.50 ( p\<0.001). While a significant reduction of anxiety (HADS) was also found-from 10.24 to 9.11 ( p\<0.001)-depression did not improve (9.83 and 9.72). The most relevant information from qualitative evaluation (QF) was: in 37.6% of patients, pain level was higher overnight; 47% waited for spontaneous decrease of pain intensity before asking for nurse or physician intervention; 69% asked for nurse help when pain level was really high. The health care response to patients\' pain was not completely satisfactory, since analgesic prescription was adequate in 56.52% but inadequate in 43.47%. CONCLUSIONS: Pain control in hospitalized cancer patients is not completely satisfactory. The physician\'s attitude is to underestimate and undertreat pain, while nurses are not adequately trained for timely intervention despite published guidelines for pain management. The findings of this study support the concern of inadequate knowledge and inappropriate attitudes regarding pain management, even in cancer patients hospitalized in medical oncology divisions. Chaitman, B. R., et al. \"Effects of ranolazine with atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem on exercise tolerance and angina frequency in patients with severe chronic angina: a randomized controlled trial.\[see comment\].\" Jama. 291, no. 3(2004): 309-16 UI 14734593. CONTEXT: Many patients with chronic angina experience anginal episodes despite revascularization and antianginal medications. In a previous trial, antianginal monotherapy with ranolazine, a drug believed to partially inhibit fatty acid oxidation, increased treadmill exercise performance; however, its long-term efficacy and safety have not been studied in combination with beta-blockers or calcium antagonists in a large patient population with severe chronic angina. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether, at trough levels, ranolazine improves the total exercise time of patients who have symptoms of chronic angina and who experience angina and ischemia at low workloads despite taking standard doses of atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem and to determine times to angina onset and to electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia, effect on angina attacks and nitroglycerin use, and effect on long-term survival in an open-label observational study extension. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: A randomized, 3-group parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 823 eligible adults with symptomatic chronic angina who were randomly assigned to receive placebo or 1 of 2 doses of ranolazine. Patients treated at the 118 participating ambulatory outpatient settings in several countries were enrolled in the Combination Assessment of Ranolazine In Stable Angina (CARISA) trial from July 1999 to August 2001 and followed up through October 31, 2002. INTERVENTION: Patients received twice-daily placebo or 750 mg or 1000 mg of ranolazine. Treadmill exercise 12 hours (trough) and 4 hours (peak) after dosing was assessed after 2, 6 (trough only), and 12 weeks of treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change in exercise duration, time to onset of angina, time to onset of ischemia, nitroglycerin use, and number of angina attacks. RESULTS: Trough exercise duration increased by 115.6 seconds from baseline in both ranolazine groups (pooled) vs 91.7 seconds in the placebo group (P =.01). The times to angina and to electrocardiographic ischemia also increased in the ranolazine groups, at peak more than at trough. The increases did not depend on changes in blood pressure, heart rate, or background antianginal therapy and persisted throughout 12 weeks. Ranolazine reduced angina attacks and nitroglycerin use by about 1 per week vs placebo (P\<.02). Survival of 750 patients taking ranolazine during the CARISA trial or its associated long-term open-label study was 98.4% in the first year and 95.9% in the second year. CONCLUSION: Twice-daily doses of ranolazine increased exercise capacity and provided additional antianginal relief to symptomatic patients with severe chronic angina taking standard doses of atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem, without evident adverse, long-term survival consequences over 1 to 2 years of therapy. Chandler, A., F. Kinnaird, and M. Wood. \"Developing and implementing a pain management benchmark.\" Nursing Times. 99, no. 39(2003): 46-7 UI 14562663. For most patients, pain is an inevitable part of the cancer journey. Pain may be acute or chronic, it may be related to the disease process or to treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy. For 80-90 per cent of patients with cancer, effective pain relief could be attained using the analgesic guidelines outlined by the World Health Organization (1996). However, in routine practice this is not achieved (Portenoy and Lesage, 1999), which highlights the need to review and improve practice continuously. Chung, J. W., and J. C. Lui. \"Postoperative pain management: study of patients\' level of pain and satisfaction with health care providers\' responsiveness to their reports of pain.\" Nursing & Health Sciences. 5, no. 1(2003): 13-21 UI 12603717. The present prospective survey was conducted in a 1200-bed hospital to examine postoperative patients\' current pain intensity, most intense pain experienced, satisfaction with postoperative pain management, and differences regarding pain and satisfaction levels. All adult patients admitted to a hospital in Hong Kong for surgery, except those receiving local anesthesia, were eligible to enter this study. The patient outcome questionnaire developed by the American Pain Society was used to solicit data about patients\' pain and satisfaction with pain relief. The subjects were 294 postoperative patients. Approximately 85% complained about varying degrees of pain during the 24 h prior to the assessment of their pain. When interviewed, most patients complained of mild to moderate pain (median = 2 on a 10-point scale), while the median for \'worst pain intensity\' was 5. Approximately 80% of the subjects indicated that both the nurses and physicians reminded them to report pain when it occurred. Only 143 (48.6%) agreed that the nurses and physicians sufficiently emphasized the importance of pain relief. Those who received acute pain services, provided by anesthetists, reported lower levels of current pain intensity. Over 65% of the subjects were satisfied with all levels of health care providers, regarding their postoperative pain management. Cohen, M. R. \"Patient controlled analgesia. Pushing for safe pain relief.\" Nursing. 33, no. 11(2003): 10 UI 14653251. Conroy, B. P., et al. \"Interscalene block for elective shoulder surgery.\" Orthopedics. 26, no. 5(2003): 501-3 UI 12755214. This study assessed patient experiences with interscalene block anesthesia for elective shoulder surgery. Routine use of interscalene anesthesia was introduced at our institution in 1997. All patients who underwent interscalene anesthesia during the first 3 years of our experience with this regional anesthetic technique were asked to respond to an anesthesia-related questionnaire. Overall patient satisfaction with interscalene anesthesia was 87%, and success rate in achieving a complete motor and sensory block was 79%. The duration of pain relief postoperatively was 10.5 hours for patients with a successful block. Patients consistently reported that having an interscalene block was less painful than anticipated; 90% said they would have interscalene anesthesia again for shoulder surgery. This study demonstrates that interscalene anesthesia for elective shoulder surgery is safe and well accepted in this patient population. Cook, P., J. Stevens, and C. Gaudron. \"Comparing the effects of femoral nerve block versus femoral and sciatic nerve block on pain and opiate consumption after total knee arthroplasty.\" Journal of Arthroplasty. 18, no. 5(2003): 583-6 UI 12934209. The goal of this study was to compare femoral and femoral plus sciatic nerve blocks in the postoperative pain management of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A total of 97 patients participated in a convenience sample, comparative study. Patients who received femoral nerve block only (n = 30) reported statistically higher pain scores (P \<.05) and showed 61% higher opiate consumption than those who received femoral and sciatic nerve blocks (n = 67) in the first 24 hours after surgery. The results suggest that the combined femoral and sciatic nerve block provides superior pain management in the early postoperative period after TKA. Crane, R. A., P. C. Wilson, and G. Behrens. \"Pain control in hospice home care: management guidelines.\" American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care. 7, no. 6(1990): 39-42 UI 14686472. Cremeans-Smith, J. K., et al. \"Spouses\' and physicians\' perceptions of pain severity in older women with osteoarthritis: dyadic agreement and patients\' well-being.\" Pain. 106, no. 1-2(2003): 27-34 UI 14581107. This study examined agreement between patients and two role partners (spouses and physicians) on patients\' pain severity and the relationships between dyadic agreement and patients\' well-being. We hypothesized that compared to disagreement between patients and role partners, dyadic agreement would be related to better psychological well-being (more disease-specific self-efficacy and positive affect, and less depression). Participants were 114 older women with osteoarthritis, their caregiving husbands, and their rheumatologists. Among patient-spouse dyads, agreement was associated with better well-being, especially when compared to spouses\' underestimation of patients\' pain. Contrary to predictions, patient-physician agreement was not related to better patient well-being. Agreement between patients and physicians was associated with less (rather than more) self-efficacy and positive affect when compared to physicians\' underestimation of patients\' pain. Cunliffe, J. \"Reflections on pain management: a case study.\" International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 9, no. 10(2003): 449-53 UI 14593283. This article discusses issues relating to pain management at the end of life. Through reflections on a case study of a single patient many aspects of pain management are highlighted. These include difficulties in assessing pain, the need to respect patient autonomy, out-of-hours concerns and the possible role of integrated care pathways. The need to be aware of the potential value of non-pharmaceutical approaches is also discussed. Dahl, J. L. \"The myths and realities of pain control with opioids.\" Wmj. 102, no. 5(2003): 19 UI 14621926. D\'Arcy, Y. \"Using tunneled epidural catheters to treat cancer pain.\" Nursing. 33, no. 9(2003): 17 UI 14562821. Dawkins, S. \"Patient-controlled analgesia after coronary artery bypass grafting.\" Nursing Times. 99, no. 47(2003): 30-1 UI 14689672. Patient-controlled analgesia is a method of pain control that allows the patient to self-administer opioid medication as and when it is needed. Pain is a personal experience and one pain-relieving intervention may not be effective for all patients. This article reviews the literature on patient-controlled analgesia, particularly with reference to patients after coronary artery bypass grafting. Pain policies and education programmes need to be proactive in addressing staff and patient gaps in knowledge and misconceptions about pain assessment and management. Nurses need to appreciate the nature and importance of research in promoting a more critical approach to patient care and the development of quality nursing practice. \[References: 19\] Debreceni, G., et al. \"Continuous epidural or intercostal analgesia following thoracotomy: a prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial.\" Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 47, no. 9(2003): 1091-5 UI 12969101. BACKGROUND: Pain following thoracotomy is frequently associated with clinically important abnormalities of pulmonary function. The aim of the current study was to compare the efficacy of continuous thoracic epidural analgesia (EDA) to continuous intercostal (IC) block for postoperative pain and pulmonary function in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. METHODS: Fifty patients undergoing lung lobectomy for malignancies were randomized into two groups (25/group). Respiratory function (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume per 1 s/forced vital capacity, maximum midexpiratory flow rate, peak expiratory flow rate) were evaluated preoperatively, within 4 h after the operation and on the first postoperative day. Visual analog scale (VAS: 0-10) scores were evaluated four-hourly for 20 h. RESULTS: The VAS scores were significantly lower in the EDA versus IC group at the 4th, 8th, and 12th h of observation (mean +/- SD) 5.5 +/- 2.9 vs. 7.3 +/- 2.2 P = 0.04; 4.1 +/- 2.1 vs. 5.1 +/- 2.9 P = 0.02; 3.6 +/- 1.9 vs. 5.2 +/- 2.4 P = 0.01, respectively. Respiratory function parameters deteriorated significantly in both groups (P \< 0.001) with no significant difference between the groups. Only one major adverse effect was detected: one patient suffered from rib osteomyelitis after intercostal cannulation and healed following surgical repair. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study show that following thoracotomy in the early postoperative period continuous EDA is a better pain relieving method than continuous IC block, as indicated by the VAS scores. Dell, H. \"New compound fires up pain research.\" Drug Discovery Today. 8, no. 23(2003): 1053 UI 14693457. Dernedde, M., et al. \"Comparison of different concentrations of levobupivacaine for post-operative epidural analgesia.\" Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 47, no. 7(2003): 884-90 UI 12859311. BACKGROUND: The relative effects of the mass, volume and concentration of local anaesthetic solution used for epidural anaesthesia and analgesia are still under debate. Clinical studies have shown discrepancies, probably because of limited consideration of total dose. METHODS: This prospective, randomized and blinded study evaluated the spread, the quality of post-operative analgesia and the incidence of side-effects of continuous thoracic epidural levobupivacaine 15 mg/h in three different concentrations: 1.5 mg/ml, 10 ml/h (n = 26), 5 mg/ml, 3 ml/h (n = 33) or 7.5 mg/ml, 2 ml/h (n = 31). The following variables were registered within 48 h: sensory block, pain scores, rescue morphine consumption, motor blockade, haemodynamics, sedation, nausea and vomiting, and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: The three groups were similar with regard to demographics, quality of analgesia, morphine consumption, and satisfaction rate. The upper level of sensory block was two segments higher in the 1.5 mg/ml group. Motor blockade in the lower limbs was low in the three groups. Haemodynamic profile was more stable in the higher concentration groups compared with the 1.5 mg/ml patient group (P \< 0.001). Nausea was more frequent in the 1.5 mg/ml group (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The same dose of levobupivacaine provides an equal quality of analgesia in low or high volume continuous thoracic epidural infusion with reduced haemodynamic instability and nausea in the low volume/high concentration groups. Derrode, N., et al. \"Influence of peroperative opioid on postoperative pain after major abdominal surgery: sufentanil TCI versus remifentanil TCI. A randomized, controlled study.\" British Journal of Anaesthesia. 91, no. 6(2003): 842-9 UI 14633756. BACKGROUND: Sufentanil and remifentanil are characterized by two different pharmacokinetic profiles. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of sufentanil and remifentanil administered using target-controlled infusion (TCI) on recovery and postoperative analgesia after major abdominal surgery. METHODS: Thirty adult patients scheduled for open colorectal surgery were included in a prospective, randomized study. Sufentanil TCI (sufentanil group) or remifentanil TCI (remifentanil group) was administered during surgery. In the remifentanil group, 30 min before the anticipated end of surgery, morphine 0.15 mg x kg(-1) was administered i.v. In the sufentanil group, an effect-site concentration of 0.25 ng x ml(-1) was targeted at extubation. In both groups, postoperative pain was controlled by titration of i.v. morphine and then patient-controlled analgesia with morphine. RESULTS: The extubation time was similar in the two groups (mean (SD) 13 (6) and 14 (6) min in the sufentanil and remifentanil groups respectively). Visual analogue scale scores were significantly greater during the first 2 h after tracheal extubation in the remifentanil group than in the sufentanil group. The time to first analgesic request in the postanaesthesia care unit was significantly longer in the sufentanil group than in the remifentanil group (55 (64) (range 2-240) vs 11 (7) (1-29) min; P\<0.001). The cumulative morphine dose for titration was significantly greater in the remifentanil group (P\<0.01). The cumulative morphine dose used during titration and patient-controlled analgesia was significantly greater in the remifentanil group 4, 12 and 24 h after extubation (P\<0.05). CONCLUSION: TCI sufentanil (0.25 ng ml(-1) effect-site concentration at extubation) is more effective than the intraoperative combination of remifentanil TCI infusion with morphine bolus (0.15 mg x kg(-1)) for postoperative pain relief after major abdominal surgery and does not compromise extubation and recovery. Diener, H. C. \"Important advances in headache.\" Lancet. Neurology. 3, no. 1(2004): 12 UI 14693101. Dowling, R., et al. \"Improved pain control after cardiac surgery: results of a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial.\[see \].\" Journal of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery. 126, no. 5(2003): 1271-8 UI 14665996. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether a continuous regional infusion of a local anesthetic delivered to the operative site would result in decreased levels of postoperative pain and narcotic requirements for patients who undergo a standard median sternotomy for cardiac surgery. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted at a single center. Patients who were undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery alone or combined with laser transmyocardial revascularization received bilateral intercostal nerve blocks with either ropivacaine or saline. At wound closure, 2 catheters with multiple side openings were inserted percutaneously and placed directly over the sternum. The same agent (ropivacaine vs saline) was then administered as a continuous regional infusion for 48 hours through an elastomeric pump. Requirements for postoperative systemic narcotic analgesics and pain assessment scores were recorded for 72 hours after the operation. Secondary outcome measures were hospital length of stay and pulmonary function test results. Pain scores and narcotic use on the second postoperative day were also compared to avoid the confounding influence of anesthesia administered at the time of the operation. RESULTS: The total amount of narcotic analgesia required by the ropivacaine group was significantly less than that of the control group (47.3 vs 78.7 mg, respectively; P =.038). The ropivacaine group required less narcotics on postoperative day 2 as well (15.5 vs 29.4 mg, P =.025). The mean overall pain scores for the ropivacaine group were significantly less than the mean overall scores for the normal saline group (1.6 vs 2.6, respectively; P =.005). Patients receiving ropivacaine had a mean length of stay of 5.2 days compared with 8.2 days for patients in the normal saline group (P =.001). Excluding the data from outliers (length of stay = 39 days), the normal saline group mean length of stay was 6.3 days (P \<.01). There was no difference in assessment of pulmonary function. CONCLUSION: Continuous delivery of local anesthetics significantly improved postoperative pain control while decreasing the amount of narcotic analgesia required in patients who underwent standard median sternotomy. There was also a significant decrease in hospital length of stay, which is likely to result in significant cost reductions. Du Manoir, B., et al. \"Randomized prospective study of the analgesic effect of nefopam after orthopaedic surgery.\" British Journal of Anaesthesia. 91, no. 6(2003): 836-41 UI 14633755. BACKGROUND: Balanced postoperative analgesia combines non-narcotic drugs and opioids. We organized a large study to evaluate nefopam analgesia and tolerance in combination with morphine for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) after orthopaedic surgery. METHODS: Two hundred and one patients scheduled to undergo hip arthroplasty were included in this multicentre (n=24), double-blind, randomized study comparing nefopam (20 mg every 4 h for 24 h) with placebo, the first dose being infused peroperatively. The primary outcome measure was the cumulative morphine dose received postoperatively by PCA over 24 h. Secondary outcome measures were the amount of morphine received as a loading dose in the postanaesthesia care unit (PACU) and during the 24-h observation period, and pain assessments using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a verbal pain scale (VPS), patient\'s satisfaction with analgesia and treatment tolerance. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable with respect to their characteristics and preoperative pain assessment. PCA-administered morphine over 24 h was significantly less for the nefopam group than the control group (21.2 (15.3) and 27.3 (19.2) mg respectively; P=0.02). This morphine-sparing effect was greater (35.1%) for patients with severe preoperative pain (VAS\>30/100). For the entire study period (loading dose and PCA), morphine use was less for the nefopam group (34.5 (19.6) vs 42.7 (23.6) mg; P=0.01). Pain VAS at PACU arrival and during the whole PACU period was significantly lower for the nefopam than for the placebo group (P=0.002 and 0.04 respectively). Patient satisfaction was similar for the nefopam and placebo groups. CONCLUSION: In combination with PCA morphine, nefopam gives significant morphine-sparing with lower immediate postoperative pain scores without major side-effects. This analgesic effect seems to be particularly notable for patients with intense preoperative pain. Dworkin, R. H., et al. \"Pregabalin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.\[see comment\].\" Neurology. 60, no. 8(2003): 1274-83 UI 12707429. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of pregabalin in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). METHODS: The authors conducted a multicenter, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 8-week, randomized clinical trial in PHN, defined as pain for 3 or more months following herpes zoster rash healing. Patients (n = 173) were randomized to treatment with pregabalin or placebo. Patients randomized to pregabalin received either 600 mg/day (creatinine clearance \> 60 mL/min) or 300 mg/day (creatinine clearance 30 to 60 mL/min). The primary efficacy measure was the mean of the last seven daily pain ratings. Secondary endpoints included additional pain ratings, sleep interference, quality of life, mood, and patient and clinician ratings of global improvement. RESULTS: Pregabalin-treated patients had greater decreases in pain than patients treated with placebo (endpoint mean scores 3.60 vs 5.29, p = 0.0001). Pain was significantly reduced in the pregabalin-treated patients after the first full day of treatment and throughout the study, and significant improvement on the McGill Pain Questionnaire total, sensory, and affective pain scores was also found. The proportions of patients with \>or=30% and \>or=50% decreases in mean pain scores were greater in the pregabalin than in the placebo group (63% vs 25% and 50% vs 20%, p = 0.001). Sleep also improved in patients treated with pregabalin compared to placebo (p = 0.0001). Both patients and clinicians were more likely to report global improvement with pregabalin than placebo (p = 0.001). Given the maximal dosage studied, pregabalin had acceptable tolerability compared to placebo despite a greater incidence of side effects, which were generally mild to moderate in intensity. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of PHN with pregabalin is safe, efficacious in relieving pain and sleep interference, and associated with greater global improvement than treatment with placebo. Eefting, F., et al. \"Randomized comparison between stenting and off-pump bypass surgery in patients referred for angioplasty.\" Circulation. 108, no. 23(2003): 2870-6 UI 14656913. BACKGROUND: Stenting improves cardiac outcome in comparison with balloon angioplasty. Compared with conventional surgery, off-pump bypass surgery on the beating heart without cardiopulmonary bypass may reduce morbidity, hospital stay, and costs. The purpose, therefore, was to compare cardiac outcome, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness 1 year after stenting and after off-pump surgery. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients referred for angioplasty (n=280) were randomly assigned to stenting (n=138) or off-pump bypass surgery. At 1 year, survival free from stroke, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization was 85.5% after stenting and 91.5% after off-pump surgery (relative risk, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.02). Freedom from angina was 78.3% after stenting and 87.0% after off-pump surgery (P=0.06). Quality-adjusted lifetime was 0.82 year after stenting and 0.79 year after off-pump surgery (P=0.09). Hospital stay after the initial procedure was 1.43 and 5.77 days, respectively (P\<0.01). Stenting reduced overall costs by 2933 dollars (26.2%) per patient (8276 dollars versus 11 209 dollars; P\<0.01). Stenting was more cost-effective in 95% of the bootstrap estimates. CONCLUSIONS: At 1 year, stenting was more cost-effective than off-pump surgery while maintaining comparable cardiac outcome and quality of life. Stenting rather than off-pump surgery, therefore, can be recommended as a first-choice revascularization strategy in selected patients. Ehrmann, E. H., H. H. Messer, and G. G. Adams. \"The relationship of intracanal medicaments to postoperative pain in endodontics.\" International Endodontic Journal. 36, no. 12(2003): 868-75 UI 14641427. AIM: To investigate the relationship of postoperative pain to three different medicaments placed in the root canal after a complete biomechanical debridement of the root canal system in patients presenting for emergency relief of pain. METHODOLOGY: Two hundred and twenty-three teeth belonging to 221 patients presenting as emergencies to the Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne were included in the study. Inclusion was limited to patients with a diagnosis of pulp necrosis and acute apical periodontitis. All teeth underwent conventional root canal treatment, which involved the instrumentation to the apices of each canal at the first visit. Canals were instrumented using a stepback technique and hand-files along with irrigants using Milton\'s (1% sodium hypochlorite) solution followed by 15% EDTAC. The canals were dried and one of the following three medicaments was inserted into the canal in random sequence: Group 1: Ledermix paste (Lederle Pharmaceuticals, Division of Cyanamid, Wolfratshausen, Germany); Group 2: calcium hydroxide paste (Calcipulpe, Septodont, France); and Group 3: no dressing. Before dismissal, the preoperative pain experienced on the previous night was recorded using a visual analogue pain scale. Patients were then instructed to record the degree of pain experienced 4 h after treatment and daily for a further 4 days. RESULTS: The mean score pain for all three groups was between 42 and 48 prior to treatment being commenced. After 4 days, the pain score for Group 2 was 10, for Group 3 was 7 and for Group 1 was 4. Mean preoperative pain level was 44.4 (of a maximum 100) for all groups, and declined by 50% (to 22.1) after 24 h. Patients in Group 1 (Ledermix) experienced significantly less (P = 0.04) postoperative pain than those in the other two groups. There was no significant difference between Group 2 (calcium hydroxide) and Group 3 (no dressing). CONCLUSION: Under the conditions of this study, painful teeth with acute apical periodontitis that had been dressed with Ledermix paste gave rise to less pain than that experienced by patients who had a dressing of calcium hydroxide or no dressing at all. Ledermix is an effective intracanal medicament for the control of postoperative pain associated with acute apical periodontitis, with a rapid onset of pain reduction. Enck, R. E. \"Complications in pain management.\" American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care. 7, no. 6(1990): 3-5 UI 14686463. Fava, M. \"The role of the serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems in the treatment of psychological and physical symptoms of depression.\" Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 64, no. Suppl 13(2003): 26-9 UI 14552653. Major depressive disorder is a medical condition that includes abnormalities of affect and mood, cognition, and physical functioning. In particular, as many as 76% of patients suffering from depression are found to report somatic symptoms, including various types of pain such as headaches, stomach pain, back pain, and vague, poorly localized pain. Although the pathophysiology of depression is still unknown, there is significant evidence for abnormalities of the norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter systems in depressive disorders. Interestingly, both 5-HT and NE also appear to exert analgesic effects via descending pain pathways and therefore play a modulating role in pain. There are many effective antidepressant treatments available. However, residual symptoms are relatively common, among both partial responders and responders without remission. A recent study from our group has shown that responders who have not achieved remission have significantly more somatic symptoms than remitters following 8 weeks of treatment with fluoxetine. These data may suggest that antidepressants that are particularly effective in the treatment of pain and painful physical symptoms may yield higher remission rates in major depressive disorder. \[References: 34\] Faymonville, M. E., et al. \"Increased cerebral functional connectivity underlying the antinociceptive effects of hypnosis.\" Cognitive Brain Research. 17, no. 2(2003): 255-62 UI 12880897. The neural mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive effects of hypnosis are not well understood. Using positron emission tomography (PET), we recently showed that the activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (midcingulate area 24a\') covaries with the hypnosis-induced reduction of affective and sensory responses to noxious thermal stimulation \[Faymonville et al., Anesthesiology 92 (2000) 1257-1267\]. In the present study, we assessed changes in cerebral functional connectivity related to the hypnotic state, compared to simple distraction and the resting state. Nineteen highly hypnotizable right-handed volunteers were studied using H2(15)O-PET. The experimental conditions were hot noxious or warm non-noxious stimulation of the right hand during resting state, mental imagery and hypnotic state. Using a psychophysiological interaction analysis, we identified brain areas that would respond to noxious stimulations under the modulatory action of the midcingulate cortex in, and only in, the hypnotic state. Hypnosis, compared to the resting state, reduced pain perception by 50%. Pain perception during rest and mental imagery was not significantly different. Analysis of PET data showed that the hypnotic state, compared to normal alertness (i.e., rest and mental imagery), significantly enhanced the functional modulation between midcingulate cortex and a large neural network encompassing bilateral insula, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, pre-supplementary motor area, right prefrontal cortex and striatum, thalamus and brainstem. These findings point to a critical role for the midcingulate cortex in the modulation of a large cortical and subcortical network underlying its influence on sensory, affective, cognitive and behavioral aspects of nociception, in the specific context of hypnosis. Ferreira de Albuquerque, R., Jr., et al. \"Temporomandibular disorder or Eagle\'s syndrome? A clinical report.\" Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 90, no. 4(2003): 317-20 UI 14564284. This clinical report describes the diagnosis and treatment of a patient under emotional stress with orofacial pain, headaches, and the feeling of a foreign body in the throat. An elongated styloid process at the beginning of the oral pharynx was diagnosed. Although these symptoms could be aspects of Eagle\'s syndrome, deflective occlusal interferences, tender muscles of mastication, and a clicking temporomandibular joint led to an evaluation for temporomandibular disorder related to malocclusion. An occlusal splint was used to confirm the diagnosis and to alleviate symptoms. Occlusal adjustments were subsequently performed. In a 10-year follow-up, the patient had no complaints. Fillingim, R. B. \"Hyperalgesia versus response bias in fibromyalgia.\" Pain. 105, no. 3(2003): 385-6 UI 14527698. Forster, J. G., et al. \"Epinephrine added to a lumbar epidural infusion of a small-dose ropivacaine-fentanyl mixture after arterial bypass surgery of the lower extremities.\" Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 47, no. 9(2003): 1106-13 UI 12969104. BACKGROUND: The addition of epinephrine (2 micro g.ml-1) to a thoracic epidural infusion of an opioid-local anesthetic mixture improves analgesia. Here, we studied whether epinephrine could improve analgesia also at lumbar level, when added to an epidural infusion of a low-dose ropivacaine-fentanyl mixture after arterial bypass surgery of the legs. METHODS: Patients in group RFE (n = 21) received a postoperative epidural infusion containing ropivacaine (1 mg.ml-1), fentanyl (2 micro g.ml-1), and epinephrine (2 micro g.ml-1). Patients in group RF (n = 25) received a similar infusion without epinephrine. The infusion speed was 1 ml.10 kg-1. h-1. The infusion was scheduled for 48 h. RESULTS: Epinephrine did not reduce the need for rescue pain medication. Visual analog scale scores (VAS) for pain at rest were low and similar in the groups. Pain intensity was stronger during leg movement \[mean VAS 1.5-2.6 (range 0-9)\], but it was not affected by the coadministration of epinephrine. The groups did not differ concerning frequency and severity of side-effects. Epinephrine did not reduce fentanyl plasma concentrations. Ropivacaine concentrations were slightly lower in group RFE only in the samples 6 h from the start of the infusion, but not anymore on the first and second postoperative day. CONCLUSION: In the dosage used here, epinephrine did not improve epidural lumbar analgesia. Different distances from the epidural application site to the alpha2-adrenergic receptors of the spinal cord, and differing epinephrine dose requirements may explain why epinephrine as an additive improves epidural analgesia at thoracic, but not at lumbar level. Frerick, H., et al. \"Topical treatment of chronic low back pain with a capsicum plaster.\" Pain. 106, no. 1-2(2003): 59-64 UI 14581111. The efficacy and tolerance of a capsicum plaster in non-specific low back pain was investigated in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled multicentre parallel group study. A total of 320 patients were randomly assigned to two groups of n=160 subjects treated by the active or the placebo plaster. The main outcome measures used were a compound pain subscore of the Arhus low back rating scale (continuous variable), and a response criterion of a reduction in pain subscore=30% from baseline to final assessment (secondary, non-continuous variable). In addition, the partial pain scores, disability and mobility restriction subscores, the total score of the Arhus low back rating scale, the global evaluation of efficacy by investigator and patient, adverse events, a patient questionnaire on use of the plaster, and an evaluation of tolerance by investigator and patient were obtained. After 3 weeks treatment with capsicum and placebo plaster respectively, the compound pain subscore was reduced by 42% (capsicum) and 31% (placebo) from values on entry. Responder rate was 67% versus 49% (p=0.002). The investigators rated efficacy as \"excellent\" or \"good\" by 74% and 36%; the patient\'s efficacy rating \"symptomfree\" or \"improved\" reached 82% and 50%. Adverse local drug reactions were found in 12 patients (7.5%) on capsicum and 5 (3.1%) on placebo. No systemic side-effects were observed. The superiority of the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain with capsicum plaster compared to placebo was clinically relevant and highly statistically significant. The capsicum plaster offers a genuine alternative in the treatment of non-specific low back pain. Garrido, I. P., et al. \"Comparison of ischemia-modified albumin levels in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for unstable angina pectoris with versus without coronary collaterals.\" American Journal of Cardiology. 93, no. 1(2004): 88-90 UI 14697474. This study compared ischemia-modified albumin levels, a marker of ischemia in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Ischemia-modified albumin levels were significantly lower in patients with collateral circulation compared with those without collateral circulation. Gerard, S., B. H. Smith, and J. A. Simpson. \"A randomized controlled trial of spiritual healing in restricted neck movement.\[see comment\].\" Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine. 9, no. 4(2003): 467-77 UI 14499022. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effectiveness of visiting a spiritual healer in restricted neck movement. DESIGN: Pragmatic randomized controlled trial. SETTING/LOCATION: Spiritual-healing clinic in Aberdeen, Scotland. SUBJECTS: Sixty-eight (68) volunteers over the age of 18 years with restricted neck movement not currently receiving spiritual healing. INTERVENTION: Three weekly sessions of spiritual healing treatment lasting approximately 30 minutes each. Control group received normal care (no spiritual healing). OUTCOME MEASURES: Range of neck movement in three directions. Visual analog scales of pain and overall well-being, Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey general health questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Chronic Pain Grade were also measured. RESULTS: After treatment, the change from baseline in rotation and flexion-extension was significantly greater in the treatment group compared to the control group (mean standard deviation \[SD\]: 26.3 degrees (21.0 degrees) versus 2.1 degrees (15.1 degrees), p \< 0.001 and 20.7 degrees (23.0 degrees) versus -0.03 degrees (15.2 degrees), p \< 0.001, respectively). Subjects from the treatment group were also observed to have reduced their pain severity scores after 3 weeks of treatment compared to those of the control group (median change from baseline \[range\], -2.25 \[-8, 2\] versus 0 (-6, 4), p = 0.03). For SF-36, the treatment group had significantly improved their scores more than the control group for physical function and energy and vitality. There was a shift in the treatment group toward milder chronic pain grades but this was not significant. There were no significant differences between treatment and control groups in the other outcome measures. CONCLUSION: This study tentatively supports the effectiveness of visiting a spiritual healer in restricted neck movement. However, larger studies over longer periods, with placebo interventions, are required for corroboration and to gauge the scale of treatment effect. Gerlach, K., et al. \"Postoperative analgesia after preincisional administration of remifentanil.\" Minerva Anestesiologica. 69, no. 6(2003): 563-9, 569-73 UI 14564253. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess postoperative analgesia after preincisional and postincisional administration of remifentanil. METHODS: Randomized trial, 24 hours. Setting: University hospital, hospitalized care. Patients: 48 adult patients scheduled for lumbar vertebral surgery. Interventions: in group R5, patients received an infusion of 0.2 microg kg(-1) min(-1) remifentanil over 5 minutes, followed by a break of 15 minutes before anesthesia was started. Anesthesia was induced by infusion of 0.25 microg kg(-1) min(-1) remifentanil and a bolus of 1.5 microg kg(-1) propofol, followed by a continuous infusion of 2 to 3 microg kg(-1) h-1 propofol and 0.25 microg kg(-1) min(-1) remifentanil until end of anesthesia. In group R20, patients received 0.05 microg kg(-1) min(-1) remifentanil over 20 minutes before the induction of anesthesia. In group RL, anesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol. After surgery began, a remifentanil infusion of 0.5 microg kg(-1) min(-1) was given for 50 minutes, then reduced to 0.25 microg kg(-1) min(-1). The total remifentanil doses were similar in the 3 groups. Measures: patients used patient-controlled analgesia (piritramide) for postoperative pain management. They recorded pain on a numeric rating scale every half hour. Statistics: Kruskal-Wallis test, pairwise Mann-Withney U-test, orthogonal polynomials (pain scores). RESULTS: Patients given postincisional remifentanil (RL) had the slowest decrease in postoperative pain scores (p\<0.01) and the highest cumulative piritramide consumption (p\<0.08). CONCLUSION: The preincisional administration of remifentanil followed by a continuous infusion of 0.25 microg kg(-1) min(-1) appears to reduce pain scores and piritramid consumption when compared with a postincisional regimen. Gibler, W. B., A. L. Blomkalns, and S. P. Collins. \"Evaluation of chest pain and heart failure in the emergency department: impact of multimarker strategies and B-type natriuretic peptide.\" Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine. 4, no. Suppl 4(2003): S47-55 UI 14564228. In the emergency setting, acute chest pain and shortness of breath represent common patient presentations. Cardiac biomarkers including myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK)-MB, troponin, and b-type natriuretic peptide provide diagnostic and prognostic information for patients with chest pain and shortness of breath. This article reviews the use of cardiac biomarkers in the emergency department to evaluate acute coronary syndrome and congestive heart failure. \[References: 46\] Gimbel, J. S., P. Richards, and R. K. Portenoy. \"Controlled-release oxycodone for pain in diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial.\[see comment\].\" Neurology. 60, no. 6(2003): 927-34 UI 12654955. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Opioid treatment has played a limited role in the management of diabetic neuropathy, in part because of concerns about the responsiveness of neuropathic pain to opioid treatment. This controlled study evaluated the efficacy and safety of controlled-release (CR) oxycodone in subjects with moderate to severe pain due to diabetic neuropathy. METHODS: This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study included 159 subjects with moderate to severe pain due to diabetic neuropathy. Treatment began with either one 10-mg tablet of CR oxycodone (n = 82) or identical placebo (n = 77) every 12 hours. Doses could be increased every 3 days to a maximum of 6 tablets (60 mg CR oxycodone) every 12 hours. Treatment lasted up to 6 weeks. The primary efficacy variable was overall average daily pain intensity during study days 28 to 42. RESULTS: At an average (SD) dose of 37 (21) mg per day (range 10 to 99 mg/d), CR oxycodone provided more analgesia than placebo (p= 0.002) in the intent-to-treat cohort. From days 28 to 42, overall average daily pain intensity (least squares mean +/-SE), rated in subject diaries on a numeric scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as bad as you can imagine), was 4.1 +/- 0.3 in subjects given CR oxycodone and 5.3 +/- 0.3 in placebo-treated subjects. Overall, 80 (96%) of 82 subjects given CR oxycodone and 52 (68%) of 77 subjects who received placebo reported adverse events. The most common adverse events in the CR oxycodone group were opioid related. CONCLUSIONS: In this 6-week trial, CR oxycodone was effective for the treatment of moderate to severe pain due to diabetic neuropathy. Adverse events were typical of opioid-related side effects. Goodman, D., P. B. Hiniker, and J. M. Paley. \"How to improve home care pain management processes.\" Home Healthcare Nurse. 21, no. 5(2003): 325-34 UI 12792414. This article describes the process and tools one agency used when their ORYX indicator, \"managing a patient\'s pain,\" was consistently below the national benchmark. The process can be used for addressing Adverse Events through the OBQI Process as well. Goodman, M. B. \"Sensation is painless.\" Trends in Neurosciences. 26, no. 12(2003): 643-5 UI 14624845. Emily Dickinson declared: \'After great pain, a formal feeling comes\'. This formal feeling begins when sensory neurons are activated by noxious stimuli, such as stepping on a tack. Recently, Seymour Benzer\'s group identified sensory neurons in Drosophila larvae that mediate aversive responses to noxious heat and mechanical stimuli. Thresholds for behavioral and nerve responses are elevated by mutations in the painless gene, which encodes a TRP ion channel protein. Painless thus joins an elite group of TRPs implicated in sensory transduction in insects, nematodes, mammals and fish. \[References: 19\] Goolsby, M. J. \"Diagnosis and treatment of heel pain.\" Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 15, no. 11(2003): 485-6 UI 14685984. The American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAC) clinical practice guideline (CPG) summarizes the literature on the assessment and diagnosis of heel pain. The framework classifies heel pain depending on whether the cause is mechanical, neurological, arthritic, traumatic, or from another origin. Treatment strategies are included for the most common form of heel pain that are caused by mechanical problems. Graven-Nielsen, T., and L. Arendt-Nielsen. \"Induction and assessment of muscle pain, referred pain, and muscular hyperalgesia.\" Current Pain & Headache Reports. 7, no. 6(2003): 443-51 UI 14604503. Muscle pain can be induced and assessed experimentally by a variety of methods. Ischemic and exercise-induced muscle pain are typical endogenous pain models; external stimulation with mechanical, electrical, and chemical modalities constitute the exogenous models. These models are a good basis to study the muscle sensitivity, muscle pain responses under normal and pathophysiologic conditions, and drug efficacy on specific muscle pain mechanisms. When evaluating muscle pain in clinical or experimental settings, it is important to assess parameters related to the pain intensity, pain quality, referred and local distribution, and the deep tissue sensitivity in local and referred areas. The experimental test paradigm must include different stimulation modalities (multimodal) to obtain sufficiently advanced and differentiated information about the human nociceptive system under normal and pathophysiologic conditions because the different stimuli activate different receptors, pathways, and mechanisms. This may be a useful approach in future mechanism-based classification and treatment of muscle pain. Similarly, the multimodal approach is important in clinical studies to provide evidence for which specific muscle pain modalities and mechanisms are affected and how they are modulated by pharmacologic approaches. \[References: 72\] Griner, P. \"Pain and symptom control in patients with advanced cancer.\" American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care. 7, no. 6(1990): 8-9 UI 14686465. Groves, K. E. \"An introduction to the Micrel Micropump MP Daily portable syringe driver.\" International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 9, no. 11(2003): 468-73 UI 14676723. In this article the author describes the Micrel Micropump MP Daily (MP Daily) portable syringe driver. This follows the author\'s experience of a 4-month pilot of the device by an inpatient palliative care unit. Portable syringe drivers are commonly used to deliver continuous subcutaneous infusions in palliative care situations. Those in current use are not without problems and serious adverse events have occasionally been reported, mainly resulting from confusion between models. The MP Daily syringe driver addresses some of these issues while remaining small, lightweight and inexpensive, with a long battery life and fitting into the pocket of a shirt of pyjama jacket. Improvements over current models include an on/off button, the absence of facilities to set a zero rate or change the rate once the syringe driver is running, and the absence of a boost button. In addition, there are improved alarms, a message display system and a configuration menu. Although confusion remains a problem, and the ideal has not yet been reached, the MP Daily goes some considerable way towards reducing risks and opportunities for human error. \[References: 21\] Gunter, J. \"Chronic pelvic pain: an integrated approach to diagnosis and treatment.\" Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 58, no. 9(2003): 615-23 UI 12972837. Chronic pelvic pain affects upward of 15% of women and is a frustrating condition for both patients and physicians. Chronic pelvic pain is not a disease, but a syndrome that results from a complex interaction between neurologic, musculoskeletal, and endocrine systems that is further influenced by behavioral and psychologic factors. Traditional approaches to this disorder have been surgical, although long-term success rates have been disappointing. Placebo response to surgery is common, and many conditions that contribute to the pain cannot be identified or treated with a surgical approach. Many patients will require a combination of both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments in addition to various types of invasive procedures. It is now recognized that many disorders contribute to the chronic pelvic pain symptom complex; thus, an integrated multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment is essential to achieve the greatest success. TARGET AUDIENCE: Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completion of this article, the reader will be able to describe the pathophysiology of chronic pelvic pain, to outline the evaluation of a patient with chronic pelvic pain, and to explain the treatment options for patients with chronic pelvic pain. \[References: 87\] Hall, F. \"Use of exercise in the management of non-malignant chronic pain.\" Professional Nurse. 18, no. 7(2003): 412-4 UI 12674052. Many studies have shown that, when incorporated into a chronic pain management programme, exercise can be very beneficial for people with chronic non-malignant pain. The pain programme will use cognitive behavioural strategies with the aims of improving fitness, counteracting unhelpful beliefs and improving stress levels. Halperin, R., et al. \"Long-term follow-up (5-20 years) after uterine ventrosuspension for chronic pelvic pain and deep dyspareunia.\" Gynecologic & Obstetric Investigation. 55, no. 4(2003): 216-9 UI 12904695. OBJECTIVE: To examine the long-term outcome of patients undergoing uterine ventrosuspension for chronic pelvic pain and deep dyspareunia. METHODS: Eighty-two patients, presenting with retroverted uterus, pelvic pain and deep dyspareunia, underwent uterine ventrosuspension by laparotomy or laparoscopy during the period from 1981 to 1996. Only patients (56) with no pelvic pathologic condition, as identified intraoperatively, participated in the study. At the beginning of the year 2002, 41 out of 56 patients (73.2%) were attained by telephonic questionnaire, and they were asked to refer to the uterine ventrosuspension procedure. RESULTS: Patients\' average age was 32.3 years, and the mean duration of preoperative symptoms was 3 years. The mean follow-up period was 12 (range 5-20) years. The initial improvement in preoperative symptoms was observed in 70.7% of patients, whereas the final improvement was observed in 46.3% of patients, with no significant difference comparing the approach of laparotomy versus laparoscopy. Hysterectomy after uterine suspension was performed in 12.1% of patients (4.3% after laparotomy and 22.2% after laparoscopy). Twenty-three patients (56.1%) would recommend this operative procedure to others. CONCLUSION: The long-term outcome of patients undergoing uterine ventrosuspesnion approximates to 50% success rate, with no significant difference comparing the approach of laparotomy versus laparoscopy. Copyright 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel Henriksson, K. G. \"Hypersensitivity in muscle pain syndromes.\" Current Pain & Headache Reports. 7, no. 6(2003): 426-32 UI 14604501. The aim of this review is to present research that has a bearing on the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity in muscle pain syndromes. Allodynia and hyperalgesia in these syndromes can be segmental or generalized and temporary or permanent. Hypersensitivity in muscle pain conditions in the clinic is best diagnosed by determining the pressure pain threshold. In a disorder such as fibromyalgia, decreased pain thresholds also are found at sites where there is no tenderness. Pathogenetic mechanisms for allodynia and hyperalgesia can be identified at several levels of the nociceptive system, from the nociceptors in the muscle to the cortex. Central sensitization of nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horn and a disturbed balance between inhibitory and facilitatory impulses in the descending tracts from the brain stem to the dorsal horn are the main mechanisms for pain hypersensitivity. Changes in function, biochemical make-up, and synaptic connections in the nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horn are considered to be caused by neuronal plasticity. \[References: 59\] Hermsen, M. A., and H. A. ten Have. \"Moral problems in palliative care practice: a qualitative study.\" Medicine, Health Care & Philosophy. 6, no. 3(2003): 263-72 UI 14620463. Clarifying and analysing moral problems arising in the practice of palliative care was the objective of participatory observations in five palliative care settings. The results of these observations will be described in this contribution. The moral problems palliative caregivers have to deal with in their daily routines will be explained by comparison with the findings of a previously performed literature study. The specific differences in the manifestation of moral problems in the different palliative care settings will be highlighted as well. \[References: 25\] Howard, F. M. \"The role of laparoscopy in the chronic pelvic pain patient.\" Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology. 46, no. 4(2003): 749-66 UI 14595216. Hugel, H., J. E. Ellershaw, and A. Dickman. \"Clonazepam as an adjuvant analgesic in patients with cancer-related neuropathic pain.\" Journal of Pain & Symptom Management. 26, no. 6(2003): 1073-4 UI 14654258. Hutchings, C. B., et al. \"Patients with chest pain calling 9-1-1 or self-transporting to reach definitive care: which mode is quicker?\" American Heart Journal. 147, no. 1(2004): 35-41 UI 14691416. OBJECTIVE: We examined differences in transport times for patients with chest pain who used private transportation compared with patients who used emergency medical services (EMS) to reach definitive medical care. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study with data used from the Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) trial conducted in 20 US cities. Elapsed time to care was examined through the use of (1) decision to seek care to initial care (emergency department \[ED\] arrival versus EMS arrival on scene \[n=1209\]); (2) decision to ED arrival (for both groups \[n=2388\]); (3) time to thrombolytic therapy once admitted to the ED (for both groups \[n=309\]); and (4) decision to seek care to thrombolytic therapy (n=276). Elapsed travel times were ranked within Zip Codes and submitted to a nested analysis of variance model to determine if elapsed times were different between modes of transport. RESULTS: Private transportation (35 minutes) resulted in faster ED arrival than using EMS (39 minutes, P =.0014). However, if one considers EMS treatment to be initial care, calling 9-1-1 (6 minutes) resulted in much quicker care than patients using private transportation to the ED (32 minutes, P \<.001). Transport by EMS resulted in a shorter elapsed time to thrombolytic administration compared with patients using private transportation when considering ED \"door-to-needle\" time (32 vs 49 minutes, respectively \[P \<.001\]) or time from decision to seek care until administration of thrombolytic therapy (75 vs 92 minutes, respectively, \[P =.042\]). CONCLUSIONS: Although private transportation results in a faster trip to the ED, quicker care is obtained with the use of EMS. Iizuka, T., et al. \"Response to sumatriptan in headache of MELAS syndrome.\" Neurology. 61, no. 4(2003): 577-8 UI 12939448. Janicki, T. I. \"Chronic pelvic pain as a form of complex regional pain syndrome.\" Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology. 46, no. 4(2003): 797-803 UI 14595221. Jasmin, L., et al. \"Is noradrenaline a significant factor in the analgesic effect of antidepressants?\" Pain. 106, no. 1-2(2003): 3-8 UI 14581104. Jensen, J., et al. \"Direct activation of the ventral striatum in anticipation of aversive stimuli.\" Neuron. 40, no. 6(2003): 1251-7 UI 14687557. The brain \"reward\" system, centered on the limbic ventral striatum, plays a critical role in the response to pleasure and pain. The ventral striatum is activated in animal and human studies during anticipation of appetitive/pleasurable events, but its role in aversive/painful events is less clear. Here we present data from three human fMRI studies based on aversive conditioning using unpleasant cutaneous electrical stimulation and show that the ventral striatum is reliably activated. This activation is observed during anticipation and is not a consequence of relief after the aversive event. Further, the ventral striatum is activated in anticipation regardless of whether there is an opportunity to avoid the aversive stimulus or not. Our data suggest that the ventral striatum, a crucial element of the brain \"reward\" system, is directly activated in anticipation of aversive stimuli. Jensen, M. P., W. R. Nielson, and R. D. Kerns. \"Toward the development of a motivational model of pain self-management.\" Journal of Pain. 4, no. 9(2003): 477-92 UI 14636816. Adaptive management of chronic pain depends to a large degree on how patients choose to cope with pain and its impact. Consequently, patient motivation is an important factor in determining how well patients learn to manage pain. However, the role of patient motivation in altering coping behavior and maintaining those changes is seldom discussed, and theoretically based research on motivation for pain treatment is lacking. This article reviews theories that have a direct application to understanding motivational issues in pain coping and presents a preliminary motivational model of pain self-management. The implications of this model for enhancing engagement in and adherence to chronic pain treatment programs are then discussed. The article ends with a call for research to better understand motivation as it applies to chronic pain self-management. In particular, there is a need to determine whether (and which) motivation enhancement interventions increase active participation in self-management treatment programs for chronic pain. \[References: 100\] Jovey, R. D., et al. \"Use of opioid analgesics for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain\--a consensus statement and guidelines from the Canadian Pain Society, 2002.\" Pain Research & Management. 8, no. Suppl A(2003): 3A-28A UI 14685304. Jung, J., et al. \"Defibrillation efficacy and pain perception of two biphasic waveforms for internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.\" Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 14, no. 8(2003): 837-40 UI 12890046. Efficacy and Pain Perception of Two Biphasic Waveforms. INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the influence of the peak voltage of waveforms used for internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation on defibrillation efficacy and pain perception. A low peak voltage biphasic waveform generated by a 500-microF capacitor with 40% tilt was compared to a standard biphasic waveform generated by a 60-microF capacitor with 80% tilt. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 19 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (79% male, age 55 +/- 11 years, 21% with heart disease), the atrial defibrillation threshold (ADFT) was determined during deep sedation with midazolam for both waveforms in a randomized fashion using a step-up protocol. Internal cardioversion with a single lead (shock vector: coronary sinus to right atrium) was successful in 18 (95%) of 19 patients. ADFT energy and peak voltage were significantly lower for the low-voltage waveform (2.1 +/- 2.4 J vs 3.5 +/- 3.9 J, P \< 0.01; 100 +/- 53 V vs 290 +/- 149 V, P \< 0.01). Sedation then was reversed with flumazenil after ADFT testing. Two shocks at the ADFT (or a 3-J shock if ADFT \>3 J) were administered to the patient using each waveform in random order. Pain perception was assessed using both a visual scale and a numerical score. ADFTs were above the pain threshold in 17 (94%) of 18 patients, even though the ADFT with the 500-microF waveform was \<100 V in 63% of the patients. Pain perception was comparable for both waveforms (numerical score: 6.5 +/- 2.4 vs 6.3 +/- 2.6; visual scale: 5.4 +/- 2.6 vs 5.2 +/- 3.1; P = NS, 500-microF vs 60-microF). The second shock was perceived as more painful in 88% of the patients, independent of the waveform used. CONCLUSION: Despite a 66% lower peak voltage and a 40% lower energy, the 40% tilt, 500-microF capacitor biphasic waveform did not change the pain perceived by the patient during delivery of internal cardioversion shocks. Pain perception for internal cardioversion probably is not influenced by peak voltage alone and increases with the number of applied shocks. Kaplan, S. A., M. A. Volpe, and A. E. Te. \"A prospective, 1-year trial using saw palmetto versus finasteride in the treatment of category III prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.\" Journal of Urology. 171, no. 1(2004): 284-8 UI 14665895. PURPOSE: This study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of saw palmetto or finasteride in men with category III prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, randomized, open label, 1-year study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of saw palmetto and finasteride in the treatment of men diagnosed with CP/CPPS. Patients were randomized to finasteride (5 mg once daily) or saw palmetto (325 mg daily) for 1 year. Patients were evaluated using the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index, individual domains (pain, urinary symptoms, quality of life and mean pain score) and the American Urological Association Symptom Score at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: A total of 64 consecutive men 24 to 58 years old (mean age 43.2) with a diagnosis of CP/CPPS were equally randomized to the 2 treatment arms. All 64 men had previously received antibiotics (duration of 3 to 93 weeks), 52 (82%) had been on alpha-blockade. There were 61, 57 and 56 patients evaluable at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. At 1 year mean total National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index score decreased from 23.9 to 18.1 in the finasteride group (p \<0.003), and from 24.7 to 24.6 in the saw palmetto arm (p = 0.41). In the finasteride arm the quality of life and pain domains were significantly improved at 1 year; however, urination was not. Adverse events included headache (3 cases) in the saw palmetto group and decreased libido (2 cases) in the finasteride group. At the end of the trial 13 of 32 (41%) and 21 of 32 (66%) opted to continue saw palmetto and finasteride, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CP/CPPS treated with saw palmetto had no appreciable long-term improvement. In contrast, patients treated with finasteride had significant and durable improvement in all various parameters except voiding. Further studies are warranted to ascertain the mechanism and reproducibility of these effects in a placebo controlled trial. Katsarava, Z., et al. \"Abnormal habituation of \'nociceptive\' blink reflex in migraine\--evidence for increased excitability of trigeminal nociception.\" Cephalalgia. 23, no. 8(2003): 814-9 UI 14510928. We studied the habituation of the \'nociceptive\' blink reflex (nBR) in 15 healthy subjects and 17 migraine patients interictally as well as during unilateral migraine headache within six hours of onset and after treatment. In healthy volunteers the mean regression coefficient (MRC) was - 3.9 following right sided and - 4.9 left sided stimulation. This equals an amplitude loss of 19.5% (5 x -3.9) and 24.5% (5 x -4.9), respectively, across five consecutive sweeps. An augmentation of nBR responses was found in migraine patients interictally: MRC = 3.3 following stimulation of the headache side (HA) and MRC = 4.0 of the non-headache side (non-HA). The differences were statistically significant (anova: d.f. = 1, F = 25.8, P \< 0.001). During the migraine attack MRCs were negative both before (-5.0, HA and - 4.0, non-HA) and after treatment (-2.6, HA and - 1.9 non-HA) and significantly differed from those outside the migraine attack (anova: d.f. = 2, F = 12.4, P \< 0.001). The demonstrated lack of habituation of the nBR responses indicates an abnormal trigeminal nociceptive processing in migraine patients outside the migraine attack. Kelemen, K., Q. Q. Yu, and L. Howard. \"Small intestinal angiosarcoma leading to perforation and acute abdomen: a case report and review of the literature.\" Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 128, no. 1(2004): 95-8 UI 14692839. A 76-year-old man presented to the emergency room with abdominal pain and fatigue. The patient had a history of gastrointestinal bleeding. An abdominal computed tomographic scan showed collections of free air in the abdomen with obstruction of the distal small intestine and multiple masses in the liver. Laparotomy revealed a widespread malignant neoplasm in the abdomen, with multiple tumor nodules in the ileal wall, mesentery, and liver. The ileal wall was perforated within the area of one of the tumors. Pathologic examination of the lesion showed a neoplasm composed of solid sheets of spindle and undifferentiated cells, forming interlacing delicate vascular channels with atypical endothelial cells. The tumor cells were positive for the endothelial marker CD31, whereas reactivity for a broad panel of epithelial and other endothelial markers was negative. This case demonstrates that although angiosarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract are rare, they should be considered in cases of intestinal perforation or severe bleeding, especially in the elderly. A broad panel of immunochemical markers might be necessary to establish the pathologic diagnosis. \[References: 15\] Kern, U., et al. \"Botulinum toxin type A influences stump pain after limb amputations.\" Journal of Pain & Symptom Management. 26, no. 6(2003): 1069-70 UI 14654254. Kharasch, E. D. \"Perioperative COX-2 inhibitors: knowledge and challenges.\" Anesthesia & Analgesia. 98, no. 1(2004): 1-3 UI 14693572. Kim, J. S. \"Central post-stroke pain or paresthesia in lenticulocapsular hemorrhages.\" Neurology. 61, no. 5(2003): 679-82 UI 12963762. Twenty patients were studied who developed central poststroke pain or paresthesia after lenticulocapsular hemorrhage. Pain or paresthesia occurred 0 to 24 months after the onset, more prominently in the leg than other body parts. The symptoms were described as numb, cold, burning, aching, swollen, and squeezing in various combinations. The mean score of the visual numerical scale was 5.6. The lesions involved the dorsal part of the posterior limb of the internal capsule, probably damaging the thalamocortical sensory pathway. Kumar, S., and R. J. Hall. \"Drug treatment of stable angina pectoris in the elderly: defining the place of calcium channel antagonists.\" Drugs & Aging. 20, no. 11(2003): 805-15 UI 12964887. Chronic stable angina pectoris (CSAP) resulting from coronary artery disease (CAD) is common in elderly patients, and significantly reduces their quality of life. Myocardial revascularisation procedures in this age group entail significant risks, largely related to comorbidities rather than advanced age itself. Coronary artery anatomy is more likely to be technically unsuitable for revascularisation and angina more resistant to drug treatment. Therefore, elderly patients often take combinations of antianginal drugs. Calcium channel antagonists (CCAs) are effective antianginal drugs first introduced for clinical use in the late 1970\'s. They reduce myocardial ischaemia by both causing vasodilatation of coronary resistance vessels and reducing cardiac workload (negative inotropic effect). However, adverse effects related to abrupt arterial vasodilatation limited the tolerability of these short acting \'first generation\' drugs (nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem). Furthermore, short acting nifedipine may occasionally increase both the frequency of angina pectoris and mortality in patients with CAD. Since then, long acting formulations of first generation agents and new chemical entities (second and third generation drugs) have been developed. These are well tolerated and effective at attenuating both myocardial ischaemia and the frequency and severity of angina pectoris in most patients with stable CAD. Current guidelines on the drug treatment of CSAP propose that beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (beta-blockers) should be used as first line medication primarily for their prognostic benefits, and that CCAs need only be introduced if beta-blockers are not tolerated, contraindicated or ineffective. Despite this, there is a wealth of evidence from clinical trials that demonstrate equal antianginal efficacy for CCAs and beta-blockers. The presence of chronic heart failure and prior myocardial infarction are clear indications for the use of beta-blockers in preference to CCAs for the treatment of CSAP. However, in patients with both CSAP and hypertension, second and third generation CCAs may offer prognostic benefits of similar magnitude to those provided by beta-blockers. Therefore, antianginal drug therapy must be tailored to the individual needs and comorbidities of each elderly patient. \[References: 91\] Kurella, M., W. M. Bennett, and G. M. Chertow. \"Analgesia in patients with ESRD: a review of available evidence.\[see comment\].\" American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 42, no. 2(2003): 217-28 UI 12900801. Moderate to severe pain frequently accompanies chronic diseases in general and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in particular. Several analgesic agents and associated metabolites show altered pharmacokinetics in the presence of reduced glomerular filtration rate. Drug-related side effects may exacerbate symptoms frequently observed in persons with chronic kidney disease (CKD; eg, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and constipation) or those often attributed to hemodialysis therapy (eg, orthostatic hypotension and impaired cognition). Persons with advanced CKD and ESRD are at increased risk for adverse effects of analgesic agents because of enhanced drug sensitivity, comorbid conditions, and concurrent medication use. Dose adjustment and avoidance of certain analgesics may be required in patients with advanced CKD and ESRD. We review the available evidence on pharmacokinetics and adverse drug effects of various analgesic agents commonly used in patients with advanced CKD and ESRD. Determining an optimal approach to the control of pain in patients with advanced CKD and ESRD will require additional research. \[References: 96\] Kvarnstrom, A., et al. \"The effectiveness of intravenous ketamine and lidocaine on peripheral neuropathic pain.\" Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 47, no. 7(2003): 868-77 UI 12859309. BACKGROUND: Neuropathic pain is often severe and resistant to pharmacological treatment. The aims of the present study were to assess the analgesic effect of ketamine and lidocaine and to investigate if measurement of different variables of sensibility could be used to identify responders. We also wanted to study if treatment resulted in changes of sensibility. METHODS: Twelve patients with long-lasting peripheral neuropathic pain of traumatic origin were included. The effects of ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar, Parke Davis) 0.4 mg/kg and lidocaine hydrochloride (Xylocain, Astra) 2.5 mg/kg were investigated. Saline was used as placebo. The intensity of continuous pain was measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS). Warm and cold perception as well as heat and cold pain thresholds were assessed. Sensibility to touch was also tested. Systemic plasma concentrations of lidocaine and ketamine were assessed. RESULTS: The mean reduction in VAS-scores was 55%, 34% and 22% for ketamine, lidocaine and placebo, respectively. A significant difference was registered between ketamine and placebo (P = 0.009). Response to treatment (50% reduction in VAS-score during infusion) was recorded in 7/12 in the ketamine, 4/12 in the lidocaine and 2/12 in the placebo group. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) of thermal sensitivity and sensory tests for mechanical stimuli could not separate responders from non-responders and neither were the results from these assessments changed by the infusion of the drugs. Lidocaine and particularly ketamine were associated with frequent side-effects, the most common being somnolence and dizziness. CONCLUSION: Ketamine showed a significant analgesic effect. The clinical usefulness is, however, limited by disturbing side-effects. Lau, H., and N. G. Patil. \"Selective non-stapling of mesh during unilateral endoscopic total extraperitoneal inguinal hernioplasty: a case-control study.\" Archives of Surgery. 138, no. 12(2003): 1352-5 UI 14662538. HYPOTHESIS: Selective non-stapling of the mesh during unilateral endoscopic total extraperitoneal inguinal hernioplasty (TEP) may reduce postoperative pain and morbidity rate. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Division of general surgery at a university-affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Two hundred patients who underwent TEP. INTERVENTION: Endoscopic total extraperitoneal inguinal hernioplasty with and without stapling the mesh. The mesh was stapled when the diameter of the hernial defect was greater than 4 cm or there was an inadequate overlap of the defect by the mesh. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative pain score and morbidity rate were compared between patients who had stapling and selective non-stapling of the mesh during TEP. RESULTS: Demographic features, hernia types, and mean operative times of the 2 groups were comparable. Postoperative pain scores upon coughing from the day of operation to postoperative day 6 were lower in patients who had not had the mesh stapled, but the difference was not statistically significant. Comparisons of the mean length of hospital stay, postoperative morbidity, and time taken to resume normal activities showed no significant difference between the 2 groups. With a mean follow-up of 1 year, no neuralgia or recurrence was noted in either group during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Selective non-stapling of the mesh did not confer short-term benefits, such as reduced postoperative pain and morbidity, compared with those who had routine stapling of the mesh during TEP. For patients with a hernial defect measuring less than 4 cm, TEP can be performed without stapling the mesh. The selective non-stapling strategy also helps to reduce the cost of the operation and the potential for nerve entrapment. Lauretti, G. R., G. M. Oliveira, and N. L. Pereira. \"Comparison of sustained-release morphine with sustained-release oxycodone in advanced cancer patients.\" British Journal of Cancer. 89, no. 11(2003): 2027-30 UI 14647133. The antinociceptive effect of morphine and oxycodone is mediated preferentially at micro and kappa receptors, respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic profile of the combination of morphine and oxycodone in cancer pain, compared to the standard administration of morphine alone. Controlled-release formulations of oxycodone (CRO) and morphine (CRM) were compared in 26 patients. The study started with an open-label, randomised titration phase to achieve stable pain control for 7 days, followed by a double-blind, randomised crossover phase in two periods, 14 days each. At any point, patients were allowed to use oral immediate-release morphine (IRM) as needed, in order to keep visual analogue scale \< or =4. Pain, satisfaction, adverse effects and number of daily rescue morphine tablets were assessed. A total of 22 patients were evaluated. The weekly upload consumption ratio in morphine/oxycodone was 1 : 1.8 (1.80, 1.83, 1.76, 1.84). The weekly IRM consumption was higher in patients having CRM compared to patients having CRO (ratio morphine/oxycodone: 1.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1.7) (P\<0.05). Patients receiving oxycodone complained of less nausea and vomiting. The rescue morphine analgesic consumption was 38% higher in patients receiving only morphine, compared to patients receiving both morphine and oxycodone. The results suggest that the combination of morphine/oxycodone (opioids with differential preferential sites of action) can be a useful alternative to morphine alone, resulting in a better analgesia profile and less emesis. Lee, M. S., et al. \"Effects of Qi-therapy on blood pressure, pain and psychological symptoms in the elderly: a randomized controlled pilot trial.\" Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 11, no. 3(2003): 159-64 UI 14659379. Recently, we reported that Qi-therapy may be beneficial in reducing negative psychological symptoms and increasing melatonin levels, neutrophil function and natural killer cell cytotoxicity in young subjects. However, there is little scientific evidence of its efficacy in elderly subjects. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of Qi-therapy on anxiety, depression, fatigue, pain and blood pressure in elderly subjects. Ninety-four elderly subjects were randomly assigned to either Qi-therapy (n=47) or mimic therapy (n=47) groups. Both groups received a 10-min intervention period once using similar procedures. The Qi-therapy group exhibited greater reduction in anxiety, depression, fatigue, pain level and blood pressure compared to the placebo group; the difference in anxiety was significant (P=0.014). These results suggest that even a brief application of Qi-therapy may exert a positive psychological and physiological effect. However, further research is necessary in order to fully understand the long-term impact of Qi-therapy on psychological health and the cardiovascular system. Lee-Elliott, C. E., D. Dundas, and U. Patel. \"Randomized trial of lidocaine vs lidocaine/bupivacaine periprostatic injection on longitudinal pain scores after prostate biopsy.\" Journal of Urology. 171, no. 1(2004): 247-50 UI 14665886. PURPOSE: Periprostatic lidocaine reduces immediate post-prostate biopsy pain but still many men will not consent to re-biopsy. We performed a randomized study to assess whether adding long acting local anesthesia to a short acting agent would further reduce pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 300 men undergoing transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy were sequentially randomized to receive either short acting local lidocaine (lid) or short and long acting lidocaine and bupivacaine (lid/bup). A 7-day questionnaire was used to study daily pain (10-point visual analog score), bleeding (hematuria, PR bleeding, hematospermia), visits to the family doctor and analgesic use, and whether they would agree to future re-biopsy. RESULTS: Of the 256 questionnaires returned 250 were suitable for analysis. Cross-sectional comparison showed no intergroup differences in mean pain scores immediately after biopsy (2.24, 95% CI 1.94-2.5 vs 2.61, 95% CI 2.3-2.9, p = 0.88 in lid and lid/bup groups, respectively). There was a significant rebound in visual analog scale at 1 hour in the lid group but not in the lid/bup group (+ 0.9 vs + 0.09, p = 0.0006). Longitudinal analysis showed the global pain experience after lid/bup was better compared to lidocaine alone, with significantly less pain every subsequent day (p = 0.0006 to 0.002). No difference was seen in morbidity, analgesia usage or number refusing future re-biopsy (9.6% vs 9.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Long and short acting local anesthetics together significantly attenuate the 1-hour rebound increase in pain scores seen after short acting anesthesia alone. Improved pain scores were sustained during the subsequent week and we advocate routine combination use for transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. Leo, R. J. \"A word of caution about the implied role for duloxetine in pain management.\" Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 64, no. 10(2003): 1270 UI 14658982. Maimone-Baronello, M., F. Piccoli, and V. La Bella. \"Great auricular neuralgia: a case report.\" Headache. 43, no. 9(2003): 1005-6 UI 14511279. Malmstrom, K., et al. \"Analgesic efficacy of etoricoxib in primary dysmenorrhea: results of a randomized, controlled trial.\" Gynecologic & Obstetric Investigation. 56, no. 2(2003): 65-9 UI 12900528. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of etoricoxib in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. METHODS: Seventy-three women were randomly assigned to receive single oral doses of etoricoxib 120 mg, placebo, or naproxen sodium 550 mg at the onset of moderate to severe pain associated with menses. During 3 consecutive menstrual cycles in this double-blind, 3-period, crossover study, pain intensity and pain relief were assessed over the 24-hour period following dosing, and global ratings of therapy were made at 8 and 24 h after dosing. Tolerability was assessed by spontaneous reports of adverse experiences. RESULTS: Etoricoxib 120 mg provided analgesic efficacy superior to placebo for the primary endpoint, total pain relief over 8 h (TOPAR8, p\<0.001), and for all secondary endpoints (p\<0.050). The analgesic effect of etoricoxib 120 mg over the first 8 h was similar to that of naproxen sodium 550 mg. All treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Etoricoxib 120 mg provided rapid and sustained analgesia that was superior to placebo and similar to that of naproxen sodium 550 mg. Copyright 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel Manias, E. \"Medication trends and documentation of pain management following surgery.\" Nursing & Health Sciences. 5, no. 1(2003): 85-94 UI 12603725. The purpose of the present study was to examine prescribing and administering activities for sedative and analgesic medication in postoperative patients, and to describe nurses\' documentation practices for pain management in nursing notes. A prospective audit was undertaken of medication order charts and nursing notes of 100 patients on the operation day and over the first four days following surgery. Almost all patients received some form of infusion, while the use of \'as required\' analgesics varied from one-third to over two-thirds of patients during the postoperative period. Few patients were prescribed fixed-order analgesics or sedative medications. An audit of nursing entries found that nurses had documented inadequately in four major areas: pain assessment, use of non-pharmacological interventions, use of pharmacological interventions, and outcome of interventions. The findings contribute to improving our understanding of nurses\' pain management and identify the need to use clinical judgement that is individualized to patients\' needs. Mann, E. \"Chronic pain and opioids: dispelling myths and exploring the facts.\" Professional Nurse. 18, no. 7(2003): 408-11 UI 12674051. Opioid use for chronic non-malignant pain remains controversial and is surrounded by myths and misconceptions. As new research emphasises the importance of early effective pain management, comprehensive, well-researched guidelines may help the care of patients with chronic non-malignant pain. Mannion, S., and T. O\'Brien. \"Ketamine in the management of chronic pancreatic pain.\" Journal of Pain & Symptom Management. 26, no. 6(2003): 1071-2 UI 14654257. Marchand, S., et al. \"Analgesic and placebo effects of thalamic stimulation.\" Pain. 105, no. 3(2003): 481-8 UI 14527708. Numerous clinical studies have reported successful relief of chronic pain with sensory thalamic stimulation. However, even with the extensive use of sensory thalamic stimulation as a clinical tool in the relief of chronic pain, the results are still inconsistent. This discrepancy could probably be explained by the fact that the majority of these studies are case reports or retrospective analyses, which have often used imprecise pain measurements that do not allow a rigorous statistical evaluation of pain relief. None of these studies measured the effect of stimulation on clinical pain for longer than a few hours per day, which is an important aspect considering that clinical pain can vary over time. Moreover, placebo controls are seldom included. In the current study, we measured patients\' pain perception at home over a 2-week period, both during days of normal stimulation of the sensory thalamus and during days without stimulation. Patients also came to the laboratory to assess the effects of thalamic and placebo stimulation on clinical pain, experimental heat pain, innocuous air puff and visual stimulation. A potential relation between the perceived paresthesia and analgesic efficacy during thalamic and placebo stimulation was also explored. We found that thalamic stimulation significantly affected clinical and experimental pain perception, but that an important placebo component also exists. On the other hand, neither thalamic nor placebo stimulation affected air puff and visual ratings, suggesting that the effect applies specifically to pain and hence is not caused by a general change in attention. The level of paresthesia elicited during the placebo manipulation was also directly correlated with the degree of placebo pain relief. These results suggest that thalamic stimulation produces a small but significant reduction in pain perception, but that a significant placebo effect also exists. Marcus, D. A. \"Gender differences in chronic pain in a treatment-seeking population.\" Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine. 6, no. 4(2003): 19-24 UI 14714446. OBJECTIVE: To compare pain characteristics, disability, and comorbid psychological distress between genders in a treatment-seeking sample of patients with chronic pain. METHODS: Consecutive patients with chronic pain were evaluated and assigned a pain diagnosis. Gender differences were compared on responses to questions about pain symptoms, associated disability, and psychological distress. RESULTS: The pain sample (N = 716) was predominately female (63%). Pain locations, diagnoses, and trigger factors were similar in male and female patients. Male patients reported a greater mean pain severity (7.16 males vs 6.82 females; P = 0.05), greater pain constancy (41.2% vs 26.7%; P \< 0.001), and more days per week with pain (6.37 vs 5.87; P \< 0.001). In addition, males reported higher levels of disability, with reduced activity more than 3 days per week in 70.2% of males and 56.0% of females, and complete disability more than 3 days per week in 55.9% of males and 37.3% of females (P \< 0.001). Quality of life measures were additionally reduced for both physical and psychological categories in men versus women (P = 0.05 to \< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: There are important gender differences in treatment-seeking patients with chronic pain. Males report higher levels of pain and disability, with reduced physical and psychological quality of life, as compared to females. These differences in treatment-seeking patients may reflect gender differences in treatment-seeking behavior. Marcus, J., G. Elkins, and F. Mott. \"The integration of hypnosis into a model of palliative care.\" Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2, no. 4(2003): 365-70 UI 14713329. There exists a need for a broad and inclusive model of integration of mind-body interventions for palliative care. Symptoms relating to psychological distress and existential concerns are even more prevalent than pain and other physical symptoms among those with life-limiting conditions. The hypnotic model\'s purpose is to improve the patient\'s total psychological, social, and spiritual well-being. A 4-stage model of interventions is offered to assist the clinician in developing and implementing appropriate hypnotherapeutic treatment for noncurative patients. The focus of the hypnotherapy is to ameliorate the effects of pain and dyspnea to restore a level of psychological and physical wellbeing. Within this model of therapy for patients with active, progressive, far-advanced disease and a short life expectancy, the goals of the hypnotic intervention are to provide relief from pain and shortness of breath. Other focuses include assisting the patient with the psychological adjustment to their noncurative and ultimately final state. Mata, M., J. Glorioso, and D. J. Fink. \"Development of HSV-mediated gene transfer for the treatment of chronic pain.\" Experimental Neurology. 184, no. Suppl 1(2003): S25-9 UI 14597322. Chronic pain is often difficult to treat effectively. We have exploited the high affinity of herpes simplex virus (HSV) for peripheral sensory neurons to create HSV-based vectors for the treatment of chronic pain. We have demonstrated that an HSV-based vector expressing proenkephalin reduces pain-related responses in rodent models of inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, and pain resulting from cancer in bone. A human trial has been proposed. McAloon, C., P. C. O\'Connor, and M. Boyer. \"Patient\'s perception of pain on admission and discharge from the emergency department.\" New Jersey Nurse. 33, no. 8(2003): 7 UI 14692389. Patients presenting to the emergency department have a common complaint of pain. Whether admitted to the hospital or discharged to home, patients are leaving the emergency department in a higher level of pain than would be considered tolerable or comfortable. Pain can be a major impediment to an adequate quality of life. Unrelieved or chronic pain causes anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, decreased self-esteem and self-worth, inactivity, altered family dynamics, financial stress and an increase in the number of health-care visits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients\' perception and report of pain in the ED from the time of arrival to the time of discharge. The sample consisted of 63 females and 62 males from an ED of an urban hospital in Trenton, New Jersey. The mean age for the males was 40 years, and the mean age for the females was 41 years. The pain level of the participants was measured by the use of a visual analogue scale at the time of arrival and at the time of discharge from the ED. A paired t-test for related samples revealed that the VAS scores decreased from 5.90 to 3.38 (p = .000). McCleane, G. \"Pharmacological management of neuropathic pain.\" CNS Drugs. 17, no. 14(2003): 1031-43 UI 14594443. In health, the nervous system exists in a balance between inhibitory and excitatory influences. This balance may be upset if neural tissue is damaged or irritated and may give rise to neuropathic pain. Such neuropathic pain does not respond consistently to opioid analgesics or NSAIDs and it may therefore be necessary to utilise other therapeutic agents with known activity on either the excitatory or inhibitory components of the pain pathway. These other agents are traditionally considered with reference to their original uses; we still refer to tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and anticonvulsant drugs when a consideration of their modes of action may allow more rational use. For example, carbamazepine is related to the TCAs by virtue of its chemical structure and proposed mode of action and yet is still classified as an anticonvulsant drug.With respect to the opioids, increasing evidence points to an analgesic effect in neuropathic pain, although concerns regarding tolerance and dependence still prevent more widespread use. The anticonvulsants comprise a group of compounds possessing anticonvulsant and analgesic properties, but each possesses differing modes of action and so several members of the class should be tried before a conclusion is reached that they, as a whole, are ineffective. TCAs may also have a role in the treatment of neuropathic pain. As with all drugs, if their use is not associated with pain relief in a defined period of time, their use should be terminated. Topical TCAs may also have a role where the area of neuropathic pain is small. Other options, such as SSRIs, membrane stabilisers, capsaicin, baclofen and clonidine may have potential in treating neuropathic pain.The available evidence regarding the efficacy of currently available agents for the treatment of neuropathic pain is sparse. With the knowledge of achieving analgesia, according to the modes of actions of various agents it is hoped that the treatment of this difficult condition may be more logical and successful. \[References: 133\] McCleane, G., B. Koch, and C. Rauschkolb. \"Does SPM 927 have an analgesic effect in human neuropathic pain? An open label study.\" Neuroscience Letters. 352, no. 2(2003): 117-20 UI 14625037. The aim of the study is to establish if the putative anticonvulsant SPM 927 has an analgesic effect in human neuropathic pain and to assess its tolerability. This is an open label study of 25 adult human subjects with resistant neuropathic pain. Subjects were treated with SPM 927 in a dose-escalating scheme to 600 mg daily, if tolerated. Treatment was continued for 4 weeks then withdrawn without tapering. Pain scores were recorded using a 11-point Likert score and a categorical pain-rating scale. Laboratory parameters and, electrocardiographs (ECGs) were collected; side effects were noted. Of the 25 enrolled subjects, 12 completed the study according to the protocol. The remaining subjects dropped out due to adverse events (n=12) or withdrawn consent. Mean daily pain scores (Likert score) fell by 0.83 (95% CI -1.77, +0.11) at the end of maintenance and rose by 0.58 (95% CI -0.23, +1.40) after withdrawal of SPM 927. Similar changes were seen in the categorical pain-rating scores. There were decreases in the mean scores for shooting pain, paraesthesia, and allodynia, but much less change in the numbness and burning-pain scores. The most common side effects were nausea, dizziness, leukocytosis, and increased ALT. No consistent changes in ECG recordings or haemodynamic variables were observed. SPM 927 may have an analgesic effect in human neuropathic pain and was reasonably well tolerated in this study. These data support the continued clinical development of SPM 927 for neuropathic pain. McGuigan, C., et al. \"Case report: recurrent temporalis muscle swelling and headache.\" Neurology. 60, no. 4(2003): 724-5 UI 12601126. Meier, T., et al. \"Efficacy of lidocaine patch 5% in the treatment of focal peripheral neuropathic pain syndromes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.\" Pain. 106, no. 1-2(2003): 151-8 UI 14581122. Peripheral neuropathic pain syndromes (PNPS) are difficult to treat because commonly used analgesics are often ineffective when, for example, touch-evoked allodynia, hyperalgesia, and pain paroxysms are present. To investigate whether lidocaine patch 5% treatment is also effective in postherpetic neuropathy (PHN) and in other PNPS, 40 patients with various forms and localizations of PNPS completed a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-way, cross-over study in three medical hospitals. Patients suffering from pain in a localized skin area with intensity above 40 mm visual analog scale (VAS) and a stable consumption of pain medication were included in this study. The study was divided into four phases: 3-day run-in phase, treatment phase 1, wash-out period, and treatment phase 2, each lasting 1 week. At the discretion of the patients, up to four patches (covering a maximum of 560 cm2) were applied onto the maximally painful area for 12 consecutive hours daily, always either by day or at night. Throughout the four phases, ongoing pain, allodynia, quality of neuropathic symptoms, quality of sleep, and adverse events were assessed. When, after the wash-out period, the pain intensity scores did not return to the pre-treatment values (+/-20%), these patients were excluded from the study. The present study revealed that, as an add-on therapy, the lidocaine patch 5% was clearly effective in reducing ongoing pain (P=0.017) and allodynia (P=0.023) during the first 8 h after application and that the patches also worked well over a period of 7 days (P=0.018) in diverse focal PNPS. Calculation of the numbers needed to treat (NNT) to obtain one patient with more than 50% relief of ongoing pain revealed that the NNT of 4.4 in the present study compared reasonably well with other studies of PHN, such as topically applied capsaicin (NNT: 5.3-infinity) or systemic treatment with gabapentin (NNT: 3.2-5.0). Meissner, W., et al. \"Acupuncture decreases somatosensory evoked potential amplitudes to noxious stimuli in anesthetized volunteers.\" Anesthesia & Analgesia. 98, no. 1(2004): 141-7, table of contents UI 14693608. The effect of acupuncture on pain perception is controversial. Because late amplitudes of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to noxious stimuli are thought to correlate with the subjective experience of pain intensity, we designed this study to detect changes of these SEPs before and after acupuncture in a double-blinded fashion. Sixteen volunteers were anesthetized by propofol and exposed to painful electric stimuli to the right forefinger. Then, blinded to the research team, the acupuncture group (n = 8) was treated with electric needle acupuncture over 15 min at analgesic points of the leg, whereas the sham group (n = 8) received no treatment. Thereafter, nociceptive stimulation was repeated. SEPs were recorded during each noxious stimulation from the vertex Cz, and latencies and amplitudes of the N150 and P260 components were analyzed by analysis of variance. P260 amplitudes decreased from 4.40 +/- 2.76 microV (mean +/- SD) before treatment to 1.67 +/- 1.21 microV after treatment (P \< 0.05), whereas amplitudes of the sham group remained unchanged (2.64 +/- 0.94 microV before versus 2.54 +/- 1.54 microV after treatment). In conclusion, this double-blinded study demonstrated that electric needle acupuncture, as compared with sham treatment, significantly decreased the magnitudes of late SEP amplitudes with electrical noxious stimulation in anesthetized subjects, suggesting a specific analgesic effect of acupuncture. IMPLICATIONS: This double-blinded study demonstrates that electric needle acupuncture, as compared with sham treatment, significantly decreases the magnitudes of late somatosensory evoked potential amplitudes with electrical noxious stimulation in anesthetized subjects, suggesting a specific analgesic effect of acupuncture. Meng, C. F., et al. \"Acupuncture for chronic low back pain in older patients: a randomized, controlled trial.\" Rheumatology. 42, no. 12(2003): 1508-17 UI 12890859. OBJECTIVE: To determine if acupuncture is an effective, safe adjunctive treatment to standard therapy for chronic low back pain (LBP) in older patients. METHODS: The inclusion criteria for subjects were: (i) LBP \> or =12 weeks and (ii) age \> or =60 yr; the exclusion criteria were (i) spinal tumour, infection or fracture and (ii) associated neurological symptoms. The subjects were randomized to two groups. The control group of subjects continued their usual care as directed by their physicians, i.e. NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, paracetamol and back exercises. Subjects in the acupuncture group in addition received biweekly acupuncture with electrical stimulation for 5 weeks. Outcome was measured by the modified Roland Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) at weeks 0, 2, 6 and 9. The primary outcome measure was change in RDQ score between weeks 0 and 6. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients were enrolled, with eight drop-outs. Twenty-four subjects were randomized to the acupuncture group and 23 were randomized to the control group. Acupuncture subjects had a significant decrease in RDQ score of 4.1 +/- 3.9 at week 6, compared with a mean decrease of 0.7 +/- 2.8 in the control group (P = 0.001). This effect was maintained for up to 4 weeks after treatment at week 9, with a decrease in RDQ of 3.5 +/- 4.4 from baseline, compared with 0.43 +/- 2.7 in the control group (P = 0.007). The mean global transition score was higher in the acupuncture group, 3.7 +/- 1.2, indicating greater improvement, compared with the score in the control group, 2.5 +/- 0.9 (P \< 0.001). Fewer acupuncture subjects had medication-related side-effects compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture is an effective, safe adjunctive treatment for chronic LBP in older patients. Mense, S. \"The pathogenesis of muscle pain.\" Current Pain & Headache Reports. 7, no. 6(2003): 419-25 UI 14604500. Nociceptive nerve endings in muscles and other tissues are equipped with a multitude of receptor molecules for endogenous pain-producing and sensitizing agents. Particularly interesting molecules are the purinergic receptors, which can be activated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the vanilloid receptor, which is sensitive to protons (low pH). The purinergic receptors are activated by tissue damage because cell necrosis is associated with the release of ATP. A low pH is present in many pathologic conditions such as ischemia and inflammation. At the spinal and medullar level, painful muscle lesions induce marked neuroplastic changes that result in hyperexcitability and hyperactivity of nociceptive neurons. This central sensitization is the basis for the spontaneous pain and hyperalgesia of patients. The transition from acute to chronic muscle pain is complete when the initially functional changes are transformed into structural ones. Patients with morphologic alterations in their nociceptive system are difficult to treat because the changes need time to normalize. \[References: 47\] Mercadante, S., et al. \"Celiac plexus block for pancreatic cancer pain: factors influencing pain, symptoms and quality of life.\" Journal of Pain & Symptom Management. 26, no. 6(2003): 1140-7 UI 14654266. Neurolytic celiac plexus block (NCPB) is claimed to be an effective method of pain control for pancreatic cancer pain. However, the factors that may influence long-term analgesia, adverse effects, and quality of life after performing NCPB have never been determined. In a prospective multicenter study, 22 patients who underwent NCPB were followed until death. Numerous parameters other than pain and symptom intensity were evaluated, including age, gender, initial site of cancer, sites of pain, possible peritoneal involvement, technique, and oncologic interventions. Indices were calculated to determine the opioid consumption ratio (EAS) and the trend of opioid escalation (OEI). NCPB was effective in reducing opioid consumption and gastrointestinal adverse effects for at least 4 weeks. In the last four weeks prior to death, there was the typical trend of increasing symptom intensity common to the terminal cancer population. None of the factors studied influenced the analgesic effectiveness of NPCB. NPCB, performed by skilled clinicians, regardless of the technique chosen, is a safe and useful means that should be considered as an adjuvant to common analgesic regimens at any stage, as it may allow the reduction of the visceral component of pancreatic pain that may prevail in certain phases of the illness. The analgesic and symptomatic effect of NCPB is presumably advantageous for about four weeks. A possible factor interfering with long-term outcome includes the capacity of cancer to involve the celiac axis, which can distort the anatomy and prevent neurolytic spread, or modify the pain mechanisms. Outcomes are strongly based on individual variation. Messin, R., et al. \"A pilot double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of molsidomine 16 mg once-a-day in patients suffering from stable angina pectoris: correlation between efficacy and over time plasma concentrations.\" European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 59, no. 3(2003): 227-32 UI 12734607. OBJECTIVES: A new once-a-day (o.a.d.) formulation of molsidomine (16 mg) was evaluated in patients with stable angina pectoris. The aims were to characterize its pharmacokinetics after a single dose, to demonstrate its clinical efficacy and safety versus placebo and to investigate correlations between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. METHODS: Forty-two patients were recruited in a double-blind, crossover, randomized placebo-controlled trial. The pharmacokinetics of molsidomine and SIN-1, its active metabolite, were determined at specific time points (3, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22 and 24 h) after the administration of a single dose of molsidomine 16 mg o.a.d. in all patients distributed into seven groups. Twenty-eight of these 42 patients showed a positive baseline cycloergometric exercise test response during the run-in placebo period and were used to compare the efficacy of molsidomine to placebo. Relationships between plasma concentration in molsidomine or SIN-1 and ischemic threshold were assessed in 16 of the 28 patients with a positive exercise test at baseline. Indeed, the censored variable ischemia-limited tolerance to exercise could not be evaluated in those patients who did not show exercise-induced ischemia anymore under molsidomine 16 mg o.a.d. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships were evaluated using regression models and correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The highest average concentration in molsidomine and SIN-1 occurred after 6 h, then a plateau of 15-20 ng/ml molsidomine and 0.8-3.0 ng/ml SIN-1 was maintained for at least 8 h and the mean residual molsidomine concentration 24 h post-drug intake was around 8 ng/ml, still in the effective range of 5-10 ng/ml. A significant increase in total workload (+52 W min, P=0.009), total exercise time (+32 s, P=0.003) and time to angina (+25 s, P=0.016) was measured with molsidomine 16 mg o.a.d. relative to placebo. Using linear regression, significant correlation coefficients were determined between molsidomine plasma concentrations (but not SIN-1) and exercise test improvements (r=0.827, P\<0.001 for the total workload; r=0.772, P\<0.001 for the total exercise time; and r=0.566, P=0.028 for the time to 1 mm ST-segment depression). CONCLUSION: The pharmacokinetics of molsidomine 16 mg in patients with stable angina pectoris is compatible with a o.a.d. dosage regimen. This o.a.d. formulation is effective and well-tolerated, providing a 24-h therapeutic control of myocardial ischemia. A positive and significant linear relationship between molsidomine plasma concentration and the increase in exercise tolerance was observed. Milingos, S., et al. \"Laparoscopic management of patients with endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain.\" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 997(2003): 269-73 UI 14644834. Endometriosis has been traditionally included among the most important causes of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in women of reproductive age. The main clinical manifestations of endometriosis are dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and chronic nonmenstrual pain. Despite the high prevalence of endometriosis in women suffering from CPP, controversy still exists regarding the true association between the stage and extent of this peculiar disease and the severity of pain. Over the last decade, advances in endoscopic technology have enabled gynecologic surgeons to recognize many atypical appearances of the endometriotic implants not known to exist before, thus allowing their complete excision or destruction. Laparoscopic surgery may offer considerable relief in patients with endometriosis and CPP. Although cases with advanced endometriosis seem to benefit the most, we also support surgical treatment in patients with early endometriosis diagnosed using laparoscopy, as many will experience improvement in their symptoms. \[References: 27\] Milling, L. S., M. R. Levine, and S. A. Meunier. \"Hypnotic enhancement of cognitive-behavioral interventions for pain: an analogue treatment study.\" Health Psychology. 22, no. 4(2003): 406-13 UI 12940397. Recent meta-analyses have shown that adding hypnosis enhances the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. This hypnotic enhancement effect was evaluated in the analogue treatment of pain. Individuals scoring in the high (n = 135) and low (n = 150) ranges of hypnotic suggestibility were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 conditions: Stress Inoculation Training, the same treatment provided hypnotically, nonhypnotic analgesia suggestions, hypnotic analgesia suggestions, a hypnotic induction treatment, or a control condition. The 5 analogue treatments reduced experimental pain more than the control condition, but were not different from one another. Under circumstances optimized to detect an enhancement effect, neither Stress Inoculation Training nor analgesia suggestions produced more relief when delivered in a hypnotic context than identical treatments provided nonhypnotically. Miyake, H., et al. \"Presacral extramedullary hematopoiesis.\" Surgery. 135, no. 1(2004): 112-3 UI 14694310. Montanini, S., and R. Siliotti. \"Analgesic therapy services and levels of essential care.\" Minerva Anestesiologica. 69, no. 6(2003): 479-80, 480-1 UI 14564247. Motl, R. W., B. D. Knowles, and P. J. O\'Connor. \"Examination of pain ratings associated with elicitation of the maximal H-wave and maximal M-wave in the soleus and flexor carpi radialis muscles.\" International Journal of Neuroscience. 113, no. 11(2003): 1477-86 UI 14585748. The present study involved an examination of pain ratings associated with elicitation of the maximal H-wave and maximal M-wave in the soleus and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscles. Sixteen male students provided pain intensity ratings associated specifically with elicitation of the maximal H-wave and maximal M-wave in the soleus and FCR muscles before and after a 1 h period of seated rest on two trials separated by 1 wk. There were no significant interactions or main effects of Muscle Group, Time, or Trials for the pain ratings associated with the maximal H-wave and maximal M-wave in the soleus and FCR muscles. Pain ratings and current were higher for the maximal M-wave than the maximal H-wave in both the soleus and FCR muscles. We concluded that pain ratings associated with the maximal H-wave and maximal M-wave do not differ between the soleus and the FCR muscles, and that pain ratings are higher for the maximal M-wave than the maximal H-wave. Naylor, W. \"Pain in fungating wounds: another perspective.\" Ostomy Wound Management. 49, no. 11(2003): 9-12 UI 14652409. Nikanne, E., et al. \"Ketoprofen for postoperative pain after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and tonsillectomy: two-week follow-up study.\" Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery. 129, no. 5(2003): 577-81 UI 14595282. OBJECTIVE: In our previous study, we reported that both uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) and tonsillectomy are associated with unacceptable intense pain during the first 24 hours after surgery. To investigate the pain progression at home, we followed the same 53 patients for 14 days after surgery. Twenty-two patients underwent tonsillectomy and 31 patients underwent UPPP. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, longitudinal, parallel-group study was conducted. METHODS: Beginning on the first postoperative day, the patients were allowed to use 50 mg ketoprofen capsules at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/24 hr. The patients evaluated their own pain four times a day for the first 5 days. Two weeks after the surgery during a follow-up visit patients reported the present pain; and a total consumption of analgesics, and all adverse events for 14 days. RESULTS: Patients in both study groups had significant pain, especially in the morning, for the first week after surgery. In half of the patients, severe pain interfered with eating and sleeping, and in one third of the patients, the pain lasted 2 weeks or longer. The need for ketoprofen was significantly higher after UPPP than that after tonsillectomy (P = 0.001). One patient after tonsillectomy and 3 patients after UPPP needed electrocautery to stop secondary bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Both UPPP and tonsillectomy are associated with intense postoperative pain. Standard ketoprofen capsules are too short-acting to ensure undisturbed sleep. North, R. A. \"The P2X3 subunit: a molecular target in pain therapeutics.\" Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 4, no. 7(2003): 833-40 UI 14619405. P2X receptors are hetero-oligomeric proteins that function as membrane ion channels and are gated by extracellular ATP. The P2X3 subunit is a constituent of the channels on a subset of sensory neurons involved in pain signaling, where ATP released by damaged and inflamed tissue can initiate action potentials. The tissue distribution of this subunit, along with experiments using antagonists, antisense oligonucleotides and gene knockouts, suggests that it may be a useful target for the development of pain therapeutics. This has been substantiated by the development by Abbott of a small molecule that selectively blocks P2X3 subunit-containing P2X receptors, and which is effective in a range of animal models of neuropathic and chronic inflammatory pain. \[References: 89\] Offenbacher, M., et al. \"Validation of a German version of the \'Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand\' questionnaire (DASH-G).\" Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie. 62, no. 2(2003): 168-77 UI 12721705. OBJECTIVE: In 1994 the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons\' outcome research committee developed and validated a functional outcome questionnaire for disabilities of the upper extremity (DASH). The objective of our study was to translate the DASH into German and to evaluate its reliability and validity for German-speaking patients with shoulder pain. METHODS: Translation-backtranslation of the DASH was performed according to published guidelines. Psychometric properties and validity were assessed in 49 consecutive patients with shoulder pain originating from within the shoulder girdle. Age, duration of symptoms and current pain were obtained. Test-retest reliability was assessed in a subset of 18 patients who filled in the questionnaire 10 days later. Internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach\'s alpha coefficient. Test-retest reliability was assessed using Spearman correlations and the Bland and Altman plot. To study the validity, we examined the correlation of the DASH with other measures of function of the upper extremity including the HAQ subscales relating to the upper extremity and pain measures (e.g. numerical rating scale, SF-36 pain scale). We also examined our hypothesis that the DASH is moderately correlated with measures of range-of-motion (e.g., forward flexion and abduction). RESULT: Translation-backtranslation revealed no major difficulties. The mean age of the patients was 59 years, mean duration of symptoms 60 months and current pain score 5.6 (NRS). Test-retest reliability was 0.90 for the total DASH. The internal consistency was 0.96. Strong correlations (p\<0.01) were found between the DASH and the mean among the five subscales of the HAQ representing upper extremity function (0.88) and pain as measured with the SF-36 bodily pain scale (-0.79). As hypothesized, the DASH was also moderately correlated with measures of range-of-motion (e.g. forward flexion rho=-0.49; abduction rho=-0.57). CONCLUSION: Our data confirm that the German version of the DASH retains the characteristics of the American original and is a reliable and valid instrument to measure functional disability in German speaking patients with shoulder pain. Okmen, E., et al. \"Effects of enoxaparin and nadroparin on major cardiac events in high-risk unstable angina treated with a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor.\" Japanese Heart Journal. 44, no. 6(2003): 899-906 UI 14711185. Clinical trials have reported the beneficial effects of platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists and low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) on major cardiac events (MACE) in patients presenting with unstable angina or non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. A number of studies have documented the significant superiority of low-molecular-weight heparins, especially enoxaparin, over unfractionated heparin in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two different LMWHs, enoxaparin and nadroparin, accompanied by platelet GP IIb/IIIa inhibition on MACE in high-risk unstable angina. The study was designed as an open-label and observational study. Sixty-eight patients presenting with unstable angina associated with high-risk criteria were randomly assigned to treatment with enoxaparin plus tirofiban (36 patients, mean age 57 +/- 11) or nadroparin plus tirofiban (32 patients, mean age: 58 +/- 8). In-hospital MACE including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), recurrent refractory angina, death, stroke, and urgent revascularization were compared between the study groups. Patient characteristics and durations of LMWH and tirofiban treatments were not different between the study groups. Coronary artery risk factors, except family history (which was observed more frequently in the enoxaparin group, P = 0.02), were also similar. MACE between the enoxaparin and nadroparin groups including AMI (5.5%, 6%), recurrent refractory angina (19%, 12%), death (0%, 3%), stroke (was not observed in either group), urgent revascularization (14%, 12%) and total MACE (19%, 15%) were not different. Enoxaparin and nadroparin, accompanied by GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy, have similar effects on the development of major cardiac events in patients presenting with unstable angina and high-risk characteristics. O\'Neal, M. G., T. Beste, and D. P. Shackelford. \"Utility of preemptive local analgesia in vaginal hysterectomy.\" American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 189, no. 6(2003): 1539-41; discussion 1541-2 UI 14710057. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether preemptive administration of long-acting local anesthetics before vaginal hysterectomy will improve postoperative pain. STUDY DESIGN: A blinded, randomized, trial of paracervical injection of 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine or normal saline solution placebo with epinephrine was conducted. Verbal analog pain scores were collected at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 24 hours after surgery. Morphine use in the postanesthesia care unit and by patient-controlled morphine analgesia was recorded. RESULTS: Twenty patients were enrolled. Nine were randomized to bupivacaine. There was no difference between groups regarding age, length of surgery, blood loss, or length of stay. Pain scores were lower in the bupivacaine group by analysis of variance (P=.03). Total morphine and patient-controlled analgesia morphine was significantly less in patients receiving bupivacaine (P=.01 and.04). CONCLUSION: Paracervical block with a 0.5% bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine before vaginal hysterectomy is associated with lower pain scores and a reduction in morphine requirements after surgery. Pappagallo, M. \"Newer antiepileptic drugs: possible uses in the treatment of neuropathic pain and migraine.\" Clinical Therapeutics. 25, no. 10(2003): 2506-38 UI 14667954. BACKGROUND: Both neuropathic pain and migraine are now being treated with a variety of newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The proven efficacy of gabapentin in postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN), and of divalproex sodium in the prevention of migraine has led to increased clinical investigation of the newer AEDs for these conditions. While basic and clinical research are expanding the knowledge base concerning the fundamental mechanisms of neuropathic pain and migraine, growing recognition of the similarities in the pathophysiology of epilepsy, migraine, and various chronic pain disorders has further heightened interest in exploring the newer AEDs in the treatment of these conditions.OBJECTIVE: The goals of this article were to review the empiric basis and scientific rationale for the use of AEDs in the treatment of neuropathic pain and migraine; summarize available clinical research on the use of 5 newer AEDs (gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, topiramate, and zonisamide) in these conditions; and provide a summary comparison of the dosing, tolerability, and drug-interaction potential of these agents.METHODS: Relevant English-language articles were identified through searches of MEDLINE (1990-March 2003), American Academy of Neurology abstracts (1999-2003), and American Epilepsy Society abstracts (2000-2002). The search terms were antiepileptic medication or drug, migraine headache, neuropathic pain, pathophysiology, treatment, mechanism of action, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, topiramate, and zonisamide.CONCLUSIONS: The newer AEDs possess the potential advantages of better tolerability and fewer drug-drug interactions compared with standard treatments such as tricyclic antidepressants or established AEDs. However, with the exception of data supporting the efficacy of gabapentin in PHS and PDN, there is currently insufficient evidence to determine whether the newer AEDs have equal or superior efficacy relative to proven pharmacotherapies. \[References: 144\] Parsanezhad, M. E., et al. \"Comparative, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intraperitoneal of bupivacaine and lidocaine for pain control after diagnostic laparoscopy.\" Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 10, no. 3(2003): 311-5 UI 14567803. STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of intraperitoneal bupivacaine and lidocaine on reducing pain after diagnostic laparoscopy. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (Canadian Task Force classification I). SETTING: University teaching hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred thirty-four women with unexplained infertility. INTERVENTION: Diagnostic laparoscopy with intraperitoneal administration of bupivacaine or lidocaine. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients were randomized into one of four groups. In group A, at the end of laparoscopy 0.125% bupivacaine 30 ml was instilled into the pelvic cavity and the same dose was instilled over the diaphragmatic vault. Groups B and C received the same volume of 5% lidocaine and normal saline, respectively. Group D received no intraperitoneal agent. The verbal pain scale questionnaire was used to assess postoperative pain. Pain scores 2 and 24 hours postoperatively were significantly lower for group A than for groups B and C (p = 0.0001). Scores in group B were also significantly lower than those in groups C and D (p = 0.0001). Women in group A required less additional analgesia than those in the other groups. CONCLUSION: Compared with lidocaine and placebo, intraperitoneal bupivacaine significantly decreased postoperative pain, and this effect was long lasting. Pasero, C. \"Epidural analgesia for postoperative pain, part 2.\" AJN, American Journal of Nursing. 103, no. 11(2003): 43-5 UI 14625423. Pasero, C., and M. McCaffery. \"Controlled-release oxycodone.\" AJN, American Journal of Nursing. 104, no. 1(2004): 30-2 UI 14707810. Patt, R. B. \"Non-pharmacologic measures for controlling oncologic pain.\" American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care. 7, no. 6(1990): 30-7 UI 14686471. Pepine, C. J., et al. \"Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on transient ischemia: the Quinapril Anti-Ischemia and Symptoms of Angina Reduction (QUASAR) trial.\[see comment\].\" Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 42, no. 12(2003): 2049-59 UI 14680725. OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACE-I) (i.e., quinapril) prevents transient ischemia (exertional and spontaneous) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). BACKGROUND: It is known that ACE-I reduces the risk of death, myocardial infarction (MI), and other CAD-related outcomes in high-risk patients. Numerous studies have confirmed that ACE-I improves coronary flow and endothelial function. Whether ACE-I also decreases transient ischemia is unclear, because no studies have been adequately designed or sufficiently powered to evaluate this issue. METHODS: Using a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter design, we enrolled 336 CAD patients with stable angina. None had uncontrolled hypertension, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, or recent MI, and all developed electrocardiographic (ECG) evidence of ischemia during exercise. They were randomly assigned to one of two groups: 40 mg/day quinapril (n = 177) or placebo (n = 159) for 8 weeks. Patients then entered an additional eight-week treatment phase to examine the full dose range. Those assigned to 40 mg quinapril continued that dose and those assigned to placebo were titrated to 80 mg/day. Treadmill testing, the Seattle Angina Questionnaire, and ambulatory ECG monitoring were used to assess responses at baseline and at 8 and 16 weeks. RESULTS: The groups did not differ significantly at entry or in terms of indexes assessing myocardial ischemia at 8 or 16 weeks of treatment. In this low-risk population, ACE-I was not associated with serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest short-term ACE-I in CAD patients without hypertension, LV dysfunction, or acute MI is not associated with significant effects on transient ischemia. Perry, C. P. \"Peripheral neuropathies and pelvic pain: diagnosis and management.\" Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology. 46, no. 4(2003): 789-96 UI 14595220. Petzke, F., et al. \"Increased pain sensitivity in fibromyalgia: effects of stimulus type and mode of presentation.\" Pain. 105, no. 3(2003): 403-13 UI 14527701. Fibromyalgia (FM) is defined in part by sensitivity to blunt pressure. Pressure pain sensitivity in FM is evaluated typically by the use of \'ascending\' testing methods such as tender point counts or dolorimetry, which can be influenced by response bias of both the subject and examiner. Methods that present stimuli in a random, unpredictable fashion might minimize the influence of these factors. In this study, we compared the results of ascending and random assessments of both pressure and thermal pain sensitivities in 43 FM patients and 28 age- and gender-matched controls. Even though FM is defined on the basis of pressure sensitivity, this group was also more sensitive to heat stimuli, presented in either ascending or random paradigms. In both the patient and control groups, the pain ratings to painful sensations evoked by both thermal and pressure stimuli were significantly greater in the random, compared with the ascending method. The number of subjects classified as \'expectant\' because they rated pain higher in ascending than random paradigms was similar for FM and control groups. Both patients and controls exhibited a similar degree of sensitization to pressure and thermal stimuli. The increased sensitivity to both pressure and thermal stimuli for threshold and suprathreshold stimuli in FM patients is consistent with central augmentation of pain processing. Pickering, T. G. \"Effects of stress and behavioral interventions in hypertension. Pain and blood pressure.\" Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 5, no. 5(2003): 359-61 UI 14564139. Piotrowski, M. M., et al. \"Massage as adjuvant therapy in the management of acute postoperative pain: a preliminary study in men.\" Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 197, no. 6(2003): 1037-46 UI 14644293. BACKGROUND: Opioid analgesia alone may not fully relieve all aspects of acute postoperative pain. Complementary medicine techniques used as adjuvant therapies have the potential to improve pain management and palliate postoperative distress. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective randomized clinical trial compared pain relief after major operations in 202 patients who received one of three nursing interventions: massage, focused attention, or routine care. Interventions were performed twice daily starting 24 hours after the operation through postoperative day 7. Perceived pain was measured each morning. RESULTS: The rate of decline in the unpleasantness of postoperative pain was accelerated by massage (p = 0.05). Massage also accelerated the rate of decline in the intensity of postoperative pain but this effect was not statistically significant. Use of opioid analgesics was not altered significantly by the interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Massage may be a useful adjuvant therapy for the management of acute postoperative pain. Its greatest effect appears to be on the affective component (ie, unpleasantness) of the pain. Portenoy, R. \"Drug therapy for cancer pain.\" American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care. 7, no. 6(1990): 10-9 UI 14686466. Post-White, J., et al. \"Therapeutic massage and healing touch improve symptoms in cancer.\" Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2, no. 4(2003): 332-44 UI 14713325. Complementary therapies are increasingly used to reduce side effects of cancer treatment, without evidence for their effectiveness. In a randomized, prospective, 2-period, crossover intervention study, the authors tested the effects of therapeutic massage (MT) and healing touch (HT), in comparison to presence alone or standard care, in inducing relaxation and reducing symptoms in 230 subjects. MT and HT lowered blood pressure, respiratory rate (RR), and heart rate (HR). MT lowered anxiety and HT lowered fatigue, and both lowered total mood disturbance. Pain ratings were lower after MT and HT, with 4-week nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use less during MT. There were no effects on nausea. Presence reduced RR and HR but did not differ from standard care on any measure of pain, nausea, mood states, anxiety, or fatigue. MT and HT are more effective than presence alone or standard care in reducing pain, mood disturbance, and fatigue in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Prasad, S. S., et al. \"MRI measurements of the cervical spine and their correlation to Pavlov\'s ratio.\" Spine. 28, no. 12(2003): 1263-8 UI 12811269. STUDY DESIGN: Pavlov\'s ratio from plain radiographs in patients with neck pain but no radicular symptoms was compared with the areas of the cervical spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid column on magnetic resonance scans. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The area of the cervical canal or cord obviously depends on both the sagittal and transverse diameters. Although the pathology in stenosis of the cervical spine is mainly in the sagittal plane, narrowing only in the sagittal diameter may not indicate significant reduction in the area of the canal. The transverse area of the cord has been shown to correlate well with the pathologic changes of the cord in cervical myelopathy. We correlated Pavlov\'s ratio on the plain radiographs to the area of the cerebrospinal fluid column and the area of the cord on the magnetic resonance scan. METHODS: We examined the lateral radiographs and axial and sagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance scans in the neutral position of the cervical spine (C4-C7) of 87 patients with 332 levels with neck pain but no radicular symptoms and normal magnetic resonance scans. On the magnetic resonance images, the sagittal diameters of the cerebrospinal fluid column and the cord were measured at the midvertebra level on T2 sagittal images from C4 to C7. From the T2 axial images, the area of the cord and the area of the cerebrospinal fluid column were measured at the same levels. RESULTS: The correlation between Pavlov\'s ratio and the area of cerebrospinal fluid column was moderate, with the highest value of 0.31 at C5. The sagittal diameter of the cerebrospinal fluid column showed variable correlation with the area of the cerebrospinal fluid column. The highest correlation was 0.68 between the sagittal diameter and the area of the cerebrospinal fluid column at C7. The correlation between Pavlov\'s ratio and the area of the cord is around zero, with the highest correlation of 0.21 at C4. The sagittal diameter of the cord showed a moderate correlation with the area of the cord. CONCLUSION: This study shows a poor correlation between Pavlov\'s ratio and the space available for the cord. Therefore, this ratio cannot be solely relied upon to predict the area changes in that plane of the cervical spinal canal. Rashiq, S., et al. \"The effect of opioid analgesia on exercise test performance in chronic low back pain.\" Pain. 106, no. 1-2(2003): 119-25 UI 14581118. The effect of opioid analgesia on tests of muscular function in chronic low back pain (CLBP) is unknown. Twenty-eight subjects with CLBP of at least moderate intensity performed the Sorensen isokinetic exercise test once after receiving 1 microg/kg fentanyl intravenously and once after placebo in a randomized-order double-blind crossover design. Naloxone 3 microg/kg was administered after the fentanyl phase. Fentanyl reduced mean+/-SD pain from 4.0+/-2.1 to 3.1+/-2.2 on a 0-10 verbal rating scale (P\<0.05). Mean+/-SD Sorensen test performance was 77+/-49 s in the fentanyl arm and 60+/-42 s in the placebo arm. This represents an increased performance with fentanyl of 28% (P\<0.001). We conclude that in addition to relieving pain in CLBP, the administration of 1 microg/kg fentanyl is associated with an improvement in lumbar exercise test performance. We presume that the pain relief resulted in increased test performance. Our result is at odds with those of randomized trials which have failed to demonstrate increased function following the treatment of pain with opioid analgesics. This highlights the complexity of the interaction between pain, analgesia and changes in function. Riggs, A. \"Controlling pain in the elderly: careful treatment can prevent suffering, improve quality of life.\" Journal of the Arkansas Medical Society. 100, no. 6(2003): 192-3 UI 14661400. Ringler, R., et al. \"BOLD effects in different areas of the cerebral cortex during painful mechanical stimulation.\" Pain. 105, no. 3(2003): 445-53 UI 14527705. The contribution of four cortical areas (S1, S2, insular cortex and gyrus cinguli) to pain processing was assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Phasic (mechanical impact) and tonic stimuli (squeezing) were applied to the back of a finger, both at two different strengths. Stimuli were adjusted to inflict weak and strong pain sensations. It had been shown before that stronger noxious mechanical stimuli induce a weaker input from myelinated mechanoreceptors, but a more vigorous input from nociceptive primary afferents, and vice versa. Sizes of activation clusters and percent increase of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal during activation were compared in the areas of interest. Phasic stimulus patterns were more closely reflected in the time course of the MR signal in S1, S2 and the cingulate than tonic patterns, since the tonic stimuli tended to induce slow MR signal increase also during the resting periods which is in parallel to the persisting character of the tonic pain sensations. In S1 only the contralateral side was activated in most cases, and the more painful stimuli did not induce greater BOLD responses compared to the less painful stimuli in this area. Paradoxically, more painful stimuli produced smaller activation clusters in S1, both in tonic and phasic stimulus trials. In contralateral S2 more painful phasic stimuli induced significantly stronger BOLD responses than the weaker stimuli. The responses to tonic stimuli did not differentiate painfulness and were significantly smaller than the phasic. Activation clusters in this area were also smaller for tonic stimuli. In the gyrus cinguli more painful phasic stimuli induced stronger BOLD responses, but no difference was seen between tonic stimulation of different strength. Though the insular cortex was often bilaterally activated, no significant differences between stimulus quality or intensity were found. Our results provide evidence for a contribution of the S2 projection area and of the cingulate cortex to the processing of the intensity dimension of phasic mechanical pain. Such evidence was not found for the S1 area, which probably receives dominant input from non-nociceptive mechanoreceptors. Roberts, R. O., et al. \"Low agreement between previous physician diagnosed prostatitis and national institutes of health chronic prostatitis symptom index pain measures.\" Journal of Urology. 171, no. 1(2004): 279-83 UI 14665894. PURPOSE: We evaluate the agreement between self-reported physician diagnosed prostatitis and pain questions from the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (CPSI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomly selected cohort of white men 47 to 90 years old from Olmsted County, Minnesota completed a study questionnaire on a history of physician diagnosed prostatitis in the preceding 2 years, including the CPSI questions. The medical records were also reviewed for physician diagnosis of chronic prostatitis during the preceding 10 years. RESULTS: Of 1,543 men 27 (1.7%) reported a physician diagnosis of prostatitis in the preceding 2 years. There were strong associations between self-reported prostatitis and pain at the tip of the penis (OR 6.3, 95% CI 1.4, 28.5), ejaculatory (5.9, CI 1.3, 26.6) and testicular (3.6, 1.2, 10.8) pain. The chance corrected agreement between self-reported prostatitis and pain symptoms was low at 0.01 (pubic pain) to 0.07 (pain at the tip of the penis, ejaculatory pain and testicular pain). Agreement in positive responses was also low at 3.7% (perineal pain) to 8% (pain at the tip of the penis, ejaculatory pain and testicular pain). The predictive value of the modified total CPSI score for prostatitis was 0.67, which was better than chance (0.5). Associations based on medical record ascertainment of prostatitis during followup were weak, and the area under the curve was 0.57, which was no better than chance. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate low agreement between CPSI-like pain measures and self-reported physician diagnosed prostatitis. The stronger associations between pain symptoms and self-reported diagnosed prostatitis, and the moderate predictive ability of the modified total CPSI score measures for self-reported prostatitis compared to medical record ascertainment demonstrate the sensitivity of the CPSI to prevalent symptoms. Thus, the tool may be best used to evaluate the severity of current symptoms rather than to assess the presence or absence of prostatitis. Robertson, P. A., A. S. Don, and M. V. Miller. \"Painful lumbosacral melorheostosis treated by fusion.\" Spine. 28, no. 12(2003): E234-8 UI 12811287. STUDY DESIGN: A case report of low back pain associated with a diagnosis of melorheostosis of the lumbosacral spine. OBJECTIVE: To describe a rare presentation of melorheostosis and subsequent successful surgical treatment. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Melorheostosis is a rare condition and spinal pain has not been described in association with the condition. METHODS: A patient with disabling low back pain and suspected melorheostosis of the lumbosacral spine responded favorably to diagnostic facet joint blocks. Treatment was lumbosacral fusion and biopsy of the abnormal bone. The densely sclerotic bone presented technical difficulties requiring modification of surgical technique. RESULTS: Dramatic pain and disability reduction occurred following lumbosacral fusion. Histologic examination was consistent with melorheostosis. CONCLUSION: Melorheostosis rarely causes severe low back pain that can respond favorably to fusion surgery. Rogers, R. M., Jr. \"Pelvic denervation surgery: what the evidence and anatomy teach us.\" Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology. 46, no. 4(2003): 767-72 UI 14595217. Roig, S., et al. \"Spontaneous coronary artery dissection causing acute coronary syndrome: an early diagnosis implies a good prognosis.\" American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 21, no. 7(2003): 549-51 UI 14655234. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is an unusual cause of acute coronary syndrome. We describe a series of cases that with an early diagnosis and aggressive treatment, which includes percutaneous angioplasty with stent implantation and cardiac surgery, had a good outcome. The objective was to study the demographic characteristics, clinical settings, treatments, and inhospital course of patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. We studied a retrospective case series in 3 coronary care units in third-level university hospitals. The spontaneous coronary artery dissection diagnosis was made by coronary angiography. Seven cases of spontaneous coronary artery dissections were recorded. They were 5 women and 2 men. The age range was 28 to 64 years. Two of them took oral contraceptives and one case occurred in the postpartum period. An acute anterior wall myocardial infarction was the most frequent clinical presentation, occurring in 4 of the 7 cases. In fact, the left anterior descending artery was involved in 6 cases. An urgent coronary angiogram was performed in all cases. Definitive treatment included percutaneous angioplasty and stent implantation in 3 cases, coronary artery bypass surgery in 2 case, and cardiac transplantation in another case. One patient was treated medically. None of the patients died in the hospital. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection remains an unusual cause of acute coronary syndrome. It should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, especially when it affects young, healthy females. An early clinical suspicion and diagnosis with urgent coronary angiography and aggressive treatment that includes percutaneous angioplasty with stent implantation and cardiac surgery could improve the prognosis of these patients. Rollins, G. \"COX-2 inhibitors reduce knee replacement surgery problems.\" Report on Medical Guidelines & Outcomes Research. 14, no. 24(2003): 1, 5-6 UI 14677563. Rollnik, J. D., et al. \"Repetitive magnetic stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain conditions.\" Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology. 56(2003): 390-3 UI 14677415. Salo, D., et al. \"Can patients accurately read a visual analog pain scale?\" American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 21, no. 7(2003): 515-9 UI 14655227. The objective of this study was too determine if patients can accurately read a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. A 100-mm visual analog pain scale designed for patient use was printed on the top page of carbonless copy paper with a perfectly aligned hatched scale on the second (bottom) page. Patients over the age of 18 in acute pain were enrolled in this prospective, descriptive study. Patients were asked demographic questions and to indicate their pain severity with a single mark through the 100-mm scale. Once scored, patients were asked to read the number from the hatched bottom scale. Two physician-raters, blinded to patients\' and each other\'s readings, then scored the VAS. Analysis of physician interrater reliability and correlation of patient and physician readings was performed. One hundred forty-five patients were enrolled. Seventy-nine patients (54.5%) read the VAS exactly as physician-readers. One hundred thirty-eight (95.2%) read their VAS within +/-2 mm of physician readings. Ninety-five percent of patients are able to read a VAS within +/-2 mm of physician readings. The data suggests this instrument could be used by discharged patients in longitudinal pain studies or with help in management of chronic pain. Schnoll, S. H., and M. F. Weaver. \"Addiction and pain.\" American Journal on Addictions. 12, no. Suppl 2(2003): S27-35 UI 12857661. The use of opioid medications for analgesia is associated with concerns about adverse side effects and the potential for development of physical dependence, tolerance, or addiction. Pain often is undertreated, which may provoke drug-seeking behavior by patients. Physicians must assess requests for more pain medication as stemming from either undertreatment of pain, development of physical tolerance, or addiction. Important tools for addiction screening include the use of questionnaires, patient interviews, and lab tests. In this study, the physiological and behavioral consequences of chronic pain and its treatment with opioids, along with guidelines for prescribing opioid pain medication, are presented. \[References: 26\] Schulte, H., et al. \"Pharmacological modulation of experimental phasic and tonic muscle pain by morphine, alfentanil and ketamine in healthy volunteers.\" Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 47, no. 8(2003): 1020-30 UI 12904196. BACKGROUND: Muscle pain is a major clinical problem but the underlying mechanisms and its pharmacological modulation need further investigation. This study on 15 volunteers evaluates if two experimental muscle pain models are sensitive to micro -receptor agonists and to an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist. METHODS: In the left tibialis anterior, intramuscular electrical (IMES) pain thresholds were determined for single (SPTmuscle) and five (RPTmuscle) repeated stimuli. Also pain to suprathreshold stimulation at 150% of RPTmuscle, 10 s, was assessed on a visual analog scale (VAS) as AUCimes (area under the VAS curve). In the right TA muscle, pain intensity on infusion of 0.5 ml of hypertonic saline, 5% (AUCsaline) and pain distribution indicated as local and referred were evaluated. Pain variables were assessed before, during and after intravenous infusions of morphine (10 microg x kg-1 min-1, 10 min), alfentanil (target-controlled infusion, plasma concentration; 60 ng ml-1, 60 min) and ketamine (10 microg x kg-1 min-1, 60 min). All data were normalized to baseline pain values (before drug infusions were initiated) and compared with placebo (midazolam, 2 microg x kg-1 min-1, 10 min). RESULTS: SPTmuscle increased (log mean values +/- SD, mA) with morphine (0.11 +/- 0.17, P \< 0.05), alfentanil (0.28 +/- 0.24, P \< 0.001) and ketamine (0.19 +/- 0.18, P \< 0.01) as compared with placebo (-0.03 +/- 0.12). Alfentanil and ketamine also increased RPTmuscle (0.25 +/- 0.21, P \< 0.01 and 0.21 +/- 0.19, P \< 0.05, respectively) as compared with placebo (0.00 +/- 0.17). Pain to IMES (AUCimes) was reduced (median values \[25th-75th percentiles\], cm x s) by alfentanil and ketamine (-19.7 \[-14.6 - -29.6\] and-12.8 \[-8.3 - -27.8\], P \< 0.05, respectively) vs. placebo (-0.8 \[1.6 - -12.3\]). Similar drug effects were seen when pain to infusion of hypertonic saline (AUCsaline) was assessed (alfentanil:-388 \[-99 - -677\] and ketamine:-326 \[-227 - -573\], P \< 0.05 compared with placebo: 150 \[449\--240\]). Ketamine also reduced the size of the local pain area (-58.4 \[-21.2 - -176.1\], \< 0.05) as compared with placebo (-0.4 \[70.6 - -13.4\]). The frequency of referred pain was also lower when ketamine was given (3/13, P \< 0.05) vs. placebo (9/14). CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that experimental muscle pain induced in humans by electrical stimulation and infusion of hypertonic saline is sensitive to pharmacological modulation similar to preclinical animal tests and clinical trials. The data suggest that these models can be valuable tools in analgesic drug development. Sharp, H. T. \"Myofascial pain syndrome of the abdominal wall for the busy clinician.\" Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology. 46, no. 4(2003): 783-8 UI 14595219. Shaw, R. W. \"Evaluation of the role of laser treatment for the treatment of pain in endometriosis.\" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 997(2003): 240-6 UI 14644831. There have been few appropriately conducted trials to evaluate the effectiveness of laser destruction of endometriosis in relieving pain symptoms, yet the techniques are increasingly being used. Laser destruction has been shown to be more effective than the placebo effect of laparoscopy alone in one trial, at least at 6-month follow-up. Longer-term studies suggest increasing recurrence of symptoms with time \[23% at 12 months in one study, and 44% by a mean of 19.7 months (5-60) follow-up\]. These recurrence rates are similar to those seen following 6 months medical treatment. It is unknown whether laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation (LUNA) in addition to destruction of lesions will produce better results, and appropriate trials are needed in several areas to determine the role of laser therapy. \[References: 8\] Shechter, M., et al. \"External counterpulsation therapy improves endothelial function in patients with refractory angina pectoris.\[see comment\].\" Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 42, no. 12(2003): 2090-5 UI 14680732. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of short-term external counterpulsation (ECP) therapy on flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). BACKGROUND: In patients with CAD, the vascular endothelium is usually impaired and modification or reversal of endothelial dysfunction may significantly enhance treatment. Although ECP therapy reduces angina and improves exercise tolerance in patients with CAD, its short-term effects on FMD in patients with refractory angina pectoris have not yet been described. METHODS: We prospectively assessed endothelial function in 20 consecutive CAD patients (15 males), mean age 68 +/- 11 years, with refractory angina pectoris (Canadian Cardiovascular Society \[CCS\] angina class III to IV), unsuitable for coronary revascularization, before and after ECP, and compared them with 20 age- and gender-matched controls. Endothelium-dependent brachial artery FMD and endothelium-independent nitroglycerin (NTG)-mediated vasodilation were assessed before and after ECP therapy, using high-resolution ultrasound. RESULTS: External counterpulsation therapy resulted in significant improvement in post-intervention FMD (8.2 +/- 2.1%, p = 0.01), compared with controls (3.1 +/- 2.2%, p = 0.78). There was no significant effect of treatment on NTG-induced vasodilation between ECP and controls (10.7 +/- 2.8% vs. 10.2 +/- 2.4%, p = 0.85). External counterpulsation significantly improved anginal symptoms assessed by reduction in mean sublingual daily nitrate consumption, compared with controls (4.2 +/- 2.7 nitrate tablets vs. 0.4 +/- 0.5 nitrate tablets, p \<0.001 and 4.5 +/- 2.3 nitrate tablets vs. 4.4 +/- 2.6 nitrate tablets, p = 0.87, respectively) and in mean CCS angina class compared with controls (3.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.3, p \<0.0001 and 3.3 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.5 +/- 0.5, p = 0.89, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: External counterpulsation significantly improved vascular endothelial function in CAD patients with refractory angina pectoris, thereby suggesting that improved anginal symptoms may be the result of such a mechanism. Simpson, D. M., et al. \"Lamotrigine for HIV-associated painful sensory neuropathies: a placebo-controlled trial.\" Neurology. 60, no. 9(2003): 1508-14 UI 12743240. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of lamotrigine (LTG) for the treatment of pain in HIV-associated sensory neuropathies. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind study, patients with HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) received LTG or placebo during a 7-week dose escalation phase followed by a 4-week maintenance phase. Randomization was stratified according to whether or not patients were currently using neurotoxic antiretroviral therapy (ART). RESULTS: The number of patients randomized was 92 (62 LTG, 30 placebo) in the stratum receiving neurotoxic ART and 135 (88 LTG, 47 placebo) in the stratum not receiving neurotoxic ART. Mean change from baseline in Gracely Pain Scale score for average pain was not different between LTG and placebo at the end of the maintenance phase in either stratum, but the slope of the change in Gracely Pain Scale score for average pain reflected greater improvement with LTG than with placebo in the stratum receiving neurotoxic ART (p = 0.004), as did the mean change from baseline scores on the Visual Analogue Scale for Pain Intensity and the McGill Pain Assessment Scale and patient and clinician ratings of global impression of change in pain (p \</= 0.02). The incidence of adverse events, including rash, was similar between LTG and placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Lamotrigine was well-tolerated and effective for HIV-associated neuropathic pain in patients receiving neurotoxic antiretroviral therapy. Additional research is warranted to understand the differing response among patients receiving neurotoxic antiretroviral therapy compared with those not receiving neurotoxic antiretroviral therapy. Sinatra, R. S., et al. \"Preoperative rofecoxib oral suspension as an analgesic adjunct after lower abdominal surgery: the effects on effort-dependent pain and pulmonary function.\" Anesthesia & Analgesia. 98, no. 1(2004): 135-40, table of contents UI 14693607. Rofecoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor that reduces pain and inflammation without inhibiting platelet function. We examined its effects on effort-dependent pain, postoperative morphine requirements, and pulmonary function in 48 patients recovering from open abdominal surgery. Spirometric measurement of forced expiratory volume(1) and vital capacity (FVC) were assessed preoperatively. One hour before the induction of a standardized general anesthetic, patients were given either placebo oral suspension (Group A), or rofecoxib oral suspension (25 mg \[Group B\] or 50 mg \[Group C\]) in a double-blinded manner. Postoperative pain control was provided with IV morphine in the postanesthesia care unit and IV-patient-controlled analgesia morphine on the patient care unit. Morphine dose, pain intensity at rest, and pain after respiratory effort (postoperative spirometry) were assessed at 12 and 24 h after study drug administration. The patient-controlled analgesia morphine dose at 24 h was reduced 44% in Group B (30.3 +/- 17.5 mg) and 59% in Group C (22.1 +/- 16.5 mg) versus Group A (53.7 +/- 31.1 mg); P \< 0.01 (A versus B). At 12 h, pain scores at rest and after spirometry were lower in Groups B and C than in A (P \< 0.05). At 24 h, resting pain scores were lowest in Group C (P \< 0.05). Twelve-hour FVC was best preserved in Group C (P \< 0.03). There were no inter-group differences in adverse effects or perioperative blood loss. Rofecoxib oral suspension provided a morphine-sparing effect, as well as improvements in pain control and 12-h FVC in patients recovering from open abdominal surgery. IMPLICATIONS: Rofecoxib belongs to class of analgesics known as cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors that reduce pain and inflammation with less risk of bleeding than standard nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. We found that patients treated with rofecoxib 25 or 50 mg before open abdominal surgery required less IV morphine during the first day of recovery. Despite reductions in morphine requirements, rofecoxib-treated patients reported lower pain intensity scores at rest and after a vigorous cough. In the 50-mg group, improvements in pain control correlated with greater preservation of baseline cough effectiveness (vital capacity) at 12 h. These findings may offer clinical advantages in patients with preexisting pulmonary disease. Sindrup, S. H., et al. \"Venlafaxine versus imipramine in painful polyneuropathy: a randomized, controlled trial.\" Neurology. 60, no. 8(2003): 1284-9 UI 12707430. BACKGROUND: Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) are often used in the treatment of painful polyneuropathy. Venlafaxine is a serotonin and weak noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor antidepressant with a different profile of other pharmacologic actions from those of TCA. OBJECTIVE: To test if venlafaxine would relieve painful polyneuropathy and compare its possible efficacy with that of the TCA imipramine. METHODS: The study design was randomized, double blind, and placebo controlled, with a three-way crossover. Forty patients were assigned to one of the treatment sequences, and 29 completed all three study periods. The daily doses were venlafaxine 225 mg and imipramine 150 mg. During the three treatment periods, each of 4 weeks\' duration, patients rated pain paroxysms, constant pain, and touch- and pressure-evoked pain by use of 0- to 10-point numeric rating scales. RESULTS: The sum of the individual pain scores during treatment week 4 was lower on venlafaxine (80% of baseline score; p = 0.006) and imipramine (77%; p = 0.001) than on placebo (100%) and did not show any statistical difference between venlafaxine and imipramine (p = 0.44). The individual pain scores for pain paroxysms, constant pain, and pressure-evoked pain showed a similar pattern, whereas touch-evoked pain was uncommon and was not altered by any of the drugs. Numbers needed to treat to obtain one patient with moderate or better pain relief were 5.2 for venlafaxine and 2.7 for imipramine. CONCLUSION: Venlafaxine relieves pain in polyneuropathy and may be as effective as imipramine. Sjoling, M., et al. \"The impact of preoperative information on state anxiety, postoperative pain and satisfaction with pain management.\" Patient Education & Counseling. 51, no. 2(2003): 169-76 UI 14572947. The primary objective of this study was to test whether specific information given prior to surgery can help patients obtain better pain relief after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Secondary objectives were to study the impact of preoperative information on state and trait anxiety, satisfaction with pain management and satisfaction with nursing care. The study was an intervention study with two groups of equal size (n=30). The intervention group was given specific information while the control group received routine information. Pain assessments were made preoperatively and every 3h for the first three postoperative days, using the visual analogue scale (VAS). The results of this study suggest that information does influence the experience of pain after surgery and related psychological factors. The postoperative pain declined more rapidly for patients in the treatment group, the degree of preoperative state anxiety was lower and they were more satisfied with the postoperative pain management. Small, E. J., et al. \"Combined analysis of two multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled studies of pamidronate disodium for the palliation of bone pain in men with metastatic prostate cancer.\[see comment\].\" Journal of Clinical Oncology. 21, no. 23(2003): 4277-84 UI 14581438. PURPOSE: Bone metastases occur in approximately 80% of patients with advanced prostate cancer. Pain is common in these patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an intravenous bisphosphonate, pamidronate disodium, on pain control in metastatic prostate cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials were conducted in patients with bone pain due to metastatic prostate cancer, with disease progression after first-line hormonal therapy. Intravenous pamidronate disodium (90 mg) or placebo was administered every 3 weeks for 27 weeks. Efficacy was measured via self-reported pain score (Brief Pain Inventory), analgesic use, the proportion of patients with a skeletal-related event (SRE; defined as pathologic fracture, radiation or surgery to bone, spinal cord compression, or hypercalcemia), and a pilot quantitative measurement of mobility. Laboratory evaluations included serum prostate-specific antigen, interleukin-6, bone alkaline phosphatase, and urinary bone resorption markers. RESULTS: Results of the two trials were pooled. There were no sustained significant differences between the pamidronate and placebo groups in self-reported pain measurements, analgesic use, proportion of patients with an SRE, or mobility at week 9 or 27. Urinary bone resorption markers were suppressed in the pamidronate group compared with placebo. CONCLUSION: Pamidronate disodium failed to demonstrate a significant overall treatment benefit compared with placebo in palliation of bone pain or reduction of SREs. Evaluation of more potent bisphosphonates in patients with prostate cancer is warranted. Somers, M. P., et al. \"Additional electrocardiographic leads in the ED chest pain patient: right ventricular and posterior leads.\" American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 21, no. 7(2003): 563-73 UI 14655239. In the evaluation of the patient with chest pain, the 12-lead electro cardiogram is a less-than-(ECG) perfect indicator of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), particularly when used early in the course of the acute ischemic event; this relative insensitivity for AMI results from many different issues, including a less-than-optimal imaging of certain areas of the heart. It has been suggested that the sensitivity of the 12-lead ECG can be improved if 3 additional body surface leads are used in selected individuals. Acute posterior (PMI) and right ventricular myocardial infarctions are likely to be underdiagnosed, because the standard lead placement of the 12-lead ECG does not allow these areas to be assessed directly. Additional leads frequently used include leads V(8) and V(9), which image the posterior wall of the left ventricle, and lead V(4R), which reflects the status of the right ventricle. The standard ECG coupled with these additional leads constitutes the 15-lead ECG, the most frequently used additional lead ECG in clinical practice. The use of the additional leads might not only confirm the presence of AMI, but also provide a more accurate reflection of the true extent of myocardial damage. Staats, P. S., et al. \"Intrathecal ziconotide in the treatment of refractory pain in patients with cancer or AIDS: a randomized controlled trial.\" Jama. 291, no. 1(2004): 63-70 UI 14709577. CONTEXT: Ziconotide (formerly SNX-111) selectively blocks N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels and may be effective in patients with pain that is refractory to opioid therapy or those with intolerable opioid-related adverse effects. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of intrathecal ziconotide in patients with pain that is refractory to conventional treatment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial conducted from March 12, 1996, to July 11, 1998, at 32 study centers in the United States, Australia, and the Netherlands. Patients were 111 individuals ages 24 to 85 years with cancer or AIDS and a mean Visual Analog Scale of Pain Intensity (VASPI) score of 50 mm or greater. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive ziconotide or placebo treatment. INTERVENTIONS: Intrathecal ziconotide was titrated over 5 to 6 days, followed by a 5-day maintenance phase for responders and crossover of nonresponders to the opposite treatment group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Mean percentage change in VASPI score from baseline to the end of the initial titration period. RESULTS: Of the evaluable population, 67 (98.5%) of 68 patients receiving ziconotide and 38 (95%) of 40 patients receiving placebo were taking opioids at baseline (median morphine equivalent dosage of 300 mg/d for the ziconotide group and 600 mg/d for the placebo group; P =.63, based on mean values), and 36 had used intrathecal morphine. Mean (SD) VASPI scores were 73.6 (1.8) mm in the ziconotide group and 77.9 (2.3) mm in the placebo group (P =.18). Mean VASPI scores improved 53.1% (95% confidence interval \[CI\], 44.0%-62.2%) in the ziconotide group and 18.1% (95% CI, 4.8%-31.4%) in the placebo group (P\<.001), with no loss of efficacy of ziconotide in the maintenance phase. Pain relief was moderate to complete in 52.9% of patients in the ziconotide group compared with 17.5% in the placebo group (P\<.001). Five patients receiving ziconotide achieved complete pain relief, and 50.0% of patients receiving ziconotide responded to therapy compared with 17.5% of those receiving placebo (P =.001). CONCLUSION: Intrathecal ziconotide provided clinically and statistically significant analgesia in patients with pain from cancer or AIDS. Stacey, B. R., and R. L. Glanzman. \"Use of gabapentin for postherpetic neuralgia: results of two randomized, placebo-controlled studies.\" Clinical Therapeutics. 25, no. 10(2003): 2597-608 UI 14667960. BACKGROUND: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), which affects up to 70% of elderly persons with herpes zoster, can have debilitating effects, including physical and social disability and significant psychological distress. A variety of agents have been used, either singly or in combination, to control PHN, including topical and oral analgesics, antidepressants, and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). However, PHN often proves refractory to these therapies. OBJECTIVE: This article reviews available data on the use of the newer AED gabapentin for the control of PHN. METHODS: A MEDLINE search was undertaken to identify all randomized, placebo-controlled trials on the use of gabapentin in PHN. The search terms were gabapentin and postherpetic neuralgia. RESULTS: The literature search identified 2 published studies of the efficacy of gabapentin in a total of 563 patients with PHN that had persisted for at least 3 months after the healing of herpes zoster rash. The studies employed multiple outcome measures, including visual analog and Likert scales for pain intensity, and quality-of-life and functional measures that included the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Profile of Mood States. At maximum target dosages of 1800 to 3600 mg/d, gabapentin produced significant reductions in mean daily pain scores compared with placebo on both visual analog(P \< 0.001) and Likert scales (P \< 0.01). Improvements were also seen on the SF-36 subscales for physical functioning, bodily pain, vitality, and mental health(P \< 0.01). CONCLUSION: Gabapentin may provide benefits in terms of alleviation of pain and overall quality of life in patients with chronic PHN. \[References: 27\] Stephens, J., et al. \"The burden of acute postoperative pain and the potential role of the COX-2-specific inhibitors.\" Rheumatology. 42, no. Suppl 3(2003): iii40-52 UI 14585917. Pain has been recognized as a problem of global proportions, and postoperative pain is one of the most common types of pain. Postoperative pain is acute and, although it is preventable and/or treatable, it is often undertreated. Lack of appropriate analgesic management has significant impact on clinical and economic outcomes. Negative clinical outcomes of inadequately managed acute postoperative pain include extended hospitalization, compromised prognosis, higher morbidity and mortality, and the development of a chronic pain state as a result of neuronal plasticity. Although estimating the economic burden of postoperative pain is difficult, this burden is considerable and results from direct costs due to excess health-care resource use, as well as indirect costs due to reduced patient functionality and productivity. These latter factors also have a significant adverse impact on patients\' quality of life and may be associated with the development of depression and anxiety. Thus, improved clinical outcomes are dependent not only on the availability of effective drugs but also on their appropriate utilization. A multimodal approach incorporating different drugs and techniques is effective in reducing postoperative pain but is limited by the currently available therapies. The efficacy of opioids is well established, but there are concerns about dependency, respiratory depression and side-effects, which patients often find intolerable. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective as adjunctive medication in a multimodal regimen but are associated with side-effects, such as platelet dysfunction and renal and gastrointestinal toxicity, that have special clinical significance in patients undergoing surgical procedures. Cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitors such as celecoxib, rofecoxib and valdecoxib, were developed to provide the efficacy of non-specific NSAIDs while limiting associated toxicity. These agents have demonstrated analgesic efficacy and an opioid-sparing effect in a variety of surgical procedures, suggesting their value as an alternative to non-specific NSAIDs. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of these drugs on clinical and economic outcomes when used in a programme of postsurgical pain management. \[References: 137\] Stephenson, N., J. A. Dalton, and J. Carlson. \"The effect of foot reflexology on pain in patients with metastatic cancer.\" Applied Nursing Research. 16, no. 4(2003): 284-6 UI 14608562. Thirty-six oncology inpatients participated in this third pilot study investigating the effects of foot reflexology in which equianalgesic dosing was calculated. Foot reflexology was found to have a positive immediate effect for patients with metastatic cancer who report pain, although there was no statistically significant effect at 3 hours after intervention or at 24 hours after intervention. Further study is suggested for foot reflexology delivered by family in the homes for management of cancer pain. Stute, P., et al. \"Analysis and treatment of different types of neuropathic cancer pain.\" Journal of Pain & Symptom Management. 26, no. 6(2003): 1123-31 UI 14654264. Neuropathic pain is a major problem in the treatment of cancer pain. We performed a retrospective analysis of 213 cancer patients with neuropathic pain treated by a pain service following the World Health Organization guidelines for relief of cancer pain. Of these, 79% presented with nerve compression pain, 16% with nerve injury pain, and 5% with sympathetically-maintained pain. Whereas nerve compression and nerve injury pain were caused most frequently by cancer growth, sympathetically-maintained pain was caused most frequently by cancer treatment. There were no significant differences in the use of analgesics, the mean pain intensity, or the efficacy of analgesic treatment among the three groups. Nerve injury pain and sympathetically-maintained pain were treated more frequently with adjuvant analgesics, especially antidepressants and anticonvulsants. The variety of different neuropathic pain syndromes should be separated in future studies of the efficacy of different treatment approaches. Sueda, S., et al. \"Did the widespread use of long-acting calcium antagonists decrease the occurrence of variant angina?\" Chest. 124, no. 6(2003): 2074-8 UI 14665482. BACKGROUND: We have not often encountered variant angina (VA) since the use of long-acting calcium antagonists (L-CAs) became widespread. OBJECTIVES: This study examined the frequency of VA retrospectively. METHODS: and results: We diagnosed angiographically confirmed coronary spastic angina (CSA) in 349 consecutive patients using selective spasm provocation tests from January 1991 to December 2002. During this period, 3,148 diagnostic cardiac catheterizations and 1,515 selective spasm provocation tests were performed. Seventy-four of these 349 patients (21.2%) had VA. Coronary spasms were defined as transient luminal narrowings of \> 99%, and VA was defined as an ST elevation during spontaneous attacks or noninvasive stress tests. We classified the 12 years of the study into four periods of 3 years each. No tendency to decrease for the ratio of the number of patients with CSA and the number of selective spasm provocation tests was observed among the four time periods (18%, 24%, 32%, and 23%, respectively). However, the number of patients with VA (28, 33, 9, and 4) and the VA/CSA ratio (32%, 28%, 14%, and 5%, respectively) in the four group significantly decreased. The frequency of administration of calcium antagonists (CAs) before hospital admission (49% vs 33%, respectively; p \< 0.05) was significantly higher in the last time period (from 2000 to 2002) than in the first period (from 1991 to 1993). L-CAs were administered in \> 90% of CSA patients who had been medicated with CAs before hospital admission in the last period (from 2000 to 2002), while L-CAs were administered in only 20% in the former period (from 1991 to 1993). The administration of statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers before hospital admission gradually increased according to the period passed, but not significantly. CONCLUSION: The frequency of VA has decreased in Japan, possibly due to the widespread use of therapy with L-CAs. Sugden, S., C. Dunbar, and K. A. Ka. \"Is there a need for an interactive teaching tool on pain management in cancer?\" International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 9, no. 11(2003): 485-8 UI 14676725. Svorkdal, N., C. American College of, and A. American Heart. \"Pro: anesthesiologists\' role in treating refractory angina: spinal cord stimulators, thoracic epidurals, therapeutic angiogenesis, and other emerging options.\" Journal of Cardiothoracic & Vascular Anesthesia. 17, no. 4(2003): 536-45 UI 12968247. Titler, M. G., et al. \"Acute pain treatment for older adults hospitalized with hip fracture: current nursing practices and perceived barriers.\" Applied Nursing Research. 16, no. 4(2003): 211-27 UI 14608555. This article examines acute pain management practices for patients 65 years of age and older who were hospitalized during 1999 for hip fracture. Data were collected from the medical records of patients (N = 709) admitted to 12 hospitals in the Midwest and from questionnaires on pain practices completed by nurses (N = 172) caring for these patients. The major variables examined were (1). pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments for acute pain in hospitalized elders, (2). nurses\' perceived stage of adoption for avoiding meperidine use and for administering analgesics around-the-clock, and (3). nurses\' perceived barriers to optimal treatment of acute pain in elders. Acetaminophen was the most frequently administered analgesic, but administered doses were far less than the maximum daily recommended dose. More than one third (39%) of the nurses reported that they always avoided the use of meperidine, and over half reporting avoiding its use sometimes. However, the majority of patients (56.8%) received at least one dose of meperidine, even though evidence suggests that other analgesic agents are more appropriate for treatment of acute pain in elders. Only 27% of patients received patient-controlled analgesia, and only 22.3% of patients received around-the-clock administration during the first 24 hours after admission of analgesics that had been ordered on a prn basis. The majority of nurses were aware that around-the-clock administration of analgesics was preferable, but only 33.7% were persuaded (believed) that this method should be used. Intramuscular injection was used for 52.2% of patients, even though this route is not recommended for older adults. The most frequently used nonpharmacological intervention was repositioning, followed by use of pressure relief devices and cold application. Nurses reported difficulty contacting physicians and difficulty communicating with them about type and/or dose of analgesics as the greatest barriers to pain management. Findings from this multi-site study show that active and focused \"translation\" interventions are needed to promote adoption of evidence-based acute pain management practices by health care providers. Tobinick, E. L. \"Targeted etanercept for treatment-refractory pain due to bone metastasis: two case reports.\" Clinical Therapeutics. 25, no. 8(2003): 2279-88 UI 14512134. BACKGROUND: Parallel bodies of research suggest both a central role for osteoclasts in tumor-induced destruction of bone and the ability of biologic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) antagonists to attenuate the osteoclast-mediated bone destruction that accompanies a variety of nonmalignant disorders. Additional studies have implicated TNF-alpha in the promotion of osteoclast-mediated malignant osteolysis and the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. TNF-alpha antagonists have the potential to interfere in both processes. OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the cases of 2 patients with treatment-refractory pain due to cancer metastases to bone who were given targeted injections of the biologic anti-TNF agent etanercept based on its potential to interfere directly with both malignant activation of osteoclasts and neuropathic pain. METHODS: One patient had a diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer and the other had a diagnosis of breast cancer. Both presented with treatment-refractory pain due to bone metastases. The 2 patients received etanercept 25 mg by targeted SC injection in anatomic proximity to the site of spinal metastasis for relief of their treatment-refractory pain. RESULTS: Both patients experienced rapid, substantial, and sustained relief of chronic refractory pain at the treatment site after targeted administration of etanercept. Symptomatic improvement was correlated with objective measures of improvement, including weight gain in 1 patient and decreased uptake of radioactive tracer at the targeted site on positron emission tomography in the other. CONCLUSIONS: Etanercept delivered by targeted SC injection may be of clinical benefit in selected patients with treatment-refractory pain caused by bone metastases. Clinical trials are needed to define the potential benefit of biologic TNF-alpha antagonists in the treatment and prevention of malignant osteolysis. Tornkvist, L., A. Gardulf, and L. E. Strender. \"Effects of \'pain-advisers\': district nurses\' opinions regarding their own knowledge, management and documentation of patients in chronic pain.\" Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 17, no. 4(2003): 332-8 UI 14629635. This study investigated whether district nurses\' opinions changed after the education and introduction of district nurses as \'pain-advisers\' at primary health care centres (PHCCs) regarding working conditions and satisfaction with pain control management at their PHCCs, their own knowledge of pain control and satisfaction with their own pain control management, pain assessment and nursing documentation of patients with chronic pain conditions. A study area (SA) with five PHCCs and a control area (CA) with seven PHCCs were selected. In the SA, 28 and in the CA, 25 district nurses answered a questionnaire both before and after the introduction of the \'pain-advisers\' into the SA. The district nurses in both areas in 1996 and 1998 considered many aspects of pain management to be unsatisfactory. According to the district nurses in the SA, several statistically significant improvements were achieved after the introduction of the \'pain-advisers\'; more district nurses reported that pain policies or other written information were now available at their PHCCs, that they were more satisfied with present overall routines at their PHCCs, that a better pain control was applied at their PHCCs regarding patients with leg ulcers, that they themselves to a greater extent performed individual pain assessments of the patients and that they more often used pain visual analogue scales to assess the patients\' pain and to evaluate the results of the pain treatment. They also reported an increased satisfaction with their own nursing documentation. Although much remains to be done, it must be acknowledged that the \'pain-advisers\', with relatively small resources, managed to make significant improvements. Trim, J., F. Fordyce, and S. Dua. \"Using clinical governance to standardise an epidural service.\" Nursing Standard. 18, no. 9(2003): 43-5 UI 14649193. Continual epidural infusions are an accepted intervention for the management of postoperative pain (McQuay and Moore 1998). Benchmarking nationally through an unpublished audit of Pain Society members identified variation in the concentrations prescribed and delivery systems used. These differences were reflected in local practice. As a result of the local disparity in the management and provision of epidural infusions, the acute pain service at Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust worked in conjunction with the pharmacy department to standardise the service provided to patients and staff. This process was complicated by the difficulty in obtaining anaesthetist consensus for a standard solution that was commercially available and funding for the dedicated delivery system. Tynecka-Turowska, M., et al. \"The use of instrumental examinations in the diagnosis of headaches.\" Neurological Sciences. 24, no. 4(2003): 305-7 UI 14658058. Headaches are the most common complaint reported by patients to their physician. They can be divided into spontaneous and symptomatic. The findings of the history and examination may suggest the need for diagnostic testing. The ancillary investigation and management of headache is discussed. Valle, R. F., and J. J. Sciarra. \"Endometriosis: treatment strategies.\" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 997(2003): 229-39 UI 14644830. Endometriosis is often a perplexing medical condition for both the physician and the patient. Accordingly, development of treatment strategies based on the needs of the individual patient is highly desirable. Although endometriosis has been part of the clinical practice for almost a century, many questions remain relating to the relationship between endometriosis and infertility as well as endometriosis and pelvic pain. Endometriosis is a disease of reproductive-age women, and it is now well recognized that a genetic susceptibility appears probable. The prevalence in the general population has never been clearly established. Factors to consider in management include the age and reproductive desires of the patient, the stage of the disease, and, most importantly, the symptoms. Therapeutic options include no treatment, medical therapy, surgery, or combination therapy. Oral contraceptives, androgenic agents, progestins, and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs have all been used successfully, although at the present time, the latter preparations are the most popular medical therapy for endometriosis. Leuprolide acetate, goserelin acetate, and nafarelin acetate are all effective agents. Surgical therapy is appropriate, especially for advanced stages of the disease. Laparoscopy is an effective surgical approach with the goal of excision of visible endometriosis in a hemostatic fashion. Since endometriosis is a chronic condition, it is not uncommon for recurrences to occur. While endometriosis remains an enigmatic disease, the introduction of new pharmacologic agents, such as GnRH analogs and newer endoscopic methods of surgical treatment, have facilitated and improved the overall management of this disease. \[References: 26\] Van As, C., L. J. Mulder, and E. L. Spierings. \"Painful swelling of the abdomen.\" Neurology. 61, no. 1(2003): 138 UI 12847178. van Seventer, R., et al. \"Comparison of TTS-fentanyl with sustained-release oral morphine in the treatment of patients not using opioids for mild-to-moderate pain.\" Current Medical Research & Opinion. 19, no. 6(2003): 457-69 UI 14594516. OBJECTIVE: This randomised, multicentre, direct open comparative trial evaluated the efficacy, treatment convenience, tolerability and safety aspects of transdermal therapeutic system (TTS)-fentanyl and sustained-release oral morphine (SRM) in both opioid-naive patients with moderate-to-severe cancer-related pain and in patients who had already been using opioids for mild-to-moderate pain. The two treatment groups were run in parallel. Special attention was paid to constipation, nausea/vomiting, drowsiness and respiratory depression. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The 131 enrolled patients started the 4-week treatment at low doses of opioid (25 microg/h TTS-fentanyl for 3 days or 30 mg SRM every 12 h) and were individually titrated. Tolerability, efficacy and safety were assessed throughout the study period. Frequency of constipation was the primary study variable and accordingly the study was powered for this. Both patients and investigators made a global treatment evaluation. RESULTS: TTS-fentanyl and SRM were shown to be equally effective. Pain control and sleep quality improved with both treatments. None of the patients developed respiratory depression. Statistically significantly more patients in the SRM treatment group discontinued the trial prematurely (59% vs 27%; p \< 0.001), particularly due to adverse events (36% vs 4%; p \< 0.001). Fewer patients in the TTS-fentanyl than in the SRM treatment group reported constipation during the trial. This finding was statistically significant after 1 week of treatment (27% vs 57%; p = 0.003). The favourable tolerability profile of TTS-fentanyl was also reflected in both the patient and the investigator global evaluation of the treatment. Patient assessment favoured TTS-fentanyl treatment in terms of a significantly lower rate of troublesome side-effects (\'quite a bit\' to \'very much\' troublesome side-effects in 14% vs 36% of patients; p = 0.003) and less interruption of daily activities (absence of any interruption of daily activities in 88% vs 63% of patients; p = 0.012). Investigators scored TTS-fentanyl as significantly better with respect to \'side-effects\' (p = 0.039) and \'overall impression\' (p = 0.013). Sub-analyses of opioid-naive users gave similar results. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that TTS-fentanyl, when used as an opioid of first choice in the treatment of cancer-related pain, is as effective as, but better tolerated than, SRM, including in opioid-naive patients. van Tulder, M., et al. \"Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the cochrane collaboration back review group.\" Spine. 28, no. 12(2003): 1290-9 UI 12811274. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive method guidelines. OBJECTIVES: To help reviewers design, conduct, and report reviews of trials in the field of back and neck pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: In 1997, the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group published method guidelines for systematic reviews. Since its publication, new methodologic evidence emerged and more experience was acquired in conducting reviews. METHODS: All reviews and protocols of the Back Review Group were assessed for compliance with the 1997 method guidelines. Also, the most recent version of the Cochrane Handbook (4.1) was checked for new recommendations. In addition, some important topics that were not addressed in the 1997 method guidelines were included (e.g., methods for qualitative analysis, reporting of conclusions, and discussion of clinical relevance of the results). In May 2002, preliminary results were presented and discussed in a workshop. In two rounds, a list of all possible recommendations and the final draft were circulated for comments among the editors of the Back Review Group. RESULTS: The recommendations are divided in five categories: literature search, inclusion criteria, methodologic quality assessment, data extraction, and data analysis. Each recommendation is classified in minimum criteria and further guidance. Additional recommendations are included regarding assessment of clinical relevance, and reporting of results and conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic reviews need to be conducted as carefully as the trials they report and, to achieve full impact, systematic reviews need to meet high methodologic standards. Waddell, D. D., C. A. Cefalu, and D. C. Bricker. \"An open-label study of a second course of hylan G-F 20 for the treatment of pain associated with knee osteoarthritis.\" Current Medical Research & Opinion. 19, no. 6(2003): 499-507 UI 14594522. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a second course of hylan G-F 20 for the treatment of osteoarthritic knee pain in patients who experienced a clinical benefit with an initial course of therapy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this prospective, open-label study, men or women (\>/=40 years of age) with knee osteoarthritis (OA) received three weekly injections of hylan G-F 20. Consecutive patients who requested a second course of hylan G-F 20 therapy due to OA knee pain subsequent to pain relief with a first course of therapy were enrolled between October 26, 2000 and January 18, 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain while walking on a flat surface (Western Ontario and McMaster\'s Universities Osteoarthritis Index, WOMAC, question A1), WOMAC domain C (physical functioning), full WOMAC, and patient and investigator overall visual analog scales (VAS). Efficacy variables were measured at baseline and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 26. An analgesic washout was required before all efficacy evaluations. RESULTS: Patients receiving at least one injection of hylan G-F 20 (n = 71) were predominantly Caucasian (84.5%) and female (64.8%), with a mean age of 65.5 years and mean weight of 200.1 pounds. The mean time between the first and second courses of hylan G-F 20 was 19.6 months (median 17.6 months). With hylan G-F 20, pain while walking on a flat surface was significantly lower (p \< 0.001) than baseline at all time points up to week 26 (mean +/- SEM: -1.40 +/- 0.10 at week 26). Actual scores decreased from 2.4 +/- 0.10 at baseline to 0.97 +/- 0.11 at week 26. Scores for the WOMAC domain C, full WOMAC and patient and investigator overall VAS also significantly improved (p \< 0.001) at all time points. A second course of hylan G-F 20 was generally well-tolerated, based on the low incidence of local adverse events (AEs) - only one patient (1.4%) experienced a severe event, the types of AEs, and the fact that no patients discontinued the study due to these AEs. The types of related AEs observed were not qualitatively different from those listed in the current product information and published literature. CONCLUSION: A second course of hylan G-F 20 therapy is an appropriate therapy for the treatment of OA knee pain in patients who had a previous favorable clinical response. For continued relief of osteoarthritis knee pain, this study supports repeat use of hylan G-F 20 in these patients. Weerakkody, N. S., et al. \"Effects of local pressure and vibration on muscle pain from eccentric exercise and hypertonic saline.\" Pain. 105, no. 3(2003): 425-35 UI 14527703. In human subjects the triceps surae of one leg was exercised eccentrically by asking subjects to walk backwards on an inclined treadmill. Before the exercise controlled local pressure, applied to the muscle with an electromagnet, produced mild soreness, which was reduced when the pressure was combined with vibration. When delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) had set in, 24-48 h after the exercise, vibration increased pain from local pressure. Vibrating at different frequencies suggested 80 Hz as the optimal frequency. During 2-h testing post-exercise, evidence of a change in character of the effects of vibration was first detected at 6 h. It persisted up to 72 h post-exercise. When muscle pain was generated in an unexercised triceps by injection of hypertonic (5%) saline, controlled local pressure applied to the sore area increased pain levels by 32% while pressure plus vibration reduced this to 11%. In a subject with DOMS, local pressure again increased pain from saline by 32% but combining it with vibration increased pain further by an additional 20%. The effect of vibration on DOMS could be abolished with a large nerve fibre block applied to the sciatic nerve. It is concluded that the vibration effects are the result of stimulation of large-diameter mechanoreceptive afferents in the muscle which, it is speculated, play a role in generating DOMS. Weisse, C. S., P. C. Sorum, and R. E. Dominguez. \"The influence of gender and race on physicians\' pain management decisions.\" Journal of Pain. 4, no. 9(2003): 505-10 UI 14636818. This study set out to examine whether gender or race influences physicians\' pain management decisions in a national sample of 712 (414 men, 272 women) practicing physicians. Medical vignettes were used to vary patient gender and race experimentally while holding symptom presentation constant. Treatment decisions were assessed by calculating maximum permitted doses of narcotic analgesic (hydrocodone) prescribed for initial pain treatment and for follow-up care. No overall differences by patient gender or race were found in decisions to treat or in maximum permitted doses. However, for persistent back pain, female physicians prescribed lower doses of hydrocodone, especially to male patients. For renal colic, lower doses were prescribed to black versus white patients when the patient was female, whereas the reverse was true when patients were male. These findings challenge a fairly extensive literature suggesting that physicians treat women and minorities less aggressively for their pain, and results offer further evidence that pain treatment decisions are influenced physician gender. Wilson, G. R., and G. M. Reisfield. \"Morphine hyperalgesia: a case report.\" American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care. 20, no. 6(2003): 459-61 UI 14649563. We report a case of a patient with metastatic testicular cancer and intractable pain refractory to massive doses of oral, intravenous, and intrathecal (IT) opioids supported by analgesic adjuvants. During our efforts to control his pain, the patient exhibited opioid-induced hyperalgesia, an uncommon but important phenomenon seen with high-dose opioid therapy. With appropriate opioid adjustment\--in this case reduction of intrathecal morphine dosage by a factor of 100\--the condition rapidly resolved and the patient became pain-free and remained so until his death six weeks later. The keys to identifying this uncommon, but treatable, opioid side effect are recognizing it as a possibility when aggressive efforts to control pain with high doses of opioids, especially when administered neuraxially, are met with increasing pain. Yeung, C. K., M. C. Leung, and D. H. Chow. \"The use of electro-acupuncture in conjunction with exercise for the treatment of chronic low-back pain.\" Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine. 9, no. 4(2003): 479-90 UI 14499023. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of a series of electro-acupuncture (EA) treatment in conjunction with exercise on the pain, disability, and functional improvement scores of patients with chronic low-back pain (LBP). DESIGN: A blinded prospective randomized controlled study. Subjects and interventions: A total of 52 patients were randomly allocated to an exercise group (n = 26) or an exercise plus EA group (n = 26) and treated for 12 sessions. OUTCOME MEASURES: Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Aberdeen LBP scale, lumbar spinal active range of movement (AROM), and the isokinetic strength were assessed by a blinded observer. Repeated measures analysis of variance (R-ANOVA) with factors of group and time was used to compare the outcomes between the two groups at baseline (before treatment), immediately after treatment, 1-month follow-up, and 3-month follow-up. The level of significance was set at p = 0.05. RESULTS: Significantly better scores in the NRS and Aberdeen LBP scale were found in the exercise plus EA group immediately after treatment and at 1-month follow-up. Higher scores were also seen at 3-month follow-up. No significant differences were observed in spinal AROM and isokinetic trunk concentric strength between the two groups at any stage of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides additional data on the potential role of EA in the treatment of LBP, and indicates that the combination of EA and back exercise might be an effective option in the treatment of pain and disability associated with chronic LBP. Zelman, D. C., et al. \"Development of a metric for a day of manageable pain control: derivation of pain severity cut-points for low back pain and osteoarthritis.\" Pain. 106, no. 1-2(2003): 35-42 UI 14581108. The objective of this study was to adapt the concept of \'episode-free day\', a metric for measuring symptom relief in daily units, to the clinical outcome literature for persistent pain. The episode-free day metric is widely used in other medical literature, but no analogous measure exists in pain literature. Prior focus groups with this population suggested that a \'Day of Manageable Pain Control\' was an appropriate name for the metric. In the present study, in order to derive a statistical criterion for \'Manageable Day\', we used Serlin et al.\'s (Pain 61 (1995) 277) cut-point derivation method to derive a single cut-point on a 0-10 scale of average pain that divided groups with significant persistent pain optimally on pain-related functional interference. Participants were 194 patients with moderate-severe low back pain (n=96) or osteoarthritis (n=98). For both patient samples, \'5\' was the cut-point that optimally distinguished groups on pain-related interference. \'5-8\' and \'5-7\' were double cut-point solutions that optimally divided LBP and OA samples into three categories (e.g. lowest, medium and highest average pain), respectively. Derived cut-points were confirmed using a variety of measures of functional disability. Together with research that showed that average pain ratings of approximately 5 and below permit increased function and quality of life in patients with moderate to severe low back pain and osteoarthritis, our findings provide support for the use of 0-5 on a 0-10 numeric average pain severity scale as one possible criterion for a Manageable Day. Zissin, R. \"CT diagnosis of an acute epiploic appendagitis in a redundant sigmoid colon clinically suspected as acute appendicitis.\" Israel Medical Association Journal: Imaj. 5, no. 11(2003): 835-6 UI 14650118.	en
all-txt-docs	093298	GEOLOGIC ECONOMIC RESOURCE MODEL MODULE PSRK Geologic Economic Resource Model (Ver 8.29.2005) ************************************************ The Current UAI AAAAAHAG is for World Level - World Level Resources Country Level - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Region Level - MMS - ALASKA REGION Basin Level - NORTH ALEUTIAN BASIN Play Level - Play 6 - Mesozoic Basement - Buried 'Granite Hills' Geologist Sherwood / Comer / Larson Remarks 2005 Assessment Run date Date 16-SEP-05 Time 14:22:39 USER SUPPLIED PARAMETERS ------------------------ RECOVERABLE RESOURCES? > R B) Pool Size Distribution -------------------- Z PROB. ----------- ----------- EXPECTATION = 51951. S.D. = 0.13186E+06 MU = 9.8141 SIG.SQ. = 2.1702 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean % 51951. 10744. 4928.2 0.19916E+06 4730.9 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 474.44 13.058 55.427 2275.8 5.6622 TPF 98.00% 764.89 21.053 89.359 3669.0 9.1286 TPF 97.00% 1025.8 28.234 119.84 4920.5 12.242 TPF 96.00% 1286.9 35.420 150.34 6172.9 15.358 TPF 95.00% 1529.4 42.096 178.68 7336.4 18.253 TPF 90.00% 2755.7 75.849 321.94 13219. 32.888 TPF 85.00% 4048.8 180.67 465.49 19047. 75.544 TPF 80.00% 5472.0 296.03 623.47 25462. 122.49 TPF 75.00% 7065.3 410.99 799.93 32729. 172.12 TPF 70.00% 8838.5 538.93 996.32 40817. 227.35 TPF 65.00% 10803. 803.71 1199.1 49120. 336.91 TPF 60.00% 13055. 1107.3 1431.6 58639. 462.54 TPF 55.00% 15708. 1326.8 1733.0 70538. 541.88 TPF 50.00% 18904. 1591.4 2096.3 84879. 637.50 TPF 45.00% 22592. 2378.5 2442.0 98879. 997.62 TPF 40.00% 27163. 3353.9 2870.5 0.11623E+06 1443.9 TPF 35.00% 32903. 3876.3 3513.8 0.14185E+06 1524.8 TPF 30.00% 39969. 4519.5 4305.9 0.17340E+06 1624.5 TPF 25.00% 49368. 9401.8 4794.0 0.19361E+06 4061.2 TPF 20.00% 62220. 16077. 5461.4 0.22123E+06 7393.0 TPF 15.00% 82099. 13294. 8318.3 0.33496E+06 4970.9 TPF 10.00% 0.11550E+06 8618.1 13119. 0.52606E+06 901.21 TPF 5.00% 0.19300E+06 77072. 13572. 0.54338E+06 31869. TPF 4.00% 0.22448E+06 0.10488E+06 13757. 0.55042E+06 44448. TPF 3.00% 0.26953E+06 0.14466E+06 14020. 0.56048E+06 62447. TPF 2.00% 0.35135E+06 0.21694E+06 14499. 0.57877E+06 95144. TPF 1.00% 0.52942E+06 0.37422E+06 15542. 0.61857E+06 0.16629E+06 TPF 0.10% 0.16121E+07 0.13305E+07 21881. 0.86057E+06 0.59891E+06 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 C) No.of Pools Distribution ------------------------- Lower Support = 0 Upper Support = 15 Expectation = 1.31 Standard Deviation= 2.10 Rank 1 34.28% 0.14755E+06 0.37269E+06 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 34.28% 0.14755E+06 36930. 13306. 0.53322E+06 13709. TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 2679.3 73.744 313.01 12852. 31.976 TPF 98.00% 4529.4 219.62 518.83 21214. 91.395 TPF 97.00% 6166.5 346.14 700.39 28630. 144.12 TPF 96.00% 7668.9 454.54 866.78 35483. 190.92 TPF 95.00% 9054.2 568.01 1018.6 41729. 239.38 TPF 90.00% 15257. 1289.5 1681.8 68517. 528.40 TPF 85.00% 21155. 2071.9 2307.4 93425. 857.33 TPF 80.00% 26882. 3294.0 2844.2 0.11516E+06 1416.5 TPF 75.00% 32899. 3876.0 3513.4 0.14184E+06 1524.8 TPF 70.00% 39144. 4444.4 4213.4 0.16972E+06 1612.8 TPF 65.00% 45995. 7649.5 4618.8 0.18636E+06 3186.6 TPF 60.00% 53285. 11436. 4997.4 0.20203E+06 5076.7 TPF 55.00% 60873. 15378. 5391.5 0.21834E+06 7043.9 TPF 50.00% 70711. 14889. 6681.7 0.26981E+06 6358.5 TPF 45.00% 80333. 13542. 8064.5 0.32486E+06 5186.1 TPF 40.00% 93965. 11633. 10024. 0.40284E+06 3525.2 TPF 35.00% 0.10767E+06 9714.5 11993. 0.48125E+06 1855.4 TPF 30.00% 0.12688E+06 18671. 13185. 0.52860E+06 5449.2 TPF 25.00% 0.15449E+06 43056. 13347. 0.53477E+06 16480. TPF 20.00% 0.18039E+06 65935. 13499. 0.54056E+06 26831. TPF 15.00% 0.21695E+06 98224. 13713. 0.54873E+06 41438. TPF 10.00% 0.28986E+06 0.16262E+06 14139. 0.56503E+06 70571. TPF 5.00% 0.46870E+06 0.32059E+06 15187. 0.60500E+06 0.14203E+06 TPF 4.00% 0.51741E+06 0.36361E+06 15472. 0.61589E+06 0.16150E+06 TPF 3.00% 0.77406E+06 0.59031E+06 16974. 0.67326E+06 0.26405E+06 TPF 2.00% 0.10966E+07 0.87522E+06 18863. 0.74536E+06 0.39294E+06 TPF 1.00% 0.14160E+07 0.11574E+07 20733. 0.81675E+06 0.52057E+06 TPF 0.10% 0.62923E+07 0.54644E+07 49282. 0.19067E+07 0.24690E+07 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 2 31.38% 42042. 54598. Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 31.38% 42042. 5596.3 4413.6 0.17786E+06 2161.9 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 928.53 25.557 108.48 4454.0 11.082 TPF 98.00% 1547.1 42.582 180.74 7421.1 18.464 TPF 97.00% 2108.2 58.025 246.29 10112. 25.160 TPF 96.00% 2635.7 72.546 307.93 12643. 31.456 TPF 95.00% 3154.6 108.18 366.22 15016. 46.044 TPF 90.00% 5572.4 303.28 634.59 25920. 125.62 TPF 85.00% 7942.1 474.25 897.04 36729. 199.43 TPF 80.00% 10242. 728.08 1141.2 46748. 305.62 TPF 75.00% 12572. 1042.2 1381.7 56598. 435.60 TPF 70.00% 15037. 1271.3 1656.8 67530. 521.82 TPF 65.00% 17707. 1492.3 1960.3 79508. 601.69 TPF 60.00% 20524. 1937.1 2248.1 91027. 795.65 TPF 55.00% 23516. 2575.6 2528.6 0.10239E+06 1087.8 TPF 50.00% 26821. 3281.1 2838.5 0.11493E+06 1410.6 TPF 45.00% 30708. 3676.6 3267.9 0.13206E+06 1493.9 TPF 40.00% 34933. 4061.2 3741.4 0.15092E+06 1553.5 TPF 35.00% 39556. 4481.9 4259.6 0.17156E+06 1618.6 TPF 30.00% 45494. 7389.3 4592.8 0.18528E+06 3056.8 TPF 25.00% 52385. 10969. 4950.7 0.20009E+06 4843.4 TPF 20.00% 60850. 15366. 5390.3 0.21829E+06 7038.0 TPF 15.00% 73755. 14462. 7119.2 0.28723E+06 5987.5 TPF 10.00% 92962. 11773. 9879.5 0.39711E+06 3647.4 TPF 5.00% 0.13124E+06 22521. 13211. 0.52958E+06 7190.6 TPF 4.00% 0.14747E+06 36853. 13306. 0.53320E+06 13674. TPF 3.00% 0.16539E+06 52688. 13411. 0.53721E+06 20838. TPF 2.00% 0.18602E+06 70908. 13532. 0.54182E+06 29081. TPF 1.00% 0.23448E+06 0.11371E+06 13815. 0.55265E+06 48443. TPF 0.10% 0.50130E+06 0.34939E+06 15377. 0.61229E+06 0.15506E+06 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 3 25.63% 21479. 23891. Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 25.63% 21479. 2141.0 2337.7 94654. 888.95 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 514.66 14.165 60.126 2468.7 6.1422 TPF 98.00% 831.28 22.880 97.116 3987.5 9.9209 TPF 97.00% 1117.0 30.743 130.49 5357.9 13.330 TPF 96.00% 1389.7 38.249 162.35 6666.0 16.585 TPF 95.00% 1647.0 45.331 192.41 7900.1 19.656 TPF 90.00% 2885.1 86.334 336.30 13802. 37.155 TPF 85.00% 4095.1 184.42 470.63 19256. 77.070 TPF 80.00% 5341.2 285.43 608.95 24873. 118.17 TPF 75.00% 6647.9 380.88 753.71 30826. 159.12 TPF 70.00% 8007.9 479.00 904.33 37029. 201.48 TPF 65.00% 9420.5 617.38 1056.4 43277. 259.81 TPF 60.00% 10890. 815.43 1208.1 49487. 341.76 TPF 55.00% 12525. 1035.8 1376.8 56397. 432.95 TPF 50.00% 14327. 1212.6 1576.2 64346. 500.59 TPF 45.00% 16313. 1377.0 1801.9 73256. 560.00 TPF 40.00% 18585. 1565.0 2060.1 83449. 627.97 TPF 35.00% 21186. 2078.5 2310.3 93542. 860.34 TPF 30.00% 24209. 2723.5 2593.6 0.10502E+06 1155.5 TPF 25.00% 27831. 3414.8 2945.4 0.11921E+06 1453.3 TPF 20.00% 32467. 3836.7 3465.0 0.13991E+06 1518.7 TPF 15.00% 38591. 4394.1 4151.4 0.16725E+06 1605.0 TPF 10.00% 47632. 8499.7 4703.8 0.18988E+06 3611.0 TPF 5.00% 64334. 15781. 5765.3 0.23333E+06 7135.4 TPF 4.00% 70899. 14862. 6708.8 0.27089E+06 6335.5 TPF 3.00% 78422. 13809. 7789.9 0.31392E+06 5419.0 TPF 2.00% 91196. 12021. 9625.7 0.38701E+06 3862.5 TPF 1.00% 0.11192E+06 9119.2 12604. 0.50558E+06 1337.3 TPF 0.10% 0.20421E+06 86975. 13638. 0.54589E+06 36349. TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 4 18.20% 13403. 14286. Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 18.20% 13403. 1136.1 1471.1 60200. 472.94 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 310.26 8.5395 36.246 1488.3 3.7028 TPF 98.00% 557.42 15.342 65.122 2673.8 6.6525 TPF 97.00% 742.92 20.448 86.793 3563.6 8.8664 TPF 96.00% 911.08 25.077 106.44 4370.3 10.873 TPF 95.00% 1076.4 29.627 125.75 5163.2 12.846 TPF 90.00% 1854.8 51.052 216.69 8897.3 22.137 TPF 85.00% 2611.4 71.877 305.09 12527. 31.166 TPF 80.00% 3392.2 127.44 392.60 16088. 53.883 TPF 75.00% 4187.4 191.90 480.87 19672. 80.114 TPF 70.00% 5045.3 261.45 576.11 23539. 108.42 TPF 65.00% 5955.3 330.91 677.00 27667. 137.55 TPF 60.00% 6921.1 400.59 783.96 32072. 167.63 TPF 55.00% 7990.4 477.74 902.39 36949. 200.94 TPF 50.00% 9120.3 576.92 1025.4 42008. 243.07 TPF 45.00% 10369. 745.19 1154.3 47285. 312.70 TPF 40.00% 11779. 935.31 1299.9 53246. 391.37 TPF 35.00% 13357. 1132.3 1465.9 59993. 471.56 TPF 30.00% 15254. 1289.3 1681.5 68505. 528.32 TPF 25.00% 17604. 1483.7 1948.5 79044. 598.60 TPF 20.00% 20478. 1927.3 2243.8 90853. 791.17 TPF 15.00% 24267. 2736.0 2599.1 0.10524E+06 1161.2 TPF 10.00% 29959. 3608.5 3184.0 0.12871E+06 1483.3 TPF 5.00% 39952. 4518.0 4304.0 0.17333E+06 1624.2 TPF 4.00% 43735. 6475.4 4501.5 0.18150E+06 2600.7 TPF 3.00% 48169. 8778.7 4731.7 0.19103E+06 3750.2 TPF 2.00% 55263. 12464. 5100.1 0.20628E+06 5589.3 TPF 1.00% 67953. 15275. 6285.4 0.25403E+06 6694.5 TPF 0.10% 0.11821E+06 11009. 13135. 0.52666E+06 1982.8 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 5 11.15% 9384.9 9733.0 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 11.15% 9384.9 612.58 1052.7 43126. 257.83 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 209.64 5.7700 24.491 1005.6 2.5019 TPF 98.00% 406.70 11.194 47.514 1950.9 4.8538 TPF 97.00% 556.03 15.304 64.960 2667.2 6.6360 TPF 96.00% 680.48 18.729 79.498 3264.1 8.1212 TPF 95.00% 801.05 22.048 93.584 3842.5 9.5602 TPF 90.00% 1359.2 37.410 158.79 6519.8 16.221 TPF 85.00% 1893.3 52.110 221.18 9081.7 22.595 TPF 80.00% 2437.0 67.076 284.71 11690. 29.084 TPF 75.00% 3002.9 95.881 349.38 14333. 41.040 TPF 70.00% 3597.8 144.11 415.43 17015. 60.667 TPF 65.00% 4222.8 194.77 484.80 19832. 81.283 TPF 60.00% 4911.6 250.61 561.26 22936. 104.00 TPF 55.00% 5640.4 308.19 642.13 26231. 127.74 TPF 50.00% 6466.1 367.76 733.56 29996. 153.45 TPF 45.00% 7357.5 432.08 832.29 34062. 181.22 TPF 40.00% 8366.2 504.85 944.01 38663. 212.64 TPF 35.00% 9501.6 628.30 1064.8 43619. 264.33 TPF 30.00% 10776. 800.11 1196.3 49007. 335.43 TPF 25.00% 12368. 1014.7 1360.7 55736. 424.23 TPF 20.00% 14347. 1214.2 1578.4 64433. 501.17 TPF 15.00% 16998. 1433.6 1879.6 76326. 580.47 TPF 10.00% 20862. 2009.3 2279.9 92313. 828.72 TPF 5.00% 27817. 3413.5 2943.8 0.11915E+06 1453.1 TPF 4.00% 30320. 3641.3 3224.3 0.13032E+06 1488.4 TPF 3.00% 33386. 3920.3 3568.0 0.14401E+06 1531.6 TPF 2.00% 38030. 4343.0 4088.5 0.16475E+06 1597.1 TPF 1.00% 46395. 7857.4 4639.6 0.18722E+06 3290.4 TPF 0.10% 79022. 13725. 7876.1 0.31736E+06 5345.9 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 6 5.92% 7095.8 7186.8 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 5.92% 7095.8 413.19 803.30 32868. 173.07 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 156.38 4.3041 18.269 750.12 1.8663 TPF 98.00% 300.52 8.2715 35.109 1441.5 3.5866 TPF 97.00% 445.32 12.257 52.025 2136.1 5.3147 TPF 96.00% 547.66 15.074 63.982 2627.0 6.5361 TPF 95.00% 639.64 17.605 74.727 3068.2 7.6338 TPF 90.00% 1071.7 29.496 125.20 5140.5 12.790 TPF 85.00% 1487.0 40.928 173.72 7132.8 17.747 TPF 80.00% 1902.7 52.369 222.28 9126.7 22.707 TPF 75.00% 2331.8 64.182 272.42 11185. 27.829 TPF 70.00% 2776.9 77.563 324.29 13314. 33.586 TPF 65.00% 3262.7 116.94 378.22 15504. 49.612 TPF 60.00% 3768.8 157.97 434.41 17785. 66.308 TPF 55.00% 4323.6 202.94 495.99 20286. 84.608 TPF 50.00% 4936.9 252.66 564.07 23050. 104.84 TPF 45.00% 5599.9 305.26 637.64 26046. 126.47 TPF 40.00% 6375.7 361.24 723.56 29584. 150.64 TPF 35.00% 7228.4 422.76 818.00 33474. 177.20 TPF 30.00% 8244.3 496.06 930.51 38107. 208.84 TPF 25.00% 9430.1 618.67 1057.4 43318. 260.35 TPF 20.00% 10860. 811.39 1205.0 49361. 340.09 TPF 15.00% 12787. 1071.1 1403.9 57505. 447.57 TPF 10.00% 15599. 1317.9 1720.7 70053. 538.64 TPF 5.00% 20835. 2003.5 2277.4 92210. 826.07 TPF 4.00% 22465. 2351.3 2430.1 98394. 985.16 TPF 3.00% 24864. 2863.4 2655.0 0.10750E+06 1219.5 TPF 2.00% 28207. 3449.0 2987.6 0.12089E+06 1458.6 TPF 1.00% 34340. 4007.2 3675.0 0.14827E+06 1545.1 TPF 0.10% 57494. 13623. 5216.0 0.21108E+06 6167.9 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 7 2.74% 5663.4 5611.3 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 2.74% 5663.4 309.84 644.66 26335. 128.45 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 124.50 3.4268 14.545 597.22 1.4859 TPF 98.00% 236.80 6.5178 27.665 1135.9 2.8261 TPF 97.00% 349.80 9.6278 40.866 1677.9 4.1747 TPF 96.00% 463.50 12.757 54.149 2223.3 5.5316 TPF 95.00% 539.56 14.851 63.035 2588.2 6.4393 TPF 90.00% 892.25 24.558 104.24 4280.0 10.649 TPF 85.00% 1233.6 33.954 144.12 5917.4 14.723 TPF 80.00% 1566.8 43.125 183.04 7515.7 18.699 TPF 75.00% 1912.7 52.646 223.46 9175.1 22.828 TPF 70.00% 2273.6 62.578 265.62 10906. 27.134 TPF 65.00% 2651.3 72.974 309.74 12718. 31.642 TPF 60.00% 3064.2 100.85 356.18 14609. 43.064 TPF 55.00% 3506.2 136.68 405.25 16601. 57.644 TPF 50.00% 3975.5 174.73 457.35 18717. 73.126 TPF 45.00% 4520.4 218.90 517.84 21173. 91.099 TPF 40.00% 5115.7 267.15 583.92 23856. 110.74 TPF 35.00% 5799.1 319.63 659.70 26954. 132.68 TPF 30.00% 6600.6 377.47 748.47 30610. 157.65 TPF 25.00% 7551.2 446.05 853.75 34946. 187.26 TPF 20.00% 8708.6 529.55 981.92 40224. 223.30 TPF 15.00% 10233. 726.92 1140.3 46712. 305.14 TPF 10.00% 12416. 1021.1 1365.6 55936. 426.87 TPF 5.00% 16392. 1383.5 1810.8 73609. 562.35 TPF 4.00% 17771. 1497.6 1967.6 79797. 603.62 TPF 3.00% 19532. 1725.3 2155.2 87261. 698.79 TPF 2.00% 22055. 2263.8 2391.7 96839. 945.15 TPF 1.00% 26677. 3250.2 2824.9 0.11438E+06 1396.4 TPF 0.10% 44396. 6819.1 4535.8 0.18292E+06 2772.2 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 8 1.12% 4702.1 4564.9 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 1.12% 4702.1 233.62 538.00 21992. 97.092 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 103.70 2.8542 12.115 497.42 1.2376 TPF 98.00% 195.15 5.3714 22.799 936.11 2.3291 TPF 97.00% 287.26 7.9066 33.560 1377.9 3.4283 TPF 96.00% 380.03 10.460 44.398 1823.0 4.5355 TPF 95.00% 473.49 13.032 55.316 2271.2 5.6508 TPF 90.00% 773.58 21.292 90.375 3710.7 9.2323 TPF 85.00% 1054.5 29.023 123.19 5058.1 12.585 TPF 80.00% 1343.2 36.970 156.92 6443.1 16.031 TPF 75.00% 1628.9 44.833 190.30 7813.4 19.440 TPF 70.00% 1930.6 53.139 225.55 9260.9 23.041 TPF 65.00% 2248.3 61.881 262.66 10784. 26.832 TPF 60.00% 2584.0 71.122 301.88 12395. 30.839 TPF 55.00% 2950.8 91.658 343.59 14098. 39.322 TPF 50.00% 3352.7 124.24 388.21 15909. 52.579 TPF 45.00% 3785.2 159.30 436.22 17859. 66.847 TPF 40.00% 4275.5 199.04 490.65 20069. 83.020 TPF 35.00% 4842.7 245.02 553.61 22626. 101.73 TPF 30.00% 5474.3 296.20 623.73 25473. 122.56 TPF 25.00% 6276.4 354.07 712.56 29131. 147.55 TPF 20.00% 7227.7 422.71 817.91 33470. 177.18 TPF 15.00% 8491.2 513.87 957.85 39233. 216.53 TPF 10.00% 10278. 732.98 1144.9 46902. 307.65 TPF 5.00% 13438. 1139.0 1475.1 60356. 473.98 TPF 4.00% 14533. 1229.6 1599.6 65270. 506.75 TPF 3.00% 15910. 1343.6 1756.1 71447. 547.94 TPF 2.00% 18042. 1520.0 1998.3 81009. 611.70 TPF 1.00% 21701. 2188.4 2358.5 95497. 910.64 TPF 0.10% 35710. 4131.8 3828.5 0.15439E+06 1564.4 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 9 0.40% 4021.0 3831.0 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 0.40% 4021.0 178.41 462.39 18922. 74.624 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 89.226 2.4559 10.424 428.00 1.0649 TPF 98.00% 166.15 4.5732 19.411 797.01 1.9830 TPF 97.00% 243.68 6.7071 28.469 1168.9 2.9082 TPF 96.00% 321.82 8.8577 37.597 1543.7 3.8407 TPF 95.00% 400.57 11.025 46.798 1921.5 4.7806 TPF 90.00% 681.88 18.768 79.662 3270.8 8.1379 TPF 85.00% 928.27 25.550 108.45 4452.7 11.078 TPF 80.00% 1177.3 32.403 137.54 5647.2 14.050 TPF 75.00% 1427.8 39.299 166.80 6848.9 17.040 TPF 70.00% 1685.0 46.378 196.85 8082.6 20.110 TPF 65.00% 1958.0 53.891 228.74 9392.0 23.367 TPF 60.00% 2247.6 61.864 262.58 10782. 26.825 TPF 55.00% 2556.7 70.370 298.69 12264. 30.513 TPF 50.00% 2895.6 87.185 337.47 13849. 37.502 TPF 45.00% 3273.8 117.84 379.45 15554. 49.977 TPF 40.00% 3686.4 151.29 425.26 17414. 63.589 TPF 35.00% 4151.1 188.96 476.85 19509. 78.919 TPF 30.00% 4712.4 234.46 539.15 22039. 97.433 TPF 25.00% 5353.5 286.43 610.31 24928. 118.58 TPF 20.00% 6182.2 347.28 702.13 28702. 144.61 TPF 15.00% 7232.1 423.02 818.40 33490. 177.31 TPF 10.00% 8747.5 532.36 986.24 40402. 224.52 TPF 5.00% 11407. 885.21 1261.5 51675. 370.64 TPF 4.00% 12288. 1003.9 1352.4 55398. 419.76 TPF 3.00% 13431. 1138.4 1474.3 60326. 473.78 TPF 2.00% 15130. 1279.1 1667.4 67949. 524.62 TPF 1.00% 18209. 1533.8 2017.3 81760. 616.71 TPF 0.10% 29587. 3574.6 3142.2 0.12705E+06 1478.1 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 10 0.13% 3516.6 3292.7 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 0.13% 3516.6 137.53 406.41 16649. 57.988 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 78.659 2.1650 9.1895 377.31 0.93875 TPF 98.00% 144.97 3.9901 16.936 695.39 1.7301 TPF 97.00% 211.82 5.8301 24.746 1016.1 2.5280 TPF 96.00% 279.23 7.6854 32.621 1339.4 3.3324 TPF 95.00% 347.20 9.5562 40.562 1665.4 4.1436 TPF 90.00% 613.81 16.894 71.709 2944.3 7.3255 TPF 85.00% 835.28 22.990 97.584 4006.7 9.9687 TPF 80.00% 1051.4 28.938 122.83 5043.3 12.548 TPF 75.00% 1278.8 35.198 149.40 6134.2 15.262 TPF 70.00% 1502.3 41.350 175.51 7206.3 17.929 TPF 65.00% 1740.8 47.915 203.38 8350.5 20.776 TPF 60.00% 1995.0 54.910 233.07 9569.7 23.809 TPF 55.00% 2267.0 62.396 264.84 10874. 27.055 TPF 50.00% 2559.8 70.456 299.05 12279. 30.550 TPF 45.00% 2884.1 86.259 336.20 13798. 37.125 TPF 40.00% 3251.1 116.00 376.93 15451. 49.228 TPF 35.00% 3657.6 148.95 422.06 17284. 62.638 TPF 30.00% 4121.5 186.56 473.56 19375. 77.942 TPF 25.00% 4699.2 233.39 537.69 21979. 96.999 TPF 20.00% 5381.7 288.71 613.44 25055. 119.51 TPF 15.00% 6313.5 356.75 716.67 29301. 148.70 TPF 10.00% 7623.8 451.28 861.78 35277. 189.51 TPF 5.00% 9909.6 683.31 1106.9 45344. 287.09 TPF 4.00% 10633. 780.80 1181.6 48401. 327.44 TPF 3.00% 11636. 916.00 1285.1 52640. 383.38 TPF 2.00% 13011. 1101.3 1427.0 58450. 460.04 TPF 1.00% 15555. 1314.2 1715.6 69852. 537.30 TPF 0.10% 25071. 2907.5 2674.4 0.10829E+06 1239.6 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 11 0.04% 3128.0 2880.3 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 0.04% 3128.0 106.03 363.27 14897. 45.170 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 70.631 1.9441 8.2516 338.81 0.84295 TPF 98.00% 128.87 3.5469 15.055 618.14 1.5379 TPF 97.00% 187.59 5.1633 21.916 899.85 2.2388 TPF 96.00% 246.83 6.7937 28.836 1184.0 2.9458 TPF 95.00% 306.58 8.4382 35.816 1470.6 3.6588 TPF 90.00% 561.88 15.465 65.643 2695.2 6.7058 TPF 85.00% 764.09 21.031 89.266 3665.2 9.1191 TPF 80.00% 954.92 26.283 111.56 4580.6 11.397 TPF 75.00% 1156.0 31.817 135.05 5545.0 13.796 TPF 70.00% 1362.8 37.509 159.21 6537.0 16.264 TPF 65.00% 1572.9 43.293 183.76 7545.0 18.772 TPF 60.00% 1799.0 49.516 210.17 8629.5 21.470 TPF 55.00% 2041.4 56.189 238.50 9792.4 24.364 TPF 50.00% 2303.1 63.390 269.06 11048. 27.486 TPF 45.00% 2587.7 71.224 302.31 12413. 30.883 TPF 40.00% 2908.1 88.199 338.86 13905. 37.914 TPF 35.00% 3274.3 117.89 379.51 15556. 49.994 TPF 30.00% 3687.6 151.39 425.39 17419. 63.628 TPF 25.00% 4175.4 190.93 479.53 19618. 79.718 TPF 20.00% 4797.1 241.32 548.55 22420. 100.23 TPF 15.00% 5579.6 303.80 635.39 25953. 125.84 TPF 10.00% 6735.2 387.17 763.37 31224. 161.84 TPF 5.00% 8728.6 531.00 984.14 40316. 223.93 TPF 4.00% 9395.3 613.97 1053.8 43170. 258.40 TPF 3.00% 10240. 727.79 1140.9 46739. 305.50 TPF 2.00% 11459. 892.11 1266.8 51891. 373.49 TPF 1.00% 13611. 1153.3 1494.8 61133. 479.17 TPF 0.10% 21637. 2174.7 2352.5 95253. 904.36 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 12 0.01% 2813.9 2546.4 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 0.01% 2813.9 80.566 328.40 13481. 34.808 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 64.286 1.7694 7.5103 308.37 0.76722 TPF 98.00% 116.13 3.1964 13.567 557.06 1.3860 TPF 97.00% 168.43 4.6358 19.677 807.92 2.0101 TPF 96.00% 221.19 6.0879 25.841 1061.0 2.6398 TPF 95.00% 274.42 7.5530 32.059 1316.3 3.2750 TPF 90.00% 520.69 14.331 60.830 2497.6 6.2141 TPF 85.00% 701.15 19.298 81.913 3363.3 8.3679 TPF 80.00% 878.07 24.168 102.58 4212.0 10.479 TPF 75.00% 1057.9 29.117 123.59 5074.4 12.625 TPF 70.00% 1248.3 34.359 145.84 5988.0 14.898 TPF 65.00% 1439.1 39.610 168.13 6903.1 17.175 TPF 60.00% 1641.2 45.172 191.73 7872.4 19.587 TPF 55.00% 1859.3 51.174 217.21 8918.5 22.189 TPF 50.00% 2095.0 57.663 244.75 10049. 25.003 TPF 45.00% 2351.9 64.732 274.76 11281. 28.068 TPF 40.00% 2634.4 72.510 307.77 12637. 31.441 TPF 35.00% 2959.6 92.378 344.58 14138. 39.615 TPF 30.00% 3334.9 122.80 386.24 15830. 51.995 TPF 25.00% 3768.5 157.94 434.37 17784. 66.296 TPF 20.00% 4308.0 201.68 494.26 20216. 84.093 TPF 15.00% 5014.7 258.97 572.71 23401. 107.41 TPF 10.00% 6024.3 335.88 684.63 27981. 139.69 TPF 5.00% 7790.7 463.33 880.27 36038. 194.72 TPF 4.00% 8362.5 504.58 943.59 38646. 212.52 TPF 3.00% 9102.0 574.44 1023.5 41931. 242.05 TPF 2.00% 10170. 718.40 1133.8 46444. 301.61 TPF 1.00% 12037. 970.04 1326.5 54335. 405.74 TPF 0.10% 18869. 1588.5 2092.3 84720. 636.45 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 13 0.00% 2536.7 2250.5 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 0.00% 2536.7 69.820 296.35 12168. 30.274 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 58.916 1.6216 6.8830 282.61 0.70314 TPF 98.00% 105.35 2.8997 12.308 505.35 1.2573 TPF 97.00% 152.19 4.1890 17.780 730.05 1.8164 TPF 96.00% 199.46 5.4898 23.302 956.76 2.3804 TPF 95.00% 247.14 6.8024 28.873 1185.5 2.9495 TPF 90.00% 485.66 13.367 56.738 2329.6 5.7961 TPF 85.00% 647.47 17.821 75.642 3105.8 7.7273 TPF 80.00% 812.33 22.358 94.902 3896.6 9.6947 TPF 75.00% 973.69 26.800 113.75 4670.6 11.621 TPF 70.00% 1144.7 31.507 133.73 5490.9 13.661 TPF 65.00% 1323.8 36.436 154.66 6350.0 15.799 TPF 60.00% 1504.4 41.407 175.75 7216.4 17.954 TPF 55.00% 1700.4 46.801 198.65 8156.4 20.293 TPF 50.00% 1912.7 52.644 223.45 9174.7 22.827 TPF 45.00% 2144.2 59.016 250.50 10285. 25.590 TPF 40.00% 2399.1 66.033 280.28 11508. 28.632 TPF 35.00% 2683.3 73.855 313.48 12871. 32.024 TPF 30.00% 3018.7 97.168 351.14 14404. 41.564 TPF 25.00% 3411.4 129.00 394.73 16174. 54.517 TPF 20.00% 3879.6 166.95 446.70 18284. 69.960 TPF 15.00% 4505.6 217.70 516.20 21107. 90.612 TPF 10.00% 5374.0 288.09 612.59 25021. 119.26 TPF 5.00% 6918.9 400.43 783.72 32062. 167.56 TPF 4.00% 7431.1 437.39 840.45 34398. 183.52 TPF 3.00% 8093.6 485.18 913.81 37419. 204.15 TPF 2.00% 9008.7 561.87 1013.9 41536. 236.84 TPF 1.00% 10613. 778.12 1179.5 48317. 326.32 TPF 0.10% 16466. 1389.6 1819.2 73939. 564.56 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 14 0.00% 2243.1 1948.9 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 0.00% 2243.1 61.738 262.05 10760. 26.770 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 53.367 1.4689 6.2347 255.99 0.63691 TPF 98.00% 94.196 2.5926 11.005 451.84 1.1242 TPF 97.00% 135.38 3.7261 15.816 649.38 1.6157 TPF 96.00% 176.92 4.8696 20.669 848.66 2.1115 TPF 95.00% 218.83 6.0231 25.566 1049.7 2.6117 TPF 90.00% 434.17 11.950 50.722 2082.6 5.1816 TPF 85.00% 591.15 16.271 69.062 2835.6 7.0551 TPF 80.00% 740.51 20.382 86.512 3552.1 8.8376 TPF 75.00% 884.51 24.345 103.34 4242.9 10.556 TPF 70.00% 1034.4 28.470 120.84 4961.7 12.345 TPF 65.00% 1193.9 32.860 139.47 5726.7 14.248 TPF 60.00% 1358.8 37.399 158.74 6517.8 16.216 TPF 55.00% 1529.0 42.083 178.62 7334.1 18.247 TPF 50.00% 1715.2 47.208 200.38 8227.3 20.470 TPF 45.00% 1918.4 52.801 224.12 9202.0 22.895 TPF 40.00% 2142.3 58.965 250.28 10276. 25.567 TPF 35.00% 2392.3 65.845 279.48 11475. 28.551 TPF 30.00% 2675.9 73.651 312.62 12836. 31.935 TPF 25.00% 3018.3 97.134 351.09 14402. 41.550 TPF 20.00% 3433.0 130.75 397.12 16271. 55.229 TPF 15.00% 3952.7 172.88 454.82 18614. 72.372 TPF 10.00% 4719.9 235.07 539.98 22072. 97.681 TPF 5.00% 6036.2 336.74 685.96 28036. 140.06 TPF 4.00% 6469.0 367.97 733.89 30010. 153.54 TPF 3.00% 7013.5 407.25 794.19 32493. 170.51 TPF 2.00% 7834.6 466.50 885.14 36238. 196.08 TPF 1.00% 9216.5 589.88 1035.3 42415. 248.43 TPF 0.10% 14139. 1197.0 1554.7 63499. 494.94 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 15 0.00% 1838.4 1596.5 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 0.00% 1838.4 50.600 214.77 8818.4 21.940 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 43.799 1.2055 5.1169 210.09 0.52272 TPF 98.00% 75.006 2.0645 8.7627 359.79 0.89516 TPF 97.00% 106.51 2.9316 12.443 510.92 1.2712 TPF 96.00% 138.32 3.8072 16.160 663.51 1.6508 TPF 95.00% 170.44 4.6913 19.912 817.59 2.0342 TPF 90.00% 335.94 9.2465 39.247 1611.5 4.0093 TPF 85.00% 496.98 13.679 58.060 2383.9 5.9312 TPF 80.00% 612.87 16.869 71.600 2939.8 7.3143 TPF 75.00% 735.73 20.250 85.953 3529.1 8.7806 TPF 70.00% 856.14 23.564 100.02 4106.8 10.218 TPF 65.00% 981.70 27.020 114.69 4709.0 11.716 TPF 60.00% 1116.7 30.736 130.46 5356.5 13.327 TPF 55.00% 1262.7 34.753 147.51 6056.7 15.069 TPF 50.00% 1412.0 38.864 164.96 6773.1 16.852 TPF 45.00% 1574.6 43.339 183.96 7553.1 18.792 TPF 40.00% 1756.5 48.346 205.21 8425.6 20.963 TPF 35.00% 1961.0 53.974 229.09 9406.4 23.403 TPF 30.00% 2194.8 60.409 256.41 10528. 26.194 TPF 25.00% 2468.2 67.935 288.35 11840. 29.457 TPF 20.00% 2800.7 79.497 326.94 13422. 34.373 TPF 15.00% 3242.0 115.27 375.93 15411. 48.930 TPF 10.00% 3849.8 164.54 443.39 18150. 68.978 TPF 5.00% 4932.2 252.28 563.55 23029. 104.68 TPF 4.00% 5276.4 280.18 601.76 24581. 116.04 TPF 3.00% 5741.4 315.48 653.31 26691. 130.88 TPF 2.00% 6414.1 364.01 727.81 29760. 151.84 TPF 1.00% 7574.5 447.73 856.32 35052. 187.98 TPF 0.10% 11661. 919.34 1287.6 52745. 384.76 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07	en
converted_docs	524903	Hopewell Archeology:\ The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley\ Volume 7, Number 1, December 2006\ ------------------------------------------------ 3. Development of a Protocol to Detect and Classify Colorants in Archaeological Textiles and its Application to Selected Prehistoric Textiles from Seip Mound in Ohio. PhD Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, 2005\ By Christel M. Baldia The goal of this dissertation research was the development of a protocol to study colorants applied to archaeological perishable materials such as textiles even if these colors are no longer visible to the unaided eye. The protocol is composed of a sequence of non-destructive or minimally destructive methods designed to yield a classification of the colorants that were used prehistorically as inorganic or organic and pigment or dye. This protocol was then applied to selected textiles from Hopewellian Seip Mound Group in southern Ohio to test its effectiveness on actual artifacts. The protocol consists of a succession of analytical methods that have been adapted to be used with very small sample sizes. If these are sequenced properly, the efficacy of the protocol is further optimized, thereby maximizing the acquisition of critical data while minimizing the need for large amounts of sampling material, and thus preserving the integrity of the artifacts. The methods used were forensic photography using different lighting conditions (simulated daylight, infrared and ultraviolet), optical and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for elemental analysis. All methods were first tested on replicated materials thereby establishing suitable parameters for their application to archaeological textiles. During the course of working with the replicas, limitations of the analytical methods were discovered and addressed for their use on archaeological materials, i.e. a limited quantity of material with an unknown chemical composition. These materials have potentially undergone degradation processes and could have been exposed to a variety of contaminants, which all must be considered during the analysis. For example, the digestion of the sampled material for the ICP was refined and a more appropriate instrument was selected based on the results of working with the replicas. To reach the goal of using a minimal amount of sampling material, it is essential that the series of steps within the protocol are performed in the suggested sequence. One step builds on the previous one with several key tasks that must be performed before continuing with the analysis. First, a comprehensive and systematic visual examination of the textile fragments (obverse and reverse side) must be conducted. Much can be learned if this is done meticulously. For instance, many details that had not been expected were discovered when the textiles were turned to the reverse side. The lighting conditions must be controlled for this process to guarantee reproducibility. Otherwise, the results will differ as the lighting temperature differs. Then suitable textiles that represent types within an assemblage based on the results of the visual examination are selected. For instance, the Hopewell textiles were grouped by commonalities in color and physical condition such as charring. Magnification should be used if necessary so no details are overlooked while also controlling the lighting. Next, non-destructive forensic photography is used as a precursor to all the other steps. Before any other analytical method can be employed, the photography of the textiles in different lighting conditions must be performed because it reveals different chemical signatures due to colorant/substrate interaction even if these are no longer visible. This optical behavior is used to discriminate areas of diverse chemistry that can be correlated to colorant application or contamination. Thereby, the photography facilitates selective sampling of these areas, while areas of like chemistry do not need to be sampled. Thus, purposive sampling enables focused stratified sampling, increasing the opportunities for critical data acquisition while decreasing the need for the copious sampling of the material. At this point, particulate matter should be collected. This dust-like particulate matter could consist of small textile fiber fragments and contaminants, which gives the first indication to the researcher about the textiles' state of degradation. The more particulate matter there is, the more likely the textiles are severely fragile due to degradation or mineralization. Furthermore, the particulate can give detailed information about the textile as a whole, and it can be used for optical microscopy and possibly other analyses that pertain to the continuous textile such as infrared spectroscopy. After that, a detailed macroscopic examination, which also should be done in controlled lighting conditions, must be performed. Information about the physical state of the fibers can be gained. For instance, some of the Seip textiles showed many fractured and fragments of fibers within a yarn structure that still appeared to be intact, therefore making it very fragile. Furthermore, the colorant penetration and levelness of color can be determined, and adhering particulate can be observed. This should be followed by the sub-sectioning the samples to divide the materials for further analysis. Subsequently, optical microscopy (OM) of the sub-samples can be performed to reveal fiber morphology and optical behavior. Additionally, the particulate that was collected earlier should be studied. This process should not be hurried since it takes some time to get accustomed to the samples and to recognize what is important in these samples. Images of these micrographs should be collected, and if a digital camera is used, the colors that are seen on the screen should be calibrated and matched to the colors seen in the microscope. Next, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the sub-samples should be performed. One of the strengths of SEM is the ability to capture detailed surface morphology that may not otherwise be detected. Furthermore, the great magnification that can be achieved with SEM shows details such as degraded scales from hair fibers or even the medulla cells that otherwise cannot be detected by optical microscopy. While collecting images with the SEM, energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) of the fibers and all their components, i.e. fibers and particulate adhering to them should also be performed. The EDS only gives the relative ratio of elemental composition of fibers and adhering materials, which cannot replace quantitative analysis. However, EDS is a good qualitative method to detect elemental composition. EDS constitutes a key step that allows the evaluation of carbon compared to the zero baseline, hence indicating the presence or absence of organic compounds such as dyes. If organic components are present, organic analysis methods should follow as the next step, while the inorganic path of analysis should be taken if inorganic constituents are present. Furthermore, the relative ratios of elements detected by EDS in different areas of one fiber can be compared to each other, to other fibers or to the elemental content of the particulate adhering to the fibers. Thereby, EDS can give information about ratio of organic and heavy elements, presence of mineral based colorants, the degree and variability of fiber mineralization, and possible contaminants. For the inorganic path of analysis, such methods as ICP-MS/OES or LA-ICP-MS can be used. For these analyses, the potential problems that may occur during the digestion process that prepares spectrometry samples to be analyzed with various potentially suitable instruments were explored. When dealing with archaeological textile materials, it must be assumed that the samples will not digest well and that sample size is very small; and therefore, appropriate adjustments must be made. Knowing the relative ratio of elements present in the samples from results of the EDS will ease this process greatly, because appropriate replicas can be created, and the most likely successful digestion agent can be chosen to perform the spectrometry. For the organic path of analysis, such methods as gas or liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry, micro-infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy must be explored. It must be assumed that problems similar to those found when preparing the samples for ICP-MS will also be found when other methods such as chromatography are used. Therefore, a successful trial run of every analytical method with replicated materials must be conducted before using artifacts. Thereby, subsequent analyses of the artifact material are most likely to be successful without having to be repeated; thereby the amount of sample material that is needed will be kept at the absolute minimum. Based on an initial visual examination, eleven Seip textiles were selected and divided into three main color groups: (1) yellow/brown, (2) turquoise/white, and (3) charred. These are representative of textiles from the actual assemblage. An extensive, painstaking visual examination under controlled light and description of the selected textiles' obverse and reverse sides was conducted. Then both sides of the selected textiles were photographed in UV, warm and cool visible, and IR lighting. Based on the findings of the forensic photography, purposive sampling of the artifacts was conducted. Although the sample sizes were small, they were representative of the studied textile assemblage.\ The yellow/brown textiles showed some encrustations on the fiber surfaces and severe fragmentation of the fibers. The fabrics were constructed of rabbit hair with colorant saturated fibers, which indicates that dyes were used as colorant sources. There were some surface deposits, but these could not be linked to the colors of the fibers. Many of the colored fibers showed no deposits at all. The elemental composition of the materials from the three colors in this group did not show any differences between the colors. All colors contained a large amount of copper, some iron and small amounts of soil minerals, but they also contained large amounts of carbon, and some sulfur indicating organic materials in the fibers. It was concluded that the organic constituents of the fibers had been partially replaced by copper in a mineralization process. While these textiles were not reported to have been in contact with copper, they must have been saturated by copper corrosion products carried by ground water, i.e. they were near copper albeit not directly adjacent to it. The encrustations that were observed in the optical microscopy and the severe brittleness of the fibers support this statement. The textiles belonging to the turquoise/white group were made of milkweed fibers that were painted with different pigments. These colorants had not penetrated into the fibers, but adhered to the fiber surface. Different lighting conditions during the photography showed various dissimilar aspects of the patterns, indicating differences in chemical signatures, and thereby different colorants that had been applied. The elemental analysis indicated large amounts of copper, and small amounts of other elements. It was concluded that the white color was likely kaolin and that some of the other colors had been mixed with the kaolin or some other types of clay. These textiles were relatively stable when comparing them to the state of degradation of those from the two other groups. The charred textiles were extremely fragile. Patterns no longer visible in fluorescent white light were visible using photography, and the simulated daylight showed them best. Ovate motifs in blue, ochre color and different shades of grey were found. When magnified, it could not be determined if the colored fibers were penetrated by dyes, because they are too charred to transmit light. However, different inorganic particulates adhered to the outside of these colored fibers, and some of these deposits were iridescent. Large amounts of iron were found in these colored fibers, but also some copper. The orange/red substance without any fiber material showed the same spectra as did the fiber but with lesser carbon peak, thereby verifying that the fibers still contain some amount of organic material. Fibers without any colorant on them had less iron and higher carbon and calcium peaks. Two textiles were identified as composite upon examination. Both consisted of a combination of several layers of materials: fabric, leather and matting. Due to the complicated nature of these specimens, they were only described but could not be addressed otherwise. Considerations for Further Research All research seems to create as many questions as it provides answers, and with that it provides room for more work. This research is no exception. Based on the findings of this study, these are some suggestions for further work. 1. For the digestion process to prepare samples for spectrometry, ultrasound needs to be applied to the nitric acid/sample mixture to achieve better digestion. 2. Different potential digestion solutions or a combination of these such as hydrochloric acid (HCL) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) should be explored. Since these can cause problems such as the matrix effect, they must be tested with replicated materials. 3. The phytochemistry of many plants that were used by Native Americans has not been analyzed yet. Colorant constituents must be identified in such genera that are known to yield dyes such as the native Indigofera species. 4. Standards of North American dye plants and their colorants must be created for potentially applicable methods such as Infrared and Raman spectra. 5. The methods to detect organic dye constituents such as micro-Raman, micro-IR, GC-MS need to be explored, tested with replicated materials and then applied to actual artifacts. 6. The compositional data reported herein should be explored as to which inorganic pigments could have rendered the color to the textiles. 7. Quantitative elemental analysis should be conducted to link the colorants from the textiles to potential color producing minerals. 8. Composite images from the pictures that were taken should be created, thereby creating a likeness of what the textile might have looked like in the past, but also to potentially differentiate and sequence tasks in the production process. 9. The research done by Song and Thompson on the structures of the Seip textiles should be correlated with the chemical analysis and microscopy from this research. 10. Trace element analysis of copper artifacts should be done and compared to the copper content of the textiles. 11. With the discovery of a bast fiber that had not been identified before, new aspects of Seip material culture came to light. This bast needs to be identified. 12. The two textiles that were identified as composite herein need to be studied in a separate project. 13. The insect piece that was found should be identified, and further research should consider when insect infestation of the textile occurred. The dissertation will be available in full length to the public through Ohio Link in 8/02:\ Click [[here]{.underline}](http://library.osu.edu/) for dissertation. In the mean time, please refer to: Baldia, Christel M. and Kathryn A. Jakes 2006 Photographic Methods to Detect Colorants in Archaeological Textile. Journal of Archaeological Sciences; in press. 2006 Toward the Classification of Colorants in Archaeological Textiles in Eastern North America. In: Archaeological Chemistry: Analytical Techniques and Archaeological Interpretation, American Chemical Society Monograph Series; in press. Baldia, Christel M, Kathryn A. Jakes and Maximilian O. Baldia 2006 Polychrome Hopewell Textiles: Dye Technology at Seip Mound in Southern Ohio In Proceedings Textile History Forum, Meeting on October 6-7th at the Museum in Winterthur DE. In preparation: Social Implications of the Colorant Application Technology to Textiles from the Hopewellian Seip Mound Site. American Antiquity. Small Things in Big places: Textiles and Colors from the Seip Burial Mound Group in Ohio. In Acts of the XVth UISPP Congress, University of Lisbon, Portugal, 4-10 September 2006. BAR International Series, Oxford, England.	en
converted_docs	671678	JUN 10, 2008 GSA Acquisition Letter V-08-04 MEMORANDUM FOR ALL GSA CONTRACTING ACTIVITIES FROM: DAVID A. DRABKIN ACTING CHIEF ACQUISITION OFFICER (V) SUBJECT: INTERAGENCY AGREEMENTS---ACCEPTANCE AND OBLIGATION OF FUNDS 1. [Purpose:]{.underline} This Acquisition Letter establishes GSA policy for accepting funds under an Interagency Agreement (IA). For the purposes of this Acquisition Letter, the term \"Interagency Agreement\" includes Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), Memorandum of Agreement (MOA), Reimbursable Work Authorization (RWA), or any other interagency assisted acquisition service agreement (including stand-alone Military Interdepartmental Purchase Request (MIPR)). 2. [Background:]{.underline} It is GSA's mission to help Federal agencies better accomplish their missions by providing premier acquisition services to obtain goods, services and real property at best value. GSA must properly manage customer expectations with regard to the timely contractual obligation of funds and adherence to applicable laws, regulations, and fiscal policies. Customer agencies are required to obligate their funds during the funds\' period of availability \-- in the typical case of annual appropriations, by the end of the given fiscal year. Customer agencies can obligate funds via an IA with GSA for bona fide needs. GSA, in accepting the IA under its statutory authorities, must then act reasonably and expeditiously to contract for the customer agency's needs in a timely manner. This is particularly important in certain DoD requirements because, should GSA accept an IA late in the fiscal year but fail to award a contract before the end of the funds' original availability, GSA may be required to return the unused funds to the customer agency, which likely will not be able to apply them to new obligations. For additional details, please see the Administrator's memorandum of November 21, 2006, entitled \"Implementation of the DoD Policy -- Non-Economy Act Orders, Dated October 16, 2006\" (see section 9 for links to this document and other guidance/memoranda referenced in this Acquisition Letter). [Appendix A]{.underline} provides the policies for determining what is a "reasonable time" in specific cases. -2- [Appendix B]{.underline} provides the required steps for accepting Interagency Agreements. [Appendix C]{.underline} provides a brief discussion of key fiscal law principles and terminology such as \"bona fide needs,\" \"obligation,\" \"contractual obligation,\" \"severable services,\" \"non-severable services,\" \"multiple year funds,\" and \"no-year funds.\" [Appendix D]{.underline} provides the required timeframes for contractual obligation of customer funds from DoD and other civilian agencies. 3. [Cancellation]{.underline}: This Acquisition Letter supersedes Acquisition Letter V- 0704. 4. [Effective Date:]{.underline} Immediately 5. [Termination Date:]{.underline} This Acquisition Letter remains in effect until revoked or terminated. 6. [Applicability:]{.underline} This Acquisition Letter applies to all IAs entered into between GSA and Federal agencies/departments or non-Federal entities as authorized by law for the procurement of goods and services. This Acquisition Letter does not apply to\-- > a\) GSA's provision of space and services for which GSA charges and > collects rent pursuant to 40 U.S.C. 586; > > b\) Orders issued through the FED/MILSTRIP process; or > > c\) GSA's internal purchasing requirements. 7. [Policy:]{.underline} It is GSA's policy to enter into an IA and accept funds solely for the "bona fide needs" (31 U.S.C. 1502(a)) of the customer agency. GSA should not, at any time during the fiscal year, accept an IA that lacks information or specificity to such a degree that it is not feasible to award or modify a contract or task/delivery order (i.e., \"contractually obligate\") within a \"reasonable time\" (see Appendix A). In addition to complying with all laws and regulations, GSA is committed to follow any policy restrictions of customer agencies (see for example, the restrictions on agreements with DoD set out in [Appendix D]{.underline}.). This policy is particularly important during the last months of the fiscal year, when the need to obligate funds prior to their expiration date is greatest. Further implementing guidance will be issued by each Service. -3- 8. [Fiscal Year Cut-Off Dates:]{.underline} The decision to accept funds near the fiscal year end must be a case-by-case determination taking into consideration the minimum time required for GSA to properly contractually obligate the funds. Each GSA Service, based on the guidance provided in [Appendix D]{.underline}, shall devise cut-off dates that are appropriate for the organization. Consideration should be given that IAs accepted after the cut-off dates may not allow sufficient time for proper execution under normal circumstances and require special management attention. Under no circumstances may an IA citing "expired" funds be accepted from a customer agency (e.g., after September 30 if the funding authority is from the previous year\'s annual appropriations). The accepting office must also bear in mind that multiple-year funding may have reached its year of expiration depending on the term of such funding and the year it was first appropriated. The cut-off dates do not apply when accepting no-year funds or multiple year funds that are not expiring in the same fiscal year. However, at no time should an IA that fails to set out a bona fide need be accepted. Further, GSA must expeditiously and diligently begin work on all IAs it accepts. 9. [Reference Documents]{.underline}: Available at the InSite* [OCAO Acquisition Policy Library]{.underline}\--* under GSA InSite \> Reference & Resources \> OCAO Acquisition Policy Library; or [http://insite.gsa.gov/acquisitionlibrary]{.underline} PBS Commissioner Memorandum dated 2/13/2007, Subject: PBS Guidance on Implementing DoD Policy \-- Non-Economy Act Order. FAS Commissioner Memorandum dated 1/18/2007, Subject: Federal Acquisition Service Guidance for the Implementation of DOD Policy Regarding Non-Economy Act Orders and GSA Administrator Memorandum of November 21, 2006. GSA Administrator Memorandum dated 11/21/2006, Subject: Implementation of the DOD Policy - Non-Economy Act Orders. DoD Comptroller Memorandum dated 10/16/2006, Subject: Non-Economy Act Orders. http://www.acq.osd.mil/dpap/specificpolicy/ General Counsel and Chief Financial Officer's Memorandum dated 9/13/2005, Subject: GSA Authority for Interagency Transactions. FSS Commissioner's Memorandum dated 6/3/2005, Subject: Special Order Program -- Policy. PBS\' Reimbursable Work Authorization National Policy Document dated 5/4/2005. -4- GSA Acquisition Letter V-05-06 dated 4/27/2005, Subject: Purchases on Behalf of Other Agencies. FTS Commissioner and Chief Financial Officer's Memorandum dated 6/7/2004, Subject: Guidance and Information Concerning Interagency Transactions and Proper Management of Reimbursable Agreements in Revolving Funds. GSA Order OGP 2800.1 dated 1/1/2004, Subject: Acquisition Planning. OMB Memorandum M-07-03 dated 11/13/2006, Subject: Business Rules for Intergovernmental Transactions,. TFM Bulletin No. 2007-03, Subject: Intergovernmental Business Rules. [Appendix A:]{.underline} GSA POLICIES FOR DETERMINING "REASONABLE TIME" a\) [Reasonable time]{.underline}. \"Reasonable time\" refers to the acquisition lead time required for GSA to contractually obligate the accepted funds (except for a reasonable amount/balance to cover contingencies, GSA labor charges, fees, close-out costs (e.g., paying DCAA to perform audit), and other miscellaneous potential costs/liabilities) in accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and the customer agency\'s requirements. \"Reasonable time\" depends on\-- - The type and complexity of requirements (e.g., supplies/services, simple/complex, commercial/non-commercial, routine/unique); - The method of procurements (e.g., orders under Federal Supply Schedules (FSS), Government-Wide Acquisition Contracts (GWACs), Multi-Agency Contracts (MACs), or agency Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity contracts (IDIQs); open market purchases under FAR Parts 13, 14, or 15; or sole-source/competed); - Other workload, and - Availability of staffing resources. For the purposes of this Acquisition Letter, GSA has defined \"reasonable time\" to mean the amount of acquisition lead time, based on the complexities of the requirement, mutually agreed upon and documented between the customer agency and GSA at the time of funds\' acceptance, or a longer period that has been justified by executing a written justification. If no separate agreement has been made, a \"reasonable time\" of 90 calendar days shall be presumed (all days in this Acquisition Letter are calendar days unless stated otherwise). The date of acceptance is the date GSA acknowledges acceptance of the funding document (e.g., in the case of a DoD customer, signing DD Form 448-2, \"Acceptance of MIPR\"; for RWAs, date specified on GSA Form 2957, box 30B). Except for the funds that come with customer-specific fiscal policy restrictions as described in section App A(b), GSA has reasonable time to contractually obligate the accepted funds even if award occurs in a subsequent fiscal year (see [Appendix D]{.underline} for details). b\) [DoD restrictions on reasonable time]{.underline}. This \"reasonable time\" may be [further restricted]{.underline} by customer-specific fiscal policy attached to the funds. DoD\'s policy on Non-Economy Act Orders, dated 10/16/2006 (see section 9 for the link to this memo), prohibits GSA from taking any contractual action with fiscal year funds after the fiscal year end. For example, regardless of when GSA accepts DoD\'s FY 2008 funds (or multiple year funds if FY 2008 is the last year of funding availability), GSA must contractually obligate the funds by the last day of FY 2008. This means that, for DoD funds received on or after 7/2/2008 (90 days from FY 2008 fiscal year end), GSA will [NOT]{.underline} have the full \"reasonable time\" period. -2- This may not be a problem if the requirement is simple and a contract or task/delivery order can be awarded/modified (i.e., \"contractually obligated") quickly before the fiscal year end (but see [Appendix D]{.underline} for delivery of goods). But for complex requirements, an acquisition lead time of less than 90 days is often impractical and may seriously impair the contracting officer\'s ability to properly structure the acquisition and provide the best value. For that reason, it is crucial that, prior to accepting [any]{.underline} funds at [any]{.underline} time, the receiving official (i.e., GSA official who accepts funds or is responsible for accepting if done electronically) determine whether contractual obligation of the funds can be made within the time period required by the fiscal law and the customer agency\'s restrictions governing the funds in accordance with the procedures in [Appendix B]{.underline}. [Appendix B:]{.underline} REQUIRED STEPS FOR ACCEPTING FUNDS Incorporate the following steps when accepting funds under Interagency Agreements (IAs)\-- > \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ > > [Step A]{.underline}. Ensure that each IA clearly identifies or > accompanies (i.e., either by reference to the previously executed IA > or the requirements package)\-- > > 1\) The type of funds to be used (i.e., annual/multiple-year/no-year), > amount, and the funds\' expiration date; > > 2\) The authority for the IA (e.g., 40 U.S.C. §§ 501-506, 592(b)(2) > (formerly the Property Act) or 40 U.S.C. §§ 11101-11704 (the > Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 (ITMRA), also > known as the Clinger-Cohen Act)) (The Economy Act should not be used > except in rare circumstances); > > 3\) The type of requirements (i.e., supplies, severable services, > non-severable services; if the IA covers several requirements, > indicate as such); > > 4\) Specific, definite, and concise description of requirements > sufficient to demonstrate the bona fide needs at the time of GSA\'s IA > acceptance; and, > > 5\) Any special customer agency restrictions attached to the funds. > > [Step B]{.underline}. Use [Appendix D]{.underline} and the > customer agency request to determine the time by which contractual > obligation of the funds must be made. > > [Step C]{.underline}. Determine, in consultation with contracting > personnel in the office that will be handling the requirements, if GSA > can meet that time requirement. Consider other workload and > availability of staffing resources. > > [Step D]{.underline}. Reject the IA if the required timeframe is > unattainable. > > [Step E]{.underline}. If the decision is to accept the funds, > clearly indicate the acceptance date and ensure that everyone involved > is aware that the funding authority may have to be returned to the > customer if a contract/modification is not awarded within the time > required in [Appendix D]{.underline}. > > \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [Appendix C:]{.underline} FISCAL LAW TERMINOLOGY IN INTERAGENCY CONTRACTING \Quoted parts below are from the GAO\'s [Principles of Federal Appropriations Law]{.underline}, often referred to as the \"Red Book.\" Emphases have been added.* \"\[A\]n "[obligation]{.underline}" is some action that creates a legal liability or definite commitment on the part of the government, or creates a legal duty that could mature into a legal liability by virtue of an action that is beyond the control of the government.\" (Red Book, p. 7-3). It is a binding commitment against an appropriation that will require expenditure at some later time. In interagency contracting, funds accepted under a valid Interagency Agreement (IA) constitute an obligation on the part of the customer agency. (See 31 U.S.C. 1301, and GAO\'s legal opinion in Library of Congress case, B-302760 (5/17/2004)). GSA then awards or modifies contracts or task/delivery orders using the accepted funds. Obviously, this is also an obligation. However, to distinguish the two, this Acquisition Letter uses the term \"[contractual obligation]{.underline}\" for the latter. \"If an agency fails to obligate its annual funds by the end of the fiscal year for which they were appropriated, they cease to be available for incurring and recording new obligations and are said to have "[expired]{.underline}."\" (Red Book, p. 5-6). Once GSA accepts funds, an obligation has occurred on the part of the customer agency and the funds remain available to liquidate the obligation following GSA\'s execution (i.e., contractual obligation). However, GSA\'s ability to contractually obligate the funds will still be subject to time restrictions set out in [Appendices A and B]{.underline} or a customer\'s specific requirements such as DoD\'s fiscal policy (see [Appendix D]{.underline} for details). When the accepted funds are no longer usable because of GSA\'s failure to timely contractually obligate, the funds will have to be returned to the customer agency to be deobligated. To provide clarity, this Acquisition Letter proposes calling this \"[funds subject to deobligation]{.underline}\" rather than \"[expired funds]{.underline},\" as they are commonly referred to. \"The [bona fide needs]{.underline} rule is one of the fundamental principles of appropriations law: A fiscal-year appropriation may be obligated only to meet a legitimate, or bona fide, need arising in, or in some cases arising prior to but continuing to exist in, the fiscal year for which the appropriation was made.\" (Red Book, p. 5-11). The bona fide needs rule is statutory, 31 U.S.C. 1502. Because obligation occurs when GSA accepts a customer\'s funds, there has to be a documented bona fide need assessment at time of IA acceptance. In practice, this means there must be, at a minimum, a \"[specific, definite, and concise]{.underline}\" description of the requirements associated with the funds at the time of IA acceptance (see \"Non-Economy Act Acquisition Package Checklist\" attached to DoD Comptroller 10/16/2006 Memorandum). It is important to note that, while further development of the Statement of Work (or PWS/SOO) may occur later, a sufficiently detailed requirements description must be documented in the IA to satisfy the bona fide needs rule to accept the IA and for the customer to record an obligation. -2- Even after the acceptance of funds, the bona fide needs established at the time of initial obligation may be questioned if GSA takes too much time executing the funds. Excessive and unreasonable delay or inaction by GSA may be viewed as an indication that there may not be a true bona fide need or that the obligation was an attempt to \"park\" the funds. To avoid this, once funds are accepted, GSA and the customer agency must proceed reasonably and diligently to complete the contract action. [Severable services]{.underline} are services that are continuing and ongoing in nature -- such as help-desk support, maintenance, or janitorial services -- for which benefit is received each time the service is rendered. [Non-severable services]{.underline} involve work that results in a final product or end-item and for which benefit is received only when the entire project is complete, such as systems design, building construction, or environmental study. \"\[T\]here is a fairly simple test that is often helpful in determining whether a given service is severable or nonseverable. Suppose that a service contract is to be performed half in one fiscal year and half in the next. Suppose further that the contract is terminated at the end of the first fiscal year and is not renewed. What do you have? In the case of a window-cleaning contract, you have half of your windows clean, a *[benefit]{.underline}* that is not diminished by the fact that the other half is still dirty. What you paid for the first half has not been wasted. These services are clearly severable. Now consider a contract to conduct a study and prepare a final report, as in 65 Comp. Gen. 741 (1986). If this contract is terminated halfway through, you essentially have nothing. The partial results of an incomplete study, while perhaps beneficial in some ethereal sense, do not do you very much good when what you needed was the complete study and report. Or suppose the contract is to repair a broken \[widget\]. If the repairs are not completed, certainly some work has been done but you still don't have an operational \[widget\]. The latter two examples are nonseverable.\" (Red Book, p. 5-28). \"[Annual appropriations]{.underline} (also called fiscal-year or one-year appropriations) are made for a specified fiscal year and are available for obligation only during the fiscal year for which made. . . . All appropriations are presumed to be annual appropriations unless the appropriation act expressly provides otherwise.\" (Red Book, p. 5-4). Thus, [annual funds]{.underline}. \"[Multiple year appropriations]{.underline} are available for obligation for a definite period in excess of one fiscal year. (Red Book, p. 5-7). Thus, [multiple year funds]{.underline}. \"A [no-year appropriation]{.underline} is available for obligation without fiscal year limitation. . . . The standard language used to make a no-year appropriation is "to remain available until expended."\" (Red Book, p. 5-7). Thus, [no-year funds]{.underline}. [Appendix D:]{.underline} Restrictions Applicable to Funds Accepted Under Interagency Agreements (IAs) I. DoD Annual Funds[^1] (or Multiple Year Funds That Are in the Last Year of Availability) Received on or after 10/16/2006. ------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------------- TYPE OF TIME RESTRICTIONS REQUIREMENTS GOODS Contracts/orders must be The delivery of goods may awarded[^2] within a [not]{.underline} be specified reasonable time[^3] but no to occur in the subsequent later than fiscal year end fiscal year (see footnote below (for example, for funds for complete instructions).[^4] received after 7/1/2008, reasonable time is [further restricted]{.underline} by 9/30/2008). SEVERABLE SERVICES Contract or task order period of performance must begin no later than the last day of the fiscal year and may be up to 1 year. NON-SEVERABLE Contract or task order period of SERVICES performance may extend across fiscal years until complete. No incremental funding of contracts/orders is permitted.[^5] ------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------------- II\. Non-DoD Fiscal Year Funds +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| TYPE OF \| TIME RESTRICTIONS \| \| REQUIREMENTS \| \| +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| GOODS or \| Contracts/orders must be awarded within a \| \| \| reasonable time (even if awards occur in a \| \| NON-SEVERABLE \| subsequent fiscal year). \| \| SERVICES \| \| +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| SEVERABLE \| Contracts/orders must be awarded within a \| \| SERVICES \| reasonable time (even if awards occur in a \| \| \| subsequent fiscal year). Period of performance \| \| \| may be up to 1 year. \| +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ [^1]: e.g., Operation & Maintenance (O&M) funds. [^2]: Refers to \"contractual obligation\" by GSA. \"Contractual-obligation\" means awards or modifications of a contract or task/delivery order (see [Appendix A]{.underline} for explanation). [^3]: Defined in Appendix A. [^4]: DoD requires that the funds be returned \"unless the request for goods was made during the period of availability of the funds and* the item(s) could not be delivered within the funds period of availability solely because of delivery, production or manufacturing lead time, or unforeseen delays that are out of the control and not previously contemplated by the contracting parties at the time of contracting. Thus, where materials cannot be obtained in the same fiscal year in which they are needed and contracted for, provisions for delivery in the subsequent fiscal year do not violate the bona fide need rule as long as the time intervening between contracting and delivery is not excessive and the procurement is not for standard commercial off the shelf (COTS) items readily available from other sources. The delivery of goods may not be specified to occur in the year subsequent to funds availability.*\" (see p. 4, DoD Comptroller Memorandum, 10/16/2006; available at the [OCAO Acquisition Policy Library]{.underline}). [^5]: Period or quantity options are permitted.	en
all-txt-docs	187924	STS-104 Report # 08 Sunday, July 15, 2001 - 6 p.m. CDT The five-member crew of Atlantis will spend their fifth day in space working with the Expedition Two crew aboard the International Space Station to continue the activation of the station's new airlock, named Quest. Today's work will include testing nitrogen and oxygen lines that will be used during future shuttle missions to replenish the airlock's tanks of high-pressure oxygen and nitrogen; testing the airlock's space walk equipment; and installing valves that will connect Quest to the station's environmental control system. In addition to checking and activating Quest's systems, the crews will remove the motor controllers from the airlock's berthing mechanism, which are no longer needed now that the airlock is firmly attached to the station. The shuttle crew's day began at 4:04 p.m. with a wake-up call from Mission Control playing the song "No Woman No Cry" by Bob Marley for Mission Specialist Mike Gernhardt. On board the space station, Commander Yury Usachev and Flight Engineers Jim Voss and Susan Helms awoke at 5:04 p.m. After the airlock was attached to the station early Sunday morning, and the first part of its checkout was completed, the shuttle and station crews held a ribbon cutting for the new addition. Station Commander Yury Usachev and Atlantis Commander Steve Lindsey cut a white ribbon that had been strung across the entrance of Quest's crew lock. Lindsey and Usachev made two cuts to the ribbon, each on either side of the word Quest to christen the new compartment. This evening's checkout of Quest will help prepare for the mission's third space walk, scheduled for Thursday evening. That space walk, during which two air tanks will be installed on Quest, will be the first to originate from the new airlock. Yesterday, a decision was made to bring home a spare space suit aboard Atlantis that had experienced a leaking battery. Controllers were worried that the leaking battery may have damaged portions of the suit and decided to bring the suit home for inspection and cleaning. The originial plan had been to leave the suit aboard the station for use by future crews. All systems continue to function normally aboard both the Space Shuttle Atlantis and the International Space Station. Later this evening, a little after 8 p.m., the shuttle's engines will be used to perform an hour-long reboost of the station's altitude.	en
all-txt-docs	083548	From owner-nwchem-users@emsl.pnl.gov Wed Jun 30 16:28:23 2004 Received: from odyssey.emsl.pnl.gov (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by odyssey.emsl.pnl.gov (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5UNSMHQ024333 for <nwchem-users-outgoing@odyssey.emsl.pnl.gov>; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 16:28:22 -0700 (PDT) Received: (from majordom@localhost) by odyssey.emsl.pnl.gov (8.12.10/8.12.10/Submit) id i5UNSMft024332 for nwchem-users-outgoing; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 16:28:22 -0700 (PDT) Date: Wed, 30 Jun 2004 19:27:47 -0400 From: "Michael E. Green" <green@sci.ccny.cuny.edu> Subject: Fwd: two questions ISSUE=522 PROJ=11 To: nwchem-users@emsl.pnl.gov Message-id: <web-3354184@cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: CommuniGate Pro Web Mailer v.4.0.5 Content-type: multipart/mixed; boundary="_===3354184====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_" Sender: owner-nwchem-users@emsl.pnl.gov Precedence: bulk This is a multi-part MIME message --_===3354184====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_ Content-Type: text/plain; charset="ISO-8859-1"; format="flowed" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- the forwarded message follows --- --_===3354184====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_ Content-Type: message/rfc822 From: "Michael E. Green" <green@sci.ccny.cuny.edu> Subject: Fwd: two questions ISSUE=522 PROJ=11 To: nwchem-users@emsl.pnl.gov X-Mailer: CommuniGate Pro Web Mailer v.4.0.5 Date: Tue, 29 Jun 2004 21:55:54 -0400 Message-ID: <web-3349523@cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="_===3349523====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_" This is a multi-part MIME message --_===3349523====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_ Content-Type: text/plain; charset="ISO-8859-1"; format="flowed" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Following the advice in the message below, I am forwarding these questions. Michael E. Green City College of New York --- the forwarded message follows --- --_===3349523====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_ Content-Type: message/rfc822 Return-Path: <fp-admin@emsl.pnl.gov> Received: from atlas.pnl.gov ([130.20.248.194] verified) by cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu (CommuniGate Pro SMTP 4.0.5) with SMTP id 3349097 for green@sci.ccny.cuny.edu; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 19:39:01 -0400 Received: from emailfilter2.pnl.gov (emailfilter2.pnl.gov [130.20.248.24]) by pnl.gov (PMDF V6.2-X17 #30796) with ESMTP id <0I03009CTGD1G5@pnl.gov> for green@sci.ccny.cuny.edu; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 16:39:01 -0700 (PDT) Received: from europa.pnl.gov (Not Verified[130.20.248.195]) by emailfilter2.pnl.gov with NetIQ MailMarshal (v5.5.6.6) id <BB0081b553>; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 16:39:01 -0700 Received: from footprints.pnl.gov ([130.20.248.105]) by pnl.gov (PMDF V6.2-X17 #30796) with ESMTP id <0I03001BBGD0Q3@pnl.gov> for green@sci.ccny.cuny.edu; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 16:39:00 -0700 (PDT) Received: (from root@localhost) by footprints.pnl.gov (8.12.9+Sun/8.12.9) id i5TNd0SU005516; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 16:39:00 -0700 (PDT) Date: Tue, 29 Jun 2004 16:38 -0700 From: MSCF Scientific Consulting <mscf-consulting@emsl.pnl.gov> Subject: two questions ISSUE=522 PROJ=11 To: green@sci.ccny.cuny.edu Reply-to: mscf-consulting@emsl.pnl.gov Message-id: <200406292339.i5TNd0SU005516@footprints.pnl.gov> When replying, type your text above this line. ---------------------------------------------- Notification of Issue Change Status: Open Description: Entered on 06/29/2004 at 16:38:48 by Bert de Jong: Dear Michael, I would urge you to send these specific NWChem user questions to the nwchem-users@emsl.pnl.gov . With kind regards, Bert de Jong MSCF VISUS Entered on 06/29/2004 at 07:33:06 by green@sci.ccny.cuny.edu: Hi, I have two questions: 1) I have just gotten my first long calculation to converge, using nw-chem to optimize a system with 166 atoms. Some of the atoms were frozen. I noticed that in cases where I extended the number of iterations, using Maxiter, the later Steps tended to go further away from convergence. I wound up using the geometry from Steps between 10 and 20 (and, for the penultimate round, less than 10). The calculation converged in about three cycles this way. I assume the reason this worked better than going on to an equivalent number of cycles with a high value of Maxiter is that the Hessian is recalculated (I changed the file name, to force a complete start, not a restart; also, the PERMANENT_DIR line worked two or three times, and then, for no reason I can figure out, it gave an error; however, at that point, I wasn't using it any more, anyway, so I removed it.) QUESTION: Is there any way to write a script that starts the calculation over, or is there any way to force recalculation of the Hessian every ten or so iterations? (or am I wrong as to the reason the calculation seemed to do so much better?) 2) The calculation was done at scf/3-21G* level. I would like to do the central part at B3LYP/6-311G, or possibly B3LYP/6-311++G, level (perhaps 20-25 atoms), the rest remaining at 3-21G*. Can ONIOM be used with set geometry:actlist? (This question doesn't seem to be answered in the manual.) If so, would it be the same as the way I have been using it so far, or would it have to be specified separately for fixed atoms, and for atoms in the different ONIOM layers? Thanks for your help. Michael Green City College of New York --_===3349523====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_-- --_===3354184====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_--	en
all-txt-docs	102681	*This is an archive page. The links are no longer being updated. 1993.09.20 : Eighth Special Report on Alcohol and Health Contact: NIH/NIAAA (301) 443-3860 September 20, 1993 HHS Secretary Donna E. Shalala today released the Eighth Special Report on Alcohol and Health, showing U.S. declines in per capita alcohol consumption and liver cirrhosis deaths, as well as increased abstention and decreased heavy drinking across a broad range of age, sex and demographic groups. The report was prepared for Congress by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. It details recent scientific progress in understanding, preventing and treating alcoholism and alcohol abuse and their consequences. The institute estimates that more than 15 million Americans 18 and older meet standard diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse or alcoholism. In addition, many others are involved in alcohol- related traffic crashes, or suffer from injuries and other problems associated with single drinking incidents. Alcohol also is a substantial factor in a wide range of safety and behavioral problems, including domestic and criminal violence and high-risk sexual behaviors. The report says raising the minimum drinking age has contributed to reduced fatal traffic crashes among persons under 21 years old. In particular, alcohol-related fatal crashes decreased between 1982 and 1989 by 47 percent among drivers 16 through 18 and 33 percent among drivers 18 through 20. Despite the raised legal drinking age, alcohol remains the most frequently used drug among U.S. high school seniors. The report also shows that estimated rates of alcohol abuse and alcoholism in young women are converging with rates for young men. "The Eighth Special Report documents that heavy and chronic drinking can harm virtually every organ and body system," said Secretary Shalala. NIAAA Director Enoch Gordis, M.D., said, "Heavy drinking has been linked with hypertension, weakened heart muscle, and arrhythmias, and chronic alcohol abuse with adverse effects on immune, endocrine and reproductive functions, among other consequences." Moderate drinking may reduce risk for coronary heart disease, but moderate use also has been associated with added risk of hemorrhagic stroke, motor vehicle crashes and adverse drug interactions. Alcoholism treatment research, conducted with increasingly sophisticated study designs, has documented promising psychological and pharmacological interventions. In recent studies, researchers identified pharmacological agents that appear to reduce alcohol craving and relapse in alcoholism treatment patients. "The ultimate success of treatment efforts lies in uncovering the mechanisms involved in craving, impaired control and other disease features of alcoholism," Gordis said. In this pursuit, scientists are exploiting new tools in molecular biology, genetics and neuroscience, including advanced biochemical tests, gene mapping and a variety of brain imaging technologies. One of 17 National Institutes of Health, NIAAA is the lead institute for biomedical and behavioral research on the causes and consequences of alcohol abuse, alcoholism and related problems. NIH is one of the eight U.S. Public Health Service agencies in HHS. The Eighth Special Report on Alcohol and Health will be available later this fall from (800) 729-6686. An overview is available now by mail or messenger from (301) 443-3860.	en
markdown	399127	# Presentation: 399127 ## Aranesp® (darbepoetin alfa) Therapy for Oncology Patients Oncologic Drugs Advisory CommitteeMay 4, 2004 ## Amgen Guests Jeffrey Crawford, MD Professor of Medicine Duke University School of Medicine David DeMets, PhD Professor and Chair of Biostatistics University of Wisconsin John Glaspy, MD, MPH Professor of Medicine University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine Harvey Lodish, PhD Professor of Biology and Professor of Bioengineering at MIT Member of Whitehead Institute Douglas Losordo, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Tufts University School of Medicine Marc Pfeffer, MD, PhD Senior Physician in Cardiology Professor of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Joseph Eschbach, MD Senior Research Advisor Northwest Kidney Center Clinical Professor Medicine University of Washington ## Independent Investigators Principal Investigator Study Group Institution J. Overgaard, MD The Danish Head Dept. Experimental Clinical Oncology and Neck Cancer Aarhus University Hospital Study Group Aarhus C. Denmark (DAHANCA) R. Delarue, MD Groupe d’Etude des Adult Hematology Dept Lymphomes de l’Adulte Hospital Necker, Paris, FranceA. Bosley, MD (GELA) Hematology Dept. UCL Mont Godinne, Belgium U. Nitz, MD Westdeutschen Gynecological Clinic Studiengruppe (WSG) Dusseldorf University Dusseldorf, Germany S. Kahlert, MD Gynecological Clinic and Polyclinic for Oncology Study Obstetrics and Gynecology, Group (AGO) Grosshadern Clinic, Ludwig- Maximillian University Munich, Germany ## Presentation Outline Background Dawn Viveash, MD VP of Regulatory Affairs and Safety EPO-R Considerations Harvey Lodish, PhD Professor of Biology and Bioengineering - MIT Clinical Observations David Parkinson, MD VP of Oncology Clinical Development ## Distinct Properties of Aranesp - Altered amino acid sequence permits attachment of2 additional carbohydrate side chains - Increase in negative charge - Increase in molecular weight and size - 5-fold reduction in receptor binding affinity - 3-fold increase in serum half life - Leads to improved in vivo biological activity Molecular Differences Compared with Epoetin* * Physical Differences Compared with Epoetin Biological Differences Compared with Epoetin ## Aranesp Approvals - September 2001 US Nephrology Approval - Aranesp is indicated for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal failure, including patients on dialysis and patients not on dialysis - July 2002 US Oncology Approval - Aranesp is indicated for the treatment of anemia in patients with non-myeloid malignancies where anemia is due to the effect of concomitantly administered chemotherapy ## Aranesp Product Labeling - Warnings: Cardiovascular events (including thrombotic events) - Association with high hemoglobin and rate of rise - Description of Besarab1 study including mortality - Guidance regarding hemoglobin target and rate of rise - Adjust dose to achieve and maintain a target Hb 12 g/dL and rate of rise of Hb not to exceed 1 g/dL in two weeks - Precautions: Theoretical concern regarding growth factor potential - Adverse reactions: Thrombotic events - Overall incidence 6.2% for Aranesp and 4.1% for placebo; specific mention of pulmonary embolism and thrombosis 1Besarab et al. *NEJM*. 339(9):584;1998. ## Comprehensive Risk Assessment:Preclinical Data with Darbepoetin alfa - Not genotoxic1 - No proliferative or hyperplastic signals inlong-term animal toxicology studies1 - No tumor progression in tumor xenograft models2,3 - Beneficial effect (decrease in tumor progression) in association with radiotherapy3 1Amgen data on file. 2Kirkpatrick et al. 2003.3Ning et al. 2003. ## Comprehensive Risk Assessment:Clinical Data - Epidemiological analysis of thrombotic events - Review of completed and ongoing Aranesp trials - Post-marketing oncology experience ## Aranesp Safety Observations - No detrimental effect on survival - No tumor progression signal - Thrombotic event rate consistent across pre-and post-approval studies - Product label appropriately represents relevant safety information ## Presentation Outline Background Dawn Viveash, MD VP of Regulatory Affairs and Safety EPO-R Considerations Harvey Lodish, PhD Professor of Biology and Bioengineering - MIT Clinical Observations David Parkinson, MD VP of Oncology Clinical Development ## Characteristics of Established Oncogenes - Chromosome translocation - Gene amplification - Gene mutation - Protein over-expression - Protein truncation - Auto-phosphorylation - Signaling in absence of ligand - Transforming - Prognostic indicator - Therapeutic target ## The EPO-R and Tumorgenicity - The EPO-R is not an oncogene - No amplification of the EPO-R gene in any tumor except for 2 erythroleukemic cell lines - No activating EPO-R point mutations in any human or animal tumor - Humans with EPO-R truncations are hypersensitive to EPO but have no increase in tumor incidence - EPO transgenic mice and humans over-expressing EPO are polycythemic but have no increase in tumor incidence ## EPO-R Expression in Erythroid Cells - Over 90% of receptors are in the cytoplasm, not on the cell surface - Only 1000 - 2000 receptors are present on the cell surface - Surface expression requires JAK-2 and possibly other accessory proteins - 2 EPO-R:1 EPO complex is required for signaling ## Measuring EPO-R in Fixed or Frozen Primary Tumor Biopsies - RT-PCR - Measures EPO-R transcripts, not functional EPO-R mRNA, EPO-R protein, or functional receptor - Requires separation of tumor from other cells - Immunohistochemistry - Measures EPO-R in the cytoplasm and on the cell surface - Too insensitive to detect cell surface EPO-R - Existing antibodies not sufficiently specific ## Measuring EPO-R in Fresh Primary Tumor Biopsies - All methods require purifying tumor cells from other cells and at least 108 cells per sample - Binding with radio-labeled EPO - Difficult to detect specific, saturable binding to EPO-R versus non-specific, non-saturable binding - Difficult to detect low numbers of low-affinity (Kd >1 nM) receptors - Proliferation in response to EPO - Fresh tumor cells generally are not viable in culture - EPO-induced signal transduction pathways - EPO-induced phosphorylation of EPO-R, JAK-2, STAT-5, etc - Requires immunoprecipitation – Western blot analysis - Very insensitive, low signal to background ratio in non-erythroid cells ## Presentation Outline Background Dawn Viveash, MD VP of Regulatory Affairs and Safety EPO-R Considerations Harvey Lodish, PhD Professor of Biology and Bioengineering - MIT Clinical Observations David Parkinson, MD VP of Oncology Clinical Development ## Clinical Observations Benefits associated with treatment of anemia - Thrombotic Events Analyses in Oncology - Epidemiology - Clinical trials - Survival Analyses of Aranesp Clinical Trials - Ongoing Aranesp Clinical Trials in Oncology - Amgen-sponsored - Independent-investigator sponsored ## Anemia is a Significant Complication of Chemotherapy Treatment in Patients with Cancer - Anemia is a highly prevalent comorbidity1-5 - ~90% of chemotherapy patients will develop anemia (grade 1-4) - Up to 30% of patients develop grade 3-4 anemia - Anemia has a significant impact in quality of life and commonly results in transfusions6 - 40 - 60% of anemic patients will require transfusions7,8 - 61% of patients believe fatigue affects their quality of life more than pain - 78% of patients with cancer experience fatigue 1Chau L, et al. *Br J Haem.* 2003;120:970-977; 2Louvet C, et al. *J Clin Oncol. *2002;20:4543-4548; 3Scheithauer W, et al. *J Clin Oncol.* 2003;21:1307-1312; 4Hitt R, et al. *Ann Oncol.* 2002;13:1665-1673; 5Schiller JH, et al. *N Engl J Med* 2002;346:92-98; 6 Vogelzang N, et al. *Semin Hematol.* 1997;34(suppl 2):4–12; 7Tandem audit; 8Amgen data on file. ## Aranesp Increases Hemoglobin and Reduces Transfusions ## Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines by ASH/ASCO and NCCN - Confirmed the benefits of anemia treatment regarding transfusion requirements and improvement in HRQOL1-5 - Guidelines provide recommendations regarding: - Hemoglobin target (11 – 12 g/dL)4 - Thresholds for withholding erythropoietic protein therapy - Amgen supports these independent evidence-based guidelines - They are consistent with the US package insert for Aranesp 1Seidenfeld et al. 2001; 2Bohlius. 2003; 3Crawford et al. 2002; 4Sabbatini et al. 2004; 5Rizzo et al. 2001. ## Clinical Observations - Benefits associated with treatment of anemia Thrombotic Events Analyses in Oncology Epidemiology Clinical trials - Survival Analyses of Aranesp Clinical Trials - Ongoing Aranesp Clinical Trials in Oncology - Amgen-sponsored - Independent-investigator sponsored ## Analysis of Thrombotic Events in Oncology Patients - Thrombotic event terms as defined in approved US product label - Methods: - Analysis of epidemiologic databases - General Practice Research Database (108,000 patient-years) - Medstat Marketscan Database (~7,000 patient years) - Analysis of Amgen clinical trial data - 11 Aranesp oncology trials completed by November 2003 - 1,807 Aranesp and 444 Placebo subjects ## Patients with Cancer Receiving Epoetin alfa and Epoetin beta Have a Higher than Background Risk of Thrombotic Events - Amgen analysis of Medstat Claims Database(1,305 patients) - Adjusted RR1 = 1.40 [95% CI: 0.90-2.16] - Bohlius et al. [2003]2 meta-analysis: 12 controlled trials (1,737 patients) - RR = 1.55 [95% CI: 0.93-2.59] - Does not include BEST or ENHANCE studies - Amgen analysis (Aranesp) - Confirms stable rate since approval - Prior TE history and poor performance status are independent risk factors 1Adjusted for age, sex, cancer type, and comorbidities 2Bohlius, et al. *Blood*. 2003;102:203a. Abstract 709. ## Clinical Observations - Benefits associated with treatment of anemia - Thrombotic Events Analyses in Oncology - Epidemiology - Clinical trials Survival Analyses of Aranesp Clinical Trials - Ongoing Aranesp Clinical Trials in Oncology - Amgen-sponsored - Independent-investigator sponsored ## Survival Analysis in Aranesp Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials in CIA 1Vansteenkiste J, et al. *J Natl Cancer Inst. * 2002;94:1211-1220. (Study 980297) 2Hedenus M, et al. *Br J Haematol. * 2003;122:394-403. (Study 20000161) 3Hedenus M, et al. *Br J Haematol. * 2002;119:79-86. (Study 980291) 4Kotasek D, et al. *Eur J Cancer. * 2003;39:2026-2034. (Study 990114) Studies: Characteristics: Lung cancer1 N = 314 Homogeneous patient population Platinum-based therapy Long-term follow-up Lymphoid malignancies2 N = 344 Less homogeneous patient populations Long-term follow-up Mixed solid tumor3 N = 405 Heterogeneous patient populationLymphoid malignancies4 N = 66 Follow-up (16 weeks) ## Aranesp Lung Cancer Study RandomizationN = 314 Chemotherapy1 Aranesp 2.25 μg/kg/week for 12 weeks Chemotherapy1 Placebo for 12 weeks _Endpoint_ RBC Transfusion Long-term Follow-up for Survival And Progression Median follow up time:16 months Placebo Aranesp Number of patients 159 155 Histology NSCLC 114 (72%) 108 (70%) SCLC 45 (28%) 47 (30%) 1Platinum-based Study 980297 Hb entry: 11 g/dL Withhold dose: Hb >14g/dL ## Progression-free Survival in Lung Cancer Patients Placebo Percent 20 40 60 80 100 Months from 1st Dose 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 Subjects at risk: Placebo Aranesp 159 155 114 116 50 63 26 35 14 16 7 13 4 6 1 5 Study 980297 1Adjusted for histology Total Events Aranesp 155 131 Placebo 159 145 Hazard Ratio1 0.81 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.03) 0 0 1 ## Overall Survival in Lung Cancer Patients Placebo 20 40 60 80 100 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 Subjects at risk: Placebo Aranesp 159 155 127 133 86 94 58 74 44 49 30 34 16 16 3 7 Total Deaths Aranesp 155 100 Placebo 159 119 Hazard Ratio1 0.78 (95% CI: 0.60, 1.01) Percent Months from 1st Dose 0 0 1 Study 980297 1Adjusted for histology ## Aranesp Lymphoid Malignancy Study Median follow-up time:27 months Placebo Aranesp Number of patients 169 175 NHL 45 (27%) 39 (22%) HD 9 (5%) 12 (7%) CLL 26 (15%) 29 (17%) MM 83 (49%) 90 (51%) Waldenstrom’s 6 (4%) 5 (3%) RandomizationN = 344 Chemotherapy + Aranesp 2.25 μg/kg/week for 12 weeks Chemotherapy +Placebo for 12 weeks _Endpoint_ RBC Transfusion Long-term Follow-up for Survival And Progression Study 20000161 Hb entry: 11 g/dL Withhold dose: Hb >14g/dL ## Aranesp Lymphoid Malignancy Study: Baseline Characteristics Placebo Aranesp N = 169 N = 175 n (%) n (%) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 45 (27) 39 (22) Indolent 29 (64) 20 (51) Aggressive 16 (36) 17 (44) International Prognostic Index 0 – 2 30 (67) 22 (56) 3 – 5 15 (33) 17 (44) Multiple myeloma 83 (49) 90 (51) Stage I + II 28 (34) 36 (40) Stage IIIA + B 55 (66) 54 (60) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia 26 (15) 29 (17) Stage A + B 14 (54) 11 (34) Stage C 11 (42) 17 (59) Study 20000161 ## Progression-free Survival in Patients with Lymphoid Malignancies Study 20000161 1Adjusted for disease type, stage and IPI score Aranesp Placebo Percent 20 40 60 80 100 Months from 1st Dose 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 Subjects at risk: Placebo Aranesp 169 175 150 146 119 125 104 109 96 100 85 85 71 72 63 60 Total Events Aranesp 175 120 Placebo 169 113 Hazard Ratio1 1.11 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.44) 0 49 43 ## Overall Survival in Patients withLymphoid Malignancies - Overall Survival in Patients withLymphoid Malignancies Placebo 20 40 60 80 100 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 Subjects at risk: Placebo Aranesp 169 175 160 162 146 150 135 136 132 126 124 122 116 117 113 101 Total Deaths Aranesp 175 80 Placebo 169 61 Hazard Ratio1 1.33 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.86) Percent Months from 1st Dose 0 Study 20000161 1Adjusted for disease type, stage and IPI score 93 76 ## Pooled Analysis of Four Amgen Completed Trials Concerning Tumor Progression and Survival - Number of Patients Tumor Type - 314 Lung cancer 410 Lymphoid cancer 405 Mixed Solid Tumor - 1,129 - (708 Aranesp, 421 Placebo) - 933 Patient-years of follow-up ## Progression-free Survival in Four Pooled1 Placebo Controlled Trials – 16 Week Data Percent 80 85 90 95 100 Weeks After 1st Dose 0 4 8 12 16 Subjects at risk: Placebo Aranesp 421 708 405 680 372 642 349 572 Hazard Ratio2 1.02 (95% CI: 0.78, 1.33) 1Studies 980297, 20000161, 980291, 990114 2Adjusted for study, disease type, stage and IPI score 0 252 313 ## Overall Survival in Four Pooled1 Placebo Controlled Trials – 16 Week Data 80 85 90 95 100 Weeks After 1st Dose 0 4 8 12 16 Subjects at risk: Placebo Aranesp 421 708 411 687 387 660 368 600 294 358 Hazard Ratio2 1.02 (95% CI: 0.67, 1.54) 0 Percent 1Studies 980297, 20000161, 980291, 990114 2Adjusted for study, disease type, stage and IPI score ## Pooled1 Analyses: Progression-free Survival Hazard Ratios Associated with Aranesp (A) vs Placebo (P) by Tumor Type 1Studies 980297, 20000161, 980291, 990114 Hazard Ratio (95% CI) 0.1 1.0 10 Ovarian (A = 11/49, P = 3/12) Breast (A = 16/94, P = 6/23) GI Other (A = 15/54, P = 4/13) SCLC (A = 40/60, P = 42/47) NSCLC (A = 99/146, P = 109/130) Lymphoma (A = 29/70, P = 32/60) Myeloma (A = 66/105, P = 57/86) CLL (A = 26/39, P = 22/28) Other (A = 23/91, P = 5/22) Overall (A = 325/708, P = 280/421) ## No Negative Impact on Progression or Survival Outcomes with Hb 13 g/dL or 1 g/dL in 14 Days Pooled analyses of Aranesp trials; Studies 980297, 20000161, 980291, 990114;Models stratified by study; adjusted for treatment therapy and baseline Hb value; Hb increase and Hb target were time-dependent covariates; Hb values within 28 days of a transfusion are excluded. Hazard Endpoint ratio 95% CI 1 g/dL Hb Progression-increase in 14 days free Survival 0.51 0.42, 0.62 Survival 0.43 0.34, 0.56 Achieved Hb of Progression-13 g/dL free Survival 0.66 0.51, 0.84 Survival 0.56 0.40, 0.79 (857/1129) (272/1129) ## Summary of Safety Experience with Aranesp® - Thrombotic event rate is appropriately represented in the Aranesp prescribing information - No effect on tumor progression or survival has been observed in Aranesp oncology clinical trials - Safety profile of Aranesp remains unchanged and excellent since its approval for oncology and nephrology indications - Benefit / Risk of Aranesp remains favorable ## Clinical Observations - Benefits associated with treatment of anemia - Thrombotic Events Analyses in Oncology - Epidemiology - Clinical trials - Survival Analyses of Aranesp Clinical Trials Ongoing Aranesp Clinical Trials in Oncology Amgen-sponsored Independent-investigator sponsored ## Rationale for the Investigation of Anemia Treatment on Tumor Progression and Survival - Well-established association between anemia and decreased survival in multiple malignancies - Overall increase in mortality risk: RR = 1.65 (1.54, 1.77)1 - Pre-clinical correlations between anemia, tumor oxygenation, tumor response and survival in the setting of radiotherapy2-4 - Trends toward improved survival in some chemotherapy induced anemia trials in oncology - Observed with Aranesp in SCLC [RR = 0.62 (0.38,1.01)]5 - Cochrane Meta-analysis with epoetin alfa and beta also suggest a benefit [RR = 0.80 (0.65, 1.00)]6 1 Caro et al. *Cancer.* 2001;91:2214; 2 Grogan M, et al. *Cancer*. 1999;86:1528–1536; 3 Overgaard J. *Sem. Rad. Oncol.* 1996;6:10-21; 4 Glaser CM. *Int.J.Radiat.Oncol.Biol.Phys. *2001;50:705-715; 5 Vansteenkiste J, et al. *J NCI * 2002;94:1211-1220; 6 Bohlius et al, *Blood.* 2003;102:203a, abs 709. ## Amgen-Sponsored and Investigator-Initiated Studies of Aranesp in Oncology - Purpose: - Testing hypothesis of potential Aranesp survival benefit for multiple oncology settings - Process: - All Aranesp oncology studies worldwide reviewed - Hemoglobin baseline, target, dosing algorithms - Safety monitoring - Design appropriateness for survival assessment - Outcome: - Five large randomized, controlled trials comprise a survival focused clinical development program - One Amgen sponsored - Four investigator initiated, independently conducted, cooperative group trials ## Ongoing Survival Clinical Trials Program: Design Elements - Randomized, controlled - Aranesp vs. placebo (double-blind) or Aranesp vs. no epoetin (open-label) - Aranesp administration during chemotherapy or radiotherapy - Progression and survival endpoints - Safety endpoints monitored including thrombotic and cardiovascular events - Homogeneous populations - Stratification for prognostic variables - Long-term follow-up ## Ongoing Survival Clinical Trials Program: Sample Size and Tumor Type - Patient Population - Follow-up: over 9,000 patient-years # of Patients Tumor Type - 1,720 Breast cancer (2 trials) 600 Head and neck cancer 600 Lymphoma 600 Small-cell lung cancer - 3,520 ## Amgen Small Cell Lung Cancer Study RandomizationDouble-blindN = 600 Cis/Carboplatin +Etoposide + Aranesp _Endpoint_ Survival Follow-up Study endpoints: Survival Change in Hb FACT-F Cis/Carboplatin +Etoposide + Placebo Hb entry: 9 - 13 g/dL Withhold dose: Hb >14g/dL ## AGO Breast Cancer StudyDr. M. Untch et al. RandomizationN = 720 SequentialTherapy(ECT) SequentialDose-intensifiedTherapy(ETCMF) _Endpoint_ Relapse-freeand OverallSurvival Follow-up Aranesp Supportivecare Aranesp - S u r g e r y Study endpoints: Relapse-free and overall survival Complete pathological response Quality of life E = epirubicin C = cyclophosphamide T = paclitaxel M = methotrexate F = flourouracil Withhold dose: Hb >14g/dL Supportivecare ## WSG Adjuvant Breast Cancer StudyDr. U. Nitz et al. Randomization N = 1000 CEF or TAC+ radiotherapy+ Aranesp CEF or TAC + radiotherapy only _Endpoint_ Relapse-freeSurvival Follow-up CEF = cyclophosphamide/epirubicin/5-floururacil TAC = taxotere/Adriamycin/cyclophosphamide Study Endpoints: Relapse-free survival Overall survival Hemoglobin response Cognitive function Surgery Hb entry: 13.5 g/dL Withhold dose: Hb >14g/dL ## GELA Diffuse Large Cell Lymphoma StudyDr. R. Delarue, Dr. A. Bosley et al. RandomizationN = 600 R-CHOP-14 R-CHOP-21 _Endpoint_ Relapse-freesurvival Follow-up Aranesp Aranesp Study endpoints: Relapse-free survival Overall survival Disease-free survival Response rate Hb entry: 13 g/dL Withhold dose: Hb >14 g/dL Supportivecare Supportivecare ## DAHANCA Head and Neck Cancer StudyDr. J. Overgaard et al. Randomization N = 600 Radiotherapy+ Aranesp Radiotherapyalone _Endpoint_ Local-RegionalControl Follow-up Study endpoints: Local-regional control (T+N) Overall survival Hemoglobin response Hb entry: 13 g/dL Withhold dose: Hb >15 g/dL ## Amgen-Sponsored Trial and Independent-Investigator Trials Accrual Detectable Sponsor/ Tumor through Projected DifferencesInvestigator type April ‘04 Control (80% power) GELA/ R. Delarue, NHL 22/600 62% at A. Bosley 3 years 11% AGO/ Neo-adjuvant 80% at M.Untch Breast 400/720 5 years 10% WSG/ Adjuvant 12/1000 75% at U. Nitz Breast 5 years 7% DAHANCA/ Head/Neck 260/600 60% at J. Overgaard 5 years 11% Amgen SCLC 213/600 50% at 9 months 11% Overall Survival ## Amgen-Sponsored and Investigator-Initiated Trials 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 GELA AGO WSG DAHANCA Amgen 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Power Hazard Ratio ## Amgen-Sponsored and Investigator-Initiated Trials: Patient Experience 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 0 Projected Patients Projected CumulativePatient-years of Follow-up ## Amgen-Sponsored and Investigator-Initiated Trials 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Power Hazard Ratio A meta-analysis with results from all five trials has 80% power to detect a hazard ratio of 1.15 or greater BEST Survival HR = 1.31 ENHANCE Survival HR = 1.39 ## Strengths of the Ongoing Aranesp Clinical Trials Program - Design elements involve either double-blind, placebo-controlled or Aranesp vs. no epoetin with pre-defined survival or tumor progression endpoints - Ongoing trials across multiple tumor types - 1700 breast cancer (2 studies) - 600 head and neck cancer - Cumulative meta-analyses of 3500 patients will provide assessment over time of tumor progression and survival - Over 900 patients accrued to date - Studies include appropriate safety monitoring, including collection of thrombotic events - Head and neck study interim performed at 260 patients - AGO breast cancer trial incorporates tissue collection ## Conclusions - After detailed review of Aranesp pre-clinical and clinical experience, no significant survival or tumor progression signal observed - Benefits from treatment of CIA with Aranesp are well-established - Thrombotic event rate remains consistent with label - Substantial clinical trials program in place to further investigate survival outcomes ## Aranesp® (darbepoetin alfa) Therapy for Oncology Patients Oncologic Drugs Advisory CommitteeMay 4, 2004 ## TREAT: Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events with Aranesp Therapy Aranesp Group (Target hemoglobin 13 g/dL) Placebo Group Study Population Hemoglobin  11 g/dL GFR 20-60 mL/min/1.73m2 Type 2 DM N = 2000 N = 2000 Enrollment  1.5 years Follow-up period  2.5 years Final Analysis Baseline Primary Endpoint- Time to the composite event, comprising: Mortality Non-fatal cardiovascular events: Myocardial infarction, acute myocardial ischemia, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident - TREAT: Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events with Aranesp Therapy ## Pooled Oncology Analysis: Potential Interaction between Prior TE and Treatment % of Subjects NESP(N=1807) Placebo(N=444) - No Prior Thrombotic Event - 6% - (97 - / - 1703) - 3% - (11/412) - Prior Thrombotic Event - 13% - (14/104) - 12% - (4/32)	en
markdown	237416	# Presentation: 237416 - Elden Pueblo - Case Study - Public Archeology Current Program “It’s not what you find, it’s what you find out” - Alternate model to “traditional” / NPS interpretation - Hands-On Archeology – visitors discover site on own terms - Focus on personal services – developed program as one on one interpretation of site - Undeveloped - Lack of facilities - No paved trail - Minimal signage - Public Programs - April – October season - 2 public days/month –20-30 people avg, reservations in time blocks - 2 school programs/week – 5th thru 7th graders - Minimal fee for school programs, public days free - Non-personal services - Trail Guide - Signs focus on etiquette and rules and regs - Management relies on partnerships and volunteers Goals of Education Program - Define Archeology - Techniques - Research Driven - Interpretation of Past - Experimental Archeology - (garden plots, cinder mulch) - Connect modern tribes to past cultures with explanations of how connections are understood - Build stewardship ethic and connections with Flagstaff community - In-class curriculum / preparation - Archeology as recreation – interactive and experiential Management Issues - Highway and nearby neighborhoods - Access – Road signs (lack of), safety issues - (but inability to find may aid preservation) - Not staffed – Potential for vandalism - ADA accessible? - Environmental Impacts - Erosion - Vegetated – unnatural fuel load, - non-native plants - Bark beetle kill - Inadequate USFS monetary support - Rely on cooperative groups/agencies - No long-term security for program - LE presence? Project Team Management - Project Team: - Project Director – Peter Pilles - Program Mgr – Grad Student - Crew Chief and Volunteers - Driven by Peter Pilles – Passion! - Only professional archeologist managing the site - Anti-bureaucratic - “Just do it” attitude - - Works within the system - Solicits input from Hopi - informal Role of Team & Success on Interpretation Planning - Does not use team approach now - Used in earlier stages of planning? - Very successful at interpretation - Passion - Experience - Focused - Personality - Support from management - Ad Hoc Advisory Board Disbanded Critique of Current Programs & Recommendations - Signs? Do we need more? Should we change the current signs? - All current signs are rules/regulations - Replace with more interpretive message regarding site etiquette - (ie. why not walk on walls) - Standardize signs - Consider introduction/orientation sign in parking lot - 65 rooms, Sinagua, site data, Hopi ancestral site - importance of public archeology at the site - public event dates - Maintain undeveloped feel of site – opportunity for self-discovery - Public programs effective – connection with community - Publish results – professional and public oriented - Consider thinning vegetation Brochure Suggestions “Stories of Elden Pueblo” - Sinagua Inhabitants - Hopi Ties/ Oral Traditions - Fewkes and Early Archeology – start of public archeology - Modern Archeology Techniques – Experiential Education, Accessible Archeology - Flagstaff’s Heritage – Place of Science - Preservation for the future Recommendations for Future Interpretation - Train replacement for Peter - Look to coordinating groups as interest/availability of USFS archeologist not guaranteed - Consider re-establishing Advisory Group for continuity - Clear mandate to group - How does the program continue hands-on experience as areas appropriate for excavation are eliminated - “Replicated” excavations - Switch to more artifact processing - Non-invasive techniques of site investigation (resistivity survey, - ground-penetrating radar) - Excavation of agricultural areas - Stabilization projects - Consider excavation of historic trading post - Interpret site without hands-on experience with an explanation of - why excavations stopped - Consider partnering with NPS and other agencies for cyclic maintenance of the ruin	en
converted_docs	172977	> INTERAGENCY WILDLAND FIREFIGHTER MEDICAL QUALIFICATIONS STANDARDS > WAIVER/ACCOMMODATION PROCESS 5 CFR Part 339 Medical Qualification Determinations requires agencies to "...waive a medical standard or physical requirement ... when there is sufficient evidence that an applicant or employee, with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential duties of the position without endangering the health and safety of the individual or others." The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, prohibits employment discrimination against people with disabilities and requires employers to provide "reasonable accommodation" to employees with disabilities. However, a waiver, waiver with restriction(s), or waiver with accommodation(s) is not automatic, and may not be afforded though local management or the firefighter may appear to have presented relevant employment history. Granting a waiver, waiver with restriction(s), or waiver with accommodation(s) confirms that the medically disqualified firefighter can perform the full range of functions including those functions which may be rarely if every required to perform. The ability to perform the full range of functions quantifies the Agency's expectation that the firefighter can perform the full range of duties at any time and at any place, maintaining continuity of operations at all times. Acute or chronic, permanent or ongoing, medical concerns not meeting the Interagency medical qualification standards preclude the Agency from utilizing all available resources to accomplish the mission. Until management reaches an informed, individualized, fact based, case by case decision and the waiver/accommodation process ends, the firefighter is restricted from continuing or participating in arduous duty. This restriction is mandatory as the requirements of the job may aggravate, exacerbate, accelerate, or permanently worse the disease process which affects the safety of the individual. The probability of sudden incapacitation or inability to mitigate the hazards inherent with the medical concern, pose a danger to self and threaten the safety of others. The Interagency Wildland Firefighter Medical Qualification Standards Program (MSP) developed a two level waiver/accommodation process based on 5 CFR Part 339. The purpose of a two level waiver/accommodation process is to provide the applicant/incumbent the opportunity to request a higher level review should the results of their 1^st^ level waiver/accommodation request be nonconcurrence or a decision of No Waiver. Additional information on the MSP and waiver/accommodation process is found at: <http://www.nifc.gov/medical_standards/index.htm> *The Waiver/Accommodation process provides the applicant/incumbent\ an opportunity to request a: Waiver - (waives the requirement to meet a medical standard) when there is sufficient evidence that the applicant/incumbent can perform the essential functions of the job safely and efficiently, without endangering the health and safety of the individual or others.); or, Waiver with Restriction(s) - same definition as a waiver; however a waiver with restriction(s) also place specific restriction(s) on the applicant/incumbent when performing arduous duties and/or prohibit(s) the performance of a specific duty/duties); or, Waiver with Accommodation(s)** - (applicant/incumbent who meets the definition of a qualified individual with a disability can request "reasonable accommodation"). Reasonable accommodation is defined as any change or adjustment to a job or work environment that permits a qualified individual with a disability to perform the essential functions of the position without endangering the health and safety of the individual or others. \ And an AD/EFF IF their Agency makes a determination the position they would occupy is "mission critical".* NOTE: Applicant/incumbent should carefully consider whether to request a waiver, a waiver with restriction(s), or a waiver with accommodation(s) as 5CFR339 does not allow an opportunity to change from one type of request to another once the DRAFT waiver, waiver with restriction(s), or waiver with accommodation(s) memo is forwarded for a decision at the 1^st^ level of the waiver/accommodation process. For example, an applicant submits a request for a waiver with restriction at the 1^st^ level and received a nonconcurrence decision; the applicants request at the 2^nd^ level must also be for a waiver with restriction(s). Waiver/Accommodation Process - (1st level) 1) Comprehensive Health Services (CHS) Central Medical Consultant (CMC) determines the applicant/incumbent does not meet a medical standard; sends the non-clearance letter to the MSP Staff. 2) MSP Staff obtains signed confidentiality agreement from the SHRO/FMO contacts listed on the CHS non-clearance letter. (Note: If confidentiality agreement is already on file MSP Staff moves to next step.) 3) MSP Staff sends email to SHRO (cc to FMO); includes copy of CHS non-clearance letter and information on notifying applicant/incumbent of opportunity to request waiver/accommodation. 4) SHRO prepares the non-clearance notification/opportunity to request waiver/accommodation memo and sends to applicant/incumbent (cc to FMO). 5) Applicant/incumbent receives memo and notifies SHRO (within 5 days for GS/WG temporary or 30 days for Perm/CS/Term) they are requesting a waiver, a waiver with restriction(s), or a waiver with accommodation(s). Applicant/incumbent provides SHRO with supporting documentation on their current mitigation methods, qualifications/experience/training/performance, supporting statements, etc. IF applicant/incumbent decides not to request waiver/accommodation they notify SHRO, SHRO notifies MSP Staff, and the waiver/accommodation process terminates. 6) SHRO/FMO review/analyze applicant/incumbent request for a waiver, waiver with restriction(s), or waiver with accommodation(s) and the supporting documentation. If request/information is sufficient SHRO/FMO develops a DRAFT waiver/accommodation memo with input from the applicant/incumbent. If insufficient, SHRO/FMO request additional information/supporting documentation from applicant/incumbent. If SHRO/FMO does not support the request for waiver/accommodation, "No Waiver," the SHRO will forward their decision to the MSP Fire Management Specialist (DRAFT memo not sent to MSP Fire Management Specialist). SHRO notifies applicant/incumbent in writing of opportunity to appeal to the IMRB (2^nd^ level). 7) SHRO forwards DRAFT waiver/accommodation memo (*via email) to MSP Fire Management Specialist. 8) MSP Fire Management Specialist coordinates the review and concurrence/nonconcurrence decision with the designated Agency representative. 9) MSP Fire Management Specialist sends decision via email to SHRO (concurrence on DRAFT as written, concurrence on DRAFT with proposed revision(s), or non-concurrence). ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` a) If concurrence of DRAFT as written; SHRO finalizes memo and obtains signatures (SHRO and applicant/incumbent); b) If concurrence on DRAFT with proposed revision(s); SHRO shares/discusses revision(s) with FMO and applicant/incumbent. If FMO and applicant/incumbent accept revision(s), SHRO finalizes memo and obtains signatures (SHRO and applicant/incumbent). If FMO and applicant/incumbent don't accept revision(s), move to step 9) c); c) If nonconcurrence of DRAFT as written, SHRO notifies applicant/incumbent in writing (Denial of Waiver/Accommodation memo),* with a cc to FMO and MSP Manager. *See 2nd level waiver/accommodation process (IMRB) for additional information.* ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 10) SHRO faxes copy of signed waiver/accommodation memo to MSP Staff, files original in applicant/incumbent Official Personnel Folder as a condition of employment. 11) MSP Staff sends email to CHS (cc to SHRO) to change applicant/incumbent clearance in CAS. 12) CHS changes applicant/incumbent clearance in CAS. Interagency Medical Review Board (IMRB) > The IMRB is scheduled by the Federal Fire and Aviation Safety Team > (FFAST) to meet three times per fiscal year (the 1st Wednesday in > October, February, & June). The IMRB is responsible for completing a > higher-level agency review for an applicant/incumbent who received a > nonconcurrence or No Waiver decision at the 1^st^ level of the > waiver/accommodation process. > > The IMRB is responsible for considering all information provide by the > applicant/incumbent in addition to following an established criteria > that considers the following: 1) medical disqualification issue(s); 2) qualifications, experience, and training; 3) significant threshold shifts; 4) stability of medical disqualification issue; 5) conditions of employment; 6) physical limitation(s); 7) body stature and PPE; and/or 8) ADA determinations. > After the review, the IMRB provides a sound > [recommendation(s)]{.underline} to the applicant's/employee's > Agency management. Agency management (determined by Agency) issues the > final waiver/accommodation decision memo to applicant/incumbent. > > The IMRB is made up of voting members and non-voting subject matter > experts as follows: - IMRB Chair -- MSP Manager (Non-voting) - FFFAST Representatives or alternate (Voting) - DOI Occupational Safety & Health Program Fire Management Specialist (Voting) - IMRB Independent Medical Evaluation (IME) from Federal Occupational Health physician (Non-voting subject matter expert) - OPM Attorney (Non-voting subject matter expert on medical qualification determinations) - NIFC Employee Relations Specialist/FS Agency Representative (Non-voting subject matter expert in employee relations) - National/Regional SHRO (Non-voting subject matter expert) - Union Representative (Non-voting observer when requested by WLFF included in a bargaining unit) - MSP Fire Management Specialist (Non-voting) - Recorder -- MSP Deputy Program Manager (Non-voting) IMRB Process - (2nd level waiver/accommodation process) 1) If nonconcurrence of DRAFT memo as written or No Waiver decision at the 1^st^ level by FMO/SHRO, the SHRO notifies applicant/incumbent in writing (Denial of Waiver/Accommodation memo), with a cc to FMO and MSP Manager. 2) Applicant/incumbent notifies MSP Manager (within 5 days for GS/WG temporary or 30 days for Perm/CS/Term) requesting a higher level review by the IMRB and provides any additional supporting documentation on their qualifications/experience/training/performance, current mitigation methods, supporting information/statements, etc. IF applicant/incumbent decides to not request a higher level review (or an extension) during the given timeframes, the SHRO notifies the MSP Manager, and the waiver/accommodation process is terminated. 3) MSP Staff schedules applicant/incumbent request for an IMRB. 4) MSP Staff obtains a copy of the applicant/incumbent medical file from CHS. 5) MSP Staff obtains a copy of the applicant/incumbent 1st level waiver/accommodation file from the SHRO. 6) MSP Staff copies all information and sends a copy of the entire IMRB file to the IME physician. 7) IME physician reviews file and prepares an independent medical review on the medical disqualification issue(s) for presentation at the IMRB. 8) MSP Staff copies all information in the IMRB file and sends a copy to the appropriate Agency FFAST Representative and IMRB ER and SHRO subject matter experts. 9) IMRB reviews case and votes to concur/not concur with the applicant/incumbent request for waiver/accommodation. 10) MSP Staff finalizes IMRB case review notes and sends to the appropriate Agency IMRB SHRO subject matter expert. 11) Agency IMRB SHRO subject matter expert advises/assists Agency management official with preparation of IMRB decision memo. 12) IMRB decision memo issued to applicant/incumbent with copy to their next level supervisor and the MSP Manager.	en
all-txt-docs	281399	12 Windows in this < Xronos Window File > 0 Time Wind.: start stop (days) 0 Phase Wind.: epoch period (days)/ start stop (0->1) phases max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 1 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for New Bins in Series 1 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for Intervals in Series 1 : min max (c/s) max 10 1 Exps. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 1 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.00 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for New Bins in Series 1 : min max (0->50) max 1 1.99 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for Intervals in Series 1 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.0 50.0 1 0 Ints. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 2 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for New Bins in Series 2 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for Intervals in Series 2 : min max (c/s) max 10 1 Exps. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 2 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.00 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for New Bins in Series 2 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.00 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for Intervals in Series 2 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.0 50.0 1 0 Ints. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 3 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for New Bins in Series 3 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for Intervals in Series 3 : min max (c/s) max 10 1 Exps. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 3 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.00 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for New Bins in Series 3 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.00 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for Intervals in Series 3 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.0 50.0 1 0 Ints. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 4 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for New Bins in Series 4 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for Intervals in Series 4 : min max (c/s) max 10 1 Exps. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 4 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.00 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for New Bins in Series 4 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.00 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for Intervals in Series 4 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.0 50.0 1	en
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B09 D ZM 005 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1901 930971901 28 53.92 N 89 49.24 W B09 D ZM 006 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1959 930971959 28 58.12 N 89 49.80 W B09 D PE93V04 OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER TAPE 5 PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2005 930972005 28 58.65 N 89 49.79 W B09 D ZM 007 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2113 930972113 29 3.87 N 89 49.56 W B09 D ZM 008 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2202 930972202 29 8.11 N 89 49.11 W B09 D PE93V05 OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER TAPE 5 PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2203 930972203 29 9.02 N 89 49.11 W B09 D ZM 009 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2219 930972219 29 9.02 N 89 30.00 W B09 D ZM 010 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2220 930972220 29 9.02 N 89 30.00 W B09 D PE93V06 OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER TAPE 6 PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2221 930972221 29 9.02 N 89 30.00 W "B02,B28,H10,H16" D PE93F07 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2302 930972302 29 8.24 N 89 47.76 W B09 D ZM 011 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2358 930972358 29 6.18 N 89 43.60 W B09 D ZM 012 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 49 930980049 29 4.14 N 89 39.02 W B09 D PE93V08 OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER TAPE 8 PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 50 930980050 29 4.14 N 89 39.02 W B09 D ZM 013 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 201 930980201 29 1.31 N 89 31.58 W B09 D ZM 014 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 231 930980231 29 0.00 N 89 30.07 W B09 D PE93V09 OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER TAPE 9 PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 400 930980400 28 55.21 N 89 30.15 W B09 D ZM 015 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 431 930980431 28 52.23 N 89 30.33 W B09 D PE93V10 OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER TAPE 10 PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 500 930980500 28 50.45 N 89 30.18 W B09 D ZM 016 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 600 930980600 28 45.93 N 89 29.91 W B09 D ZM 017 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 658 930980658 28 41.87 N 89 30.77 W B09 D PE93V11 OOPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER TAPE 11 PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 704 930980704 28 41.90 N 89 31.10 W B09 D ZM 018 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 807 930980807 28 44.32 N 89 34.96 W B09 D ZM 019 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 900 930980900 28 48.90 N 89 35.25 W B09 D ZM 020 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 902 930980902 28 49.55 N 89 35.52 W B09 D PE93V12 OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER TAPE 12 PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1002 930981002 28 54.50 N 89 35.78 W B09 D ZM 021 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1104 930981104 28 59.56 N 89 35.15 W B09 D ZM 022 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1127 930981127 29 0.90 N 89 35.00 W B09 D ZM 023 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1356 930931356 28 51.08 N 91 16.05 W "H10,H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" "8,4,0" D 1 "CTD #1, NUTS, CHL, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1533 930931533 28 55.28 N 91 20.84 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1601 930931601 28 57.09 N 91 22.16 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1630 930931630 28 54.23 N 91 23.65 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1700 930931700 28 9.03 N 91 25.06 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1730 930931730 28 3.13 N 91 26.31 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1800 930931800 28 5.71 N 91 28.31 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1830 930931830 29 8.79 N 91 30.67 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1900 930931900 29 10.97 N 91 23.02 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1930 930931930 29 11.06 N 91 35.26 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2000 930932000 29 10.97 N 91 38.41 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2030 930932030 29 10.88 N 91 41.70 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2100 930932100 29 10.79 N 91 45.19 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2130 930932130 29 10.69 N 91 48.30 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2200 930932200 29 10.82 N 91 51.59 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2230 930932230 29 10.96 N 91 54.88 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2300 930932300 29 10.94 N 91 57.34 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2325 930932325 29 11.00 N 92 0.01 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2333 930932333 29 11.00 N 92 0.00 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "7,4,0" D 2 "CTD 2, NUTS, CHL, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 0 930940000 29 10.22 N 92 0.82 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 30 930940030 29 8.07 N 92 0.54 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 100 930940100 29 5.61 N 92 0.18 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 130 930940130 29 3.25 N 91 59.99 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 140 930940140 29 3.04 N 91 59.93 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "16,10,5,0" D 3 "CTD 3, NUTS, CHL, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 300 930940300 29 2.35 N 91 57.72 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 330 930940330 29 2.08 N 91 56.27 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 400 930940400 29 1.19 N 91 53.71 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 430 930940430 29 0.05 N 91 50.87 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 500 930940500 28 59.11 N 91 48.19 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 530 930940530 28 57.90 N 91 45.25 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 600 930940600 28 56.76 N 91 42.45 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 630 930940630 28 55.61 N 91 39.50 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 700 930940700 28 54.38 N 91 36.44 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 730 930940730 28 53.45 N 91 33.81 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 800 930940800 28 52.34 N 91 30.61 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 811 930940811 28 51.89 N 91 29.93 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "17,10,5,0" D 4 "CTD 4, CHL, NUTS, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 836 930940836 28 51.66 N 91 28.90 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 900 930940900 28 50.81 N 91 26.39 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 930 930940930 28 49.95 N 91 23.88 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1000 930941000 28 48.23 N 91 21.69 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1030 930941030 28 47.09 N 91 19.31 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1100 930941100 28 46.33 N 91 17.33 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1130 930941130 28 45.85 N 91 15.20 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1200 930941200 28 45.56 N 91 13.30 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1230 930941230 28 46.26 N 91 11.10 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1300 930941300 28 44.60 N 91 9.04 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1330 930941330 28 43.86 N 91 6.93 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1400 930941400 28 42.96 N 91 4.51 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1430 930941430 28 42.15 N 91 2.53 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1500 930941500 28 41.30 N 91 0.09 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1515 930941515 28 40.95 N 91 0.03 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "12,8,4,0" D 5 "CTD 5, NUTS, CHL, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 826 930950826 28 46.83 N 90 5.10 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "32,15,5,0" D 6 "CTD 6, NUTS, CHL, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1335 930951335 28 46.83 N 90 5.15 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "35,30,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 7 "CTD 7, NUTS, CHL, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1609 930951609 28 46.78 N 90 5.16 W "B08,B04" "7,0" D 8 "CTD 8, MICRO GRAZING" PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1738 930951738 28 46.68 N 90 5.53 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "35,30,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 9 "CTD 9, CHL, NUTS, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2316 930952316 28 44.85 N 90 5.84 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "35,30,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 10 "CTD 10, CHL, NUTS, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1645 930951645 28 0.00 N 90 0.00 W B09 35 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 315 930960315 28 43.88 N 90 8.12 W B09 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 330 930960330 28 43.88 N 90 8.12 W B09 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 455 930960455 28 43.84 N 90 8.97 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "35,30,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 11 "CTD 11, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 922 930960922 28 44.32 N 90 11.80 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "22,15,7,0" D 12 "CTD 12, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1315 930961315 28 45.55 N 90 13.45 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "29,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 13 "CTD 13, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1715 930961715 28 45.93 N 90 14.40 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "28,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 14 "CTD 14, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1828 930961828 28 46.40 N 90 14.29 W B09 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2304 930962304 28 46.43 N 90 14.43 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "26,20,15,10,5,0" D 15 "CTD 15, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 359 930970359 28 46.29 N 90 17.67 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "22,15,10,5,0" D 16 "CTD 16, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 910 930970910 28 46.98 N 90 18.78 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" "20,15,10,5,0" D 17 "CTD 17, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1502 930971502 28 37.10 N 89 48.99 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "150,100,75,50,30,20,10,0" D 18 "CTD 18, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1633 930971633 28 41.54 N 89 49.22 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1700 930971700 28 44.07 N 89 49.16 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1730 930971730 28 46.94 N 89 49.09 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1800 930971800 28 49.81 N 89 49.01 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1830 930971830 28 51.59 N 89 49.09 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1900 930971900 28 53.45 N 89 49.24 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1925 930971925 28 55.83 N 89 49.49 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2000 930972000 28 58.12 N 89 49.80 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2030 930972030 29 0.74 N 89 49.73 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2100 930972100 29 2.98 N 89 49.62 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2130 930972130 29 5.29 N 89 49.59 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2200 930972200 29 8.06 N 89 49.13 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2222 930972222 29 9.02 N 89 30.00 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" "18,15,10,5,0" D 19 "CTD 19, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2300 930972300 29 8.29 N 89 47.85 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2330 930972330 29 7.21 N 89 45.66 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 0 930980000 29 6.12 N 89 43.46 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 30 930980030 29 4.29 N 89 40.74 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 100 930980100 29 3.71 N 89 38.10 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 130 930980130 29 2.54 N 89 35.46 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 200 930980200 29 1.40 N 89 32.81 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 234 930980234 29 0.00 N 89 30.07 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" "12,8,4,0" D 20 "CTD 20, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 330 930980330 28 56.91 N 89 30.06 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 400 930980400 28 54.59 N 89 30.28 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 430 930980430 28 52.23 N 89 30.33 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 500 930980500 28 49.52 N 89 30.15 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 610 930980610 28 44.89 N 89 29.95 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 635 930980635 28 43.23 N 89 40.00 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 702 930980702 28 41.90 N 89 31.13 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 730 930980730 28 42.06 N 89 33.56 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 800 930980800 28 43.67 N 89 34.97 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 832 930980832 28 46.77 N 89 34.97 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 900 930980900 28 48.90 N 89 35.25 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 930 930980930 28 51.69 N 89 36.01 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1000 930981000 28 54.29 N 89 35.80 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1030 930981030 28 56.78 N 89 35.48 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1100 930981100 28 59.18 N 89 35.22 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1126 930981126 29 0.90 N 89 35.00 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" "12,8,4,0" D 21 "CTD 21, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1313 931001313 28 51.45 N 89 34.53 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" "70,50,40,30,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 22 "CTD 22, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1707 931001707 28 51.37 N 89 35.46 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" "68.2,50,40,30,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 23 "CTD 23, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1850 931001850 28 52.28 N 89 37.72 W B09 50 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1905 931001905 28 52.32 N 89 37.61 W B09 50 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1953 931001953 28 52.07 N 89 37.39 W 42 D 24 WATER COLLECTION PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2021 931002021 28 52.08 N 89 37.50 W 42 D 25 WATER COLLECTION PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2053 931002053 28 52.05 N 89 37.47 W 42 D 26 WATER COLLECTION PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2115 931002115 28 52.09 N 89 37.59 W 42 D 27 WATER COLLECTION PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2303 931002303 28 51.66 N 89 37.26 W 42 D 28 ABORTED CTD CAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 7 931010007 28 51.06 N 89 37.03 W "H10,H22,H24,H25,H26" 42 D 29 "RECAST OF ABORTED CTD #28 - NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 305 931010305 28 49.58 N 89 37.27 W B09 50 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 315 931010315 28 49.64 N 89 37.42 W B09 50 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 502 931010502 28 49.05 N 89 39.29 W "H10,H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" "65,50,40,30,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 30 "CTD 30, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 931 931010931 28 48.14 N 89 43.77 W "H10,H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" "20.5,10.3,4.2,1.9,2" D 31 "CTD 31, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1004 931011004 28 43.38 N 89 44.72 W "H10,H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" 2.4 D 32 CTD 32 PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1239 931011239 28 48.07 N 89 46.76 W "H10,H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" 2.4 D 33 "CTD 33, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1430 931011430 28 44.02 N 89 44.82 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1500 931011500 28 41.54 N 89 43.57 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1530 931011530 28 38.74 N 89 42.13 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1600 931011600 28 36.19 N 89 41.06 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1633 931011633 28 36.32 N 89 40.53 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1714 931011714 28 28.35 N 89 39.89 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "300,200,120,100,75,60,50,40,30,20,15,0" D 34 "CTD 34, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1830 931011830 28 29.81 N 89 39.05 W B09 300 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1846 931011846 28 30.33 N 89 38.79 W B09 100 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1850 931011850 28 30.54 N 89 38.74 W B09 100 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1306 931001306 28 51.46 N 89 34.43 W "B04,B05" "15,25" D SEDIMENT TRAP DEPLOYED PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1405 931001405 28 51.38 N 89 35.23 W B02 50 D P04103AA PNF LIGHT CAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1416 931001416 28 51.37 N 89 35.46 W H16 1 D SECCHI DISK PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1729 931001729 28 52.11 N 89 36.95 W B02 50 D P04103AB PNF LIGHT CAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1736 931001736 28 52.18 N 89 36.98 W H16 1.33 D SECCHI DISK PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 931 931010931 28 48.17 N 89 43.77 W "B01,B02,B80,H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" 65 D 31 "CTD 31, PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, NUTS, CHL, PI, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1004 931011004 28 43.38 N 89 44.72 W "B01,B02,B80,H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" 2.4 D 32 "CTD 31, PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, NUTS, CHL, PI, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1327 931011327 28 48.58 N 89 46.71 W B02 50 D P04113AA PNF LIGHT CAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1333 931011333 28 48.65 N 89 46.87 W H16 1 D SECCHI DISK PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1756 931011756 28 29.44 N 89 39.48 W B02/H16 100/~26 D P04113AB/- PNF/SECCHI DISK PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1748 931001748 28 52.18 N 89 36.98 W "B02,B28,H10,H16" 50 D PE93F13 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER AOML 205 931010205 28 51.00 N 89 37.00 W "B02,B28,H10,H16" 50 D PE93F14 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER AOML 1318 931011318 28 48.58 N 89 46.80 W "B02,B28,H10,H16" 2 D PE93F15 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER AOML 1418 931011418 28 45.50 N 89 45.50 W B09 2 D ZM25 ZOOPLANKTON FROM MIDAS PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER AOML 1520 931011520 28 39.50 N 89 42.57 W B09 2 D ZM26 ZOOPLANKTON FROM MIDAS PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER AOML 1630 931011630 28 33.65 N 89 39.99 W B09 2 D ZM27 ZOOPLANKTON FROM MIDAS PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER AOML 1909 931011909 28 30.83 N 89 38.39 W "B02,B28,H10,H16" 100 D PE93F16 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 926 930950926 28 46.83 N 90 5.10 W B08 "0,5,15,33" D QD1 PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1335 930951335 28 46.83 N 90 5.15 W B08 "0,5,15,25,35" D QD2 PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1738 930951738 28 46.68 N 90 5.53 W B08 "0,5,15,30" D QD3 PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 2316 930952316 28 45.18 N 90 5.84 W B08 "0,5,15,30" D QD4 PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 455 930960455 28 43.84 N 90 8.97 W B08 "0,5,15,25,30" D QD5 PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 922 930960922 28 44.32 N 90 11.80 W B08 "0,7,15,22" D QD6 PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1715 930961715 28 45.93 N 90 14.40 W B08 "0,5,10,15,20" D QD7 PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 2304 930962304 28 46.43 N 90 14.43 W B08 "0,5,10,15,20" D QD8 PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 359 930970359 28 46.29 N 90 17.67 W B08 "0,5,10,15" D QD9 PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 910 930970910 28 46.98 N 90 18.78 W B08 "0,5,10,15" D QD10 PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 800 930970800 28 46.98 N 90 18.94 W B08 D HYPOXIA SEDIMENT TRAP PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1303 931001303 28 51.45 N 89 34.53 W B08 "0,10,15,20,25" D QD11 PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1707 931001707 28 51.89 N 89 36.90 W B08 "0,10,15,20,25" D QD12 PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 7 931010007 28 51.06 N 89 37.03 W B08 "0,10,15,20,25" D QD13 PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 502 931010502 28 49.05 N 89 39.29 W B08 "0,10,15,20,25" D QD14 PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 931 931010931 28 48.17 N 89 43.77 W B08 "0,4,10,20" D QD15 PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1004 931011004 28 43.38 N 89 44.72 W B08 2.5 D QD15 PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1302 931011302 28 48.58 N 89 46.98 W B08 "15,25" D "MS01,MS02" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1714 931011714 28 28.35 N 89 39.89 W B08 "0,15,30,50,60,75" D QD16 PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 S. E. LOHRENZ XIAOGANG CHEN USM/CMS 926 930950926 28 46.83 N 90 5.10 W "B01,B03,H90" "0,5,15" D "PI CURVES, SPM, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 S. E. LOHRENZ XIAOGANG CHEN USM/CMS 1738 930951738 28 46.68 N 90 5.53 W "B01,B03,H90" "0,5,15" D "PI CURVES, SPM, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 S. E. LOHRENZ XIAOGANG CHEN USM/CMS 922 930960922 28 44.32 N 90 11.80 W "B01,B03,H90" "0,5,15" D "PI CURVES, SPM, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 S. E. LOHRENZ XIAOGANG CHEN USM/CMS 1313 931001313 28 51.45 N 89 34.53 W "B01,B03,H90" "0,15,25" D "PI CURVES, SPM, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 S. E. LOHRENZ XIAOGANG CHEN USM/CMS 1707 931001707 28 51.89 N 89 36.90 W "B01,B03,H90" "0,15,25" D "PI CURVES, SPM, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 S. E. LOHRENZ XIAOGANG CHEN USM/CMS 931 931010931 28 48.17 N 89 43.77 W "B01,B03,H90" "1.7,2.4,4.2" D "PI CURVES, SPM, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 S. E. LOHRENZ XIAOGANG CHEN USM/CMS 1714 931011714 28 28.35 N 89 39.89 W "B01,B03,H90" "0,15,60" D "PI CURVES, SPM, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER AOML 0 0 0.00 N 0 0.00 W D PE930403 R/V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 M. DAGG P. ORTNER AOML 1941 930951941 28 46.58 N 90 5.03 W "B02, B28, H10, H16" 30 D PE93F1/2 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R/V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 M. DAGG P. ORTNER AOML 400 930960400 28 45.00 N 90 0.00 W "B02, B28, H10, H16" 30 D PE93F03 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R/V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 M. DAGG P. ORTNER AOML 1745 930961745 28 46.18 N 90 14.48 W "B02, B28, H10, H16" 25 D PE93F04 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R/V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 M. DAGG P. ORTNER AOML 1545 930971545 28 38.50 N 89 49.00 W "B02, B28, H10, H16" 2 D PE93F05 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R/V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 M. DAGG P. ORTNER AOML 1711 930971711 28 45.00 N 89 49.00 W "B02, B28, H10, H16" 2 D PE93F06 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R/V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 M. DAGG P. ORTNER AOML 2221 930972221 29 9.02 N 89 30.00 W "B02, B28, H10, H16" 2 D PE93F07 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R/V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 M. DAGG P. ORTNER AOML 1127 930981127 29 0.90 N 89 35.00 W B09 1 D ZM 023 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R/V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE "KREST, R." USM/CMS 1316 930951316 28 46.80 N 90 5.13 W "B04, B05" 20 D SEDIMENT ARRAY DEPLOYED PE930403 R/V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE "KREST, R." USM/CMS 800 930970800 28 46.98 N 90 18.94 W "B04, B05" 20 D SEDIMENT ARRAY RECOVERED	en
all-txt-docs	425422	SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES Forty-one percent (46/113) of respondents recommended action related to public education, including: o Conduct media campaigns at the national, State, and local levels. Use printed materials and television and radio public service announcements, and request that local television and radio talk shows run segments on breastfeeding. o Work toward making breastfeeding the normative mode of infant feeding, through media campaigns, but also by advocating for positive depiction of breastfeeding on television shows, including soap operas and prime time series and movies. o Incorporate information about breastfeeding and human lactation in elementary and secondary school biology, health, and family life curricula. o Target programs for Hispanics, blacks, and low-income women o Designate a breastfeeding month at the national or State level. 26 SUPPORT IN THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM Recommendation: Strengthen the support for breastfeeding in the health care system ACTIVITIES REPORTED The 1984 Surgeon General's workshop recognized that increasing support for breastfeeding in the health care system is crucially important in breastfeeding promotion efforts. The workshop report states: "Support for breastfeeding needs to be conspicuous in primary care, prenatal care, and postpartum care provided in a wide variety of ambulatory care settings as well as labor, delivery, postpartum, and infant care provided in hospital settings" (DHHS 1984, p. 69). Seventy-three percent (83/113) of respondents indicated that they engage in some activities related to this recommendation. Activities reported include developing policies, standards, and protocols; establishing hospital-community liaisons; establishing laws and regulations; and training peer counselors as a way of strengthening support in the health care system. Policies, Standards, and Protocols Sixty-four percent (72/113) of the respondents reported that they promoted coordinated policies and practices to increase support for breastfeeding in the health care system. Activities described include developing prenatal breastfeeding promotion protocols, issuing standards for staff education, and instituting hospital policies regarding breastfed babies (e.g., allowing rooming- in or continuous feeding and prohibiting supplemental feedings). Several examples of such efforts are described below. In 1990 the United States signed a WHO/UNICEF joint statement, the Innocenti Declaration, as one of the participants in the WHO/UNICEF policymakers' meeting on "Breastfeeding in the 1990s: A Global Initiative" (see appendix I, page 106). This meeting, cosponsored by the United States Agency for International Development and the Swedish International Development Authority, was held at the Spedale degli Innocenti in Florence, Italy, from July 30 to August 1, 1990. The declaration describes the current state of breastfeeding promotion worldwide, and outlines goals to be reached by 1995. One of these goals is for governments to ensure "that every facility providing maternity services fully practices all ten of the Ten Steps to Successful Breast-feeding set out in the joint WHO/UNICEF statement Protecting, Promoting, ad Supporting Breast-feeding: The Special Role of Maternity Services. " Two sections of that statement-the Ten Steps to Successful Breast- feeding, and the Checklist for Evaluating the Adequacy of Support for Breast- 27 feeding in Maternity Hospitals, Wards, and Clinics-are reprinted in appendix J, on page 108. The Maternal and Child Health Bureau, DHHS, has allocated funds for 15 maternal and child health improvement SPRANS projects, designed to assist States to develop a continuing State program capacity in breastfeeding promotion. Arkansas, Colorado, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Wisconsin were awarded grants for 3 years beginning in October 1990. Five additional grants were awarded in October 1991, and another five will be awarded in 1992. These projects are implementing a variety of activities, including providing education to professionals and patients, as well as working to enhance support for breastfeeding in the health care system through the adoption of breastfeeding policies, standards, and protocols. In 1990 the National Association of WIC Directors (NAWD) issued Grtidelines for Breastfeenng Promotion in the WIG Program, in order to assist State and local agencies in initiating and/or strengthening existing breastfeeding promotion and support programs. Each of the nine guidelines set forth is accompanied by specific strategies for implementation. (The guidelines are reprinted in appendix H, see page 98). In early 1991, the NAWD Breastfeeding Promotion Committee surveyed State WIC agencies to determine the utilization of the guidelines. The survey showed that 46 out of 59 programs surveyed had implemented activities coordinated with health care programs and professional organizations in 1990, and 47 planned to do so in 1991. In 1988, the Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies coalition conducted a survey of hospital practices related to breastfeeding. The questionnaire included a request form to enable the respondent to obtain an assortment of resources on breastfeeding at no charge. Nearly 900 hospitals responded, and the survey results were analyzed by the Center to Prevent Childhood Malnutrition. In 1989, a followup survey was conducted in order to determine the usefulness of the publications which had been distributed and to assess changes in hospital breastfeeding promotion efforts. Thirty-five percent of the hospitals responding reported that they had organized breastfeeding committees at their institution. The goal of the Arkansas Best Start Breastfeeding Promotion Project (funded through a SPRANS grant from MCHB) is to increase the incidence and duration of breastfeeding throughout the State-particularly among the WIC and MCH clients of the Pulaski Central Health Unit of Pulaski County-by developing and implementing a comprehensive breastfeeding promotion program for low- income women. Hospitals in Pulaski County with maternity services are being surveyed about their breastfeeding practices and policies. Pediatricians, obstetricians, and family practitioners in the area are also being surveyed about their breastfeeding management and patient education practices. This information will then be utilized to determine recommended practices and policies for in-hospital breastfeeding management. Training sessions on the recommended practices and policies will be offered to interested hospital health professionals. There are also plans to review current breastfeeding policies and counseling standards in the State maternity and child health manuals; to draft and review policies related to commitment to breastfeeding; and to provide support and training for all staff in targeted clinics in order to 28 promote and support attitudes and approaches that provide positive reinforcement for breastfeeding families. The Alameda County (California) Infant Feeding Project, an MCHB-funded SPRANS project, worked with low-income minority women from areas with high infant mortality rates who gave birth at a county public hospital. In- hospital and prenatal protocols which promote breastfeeding have been completed, and the project staff are planning ways to find funding for continuing breastfeeding counseling in the hospital. In Florida, the State breastfeeding coordinator worked with the Florida Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies coalition and the Florida Section of NAACOG to develop hospital protocols for breastfeeding. The WIC program has awarded a grant to the Florida HMHB coalition for the development of a training manual to implement the hospital protocols, Model Hospital Policies arui Protocols to Support Breastfeeditq Mothers: Trainitlg Program for Hospital Staf/I Staff from 57 of the 100 hospitals in Florida participated in these training >essions. These facilities account for more than 70 percent of the hospital beds in the State. Participants also included 9 of the 10 target hospitals selected for special attention because they provide care to most of the WIG program patients in the State. Indiana's Breastfeeding Promotion Program, another MCHB-funded SPRANS project, also sought to increase the percentage of infants who are breastfed. A breastfeeding advisory council met quarterly to guide this project, and three working subcommittees were responsible for implementation of activities. The Health Care Systems Subcommittee focused on activities which helped to develop institutional and professional policies that were congruent with the project's breastfeeding promotion philosophy. The project completed a survey of physicians and hospitals in order to evaluate breastfeeding management practices and assist in developing a training curriculum for education of health professionals on breastfeeding. One of the goals of the Montgomery County (Maryland) Breastfeeding Coalition is to identify and support pathways to a satisfying breastfeeding experience during the prenatal period, in the hospital, in the community, and in the workplace. The coalition has distributed model hospital policies from Wellstart and UNICEF to all hospitals in the county, and also urged hospitals, health department maternity clinics, and WIC programs to develop their own policies. The coalition plans to continue to work within the health care system in order to encourage and support the development and implementation of model policies, standards, protocols, and curricula that reflect a concern for lactation and the promotion of breastfeeding. In 1991, the Tennessee Department of Health and Environment implemented a policy for all health departments in the State against the display of infant formula products and materials. The policy calls for all print materials, audiovisual materials, and office supplies to be free of formula product names; for health department staff to exhibit a positive attitude toward breastfeeding and to make appropriate educational materials available to patients; and for efforts to be made to provide an area for women to breastfeed their infants in the program or clinic setting. 29 The Family Resource Center, Charleston Area Medical Center, under contract with the West Virginia Maternal and Child Health Program, is currently developing breastfeeding protocols to increase the rate of breastfeeding within its client population. To date, promotional and educational materials have been developed, prenatal and postnatal breastfeeding classes have been planned, two nurse-lactation specialists have been hired, and a hospital "warm-line" has been established to answer questions from discharged patients to facilitate the maintenance of breastfeeding. Hospital-Community Liaisons Liaisons between community agencies and hospitals are important in fostering coordination and continuity of breastfeeding promotion activities in the health care system. Forty-two percent (47/113) of respondents reported that they worked to establish hospital-community liaisons. Several of these efforts are described below. Arkansas' Best Start Program has developed a joint multidisciplinary team with representatives from the Arkansas Department of Health, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and the University of Arkansas Hospital. The team is participating in the first field trial of the curriculum entitled "Health Professionals Curriculum in Lactation Management," which was developed by Wellstart in 1990. Its objective is to establish a model system for breastfeeding management and support using the facilities of the University of Arkansas Hospital and a large local health unit in the same county. In December 1986, the Arizona Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies coalition formed a breastfeeding task force. This interdisciplinary task force includes hospital nurses, private lactation consultants, public health nutritionists, and physicians. The task force issued a model breastfeeding hospital policy which was endorsed by 14 health professional organizations, developed a hospital breastfeeding education protocol, and completed a survey of hospital breastfeeding practices. The Tennessee Hospital Association, in conjunction with the Tennessee Department of Health and Environment, has sponsored two mailings to all Tennessee hospitals and public and private prenatal and pediatric health care providers addressing the Best Start campaign and the need for supportive hospital practices. A third letter is planned to encourage hospital staff to complete the infant feeding information on the metabolic newborn screening form so statewide data on the incidence of breastfeeding in the hospital can be obtained. The letter will outline ways in which the information from the form is being put to practical use. Laws and Regulations The USDA's Food and Nutrition Service has established regulatory provisions for the WIC program and Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP) to encourage mothers to breastfeed and to provide appropriate 30 nutritional support for breastfeeding participants. For example, both WIG and CSFP have designated breastfeeding women to be at a higher level of nutritional risk than nonbreastfeeding, postpartum women, and thus they have a higher priority for receiving services. In early 1991, NAWD conducted a survey of WIC programs in 48 States and 11 American Indian nations and territories in order to determine how well the State agencies were progressing with the implementation of the new WIC Reauthorization Act breastfeeding provisions and the NAWD guidelines. The survey showed that the majority of WIG programs conducted activities related to the new provisions and guidelines in 1990, and plan to conduct more such activities in 1991. For example, 42 programs reported appointing a breastfeeding coordinator. Examples of activities undertaken by two WIC programs to implement the new requirements are described below. The Florida WIC program reported implementing several activities related to the new regulations. These included appointing a State breastfeeding coordinator and establishing a breastfeeding promotion team. AI1 WIC local agencies were asked to develop a breastfeeding promotion plan, identify a staff member to be the local breastfeeding coordinator, and provide training on breastfeeding management and promotion for local coordinators. Sixteen State grants were awarded to local agencies for breastfeeding promotion activities. The Nebraska Department of Health reported that its WlC program had designated a breastfeeding promotion coordinator, established policies for a positive clinic environment, and identified other promotion efforts at the local level. Training Peer Counselors Twenty-eight percent (32/113) of respondents reported training peer counselors as a way to strengthen support for breastfeeding in the health care system. Peer counselor programs are discussed in greater detail in the fifth chapter, Support Services in the Community (see page 33). BARRIERS TO BREASTFEEDING Of respondents who listed barriers to breastfeeding, 33 percent (28/84) mentioned the problems that exist in the health care system. Characteristics of the hospital environment-such as separation of the mother and infant, glucose water feeding, and negative attitude of the staff-were mentioned by 31 percent (26/84) of respondents. Advertising by formula companies, distributing free formula packs at hospitals and clinics providing health care for maternity patients and infants, as well as through WIC programs, and mailing formula packs and coupons to new mothers were mentioned as having a negative impact by 26 percent (22/84) of respondents. Physical problems such as maternal illness or cesarean section were reported by 13 percent (11/84) as a barrier to breastfeeding. 31 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES Twenty-seven percent (30/113) of respondents suggested improving support for breastfeeding in the health care system, including the following: o Develop and advocate for adoption of hospital policy guidelines that support breastfeeding. Issues that should be addressed are distribution of discharge formula or coupons, separation of mother and infant, breastfeeding on demand, use of glucose water, and availability of lactation management services and support. o Establish and distribute national guidelines for perinatal care, including proper breastfeeding management. o Work to coordinate breastfeeding promotion efforts and services provided by different agencies and by private health care providers. o Make clinic and hospital environments more supportive of breastfeeding by removing formula company materials, displaying posters and other materials which promote breastfeeding, and providing an area in the waiting room where women can breastfeed. 32 SUPPORT SERVICES IN THE COMMUNITY Recommendation: Develop a broad range of support services in the community .kl-IVITIES REPORrED In order to cope with questions and problems related to breastfeeding and lactation, women need to have access to services which encourage and assist lactation and breastfeeding during the prenatal, delivery, and postpartum periods. The report of the 1984 Surgeon General's workshop stated that community support services should: ". . _ 1) emphasize the strengths of the family; 2) respect the variations found within different cultural, ethnic, and economic groups as well as life styles; 3) offer a continuum of care for the mother and baby throughout the reproductive cycle and infancy; and 4) effectively use community resources" (DHHS 1984, p. 19). This recommendation has received considerable attention from the respondents to our survey: 74 percent (84/113) reported engaging in at least one activity related to this recommendation. Activities reported by respondents include providing client education and followup services, developing support groups, and providing telephone hotlines. Client Education and Followup Services The delivery of breastfeeding information, counseling, and support to expectant and new mothers is an important component of breastfeeding promotion. These mothers need information to help them with their infant feeding decisions; require instruction at the initiation of breastfeeding; and benefit from lactation management, counseling, and support services throughout the breastfeeding period. Many programs offer client education and followup services; some are described below (see table 6). Table G-Client education and followup services Type of Activity Percentage of Respondents Reporting (kll3) Client education 70% (79) Prenatal period 61% (69) Hospital stay 29% (33) Postdischarge 50% (57) Individual counseling of clients and families 58% (65) Follow-up services related to breastfeeding management 42% (48) 33 The Children's Rehabilitation Unit at the University of Kansas Medical Center in Kansas City, Kansas, provides client counseling and community outreach as part of its breastfeeding promotion effort. The program is staffed by a pediatric nurse practitioner for 20 hours each week and by a registered dietitian for 5 hours each week. The program goal of the breastfeeding project of the Missouri Department of Health is to facilitate and support the woman's decision to breastfeed. Questionnaires are administered to clients in order to assess their knowledge and attitudes about breastfeeding and to identify and eliminate misconceptions. Pregnant women in this WIC program participate in no less than two group discussions/classes about breastfeeding, and information about what to expect at the hospital is provided to pregnant women at 32-40 weeks' gestation. A nutritionist has established daily communication with the nursing staff at the University of Missouri Hospitals and Clinic in order to identify mothers who have recently delivered and who are breastfeeding. The nutritionist and a peer counselor make contact with new mothers during a hospital or home visit to offer support and answer questions. The Oregon Health Sciences University (OHSU) in Portland, Oregon, established a breastfeeding service in 1985. This program offers prenatal classes, provides management of OHSU patients, and accepts community referrals for inpatients and outpatients. The Texas Children's Hospital Lactation Support Program, in order to encourage feeding hospitalized infants their own mother's milk, provides equipment, instructions, and supplies for expressing breastmilk, as well as facilities for storage and for screening for contamination. It also provides for lactation counseling and assistance with establishment of suckling following term and preterm deliveries, fortification of maternal milk for feeding premature infants, home visits, and an outpatient lactation clinic. The program is staffed by nurses (assigned to the program as lactation counselors), a neonatologist, and a lactation physiologist. Approximately 100 women participate each month. This number is expected to grow in the next few years as the program expands. The agencies collaborating on this project are Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Nutrition Research Center, and St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital. Support Groups The provision of culturally appropriate support groups which provide assistance and counseling for breastfeeding women was one of the strategies to strengthen community support for breastfeeding suggested by the Surgeon General's workshop. Support groups, which 37 percent (42/l 13) of respondents reported utilizing, are commonly a gathering of new mothers who meet regularly to discuss their experiences with breastfeeding. The groups can be a formal class led by a professional, or a less formal discussion led by a peer. Most of the groups described by respondents were peer support groups. Descriptions of a few of these activities follow. 34 La Leche League's Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Program was piloted in Illinois in 1987. It has trained 60 program coordinators and over 100 mothers as peer counselors in the Illinois area. These women assist health professionals in breastfeeding promotion programs, talk to mothers in clinic waiting rooms, lead breastfeeding support groups, and provide phone help to mothers who have questions about breastfeeding. There are currently 10 of these programs in Florida, as well. The Colorado Departrnent of Health reported that a chapter of the Nursing Mothers Counsel (NMC) has been organized in the State. NMC is a nonaffiliated, nonprofit, volunteer organization whose goal is to help mothers enjoy a relaxed and happy relationship with their babies. NMC members provide one-on-one counseling for new and expectant parents. Telephone contact is made to provide information and answer questions about breastfeeding. The counselor then remains available to the mother after the birth and throughout the mother's nursing experience to offer any additional information, support, and encouragement needed. NMC chapters also exist in California and Indiana. The Ohio State University Research Foundation was awarded a SPRANS grant by MCHB in order to improve breastfeeding rates in a low-income, urban population. An integral component of this project was the use of peer counselors in both the prenatal education and postpartum support aspects of the program. Project evaluation showed that women who, in addition to receiving education from professional staff, were introduced to a peer counselor of similar ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic background, were more likely to have chosen to breastfeed at delivery than women who received the education component only. The Tennessee Department of Health and Environment (TDHE) and the Center to Prevent Childhood Malnutrition have initiated Breastfeeding and Baby Care Support Group Projects designed to encourage local women to take charge of bringing their peers together for support and to share information on breastfeeding. In June 1989, three WIC participants in two rural southwest Tennessee counties were hired to work 10 hours a week to organize and lead these monthly breastfeeding peer support meetings. These peer counselors were trained and supervised by the coordinator of a SPRANS breastfeeding promotion project targeting the WIC programs in the two rural counties. Since September 1989 these peer counselors have led breastfeeding support meetings and organized "enrichment" meetings, where guest speakers talk to the group about topics important to them, such as exercising with their baby, dressing on a budget, using coupons, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The peer counselors also contact 50 to 80 women a month by telephone to invite them to meet with breastfeeding counselors, inquire about their breastfeeding, and to administer a self-esteem questionnaire. The project has now been expanded to include eight peer counselors. The Center to Prevent Childhood Malnutrition is evaluating this project for its impact on self-esteem and on breastfeeding rates. The TDHE has implemented six projects statewide based on this model. 35 The San Antonio Breastfeeding Project is an l&month program designed to test the hypothesis that women who receive prenatal intervention from a culturally sensitive, breastfeeding doula (peer counselor) will have higher breastfeeding rates than those who receive education only and those who receive no intervention. Women in the experimental group viewed a breastfeeding skills training video and discussed cultural concerns about breastfeeding with a peer counselor who was breastfeeding during the discussion session. Study results are currently being compiled. The Breastfeeding Peer Counseling Program developed by Children's Hospital in Washington, DC, is designed to train mothers in the WIC program to serve as breastfeeding support and peer counselors. The program has produced the Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Manual which describes program implementation, peer counselor training and monitoring, followup training activities, and program evaluation measures. The West Virginia WIC program has developed a peer counselor training manual, using the Best Start counseling strategy, to teach mothers with breastfeeding experience to counsel, encourage, and educate women in the art of breastfeeding. These trained peer counselors will give prenatal and postnatal breastfeeding support and information to women in local WIC clinics and specific prenatal health clinics. Telephone Hotlines The use of telephone hotlines as a method of providing outreach and followup support to lactating women was reported by 22 percent (25/113) of respondents. A variety of types of hotlines were reported. Some were staffed by peer counselors and others by community health professionals such as dietitians. Phone lines were in operation from 24 hours per day for 7 days a week to 6 hours per day for 3 days a week. The Arkansas Best Start Program has implemented a statewide breastfeeding helpline to provide information and problem-solving services to breastfeeding families and health care professionals. The line is answered during working hours by the staff of the breastfeeding center. La Leche League International provides a national toll-free phone information service. Callers can get referrals to local La Leche League groups, a free catalog of breastfeeding and parenting literature, and answers to breastfeeding questions. The New Hampshire Division of Public Health reported that one local WIC agency has received funding from a foundation for the "Breastfeeding Connection," a telephone support system for breastfeeding mothers. It has been operated by a staff nutritionist for several years. North Carolina's First Step Hotline provides information and referral on all aspects of prenatal and infant care, including breastfeeding. The hotline is jointly sponsored by the North Carolina Division of Maternal and Child Health, the March of Dimes, the Governor's Commission on Infant Mortality, and the Healthy Start Foundation. The phone number for the telephone counseling service of the Children's 36 Nutrition Research Center (CNRC) in Texas is given to all individuals who refer potential research subjects to CNRC and to a11 potential research volunteers referred. In addition, some 1,000 women are contacted each month either prenatally or 2 weeks postnatally and offered lactation consultation if needed. Lactation consultants, dietitians, and a lactation physiologist are available during working hours to answer questions. In addition, backup and consultation is provided by pediatricians, neonatologists, nutritionists, pediatric gastroenterologists, and other faculty members. The target audience for this service includes nurses, physicians, dietitians, and research volunteers in the Houston area, but calls are received from throughout the United States. The agencies collaborating in this effort are Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Children's Nutrition Research Center, St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Methodist Hospital, and the MacGregor Clinics. BARRIERS TO BREASTFEEDING Of the 84 respondents who listed barriers to breastfeeding, 60 percent (50/84) mentioned barriers related to community support services (see table 7). Table 7-Community support services barriers to initiation and continuation of breostfeeding Barriers Percentage of Respondents (N--84) Lack of support from family and friends 52% (44) Lack of knowledge, education among women 45% (38) Lack of postpartum support services 26% (22) Lack of role models who breastfeed 17% (14) SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES Thirty-five percent (40/l 13) of respondents recommended improving or expanding breastfeeding support services, including: o Sponsor peer support groups and train peer counselors. o Provide toll-free information hotlines and telephone support systems. o Expand the use of lactation counselors, both in the hospital and in the community. o Provide postpartum followup for new mothers via home visits or phone calls. o Promote breastfeeding in prenatal classes. o Include families in breastfeeding education efforts. 37 SUPPORT IN THE WORKPLACE Recommendation: Initiate a National Breastfeeding Promotion Effort Directed to Women in the World of Work ACTIVITIES REPORTED The 1984 Surgeon General's Workshop on Breastfeeding and Human Lactation identified several barriers women often encounter in the workplace and at school, including lack of information on the part of the public, employers, and health care providers; logistical problems such as lack of time, equipment, and space for nursing or using breast pumps; and a social, psychological, and political climate which significantly separates the worlds of work and home that can be hostile to a working woman's attempts to combine breastfeeding and employment. Forty-four percent (50/113) of the survey respondents reported some activities related to building support for breastfeeding in the workplace. Such activities included educating employees and employers; providing breastfeeding facilities and implementing policies in the respondent's own workplace; promoting policies and guidelines for other workplaces; conducting surveys and assessments; initiating breast pump loan programs; and implementing model or demonstration projects. Education Provision of education and educational materials was the most commonly reported activity. Twenty-nine percent (33/113) of the respondents provided education to employees and 14 percent (16/113) provided education to employers. The Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies coalition's Subcommittee on Breastfeeding Promotion has prepared a resource list of publications which address breastfeeding and working women, and is developing a breastfeeding fact sheet to send to employers. In addition, the Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies National Conference, held in the fall of 1991, had a workshop which focused on breastfeeding and working women. The Arizona Department of Health Services staff have provided support to the Nutrition Council of Arizona Breastfeeding Advocates, which is developing a consumer guide on storing and feeding breastmilk, preparing a list of electric breast pump rental stations, and distributing these materials to hospitals and health care professionals. The department has also provided training sessions on working and breastfeeding at three meetings: the Childbirth Education Association of Greater Phoenix Conference in November 1986, the Northern 38 Arizona Nutrition Education Workshop in July 1987, and the Nutrition Council of Arizona Annual Meeting in April 1989. The Oregon Health Sciences University has developed information for employers on the establishment of facilities to promote breastfeeding among working women. Breastfeeding Facilities and Practices in Respondents' Workplaces The provision of facilities for employees to pump and store breastmilk and/or the implementation of practices to support breastfeeding employees at the respondent's workplace were reported by 22 percent (25/113) of respondents (see table 8). In Arizona, two county health departments have implemented formal policies which enable breastfeeding employees to bring infants up to 4 months of age to work. The Center to Prevent Childhood Malnutrition, in Bethesda, Maryland, provides its employees with 3 months of maternity leave, and allows breastfed infants to be brought to work until at least 6 months of age. Through combined efforts the New Mexico Department of Health and Environment's Division of Health Promotion and the New Mexico Breastfeeding Task Force are providing two electric breast pumps for use by working mothers employed in the health department's South Capitol Complex. The Division of Maternal and Child Health of the Ohio Department of Health permits a 6-month maternity leave, which makes it easier for women to establish a breastfeeding relationship with their infants in the early months of life. In addition, Ohio's Governor has mandated that day care facilities be incorporated into each new State office building. As a result, two day care facilities have recently been established in downtown Columbus, thus allowing breastfeeding mothers easier access to their infants. At the Children's Nutrition Research Center (CNRC) in Texas, individual assistance from a lactation consultant is provided to employees upon request. In addition, the CNRC, in conjunction with Texas Children's Hospital, provides a private room, an electric pump, sterile collection kits, and freezer space for lactating employees. In November 1991, a room equipped with a breast pump and refrigeration was established for nursing mothers at the Food and Nutrition Service, USDA, in Alexandria, Virginia. A baseline survey was completed to assess attitudes toward breastfeeding and employee needs and to provide input for better project planning. A pamphlet providing basic information on breastfeeding, expressing and storing breastmilk, and the services available through the breastfeeding mothers' room will be produced and distributed to interested employees. La Leche League International reported that employees at the National Security Agency (NSA) in Washington, DC-with the help of the NSA Medical Center and a parent group at NSA called the Child Development Care 39 Association-have acquired five electric breast pumps and several rooms for the use of breastfeeding employees. At Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, DC, two electric breast pumps are available for staff use in a special private area of the hospital's Lactation Center. Refrigeration is available in most work areas. Table g--Respondents who reported provision of breastfeeding facilities and/or implementation of practices to support breastfeeding in their workplace University Medical Center Tucson, AZ Wellstart San Diego, CA Denver Department of Health and Hospitals Denver, CO Community Health Centers, inc. Colorado Springs, CO Georgetown University Hospital Washington, DC Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services WIC and Nutrition Services Tallahassee, FL Grady Memorial Hospital Atlanta, GA University of Illinois School of Public Health Chicago, I1 La Leche League International Franklin Park, IL American Academy of Pediatrics Elk Grove Village, IL Indiana State Board of Health Maternal and Child Health Division Indianapolis, IN Indian Health Service Rockvile, MD Northern Michigan Hospitals Petoskey, MI Community Nutrition Resource Center Butte, MT Montana Migrant Council, Inc. Billings, MT New Mexico Health and Environment Department Public Health Division Santa Fe, NM Nevada WIC Program Carson City, NV New York State Department of Health Bureau of Nutrition Albany, NY Columbia University School of Public Health New York, NY Children's Hospital/The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH Oregon Health Sciences University Portland, OR South Dakota Department of Health Nutritional Services Spearfish, 5 D Children's Nutrition Research Center Houston, TX Food and Nutrition Service, USDA Alexandria, VA Washington Department of Health and Social Services Division of Parent/Child Health Services Olympia, WA 40 Policies and Guidelines Sixteen percent (18/l 13) of respondents reported promoting workplace policies and practices supportive of breastfeeding. These efforts frequently took the form of the issuance of guidelines or recommendations for employers. TWO examples of these efforts are described below. The New Mexico Breastfeeding Task Force has developed workplace recommendations for the support of breastfeeding. These recommendations outline the minimum workplace conditions needed to support breastfeeding as well as additional conditions that help women maximize their parenting and breastfeeding skills. The Texas Department of Health pledges in its policy statement on breastfeeding to encourage industry to promote and support breastfeeding by providing information on practices that foster a positive environment for the breastfeeding employee. Surveys and Assessments of Need Several respondents reported conducting surveys of employers' breastfeeding facilities and policies, while others reported conducting assessments of the need for services for working women. These efforts are outlined below. The nationwide survey of 900 hospitals conducted in 1988 by the Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies coalition included questions on what provisions the hospitals made for their own breastfeeding employees. Sixty-two percent of the responding hospitals reported providing facilities for lactating employees. Of these, 83 percent had a place for employees to express breastmilk, 67 percent provided an electric pump, and 86 percent had a refrigerator. The Nutrition/Breastfeeding Subcommittee of the Connecticut Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies coalition sent questionnaires to 70 hospitals and health care facilities in order to examine the level of support which these employers provide for women who continue breastfeeding after returning to work. Thirty-eight responses were received. Forty percent of respondents allowed infants to be brought to work to be breastfed, but only one hospital allowed infants to be kept at work all day. Between 30 percent and 40 percent said that extended lunch and flextime hours were available. Day care was provided at 34 percent of the facilities, and at an additional 44 percent provision of day care was being planned. Twenty-six percent of the respondents had a women's lounge. Half of these lounges were private, and 60 percent were smokefree. All facilities had a refrigerator. Additional activities planned by the Nutrition/Breastfeeding Subcommittee include sending breastfeeding packets to the hospitals which participated in the survey and expanding the survey to other types of employers. The Day Care/Industry Subcommittee of the Indiana State Board of Health's SPRANS breastfeeding promotion project sent surveys to 600 employers in Indiana, and 157 surveys were returned. Thirty-six percent of the respondents provided a refrigerator, 23 percent provided a private space for women to breastfeed or express milk, 10 percent allowed extended breaks for collecting 41 milk, 7 percent offered flextime, 2 percent provided onsite day care, and less than 1 percent allowed mothers to bring their infants to work or had an electric pump available. The Oregon Health Sciences University (OHSU) conducted a survey of its employees who returned to work 6 months or less after giving birth, in order to assess the need for facilities and policies allowing working women to continue breastfeeding. As a result of this survey, OHSU has made a room and a breast pump available to its lactating employees. The Texas Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies coalition conducted a survey of workplace policies and facilities related to breastfeeding. Questionnaires were sent to 350 employers who had 50 or more employees in central Texas; 37 employers completed the survey. Fifty-nine percent of the respondents provided a refrigerator; 32 percent made flextime, job sharing, or part-time employment available; 24 percent provided a private space for breastfeeding or milk expression; 16 percent provided extended breaks for collecting milk; and 11 percent had onsite day care. None of the employers allowed women to bring their infants to work. Breast Pump Loan Programs Three respondents-all WIC State agencies-described breast pump loan programs. The Indiana WIC program has made breast pumps available to breastfeeding women-including those returning to work-who may benefit from having a pump. The New Mexico WIC program has purchased 16 electric breast pumps which are available for limited loan to mothers enrolled in the WIC program throughout the State. These pumps are intended for use when there is a critical situation involving separation and/or a medical problem. Working mothers of twins or triplets are eligible to borrow a pump. Other working mothers may also be considered, but they have a lower priority. The Tennessee WIC program has three breast pump loan programs available to its patients: (1) A manual breast pump program for which sterilization procedures for both the patient and the health department have been developed; (2) portable electric pumps for women whose infants are hospitalized for prematurity or other medical complications; and (3) electric pumps for inhospital use by WIC patients, on permanent loan to the hospitals serving a large caseload of WIC participants. Model/Demonstration Programs The Maternal and Child Health Bureau, DHHS, has funded two breastfeeding SPRANS demonstration projects which focused on breastfeeding and the workplace. These projects are described below. One of the major goals of the Indiana State Board of Health's Breastfeeding Promotion Project was to address the lack of support for breastfeeding mothers in the workplace. As described above in the Surveys and Assessment section, the Day Care/Industry Subcommittee completed an employer survey of support 42 and facilities available to breastfeeding women. The subcommittee also developed and distributed an educational brochure for employers, What Does Your Business Have in Common With a Breastfed Baby?, which outlines steps employers can take to support lactating workers and discusses ways in which support of lactating workers can benefit employers. Promoting Breastfeeding at the Worksite and in the Neighborhood, a SPRANS project implemented by the National Child Nutrition Project in Philadelphia, sought to increase the incidence and duration of breastfeeding among low-income women who were returning to work or school. Activities included producing educational materials for women, health professionals, child care providers, and employers; developing working parent advocacy committees; and implementing a peer counseling program. BARRIERS TO BREASTFEEDING Problems associated with women's return to work or school soon after giving birth were the most frequently cited barriers to the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding. Sixty-nine percent (58/84) of respondents who listed barriers to breastfeeding cited women's need to return to work and the lack of flexible schedules, maternity leave, and facilities for pumping and storing breastmilk. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES Eighteen percent (20/l 13) of respondents made recommendations related to reducing barriers to breastfeeding in the workplace, including: . Encourage employers to provide maternity leave, facilities for expressing and storing breastmilk, breaks for breast pumping, flextime, job sharing, onsite day care, and the like. o Advocate for legislation on issues such as maternity leave and day care. o Provide education to employers and employees on the importance of breastfeeding and ways to make it possible for working women to breastfeed. o Provide facilities in State and Federal buildings for breastfeeding and for pumping and storing breastmilk to set an example. o Set up a model project in a local industry which demonstrates how work and breastfeeding can be combined. o Involve consumer groups, trade unions, and women's groups in breastfeeding promotion committees and other breastfeeding promotion activities which address the issue of supporting breastfeeding in the workplace, since these groups may have more influence than health professionals on employers. 43 RESEARCH Recommendation: Expand research in human lactation and breastfeeding ACTIVITIES REPORTED The 1984 Surgeon General's workshop emphasized the need for research on breastfeeding and human lactation in order to improve knowledge, guide policy, improve strategies, and evaluate programs. Forty-seven percent (53/l 13) of the respondents reported being involved in research related to breastfeeding and human lactation. The types of research activities reported focused mainly on social and behavioral factors related to breastfeeding practices, program evaluation, and nutritional and physiological aspects of human lactation. Examples of these reported research projects are described below. Research on Social and Behavioral Factors Most of the research reported in this category focused on determining factors which influence the mother's decision to initiate breastfeeding and factors which influence the continuation of breastfeeding. Twenty-five percent (28/113) of respondents reported being involved in social or behavioral research, although only a few projects-outlined below-were described in any detail. The Department of Family Studies and Consumer Sciences and the School of Public Health's Division of Maternal and Child Health at San Diego State University, California, have conducted a study designed to identify the causes of lactation failure among 10 Hispanic primiparous low-income women. The mothers received one to three indepth, l-hour assessments, depending upon how long each woman continued to breastfeed. Data was obtained on duration of breastfeeding, initiation of formula supplementation, and introduction of solid foods; maternal attitudes toward infant feeding methods; and maternal perception of social and familial pressures and support related to breastfeeding, bottle feeding, and introduction of solids. Problem areas identified in this study will be used to improve the assessment instrument for clinical use. As discussed in the third chapter, the Best Start Program is a joint effort by eight Southeastern States to implement a comprehensive campaign of breastfeeding promotion based on social marketing techniques. As part of this project, 35 focus groups were conducted with economically disadvantaged women living in the Southeastern United States in order to determine their attitudes about breastfeeding. It was found that factors that attracted women to breastfeeding included the desire for a special, close relationship with the baby, 44 and the health benefits of breastmilk. Barriers to breastfeeding included embarrassment, lack of confidence, loss of freedom and lifestyle restrictions, and the return to work or school. Determinants of Infant Feeding: Breast vs. Bottle, a SPRANS-funded study conducted from 1986 to 1988 at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, analyzed the major determinants of infant feeding behavior in new mothers. Women enrolled in the study were contacted by telephone or in person, once during the prenatal period and three times during the postpartum period. The study of women who prenatally stated an intention to breastfeed identified four variables that were significant predictors of failure to breastfeed for more than 7 days: (1) lack of confidence in ability to breastfeed, (2) less certainty in the decision to breastfeed, (3) delayed first breastfeeding, and (4) not having the baby rooming-in. The study also found that, while planning to be employed within 6 months postpartum did not affect breastfeeding incidence rates, actually being employed during that time period had a negative affect on breastfeeding duration rates. Cornell University Cooperative Extension is conducting a study on the infant feeding decisions of low-income women. The project is designed to elucidate the complex interrelationships existing among personal, social, and cultural factors that influence women's infant feeding expectations and decisions. Women's learning philosophies will also be studied to understand how they influence both learning about breastfeeding and infant feeding practices. The research will be conducted through indepth, open-ended, personal interviews with 50 low-income, nulliparous pregnant women ages 18 years and older. The goals of Acculturation, Psychosocial Predictors, and Breastfeeding, a SPBANS-funded study at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, are to identify the reasons mothers from the United States-Mexico border population choose to breastfeed, to determine factors important to the maintenance of breastfeeding, and to study infant health and nutritional status as a function of breastfeeding. A number of psychosocial variables will be measured to assess their importance in the initiation of breastfeeding, and these data will be analyzed within ethnic groups by degree of acculturation. Program Evaluation Program-related research-monitoring and/or evaluating a program's breastfeeding intervention strategy to determine its effectiveness-was reported by 20 percent (23/113) of respondents. Two examples of these research activities are described below. The USDA's WIC Breastfeeding Promotion Study and Demonstration evaluated the implementation of selected breastfeeding promotion approaches at seven WIG local agencies. These approaches included three major components: (1) A special group, such as a task force or committee, which coordinated breastfeeding promotion and support activities for WIC participants; (2) a prenatal component addressing participants' concerns and lack of knowledge about breastfeeding, and incorporating positive peer 45 influence; and (3) an in-hospital/postpartum component providing support after birth. These demonstration projects are described in detail in the two- volume set, WIC Breastfeeding Promotion Study and Demonstration: Phase IV Report (see appendix E, page 79). Operation Breastfeed, a research project conducted by the Texas Department of Health, is designed to increase the number of participants in the WIC program who are breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum and to measure the impact of nutrition education on the decision to breastfeed. Activities include surveys of pregnant and postpartum participants on their attitudes regarding breastfeeding, monthly nutrition education classes for pregnant and lactating women which emphasize breastfeeding, and breastfeeding support for new mothers. Nutritional and Physiological Research Thirteen percent (15/113) of respondents reported engaging in nutrition research, and 9 percent (10/113) reported involvement in physiological research related to breastfeeding and human lactation. Nutrition research reported was related to the nutritional needs of lactating mothers, the nutritional status of breastfed babies, and the nutrient composition of breastmilk. Physiological research reported was focused on the factors related to the production of breastmilk; the ability of the infant to utilize breastmilk; the transmission of infectious diseases, drugs, and alcohol through breastmilk; and the immunological impact of breastmilk on the infant. Two examples of these research efforts are described below. The purpose of the research program at the Children's Nutrition Research Center (CNRC) in Texas is to define the nutritional requirements that will ensure the health of pregnant and lactating women and their infants. The CNRC has conducted numerous nutritional and physiological studies, including research on infant nutrition and growth and on breastmilk composition. The CNRC is funded in part by the USDA's Agricultural Research Service. Federal agencies within the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Agriculture have funded a variety of studies related to human lactation. The Maternal and Child Health Bureau, DHHS, funds research projects related to breastfeeding through its SPRANS grants, many of which have been described in this report. The National Institutes of Health, DHHS, primarily through the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, supports numerous research projects related to the physiology of lactation, maternal and nutritional aspects of lactation, infant physiology and nutrition related to lactation, immunological aspects of lactation, effects of environmental exposures on human milk, and the composition of human milk (see appendix K, page 112). Research on human lactation and breastfeeding supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture has also focused on maternal nutrition and infant nutrition and on developmental aspects related to lactation (see appendix L, page 115). 46 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES The Institute of Medicine's study, Nutrition During Lactation (described in the second chapter), assessed current research on the nutritional needs of lactating women, and recommended the following topics in need of further research: (1) the development of indicators of nutritional status for lactating women; (2) identification of groups of lactating women in the United States who are at nutritional risk or who could benefit from nutrition intervention programs; and (3) the effects of maternal diet and nutritional status on milk volume, milk composition, maternal health, and infant nutritional status, growth, and health. 47 DATA COLLECTION Data collection is a very important part of monitoring the Nation's progress toward the achievement of the year 2000 health objective for breastfeeding. One of the strategies proposed in the 1984 Report of the Surgeon General's Workshop on Breastfeeding and Human Lactation was to develop a national data base on the initiation and duration of lactation. To followup on this particular strategy, survey respondents were asked to describe any data collection activities they undertook in order to monitor breastfeeding rates and to include the definition(s) of breastfeeding which were used. Fifty-two percent (59/113) of respondents answered this data collection question. DEFINITIONS OF BREASTFEEDING Fifty-nine percent (35/59) of respondents who answered this data collection question included a description of the definition of breastfeeding which was used. Definitions varied widely, as did the time at which the assessment of feeding method was made. "Ever breastfed for any duration and frequency" was the most commonly reported definition of breastfeeding (37 percent, or 13/35). Other definitions reported include: "breastfed one or more times per day" (29 percent, 10/35); "partially breastfed, with infant formula supplementation" (23 percent, or 8/35); "exclusively breastfed" (6 percent, or 2/35) ; and "nurse's determination of infant feeding method at the hospital after delivery" (6 percent, or 2/35). In April 1988, the Institute for International Studies in Natural Family Planning (now the Institute for Reproductive Health) at Georgetown University, with support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), moderated a meeting of the Interagency Working Group on Breastfeeding in Washington, DC. The goal of this meeting of national and international health and development agencies was to develop a simple means of presenting definitions and types of information essential to accurately describe breastfeeding practices throughout the world. The breastfeeding definitions developed are based on frequency of breastfeeding episodes, usual length of time for each feeding, and amounts of other foods or liquids given (see figure 5). DATA COLLECTION ACTIVITIES Forty-two percent (47/113) of respondents indicated that they collected data on the incidence of breastfeeding, while only 24 percent (27/113) reported 48 1 ] BREASTFEEDING , I Full 71 Exclusive No other liquid or solid is given to the infant. Reproduced with the permission of the Population Council, from Miriam Labbok and Katherine Krasovec, "Toward Consistency in Breastfeeding Definitions," Studies in Family Planning Vol. 21, no. 4 (july/August 1990): 27. / :;<;~::o 1 juice or rikalistic f&ds g&n collecting data on the duration of breastfeeding. For the most part, the maximum length of time for which breastfeeding duration was tracked by the respondents ranged from 2 weeks to 6 months postpartum, although some research projects tracked their subjects through the first year of the infant's life. The types of data collection activities undertaken differed widely among respondents (see figure 6). The most commonly reported activity was collecting data on participants in the WIC program (36 percent, or 17/48). Data collection activities for the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Surveillance Systems were also frequently cited (24 percent, or 1 l/48) by respondents. These CDC-related data collection activities are described in more detail below. Other forms of data collection reported include data collection for research purposes, documentation of infant feeding method at hospital discharge, documentation of infant feeding method on newborn metabolic screening forms in the hospital, and collection of data for statewide data systems. Brief descriptions of some of the reported breastfeeding data collection activities follow. National Data Collection Activities In order to compile the required report entitled Biennial Report to Congress on the Characteristics of Participants irl the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, aild Children, the Food and Nutrition Service collects statistics on WIC programs and program participants, including some information on breastfeeding rates. The Food and Nutrition Service does not require States to collect and submit data on breastfeeding incidence and duration, but breastfeeding incidence and duration data have been designated optional items Figure 64lreastfeeding data collection activities reported by respondents (N=48) Other 10% (5/481 WIG State agency 36% (17/48) CDC surveillance 24% (11148) 50	en
markdown	439253	# Presentation: 439253 ## Replica Manager and Replica Location Service An Overview ## Firewall Worker Nodes Permanent Storage System at Tier1 Center - Michael Ernst ## Replication: Copying ~automatically - GDMP: Grid Data Mirroring Package - Born in CMS - Implements subscription-based replication - Lots of - New files - Replica catalogue - Michael Ernst ## Data Grid Architecture incl. RLS - Michael Ernst ## Use Case: Dataset Replication - User replicateDataSet (LDN, SE) query (LDN) LFN [] getSFNs (LFN0) SFN0[] reserveSpace (space) getAccessCost (SFN0 []) SFN0Costs [] copyFile (SFN0,nSFN0) add (LFN0, nSFN0) notify job finished - replicaManagement - Service - metaData - Service - replicaLocation - Service - replicaOptimization - Service - SE: - storageElement Use Case: Dataset Replication - Michael Ernst ## . . . - SRM - FS - SRM - Grid - FTP - SRMpreparetoGet( SURL) - TURL - Open - Read - Read - Close SE - LAN - Grid - Grid - Middle - Ware - Permanent - Store - Worker Nodes - SRMreserveSpace - SFNs - 1.1 - SRMcopy - 1.2 - 2.1 - 2.2 - 3.1 - 3.2 - 3.4 - GridFTP - 4.2 - SRMcopy 4.1 - Michael Ernst - GridFTP protocol for secure, efficient WAN data transfer - File Transfer service for reliable transfer of files between storage systems - Replica Location Service (RLS) - a reliable replication service that provides coordinated, fault-tolerant data movement and RLS updates - a metadata service containing information that describes logical files - one or more higher level data management services (master copy management, workflow management, etc.) - application-oriented data services that implement application-specific semantics and policies such as preferences for replica selection or access - Michael Ernst ## EDG TB2: Replica Management Services “Reptor” Replica Management Services Optimization Replica Metadata Subscription Client Replica Location File Transfer - Michael Ernst ## Replica Manager Componentsand name changes... ERM: EDG Replica Manager client interface and API - Entry point for all clients ROS: Replication Optimization Service - Replica selection based on network metrics (WP7) RSH: Replication Storage Handler (what was GDMP) - Subscription-based replication RLS: Replica Location Service (replacing replica catalogue) - Local Replica Catalog services LRC: Logical to Physical file mappings - Replica Location Index services RLI: index on Logical names RMC:Replication Metadata Catalogue - Similar to Spitfire with RDBMS backend and specialized schema - Michael Ernst ## Changes: Replica Catalogue to RLS - edg-replica-catalogue being phased out - For Replica Location Service (RLS) - collaboration with Globus - Local Replica Catalogs (LRCs) on the SEs hold the actual GUID -> PFN mappings [GUID is what used to be LFN] - Replica Location Indices (RLIs) redirect inquiries to LRCs actually having the file - LRCs are configured to send index updates to any number of RLIs - Much more scalable architecture - The lookup time for an entry is independent of the number of catalogs. Tested for up to 108 entries. - The catalog withstands simultaneous user queries of over 1000 queries or inserts per second. - Michael Ernst ## Changes: Web services - Most software has been redesigned to use web services - Much of the server-side stuff now written in Java - Retain security: GSI-enabled web-services - Services have been modified to expose an API in WSDL - For client programming, the client API libraries are auto-generated from the WSDL - For command-line, the tools are still there, but now talk to the server using web services. - What the applications user sees should not have changed as a result of adopting web services! - Michael Ernst ## Replica Manager Architecture - Michael Ernst ## File mappings - Logical - Physical - LFN0 / Grid Unique ID - Michael Ernst ## Replica Catalogue - LFN -> PFN (1:many) - One logical file name mapping to many physical instances of the file - With appropriate utility functions, applications might never need to know the PFN. Use the LFN, and the middleware does the mapping for you in the background. - Michael Ernst ## LFNs, PFNs, GUIDs - Due to application requirement from LCG, a couple of changes: - PFN1, Fermilab - PFN2, CERN - PFN3, Bologna - GUID - 1223423-ASSDF4-11223-35465464 - LFN1 - LFN2 - LFN3 - Michael Ernst ## Replica location problem - Replica Location Service: - maintains information on the physical location of files - maintains mapping between the logical identifier of data and all its physical instances - provides access to this information - Given a unique logical identifier for some given data, determine the physical location of one or more physical instances of this data - Michael Ernst ## Meta-data storage - Spitfire meta-data storage - Two faces - Spitfire browser - Spitfire client API - Spitfire-browser allows a client to use web-browser to view the results of canned queries from a database or make canned inserts into the database. - Client uses their grid cert embedded in their web browser to authenticate (and then authorize) to the service. - DB - Michael Ernst ## RLS Requirements - Versioning & read only data - distinct versions of files can be uniquely identified - data published to the community are immutable - Size - scale to hundreds of replica sites, 50 x 108 LFNs, 500 x 108 PFNs - Performance - 200 updates/second, average response time < 10ms - Security - knowledge and existence of private data must be protected - storage system protects integrity of data content - Consistency - view of all available PFNs most likely not consistent - Reliability - no single point of failure, - local and global state decoupled, - failure of remote component does not hinder access to local component - Michael Ernst ## Giggle Framework - Giggle: A Framework for Constructing Scalable Replica Location Services - Joint collaboration between WP2 and Globus - Independent local state maintained in Local Replica Catalogues : LRCs - Unreliable collective state maintained in Replica Location Indices : RLIs - Soft state maintenance of RLI state - relaxed consistency in the RLI, full state information in LRC - Compression of soft states - compress LFN information based on knowledge of logical collections - Membership and partitioning information maintenance - RLS components change over time : failure, new components added - Service discovery and system policies - Michael Ernst ## Local Replica Catalogue (LRC) - Maintains replica information at a single site - Complete locally consistent record - Queries across multiple sites not supported - Maintains mappings between LFNs and PFNs on associated storage systems - Coordinates its contents with those of the storage system - Responds to the following queries: - Given an LFN, find the set of PFNs associated with that LFN - Given a PFN, find the set of LFNs associated with that PFN - Supports authentication and authorisation when processing remote requests - Periodically sends information about its state to the RLIs - Michael Ernst ## Replica Location Index (RLI) - Index structure needed to support queries across multiple sites - One or more RLIs to map LFNs to LRCs - Structure w.r.t LRCs can be freely defined - redundancy, performance, scalability - Geographical partitioning – all PFNs of a set of LRCs are indexed - Namespace partitioning 1 – for load balancing purposes - Namespace partitioning 2 – only LFNs adhering to a specified pattern are indexed for all LRCs - Many identical RLIs may be set up for load balancing - Michael Ernst ## RLS Architecture (1) - A 2 level RLS layout: The RLIs contain pointers to LRCs only. - Michael Ernst ## RLS Architecture (2) - A hierarchical RLS topology: The RLIs point to LRCs and RLIs - Michael Ernst ## Performance results - Time to add/create/delete/read an LFN entry - Number of entries in LRC from 0 -> 1000k - ~ 15-16 ms , no noticeable increase in time with database size - Time to perform soft state update - Increases linearly with the number of entries in the LRC - ~8 secs for 1000 entries in LRC - ~10000 secs for 1000k entries in the LRC - ~1667 queries/sec, 67 updates/second - Michael Ernst ## Replica Management Architecture - Michael Ernst ## Replica Management- A Proposal for CMS - HRM: dCache/Enstore - Michael Ernst ## Generalizing the Concept: Need to Standardize APIs - Michael Ernst ## Action Items - Investigate and understand - RLS and RLI functionality and their interfaces (APIs, etc.) to - CMS applications - Data transport mechanisms according to the “Grid File Access” proposal - Provide a presentation/paper describing the results - Depending on the availability/maturity of the RLS/RLI code - install various components required to provide a prototype service for CMS applications, i.e. - Reptor, Optor, Giggle, RepMeC ... - test of functionality and performance - using application substitutes (simply testing APIs, interfaces etc.) - understand relationship/test with POOL - Provide a presentation/paper describing the results - Michael Ernst	en
markdown	815503	# Presentation: 815503 ## Thin Film Deposition System forSuperconducting Materials Thin Film Deposition System forSuperconducting Materials Small Business Innovation Research CVC Products, Inc - Rochester, NY INNOVATION - Deposition process for thin films of high temperature good quality superconductors over large areas (2” sq. ) ACCOMPLISHMENTS - Developed a sputtering process for depositing thin films of superconducting material (YbCO) - Deposited thin films that were used to demonstrate ferroelectric capacitors - Processes transferred to an automated production machine - COMMERCIALIZATION - Sales of deposition system total $1 million - Thin film coating service also available - Future market potential includes systems for depositing ferroelectric and electro-optic materials GOVERNMENT/ SCIENCE APPLICATIONS - Microwave system components such as power dividers, combiners, switched filters and phase shifters - Communication systems components - Switched filters for the Deep Space Network *Sputtering Deposition System* - Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Success Story #029 - 1988 Phase II; NAS7-1113 - NASA/JPL Contact - Daniel Rascoe - Company Contact - Paul Ballentine	en
converted_docs	823310	Required Report - public distribution Date: 4/18/2005 GAIN Report Number: ID5008 ID5008 Indonesia Sugar Annual 2005 Approved by: ![](media/image1.wmf)Fred Kessel U.S. Embassy, Jakarta Prepared by: Chris Rittgers/Niniek S. Alam Report Highlights: Sugarcane production is forecast to decline marginally to about 25.5 million tons in 2005/06. Similarly, cane sugar output is forecast to decline to 1.8 million tons in 2005/06. Sugar consumption is forecast to grow moderately to 3.8 million tons in 2005/06. Sugar imports are forecast at approximately 1.8 million tons for 2005/06. The GOI has yet to announce any major changes in the sector, notwithstanding the continued status of "strategic commodity" for sugar. Includes PSD Changes: Yes Includes Trade Matrix: No Annual Report Jakarta \[ID1\] \[ID\] Table of Contents [General Summary 3](#general-summary) [Sugar Cane for Centrifugal 3](#sugar-cane-for-centrifugal) [Centrifugal Sugar 4](#centrifugal-sugar) [Production 5](#production) [Consumption 5](#consumption) [Stocks 5](#stocks) [Prices 5](#prices) [Trade 5](#trade) [Policy 5](#policy) # General Summary The Indonesian sugar industry faces numerous obstacles. Smallholder farmers, who lack the resources to invest for increased productivity, dominate sugarcane production. Furthermore, the milling sector, largely GOI owned, is inefficient and requires significant investment to attain any sort of business viability. Because of these fundamental problems, sugarcane yields and production and recovery rates are forecast to decline in 2005/06. Sugarcane production is estimated to decline marginally to 25.5 million tons in 2005/06. Optimal growing conditions (wet during growing season and dry during maturity), timely harvest, and millings boosted the sugar recovery rate for the 2004/05 crop to about 7.7 percent. For the forecast year recovery is expected to decline to about 7.0 percent. Despite relatively high retail prices for sugar at the retail level: Rp. 4,300/kg (US\$ 462/MT) in 2004 and Rp. 5,265/kg (US\$ 566/MT) in the first quarter of 2005, consumption is forecast to increase to 3.8 million tons in 2005/06. Total imports for 2006 are forecast at 1.8 million tons raw value to meet growing demand from industrials and domestic consumption. ## Sugar Cane for Centrifugal +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| PSD Table \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| Country \| #### \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ## Ind \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| onesia \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| Commodity \| Sugar \| \| \| \| (1000 \| \| \| \| Cane \| \| \| \| HA \| \| \| \| for \| \| \| \| )(1000 \| \| \| \| Centr \| \| \| \| MT) \| \| \| \| ifugal \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| 2004 \| R \| 2005 \| Es \| 2006 \| Fo \| \| \| \| evised \| \| timate \| \| recast \| +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| USDA \| Post \| USDA \| Post \| USDA \| Post \| \| \| Of \| Es \| Of \| Es \| Of \| Es \| \| \| ficial \| timate \| ficial \| timate \| ficial \| timate \| \| \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \| \| [Old\] \| [New\] \| [Old\] \| [New\] \| [Old\] \| [New\] \| +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| Market Year \| \| 0 \| \| 0 \| \| 0 \| \| Begin \| \| 5/2003 \| \| 5/2004 \| \| 5/2005 \| +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| Area Planted \| 375 \| 375 \| 0 \| 360 \| 0 \| 375 \| +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| Area \| 350 \| 350 \| 0 \| 345 \| 0 \| 350 \| \| Harvested \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| Production \| 25600 \| 25600 \| 0 \| 26750 \| 0 \| 25500 \| +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| TOTAL SUPPLY \| 25600 \| 25600 \| 0 \| 26750 \| 0 \| 25500 \| +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| Utilization \| 25600 \| 25600 \| 0 \| 26750 \| 0 \| 25500 \| \| for Sugar \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| Utilization \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| \| for Alcohol \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| TOTAL \| 25600 \| 25600 \| 0 \| 26750 \| 0 \| 25500 \| \| UTILIZATION \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ Note: Unit in 1,000 Ha. and 1,000 MT. Data in the \"Old\" column reflect FAS/Washington data. For Post's previous PS&D refer to report ID4014. ### ## Centrifugal Sugar ------------------ ------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- PSD Table Country Indonesia Commodity Sugar, (1000 MT) Centrifugal 2004 Revised 2005 Estimate 2006 Forecast USDA Official Post USDA Post USDA Post \[Old\] Estimate Official Estimate Official Estimate \[New\] \[Old\] \[New\] \[Old\] \[New\] Market Year Begin 05/2003 05/2004 05/2005 Beginning Stocks 1340 1340 1170 1170 970 1120 Beet Sugar 0 0 0 0 0 0 Production Cane Sugar 1730 1730 1950 2050 0 1800 Production TOTAL Sugar 1730 1730 1950 2050 0 1800 Production Raw Imports 900 900 950 800 0 800 Refined Imp.(Raw 600 600 400 650 0 1000 Val) TOTAL Imports 1500 1500 1350 1450 0 1800 TOTAL SUPPLY 4570 4570 4470 4670 970 4720 Raw Exports 0 0 0 0 0 0 Refined Exp.(Raw 0 0 0 0 0 0 Val) TOTAL EXPORTS 0 0 0 0 0 0 Human Dom. 3400 3400 3500 3550 0 3800 Consumption Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 Disappearance Total 3400 3400 3500 3550 0 3800 Disappearance Ending Stocks 1170 1170 970 1120 0 920 TOTAL DISTRIBUTION 4570 4570 4470 4670 0 4720 ------------------ ------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Note: Data in the \"Old\" column reflect FAS/Washington data. For Post's previous PS&D refer to report ID4014. # Production Encouraged by a higher floor price (increased to Rp. 3,410/kg or US\$ 366.7/MT in 2004), sugarcane production is estimated to have increased considerably to 2.0 million tons in 2004/05 but forecast to decline to 1.8 million tons in 2005/06 to reflect the decline in local supplies of raw material. The GOI is expected to increase floor price to Rp. 4,000/kilogram or US\$ 430.1/MT before the upcoming cane-planting season started in May. The sugar recovery rate is estimated to be 7.7 percent in 2004/05. With 46 state sugar mills and 2 private mills, The island of Java contributes 63 percent of sugar production. In terms of ownership, state owned sugar mills (46 in Java and 5 out of Java) account for 68 percent of Indonesia's sugar production. # Consumption Total annual sugar consumption is estimated to increase moderately from 3.6 million tons in 2004/05 to around 3.8 million tons in 2005/06. Direct consumption of sugar is estimated at approximately 2.7 million tons per year, and the expanding food and beverage industries are responsible for the balance of consumption. Raw sugar import allocation will soon be announced for the four existing sugar refineries. Total installed refinery capacity for those four facilities is 1.3 million tons, but they are reportedly running at much less than full capacity. # Stocks Ending stocks are forecast to decline slightly to 900,000 tons in 2005/06. # Prices The industry has proposed to the GOI to increase sugar floor prices (the price received by farmers) from the current level of Rp. 3,410/kg (US\$ 366.7/MT at an exchange rate of Rp. 9,300/US\$1) to Rp. 4,000/kg (US\$ 430.1/MT). The average retail price for local sugar was Rp. 4,300/kg or US\$ 462.4/MT during 2004, compared to imported sugar, which was Rp. 4,105/kg (US\$ 441.4/MT). Responding to increasing domestic fuel price, local sugar price in 2005 (Jakarta) has increased to Rp. 5,260/kilogram (US\$ 565.6/MT). It is expected that sugar prices in the local market will decline with the start of the milling season. # # Trade To control imports, the Minister of Trade (MOT) grants import licenses to selected sugar mills for specific quantities, ports, and times of delivery. Imports are only allowed outside of the milling season. In 2005, four state sugar mills have been licensed to import 500,000 tons of white sugar: 300,000 tons for Jan-Feb, and 200,000 tons for Feb-March. However, because the import quotas were not filled (due to difficulties on funding and transportation), the time frame has been extended until April 20 (Java) and April 31 (outside of Java). # # # Policy Indonesian sugar policy resides with four different ministries: Agriculture, Trade, Industry and Finance. As a consequence of the diffuse policy responsibilities and often competing interests of the various ministries and their respective constituents, policy formulation often appears arbitrary, uncoordinated and non-transparent. To date the new GOI, installed in October 2004, has yet to provide much in the way of focus for the industry as a whole. It is unclear when or if substantive changes may be proposed, and which direction that Indonesian sugar policy might take should consensus be found. /media/pszemraj/PeterTrove/project-files/DATA/ms-word-files/big-DOC/823310.doc	en
all-txt-docs	165863	-CITE- 49 USC CHAPTER 107 - RATES 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES -HEAD- CHAPTER 107 - RATES -MISC1- SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY Sec. 10701. Standards for rates, classifications, through routes, rules, and practices. 10702. Authority for rail carriers to establish rates, classifications, rules, and practices. 10703. Authority for rail carriers to establish through routes. 10704. Authority and criteria: rates, classifications, rules, and practices prescribed by Board. 10705. Authority: through routes, joint classifications, rates, and divisions prescribed by Board. 10706. Rate agreements: exemption from antitrust laws. 10707. Determination of market dominance in rail rate proceedings. 10708. Rail cost adjustment factor. 10709. Contracts. SUBCHAPTER II - SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES 10721. Government traffic. 10722. Car utilization. SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS 10741. Prohibitions against discrimination by rail carriers. 10742. Facilities for interchange of traffic. 10743. Liability for payment of rates. 10744. Continuous carriage of freight. 10745. Transportation services or facilities furnished by shipper. 10746. Demurrage charges. 10747. Designation of certain routes by shippers. -End- -CITE- 49 USC SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10701 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10701. Standards for rates, classifications, through routes, rules, and practices -STATUTE- (a) A through route established by a rail carrier must be reasonable. Divisions of joint rates by rail carriers must be made without unreasonable discrimination against a participating carrier and must be reasonable. (b) A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may not discriminate in its rates against a connecting line of another rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part or unreasonably discriminate against that line in the distribution of traffic that is not routed specifically by the shipper. (c) Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section and unless a rate is prohibited by a provision of this part, a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may establish any rate for transportation or other service provided by the rail carrier. (d)(1) If the Board determines, under section 10707 of this title, that a rail carrier has market dominance over the transportation to which a particular rate applies, the rate established by such carrier for such transportation must be reasonable. (2) In determining whether a rate established by a rail carrier is reasonable for purposes of this section, the Board shall give due consideration to - (A) the amount of traffic which is transported at revenues which do not contribute to going concern value and the efforts made to minimize such traffic; (B) the amount of traffic which contributes only marginally to fixed costs and the extent to which, if any, rates on such traffic can be changed to maximize the revenues from such traffic; and (C) the carrier's mix of rail traffic to determine whether one commodity is paying an unreasonable share of the carrier's overall revenues, recognizing the policy of this part that rail carriers shall earn adequate revenues, as established by the Board under section 10704(a)(2) of this title. (3) The Board shall, within one year after January 1, 1996, complete the pending Interstate Commerce Commission non-coal rate guidelines proceeding to establish a simplified and expedited method for determining the reasonableness of challenged rail rates in those cases in which a full stand-alone cost presentation is too costly, given the value of the case. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 809; amended Pub. L. 104-287, Sec. 5(22), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Prior sections 10701 and 10701a were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Section 10701, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1371; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 13(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 803; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 201(b)(1), (2), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1899, 1900; Pub. L. 97-261, Sec. 9(a), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1109; Pub. L. 103-180, Sec. 2(a), (b), (g), Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2044, 2047, 2049, related to standards for rates, classifications, through routes, rules, and practices. See sections 10701, 13701, 13709, and 15501 of this title. Section 10701a, added Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 201(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1898; amended Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 4(j)(19), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to standards for rates for rail carriers. See section 10701 of this title. AMENDMENTS 1996 - Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 104-287 substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of this paragraph". EFFECTIVE DATE Chapter effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104-88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104-88, set out as a note under section 701 of this title. -TRANS- ABOLITION OF INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION Interstate Commerce Commission abolished by section 101 of Pub. L. 104-88, set out as a note under section 701 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10702 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10702. Authority for rail carriers to establish rates, classifications, rules, and practices -STATUTE- A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall establish reasonable - (1) rates, to the extent required by section 10707, divisions of joint rates, and classifications for transportation and service it may provide under this part; and (2) rules and practices on matters related to that transportation or service. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 810.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 10702, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1372; Pub. L. 103-180, Sec. 6(a), Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2050; Pub. L. 103-311, title II, Sec. 206(a), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1684, related to authority for carriers to establish rates, classifications, rules, and practices, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10702 and 15502 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10703 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10703. Authority for rail carriers to establish through routes -STATUTE- Rail carriers providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall establish through routes (including physical connections) with each other and with water carriers providing transportation subject to chapter 137, shall establish rates and classifications applicable to those routes, and shall establish rules for their operation and provide - (1) reasonable facilities for operating the through route; and (2) reasonable compensation to persons entitled to compensation for services related to the through route. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 810.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 10703, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1372; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 22(a), (h), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 812, 814; Pub. L. 97-449, Sec. 5(g)(5), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443; Pub. L. 98-216, Sec. 2(11), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 99- 521, Sec. 7(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2994; Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 5(m)(21), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1377, related to authority for carriers to establish through routes, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10703 and 13705 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10704 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10704. Authority and criteria: rates, classifications, rules, and practices prescribed by Board -STATUTE- (a)(1) When the Board, after a full hearing, decides that a rate charged or collected by a rail carrier for transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, or that a classification, rule, or practice of that carrier, does or will violate this part, the Board may prescribe the maximum rate, classification, rule, or practice to be followed. The Board may order the carrier to stop the violation. When a rate, classification, rule, or practice is prescribed under this subsection, the affected carrier may not publish, charge, or collect a different rate and shall adopt the classification and observe the rule or practice prescribed by the Board. (2) The Board shall maintain and revise as necessary standards and procedures for establishing revenue levels for rail carriers providing transportation subject to its jurisdiction under this part that are adequate, under honest, economical, and efficient management, to cover total operating expenses, including depreciation and obsolescence, plus a reasonable and economic profit or return (or both) on capital employed in the business. The Board shall make an adequate and continuing effort to assist those carriers in attaining revenue levels prescribed under this paragraph. Revenue levels established under this paragraph should - (A) provide a flow of net income plus depreciation adequate to support prudent capital outlays, assure the repayment of a reasonable level of debt, permit the raising of needed equity capital, and cover the effects of inflation; and (B) attract and retain capital in amounts adequate to provide a sound transportation system in the United States. (3) On the basis of the standards and procedures described in paragraph (2), the Board shall annually determine which rail carriers are earning adequate revenues. (b) The Board may begin a proceeding under this section only on complaint. A complaint under subsection (a) of this section must be made under section 11701 of this title, but the proceeding may also be in extension of a complaint pending before the Board. (c) In a proceeding to challenge the reasonableness of a rate, the Board shall make its determination as to the reasonableness of the challenged rate - (1) within 9 months after the close of the administrative record if the determination is based upon a stand-alone cost presentation; or (2) within 6 months after the close of the administrative record if the determination is based upon the methodology adopted by the Board pursuant to section 10701(d)(3). (d) Within 9 months after January 1, 1996, the Board shall establish procedures to ensure expeditious handling of challenges to the reasonableness of railroad rates. The procedures shall include appropriate measures for avoiding delay in the discovery and evidentiary phases of such proceedings and exemption or revocation proceedings, including appropriate sanctions for such delay, and for ensuring prompt disposition of motions and interlocutory administrative appeals. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 810; amended Pub. L. 104-287, Sec. 5(23), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 10704, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1373; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 13(b), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 803; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 205(b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1906; Pub. L. 97-261, Sec. 9(b), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1109; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2994, related to authority and criteria for rates, classifications, rules, and practices prescribed by Interstate Commerce Commission, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10704, 13701, and 15503 of this title. AMENDMENTS 1996 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104-287 substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of the ICC Termination Act of 1995". -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10705 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10705. Authority: through routes, joint classifications, rates, and divisions prescribed by Board -STATUTE- (a)(1) The Board may, and shall when it considers it desirable in the public interest, prescribe through routes, joint classifications, joint rates, the division of joint rates, and the conditions under which those routes must be operated, for a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part. (2) The Board may require a rail carrier to include in a through route substantially less than the entire length of its railroad and any intermediate railroad operated with it under common management or control if that intermediate railroad lies between the terminals of the through route only when - (A) required under section 10741, 10742, or 11102 of this title; (B) inclusion of those lines would make the through route unreasonably long when compared with a practicable alternative through route that could be established; or (C) the Board decides that the proposed through route is needed to provide adequate, and more efficient or economic, transportation. The Board shall give reasonable preference, subject to this subsection, to the rail carrier originating the traffic when prescribing through routes. (b) The Board shall prescribe the division of joint rates to be received by a rail carrier providing transportation subject to its jurisdiction under this part when it decides that a division of joint rates established by the participating carriers under section 10703 of this title, or under a decision of the Board under subsection (a) of this section, does or will violate section 10701 of this title. (c) If a division of a joint rate prescribed under a decision of the Board is later found to violate section 10701 of this title, the Board may decide what division would have been reasonable and order adjustment to be made retroactive to the date the complaint was filed, the date the order for an investigation was made, or a later date that the Board decides is justified. The Board may make a decision under this subsection effective as part of its original decision. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 811.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Prior sections 10705 and 10705a were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Section 10705, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1375; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 22(b)-(g), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 813; Pub. L. 96- 448, title II, Sec. 218, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1925; Pub. L. 97- 449, Sec. 5(g)(4), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443, related to authority for through routes, joint classifications, rates, and divisions prescribed by Interstate Commerce Commission. See sections 10705 and 13701 of this title. Section 10705a, added Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 217(a)(1), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1916; amended Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 4(j)(20), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to joint rate surcharges and cancellations. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10706 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10706. Rate agreements: exemption from antitrust laws -STATUTE- (a)(1) In this subsection - (A) the term "affiliate" means a person controlling, controlled by, or under common control or ownership with another person and "ownership" refers to equity holdings in a business entity of at least 5 percent; (B) the term "single-line rate" refers to a rate or allowance proposed by a single rail carrier that is applicable only over its line and for which the transportation (exclusive of terminal services by switching, drayage or other terminal carriers or agencies) can be provided by that carrier; and (C) the term "practicably participates in the movement" shall have such meaning as the Board shall by regulation prescribe. (2)(A) A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part that is a party to an agreement of at least 2 rail carriers that relates to rates (including charges between rail carriers and compensation paid or received for the use of facilities and equipment), classifications, divisions, or rules related to them, or procedures for joint consideration, initiation, publication, or establishment of them, shall apply to the Board for approval of that agreement under this subsection. The Board shall approve the agreement only when it finds that the making and carrying out of the agreement will further the transportation policy of section 10101 of this title and may require compliance with conditions necessary to make the agreement further that policy as a condition of its approval. If the Board approves the agreement, it may be made and carried out under its terms and under the conditions required by the Board, and the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1, et seq.), the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12, et seq.), the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41, et seq.), sections 73 and 74 of the Wilson Tariff Act (15 U.S.C. 8 and 9), and the Act of June 19, 1936 (15 U.S.C. 13, 13a, 13b, 21a) do not apply to parties and other persons with respect to making or carrying out the agreement. However, the Board may not approve or continue approval of an agreement when the conditions required by it are not met or if it does not receive a verified statement under subparagraph (B) of this paragraph. (B) The Board may approve an agreement under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph only when the rail carriers applying for approval file a verified statement with the Board. Each statement must specify for each rail carrier that is a party to the agreement - (i) the name of the carrier; (ii) the mailing address and telephone number of its headquarter's office; and (iii) the names of each of its affiliates and the names, addresses, and affiliates of each of its officers and directors and of each person, together with an affiliate, owning or controlling any debt, equity, or security interest in it having a value of at least $1,000,000. (3)(A) An organization established or continued under an agreement approved under this subsection shall make a final disposition of a rule or rate docketed with it by the 120th day after the proposal is docketed. Such an organization may not - (i) permit a rail carrier to discuss, to participate in agreements related to, or to vote on single-line rates proposed by another rail carrier, except that for purposes of general rate increases and broad changes in rates, classifications, rules, and practices only, if the Board finds at any time that the implementation of this clause is not feasible, it may delay or suspend such implementation in whole or in part; (ii) permit a rail carrier to discuss, to participate in agreements related to, or to vote on rates related to a particular interline movement unless that rail carrier practicably participates in the movement; or (iii) if there are interline movements over two or more routes between the same end points, permit a carrier to discuss, to participate in agreements related to, or to vote on rates except with a carrier which forms part of a particular single route. If the Board finds at any time that the implementation of this clause is not feasible, it may delay or suspend such implementation in whole or in part. (B)(i) In any proceeding in which a party alleges that a rail carrier voted or agreed on a rate or allowance in violation of this subsection, that party has the burden of showing that the vote or agreement occurred. A showing of parallel behavior does not satisfy that burden by itself. (ii) In any proceeding in which it is alleged that a carrier was a party to an agreement, conspiracy, or combination in violation of a Federal law cited in subsection (a)(2)(A) of this section or of any similar State law, proof of an agreement, conspiracy, or combination may not be inferred from evidence that two or more rail carriers acted together with respect to an interline rate or related matter and that a party to such action took similar action with respect to a rate or related matter on another route or traffic. In any proceeding in which such a violation is alleged, evidence of a discussion or agreement between or among such rail carrier and one or more other rail carriers, or of any rate or other action resulting from such discussion or agreement, shall not be admissible if the discussion or agreement - (I) was in accordance with an agreement approved under paragraph (2) of this subsection; or (II) concerned an interline movement of the rail carrier, and the discussion or agreement would not, considered by itself, violate the laws referred to in the first sentence of this clause. In any proceeding before a jury, the court shall determine whether the requirements of subclause (I) or (II) are satisfied before allowing the introduction of any such evidence. (C) An organization described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph shall provide that transcripts or sound recordings be made of all meetings, that records of votes be made, and that such transcripts or recordings and voting records be submitted to the Board and made available to other Federal agencies in connection with their statutory responsibilities over rate bureaus, except that such material shall be kept confidential and shall not be subject to disclosure under section 552 of title 5, United States Code. (4) Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection, one or more rail carriers may enter into an agreement, without obtaining prior Board approval, that provides solely for compilation, publication, and other distribution of rates in effect or to become effective. The Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 et seq.), the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12 et seq.), the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.), sections 73 and 74 of the Wilson Tariff Act (15 U.S.C. 8 and 9), and the Act of June 19, 1936 (15 U.S.C. 13, 13a, 13b, 21a) shall not apply to parties and other persons with respect to making or carrying out such agreement. However, the Board may, upon application or on its own initiative, investigate whether the parties to such an agreement have exceeded its scope, and upon a finding that they have, the Board may issue such orders as are necessary, including an order dissolving the agreement, to ensure that actions taken pursuant to the agreement are limited as provided in this paragraph. (5)(A) Whenever two or more shippers enter into an agreement to discuss among themselves that relates to the amount of compensation such shippers propose to be paid by rail carriers providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, for use by such rail carriers of rolling stock owned or leased by such shippers, the shippers shall apply to the Board for approval of that agreement under this paragraph. The Board shall approve the agreement only when it finds that the making and carrying out of the agreement will further the transportation policy set forth in section 10101 of this title and may require compliance with conditions necessary to make the agreement further that policy as a condition of approval. If the Board approves the agreement, it may be made and carried out under its terms and under the terms required by the Board, and the antitrust laws set forth in paragraph (2) of this subsection do not apply to parties and other persons with respect to making or carrying out the agreement. The Board shall approve or disapprove an agreement under this paragraph within one year after the date application for approval of such agreement is made. (B) If the Board approves an agreement described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph and the shippers entering into such agreement and the rail carriers proposing to use rolling stock owned or leased by such shippers, under payment by such carriers or under a published allowance, are unable to agree upon the amount of compensation to be paid for the use of such rolling stock, any party directly involved in the negotiations may require that the matter be settled by submitting the issues in dispute to the Board. The Board shall render a binding decision, based upon a standard of reasonableness and after taking into consideration any past precedents on the subject matter of the negotiations, no later than 90 days after the date of the submission of the dispute to the Board. (C) Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to change the law in effect prior to October 1, 1980, with respect to the obligation of rail carriers to utilize rolling stock owned or leased by shippers. (b) The Board may require an organization established or continued under an agreement approved under this section to maintain records and submit reports. The Board may inspect a record maintained under this section. (c) The Board may review an agreement approved under subsection (a) of this section and shall change the conditions of approval or terminate it when necessary to comply with the public interest and subsection (a). The Board shall postpone the effective date of a change of an agreement under this subsection for whatever period it determines to be reasonably necessary to avoid unreasonable hardship. (d) The Board may begin a proceeding under this section on its own initiative or on application. Action of the Board under this section - (1) approving an agreement; (2) denying, ending, or changing approval; (3) prescribing the conditions on which approval is granted; or (4) changing those conditions, has effect only as related to application of the antitrust laws referred to in subsection (a) of this section. (e)(1) The Federal Trade Commission, in consultation with the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice, shall prepare periodically an assessment of, and shall report to the Board on - (A) possible anticompetitive features of - (i) agreements approved or submitted for approval under subsection (a) of this section; and (ii) an organization operating under those agreements; and (B) possible ways to alleviate or end an anticompetitive feature, effect, or aspect in a manner that will further the goals of this part and of the transportation policy of section 10101 of this title. (2) Reports received by the Board under this subsection shall be published and made available to the public under section 552(a) of title 5. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 812; amended Pub. L. 104-287, Sec. 5(24), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Sherman Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), (4), is act July 2, 1890, ch. 647, 26 Stat. 209, as amended, which is classified to sections 1 to 7 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1 of Title 15 and Tables. The Clayton Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), (4), is act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, 38 Stat. 730, as amended, which is classified generally to sections 12, 13, 14 to 19, 21, and 22 to 27 of Title 15 and sections 52 and 53 of Title 29, Labor. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 12 of Title 15 and Tables. The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), (4), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of chapter 2 of Title 15. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of Title 15 and Tables. Sections 73 and 74 of the Wilson Tariff Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), (4), are sections 73 and 74 of act Aug. 27, 1894, ch. 349, 28 Stat. 570, which enacted sections 8 and 9, respectively, of Title 15. Act of June 19, 1936, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), (4), is act June 19, 1936, ch. 592, 49 Stat. 1526, popularly known as the Robinson-Patman Anti-discrimination Act and also as the Robinson- Patman Price Discrimination Act, which enacted sections 13a, 13b, and 21a of Title 15 and amended section 13 of Title 15. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 13 of Title 15 and Tables. -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 10706, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1377; Pub. L. 96-258, Sec. 1(7), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 426; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 14(a), (c), (d), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 803, 808; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 219(a)-(e), 224(b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1926-1929; Pub. L. 97-261, Sec. 10(a)-(d), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1109, 1110; Pub. L. 98-216, Sec. 2(12), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to exemption from antitrust laws of rate agreements, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10706 and 13703 of this title. AMENDMENTS 1996 - Subsec. (a)(5)(C). Pub. L. 104-287 substituted "October 1, 1980," for "the effective date of the Staggers Rail Act of 1980". -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10707 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10707. Determination of market dominance in rail rate proceedings -STATUTE- (a) In this section, "market dominance" means an absence of effective competition from other rail carriers or modes of transportation for the transportation to which a rate applies. (b) When a rate for transportation by a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part is challenged as being unreasonably high, the Board shall determine whether the rail carrier proposing the rate has market dominance over the transportation to which the rate applies. The Board may make that determination on its own initiative or on complaint. A finding by the Board that the rail carrier does not have market dominance is determinative in a proceeding under this part related to that rate or transportation unless changed or set aside by the Board or set aside by a court of competent jurisdiction. (c) When the Board finds in any proceeding that a rail carrier proposing or defending a rate for transportation has market dominance over the transportation to which the rate applies, it may then determine that rate to be unreasonable if it exceeds a reasonable maximum for that transportation. However, a finding of market dominance does not establish a presumption that the proposed rate exceeds a reasonable maximum. (d)(1)(A) In making a determination under this section, the Board shall find that the rail carrier establishing the challenged rate does not have market dominance over the transportation to which the rate applies if such rail carrier proves that the rate charged results in a revenue-variable cost percentage for such transportation that is less than 180 percent. (B) For purposes of this section, variable costs for a rail carrier shall be determined only by using such carrier's unadjusted costs, calculated using the Uniform Rail Costing System cost finding methodology (or an alternative methodology adopted by the Board in lieu thereof) and indexed quarterly to account for current wage and price levels in the region in which the carrier operates, with adjustments specified by the Board. A rail carrier may meet its burden of proof under this subsection by establishing its variable costs in accordance with this paragraph, but a shipper may rebut that showing by evidence of such type, and in accordance with such burden of proof, as the Board shall prescribe. (2) A finding by the Board that a rate charged by a rail carrier results in a revenue-variable cost percentage for the transportation to which the rate applies that is equal to or greater than 180 percent does not establish a presumption that - (A) such rail carrier has or does not have market dominance over such transportation; or (B) the proposed rate exceeds or does not exceed a reasonable maximum. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 815.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10709 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Prior sections 10707 and 10707a were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Section 10707, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1380; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 207, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1907; Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 4(j)(21), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to investigation and suspension of new rail carrier rates, classifications, rules, and practices. Section 10707a, added Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 203(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1901; amended Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 4(j)(22), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to zone of rail carrier flexibility. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10708 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10708. Rail cost adjustment factor -STATUTE- (a) The Board shall, as often as practicable, but in no event less often than quarterly, publish a rail cost adjustment factor which shall be a fraction, the numerator of which is the latest published Index of Railroad Costs (which index shall be compiled or verified by the Board, with appropriate adjustments to reflect the change in composition of railroad costs, including the quality and mix of material and labor) and the denominator of which is the same index for the fourth quarter of every fifth year, beginning with the fourth quarter of 1992. (b) The rail cost adjustment factor published by the Board under subsection (a) of this section shall take into account changes in railroad productivity. The Board shall also publish a similar index that does not take into account changes in railroad productivity. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 816.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10712 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). A prior section 10708, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1382; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 11, July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 801; Pub. L. 97-261, Secs. 11, 12(a), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1112, 1113; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to investigation and suspension of new nonrail carrier rates, classifications, rules, and practices, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10709 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10709. Contracts -STATUTE- (a) One or more rail carriers providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may enter into a contract with one or more purchasers of rail services to provide specified services under specified rates and conditions. (b) A party to a contract entered into under this section shall have no duty in connection with services provided under such contract other than those duties specified by the terms of the contract. (c)(1) A contract that is authorized by this section, and transportation under such contract, shall not be subject to this part, and may not be subsequently challenged before the Board or in any court on the grounds that such contract violates a provision of this part. (2) The exclusive remedy for any alleged breach of a contract entered into under this section shall be an action in an appropriate State court or United States district court, unless the parties otherwise agree. This section does not confer original jurisdiction on the district courts of the United States based on section 1331 or 1337 of title 28, United States Code. (d)(1) A summary of each contract for the transportation of agricultural products (including grain, as defined in section 3 of the United States Grain Standards Act (7 U.S.C. 75) and products thereof) entered into under this section shall be filed with the Board, containing such nonconfidential information as the Board prescribes. The Board shall publish special rules for such contracts in order to ensure that the essential terms of the contract are available to the general public. (2) Documents, papers, and records (and any copies thereof) relating to a contract described in subsection (a) shall not be subject to the mandatory disclosure requirements of section 552 of title 5. (e) Any lawful contract between a rail carrier and one or more purchasers of rail service that was in effect on October 1, 1980, shall be considered a contract authorized by this section. (f) A rail carrier that enters into a contract as authorized by this section remains subject to the common carrier obligation set forth in section 11101, with respect to rail transportation not provided under such a contract. (g)(1) No later than 30 days after the date of filing of a summary of a contract under this section, the Board may, on complaint, begin a proceeding to review such contract on the grounds described in this subsection. (2)(A) A complaint may be filed under this subsection - (i) by a shipper on the grounds that such shipper individually will be harmed because the proposed contract unduly impairs the ability of the contracting rail carrier or carriers to meet their common carrier obligations to the complainant under section 11101 of this title; or (ii) by a port only on the grounds that such port individually will be harmed because the proposed contract will result in unreasonable discrimination against such port. (B) In addition to the grounds for a complaint described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, a complaint may be filed by a shipper of agricultural commodities on the grounds that such shipper individually will be harmed because - (i) the rail carrier has unreasonably discriminated by refusing to enter into a contract with such shipper for rates and services for the transportation of the same type of commodity under similar conditions to the contract at issue, and that shipper was ready, willing, and able to enter into such a contract at a time essentially contemporaneous with the period during which the contract at issue was offered; or (ii) the proposed contract constitutes a destructive competitive practice under this part. In making a determination under clause (ii) of this subparagraph, the Board shall consider the difference between contract rates and published single car rates. (C) For purposes of this paragraph, the term "unreasonable discrimination" has the same meaning as such term has under section 10741 of this title. (3)(A) Within 30 days after the date a proceeding is commenced under paragraph (1) of this subsection, or within such shorter time period after such date as the Board may establish, the Board shall determine whether the contract that is the subject of such proceeding is in violation of this section. (B) If the Board determines, on the basis of a complaint filed under paragraph (2)(B)(i) of this subsection, that the grounds for a complaint described in such paragraph have been established with respect to a rail carrier, the Board shall, subject to the provisions of this section, order such rail carrier to provide rates and service substantially similar to the contract at issue with such differentials in terms and conditions as are justified by the evidence. (h)(1) Any rail carrier may, in accordance with the terms of this section, enter into contracts for the transportation of agricultural commodities (including forest products, but not including wood pulp, wood chips, pulpwood or paper) involving the utilization of carrier owned or leased equipment not in excess of 40 percent of the capacity of such carrier's owned or leased equipment by major car type (plain boxcars, covered hopper cars, gondolas and open top hoppers, coal cars, bulkhead flatcars, pulpwood rackcars, and flatbed equipment, including TOFC/COFC). (2) The Board may, on request of a rail carrier or other party or on its own initiative, grant such relief from the limitations of paragraph (1) of this subsection as the Board considers appropriate, if it appears that additional equipment may be made available without impairing the rail carrier's ability to meet its common carrier obligations under section 11101 of this title. (3)(A) This subsection shall cease to be effective after September 30, 1998. (B) Before October 1, 1997, the National Grain Car Council and the Railroad-Shipper Transportation Advisory Council shall make recommendations to Congress on whether to extend the effectiveness of or otherwise modify this subsection. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 817; amended Pub. L. 104-287, Sec. 5(24), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10713 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Prior sections 10709 to 10713 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Section 10709, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1382; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 202, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1900, related to determination of market dominance in rail carrier rate proceedings. See section 10707 of this title. Section 10710, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1383, related to elimination of discrimination against recyclable materials. Section 10711, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1383, related to effect of former sections 10701(a), (b), 10707, 10709, 10727, and 10728 of this title on rail rates and practices. Section 10712, added Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 206(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1906, related to inflation-based rate increases. Section 10713, added Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 208(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1908; amended Pub. L. 97-468, title V, Sec. 502, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2552; Pub. L. 99-509, title IV, Sec. 4051, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1910, related to contracts between rail carriers and purchasers of rail services. See section 10709 of this title. AMENDMENTS 1996 - Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104-287 substituted "October 1, 1980," for "the effective date of the Staggers Rail Act of 1980". -End- -CITE- 49 USC SUBCHAPTER II - SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER II - SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER II - SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10721 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER II - SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES -HEAD- Sec. 10721. Government traffic -STATUTE- A rail carrier providing transportation or service for the United States Government may transport property or individuals for the United States Government without charge or at a rate reduced from the applicable commercial rate. Section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5) does not apply when transportation for the United States Government can be obtained from a rail carrier lawfully operating in the area where the transportation would be provided. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 819.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 10721, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1383; Pub. L. 96-454, Sec. 10(b), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2022; Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 5(m)(22), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, related to Government traffic, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10721, 13712, and 15504 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10722 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER II - SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES -HEAD- Sec. 10722. Car utilization -STATUTE- In order to encourage more efficient use of freight cars, notwithstanding any other provision of this part, rail carriers shall be permitted to establish premium charges for special services or special levels of services not otherwise applicable to the movement. The Board shall facilitate development of such charges so as to increase the utilization of equipment. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 819.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10734 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Prior sections 10722 to 10726 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Section 10722, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1384; Pub. L. 97-261, Sec. 29(a), (b), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1128; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(e), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to special passenger rates. Section 10723, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1385; Pub. L. 97-261, Sec. 29(c), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1128; Pub. L. 102- 54, Sec. 13(s), June 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 282; Pub. L. 102-240, title IV, Sec. 4011, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2156, related to transportation for charitable purposes. Section 10724, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1386, related to rates for emergency transportation. Section 10725, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1387; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(f), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to special freight forwarder rates. Section 10726, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1387; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 220, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1928, related to long and short haul transportation. A prior section 10727, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1388, authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to maintain standards and procedures to permit seasonal, regional, or peak- period demand rates and required the Commission to submit an annual report to Congress on implementation of those rates and recommendations for additional legislation needed to make it easier to establish those rates, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 209, title VII, Sec. 710(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1910, 1966, effective Oct. 1, 1980. A prior section 10728, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1388, related to separate rates for distinct rail services, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). A prior section 10729, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1389, authorized rail carrier to establish rate, classification, rule, or practice requiring total capital investment of at least $1,000,000 to implement upon notice to Interstate Commerce Commission and opportunity for Commission proceeding and final decision within 180 days after notice and provided that Commission could not suspend or set aside any rate that became final for period of five years but could revise rate to level equal to variable costs of providing transportation when Commission found level then in effect reduced going concern of carrier, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 210(a), title VII, Sec. 710(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1910, 1966, effective Oct. 1, 1980. Prior sections 10730 to 10735 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Section 10730, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1389; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 12, July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 802; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 211(a), (b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1911; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(g), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to rates and liability based on value. Section 10731, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1389; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 204, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1905; Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 4(j)(23), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to investigation of discriminatory rail rates for transportation of recyclable or recycled materials. Section 10732, added Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 8(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 798; amended Pub. L. 100-690, title IX, Sec. 9113, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4535, related to food and grocery transportation. See section 13713 of this title. Section 10733, added Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 32(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 824, related to rates for transportation of recyclable materials. Section 10734, added Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 225(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1930, related to car utilization. See section 10722 of this title. Another prior section 10734 was renumbered section 10735 of this title. Section 10735, added Pub. L. 96-454, Sec. 4(a), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2012, Sec. 10734; renumbered Sec. 10735, Pub. L. 98-554, title II, Sec. 227(b)(1), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2852; amended Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 5(m)(23), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, related to household goods rates, estimates, and guarantees of service. See section 13704 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10741 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- Sec. 10741. Prohibitions against discrimination by rail carriers -STATUTE- (a)(1) A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may not subject a person, place, port, or type of traffic to unreasonable discrimination. (2) For purposes of this section, a rail carrier engages in unreasonable discrimination when it charges or receives from a person a different compensation for a service rendered, or to be rendered, in transportation the rail carrier may perform under this part than it charges or receives from another person for performing a like and contemporaneous service in the transportation of a like kind of traffic under substantially similar circumstances. (b) This section shall not apply to - (1) contracts described in section 10709 of this title; (2) rail rates applicable to different routes; or (3) discrimination against the traffic of another carrier providing transportation by any mode. (c) Differences between rates, classifications, rules, and practices of rail carriers do not constitute a violation of this section if such differences result from different services provided by rail carriers. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 819.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 10741, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1390; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 33(d), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 825; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 212, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1912; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(h), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to prohibitions against discrimination by common carriers, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10741 and 15505 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10742 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- Sec. 10742. Facilities for interchange of traffic -STATUTE- A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall provide reasonable, proper, and equal facilities that are within its power to provide for the interchange of traffic between, and for the receiving, forwarding, and delivering of passengers and property to and from, its respective line and a connecting line of another rail carrier or of a water carrier providing transportation subject to chapter 137. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 819.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 10742, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1391, related to facilities for interchange of traffic, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10742 and 15506 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10743 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- Sec. 10743. Liability for payment of rates -STATUTE- (a)(1) Liability for payment of rates for transportation for a shipment of property by a shipper or consignor to a consignee other than the shipper or consignor, is determined under this subsection when the transportation is provided by a rail carrier under this part. When the shipper or consignor instructs the rail carrier transporting the property to deliver it to a consignee that is an agent only, not having beneficial title to the property, the consignee is liable for rates billed at the time of delivery for which the consignee is otherwise liable, but not for additional rates that may be found to be due after delivery if the consignee gives written notice to the delivering carrier before delivery of the property - (A) of the agency and absence of beneficial title; and (B) of the name and address of the beneficial owner of the property if it is reconsigned or diverted to a place other than the place specified in the original bill of lading. (2) When the consignee is liable only for rates billed at the time of delivery under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the shipper or consignor, or, if the property is reconsigned or diverted, the beneficial owner, is liable for those additional rates regardless of the bill of lading or contract under which the property was transported. The beneficial owner is liable for all rates when the property is reconsigned or diverted by an agent but is refused or abandoned at its ultimate destination if the agent gave the rail carrier in the reconsignment or diversion order a notice of agency and the name and address of the beneficial owner. A consignee giving the rail carrier, and a reconsignor or diverter giving a rail carrier, erroneous information about the identity of the beneficial owner of the property is liable for the additional rates. (b) Liability for payment of rates for transportation for a shipment of property by a shipper or consignor, named in the bill of lading as consignee, is determined under this subsection when the transportation is provided by a rail carrier under this part. When the shipper or consignor gives written notice, before delivery of the property, to the line-haul rail carrier that is to make ultimate delivery - (1) to deliver the property to another party identified by the shipper or consignor as the beneficial owner of the property; and (2) that delivery is to be made to that party on payment of all applicable transportation rates; that party is liable for the rates billed at the time of delivery and for additional rates that may be found to be due after delivery if that party does not pay the rates required to be paid under paragraph (2) of this subsection on delivery. However, if the party gives written notice to the delivering rail carrier before delivery that the party is not the beneficial owner of the property and gives the rail carrier the name and address of the beneficial owner, then the party is not liable for those additional rates. A shipper, consignor, or party to whom delivery is made that gives the delivering rail carrier erroneous information about the identity of the beneficial owner, is liable for the additional rates regardless of the bill of lading or contract under which the property was transported. This subsection does not apply to a prepaid shipment of property. (c)(1) A rail carrier may bring an action to enforce liability under subsection (a) of this section. That rail carrier must bring the action during the period provided in section 11705(a) of this title or by the end of the 6th month after final judgment against it in an action against the consignee, or the beneficial owner named by the consignee or agent, under that section. (2) A rail carrier may bring an action to enforce liability under subsection (b) of this section. That carrier must bring the action during the period provided in section 11705(a) of this title or by the end of the 6th month after final judgment against it in an action against the shipper, consignor, or other party under that section. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 819.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10744 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). A prior section 10743, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1391; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(i), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to payment of rates, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See section 13707 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10744 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- Sec. 10744. Continuous carriage of freight -STATUTE- A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may not enter a combination or arrangement to prevent the carriage of freight from being continuous from the place of shipment to the place of destination whether by change of time schedule, carriage in different cars, or by other means. The carriage of freight by those rail carriers is considered to be a continuous carriage from the place of shipment to the place of destination when a break of bulk, stoppage, or interruption is not made in good faith for a necessary purpose, and with the intent of avoiding or unnecessarily interrupting the continuous carriage or of evading this part. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 821.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10745 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). A prior section 10744, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1391, related to liability for payment of rates, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10743 and 13706 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10745 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- Sec. 10745. Transportation services or facilities furnished by shipper -STATUTE- A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may establish a charge or allowance for transportation or service for property when the owner of the property, directly or indirectly, furnishes a service related to or an instrumentality used in the transportation or service. The Board may prescribe the maximum reasonable charge or allowance a rail carrier subject to its jurisdiction may pay for a service or instrumentality furnished under this section. The Board may begin a proceeding under this section on its own initiative or on application. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 821.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10747 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). A prior section 10745, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1392, related to continuous carriage of freight, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See section 10744 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10746 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- Sec. 10746. Demurrage charges -STATUTE- A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall compute demurrage charges, and establish rules related to those charges, in a way that fulfills the national needs related to - (1) freight car use and distribution; and (2) maintenance of an adequate supply of freight cars to be available for transportation of property. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 821.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10750 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). A prior section 10746, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1393, related to transportation of commodities manufactured or produced by rail carrier, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10747 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- Sec. 10747. Designation of certain routes by shippers -STATUTE- (a)(1) When a person delivers property to a rail carrier for transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, the person may direct the rail carrier to transport the property over an established through route. When competing rail lines constitute a part of the route, the person shipping the property may designate the lines over which the property will be transported. The designation must be in writing. A rail carrier may be directed to transport property over a particular through route when - (A) there are at least 2 through routes over which the property could be transported; (B) a through rate has been established for transportation over each of those through routes; and (C) the rail carrier is a party to those routes and rates. (2) A rail carrier directed to route property transported under paragraph (1) of this subsection must issue a through bill of lading containing the routing instructions and transport the property according to the instructions. When the property is delivered to a connecting rail carrier, that rail carrier must also receive and transport it according to the routing instructions and deliver it to the next succeeding rail carrier or consignee according to the instructions. (b) The Board may prescribe exceptions to the authority of a person to direct the movement of traffic under subsection (a) of this section. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 821.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10763 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Prior sections 10747 to 10751, 10761 to 10767, and 10781 to 10786 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Section 10747, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1393, related to transportation services or facilities furnished by shippers. See section 10745 of this title. Section 10748, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1393, related to transportation of livestock by rail carrier. Section 10749, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1393; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 10(c), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 800; Pub. L. 97-468, title VI, Sec. 615(b)(3), Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2578; Pub. L. 98- 216, Sec. 2(13), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(j)(1), (2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995; Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 4(j)(24), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to exchange of services and limitation on use of common carriers by household goods freight forwarders. Section 10750, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1394, related to demurrage charges. See section 10746 of this title. Section 10751, added Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 33(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 824; amended Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 215(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1915; Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 4(j)(25), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to business entertainment expenses. See section 14901 of this title. Section 10761, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1394; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 33(c), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 825; Pub. L. 103-311, title II, Sec. 206(b), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1684, related to prohibition of transportation without tariff. See section 13702 of this title. Section 10762, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1394; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 5(c), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 796; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 216, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1915; Pub. L. 97-261, Sec. 12(b), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1113; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(k), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995; Pub. L. 103-180, Sec. 5, Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2050; Pub. L. 103-311, title II, Sec. 206(c)- (e), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1684, 1685, related to general tariff requirements. See sections 13702 and 13710 of this title. Section 10763, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1396, related to designation of certain routes by shippers or Interstate Commerce Commission. See section 10747 of this title. Section 10764, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1397, related to arrangements between carriers and required copies of arrangements to be filed with Commission. Section 10765, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1397, related to water transportation under arrangements with certain other carriers. Section 10766, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1398; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 10(d), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 801; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(l), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to freight forwarder traffic agreements. Section 10767, added Pub. L. 103-180, Sec. 7(a), Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2051, related to billing and collecting practices. See section 13708 of this title. Section 10781, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1398, related to investigations and reports by Commission on value of carrier property. Section 10782, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1399, related to requirements for establishing value. Section 10783, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1400, related to cooperation and assistance of carriers. Section 10784, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1400; Pub. L. 96-258, Sec. 1(8), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 426, related to revision of property valuations. Section 10785, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1401, related to finality of valuations, notices, protests, and review. Section 10786, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1401, related to applicability of sections 10781 to 10786 of this title. -End-	en
all-txt-docs	053946	Federal Trade Commission Received Documents July 19, 1995 B18354900230 P.O. Box 57 Westmoreland City, PA 15692 15 July, 1995 FTC Office of the Secretary "Made in the U.S.A." 6th Street and Pennsylvania Avenues, NW Washington, DC 20580 Dear Sir, In response to the enclosed article from USA Today, I believe that companies should be held to the EXACT meaning of their words. For example: Made in U.S.A. MEANS that all materials and parts are made in, and assembled in the United States. Anything else should have to read - Assembled in U.S.A. from imported materials (or parts). OR Assembled in East. Jabip from American parts, OR Made in Japan from American steel, OR exactly whatever is necessary to give the consumer the clarity we deserve. And we do deserve that clarity. We have the right. to support - or not to support any country's economy for personal reasons. The only way for citizen-consumers to do this is by having direct and easy access to information which is now being withheld. If companies want the marketing tool of being able to say "Made in the U.S.A.", let them earn it by supporting the manufacturing base. Thanks for hearing me! Yours truly, Leslie Eberman	en
all-txt-docs	151591	FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 98-92 SEC Charges 41 People in 13 Actions Involving More Than $25 Million in Microcap Fraud Fight Against Microcap Fraud "Paying Dividends" Washington, DC, September 24, 1998 -- The Securities and Exchange Commission announced today the filing of thirteen enforcement actions against forty-one defendants across the country for their involvement in fraudulent microcap schemes that bilked investors of more than $25 million. Some of the fraudulent schemes involved bogus medical "breakthroughs," sham hotel renovations, phony stock certificates and the stock manipulation of on-line department store Shopping.com. In nine injunctive actions and two administrative proceedings the SEC alleges that the defendants violated the antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws by manipulating thirteen microcap stocks. In many of these cases the defendants engaged in "pump and dump" schemes and manipulated the stock price of microcap companies by disseminating materially false and misleading information about the financial condition, business relationships and future stock price of those companies, among other things. SEC Director of Enforcement Richard H. Walker said, "We are dedicated to ferreting out and prosecuting those who prey on innocent investors. Our actions against the scam artists charged in today's actions, who issue and sell these phony investments, demonstrate that the Commission's coordinated attack against microcap fraud is paying dividends." The defendants in these cases profited from the fraud, often by selling cheap insider stock after pumping up the stock price, receiving a total of approximately $25 million in ill-gotten gains. Among the schemes: * A Florida company allegedly in the business of building golf practice facilities instead taught its investors an expensive lesson. The company was really running a Ponzi scheme, cheating more than 350 investors in 16 states out of approximately $15 million. (SEC v. James T. Staples, et al.) * A Utah company claimed to have developed a new data transmission technology called "Digital Wave Modulation," and the company's stock soared from $3.50 to more than $40 a share. Prices collapsed when the company failed to produce a promised prototype, but not before the company's chairman and his children sold approximately $3 million worth of their shares in this classic "pump and dump" scheme. (SEC v. International Automated Systems, Inc., et al.) * A biotech firm in Las Vegas falsely claimed the company had an exclusive license to market "breakthrough" medical devices. The company also lied about its efforts to market a new line of nutritional supplements. (SEC v. Bio-Tech Industries, Inc., et al.) * Con artists in South Florida sold unregistered shares in bogus hotel renovation and condominium projects. In fact, they printed the certificates themselves and kept the money from their sale. (SEC v. VII Visionary Investments, Inc., et al.) * A Los Angeles area broker-dealer racked up more than $4 million for itself by rigging the market for shares of an on- line retailer, Shopping.com. (SEC v. Waldron & Co., Inc.) * The Commission charged three defendants with publishing purportedly "independent" news reports about 50 microcap companies that paid the defendants almost $400,000 in stock and cash to promote them. The newsletter was sent to approximately 60,000 readers each month. (SEC v. Hall, et al.) SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt said, "Putting microcap fraudsters out of business is a top priority of this Commission, and I am pleased with the progress we've made. Investors can help this effort and protect themselves by asking tough questions, not giving their money to strangers and reporting suspicious behavior. While securities fraud may never become extinct, we are working to put microcap fraudsters on the endangered species list." Prior to charging the defendants in these actions, the Commission had suspended trading in the stock of eight of the issuers involved in the pump and dump schemes for a single, ten-day period based on the dissemination of false and misleading information about the companies. The Commission's suspension of trading stopped the ongoing manipulations and placed an additional burden on broker- dealers to update their files with accurate information about the companies, pursuant to Rule 15c2-11 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, before they resumed or began quoting the securities. Preventing Microcap Fraud The SEC encourages investors to get the facts before they invest. They should call the SEC or their state's securities regulator to find out whether the investment is registered. They should also ask their state's securities regulator whether the broker and the firm are licensed to do business in the state and whether either has a history of complaints. Investors should avoid being swept away by a sales pitch, especially one that promises spectacular returns or emphasizes unproven products in development. They should learn as much as they can about the company, including how long it has been in business, what its products or services are, and whether it has made money for investors in the past. If the investment is touted by broadcast or print media or on the Internet, investors should ask whether payments have been made to promote the investment. For more tips on how to invest wisely and protect against investment fraud, investors should call the SEC toll- free at (800) SEC-0330 or visit the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. These enforcement actions are part of the Commission's four-pronged approach to attacking microcap fraud: enforcement, inspections, investor education and regulation. For more information about the SEC's response to Microcap fraud and the litigation releases for each of these cases, visit the SEC's Microcap Fraud Information Center at http://www.sec.gov/news/extra/microcap.htm. The SEC acknowledges the valuable assistance of the staff of the National Association of Securities Dealers Regulation, Inc. in referring a number of these matters. # # #	en
all-txt-docs	382055	Site Lat Lon Continent Country Place further location information 1 39.0000 -76.8667 North and Central America United States Greenbelt Maryland (state), Prince Georges (county), 2 21.3000 -157.8500 North and Central America United States Honolulu Hawaii (state), Honolulu (county), Oahu (island), 3 43.0667 -89.4000 North and Central America United States Madison Wisconsin (state), Dane (county), 4 27.7667 -82.6667 North and Central America United States SaintPetersburg Florida (state), Pinellas (county), 5 44.5500 -123.2500 North and Central America United States Corvallis Oregon (state), Benton (county), 6 43.5500 -96.7000 North and Central America United States SiouxFalls South Dakota (state), Minnehaha (county), 7 61.2167 -149.9000 North and Central America United States Anchorage Alaska (state), Anchorage (division (national)), 8 32.9500 -117.0333 North and Central America United States Poway California (state), San Diego (county), 9 33.1833 -80.0000 North and Central America United States MoncksCorner South Carolina (state), Berkeley (county), 10 46.8667 -113.9833 North and Central America United States Missoula Montana (state), Missoula (county), 11 40.7500 -111.8833 North and Central America United States SaltLakeCity Utah (state), Salt Lake (county), 12 30.4500 -91.1500 North and Central America United States BatonRouge Louisiana (state), East Baton Rouge (parish (political)), 13 - 42.9000 147.3000 Oceania Australia Hobart Tasmania (state), 14 - 23.7000 133.8667 Oceania Australia AliceSprings Northern Territory (territory), 15 - 31.9667 115.8167 Oceania Australia Perth Western Australia (state), 16 1.2833 103.8500 Asia Singapore Singapore Singapore (island), 17 56.4667 -3.0000 Europe United Kingdom Dundee Scotland (country), Dundee (unitary authority), 18 13.7500 100.5200 Asia Thailand Bangkok Bankok Metropolis (region), Krung Thep Mahanakhon (province), 19 55.7500 37.7000 Asia Russia Moscow Rossiya (republic), Moskva (autonomous city), 20 47.2333 39.7000 Asia Russia RostovnaDonu Rossiya (republic), Rostov (oblast), 21 46.3000 44.2333 Asia Russia Elista Kalmykia-provisional (republic), 22 62.1667 129.8333 Asia Russia Yakutsk Sakha (republic), 23 48.5000 135.1000 Asia Russia Chabarovsk Rossiya (republic), Khabarovsk (territory), 24 43.2500 76.9500 Asia Kazakhstan Almaty Alma-Ata (oblast), 25 56.8667 60.5833 Asia Russia Yekaterinburg Rossiya (republic), Sverdlovskaya Oblast' (oblast), 26 52.3000 104.2500 Asia Russia Irkutsk Rossiya (republic), Irkutskaya Oblast' (oblast), 27 46.9667 142.7500 Asia Russia YuzhnoSakhalinsk Rossiya (republic), Sakhalinskaya Oblast (oblast), Sakhalin, Ostrov (island), 28 69.7000 19.0000 Europe Norway Tromso Troms (county), Tromsy (island), 29 37.5333 127.0000 Asia South Korea Seoul Soul-t'ukpyolsi (special city), 30 59.4000 13.5333 Europe Sweden Karlstad Vrmland (county), 31 67.8571 20.9643 Europe Sweden Kiruna Norrbotten (county), 32 27.7629 -15.6338 Europe Spain Maspalomas Canary Islands (autonomous community), Palmas, Las (province), Gran Canaria (island), 33 40.6667 16.6167 Europe Italy Matera Basilicata (region), Matera (province), 34 48.7333 -3.4500 Europe France Lannion Brittany (region), Ctes-du-Nord, Dpartement des (department), 35 - 25.7500 28.2000 Africa South Africa Pretoria Gauteng (province), 36 23.0500 72.6667 Asia India Ahmadabad Gujarat (state), 37 48.1167 11.3000 Europe Germany Oberpfaffenhofen Bavaria (state), Oberbayern (district (national)), 38 - 15.5333 -56.0833 South America Brazil Cuiaba Centro-Oeste (region), Mato Grosso (state), 39 - 31.4000 -64.1833 South America Argentina Cordoba Crdoba (province), 40 39.9167 116.4333 Asia China Beijing Beijing Shi (municipality), 41 43.7167 87.6333 Asia China Urumqi Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (autonomous region), 42 23.1333 113.3333 Asia China Canton Guangdong (province), 43 34.3833 132.4500 Asia Japan Hiroshima Chugoku (region), Hiroshima-ken (prefecture), 44 32.8333 130.7000 Asia Japan Kumamoto Kyushu-chiho (region), Kumamoto-ken (prefecture), 45 35.9333 139.8667 Asia Japan Noda Kanto (region), Chiba-ken (prefecture), 46 35.7500 139.5000 Asia Japan Tokyo Kanto (region), Tokyo (metropolis), 47 35.6333 140.1167 Asia Japan Chiba Kanto (region), Chiba-ken (prefecture), 48 38.9667 -76.8500 North and Central America United States Lanham Maryland (state), Prince Georges (county), 49 33.4167 -111.8167 North and Central America United States Mesa Arizona (state), Maricopa (county), 50 64.8333 -147.7000 North and Central America United States Fairbanks Alaska (state), Fairbanks North Star (division (national)), 51 39.9667 9.5167 Europe Italy VillagrandeStrisaili Sardinia (region), Nuoro (province), 52 - 34.8140 138.6120 Oceania Australia MawsonLakes South Australia (state), 53 24.9500 121.2167 Asia Taiwan Chungli T'ao-yan Chen (county), 54 39.9167 116.4333 Asia China Beijing Beijing Shi (municipality), 55 30.2667 -97.7333 North and Central America United States Austin Texas (state), Travis (county), 56 50.8167 8.7667 Europe Germany Marburg Hesse (state), Giessen (district (national)), 57 39.9167 116.4333 Asia China Beijing Beijing Shi (municipality), 101 21.0167 105.8667 Asia Vietnam HaNoi H So'n Bnh, Tinh (province), 102 55.3800 43.8300 Asia Russia Sarov Rossiya (republic), Nizhniy Novgorod (oblast), ??? 103 53.3500 83.7500 Asia Russia Barnaul Rossiya (republic), Altayskiy Kray (territory), 104 35.6667 51.4333 Asia Iran Tehran Tehran (province), 105 56.3333 44.0000 Asia Russia NizhniyNovgorod Rossiya (republic), Nizhniy Novgorod (oblast), Sites numbered greater than 100 are from http://www.scanex.ru/stations/eoscan.htm	en
markdown	823318	# Presentation: 823318 ## BY 2005 CPIC and A-11 Changes Training - April 2, 2003 - Part II.A - Architecture Responding to OMB Questions Leslie Roberts, Senior Enterprise Architect, Office of the Chief Information Officer ## Exhibit 300 Part II. Additional Business Case Criteria for Information Technology Exhibit 300 Part I. Capital Asset Plan and Business Case (All Assets) - A. --- - B. --- - C. ---- - D. ----- - A. Enterprise Architecture 1. Business - 2. Data - 3. Applications and Technology - B. Security and Privacy - ----- - ----- ## Architecture - The Questions - A. Is this project identified in your agency’s enterprise architecture? If not, why not? - B Explain how it conforms to your departmental (entire agency) enterprise architecture. - C Briefly describe how this initiative supports the identified Lines of Business and Sub-Functions of the Federal Business Architecture. - D Was this project approved through the EA Review committee at your agency? - E What are the major process simplification/reengineering/design projects that are required as part of this initiative? - F What are the major organization restructuring, training, and change management projects that are required? Architecture - The Questions ## Architecture - The Questions (continued) - A. What types of data will be used in this project? (Add examples of data types such as health, etc.) - B. Does the data for this project already exist at the Federal, State, or Local level? If so, what are your plans to gain access to that data? - C. Are there legal reasons why this data cannot be transferred? If so, what are they and did you adress them in the barriers and risk sections above? - D. If this initiative processes spatial data, identify planned investments for spatial data and demonstrate how the agency ensures compliance with the Federal Geographic Data Committee standards required by OMB Circular A-16? - E. If this activity involves the acquisition, handling, or storage of information that will be disseminated to the public or used to support information that will be disseminated to the public, explain how it will comply with your agency’s Information Quality guidelines. - NOTE: OMB intents to add a records management tracking question, however, the details of the question have not yet been established. Architecture - The Questions (continued) ## Architecture - The Questions (continued) - Discuss this initiative/project in relationship to the application and technology layers of the EA. Include a discussion of hardware, applications, infrastructure, e-business technologies, web technologies, component based architectures, etc. - Include information from the Federal Enterprise Architecture – specifically the Solutions Reference Model and the Technical Reference Model. - B Are all of the hardware, applications, and infrastructure requirements for this project included in the Technical Reference Model? If not, please explain. Architecture - The Questions (continued) ## The Architectures The Architectures Federal – 24 Lines of Business, 5 models/layers Interior Department 17 Lines of Business - IEA BIA Supplement - IEA BOR Supplement - IEA NBC Supplement - IEA BLM Supplement - IEA GS Supplement ## Section II. A. Enterprise Architecture II.A.1 Business A. Is this project identified in your agency's enterprise architecture? If not, why? - B. Explain how this project conforms to your departmental (entire agency) enterprise architecture. Exhibit 300 Architecture – Responses to OMB Questions - _This means the DOI IEA!_ ## How OMB Views the Ideal Architecture ## How OMB Views the Ideal Architecture - Infrastructure - Security - Applications - Data Mgmt ## A. Is this project identified in your agency's enterprise architecture? If not, why? - Response is based on the scope and phase of the project: \| Interior wide or Cross-Bureau \| New or Developmental \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Interior wide or Cross-Bureau \| Operational or Near-Operational \| \| Bureau Unique \| New or Developmental \| \| Bureau Unique \| Operational or Near-Operational \| - Scope of Initiative - Life Cycle Phase _II. A. 1. Business_ ## Language For New and Developmental Projects: This project is being developed in accordance with the IEA documents, and they or any future revision of them will be included as requirements in any contracts for this project. Any exceptions are noted in the subsequent questions related to the specific architecture layers.” - Interior-wide or cross-bureau - New or Developmental *If your project is Interior-wide or cross-bureau, The IEA applies, and language similar to the following may be used: _Language For New and Developmental Projects:_ ## Language for Operational or Near-Operational Systems: - This project was initiated and developed prior to development of the architecture. As such, it is part of Interior’s “As Is” architecture. It has been compared against the IEA guidance requirements, and meets some of them. As the project is modified or replaced, each iteration will move toward fuller conformance with the IEA.” _Language for Operational or Near-Operational Systems:_ - Interior-wide or cross-bureau - Operational or Near Operational If your project is Interior-wide or cross-bureau, The IEA applies, and language similar to the following may be used: ## “Interior has developed its high-level Enterprise Architecture, and is currently in the process of mid-level development. The IEA is a federated model, with only a certain percentage of it pertaining to cross cutting initiatives. Only the Interior Enterprise Architecture Bureau supplemental architecture applies to this project because its requirements are bureau unique.” _If your project or initiative is confined solely to your bureau__:_ - Bureau Unique - It is a Bureau-Specific Initiative, and the _IEA should be applied to the extent possible_. In addition, each bureau with such unique business needs is required to develop supplemental architectural requirements and guidance for those specific cases, and the initiative should adhere to those bureau-specific architectural artifacts. _Language similar to the following should be used:_ < and either >* ## B. This project was initiated and developed prior to development of either the IEA or the bureau supplemental architecture. As the bureau architecture supplement is developed, and the project is modified or replaced, each iteration will move toward fuller enterprise architectural conformance to the extent possible.” (operational systems) - A. The project is being developed in conformance with the <name of bureau> supplemental enterprise architecture, and with the overall IEA to the extent possible” - (new and developmental projects) - Bureau Unique - New or Developmental < Or > - Bureau Unique - Operational or Near Operational ## The Interior Enterprise Architecture is described in the: Common Requirements Vision (CRV), Conceptual Architecture Principles (CAP), and the Technical Reference Model (TRM). located at _[http://www.doi.gov/OCIO/architecture](http://www.doi.gov/OCIO/architecture)__._ _You, the project manager, need to review each document, and identify which areas your project relates to, and how it conforms._ - B. Explain how this project conforms to your departmental (entire agency) enterprise architecture - _[http://](http://www.doi.gov/OCIO/architecture)__[www.doi.gov](http://www.doi.gov/OCIO/architecture)__[/OCIO/architecture](http://www.doi.gov/OCIO/architecture)_*.* _II. A. 1. Business (cont.)_ - (Conformance with Agency Enterprise Architecture) ## Classic Development Process and DOI Model to Date - Business - Data - Applications - Technology - (Conformance with Agency Enterprise Architecture, cont) ## Business Layer – Compare your project to the Common Requirements Vision, the Conceptual Architecture Principles, and the Agency Strategic and annual performance plans. Note any items that do not apply, or which your project does not conform to. Explain why. _Data Layer_* - Compare your project to applicable sections of the CRV and Conceptual Architecture, but also specifically with the Data Management Domain. **Note any items that do not apply, or which your project does not conform to. Explain why.* - More Specifically: - (Conformance with Agency Enterprise Architecture) ## Application Layer – Discuss in relation to the CRV, The Conceptual Architecture Principles and the TRM as it relates to Application Development . Respond by listing what your project requires in these areas, and compare to each appropriate entry in the IEA TRM. Rate each of the components/ applications, etc. chosen for the project according to its classification in the TRM. (Preferred, contained, etc.) http://www.doi.gov/OCIO/architecture _Application Layer_* – Discuss in relation to the CRV, The Conceptual Architecture Principles and the TRM as it relates to Application Development* _Technology Layer_* – How does this project relate to the applicable TRM domains, e.g. Platforms, Networks, Middleware, etc.* - (Conformance with Agency Enterprise Architecture. Cont.) ## II. A. 1. Business (cont.) - C. Briefly describe how this initiative supports the identified Lines of Business and sub-Functions of the Federal Business Architecture. - _[http://](http://www.feapmo.gov/)__[www.feapmo.gov](http://www.feapmo.gov/)_*.* _II. A. 1. Business (cont.)_ - Federal Business Architecture ## (Federal Business Architecture, cont) ## Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) _Business Reference Model (BRM)_ - Lines of Business - Agencies, Customers, Partners _Service Component Reference Model (SRM)_ - Capabilities and Functionality - Services and Access Channels _Technical Reference Model (TRM)_ - IT Services - Standards _Data Reference Model (DRM)_ - Business-focused data standardization - Cross-Agency Information exchanges _Performance Reference Model (PRM)_ - Government-wide Performance Measures & Outcomes - Line of Business-Specific Performance Measures & Outcomes Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) Owned by Line of Business Owners Owned by CIO Council - The FEA is being constructed through a collection of inter-related “reference models” designed to facilitate cross-agency collaboration, and horizontal / vertical information sharing - (Federal Business Architecture, cont) ## DOI Layers - Business - Performance - Applications /Solutions - Data/ Information - Technical - Federal Models - We will be aligning this terminology in the near future Business Reference Model (BRM) - • - Lines of Business - • - Agencies, Customers, Partners Service Component Reference Model (SRM) - • - Capabilities and Functionality - • - Services and Access Channels Technical Reference Model (TRM) - • - IT Services - • - Standards Data Reference Model (DRM) - • - Business - - - focused data standardization - • - Cross - - - Agency Information exchanges Business - Driven Approach Business - Driven Approach Performance Reference Model (PRM) - • - Government - - - wide Performance Measures & Outcomes - • - Line of Business - - - Specific Performance Measures & Outcomes - (Federal Business Architecture, cont) ## FEA Service for Citizens Business Lines *FEA Service for Citizens Business Lines* - Reported Interior Line of Business and Sub-Function Mapping to Federal Business Reference Model - (Federal Business Architecture, cont) ## Reported Interior Line of Business and Sub-Function Mapping to Federal Business Reference Model *FEA * *Modes of Delivery* - (Federal Modes of Delivery Totals: - 7 Lines of Business 20 subfunctions) - (Federal Business Architecture, cont) ## Federal Service for Citizens Business Area Total: - Federal Service for Citizens Business Area Total: - 20 Lines of Business 73 subfunctions *FYI...* - (Federal Business Architecture, cont) ## At Interior, the IT Management Council, consisting of the CIOs and their Deputies, performs the function of the EA Review committee. Your capital planning official should be able to advise you as to when your project is presented to the ITMC, when it is approved, and whether the project needs additional work. All projects meeting the thresholds must come before the ITMC via the capital planning process, whether cross-cutting or bureau-specific. - D. Was this project approved through the EA Review committee at your agency? _II. A. 1. Business (cont.)_ ## E. What are the major process simplification/ reengineering /design projects that are required as part of this initiative? Self explanatory. - F. What are the major organization restructuring, training, and change management projects that are required? Self explanatory. _II. A. 1. Business (cont.)_ ## A. What types of data will be used in this project? Add examples of data types such as health, etc. - B. Does the data needed for this project already exist at the Federal, State, or Local level? If so, what are your plans to gain access to that data? - C. Are there legal reasons why this data cannot be transferred? If so, what are they and did you address them in the barriers and risk sections above? Self explanatory Self explanatory Self explanatory _II.A.2 Data_ ## D. If this initiative processes spatial data, identify planned investments for spatial data and demonstrate how the agency ensures compliance with the Federal Geographic Data Committee standards required by OMB Circular A-16. Self explanatory. Also, describe how the project conforms to the Geospatial Domain guidance in the IEA Technical Reference Model. http://www.doi.gov/ocio/architecture _II.A.2. Data (continued)_ ## II.A.2. Data (continued) - E. If this initiative involves the acquisition, handling, or storage of information that will be disseminated to the public or used to support information that will be disseminated to the public, explain how it will comply with your agency’s Information Quality guidelines. - Interior’s Information Quality guidelines can be found at: - F. NOTE: OMB plans to add a records management tracking question, however, the details of this question have not yet been established. You will receive notification when the question has been prepared. - http://www.doi.gov/ - Select “About DOI” (2nd line center) ## II.A.3 Application and Technology * _Application Layer_ – The IEA has not identified specific applications in the architecture to date, however, application projects must be developed in accordance with the Conceptual Requirements Visions, the Conceptual Architecture Principles, and the TRM sections applicable to applications, such as system development and data management. *Note any items that do not apply, or which your project does not conform with. Explain why. Initiatives will be evaluated at the ITMC and the MIT to ensure that proposed applications move us in the direction of the target architecture. * * _Technology Layer_* – How does this project relate to the applicable TRM domains, e.g. Platforms, Networks, Middleware, etc .** *Note any items that do not apply, or which your project does not conform with. Explain why. - A. Discuss this initiative/project in relationship to the application and technology layers of the EA. Include a discussion of hardware, applications, infrastructure, e-business technologies, web technologies, component based architectures,etc. ## B. Are all of the hardware, applications, and infrastructure requirements for this project included in the EA Technical Reference Model? - B*. Are all of the hardware, applications, and infrastructure requirements for this project included in the EA Technical Reference Model? - If not, please explain* * *Respond by listing what your project’s requirements are in the areas of hardware, applications, and infrastructure. Compare each to the appropriate section of the TRM. Rate each of you project’s requirements according to the classification (Preferred, contained, etc.) stated in the TRM. _II.A.3__ __ Application and Technology (continued)_ - _NOTE: Your bureau architect may be able to help you with this._ ## Interior Architecture Working Group ## Federal Enterprise Architecture Program Management Office (FEA PMO) - _http://www.feapmo.gov_ - Interior Enterprise Architecture - _http://www.doi.gov/ocio/architecture_ - Interior Enterprise Architecture Program Management Office - Faye Lee, Chief Architect 202-208-5436 faye_lee@ios.doi.gov - Leslie Roberts, Sr. Enterprise Architect 202-208-5439 leslie_roberts@ios.doi.gov - Suzanne Acar, Data Resource Program Manager 202-208-3216 suzanne_acar@ios.doi.gov	en
markdown	531587	# Presentation: 531587 ## Irrigation Scheduler Program-EOT Soil and Water Conservation District ## OBJECTIVES OF SCHEDULER PROGRAM: - The Irrigation Scheduler Management Program is designed to give the farmer a second opinion on in-field soil moisture status that can assist the farmer’s decision on if and when to irrigate. - Prevent crop loss due to insufficient moisture. - Prevent ground water contamination due to over application of water and leaching of nutrients. - The success of the Scheduler Project depends on the working relationship between the farmer and the technician. ## SERVICES PROVIDED BY TECHNICIAN: - Provide weekly visits to check soil moisture (includes a rain gauge for the season). - Furnish weekly computer soil moisture graphs along with watering recommendations. - Access to the daily crop water "ET" telephone message-(218)346-4260 Ext.119 (Also available via radio...Chad Moyer....Wadena (KWAD, KNSP,KKWS). - A year-end summary (graph) showing irrigation total (s), rainfall amount, and potential leaching events. ## Responsibilities of the Irrigator: - The farmer needs to notify the SWCD office of weekly irrigation and rainfall amounts before 9:00 AM each assigned day at 346-4260 ext. 120 or can be e-mailed. - Inform technician of crop emergence dates. - Spraying dates (when pesticide application may restrict re-entry). - Harvesting dates/Alfalfa cutting dates. ## WHAT DOES THE PROGRAM COST? - Time...for reading rain gauges and reporting rainfall and irrigation amounts to the technician (done weekly). - Cost would be $200.00 per field/crop or $350.00 for 2 fields/crops. - If a 2 year contract is signed, the cost of scheduler services would be $175.00 per year per field. **** The SWCD defines a field as having only one crop on it. ## HOW DO YOU SIGN UP FOR THE PROGRAM? - Provide your name, address, phone number, township and section number of the field and the crop to be grown. - Complete a contract with the irrigation scheduler technician. - Make full payment within 30 days of billing. Payments are to be made to the East Otter Tail Soil & Water Conservation District with a 1 1⁄2 % interest charge per month being added after 30 days. ## QUESTIONS? - If you have question now......ASK - If you have questions later.....Call 218-346-4260 and ask for Arnold Rethemeier or stop in and visit at the office at 801 Jenny Avenue in Perham.	en
converted_docs	665428	[Link to GCH-0015](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0015LOPS.doc) [Link to GCH-0016](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0016LOPS.doc) [Link to GCH-0017](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0017LOPS.doc) [Link to GCH-0018](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0018LOPS.doc) [Link to GCH-0019](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0019LOPS.doc) Legal Opinion: GCH-0086 Index: 2.245 Subject: PH Due Process Determination June 2, 1993 DUE PROCESS DETERMINATION for the STATE OF OHIO TABLE OF CONTENTS ANALYSIS I. Jurisdiction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II\. Elements of due process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III\. Overview of Ohio eviction procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 IV\. Analysis of Ohio eviction procedures for each of the regulatory due process elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A. Adequate notice to the tenant of the grounds for terminating the tenancy and for eviction (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(1)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 B. Right to be represented by counsel (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(2)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 C. Opportunity for the tenant to refute the evidence presented by the PHA, including the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(3)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 D. Opportunity to present any affirmative legal or equitable defense which the tenant may have (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(3)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 E. A decision on the merits (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(4)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 V. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ANALYSIS I. Jurisdiction: State of Ohio. II\. Elements of due process Section 6(k) of the United States Housing Act of l937 (42 U.S.C. 1437d(k), as amended by section 503(a) of the National Affordable Housing Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101-625, approved November 28, 1990), provides that: For any grievance concerning an eviction or termination of tenancy that involves any criminal activity that threatens the health, safety, or right to peaceful enjoyment of the premises of other tenants or employees of the public housing agency or any drug-related criminal activity on or near such premises, the agency may . . . exclude from its grievance procedure any such grievance, in any jurisdiction which requires that prior to eviction, a tenant be given a hearing in court which the Secretary determines provides the basic elements of due process . . . . The statutory phrase \"elements of due process\" is defined by HUD at 24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c) as: . . . an eviction action or a termination of tenancy in a State or local court in which the following procedural safeguards are required: \(l\) Adequate notice to the tenant of the grounds for terminating the tenancy and for eviction; \(2\) Right of the tenant to be represented by counsel; \(3\) Opportunity for the tenant to refute the evidence presented by the PHA including the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses and to present any affirmative legal or equitable defense which the tenant may have; and \(4\) A decision on the merits. HUD\'s determination that a State\'s eviction procedures satisfy this regulatory definition is called a \"due process determination.\" The present due process determination is based on HUD\'s analysis of the laws of the State of Ohio to determine if an action for forcible entry and detainer (FED action) under those laws requires a hearing with all of the regulatory \"elements of due process,\" as defined in Section 966.53(c). HUD finds that the requirements of Ohio law governing a FED action in the Ohio municipal or county courts under sections 1923.01-1923.15 of the Ohio Revised Code (FED statute) include all of the elements of basic due process, as defined in 24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c). This conclusion is based on requirements contained in the State Constitution, Ohio Revised Code, Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure (Civ. R.), Ohio Rules of Evidence (Evid. R.) and case law. III\. Overview of Ohio eviction procedures In Ohio, an action for unlawful detainer may be brought in county or municipal court or a court of common pleas. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.01(A) (Anderson 1992). The Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure apply generally to all civil actions. Civ. R. 1(A). The Civil Rules apply to an FED action except \"to the extent that they would by their nature be clearly inapplicable.\" Civ. R. 1(C). Article I, section 16 of the Ohio State Constitution states that \"every person . . . shall have remedy by due course of law.\" The Ohio Supreme Court has construed this provision as affording due process protections equivalent to those afforded by the United States Constitution. Cody v. Jones, 456 N.E. 2d 813 (1983). The following analysis shows that Ohio law governing a FED action requires a pre-eviction hearing which meets all elements of HUD\'s regulatory due process definition. IV\. Analysis of Ohio eviction procedures for each of the regulatory due process elements A. Adequate notice to the tenant of the grounds for terminating the tenancy and for eviction (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(1)) A civil action, including a FED action, is commenced by filing a complaint with the court. Civ. R. 3(A). A civil action complaint must contain \"a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.\" Civ. R. 8(A). In a FED action, the complaint must \"particularly describe the premises\" and set forth the unlawful detention. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.05 (Anderson 1992). Thus, the complaint must state the cause of action in sufficient terms to allow the defendant to prepare a defense. Pursuant to the FED statute and the Civil Rules, a summons must be served on the tenant. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.06(A) (Anderson 1992); Civ. R. 4. The summons may not be issued until the complaint has been filed. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.05 (Anderson 1992). A copy of the complaint must be attached to the summons. Civ. R. 4(B). The summons is prepared by the Clerk of Courts, and must be in the form specified. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.06 (Anderson 1992). The summons notifies the tenant of the opportunity to appear and defend. Civ. R. 4(B). In a FED action, the summons must contain the following language printed in a conspicuous manner: A complaint to evict you has been filed with this court. No person shall be evicted unless his right to possession has ended and no person shall be evicted in retaliation for the exercise of his lawful rights . . . . Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.06(B) (Anderson 1992). Service of the summons and complaint in accordance with the FED statute and the Civil Rules provides adequate notice of the FED action, and of the grounds for terminating the tenancy and for eviction. Adequate notice is also presumably required by Article I, section 16 of the Ohio Constitution, since that provision is construed to provide due process protections. B. Right to be represented by counsel (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(2)) The summons in a FED action must inform the defendant of the defendant\'s right to employ counsel. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.06(B) (Anderson 1992). The summons must contain the following language: You have a right to seek legal assistance. If you cannot afford a lawyer, you may contact your local legal aid or legal service office. If none is available, you may contact your local bar association. Id. Thus, a tenant has the right to be represented by counsel in a FED action. The due process clause of the Ohio State Constitution also affords the right to be represented by counsel. Article I, section 16. C. Opportunity for the tenant to refute the evidence presented by the PHA, including the right to confront and cross- examine witnesses (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(3)) The Ohio Rules of Evidence govern court proceedings in a FED action. Evid. R. 101(A). All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by the United States Constitution, the Ohio State Constitution, statute or the rules applicable to the Ohio courts. Evid. R. 402. \"Relevant evidence\" is defined as \"evidence having a tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.\" Evid. R. 401. The tenant has the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses. Ohio Rule of Evidence 611(B) provides that \"cross-examination shall be permitted on all relevant matters and matters affecting credibility.\" In addition, \"when a party calls a hostile witness, an adverse party, or a witness identified with an adverse party, interrogation may be by leading questions.\" Evid. R. 611(C). Rule 32 of the Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure permits the use of a deposition at trial in specified circumstances, but only against a party who had an opportunity to appear at the taking of the deposition. This limitation is evidently designed to prevent the use of deposition evidence where a party has not had the opportunity to confront and cross-examine the witness. In addition, the Civil Rules severely limit the purposes for which a deposition may be offered at trial. These limitations are intended to restrict the presentation of evidence by a deponent not present for cross-examination at trial. Rule 32(A)(3) explicitly notes \"the importance of presenting the testimony of witnesses orally in open court.\" Article I, section 16 of the Ohio State Constitution also appears to require that a tenant must have the opportunity to refute PHA evidence, and to confront and cross-examine witnesses. Such opportunity is a fundamental aspect of procedural due process in a proceeding to determine whether the tenant has a right to remain in an assisted unit. Article I, section 16 of the Ohio Constitution is construed to provide due process protections equivalent to the United States Constitution. Based on the foregoing, a tenant in a FED action has the opportunity to refute the evidence presented by the PHA, including the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses. D. Opportunity to present any affirmative legal or equitable defense which the tenant may have (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(3)) The FED statue expressly provides that \"any defense\" may be asserted at trial. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.06.1 (Anderson 1992). There is no restriction on presentation in the FED action of any affirmative defense available under State landlord and tenant law. The general rules of pleading under section 8 of the Ohio Civil Rules are applicable in a FED action. Rule 8(B) provides without restriction that a party shall state the party\'s defenses to each claim asserted. Rule 8(C) provides that the party may present \"any . . . matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense.\" There are no restrictions under Ohio law on the tenant\'s right to raise any affirmative defense in the FED action, whether the affirmative defense is equitable or legal in character. E. A decision on the merits (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(4)) An eviction action may be tried before a judge or jury. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Sections 1923.09, 1923.10 (Anderson 1992); see also Title VI of the Civil Rules (Trials). Even if a defendant fails to appear at the trial, the plaintiff must present evidence to the court sufficient to prove the allegations contained in the complaint. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.07 (Anderson 1992). The FED statute provides that whether the trial is to the court or to the jury, judgment is entered at the conclusion of the hearing. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Sections 1923.09, 1923.11 (Anderson 1992). If the facts are tried to a jury, the court must instruct the jury on the law. Civ. R. 51(A). When questions of fact are tried by the court without a jury, the court must, at the request of a party, state in writing separate conclusions of fact and of law. Civ. R. 52. As in the FED statute, the Civil Rules provide that judgment is entered after the trial. Civ. R. 58. The specific provisions noted above, as well as the general structure of the FED statute, the Civil Rules and the Rules of Evidence, clearly imply that the purpose of the trial is a just determination on the facts and law as found by the court. As noted above, the purpose of the evidence rules \"is to provide procedures for the adjudication of causes to the end that the truth may be ascertained and proceedings justly determined.\" Evid. R. 102. A just determination on the merits is also required by Article I, section 16 of the Ohio Constitution. V. Conclusion Ohio law governing a FED action in the municipal or county courts requires that the tenant have the opportunity for a pre-eviction hearing in court which provides the basic elements of due process as defined in 24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c) of the HUD regulations. By this HUD determination under section 6(k) of the U.S. Housing Act of l937, a PHA in Ohio may evict a public housing tenant pursuant to a municipal or county court decision in a FED action, for any criminal activity that threatens the health, safety, or right to peaceful enjoyment of the premises of other tenants or employees of the PHA, or for any drug-related criminal activity on or near the premises. The PHA is not required to first afford the tenant the opportunity for an administrative hearing on the eviction.	en
markdown	828585	# Presentation: 828585 ## The NDBC Tropical Expansion: Overview and Emerging PIRATA Partnership - Don Conlee - Chief Scientist - National Data Buoy Center - Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 ## Project Background - Congressional Supplemental following active 2004 U.S. tropical season (Dec. 05) - NCEP/NHC prioritized from 51 previously-identified NCEP locations of buoy needs - Enough Funding for 7 buoys - 6 new - Maintain Pensacola buoy scheduled for removal - Desired availability – Start of next Atlantic tropical season (1 June 05) ## Requirements/Priorities - Required: Continuous Wind Sampling, Surface Pressure, Waves - Desired: - SST, Air Temp, Humidity (Provided) - Upper Ocean Heat Content, Rain (Partial/Planned) - High Reliability/Survivability - Large Hulls (12m and 10m Discus, 6m NOMAD) - Quadruple Instrument Redundancy - 2 complete integration systems per buoy - Backup Communications (Goes + Iridium) ## 12m - Placeholder for some cool pics from Stuart. ## In the Locks... ## 10m Launch ## 6m NOMAD High Reliability Variant - 6m NOMAD High Reliability Variant - 12m (Yucatan) – Late April, Early May - 10m (Central Carib.) – Late May - 6m (Atlantic) – Late May - PIRATA - 38°W Line - WHOI - NTAS ## PIRATA Partnership - Tropical Expansion briefed at PIRATA-10 in Fortaleza, Dec. 2004 - Asked PIRATA SSC to consider desirability of “PIRATIZING” easternmost buoys. - Letter of 2 February asked NDBC to consider adding instrumentation, including subsurface - NDBC is accommodating on a non-interference basis with primary mission - Opportunity to test emerging capabilities and gain experience with tropical climate observation - Build relationship with PIRATA principals - Better satisfy original NWS/NCEP/NHC requirement ## “Piratizing”, Phase 1 - Add Rain and Precision SW Radiation to 6m NOMAD buoys - Add CT capability to small companion buoy - (ADCP and Dir. Waves = Lagniappe) - Enhanced calibration, add post-calibration - Associated Data Management and Distribution ## NDBC 1.8m Wave Buoy ## 1.8m with ADCP - 1.8m w/CT String Mooring Design Notes: Maximum depth error: 3.5% (500m), Taut would be about half the error. ## Next Steps - Deploy 1.8m companion at easternmost buoy if unable to include on CG initial deployment - Evaluate effectiveness with PIRATA - Use interface for rain and radiation to improve resolution and sampling - Add current meter at 10m ## More Climate Partnerships - Continuing and Expanding Radiation Observations on MON – WHOI - Provide NTAS data to NHC (no GTS/model input) - CO2 on Coastal MON buoy this summer –PMEL (Sabine)	en
converted_docs	323557	---- ----------- ------------------------------------------------ --------- 6 52.212-03 Offeror Representations And Certifications - January Commercial Items. 2005 ---- ----------- ------------------------------------------------ --------- An offeror shall complete only paragraph (j) of this provision if the offeror has completed the annual representations and certifications electronically at http://orca.bpn.gov. If an offeror has not completed the annual representations and certifications electronically at the ORCA website, the offeror shall complete only paragraphs (b) through (i) of this provision. \(a\) Definitions. As used in this provision: \"Emerging small business\" means a small business concern whose size is no greater than 50 percent of the numerical size standard for the NAICS code designated. \"Forced or indentured child labor\" means all work or service- \(1\) Exacted from any person under the age of 18 under the menace of any penalty for its nonperformance and for which the worker does not offer himself voluntarily; or \(2\) Performed by any person under the age of 18 pursuant to a contract the enforcement of which can be accomplished by process or penalties. \"Service-disabled veteran-owned small business concern\"\-- \(1\) Means a small business concern\-- \(i\) Not less than 51 percent of which is owned by one or more service-disabled veterans or, in the case of any publicly owned business, not less than 51 percent of the stock of which is owned by one or more service-disabled veterans; and \(ii\) The management and daily business operations of which are controlled by one or more service-disabled veterans or, in the case of a service-disabled veteran with permanent and severe disability, the spouse or permanent caregiver of such veteran. \(2\) Service-disabled veteran means a veteran, as defined in 38 U.S.C. 101(2), with a disability that is service-connected, as defined in 38 U.S.C. 101(16). \"Small business concern\" means a concern, including its affiliates, that is independently owned and operated, not dominant in the field of operation in which it is bidding on Government contracts, and qualified as a small business under the criteria in 13 CFR part 121 and size standards in this solicitation. \"Veteran-owned small business concern\" means a small business concern\-- \(1\) Not less than 51 percent of which is owned by one or more veterans (as defined at 38 U.S.C. 101(2)) or, in the case of any publicly owned business, not less than 51 percent of the stock of which is owned by one or more veterans; and \(2\) The management and daily business operations of which are controlled by one or more veterans. \"Women-owned business concern\" means a concern which is at least 51 percent owned by one or more women; or in the case of any publicly owned business, at least 51 percent of its stock is owned by one or more women; and whose management and daily business operations are controlled by one or more women. \"Women-owned small business concern\" means a small business concern\-- \(1\) That is at least 51 percent owned by one or more women; or, in the case of any publicly owned business, at least 51 percent of the stock of which is owned by one or more women; and \(2\) Whose management and daily business operations are controlled by one or more women. \(b\) Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) (26 U.S.C. 6109, 31 U.S.C. 7701). (Not applicable if the offeror is required to provide this information to a central contractor registration database to be eligible for award.) \(1\) All offerors must submit the information required in paragraphs (b)(3) through (b)(5) of this provision to comply with debt collection requirements of 31 U.S.C. 7701(c) and 3325(d), reporting requirements of 26 U.S.C. 6041, 6041A, and 6050M, and implementing regulations issued by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). \(2\) The TIN may be used by the Government to collect and report on any delinquent amounts arising out of the offeror\'s relationship with the Government (31 U.S.C. 7701(c)(3)). If the resulting contract is subject to the payment reporting requirements described in FAR 4.904, the TIN provided hereunder may be matched with IRS records to verify the accuracy of the offeror\'s TIN. \(3\) Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN). \[ \] TIN: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. \[ \] TIN has been applied for. \[ \] TIN is not required because: \[ \] Offeror is a nonresident alien, foreign corporation, or foreign partnership that does not have income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States and does not have an office or place of business or a fiscal paying agent in the United States; \[ \] Offeror is an agency or instrumentality of a foreign government; \[ \] Offeror is an agency or instrumentality of the Federal Government. \(4\) Type of organization. \[ \] Sole proprietorship; \[ \] Partnership; \[ \] Corporate entity (not tax-exempt); \[ \] Corporate entity (tax-exempt); \[ \] Government entity (Federal, State, or local); \[ \] Foreign government; \[ \] International organization per 26 CFR 1.6049-4; \[ \] Other \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. \(5\) Common parent. \[ \] Offeror is not owned or controlled by a common parent; \[ \] Name and TIN of common parent: Name \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. TIN \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. \(c\) Offerors must complete the following representations when the resulting contract will be performed in the United States or its outlying areas. Check all that apply. \(1\) Small business concern. The offeror represents as part of its offer that it \[ \] is, \[ \] is not a small business concern. \(2\) Veteran-owned small business concern. \[Complete only if the offeror represented itself as a small business concern in paragraph (c)(1) of this provision.\] The offeror represents as part of its offer that it \[ \] is, \[ \] is not a veteran-owned small business concern. \(3\) Service-disabled veteran-owned small business concern. \[Complete only if the offeror represented itself as a veteran-owned small business concern in paragraph (c)(2) of this provision.\] The offeror represents as part of its offer that it \[ \] is, \[ \] is not a service-disabled veteran-owned small business concern. \(4\) Small disadvantaged business concern. \[Complete only if the offeror represented itself as a small business concern in paragraph (c)(1) of this provision.\] The offeror represents, for general statistical purposes, that it \[ \] is, \[ \] is not a small disadvantaged business concern as defined in 13 CFR 124.1002. \(5\) Women-owned small business concern. \[Complete only if the offeror represented itself as a small business concern in paragraph (c)(1) of this provision.\] The offeror represents that it \[ \] is, \[ \] is not a women-owned small business concern. Note: Complete paragraphs (c)(6) and (c)(7) only if this solicitation is expected to exceed the simplified acquisition threshold. \(6\) Women-owned business concern (other than small business concern). \[Complete only if the offeror is a women-owned business concern and did not represent itself as a small business concern in paragraph (c)(1) of this provision.\] The offeror represents that it \[ \] is a women-owned business concern. \(7\) Tie bid priority for labor surplus area concerns. If this is an invitation for bid, small business offerors may identify the labor surplus areas in which costs to be incurred on account of manufacturing or production (by offeror or first-tier subcontractors) amount to more than 50 percent of the contract price: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \(8\) Small Business Size for the Small Business Competitiveness Demonstration Program and for the Targeted Industry Categories under the Small Business Competitiveness Demonstration Program. \[Complete only if the offeror has represented itself to be a small business concern under the size standards for this solicitation.\] \(i\) \[Complete only for solicitations indicated in an addendum as being set-aside for emerging small businesses in one of the four designated industry groups (DIGs).\] The offeror represents as part of its offer that it \[ \] is, \[ \] is not an emerging small business. \(ii\) \[Complete only for solicitations indicated in an addendum as being for one of the targeted industry categories (TICs) or four designated industry groups (DIGs).\] Offeror represents as follows: \(A\) Offeror\'s number of employees for the past 12 months (check the Employees column if size standard stated in the solicitation is expressed in terms of number of employees); or \(B\) Offeror\'s average annual gross revenue for the last 3 fiscal years (check the Average Annual Gross Number of Revenues column if size standard stated in the solicitation is expressed in terms of annual receipts). (Check one of the following): Number of Employees Average Annual Gross Revenues \_\_ 50 or fewer \_\_ \$1 million or less \_\_ 51\--100 \_\_ \$1,000,001\--\$2 million \_\_ 101\--250 \_\_ \$2,000,001\--\$3.5 million \_\_ 251\--500 \_\_ \$3,500,001\--\$5 million \_\_ 501\--750 \_\_ \$5,000,001\--\$10 million \_\_ 751\--1,000 \_\_ \$10,000,001\--\$17 million \_\_ Over 1,000 \_\_ Over \$17 million \(9\) \[Complete only if the solicitation contains the clause at FAR 52.219-23, Notice of Price Evaluation Adjustment for Small Disadvantaged Business Concerns, or FAR 52.219-25, Small Disadvantaged Business Participation Program\--Disadvantaged Status and Reporting, and the offeror desires a benefit based on its disadvantaged status.\] \(i\) General. The offeror represents that either\-- \(A\) It \[ \] is, \[ \] is not certified by the Small Business Administration as a small disadvantaged business concern and identified, on the date of this representation, as a certified small disadvantaged business concern in the database maintained by the Small Business Administration (PRO-Net), and that no material change in disadvantaged ownership and control has occurred since its certification, and, where the concern is owned by one or more individuals claiming disadvantaged status, the net worth of each individual upon whom the certification is based does not exceed \$750,000 after taking into account the applicable exclusions set forth at 13 CFR 124.104(c)(2); or \(B\) It \[ \] has, \[ \] has not submitted a completed application to the Small Business Administration or a Private Certifier to be certified as a small disadvantaged business concern in accordance with 13 CFR 124, Subpart B, and a decision on that application is pending, and that no material change in disadvantaged ownership and control has occurred since its application was submitted. \(ii\) \[ \] Joint Ventures under the Price Evaluation Adjustment for Small Disadvantaged Business Concerns. The offeror represents, as part of its offer, that it is a joint venture that complies with the requirements in 13 CFR 124.1002(f) and that the representation in paragraph (c)(9)(i) of this provision is accurate for the small disadvantaged business concern that is participating in the joint venture. \[The offeror shall enter the name of the small disadvantaged business concern that is participating in the joint venture:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.\] \(10\) HUBZone small business concern. \[Complete only if the offeror represented itself as a small business concern in paragraph (c)(1) of this provision.\] The offeror represents, as part of its offer, that--- \(i\) It \[ \] is, \[ \] is not a HUBZone small business concern listed, on the date of this representation, on the List of Qualified HUBZone Small Business Concerns maintained by the Small Business Administration, and no material change in ownership and control, principal office, or HUBZone employee percentage has occurred since it was certified by the Small Business Administration in accordance with 13 CFR part 126; and \(ii\) It \[ \] is, \[ \] is not a joint venture that complies with the requirements of 13 CFR part 126, and the representation in paragraph (c)(10)(i) of this provision is accurate for the HUBZone small business concern or concerns that are participating in the joint venture. \[The offeror shall enter the name or names of the HUBZone small business concern or concerns that are participating in the joint venture: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.\] Each HUBZone small business concern participating in the joint venture shall submit a separate signed copy of the HUBZone representation. \(d\) Representations required to implement provisions of Executive Order 11246\-- \(1\) Previous contracts and compliance. The offeror represents that\-- \(i\) It \[ \] has, \[ \] has not participated in a previous contract or subcontract subject to the Equal Opportunity clause of this solicitation; and \(ii\) It \[ \] has, \[ \] has not filed all required compliance reports. \(2\) Affirmative Action Compliance. The offeror represents that\-- \(i\) It \[ \] has developed and has on file, \[ \] has not developed and does not have on file, at each establishment, affirmative action programs required by rules and regulations of the Secretary of Labor (41 CFR parts 60-1 and 60-2), or \(ii\) It \[ \] has not previously had contracts subject to the written affirmative action programs requirement of the rules and regulations of the Secretary of Labor. \(e\) Certification Regarding Payments to Influence Federal Transactions (31 U.S.C. 1352). (Applies only if the contract is expected to exceed \$100,000.) By submission of its offer, the offeror certifies to the best of its knowledge and belief that no Federal appropriated funds have been paid or will be paid to any person for influencing or attempting to influence an officer or employee of any agency, a Member of Congress, an officer or employee of Congress or an employee of a Member of Congress on his or her behalf in connection with the award of any resultant contract. \(f\) Buy American Act Certificate. (Applies only if the clause at Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) 52.225-1, Buy American Act\--Supplies, is included in this solicitation.) \(1\) The offeror certifies that each end product, except those listed in paragraph (f)(2) of this provision, is a domestic end product and that the offeror has considered components of unknown origin to have been mined, produced, or manufactured outside the United States. The offeror shall list as foreign end products those end products manufactured in the United States that do not qualify as domestic end products. The terms \"component\", \"domestic end product\", \"end product\", \"foreign end product\", and \"United States\" are defined in the clause of this solicitation entitled \"Buy American Act\--Supplies.\" \(2\) Foreign End Products: Line Item No. Country of Origin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \[List as necessary\] \(3\) The Government will evaluate offers in accordance with the policies and procedures of FAR Part 25. (g)(1) Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act Certificate. (Applies only if the clause at FAR 52.225-3, Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act, is included in this solicitation.) \(i\) The offeror certifies that each end product, except those listed in paragraph (g)(1)(ii) or (g)(1)(iii) of this provision, is a domestic end product and that the offeror has considered components of unknown origin to have been mined, produced, or manufactured outside the United States. The terms \"component\", \"domestic end product\", \"end product\", \"foreign end product\", and \"United States\" are defined in the clause of this solicitation entitled \"Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act\" \(ii\) The offeror certifies that the following supplies are end products of Australia, Canada, Chile, Mexico, or Singapore,or Israeli end products as defined in the clause of this solicitation entitled \"Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act\": End Products of Australia, Canada, Chile, Mexico, or Singapore or Israeli End Products: Line Item No. Country of Origin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \[List as necessary\] \(iii\) The offeror shall list those supplies that are foreign end products (other than those listed in paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this provision) as defined in the clause of this solicitation entitled \"Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act.\" The offeror shall list as other foreign end products those end products manufactured in the United States that do not qualify as domestic end products. Other Foreign End Products: Line Item No. Country of Origin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \[List as necessary\] \(iv\) The Government will evaluate offers in accordance with the policies and procedures of FAR Part 25. \(2\) Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act Certificate, Alternate I (JAN 2004). If Alternate I to the clause at FAR 52.225-3 is included in this solicitation, substitute the following paragraph (g)(1)(ii) for paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of the basic provision: (g)(1)(ii) The offeror certifies that the following supplies are Canadian end products as defined in the clause of this solicitation entitled \"Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act\": Canadian End Products: Line Item No. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \[List as necessary\] \(3\) Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act Certificate, Alternate II (JAN 2004). If Alternate II to the clause at FAR 52.225-3 is included in this solicitation, substitute the following paragraph (g)(1)(ii) for paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of the basic provision: (g)(1)(ii) The offeror certifies that the following supplies are Canadian end products or Israeli end products as defined in the clause of this solicitation entitled \"Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act\": Canadian or Israeli End Products: Line Item No. Country of Origin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \[List as necessary\] \(4\) Trade Agreements Certificate. (Applies only if the clause at FAR 52.225-5, Trade Agreements, is included in this solicitation.) \(i\) The offeror certifies that each end product, except those listed in paragraph (g)(4)(ii) of this provision, is a U.S.-made or designated country end product, as defined in the clause of this solicitation entitled \"Trade Agreements.\" \(ii\) The offeror shall list as other end products those end products that are not U.S.-made or designated country end products. Other End Products: Line Item No Country of Origin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \[List as necessary\] \(iii\) The Government will evaluate offers in accordance with the policies and procedures of FAR Part 25. For line items covered by the WTO GPA, the Government will evaluate offers of U.S.-made or designated country end products without regard to the restrictions of the Buy American Act. The Government will consider for award only offers of U.S.-made or designated country end products unless the Contracting Officer determines that there are no offers for such products or that the offers for such products are insufficient to fulfill the requirements of the solicitation. \(h\) Certification Regarding Debarment, Suspension or Ineligibility for Award (Executive Order 12549). (Applies only if the contract value is expected to exceed the simplified acquisition threshold.) The offeror certifies, to the best of its knowledge and belief, that the offeror and/or any of its principals\-- \(1\) \[ \] Are, \[ \] are not presently debarred, suspended, proposed for debarment, or declared ineligible for the award of contracts by any Federal agency; and \(2\) \[ \] Have, \[ \] have not, within the three-year period preceding this offer, been convicted of or had a civil judgment rendered against them for: commission of fraud or a criminal offense in connection with obtaining, attempting to obtain, or performing a Federal, state or local government contract or subcontract; violation of Federal or state antitrust statutes relating to the submission of offers; or commission of embezzlement, theft, forgery, bribery, falsification or destruction of records, making false statements, tax evasion, or receiving stolen property; and \(3\) \[ \] Are, \[ \] are not presently indicted for, or otherwise criminally or civilly charged by a Government entity with, commission of any of these offenses. \(i\) Certification Regarding Knowledge of Child Labor for Listed End Products (Executive Order 13126). \[The Contracting Officer must list in paragraph (i)(1) any end products being acquired under this solicitation that are included in the List of Products Requiring Contractor Certification as to Forced or Indentured Child Labor, unless excluded at 22.1503(b).\] \(1\) Listed end products. Listed End Product Listed Countries of Origin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \(2\) Certification. \[If the Contracting Officer has identified end products and countries of origin in paragraph (i)(1) of this provision, then the offeror must certify to either (i)(2)(i) or (i)(2)(ii) by checking the appropriate block.\] \[ \] (i) The offeror will not supply any end product listed in paragraph (i)(1) of this provision that was mined, produced, or manufactured in the corresponding country as listed for that product. \[ \] (ii) The offeror may supply an end product listed in paragraph (i)(1) of this provision that was mined, produced, or manufactured in the corresponding country as listed for that product. The offeror certifies that it has made a good faith effort to determine whether forced or indentured child labor was used to mine, produce, or manufacture any such end product furnished under this contract. On the basis of those efforts, the offeror certifies that it is not aware of any such use of child labor. (j)(1) Annual Representations and Certifications. Any changes provided by the offeror in paragraph (j) of this provision do not automatically change the representations and certifications posted on the Online Representations and Certifications Application (ORCA) website. \(2\) The offeror has completed the annual representations and certifications electronically via the ORCA website at http://orca.bpn.gov. After reviewing the ORCA database information, the offeror verifies by submission of this offer that the representations and certifications currently posted electronically at FAR 52.212-3, Offeror Representations and Certifications---Commercial Items, have been entered or updated in the last 12 months, are current, accurate, complete, and applicable to this solicitation (including the business size standard applicable to the NAICS code referenced for this solicitation), as of the date of this offer and are incorporated in this offer by reference (see FAR 4.1201), except for paragraphs \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. \[Offeror to identify the applicable paragraphs at (b) through (i) of this provision that the offeror has completed for the purposes of this solicitation only, if any. These amended representation(s) and/or certification(s) are also incorporated in this offer and are current, accurate, and complete as of the date of this offer. Any changes provided by the offeror are applicable to this solicitation only, and do not result in an update to the representations and certifications posted on ORCA.\] (End of provision)	en
converted_docs	037845	![](media/image1.wmf){width="0.7395833333333334in" height="0.49583333333333335in"} -------------------- -------------------------------------------------- \ \ -------------------- -------------------------------------------------- This page intentionally left blank UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Rural Utilities Service BULLETIN 1753F-152 SUBJECT: [Specifications and Drawings for Construction of]{.underline} > [Aerial Plant, RUS Form 515c]{.underline} TO: All Telecommunications Borrowers RUS Telecommunications Staff EFFECTIVE DATE: September 17, 2001 OFFICE OF PRIMARY INTEREST: Outside Plant Branch, Telecommunications Standards Division. AVAILABILITY: This bulletin supersedes RUS Bulletin 345-153, Specifications and Drawings for Construction of Pole Lines, Aerial Cables and Wires, RUS Form 515f, issued May 25, 1989. This bulletin can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.usda.gov/rus/telecom/publications/bulletins.htm PURPOSE: This specification provides Contractors, Engineers, and RUS Borrowers with assembly unit descriptions, materials, construction and installation, and drawings for aerial plant associated with RUS Form 515, Telecommunications System Construction Contract. [Roberta D. Purcell]{.underline} [8/21/01]{.underline} ### Roberta D. Purcell Date Assistant Administrator Telecommunications Program RUS Bulletin 1753F-152 Specifications and Drawings for Construction of Aerial Plant, RUS Form 515c TABLE OF CONTENTS # [Page]{.underline} List of Changes i Part I -- Description of Assembly Units and Proposal and Contract Sections 1 Part II -- Specifications and Materials 14 1\. Scope 14 2\. General 14 3\. Poles 14 4\. Miscellaneous 14 Part III -- Specifications for Construction and Installation 14 1\. General 14 2\. Pole Lines 15 3\. Mounting Hardware and Guys 17 4\. Anchors 17 5\. Self Supporting Fiber Optic Cable 18 6\. Suspension Strand 19 7\. Filled Aerial Cable 20 8\. Filled Aerial Cable Placement 20 9\. Cable Splicing and Terminals 22 10\. Clearing Right-of-Way 23 List of Construction Drawings and Plans 24 INDEX ### ASSEMBLY UNITS: Cable Plant, Aerial CABLE: Aerial Cable Plant Construction Assembly Units ### CONSTRUCTION: Aerial Cable Plant Fiber Optic Cable Plant ### POLES LINES: Design of POLES: Numbering RIGHT-OF-WAY: Clearing and Trimming Assembly Units ### SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS: Outside Plant WIRE: Seven Wire Aluminum Clad Steel Strand Steel, 7 Wire Galvanized Strand LIST OF CHANGES 1\. Modification of Pole Units from Section 1 to Section A. 2\. Elimination of Section C and Section CF. 3\. Addition of Section CFO, Self Supporting Filled Fiber Optic Cable Assembly Units. 4\. Modification of CO and CW units as follows: \(a\) Provide for compensation on a per foot basis; > \(b\) Redefined compensation to include the sum of the cable distances > between supporting structures as indicated by the sequential foot > markings; > > \(c\) Specified utility grade galvanized steel strand as the default > type. 5\. Elimination of suffixes \"N\" and \"R\" under Section HA. For ready access splice closures specified under the \"R\" suffix, a new unit designated HR was created. 6\. Addition of Section HR, Ready Access Splice Closure Assembly Unit. 7\. Modification of Section HC as follows: > \(a\) Redefined unit to provide compensation on a single pair basis; > > \(b\) Created HC5 unit in order to provide compensation for > terminating cable pairs on a terminal block within a ready access > closure. 8\. Modification of Section HO to provide compensation for testing a fiber. 9\. Elimination of section PC and section PDS. 10\. Modification of Section PE to indicate utility grade galvanized steel as the default type. 11\. Elimination of Section PG. The terminal blocks are now included under Section PM. 12\. Modification of PM21 and PM22 to provide for a more generalized description. 13\. Addition of PM25, Filled Terminal Block Assembly Unit. 14\. Modification of Section R to provide compensation on a per foot basis. 15\. In part III, section 2, elimination of information on pole facing. 16\. In part III, the Figure 8 cable was changed to describe Self Supporting Fiber Optic Cable. 17\. In part III, eliminated references to load coils, pressurized cable, and air-core cable. For editorial or other minor technical changes, refer to the body of the document. [Part I - DESCRIPTION OF ASSEMBLY AND PROPOSAL AND]{.underline} [CONTRACT SECTIONS]{.underline} The Contractor's Proposal form is divided into sections and the sections approved for construction shall be listed in the Construction Agreement by the Owner. The sections are as follows: Section A - Pole Units Section CFO - Self Supporting Filled Fiber Optic Cable > Assembly Units Section CO - Aerial Filled Fiber Optic Cable Assembly Units Section CW - Aerial Filled Copper Cable Assembly > Units # Section HA - Aerial Splice Closure Assembly Units Section HC - Copper Splicing Assembly Units # Section HO - Fiber Optic Splicing Assembly Units Section HR - Ready Access Closure Assembly Units Section PE - Guy Assembly Units Section PF - Anchor Assembly Units Section PM - Miscellaneous Assembly Units Section R - Right-of-Way Clearing and Trimming Units # Section W - Rearrangement Units Section XX - Nonreusable Materials Removal Units Section XZ - Reusable Materials Removal Units Each assembly unit includes only the materials listed on the corresponding Installation and Construction Guide Drawings or description of unit where no drawing exists. The various installation and construction units, which are included in this Proposal and upon which quotations are required, are defined by the following descriptions: [Section A - POLE UNITS]{.underline} Consists of one (1) pole in place. It does not include the pole top assembly units or other parts attached to the pole. Poles shall be of the height and class as designated by the Engineer. The pole plan, species of timber, kind of preservative and method of treatment are designated in the Proposal. [Example]{.underline}: A35-7 A 35 foot \[10.7 meters (m)\] class 7 pole. Section CFO -- SELF SUPPORTING FILLED FIBER OPTIC CABLE ASSEMBLY UNITS Consists of one (1) foot (0.305 m) of self supporting filled fiber optic cable in place including all supporting hardware, cable guards, insulating tapes, and bonding of the armor (when present) and supporting member in accordance with the Construction Sheets. A. The length of the self supporting cable measured for compensation purposes includes the sum of the cable distances between supporting structures as indicated by the sequential foot markings. > B. This unit does not include labor and material for fiber splicing, > splice closures, housings, or organizers. The labor and material for > these items are provided for in other units. C. This unit includes the spiraling of the self supporting cable in accordance with the method shown in the Construction Sheets. Each self supporting filled fiber optic cable unit is listed in accordance with the number of optical fibers. Each unit is prefixed by the letters CFO. The following illustration indicates the method of designating the material required. CFO16 A self supporting filled fiber optic > cable with 16 fibers. [Section CO - AERIAL FILLED FIBER OPTIC CABLE ASSEMBLY UNITS]{.underline} Consists of one (1) foot (0.305 m) of aerial filled fiber optic cable in place including supporting messenger of galvanized steel strand, lashing wire, attachments to strand, bonding of the armor (when present) and strand in accordance with the Construction Sheets. Options designated by the following suffixes apply: [Suffix]{.underline} [Description]{.underline} A Aluminum-clad steel strand. C Class C galvanized steel utility grade strand for > corrosion areas. D Two or more cables are to be initially lashed to the same suspension strand. E Cables are lashed to existing strand and cable(s). A. The length of aerial cable measured for compensation purposes includes the sum of the cable distances between supporting structures as indicated by the sequential foot markings. B. This unit does not include labor and material for fiber splicing, splice closures, housings or organizers. The labor and material for these items are provided for in other units. C. Class A galvanized steel utility grade strand shall be provided unless another type is specified by the appropriate suffix. Each aerial filled fiber optic cable assembly unit is listed in accordance with the number of optical fibers. Each unit is prefixed by the letters CO. The following illustrations indicate the method of designating the material required. CO16(6M) An aerial filled fiber optic cable with 16 fibers, supported by 6000 pound (lbs) \[26,688 Newtons (N)\] > Class A galvanized steel utility grade strand. CO8E An aerial filled fiber optic cable with 8 fibers, lashed to existing strand and cables(s). [Section CW - AERIAL FILLED COPPER CABLE ASSEMBLY UNITS]{.underline} Consists of one (1) foot (0.305 m) of aerial filled copper cable in place including supporting messenger of galvanized steel strand, lashing wire, attachments to strand, bonding of the shield and strand in accordance with the Construction Sheets. Options designated by the following suffixes apply: [Suffix]{.underline} [Description]{.underline} A Aluminum-clad steel strand. C Class C galvanized steel utility grade strand is required for corrosion areas. D Two or more cables are to be initially lashed to the same suspension strand. E Cables are to be lashed to existing strand and cable(s). H Screened cable designated for T1 carrier systems. H1C Screened cable designated for T1C carrier systems. A. This unit includes labor and material for installation of the splice closure, and other labor and materials for straight splicing cables of the same size and gauge required only for the purpose of joining such cables in one continuous length (reel ends). B. When specified in the Proposal, this unit includes the spiraling of cable around the suspension strand at the locations shown on the Construction Sheets. C. The length of aerial cable measured for compensation purposes includes the sum of the cable distances between supporting structures as indicated by the sequential foot markings. > D. Where aerial cables are supported by separate through-bolts on the > same pole, messenger bonds required as shown on the Construction > Sheets are included as a part of this unit. E. Class A galvanized steel utility grade strand shall be provided unless another type is specified by the appropriate suffix. Each aerial filled copper cable assembly unit is listed in accordance with the number of pairs and gauge of conductors. Each unit is prefixed by the letters CW. The following illustrations indicate the method of designating the material required. CW50-24(6M) A 50-pair, 24-gauge aerial filled copper cable supported by 6000 lbs (26,688 N) Class A galvanized steel utility grade strand. CW50-24(6M)C A 50-pair, 24-gauge aerial filled copper cable supported by 6000 lbs (26,688 N) Class C galvanized steel utility grade strand. [Section HA - AERIAL SPLICE CLOSURE ASSEMBLY UNITS]{.underline} Consists of an aerial splice closure and the closure manufacturer's provided encapsulating material if required, installed in place and the labor and material for setting up in preparation for installing the closure, such as, opening the sheath or jacket of the cable, bonding of cable shields, filling the closure if required, closing the closure, and, when applicable, pressure testing, all in accordance with the manufacturer\'s instructions. It also includes all necessary hardware items to support the cable adjacent to the closure and to terminate the lashing wire. Cable splicing shall be compensated under the appropriate splicing units. The assembly units are defined as follows: HAC( ) [Aerial Free-Breathing, Nonfilled Closure]{.underline} -- A free-breathing, nonfilled splice closure with pair count and gauge for each cable to be spliced. HAF( ) [Aerial Filled Closure]{.underline} -- A filled splice closure with pair count and gauge for each cable to be spliced. HAP( ) [Aerial Pressurized Closure]{.underline} -- A pressurized splice closure with pair count and gauge for each cable to be spliced. For Fiber Optic applications use the following suffix: [Suffix]{.underline} [Description]{.underline} O Splice closure and organizer for fiber optic cables. The closure manufacturer shall specify the appropriate organizer. The following illustrations indicate the method of designating the material required. HAC(100-24) Aerial free-breathing, nonfilled splice closure enclosing two cable ends with same pair count and gauge. HAF(100-24)(50-24) Aerial filled splice closure enclosing two cable ends with different pair counts. HACO(24) Aerial free-breathing, nonfilled fiber optic splice closure and organizer capable of accommodating a minimum of 24 fibers. HAP(100-24) Aerial pressurized splice closure enclosing two cable ends with same pair count and gauge. HAPO(12) Aerial pressurized fiber optic splice closure and organizer capable of accommodating a minimum of 12 fibers. [Section HC - COPPER SPLICING ASSEMBLY UNITS]{.underline} HC1 Consists of the labor and material necessary in the wire work and splicing of one (1) cable pair in any cable, including any non-working pair in an existing cable in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401 (PC-2) using individual mechanical splicing connectors. The splice may be straight, bridged, or pieced out and bridged. Pairs that are to be tested, capped, or tested and capped, when specified by the Engineer are considered to be part of this unit. Only those pairs on which splicing, testing, and/or capping operations are performed are counted and each pair is counted only once at each location. On aerial inserts, each end of the fuse link is considered as a splice. HC3 Consists of the labor and material necessary in the wire work and splicing of one (1) cable pair in any cable, including any non-working pair in an existing cable in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401 (PC-2) using splicing modules. The splice may be straight, bridged or pieced out and bridged. Pairs that are to be tested, capped, or tested and capped, when specified by the Engineer are considered to be part of this unit. Only those pairs on which splicing, testing, and/or capping operations are performed are counted and each pair is counted only once at each location. On aerial inserts, each end of the fuse link is considered as a splice. HC5 Consists of the labor and material necessary for terminating one (1) pair on a terminal block within a ready access closure, including a non-working pair in existing cables in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401 (PC-2). Pairs that are to be tested, when specified by the Engineer, are considered to be part of this unit. [Section HO - FIBER OPTIC SPLICING ASSEMBLY UNITS]{.underline} Consists of all labor and material necessary to splice and/or test one (1) glass fiber in any cable in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401(PC-2). The labor shall include initial measurement, minimizing the attenuation, splicing and stowing the spliced fiber in a fiber organizer. The labor and material for the fiber organizer is part of the appropriate splice closure unit. [Suffix]{.underline} [Description]{.underline} HO1 Fusion Splice HO2 Mechanical Splice HO3 Connector Splice ### Section HR -- READY ACCESS SPLICE CLOSURE ASSEMBLY UNITS Consists of a ready access closure containing unprotected filled terminal blocks installed in place and includes the labor and material for setting up in preparation for installing the ready access closure, such as, opening the sheath or jacket of the cable, bonding of cable shields, and closing the closure in accordance with the manufacturer\'s instructions. It also includes all necessary hardware items to support the cable adjacent to the closure and to terminate the lashing wire. Cable splicing shall be compensated under the appropriate splicing units. When protected filled terminal blocks are to be specified, the unit shall be suffixed by the letter \"P\". Ready access closures not containing filled terminal blocks shall be suffixed with the letter \"U\". Under this option, installation of filled terminal blocks shall be compensated under other units. The assembly units are defined as follows: HR1( )( ) A straight splice ready access closure. HR2( )( ) A branch splice ready access closure. The first set of parentheses shall indicate the main cable diameter (dia.), in inches (in.) \[millimeters (mm)\], as shown in the illustration. The second set of parentheses shall indicate the number of terminals within the ready access closure. When the unit is suffixed with the letter \"U\" the second set of parentheses is not applicable. ##### The following illustrations indicate the method of designating the material required. HR1(2.0)(12) Ready access closure, accommodating a straight splice with a maximum cable diameter of 2.0 in. (50.8 mm), and equipped with filled terminal blocks with a total of 12 terminations. HR2(1.0)(6) Ready access closure, accommodating a branch splice with a maximum cable diameter of > 1.0 in. (25.4 mm), and equipped with filled terminal blocks with a > total of 6 terminations. HR1(2.0)U Ready access closure, accommodating a straight splice with a maximum cable diameter of 2.0 in. (50.8 mm), without any terminal blocks installed. [Section PE - GUY ASSEMBLY UNITS]{.underline} Consists of strand and hardware; and insulators or ground connection where required. For guying purposes, when a cable messenger strand is extended one or more spans to a deadend structure, the strand in each such span shall be considered as an overhead guy for the appropriate size of strand used. The assembly units are defined as follows: PE1-2 Down Guy for 6M strand PE1-3 Down Guy for 10M strand PE1-4 Down Guy for 16M strand PE1-2G Down Guy, Ground Connection Type for 6M strand PE1-3G Down Guy, Ground Connection Type for 10M strand PE1-4G Down Guy, Ground Connection Type for 16M strand PE2-2 Overhead Guy for 6M strand PE2-3 Overhead Guy for 10M strand PE2-4 Overhead Guy for 16M strand PE2-2G Overhead Guy, Ground Connection Type for 6M strand PE2-3G Overhead Guy, Ground Connection Type for 10M strand PE2-4G Overhead Guy, Ground Connection Type for 16M strand Note: When the above Guy Assembly Units are to be installed on existing poles, the assembly unit designation is prefixed by the letter \"N\". Unless otherwise indicated by an additional suffix, the strand furnished on the Project will be seven-wire, Class A galvanized steel utility grade. The following suffix may be used: [Suffix]{.underline} [Type of Strand]{.underline} A Aluminum - Clad steel C Class C galvanized steel utility grade [Section PF -- ANCHOR ASSEMBLY UNITS]{.underline} Consists of the anchor with rod, complete and in place, ready for attaching the guy strand. The assembly units are defined as follows: PFl-3 Expanding Anchor - 6,000 lbs (26,688 N) PFl-5 Expanding Anchor - 10,000 lbs (44,480 N) PFl-7 Expanding Anchor - 16,000 lbs (71,168 N) PF2-3 Plate Anchor - 6,000 lbs (26,688 N) PF2-5 Plate Anchor - 10,000 lbs (44,480 N) PF2-7 Plate Anchor - 16,000 lbs (71,168 N) PF3-3 Screw Anchor - 6,000 lbs (26,688 N) PF3-5 Screw Anchor - 10,000 lbs (44,480 N) PF3-7 Screw Anchor - 16,000 lbs (71,168 N) PF5-3 Rock Anchor - 3/4 in. dia. (19 mm) rod PF5-4 Rock Anchor - 1 in. dia. (25.4 mm) rod PF6-3 Swamp Anchor - 10 in. dia. (254 mm) PF6-4 Swamp Anchor - 12 in. dia. (305 mm) PF6-5 Swamp Anchor - 15 in. dia. (381 mm) Note: When twineye rods are required for the above anchor assembly units, the unit designation is suffixed by the letter \"A\". #### Section PM - MISCELLANEOUS ASSEMBLY UNITS Consists of all labor and materials to construct and install the units defined individually below required for the installation and construction of the aerial portions of the Project: PM1 Pole Lightning Protection Assembly PM2 Pole Ground Assembly PM2-1 Auxiliary Ground Rod Assembly PM2A Ground wire assembly for bonding aerial cable strand or support wire to electric system neutral or pole ground assembly. PM4 Cable Extension Arm (Short) PM4A Cable Extension Arm (Long) PM5 Pole Stepping Assembly PM6 One Wood Pole Key PM7 Two Wood Pole Keys PM8 One Wood Key and One Metal Expanding Key PM9 Two Wood Keys and One Metal Expanding Key PM11 Guy Guard PM12( ) Consists of all labor and material to install a sidewalk guy arm. The guy, guy guard and anchor assembly units will be specified separately. The length in feet (meters) of a single piece of > 2 in.(50.8 mm) galvanized steel pipe shall be indicated in the > parentheses. PM14 Push Brace Accessories PM21 [Cable Entrance]{.underline} -- Consists of the necessary labor and material to terminate copper and/or fiber optic outside plant cables as shown on the detailed drawings as specified by the Engineer. PM22 [Grounding System]{.underline} -- Consists of the necessary labor and material to construct a grounding system as shown on the detailed drawings as specified by the Engineer. This unit shall include all ground electrodes, trenching, backfilling, bonding the auxiliary ground electrodes to each other and to the primary ground electrodes, and bonding to the master ground bar (MGB). PM25( ) [Filled Terminal Block Assembly Unit]{.underline} - Consists of an unprotected filled terminal block, mounted in place in a ready access closure (separately specified) and connected to the conductors of the cable as specified by the Engineer. Splicing of the cable conductors shall be in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401 (PC-2). The pair count of the terminal block shall be indicated in the parentheses. When protected filled terminal blocks are to be specified, the unit shall be suffixed by the letter \"P\". PM52 Pole Marking, Per Pole, Route and Pole Number. [Section R - RIGHT-OF-WAY CLEARING AND TRIMMING UNITS]{.underline} [Aerial Plant]{.underline} A. Clearing Units are defined as follows: R1-5 Is one (1) foot (0.305 m) in length and 5 feet (1.52 m) in width (to be measured on one side of the pole line) of actual clearing of right-of-way. The unit applies to clearing right-of-way along new or existing telecommunications pole lines and along existing power pole lines. This includes clearing of underbrush, tree removal, and such tree trimming as may be required to leave an unobstructed right-of-way from the ground up on one side of the line of poles carrying wire or cable. The length of actual clearing shall be measured in a straight line parallel to the line between poles and across the maximum dimension of foliage cleared (not trunk) projected to the ground line. All trees and underbrush across the width of the right-of-way shall be considered to be grouped together as a single length in measuring the total length of clearing. Lengths along the right-of-way in which no trees are to be removed or trimmed or underbrush cleared shall be omitted from the total measurement. This unit includes the removal, or topping (cutting out the top of the tree so that if the remaining portions of the tree fall, they will not endanger the line) at the option of the Contractor, of danger trees outside of the right-of-way when so designated by the Engineer. (Danger trees are defined as dead or leaning trees, which, in falling, would affect the operation of the line.) The Contractor shall not remove or trim shade, fruit, or ornamental trees unless so directed by the Engineer. R1-10 Identical to R1-5 except that width is 10 feet (3.05 m). R2-5 Identical with R1-5, except that width 10 feet (3.05 m); to be measured 5 feet (1.52m) on each side of the pole line. R2-10 Identical with Rl-5, except that width 20 feet (6.1 m), to be measured 10 feet (3.05m) on each side of the pole line. Note: The letter \"M\" added as a suffix to the above \"R\" units designates units for reclearing existing right-of-way. With the exception of the substitution of the word \"reclearing\" for \"clearing\", the remaining description of the \"R\" assembly units applies for the units suffixed with the letter \"M\". B. The Trimming Unit is defined as follows: R3-5 Is one (1) foot (0.305 m) in length and consists of the trimming of foliage and branches from trees growing on or adjacent to the right-of-way so as to provide a clearance of not less than 5 feet (1.52 m) in all directions from telecommunications cable. This unit is measured parallel to the pole line across the maximum width of foliage trimmed. All trees, underbrush or shrubbery across the width trimmed shall be considered to be grouped together as a single length in measuring the total length of trimming. Lengths along the right-of-way in which no trimming is performed shall be omitted from the total measurement. Any trimming included in Rl or R2 right-of-way clearing units, shall not be considered a part of the measurement of the unit. The Contractor shall not trim any shade, fruit or ornamental trees unless so directed by the Engineer. When so designated by the Engineer, a tree may be trimmed of its branches with the trunk left extending into the zone to be trimmed. [Section W - REARRANGEMENT UNITS]{.underline} Specific rearrangement units shall be designated and described by the Engineer on the \"List of Special Arrangement Units\" table of RUS Form 515. Existing plant assembly units to be rearranged are designated by a prefix \"W\". [Section XX - NONREUSABLE MATERIALS REMOVAL UNITS]{.underline} These units cover the furnishing of all labor for the removal of construction assembly units from existing lines, and transportation of the removed materials for proper disposal. The Contractor will be permitted to use the most economical method of removing these units. The removal units are designated by the prefix \"XX\" followed by the assembly unit designation of the unit to be removed. [Section XZ - REUSABLE MATERIALS REMOVAL UNITS]{.underline} These units cover the furnishing of all labor for the removal of construction assembly units from existing lines and all labor and transportation of the removed materials to a location designated by the Owner. The Contractor will be charged by the Owner for the materials removed under this section at the unit material values shown in column 2 of the \"Value and Disposition of Units to be Removed\" table of RUS Form 515. The number of units to be charged to the Contractor and the extended value of these units are shown in columns 3 and 4. Such charges will be placed against the Contractor as assembly units are removed and the unit material values will be deducted from the total value of assembly units constructed on this project for determination of the work accomplished for purposes of the monthly progress payments to the Contractor. Of the assembly units listed in the \"Value and Disposition of Units to be Removed\" table to be removed from existing lines certain units are to be reused in the construction of the project. The quantity of such units to be reused is listed in the \"Value and Disposition of Units to be Removed\" table, column 5. These units where installed in the project will be inventoried as new assembly units and compensated for at the unit bid prices. The quantity of assembly units listed in column 6 of the \"Value and Disposition of Units to be Removed\" table is the maximum quantity of removed assembly units that are to be returned to the Owner for credit which will be allowed at the unit material prices in column 2. Column 7 indicates the extended value of the units to be returned to the Owner. The Contractor will be allowed credit for assembly units listed in column 6 which, in the opinion of the Engineer, have not been damaged by the Contractor in removal and handling. Such credits will be allowed the Contractor as the assembly units are returned to a location designated by the Owner and shall be added to the total value of installed assembly units for determination of work accomplished for the purposes of the monthly progress payments to the Contractor. The removal units are specified by the prefix \"XZ\" followed by the assembly unit designation of the existing assembly unit to be removed. ### Part II - SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS 1. SCOPE This part of the specification is concerned with the various materials required for the construction of the outside aerial cable plant of the rural telecommunications system as shown on the Plans, Specifications, and Construction Sheets. 2. GENERAL All materials used in the construction of the rural telecommunications system except those listed in Paragraph 4 below shall be listed in RUS Informational Publication (IP) 344-2, \"List of Materials Acceptable for Use on Telecommunications Systems of RUS Borrowers,\" unless specific written approval has been granted by the Administrator. 3. POLES 3.1 The pole plan, method of treatment, kind of preservative and general procedure applying to all poles shall be in accordance with the latest RUS specifications for these items in effect at the time the bids are received. All poles shall be framed in accordance with the framing guide attached to the specifications. 3.2 Poles shall be of the length and American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) class specified in the Proposal. 4. MISCELLANEOUS Items which do not appear in RUS IP 344-2, \"List of Materials Acceptable for Use on Telecommunications Systems of RUS Borrowers,\" shall be of a quality suitable for the application for which they are intended. [Part III - SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION]{.underline} 1. GENERAL 1.1 All construction and installation work shall be done in a thorough and workmanlike manner in accordance with the Plans, Specifications and Construction Sheets and shall be subject to acceptance by the Owner and the Administrator. 1.2 All material to be used in construction of the Project shall be stored so as to be protected from deteriorating effects of the elements. 1.3 All guy strand, suspension strand, aerial cables, and accessory materials used in the construction of the Project shall be handled with care. Each reel of aerial cable shall be inspected for damage. All damage shall be repaired to the satisfaction of the Engineer and in accordance with the methods or other instructions described in the appropriate paragraphs of Part III. If reel wrap is present, the reel wrap shall remain intact on the reel until the cable is ready to be placed. 1.4 Deviations from the Plans, Specifications and Construction Sheets shall not be permitted except upon written permission of the Engineer. 1.5 The latest revision of the National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) and the National Electrical Code (NEC) shall be followed in every case except where local regulations are more stringent, in which case local regulations shall govern. 1.6 The Contractor shall maintain conductor polarity (tip and ring) identification at the main distributing frame, cable terminals, wire terminals, terminal blocks, and in the service entrance, all in accordance with the Specifications and Construction Sheets (see guide drawing 815). 2. POLE LINES 2.1 Poles shall be handled carefully. Damaged poles shall not be used. 2.2 The pole hole shall be of sufficient diameter to permit the pole to settle freely to the bottom of the hole without trimming the butt and still have sufficient space between the pole and the sides of the hole to permit proper tamping of the backfill at every point around the pole, and throughout the entire depth of the hole. 2.3 The setting depth, in feet (or meters), for poles of various lengths shall be as follows: # Length of Setting Setting [Pole]{.underline} [in Soil]{.underline} [in Solid Rock]{.underline} 20 (6.10) 4.0 (1.22) 3.0 (0.91) 25 (7.62) 5.0 (1.52) 3.5 (1.07) 30 (9.14) 5.5 (1.68) 3.5 (1.07) 35 (10.67) 6.0 (1.83) 4.0 (1.22) 40 (12.19) 6.0 (1.83) 4.0 (1.22) 45 (13.72) 6.5 (1.98) 4.5 (1.37) 50 (15.24) 7.0 (2.13) 4.5 (1.37) 55 (16.76) 7.5 (2.29) 5.0 (1.52) 60 (18.29) 8.0 (2.44) 5.0 (1.52) 2.4 The \"Setting in Soil\" depth as shown in paragraph 2.3, shall apply where poles are to be set in soil only; where there is a layer of soil more than 2 feet (0.61 m) in depth over solid rock; or where the pole in solid rock is not substantially vertical or the diameter of the hole at the surface of the rock exceeds approximately twice the diameter of the pole at the same level. 2.5 The \"Setting in Solid Rock\" depth as shown in paragraph 2.3, shall apply where solid rock is encountered at the ground line and where the hole is substantially vertical, approximately uniform in diameter, and large enough to permit the use of tamping bars the full depth of the hole. 2.6 Where there is a layer of soil 2 feet (0.61 m) or less in depth over solid rock, the depth of the hole shall be the depth of the soil in addition to the depth specified in paragraph 2.3 under \"Setting in Solid Rock,\" provided, however, that such depth shall not exceed the depth specified under \"Setting in Soil.\" 2.7 On sloping ground the depth of the hole shall be measured from the low side of the hole. Where a pole is to be set on the side of a steep grade where soil erosion appears to be a consideration, the hole should be one (1) foot (0.305 m) deeper than specified in paragraph 2.3 under \"Setting in Soil.\" 2.8 When an earth boring machine is employed for holes for guyed poles, the bottom of the hole shall be thoroughly tamped to compact any loose earth that may be present. 2.9 All holes shall be backfilled with soil or small rock and all pole holes in rock shall be inspected and approved by the Engineer before being backfilled. 2.10 Backfill shall be thoroughly tamped the full depth of the pole hole. Earth must be banked around the pole to a minimum height of 6 in. \[15.24 centimeters (cm)\] above ground level. 2.11 Holes in soil for poles at unguyed corners where the pole will not be keyed shall be one (1) foot (0.305 m) deeper than the \"Setting in Soil\" depth as shown in paragraph 2.3. For holes in solid rock the \"Setting in Solid Rock\" depth will apply. 2.12 The Contractor shall be responsible for setting poles in alignment according to the staking sheets. If the Contractor should find stakes out of alignment, the Engineer shall, upon request of the Contractor, realign the stakes according to the construction sheets. 2.13 Poles shall be set plumb except at corners where they shall be set and raked against the load so that the pole top will be in line after the load is applied. The rake in pole shall not exceed 6 in. (15.24 cm) for each 10 feet (3.05 m) of pole length after the conductors are installed at the required tension. Deadend shall be set so as to be plumb and in line after the load it applied. 2.14 Pole lightning protection shall be a #6 AWG bare copper wire installed in accordance with assembly unit drawing PM1. 3. MOUNTING HARDWARE AND GUYS 3.1 All bolts employed for the mounting of hardware items on poles shall be long enough to fully engage the nut (including locknut, where applicable) but shall not extend more than 2 in. (50.8 mm) beyond the nut after the nut is tightened. The ends of bolts shall not be cut. 3.2 The Engineer shall determine all guy locations and shall specify the type of guy. Guys shall be installed before conductors or cable suspension strands are placed. 4. ANCHORS 4.1 Anchor assembly units shall be installed at locations designated on the construction sheets. 4.2 All anchors and rods shall be in line with the load and shall be so installed that the eye of the rod is above grade. Not more than 6 in. (152 mm) of rod shall remain out of the ground after the load is applied. 4.3 When an expansion type anchor is used, the anchor shall be fully expanded and shall be expanded into undisturbed earth before backfilling the anchor hole. 4.4 Backfill shall be thoroughly tamped the full depth of all anchor holes. 4.5 Rock anchors shall be placed in accordance with the detailed instructions of the Engineer. Where a rock is encountered below the surface of the ground, instructions from the Engineer shall be obtained before placing an anchor at that location. 5. SELF SUPPORTING FIBER OPTIC CABLE 5.1 Where physical obstructions make it necessary to pull cable along the line from a stationary reel, cable stringing blocks shall be used to support the cable during all placing and tensioning operations. Ladders, cable cars and other equipment shall not be placed on or against the cable. 5.2 Splicing of the optical fibers shall be performed in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401 (PC-2). Splicing of the support member shall be performed in accordance with the method specified by the Engineer. 5.3 During installation, maximum pulling tension and minimum bending radius of the self supporting fiber optic cable shall not exceed the cable manufacturer\'s recommendations. 5.4 Initial stringing tension, maximum permissible span length, and sagging shall be in accordance with the cable manufacturer\'s recommendations. 5.5 Self supporting fiber optic cable shall be spiraled in accordance with the method shown on Construction Guide Drawing 250-1. Spiraling of the cable shall be performed within 24 hours of the tensioning operation. 5.6 The insulation shall not be removed from the support member except at bonding and ground points; and at points where ends of the support member are terminated in splicing and deadend devices. 5.7 The support member of self supporting fiber optic cable shall be made electrically continuous throughout its entire length. 5.8 At junctions between self supporting fiber optic cable and aerial fiber cable, or buried fiber cable, the support messenger shall be bonded to the aerial cable strand or buried cable armor. 5.9 The support member of self supporting fiber optic cable shall be grounded at locations specified by the Engineer by connecting the support wire to a pole ground wire as shown on the Construction Sheets. 5.10 When specified by the Engineer, the insulation of the support member at deadend fittings, splices and bridged grounding connections shall be restored in accordance with the method shown in Construction Guide Drawing 360. 5.11 Damaged portions of the self supporting fiber optic cable shall be cut out and the support member spliced in accordance with the method specified by the Engineer. 6. SUSPENSION STRAND 6.1 The cable shall be installed within a reasonable time after the strand is installed and tensioned. If a delay in installing cable in excess of 24 hours is encountered, temporary dampers shall be installed on the strand. 6.2 When tensioning strand the cable suspension clamps shall be loose enough to allow free movement of the strand. 6.3 Suspension strand shall be placed in accordance with the Construction Sheets and shall be tensioned in accordance with instructions, which shall be furnished, to the Contractor by the Engineer. 6.4 The suspension strand shall be placed on the roadside of the pole line unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. 6.5 In tangent construction, the lip of the suspension strand clamp shall point toward the pole. At angles in the line, the suspension strand clamp lip shall point away from the load. 6.6 In level construction the suspension strand clamp shall be placed in such a manner that it shall hold the strand below the through-bolt. At points where there is an up-pull on the strand, the clamp shall be so placed that it shall support the strand above the through-bolt. 6.7 When a thimbleye bolt is used both to mount the suspension strand clamp and to make the guy attachment, the size of the suspension strand clamp shall be governed by the size of the thimbleye bolt required for the guy. 6.8 The air temperature at the time and place of tensioning the strand shall be determined by means specified by the Engineer. 6.9 The suspension strand shall be made electrically continuous throughout its entire length as indicated on the Construction Sheets. 6.10 Suspension strands shall be bonded to other bare cable suspension strands, and guys on the same pole and grounded by connection to ground leads at locations specified by the Engineer and in the manner specified by the Engineer. Where the strand is to be grounded to a multigrounded neutral on a pole which does not carry a vertical pole ground wire, a #6 AWG bare copper wire shall be left coiled and taped to permit it to be extended up the pole and connected to the multiground neutral by a representative of the power company. 7. FILLED AERIAL CABLE 7.1 The Contractor and Engineer shall jointly inspect all reels of cable for damage prior to installation. 7.2 Cable ends shall be kept sealed at all times, i.e., during transportation, in storage, and during cable placement to prevent moisture entry into the cable core. Acceptable cable end caps shall be used for this purpose. 7.3 Cable shall be taken from the reel only as it is placed. Bends of small radii and twists shall be avoided in handling cable. 7.4 If the jacket is deformed in handling the cable, the Engineer shall be notified. If directed by the Engineer, the deformed section of the jacket shall be removed; the insulation and conductors shall be examined and if damaged shall be repaired. The opening in the jacket shall then be closed by means of a suitable enclosure. Repairs so made shall be done in accordance with appropriate specifications. 8. FILLED AERIAL CABLE PLACEMENT 8.1 During placing operations, copper cables shall not be bent in a radius less than 10 times the outside diameter of the cable and fiber optic cables shall not be bent in a radius less than 20 times the outside diameter of the cable. Temporary supports where necessary, shall be placed sufficiently close together and proper tensioning of the cable shall be employed to prevent bending in excess of the above requirements. 8.2 In those instances where spiraling of cable is involved, the mounting of closures for purposes of splicing and distribution shall be accomplished after the spiraling operation has been completed. 8.3 Cable guards shall be applied over the cable at points of potential abrasion such as at supports, and in locations where tree trimming is not permitted. 8.4 Cable shall be lashed with lashing wire to the suspension strand by means of a suitable lashing machine. 8.5 The pitch of the lashing wire may be from 10 to 15 in. (254 to 381 mm) but must be constant for any section of cable of the same size and gauge. For cables of 3/4 in. (19 mm) or larger in diameter, the lashing wire shall be placed with a tension of 35 to 40 lbs (156 to 178 N). Cables having a smaller diameter less than 3/4 in. (19 mm) shall be lashed with a lashing wire tension of 18 to 25 lbs (80 to 111 N). 8.6 During the placing operation, precautions shall be taken to prevent slippage of the cable sheath or jacket over the core. 8.7 The cable shall be snug against the suspension strand throughout the span. It shall be supported in a position directly below the strand insofar as possible, except where spiraling has been specified. Where more than one cable is placed on a strand, the cables shall be arranged as shown on the Construction Sheets so that the cables are snug against the suspension strand and against each other. 8.8 The lashing wire shall be terminated at each pole and the cable shall be supported and protected at the suspension clamp in accordance with the Construction Sheets. 8.9 At lashing wire terminating points, the tension placed in the lashing wire by the lashing machine shall be maintained. No slack in the lashing wire shall be permitted to run into the span. 8.10 When lashing wire is spliced in a span, the splice shall be made by means of a compression type splicing sleeve. The completed splice shall be placed on the strand in such a position that it shall not result in damage to the cable sheath or jacket. 8.11 Where suspension strand attachments such as suspension strand cross-over, suspension strand pull-offs, etc., are encountered in the span, a positive separation shall be provided between the suspension strand attachment and the cable, and the cable shall be supported and protected in accordance with the Construction Sheets. 8.12 At splices where the cable is not cut, no slack shall be left in the cable. So that no slack can run into the span, the lashing wire shall be securely clamped to the strand until the splice is completed, at which time the lashing wire shall be terminated in accordance with the Construction Sheets. 8.13 At cut splices in the cable, sufficient overlap shall be provided to permit splicing without piecing out the conductors. 8.14 Spiraling of lashed cable where specified shall be performed in accordance with the method shown on the Construction Guide Drawing 250. Spiraling of the cable shall be performed within 48 hours of the tensioning operation. 8.15 Where the new cable is to be lashed to existing strand and cable(s), the preceding requirements for placement of lashed cable shall also be adhered to, except as modified and/or supplemented as follows: 8.15.1 The cable shall be lashed to the existing strand and cable(s) so that it and the existing cable(s) shall be as snug against the existing strand as is practicable. Note: If the existing cable is spiraled, the spiraling shall first be removed. The existing cable after unspiraling and the new cable shall then be lashed, without either being spiraled, to the existing strand in the same lashing operation. 8.15.2 The lashing wire shall be terminated on both sides of all splices and devices in/on the existing cable where interference with the lashing operation is encountered. 8.15.3 Cable spacers and cable straps, as required, shall be used at all points of lashing wire termination to maintain proper separation and support for the new cable. 8.15.4 Spacers shall be added to the existing suspension clamp mountings, where required, to maintain proper separation between the cable and the surface of the pole. 8.15.5 Ready-access closures to be installed on the new cable(s) shall be equipped with extension fittings so that they will be located below and separate from the existing cable. 8.16.6 The existing lashing wire, fittings and attachments shall be adjusted as necessary to maintain proper security of the new cable and the existing cable, and to maintain adequate separations and clearances. 9. CABLE SPLICING AND TERMINALS 9.1 Splicing for copper cable and fiber optic cable shall be in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401 (PC-2). 9.2 Aerial cable terminals and ready-access closures equipped with filled terminal blocks shall be installed in accordance with the Construction Sheets and connected in accordance with the cable schematic drawings furnished by the Engineer. Splicing shall be performed in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401 (PC-2). 10. CLEARING RIGHT-OF-WAY 10.1 In clearing the right-of-way, trees shall be removed or trimmed and underbrush cleared in accordance with the Construction Sheets. Trees fronting the side of the right-of-way shall be trimmed symmetrically unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. 10.2 Dead trees beyond the right-of-way, which would strike the line in falling, shall be removed. 10.3 Leaning trees beyond the right-of-way which would strike the line in falling and which would require topping if not removed, may be removed or topped at the option of the Contractor; however, the Contractor shall trim and not remove shade, fruit, or ornamental trees unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. [LIST OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS AND PLANS]{.underline} [Assembly Unit Drawings]{.underline} HR1 Ready-Access Enclosure, Lashed > Cable Straight Splice HR2 Ready-Access Enclosure, Lashed > Cable Branch Splice # # PE1-2, PE1-3, and PE1-4 Down Guy PE1-2G, PE1-3G, and PE1-4G Down Guy, Ground Connections PE2-2, PE2-3, and PE2-4 Overhead Guy PE2-2G, PE2-3G, and PE2-4G Overhead Guy, Ground Connections PF1-3, PF1-5, and PF1-7 Expanding Anchor Assembly PF3-3, PF3-5, and PF3-7 Screw Anchor Assembly PF5-3 and PF5-4 Rock Anchor Assembly PF6-3, PF6-4, and PF6-5 Swamp Anchor Assembly PM1 Pole Lightning Protection Assembly PM2 Pole Ground Assembly PM2-1 Auxiliary Ground Rod Assembly PM2A Ground Wire Assembly PM4 Cable Extension Arm Assembly (Short) PM4A Cable Extension Arm Assembly (Long) PM5 Pole Stepping Assembly PM6 and PM7 Pole Key Assemblies PM8 and PM9 Pole Key Assemblies PM12 Sidewalk Guy Arm Assembly PM14 Push Brace Accessories PM52 Pole Marking [Construction Guide Drawings]{.underline} 201 Suspension Strand Mounting 201-1 Self Supporting Filled Fiber Optic Cable Support 202 Suspension Strand Mounting (Pull Away from Pole) 202-1 Suspension Strand Mounting (Pull Against Pole) 3. Self Supporting Filled Fiber Optic Cable Support, ###### Corner 203 Suspension Strand Mounting (Corners) 1. Self Supporting Filled Fiber Optic Cable Support, ###### Corner 204 Suspension Strand Deadend 206 Branch Suspension Strand 207 Branch Suspension Strand 208 Suspension Strand Pull-Off 209-1 Suspension Strand Bonding 211 False Deadend 212 Strand Layouts 214 Arrangement Details of Cables at Pole Supports 241 Lashed Cable Support at Pole 242 Lashing Wire Terminations 243 Lashing Wire Terminations at Suspension Strand Crossovers 250 Method of Spiraling Aerial Cable 250-1 Method of Spiraling Self Supporting Filled Fiber > Optic Cable (Figure 8 Design) 312-1 Aerial Plastic Cable, Details of Wire Connections to Terminal blocks 360 Method of Restoring Insulation on Support Member of Self Supporting Filled > Fiber Optic Cable (Figure 8 Design) 812 Guy Hook, Details of Installation 815. Conductor Polarity (Tip and Ring) Diagram (Aerial Plant) NOTE: On the Assembly Unit or Guide Drawings an asterisk (\*) in the ITEM column indicates items that are no longer listed in RUS IP 344-2, \"List of Materials Acceptable for Use on Telecommunications Systems of RUS Borrowers.\"	en
converted_docs	551146	8 September 2000 # ![](media/image1.png) The Edge ![](media/image1.png) BNL Toastmasters, Club 8069, District 46 Meetings are held the 1^st^ and 3^rd^ Tuesday at 5:30 PM and the 4^th^ Tuesday at 12:05 Biology Building 463, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 ### The mission of a Toastmasters Club is to provide a mutually supportive and positive learning environment in which every member has the opportunity to develop communication and leadership skills, which in turn foster self-confidence and personal growth. ## [Upcoming Events]{.underline} Tue, Sept 19, 2000 Club Meeting, 5:30 Theme: Food Room 160, Bldg 463 Tue, Sept 26, 2000 Club Meeting, 12:05 Theme: Retirement Room 154, Bldg 463 Tue, Oct 3, 2000 Club Meeting, 5:30 Theme: The Olympics Room 160, Bldg 463 ### Officers ### 2000-2001 President: Ronnie Evans VP Education: Nancy Manning VP Membership: Frank MacKay VP Public Relations: Nand Narain Secretary: Amy Halsted Treasurer: Claire Heil Sergeant at Arms: Beth Lin Newsletter Editors: Amy Halsted ### Beth Lin Nancy Manning September 5 Meeting The September 5 meeting was the annual humorous speech and table topics contest. Contest chair was Beth Lin; Chief Judge, Nancy Manning; judges: Ronnie Evans, and our guests from Munich, Germany: Christopher and Denise Magyar. Timer was Patty Ludlam, Margaret Conover was Ballot Counter and Margaret Foster interviewed contestants. Welcome to new member Margaret Conover! Christine Brakel attended as a visitor. Chris and Denise are an American couple who live and work in Germany, are long term Toastmasters, and belong to a number of TM clubs. Harry Aneziris, member of the Suffolk/Stonybrook TM club, also visited. Pat Astre and Amy Halsted were contestants in the humorous speech contest. Amy\'s speech was titled \"Outhouses and Those Who Love Them.\" Her father had renovated an outhouse and as a result she learned that a lot of people care about outhouses and outhouse lore. Pat\'s talk was titled \"We Have a Long Way to Go.\" His subject was the crazy warnings we see on everyday products, warning us against doing things with them that noone in his or her right mind would ever do. After the contest speeches, Kim Pellechi gave a speech about her family\'s recent trip to Hershey Park. We really enjoyed her descriptions of the different roller coasters she rode on. Her gestures and body language enriched her speech and made it funny too. The table topics contest followed, with Pat, Amy and Kim as contestants. After the ballots were tallied, Contest Chair Beth announced that Pat Astre had won both contests. Congratulations Pat! He\'ll go on to compete at the area level. Good luck and nice work! Ronnie collected dues when the meeting adjourned, and then Harry entertained us with a practice run of his entry into the Stonybrook TM humorous speech contest. There was a lot going on at this busy, fun and exciting meeting. Do the Dues: For those who haven\'t done it yet, it\'s time to pay dues. Bring a check for \$25.50 (or \$51.00 for a full year\--see below) made out to BNL Toastmasters to the next meeting or mail to Claire Heil, P.O. Box 431, Ridge, NY, 11961. Toastmasters International (TMI) requires dues payment in six month increments, and timely submission of dues payment twice each year is one of the goals the club sets for itself. To relieve the Treasurer of the burden of complete dues collection twice each year we will experiment with accepting membership dues payment annually, at \$51.00 instead of twice a year at \$25.50. Note that refunds will not be possible except under unusual circumstances. # *The Edge, Page 2 September 7, 2000* BNL Toastmasters Regular Meeting Schedule ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ------------------- Date September 19 September 26 October 3 Theme Food Retirement The Olympics TMOD Amy Nancy Linda Joke Word Timer Ah counter Pat Grammarian Table Topics Speech #1 Beth Kim #2 Pat Nancy #3 Ronnie #4 Patty #5 Kim General Eval. Evaluator #1 #2 #3 Beth #4 #5 Quiz Master Margaret C. Educational Talk Absent Margaret F. Pat ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ------------------- Sign up for roles at the coming meetings! Contact [Nancy](mailto:nmanning@bnl.gov), VPE. Check the drafted Web pages at <http://avenger.bio.bnl.gov/~oeder/bnltm.html> and submit your comments and suggestions. Congratulations to all who participated in the Club Speech Contests -- you are all winners! Thank you to all who worked to make the evening a success. We had a full house, with no less than 5 visitors. Good luck to Pat as he goes on to represent us at the Area Contest. Members\' Progress Report -------------------- ----------------- -------------------------------- Member Speeches Achievements completed Pat A. 3 Susan C. 5 Margaret C. Ronnie E. 9 ATM-G, CL, 4 CTMs Margaret F. DTM Linda G. CTM Amy H. 6 Claire H. 4 Beth L. ATM-G, CL, 5 CTMs Patty L. 2 Frank M. 9 CTM Nancy M. 1 ATM-B, CL Nand N. ATM-S Kimberly P. 4 Betsy S. 5 Becky S. 7 Steve S. 3 Eric S. 5 -------------------- ----------------- -------------------------------- ![](media/image2.wmf)	en
markdown	923385	# Presentation: 923385 ## Proposed National Marketing Plan - Proposed National Marketing Plan ## Status Briefing Public Affairs Mission - “The mission of the Civil Air Patrol Public Affairs (PA) program is to inform internal and external audiences of Civil Air Patrol’s national importance, safeguard the image and assets of the corporation, and strengthen relations with key audiences and customers, which enables the organization to grow.” ## Where We Are Integrated Marketing Communications - Integrated Marketing Communications-a planning process designed to assure that all brand contacts received by a customer or prospect for a product, service or organization are relevant to that person and consistent over time. (American Marketing Association) ## Where We Are Long-term Branding Strategy Brand- A name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's good or service as distinct from those of other sellers. The legal term for brand is trademark. A brand may identify one item, a family of items, or all items of that seller. If used for the firm as a whole, the preferred term is trade name. (American Marketing Association) ## Click Here to View Movie ## How We Got Here ## How We Got Here Why? What can be done to reverse the trend? Step One: Research! - CAP Officers Focus Group ## Click Here to View Movie ## How We Got Here Why? What can be done to reverse the trend? Step One: Research! - CAP Officers Focus Group - Current & Former CAP Members Survey - National Phone Poll ## Slide 10 ## Slide 11 ## Plan of Action Do Three Things: - Garner greater awareness - Gain more new members - Retain more current members ## Objective I - Establish brand synergy among internal and external CAP audiences so that every communication piece speaks with one voice by Spring 2008. ## “Citizens Serving Communities” - “Citizens Serving Communities” - “Service Before Self” - “Performing Missions for America” - “Everyday Heroes of the U.S. Air Force Auxiliary” ## Tagline Toolkit Uniforms Uniform explanation paragraph Brand standards policy - Toolkit - Uniforms - Uniform explanation paragraph - Brand standards policy - How? ## Objective II - Improve awareness among all stakeholder groups so that baseline awareness from the 2006 Southeast Research, Inc. Report increases 30% over three years. ## Produce PSA Place at least one article in local print or online media each quarter. - Place at least one article in local print or online media each quarter. - How? ## “Gilchrist reserved special gratitude for the Civil Air Patrol, of which 21 members spent the extended weekend parking cars, providing security and directing traffic. In fact, the group lived on the fair grounds during their tour of duty. ‘We couldn’t run the show without the Civil Air Patrol. Those kids and adults did a fantastic job.’” - “Gilchrist reserved special gratitude for the Civil Air Patrol, of which 21 members spent the extended weekend parking cars, providing security and directing traffic. In fact, the group lived on the fair grounds during their tour of duty. ‘We couldn’t run the show without the Civil Air Patrol. Those kids and adults did a fantastic job.’” ## Slide 19 ## Secure local TV coverage at least once per year (with National Headquarters successfully garnering broader media coverage at least twice per quarter). Speak at local civic clubs, schools, association meetings or other community-based gatherings at least three times per year. - Speak at local civic clubs, schools, association meetings or other community-based gatherings at least three times per year. ## Boost visibility within local communities by actively partnering with Points of Light Foundation on a national and local level to connect CAP members with community service opportunities. ## Click Here to View Movie ## Send press release EVERY time! Employ a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on a national level with The Weather Channel and create relationships at the local level with hometown media outlets to provide SDIS images and ride-along opportunities as appropriate in exchange for on-air credit. Have MOU in place BEFORE news breaks! - Employ a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on a national level with The Weather Channel and create relationships at the local level with hometown media outlets to provide SDIS images and ride-along opportunities as appropriate in exchange for on-air credit. - Have MOU in place BEFORE news breaks! Notes: Don’t forget RayCom sister stations multiply effect! ## Click Here to View Movie ## Increase name and brand recognition by providing car/van wraps for every sanctioned CAP vehicle over three years. Strengthen awareness among military members nationwide by having PAOs near each military base meet with the PAO of that base and arrange a meeting between the Wing Commander and Base Commander at least once per year. Examples Follow Captain Steven Solomon’s lead! Edwards Air Force Base online newsletter coverage - Strengthen awareness among military members nationwide by having PAOs near each military base meet with the PAO of that base and arrange a meeting between the Wing Commander and Base Commander at least once per year. - Examples - Follow Captain Steven Solomon’s lead! - Edwards Air Force Base online newsletter coverage ## Improve Congressional ties by having each Wing PAO include the Congressional office in their state in the distribution of items of interest and other branded communications. ## Objective III - Increase new memberships by 5% above the 2006 level during year one, 10% during year two and 25% during year three. ## Slide 28 ## Purposefully foster relationships with local groups who have a natural affinity for patriotism, civic duty, aerospace education, leadership development and service to community. YOU know your community better than anyone! - YOU know your community better than anyone! ## Retired Air Force groups/associations Chaplains at local Air Force bases, hospitals, prisons, etc. Home school associations Local ROTC squadrons Boy Scouts/ Girl Scouts AARP Local Red Cross Local pilots/smaller community airports Ham Radio Operators American Legion, VFW - Retired Air Force groups/associations - Chaplains at local Air Force bases, hospitals, prisons, etc. - Home school associations - Local ROTC squadrons - Boy Scouts/ Girl Scouts - AARP - Local Red Cross - Local pilots/smaller community airports - Ham Radio Operators - American Legion, VFW - Community Groups ## Use current members and donors to reach potential members and/or donors in their circle of influence. Encourage others to engage in conversation. Use free online sources to create buzz & awareness. Update current National & Unit websites to be more interactive. Discuss the possibility of having CAP participate in base-level “Warrior Start” briefings. - Encourage others to engage in conversation. - Use free online sources to create buzz & awareness. - Update current National & Unit websites to be more interactive. - Discuss the possibility of having CAP participate in base-level “Warrior Start” briefings. ## Partner with the military to specifically market to retiring or resigning servicemen and women. Place Volunteer magazines at your nearest military base as appropriate - Place Volunteer magazines at your nearest military base as appropriate ## Try to share database information - Discuss with the possibility of having CAP participate in - base-level out-briefings for retiring service members. ## Objective IV - Cultivate greater retention rates among current members by 25% during 2008-09 and 50% by 2010, with 2006 figures serving as the baseline. ## Foster sense of community and belonging nationwide by providing online forums for discussion and idea sharing. Expand CAP Website utilities to include more interactivity among members nationwide. - Expand CAP Website utilities to include more interactivity among members nationwide. ## Encourage YOUR cadets and senior members to include CAP in their online activities - MySpace - Facebook ## Create and maintain a clean, comprehensive, real-time database of members and donors nationwide. Make sure all information is current and updated often! Develop a “welcome” system used when active members move to a new city or state. Have closest squadron in new location engage recent transfer ASAP. Many let membership lack simply because they move to a new location. ...Don’t let this happen! - Make sure all information is current and updated often! - Develop a “welcome” system used when active members move to a new city or state. Have closest squadron in new location engage recent transfer ASAP. - Many let membership lack simply because they move to a new location. ...Don’t let this happen! ## Consistently administer exit surveys to aid in better understanding reasons for decreasing retention rates. Every time you are aware that someone has not renewed or does not plan to renew membership, follow through with them by sending them the exit survey. Follow through! - Every time you are aware that someone has not renewed or does not plan to renew membership, follow through with them by sending them the exit survey. - Follow through! ## Your PAO Manual Status Briefing Plan of Action ## Official Documents Weather Channel MOU Points Of Light Foundation MOU CAP Regulation 190-1 CAP Media Policy CAP Public Affairs Crisis Policy CAP Exit Survey - Weather Channel MOU - Points Of Light Foundation MOU - CAP Regulation 190-1 - CAP Media Policy - CAP Public Affairs Crisis Policy - CAP Exit Survey ## Timesavers - Volunteer Center Directory - Members of Congress Directory - Military Base Information & Contact Directory	en
converted_docs	239294	Substance Abuse Treatment Advisory *News for the Treatment Field* June 2006, Volume 5, Issue 3 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Treatment www.samhsa.gov Anabolic SteroidS Recent events, especially in professional sports, have triggered increased media coverage and congressional hearings on anabolic steroid use. Awareness is growing that steroid use can cause significant physical and mental harm and may be life threatening. Some studies have identified steroids as gateway drugs to other substance use, including opioids.^1^ People who inject steroids risk diseases passed by needle sharing. Substance abuse treatment programs are logical resources for steroids education and treatment, but most are not well informed. Providers may believe that steroids are not addictive or the effects self-correct after stopping. Programs may lack guidelines for screening, assessment, and treatment. What are anabolic steroids? Anabolic steroids---more specifically anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS)---are synthetic compounds that have muscle-building (anabolic) and masculinization (androgenic) effects. Medical uses include prevention of tissue wasting in some diseases. People also use AAS to boost athletic performance or look more muscular. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) categorizes AAS as schedule III controlled substances (substances with accepted medical uses, which may cause moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence). The Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004 lists 59 AAS. Although controlled, AAS are relatively easy to obtain.^2^ The number of people abusing AAS nationwide is unknown.^3^ The last comprehensive survey of AAS use in the United States was in 1994. The 2004 Monitoring the Future report noted declining adolescent AAS use in grades 8 and 10 but not among 12th graders.^4^ Can AAS use cause dependence? Evidence is growing that some people lose control of AAS use. One review documented at least 165 cases that met dependence criteria.^5^ Many people cycle on and off AAS and combine them with other AAS or supplements (known as pyramiding and stacking) to control AAS effects and avoid tolerance. Those who lose control of AAS cycles may develop neuroadaptations in brain reward systems, which cause craving or withdrawal symptoms on discontinuation. These symptoms compel them to increase dosage or shorten periods of nonuse until they may use daily for months at a time. Such individuals need specialized treatment to stop using AAS.^6^ What are AAS-related behavioral, psychological, and physical disorders? AAS use has been linked to severe mental disorders, including mania, depression, suicidality, and psychoses. High AAS dosages can cause uncontrolled anger or combative behavior ("roid rage"). These episodes may be manifestations of an AAS-induced hypomanic syndrome, which begins with feelings of invincibility and worsens as dosages increase. Some people using AAS experience a body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) called muscle dysmorphia, the obsessive belief that they are not adequately muscular or "chiseled." Some people start using other drugs to ease mood swings or conditioning pain. For example, they may add an opioid analgesic such as nalbuphine to their AAS regimen and progress to pure opioids.^1^ These individuals often learn about illicit drugs from other people who use AAS and buy their drugs from the people who sell them AAS. Psychological barriers to injection have been breached by AAS use, so injecting other drugs may seem like a small step. Reports exist, for example, of people who used AAS and then developed opioid addiction. In one study of 227 men admitted to opioid addiction treatment, 21 (9%) reported beginning their substance use with AAS.^7^ Significant physical harm has been linked to long-term use, including damage to liver, heart, and sexual organ systems.^3^ Adolescent AAS use has been linked to stunted growth, usually permanent.^3^ Needle injection increases risk of blood-borne diseases.^3^ []{.mark} How should treatment providers screen and assess AAS use? Treatment providers should screen for AAS use in muscular clients. During screening, providers should look for visual or behavioral "red flags" of AAS use. []{.mark} If any red flags are present, the provider should ask^6^--- 1. About athletic or fitness activities. Young males who lift weights are at greatest risk to use AAS. 2. About use of mail-order or over-the-counter supplements (e.g., protein shakes, creatine, dehydroepiandrosterone \[commonly called DHEA\]). Use of supplements is commonly associated with AAS use. 3. Whether the client knows anyone who has tried AAS. 4. Whether the client has tried or thought about trying AAS. If the client admits AAS use, the provider should note it. Then ask the following: - What are the client's perceptions of AAS benefits and consequences? - What are the dates of first and last use, AAS names and dosages, sources (e.g., prescription diversion, veterinary sources, Internet), routes of administration, and use patterns? - What measures are taken to avoid detection? - Is there depression during withdrawal periods? How severe? How does the client cope? - Has the client used other drugs to augment AAS effects, reduce side effects, or mask use? During physical assessment, physicians should look for needle marks in large muscles (gluteals, thighs, deltoids). Men may present with enlarged breasts and/or testicular atrophy. Male pattern baldness, excessive hair, hypertension, enlarged liver or prostate, right upper-quadrant abdominal pain, and jaundice are possible. Although women are much less likely to use AAS, some women who use AAS develop excessive hair and a deepened voice. Urinalysis must be at a laboratory that can test for AAS. Standard urine tests do not screen AAS, particularly variants produced to elude drug tests. However, standard tests should be ordered as well, given the association of AAS with other substance use. Blood testosterone levels may be grossly depressed because AAS inhibit endogenous testosterone production. "Red Flags" for AAS Use - Very low body fat, extreme muscularity, disproportionately large upper torso - Acne on face, shoulders, back - Pigmented striae on skin - Excessive facial or body hair - Superficial confidence; feelings of invincibility or grandiosity - Restlessness, anxiety, guardedness - Frustration or excessive argumentativeness to the point of rage - Obsession with weight training, conditioning, body image, appearance - Dissatisfaction with appearance despite what others perceive - Extremely baggy or loose clothing How are AAS use and its effects treated? - The treatment plan needs to address all substances being used.^8^ - Counselors should acknowledge the muscle development ability of AAS, while emphasizing AAS risks. To achieve credibility, counselors need to understand the body-building lifestyle, how AAS are used, and AAS slang. Clients are likely to be very educated about using AAS to achieve specific body building or muscle strengthening goals. They are unlikely to perceive AAS use as addictive.^6^ - Stopping AAS use reverses most physical and psychological changes---but not all. Voice deepening and other signs of masculinization in females may be irreversible. Stunted growth in adolescents is often permanent. Organ system damage may be irreversible. Prolonged sexual side effects may require hormonal therapy by an endocrinologist. The client should be advised about and tested for blood-borne diseases.^3,6^ - Depression is common during AAS withdrawal, typically easing without medication after several weeks. Severe depression may lead to suicidal ideation.^3^ Clients with severe depression should be treated by mental health professionals. Severe or persistent symptoms respond to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine, which is also effective for BDDs.^6^ - Manic symptoms usually remit when AAS use is stopped. Temporary treatment can include neuroleptics or other antimanic drugs. If a client has a history of mood disorders or manic/psychotic symptoms persist over 2 weeks, an underlying disorder should be investigated. Standard approaches such as cognitive--behavioral therapy are appropriate for AAS disorders.^6^ - The client may need to change lifestyles to maintain abstinence. This could entail switching gyms, workout friends, competitive events, and/or sports. Discussions of body image issues may be necessary. Counselors may need to refer clients to specialists who can help them develop healthy fitness regimens. Programs are advised to form strong relationships with experts in sports medicine for advice and referral.^9^ Resources for Additional Information Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) 1 Choke Cherry Road Room 8-1054 Rockville, MD 20857 Phone: 240-276-2130 (Office of Communications) Web: www.samhsa.gov SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI) Phone: 800-729-6686 Español: 877-767-8432 TDD: 800-487-4889 Web: www.ncadi.samhsa.gov National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) 6001 Executive Boulevard Bethesda, MD 20892-9561 Phone: 301-443-1124 Web: www.drugabuse.gov/drugpages/steroids.html and www.steroidabuse.gov U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857-0001 Phone: 888-INFO-FDA (888-463-6332) Web: www.fda.gov *Substance Abuse Treatment Advisory* Substance Abuse Treatment Advisory was written and produced under contract number 270-04-7049 by the Knowledge Application Program (KAP), a Joint Venture of JBS International, Inc., and The CDM Group, Inc., for the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of SAMHSA or HHS. Public Domain Notice: All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission; citation of the source is appreciated. However, this publication may not be reproduced or distributed for a fee without the specific, written authorization of the Office of Communications, SAMHSA, HHS. Electronic Access and Copies of Publication: This publication can be accessed electronically at www.kap.samhsa.gov. Additional free print copies can be ordered from SAMHSA's NCADI at 800-729-6686. Recommended Citation: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Anabolic steroids. Substance Abuse Treatment Advisory. Volume 5, Issue 3, June 2006. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 06-4169 Printed 2006 ^1^Kanayama, G., Cohane, B.A., Weiss, R.D., and Pope, H.G., Jr. Past anabolic-androgenic steroid use among men admitted for substance abuse treatment: An underrecognized problem? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 64(2):156--160, 2003. ^2^Grassley, C. The Abuse of Anabolic Steroids and Their Precursors by Adolescent and Amateur Athletes. Opening remarks to a hearing before the Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control, July 13, 2004. drugcaucus.senate.gov/steroids04grassley.html \[accessed April 27, 2006\]. ^3^Volkow, N.D. Consequences of the Abuse of Anabolic Steroids---Before the Committee on Government Reform---United States House of Representatives: Statement for the Record, May 17, 2005. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. www.drugabuse.gov/testimony/3-17-05testimony.html \[accessed March 30, 2006\]. ^4^Johnston, L.D., O'Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., and Schulenberg, J.E. Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use---Overview of Key Findings, 2004. NIH Publication No. 05-5726. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2005, p. 4. ^5^Brower, K.J. Anabolic steroid abuse and dependence. Current Psychiatry Report 4(5):377--387, 2002. ^6^Pope, H.G., Jr., and Brower, K.J. Anabolic-androgenic steroids. In: Galanter, M., and Kleber, H.D., eds. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment, 3d ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2004, pp. 301--309. ^7^Pope, H.G., Jr., and Kanayama, G. Can you tell if your patient is using steroids? Current Psychiatry in Primary Care 1(2):28--34, 2005. ^8^Arvary, D., and Pope, H.G. Anabolic-androgenic steroids as a gateway to opioid dependence (letter). New England Journal of Medicine 342:1532, 2000. ^9^National Institute on Drug Abuse. Anabolic Steroids. NIDA Community Drug Alert Bulletin, April 2000 (last updated December 2004). www.nida.nih.gov/SteroidsAlert/SteroidAlert.html \[accessed April 10, 2006\].	en
markdown	862877	# Presentation: 862877 ## Mercury MACT Development for Coal-fired Power Plants - A Presentation by the - WEST Associates - at the - EPA’s HAPs MACT Working Group - Washington DC, September 9, 2002 ## Overview - Introduction to WEST Associates - Endorses Industry Recommendations, But WEST has Additional Concerns - Mercury Emissions from Western Coal-fired Power Plants: Nature, Extent, and Fate - Unique Western Concerns Related to the Role of Chlorine contents of Coal on Hg Emissions - Recommendations ## Who is WEST Associates? 17 public and private electric utility companies Serves 15 million consumers in the rapidly-growing 11 Western states and North Dakota Played a constructive role since 1964 on energy and environmental issues in the West 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission (GCVTC) Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP) ## Who is WEST Associates? AZ Arizona Electric Power Cooperative - Pinnacle West Capital Corp. - Salt River Project - Tucson Electric Power Co. CA Glendale Public Service Dept. - Los Angeles Dept. of Water & Power - Southern California Edison - OR PacifiCorp ID Idaho Power Company - NV Nevada Power Co/ Sierra Pacific Power Co NM Public Service Co of NM, Xcel Energy and - Tri-State G & T CO Colorado Springs Utilities - Xcel Energy - Platte River Power Authority - Tri-State G & T UT PacifiCorp/Utah Power and Light WY PacifiCorp, - Xcel Energy and - Tri-State G & T - ND Basin Electric Power ## Slide 5 ## Slide 6 ## Western Representation on Working Group - Western States are not represented on the Working Group - Western utilities are not represented on the Working Group - Western utilities believe that unique Western issues of Hg emissions, deposition, and air quality are not being adequately addressed - WEST Associates appreciates its recent inclusion in Working Group’s activities ## Western Mercury Issues - EPA’s “Regulatory Finding” in Dec. 2000 recognized the distinctly different Hg conditions in the West, stating - “EPA may also consider other relevant factors such as geographic conditions in establishing subcategories” - Western coal has lower Hg, sulfur, and chlorine content resulting in lower Hg emissions, mostly as elemental Hg - Western Hg emissions are less than 10% of Eastern Hg emissions in roughly the same size geographic area - Western Hg deposition levels are significantly lower than in the East ## Source: 1997 EPA Report to Congress ## Slide 10 ## Slide 11 ## Slide 12 ## Slide 13 ## Slide 14 ## Slide 15 ## Sub-categorization by Coal Rank - Heat content and agglomeration-based ASTM method of coal ranking does not distinguish the magnitude and controllability of Hg emissions, or Hg species causing different public health and environmental impacts - Same mine can produce coals of differing ranks (e.g., Black Mesa in Arizona -- bituminous & sub-bituminous) - Coal chlorine content affects controllability of Hg emissions and it should be taken into account when using ICR data to set MACT levels - Hg control costs for Western coals are higher than those for Eastern coals at plants with PM and SO2 controls ## ICR Data Analysis/Hg Tests - Our analysis of ICR data shows that coal rank, coal mercury content, and the ratio of coal mercury to chlorine content are the three most statistically significant factors to be considered in setting MACT levels - Additional Hg characterization measurements have just been completed using Black Mesa coal - Results from these tests and a comparison of results with ICR data will be available by the October 17 Working Group meeting ## Recommendations - WEST Associates recommends that sub-categorization by coal rank be augmented with consideration of chlorine content of coal within coal rank - Leaving out consideration of chlorine content in setting MACT levels may render Hg control efficiency data in the ICR database inappropriate in the case of Western coals - WEST Associates would like to work with other stakeholders and EPA to develop appropriate adjustment factors to coal rank-based MACT levels to enable continued use of Western coal	en
converted_docs	526799	REMARKS OF FCC COMMISSIONER MICHAEL J. COPPS PRACTICING LAW INSTITUTE/FCBA WASHINGTON, DC DECEMBER 15, 2006 Good morning and thanks for inviting me over. I see a lot of old friends out in the audience, some of whom I've had the privilege and pleasure of working with for many years, and I see some new faces, too, and I'm glad to be with all of you. I've been looking forward to this occasion since Dick Wiley first mentioned it to me. My thanks to Dick and his distinguished co-chairs Kathleen Abernathy, Henry Rivera, and Clark Wadlaw. This esteemed group represents many years of senior leadership dedicated to serving the bar association and the public interest. And thanks to the Practicing Law Institute and the FCBA for putting this conference together. It's always an important and high visibility event. The second week in December typically kicks-off the litany of Year-in-Review shows. And while I don't expect to see myself, or dare I say anyone here, starring in "The Year in Sports," "The Year in Entertainment" or "The Year in Fashion," my first inclination for today was to present a look back at the year that was in telecom, to review our accomplishments, and where, perhaps, we might have taken a different path. But upon reflection it seemed to me that this would not be the best use of the few minutes we have together. There certainly have been successes this past year as was the case in establishing the Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau, the completion of the AWS auction, and the opening up of White Spaces. There are other areas where I have great concerns. I worry about the consolidation underway in our media; the need to protect, as Senator Dorgan puts it, Internet freedom; and the real world impact of things like privacy, disabilities access, and universal service in a Title One world. But the truth is that most of the people in this room generally know where I have been on the issues that faced us this past year. If not, a quick check of the FCC website under Commissioners backslash Copps backslash statements 2006 can tell you all that. Therefore our time may be better spent looking to the future in what will in all likelihood be a momentous year at the FCC. I do believe that 2007 presents us with a moment in time to think anew. Shortly we will have a new year, a new Congress, and a new opportunity to develop ideas for the communications industries that are going to be even more central in determining the future of our country through the first half of the twenty-first century. What can we do to ensure that our citizens, our businesses, and our economy stay on top (or get to the top as the case may be)? How do policy makers make good decisions in a fast-moving, paradigm-shifting environment? How do we create a landscape that really fosters innovation and keeps our country competitive among nations? How do we create an environment of regulatory stability and predictability that helps businesses to make right decisions about the future? And, most importantly, how do our actions benefit consumers? The telecom industry has a critical role to play in all this when you consider its resources, its impact on our daily lives and its entrepreneurial genius. Today, I want to discuss a few overarching challenges we should address in the year ahead and some ideas on the role the FCC can play in the coming year. Let me begin with this proposition: a primary goal of the FCC ought to be making its expertise in telecom issues more available and useful to the other branches of government through white papers, reports, and any other forms that could prove helpful. I believe that our agency has a lot to offer in helping other agencies, as well as Congress and the White House, to work through the difficult issues that arise at the congested crossroads of policy, engineering, economics, and law. The FCC certainly has the talent to achieve this goal. While oftentimes the folks who occupy offices on the eighth floor grab the headlines, it is the 2000 or so talented employees in the agency who make things go. I know the Chairman and all my colleagues are committed to making the FCC the best it can be. The health of our communications industries and the well-being of consumers can only benefit from this wider sharing of Commission expertise. One example of where the FCC can play a larger role is public safety. How do we mobilize the great power of our communications and broadcast and information systems to serve the safety and security of all our people? Now I know many of you have heard me talk about the importance of homeland security and public safety over the years, but I think it merits inclusion in today's discussion because the safety of the people must always be the first and foremost responsibility of government. We are now over five years since the tragedy of 9/11 and over a year since Hurricane Katrina, and we know this: America is not as ready as it could be and should be for the next attack or natural disaster whenever that awful day should come. Recently, several public safety proposals have surfaced that raise important and difficult questions that lie at that intersection of policy, economics, and engineering. These proposals would, in varying ways, authorize innovative public-private arrangements whereby public safety agencies and commercial providers would share the same or adjoining spectrum bands. Now, the problems these plans address are quite real. I certainly don't think there are any real disagreements about the policy objectives here. Everyone understands the need to provide the nation's first responders with interoperable equipment when they charge into a burning building or perform the thousands of dangerous tasks each year that keep us safe. Everyone understands the importance of making sure that these dedicated public servants have the resources and funding they need to keep us -- and themselves -- safe. And everyone understands that public safety providers must be able to avail themselves of all the extraordinary advances that high-tech companies and commercial providers have made in network architecture and advanced hardware. But even though there is broad consensus on the right policy objectives when it comes to our nation's heroic first responders, there are still open questions about if and how these recently proposed plans would actually work in the real world. On the pro side, we now have the new Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau to help us find out. The Bureau brings together a lot of talent and gives that talent focus. Our charge now is to make sure the Bureau has the resources to do the work we're all counting on it to do. Part of that work is acting as a clearinghouse for ideas and proposals to address public safety---an idea I suggested early-on. Why should every jurisdiction and first responder and health care facility have to start from scratch in devising a plan when others have tried many different solutions, some of which worked, some of which didn't work. If folks could contact an FCC that had this record, think how they could profit from the experience of others. Think of the effort, the time, maybe even the lives, that could be saved. The new Bureau has started down this road, I am happy to report. But to do it right will take resources and ongoing commitment. Here, too, I am looking forward to working with Chairman Martin, as well as my colleagues, to put this agency's unparalleled knowledge of these issues even more at the service of the other branches of government and other stakeholders. Other agencies are attempting to do work that the FCC should be doing and the resulting lack of expertise, coordination and organization that we too often see is helping neither public safety nor the people of this great country. What I'm talking about regarding public safety would build upon what we have already begun doing in the White Spaces. Again, I think most everyone agrees on the pressing need for new unlicensed spectrum, especially as it applies to the problem of broadband deployment in rural areas. At the same time, I believe that most of us -- certainly me -- believe in the fundamental importance of maintaining free, over-the-air television, both before and after the digital transition. I am optimistic that existing or future technology can accommodate both goals. I applaud Chairman Martin for setting our Office of Engineering and Technology on the task of working through these complicated issues. I believe the process we have put in motion---a process that draws upon the enormous expertise of private industry when it comes to new technologies---will lead to expanded choices for consumers who, after all, want both clear television signals and a new generation of wireless broadband devices. Let's move now to how we might deploy the Commission more robustly in the area of broadband. Some of you have already heard me say that I believe broadband is *the* great infrastructure challenge of our time. I have talked often about how I see broadband networks as the turnpikes and canals and railroads and highways of the Information Age. This isn't just personal opinion because most of the technology innovators I talk to tell me that, too. And many of these same innovators are mightily worried about the broadband road we're heading down. The President set out the goal of universal broadband access by 2007. We didn't make it. And the problem is that as a country we had no strategy to realize that objective. We do know this: nearly every industrialized country, except the United States, has a national strategy for broadband deployment. And they're cleaning our clock. The ITU has developed a Digital Opportunity Index that ranks how nations are doing in the transition to a digital world. Your country and mine ranked twenty-first, right after---some of you know what's coming---Estonia and in a dead heat with Slovenia. That's twenty rungs too low when Asian and European consumers are getting broadband speeds of 25 to 100 megabits per second at a fraction of the cost Americans are paying for much less bandwidth. In Japan, not only are consumers getting faster speeds, but according to one recent report I saw, 80% of fiber-to-the-home in the world is being deployed in that country---not America. One part of this broadband penetration challenge that doesn't receive as much attention as it should is the need to ensure that we are doing everything we can to foster innovation. According to a report by the National Research Council released this past summer, industry-driven innovation over the last several decades is in decline and the United States' role as the global leader in technology innovation is seriously at risk. The NRC concludes that over the last few decades there has been "decreased industry support for long term telecommunications research and a general shift in research focus from the long term to the short term." Our companies find themselves operating with tighter margins, and fewer resources are being dedicated to research agendas that may pay out in 20 years instead of 20 months. The NRC also found that federal support has not increased sufficiently to replace the decline in industry involvement. Some may call that scaled back industry effort a saving---I call it a waste. To be clear, the FCC doesn't regulate innovation per se. And I'm not suggesting it should. But I do think we need to be more attentive to the needs of innovation in our Commission analysis and in all of our proceedings. It used to be that the Commission as a matter of course looked at the impact of mergers and acquisitions on innovation, research and development, and the competitive posture of the nation. When a deal is cut and then has to be financed, does that lead to less R&D? That seems to have happened in some other industries---what's happening here? We don't know. We need to know. You need to know. Perhaps it's time for the Commission to start asking these questions again because without innovation and research, there's not much hope that our country can maintain the technology edge that made us the world's greatest power. Nor will there be much hope that we can move up from that paltry Number 21 ranking in the Digital Opportunity Index. That's why we need to better understand the nature of research and development in our telecom industries---who is doing it, how it is done, what factors make it or break it, and how our decisions at the FCC should factor into this. It's important that our decisions make it easier for new ideas to get to market. We need to ask what do Joseph Schumpeter's famed "gales of creative destruction" mean in today's market. We should consider when regulations hurt innovation, and when they might nourish nascent ideas. We should survey history and consider the role research and development play in big companies with large resources. And we should consider the role that scrappy start-ups play. When it comes to innovation, the private sector should always lead the way. But there is clearly a role that government-funded research and development have played in making America strong. And we need to ensure that our policies and proceedings going forward clear the way for innovation and make it possible for new ideas to blossom and to grow. This isn't about ideology or some simplistic feud between regulation and deregulation. It's about getting a job done for the country---one of the most important jobs we face. And to get a job done right, we need the facts, and then we need to understand those facts. The place to start the Commission's broadband analysis is with the collection of solid, useful, and reliable data on who in this country actually has access to broadband. Put most simply, how many broadband options does the consumer have, at what speeds, and at what cost? While we may think we know the answer for consumers in most major American cities, we don't actually know what's available in vast areas of this country. No business in its right mind would make decisions based on the weak set of statistics and data that currently constitute our broadband information inventory. Our mission should be to provide Congress and the Executive Branch with the information and analytical tools they need to formulate a national broadband strategy. I should mention that Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act directs the Commission to encourage the deployment of advanced telecommunications capability---broadband---to all Americans. If the Commission finds that this is not being accomplished in a reasonable and timely fashion, Congress directs us to take action to accelerate such deployment. It has been over two years since the Commission issued its last report. That's just the 706 *report* that I'm talking about, not the deployment action. We don't have that kind of time to get our act together. So I am hopeful that the Commission will begin the 706 process quickly in the New Year. It's our duty under the law to perform this study and we should view it as an important tool to craft our broadband approach. Until we get the right kind of 706 study, we're flying without the fuel that makes for good decisions. As part of this study, we should look at what other countries are doing. Other countries are not only beating us in broadband penetration---they are beating us in broadband analysis, too. Do you think there might be a connection here? Japan, I am told, does a pretty granular job of collecting and releasing data concerning exactly the types of technologies and broadband services that are available to subscribers in each of the country's 47 prefectures. I propose we go them one better by collecting data on a neighborhood-by-neighborhood basis, maybe even house-by-house. At a minimum, let's commit now to take a far more serious look at what others are doing. I'm not saying we need to emulate what other countries with different economies and cultures may be doing, but let's at least recognize that there are some pretty creative broadband penetration initiatives going on out there beyond America's borders and there may just be a lesson or two in them for us. We also need to look within our own borders, specifically at what so many towns and municipalities have done to deploy broadband themselves, issuing bonds, entering private-public partnerships, and experimenting in different areas within a city to get the job done. What do these partnerships tell us? Why are some jurisdictions going down this road? With what success? And what lessons does this have for other localities? So, as these few examples hopefully illustrate, there is an important role for the FCC to play as our nation's communications expert. Of late we have been taken to task for our lack of rigor. In May of this year, the GAO set out to determine the extent of broadband deployment in America. The GAO's principal conclusion: the FCC's "data may not provide a highly accurate depiction of deployment of broadband infrastructures." Why is that? Well, the FCC still hasn't fully completed its divorce from the assumption that if there is a single subscriber to 200 kilobit broadband in a zip code---yes, I said 200 kilobit---then broadband is being reasonably and timely deployed throughout that area. It's like---as someone once told me---finding one driver of a Mercedes in each zip code and concluding, ergo, everyone there drives a Benz. More recently, the GAO issued another report, this time on special access services. There is no need to read beyond the title to identify its conclusion: "FCC Needs to Improve Ability to Monitor and Determine the Extent of Competition in Dedicated Access Services." Particularly bothersome was the auditors' conclusion that "without more complete and reliable data, \[the\] FCC is unable to determine whether its deregulatory policies are achieving their goals." There is some good news. I'm glad to see that we have been making some progress in the current Commission with additional analysis and data gathering for our cable reports and price surveys. But there is certainly more we should look at doing. We have an opportunity to demonstrate our commitment to better research in the media ownership proceeding. I commend the Chairman for recognizing the need for studies, but in some ways the initial notice raised more questions in the public mind than it answered. How were the researchers selected? What instructions regarding content and methodology for the research were provided? What are the costs of these studies? What type of peer review is envisioned? When you consider how roundly the Commission was criticized during the last go-around three years ago for its lack of meaningful research, we should be bending over backwards to be transparent about the research and to ensure that we get it right this time. The answer to whether we will repeat the mistakes of the past will only become apparent in the months ahead. Now having said all of this, it is no doubt correct that the FCC has not cornered the market on good ideas. The Congress, state and local governments, and the telecommunications industry all have important contributions to make. As I said at the start, industry has the genius, the resources and the incentives to accomplish great things for America. It is certainly the case that many of the important ideas that the FCC eventually supports are first suggested by industry. The opening of White Spaces, reconfiguring the 800 MHz band for public safety, and access charge reform spurred by CALLS are just a few examples of policies where the FCC has benefited from the technical expertise that industry brings to the table. In these types of cases, the FCC\'s role is really as an honest broker---assessing the proposals that industry brings forth and deciding (in a way that the American people can trust) whether these ideas are in the public interest. One part of our job is to make sure the FCC never stands in the way of progress, while also never defining progress so narrowly that whole classes of stakeholders are left behind. So by now you may be thinking, "Well that's all fine and good, but you're not a think tank. The FCC's job is to tend to the administration of the statutes and the agency's rules and regulations." I understand the frustration that sometimes exists over the pace of decision-making at the Commission, and we need to fix that. There is a backlog of long standing and the Commission should realize that business cannot operate with a question mark, as your friend and mine, Fritz Hollings, so colorfully put it. But our duties extend beyond day-to-day administration of the rules. We are a public agency in a democratic country charged with matters important to the American people and the future of our nation. We have an obligation to think larger thoughts and to provide both the public and private sectors with the best thinking that our 2000 experts can devise. We need to be developing creative options. If we can implement forward-looking initiatives, we should do so. If it is up to others to make a particular decision, we will have provided a public service by enhancing their understanding of the challenges they confront. At the end of the day, I am optimistic about the Commission and about our future. I firmly believe that the questions you and I are grappling with are the questions that will play a formative role in determining how well our country fares in this still-new century. So I look forward to working with you, with my colleagues at the Commission, with Congress, with other agencies and jurisdictions---surely including states and localities---and with all the diverse set of stakeholders that make up our great country in order to make it happen. Thanks for your attention, and from everyone at the Copps office, I extend to each and every one of you and your families our best wishes for the holiday season and for a great new year.	en
all-txt-docs	059921	RD Instruction 2030-C Table of Contents Page 1 PART 2030 - COMMUNICATIONS Subpart C - Written Communications--National Office Table of Contents Sec. Page 2030.101 Purpose. 1 2030.102 Authorities and responsibilities. 1 2030.103 Routing, signature authority, and clearing correspondence. 1 (a) Routing. 1 (b) Signature authority. 2 (c) Clearance. 2 2030.104 Correspondence controlled by Rural Development. 3 2030.105 Correspondence controlled by the Department. 3 2030.106 Types of communication. 4 (a) Letters. 4 (b) Facsimile transmission. 4 (c) Electronic mail (EM). 4 2030.107 Informal methods and forms for expediting correspondence. 5 (a) Transmittal letters. 5 (b) Form RD 2006-6, "Clearance and Routing of Rural Development Issuance." 5 2030.108 Statement of Action (SOA) on Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports. 5 2030.109 Preparation of envelopes and labels. 6 2030.110 Types of envelopes and mailing labels. 6 (a) Bulk mail envelopes. 6 (b) Window envelopes. 7 (c) Envelopes without the Postage and Fees Paid Indicia (Metered Mail System). 7 (d) Standard Form 65-B, "U.S. Government Messenger Envelope." 7 (e) Certified mail services. 7 (f) Non-standard mail. 7 (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Table of Contents Page 2 Sec. Page 2030.111 Mail pick-up messenger service. 8 (a) National Office. 8 (b) Departmental courier/messenger service. 8 (c) Reporters Building. 8 (d) School Street. 9 2030.112 "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" correspondence. 9 2030.113 Federal Express. 9 2030.114 Personal correspondence. 10 2030.115 - 2030.150 [Reserved] 10 Exhibit A Formal Letter Format Exhibit B - Unnumbered Letters - Preparation and Processing Exhibit C - Rural Development STOP Codes Exhibit D - Informal Letter Format Exhibit E - [Reserved] Exhibit F [Reserved] Exhibit G - Instructions for Preparing and Processing Statements of Action on Government Accountability Office Reports Exhibit H - Sample Address Formats Exhibit I - Abbreviations for Street Designators (Street Suffixes) Exhibit J - Standard Address Abbreviations oOo RD Instruction 2030-C PART 2030 - COMMUNICATIONS SUBPART C - Written Communications--National Office 2030.101 Purpose. National Office employees will be guided by this subpart and its exhibits in conducting official business by correspondence. 2030.102 Authorities and responsibilities. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) subscribes to the standards in the U.S. Government Correspondence Manual (USGCM). The Departmental Regulation (DR) 3060-1, "USDA Correspondence Management Regulation," is to be used as a basic guide in preparing USDA correspondence. It can be found at http://www.ocio.usda.gov/directives/files/dr/DR3060-001.pdf. Rural Development also established certain requirements to meet internal needs as reflected in this subpart. 2030.103 Routing, signature authority, and clearing correspondence. (a) Routing. (1) All outgoing correspondence which is beyond the authority of the Division/Staff Director to sign will be routed to the applicable Assistant Deputy Administrator, the Deputy Administrator, the Associate Administrator, and the Administrator. (2) Officials will use judgment in routing correspondence of an unusual nature to the Administrator or Associate Administrator. (3) Electronic mail (EM) requires the same signature as regular mail. _____________________________________________________________________________ DISTRIBUTION: W in Washington, DC only Administrative Services Communications 1 (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.103(a) (Con.) (4) The name and title of the signing official will be typed on all letters/memoranda prepared. When an official other than the signing official signs a letter, the word "for" will be written before the typed name of the signing official. (See example below.) for John G. Doe Director Support Services Division (b) Signature authority. Correspondence will be signed by National Office officials who have delegated signature authority. (c) Clearance. Outgoing letters will be cleared by officials primarily concerned with the subject matter. Letters recommending changes or establishing policy will be cleared through the Assistants or Assistant Deputies and Deputy Administrators. All congressional correspondence must be cleared through the Legislative and Public Affairs Staff (LAPAS). The Regulations and Paperwork Management Branch (RPMB), Support Services Division (SSD), and LAPAS (if necessary) will review the letter after staff office clearances, but before the Office of the General Counsel (OGC) clearance (if necessary) and signature by the Administrator or other official with delegated authority. (1) Only those offices having a substantial interest in the subject of the correspondence shall be requested to concur. (2) It is sufficient to send informational copies of the completed correspondence to those officials concerned with the subject matter. (3) Use Form RD 2006-6, "Clearance and Routing of Rural Development Issuance," for routing letters addressed to all State Directors, National Office officials, all Rural Development employees, all National Office employees, or all field office employees. See Exhibit B of this subpart for preparation and processing of unnumbered letters. (4) Use Form RD 2006-6 for correspondence requiring clearance or signature by another office. (5) Stamp or type "Official Agency File Copy" on the bottom of the last page of the Agencys official record copy for all correspondence prepared in the Agency. The originating office will place the concurrence stamp on the bottom of the last page of the official Agency file copy and insert the designated file code from RD Instruction 2033-C, Exhibit A. Concurring officials will write 2 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.103(c)(5) (Con.) in their Unit, then initial and date on this copy. The Division/Staff Director will initial and date Form RD 2006-6 and send to the next clearance official. __________________________________________________ \| Unit \| Initial & Date \|\| Unit \| Initial & Date \| \| \| \|\| \| \| \| \| \|\| \| \| \| \| \|\| \| \| 2030.104 Correspondence controlled by Rural Development. All congressional letters addressed to officials within Rural Development and any congressional letters initiated by Rural Development should be sent to the Office of the Executive Secretariat (OES) for assignment of a control number and logging into the Document Management System (DMS). 2030.105 Correspondence controlled by the Department. (a) The OES assigns a control number for correspondence such as White House (Presidential) mail, congressional mail, and special public mail (public mail defined as mail from governors and other State and local government officials; officials of major businesses, trade and farm organizations; unions; and other private citizens). These letters are usually prepared for the signature of a departmental official. (b) The OES assigns a priority control number to congressional letters and certain letters from the general public. These letters are signed by the Secretary, Under Secretary, or the Administrator. 2030.106 Types of communication. (a) Letters. (1) Informal. The informal letter format (To: and Subject: format) will be used for most day-to-day correspondence in the transaction of daily routine business within the Department and with other Federal agencies. The informal format will not be used for correspondence outlined in paragraph (2) of this section. (See Exhibit D of this Instruction and USGCM Part I, Chapter 1.) 3 (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.106(a) (Con.) (2) Formal. The formal letter format contains an inside mailing address, salutation, and complimentary close, and will be used when the addressee would expect to receive a more personalized letter. This format will be used when writing to the general public, mayors, governors, foreign officials, independent agencies, heads of departments, Government Accountability Office (GAO), and Members of Congress. (See Exhibit A of this Instruction and USGCM Part I, Chapter 1.) (b) Facsimile transmission. All correspondence sent by facsimile transmission requires the same clearance procedures and signature authority as hard copy correspondence. All information to be transmitted by facsimile should be accompanied by a cover sheet. (1) When faxing information that contains the name of a borrower or other sensitive information, the recipient of the facsimile should be notified when the fax is being sent and asked to stand by for receipt. This will minimize the risk of nonessential disclosure of sensitive information. (2) Facsimile machine usage is restricted to "Official Government Business." The use of facsimile equipment for personal use is strictly prohibited. (c) Electronic mail (EM). EM is a service that provides for the electronic transfer of information data, correspondence, and messages between individuals and/or organizations. (1) Formal correspondence statements of policy, and the implementation or changes of directives or instructions that are transmitted by EM require the same clearance procedures and signature authority as hard copy correspondence (Refer to 2030.103). No Agency official is authorized to sign and send, by EM, any formal correspondence which either exceeds the authority of the signer or would be in conflict with any existing Agency policy or procedure. 4 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.106(c) (Con.) (2) EM may be used by Rural Development employees for the informal exchange of business-related information that might otherwise occur via telephone or note. (3) EM is restricted to "Official Government Business." 2030.107 Informal methods and forms for expediting correspondence. (a) Transmittal letters. A letter of transmittal need not be written unless it adds to that which is being transmitted. Appropriate mailing notations such as the date and to whom the material was sent may be made on the file copy(ies) of the material which was transmitted. In some cases, Optional Form 41, "Routing and Transmittal Slip," may be used instead of a transmittal letter. (b) Form RD 2006-6, "Clearance and Routing of Rural Development Issuance." This form must be used for Unnumbered Letters and Administrative Notices requiring clearance from the RPMB, SSD, and the Administrator and for correspondence requiring clearance or signature by another office. This form should be stapled to the "Official Agency File Copy" prior to sending the document to the Central File Unit. 2030.108 Statement of Action (SOA) on Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports. A Statement of Action (SOA) is USDA's report of corrective action(s) taken or planned on the recommendation(s) contained in a Government Accountability Office (GAO) final report. Public Law 97-258, Section 720, states that an SOA must be submitted to Congress within 60 days from the date of issuance of a GAO final report. (a) The Secretary of USDA requested that the Office of Inspector General (OIG) provide liaison, coordination, and cooperation for USDA SOAs. The Food and Marketing Division of the Office of the Assistant Inspector General for Audit is USDA's designated GAO Liaison Manager. (b) The Financial Management Division (FMD) is Rural Development's designated GAO Liaison Office, with an FMD Program Analyst assigned to GAO audits designated as Rural Development's GAO Liaison Officer. 5 (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.108 (Con.) (c) The SOA is prepared by the designated lead USDA agency. (See Exhibit G of this subpart for instructions on preparing an SOA.) (1) If Rural Development is the designated lead USDA agency, the Rural Development GAO Liaison Officer will forward the GAO final report to the appropriate Rural Development agency officials for preparation of the SOA and submission to FMD for further processing, clearance, and delivery to the GAO Liaison Manager. (2) If Rural Development is not the designated lead USDA agency, FMD will coordinate and provide Rural Development's response (to be included in the SOA) to the designated lead USDA agency. 2030.109 Preparation of envelopes and labels. (a) The following format (see Exhibit H of this subpart) will be used in preparing envelopes: (1) Use all capital letters. (2) No punctuation. (3) Abbreviate street suffixes. (See Exhibit I of this subpart.) (4) Abbreviate states and territories. (See Exhibit J of this subpart.) (5) Use Zone Improvement Program (ZIP) code + 4, when available. (b) All envelopes prepared in Rural Development must reflect this format. This format will reduce postal costs for all Government agencies. 2030.110 Types of envelopes and mailing labels. Provide envelopes large enough to adequately contain all enclosures. However, to keep postage costs at a minimum, use the smallest envelope necessary to accommodate the enclosure. (a) Bulk mail envelopes. These envelopes are prepared by the Departmental Mail Unit, Room 0421, to transmit mail to each State Office. Therefore, individual envelopes will not be prepared for these offices except "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" correspondence as prescribed in 2030.112 of this subpart. 6 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.110 (Con.) (b) Window envelopes. These envelopes will be used, when applicable, to eliminate one typing operation and the possibility of transcription errors. They also eliminate the time-consuming process of matching letters to envelopes. (c) Envelopes without the Postage and Fees Paid Indicia (metered mail system). The National Office is using the metered mail system. The postage for all outgoing mail will be applied by the Departmental Mail Unit with the exception of Secretarial letters. (d) Standard Form 65-B, "U.S. Government Messenger Envelope." Messenger envelopes must now be used for all mail addressed to Rural Development offices and other USDA agencies within the Department's Washington D.C. complex. To assure proper delivery, the addressee's name and STOP Code (See Exhibit C for STOP Code), must be shown on the messenger envelope. (e) Certified mail services. When certified mail service is required, the sender is responsible for filling out the necessary forms. On Postal Service (PS) Form 3811, "Domestic Return Receipts," item 3 should contain the receiver's address, item 4 should contain the article number (which is the number on the PS Form 3800, "Certified Mail Receipt"), and the type of service requested as certified. Also, fill out the return address on the reverse side of PS Form 3811. The PS Form 3800 only needs the receiver's address to be completed. Paper clip or fasten both forms to the package and send to the Departmental Mail Unit for shipping. (f) Non-standard mail. First Class Mail will be non-standard if any of the following size limitations are exceeded and the WEIGHT is one ounce or less: (1) Length exceeds 11 1/2 inches, or (2) Height exceeds 6 1/8 inches, or (3) Thickness exceeds 1/4 inch, or (4) The length divided by the height is less than 1.3 or more than 2.5. Example: Placing one or two pieces of paper flat in a 9" x 12" envelope. 7 (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.110 (f) (Con.) (5) A surcharge will be levied against First Class Mail weighing one ounce or less and not meeting the above-size limitations. In order to avoid the penalty surcharge, fold all material that permits folding and use the smallest size envelope necessary to accommodate the enclosure. This is especially applicable to travel vouchers being mailed to the National Finance Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. 2030.111 Mail pick-up messenger service. (a) National Office. (1) All Rural Development mail must be processed through the Departmental Mail Unit. If, after the last messenger pick-up, you have mail that should be sent that day, it must be hand-carried to the Departmental Mail Unit, Meter Section by 4:30 p.m. The reason for this deadline is that the postage meter is shut down at 5:00 p.m., and daily readings of the meter are taken. (2) Place all outgoing letters in the "OUT" box as early as possible each day. Each office is responsible for hand-carrying to the next office important "deadline"-type correspondence, including all correspondence assigned a control number by OES. Special messenger service is not available for this purpose. Scheduled drop off and pick-up times are: 9:30 a.m., 12:00 p.m. and 3:00 p.m. (b) Departmental courier/messenger service. Scheduled courier/ messenger mail pick-up trips (time for leaving Departmental Mail Unit) are: 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. (c) Reporters Building. Scheduled drop-off and pick-up times are: 9:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., and 3:00 p.m. Do Not address any United States Postal Service (USPS) mail to Rural Development staff located at the Reporters Building, 300 7th Street, SW, Washington, DC 20024. The following address should be used: (NAME OF PERSON) (NAME OF DIVISION) RURAL DEVELOPMENT/USDA STOP CODE NUMBER WASHINGTON DC 20250-(STOP CODE NUMBER) 8 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.111 (Con.) (d) School Street. Do Not address any USPS mail to Human Resources Training (HR), at 501 School Street SW., Washington, D.C. The following address should be used: (NAME OF PERSON) HUMAN RESOURCES TRAINING DIVISION RURAL DEVELOPMENT/USDA STOP CODE 0732 WASHINGTON DC 20250-0732 2030.112 "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" correspondence. The term "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" will be used in identifying non-defense classified material which requires limited access handling or restricted processing. No other term will be used. (a) "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" will be placed two lines above the subject of an informal letter, or two lines above the inside address of a formal letter, flush with the left margin. (b) Material designated "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" should be placed in a plain envelope and identified as such when sent by bulk mail. If the envelope is to be opened only by the one to whom it is addressed, "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY--TO BE OPENED BY ADDRESSEE ONLY" should be written or typed on the envelope. 2030.113 Federal Express. (a) All Rural Development employees are required to process shipment labels via the Federal Express internet site which can be found at www.fedex.com for their Federal Express letters and packages. Rural Development is now a registered member of the FedEx Ship Manager (Passkey) system. (b) All Rural Development employees who process Federal Express shipments must have a user id and password to log on to the FedEx Passkey. To obtain a user id and password, you must contact the Passkey Administrator at 202-692-0027. 9 (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.113 (Con.) (c) Hand carry Federal Express items to the fourth wing loading dock FedEx drop off box in the South building by 4:00 p.m. or the second floor FedEx drop off box in the Reporters Building by 2:00 p.m. 2030.114 Personal correspondence. This subpart does not restrict in any way the right of an employee to correspond with any person or public official with respect to matters of concern to the employee as a private citizen. All employees, however, are advised to acquaint themselves fully with the provisions of RD Instruction 2045-CC. 2030.115 - 2030.150 [Reserved] Attachments: Exhibits A, B, C, D, E [Reserved], F [Reserved], G, H, I, and J. o0o 10 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit A FORMAL LETTER FORMAT [ON LETTERHEAD] 3 lines December 1, 2003 14 lines down to show through window Honorable John G. Doe U.S. House of Representatives 123 Russell House Office Building Washington, D.C. 20522 3 lines Dear Congressman Doe: 2 lines This exhibit illustrates the format for preparing formal letters throughout the United States Government. The formal letter should be used when protocol dictates, or when the addressee would expect or should receive a more formal or personalized letter. The date may be typed or stamped approximately three lines below the letterhead. Left and right margins are at least 1 inch and not more than 1 and inches. Each part of the letter is double-spaced from the previous text. The signing officials name and title are typed at least five lines below the complimentary close. Start typing the signer's name flush with the left margin on the fifth line below the complimentary closing. Please refer to this exhibit for the complete signature block. 2 lines Sincerely, 5 lines JANE DOE Administrator Agency Name 2 lines Enclosure [DR-3060-1 14(q)(1)] oOo (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit B Page 1 UNNUMBERED LETTERS SUBJECT: Preparation and Processing TO: ATTENTION: Unnumbered Letters are written communications in the memorandum format addressed to all State Directors, National Office officials, all Rural Development employees, all National Office employees, or all field office employees. Unnumbered Letters will be used to provide general information and not to establish, change, or modify authorized directives. l. Requirements. a. Sufficient time must be allowed for the necessary clearances, final signature, date stamping, issuance, and timely arrival. b. Attachments must be indicated in the body of the letter and below the signature block. c. Provide Unnumbered Letters to the Regulations and Paperwork Management Branch (RPMB) on a disk so that they can be posted on the Internet. Notify RPMB if the Unnumbered Letter contains sensitive information and should not be posted on the Internet. d. Unnumbered Letters must be sent by electronic mail (except letters with attachments that are not on the computer) to field offices and National Office officials. 2. Preparation. a. An "ATTENTION" line should be placed below the "TO" line on all Unnumbered Letters requiring action or attention by the State Office employee(s) other than the State Director. Attention lines help State Office personnel to quickly route letters to the intended recipient(s). EXPIRATION DATE: FILING INSTRUCTIONS: April 30, 2004 Administrative/Other Programs (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit B Page 2 b. Place the "EXPIRATION DATE" at the bottom left corner of the first page. The expiration date is the responsibility of the writer. c. Place "FILING INSTRUCTIONS" at the bottom right corner of the first page. The originator is responsible for designating one of the following three broad program areas as the filing instructions: Housing Programs, Community/Business Programs, and Administrative/Other Programs. 3. Clearance and Signature Authority. a. The originating office is responsible for obtaining the necessary clearances. Place Form RD 2006-6, "Clearance and Routing of Rural Development Issuance," on top of the original, fill in the applicable clearance officials on the form, and forward the document to the first clearance official. If the final is changed during clearance by a clearing official, the official agency file copy of the original containing the page change should be stapled to the corrected official agency file copy. The legend should be updated to reflect the name of the official requiring the revision. b. RPMB will review the letter after staff office clearances, but before the Office of the General Counsel (OGC) clearance (if necessary) and signature by the Administrator or other official with delegated authority. 4. Distribution of Unnumbered Letters. a. After the Unnumbered Letter is signed, it will be returned to RPMB for a final check and given to the originating office to send electronically if appropriate. After electronic transmission, the originating office will return the Unnumbered Letter (both hard copy and disk) to RPMB. b. Unnumbered Letters transmitted electronically will not be reproduced except for the required file copies. RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit B Page 3 c. Unnumbered Letters not transmitted electronically will be duplicated and distributed by RPMB. d. When special attachments such as preprinted pamphlets, diskettes, etc., are prepared, RPMB will return the letter to the division/staff for assembly. 5. Filing. After distribution, the original letter, with any extra copies will be returned to the originating office and retained for no longer than 1 year. Future requests for extra copies of an Unnumbered Letter should be referred to the originating office. JAMES L. DOE Administrator Attachments (if appropriate) One of the following sentences is to be typed below the signature line of the letter to describe further handling. If the memo is one page, one of the following lines will be placed after the expiration date and filing instruction line. * Sent by Electronic Mail on (date)_________at (time) ______by ________(office). The State Director should advise other personnel as appropriate. * Sent by Electronic Mail on (date) ________at (time) _______by ________(office). oOo (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit C Page 1 RURAL DEVELOPMENT STOP CODES Stop Codes replace the use of room numbers on internal and external envelopes. The first 2 digits of the code identifies the Agency and the last 2 digits identifies the organizational unit within the Agency. The STOP codes also represent the ZIP + 4 digit code. OFFICE/DIVISION STOP CODE Operations and Management Deputy Administrator for Operations and Management 0720 Civil Rights Staff 0703 Office of the Chief Financial Officer Office of the Deputy Chief Financial Officer 0721 Budget Division 0722 Financial Management Division 0707 Policy and Analysis Division 0708 Assistant Administrator for Procurement and Administrative Services 0740 Procurement Management Division 0741 Support Services Division 0742 Central File Unit 0747 Office of the Chief Information Officer 0750 Management Control Staff 0751 Customer Services Division 0753 Management Services Division 0752 Information Technology Division 0754 Information Resource Management 0750 Rural Utilities National Development Branch 1534 Assistant Administrator for Human Resources 0730 Mission Area Personnel Services Division 0730 Human Resources Training Division 0732 Labor Relations Staff 0733 Headquarters Personnel Services Branch 0730 Legislative and Public Affairs Staff 0705 Alternative Dispute Resolution 0790 Policy and Analysis Division 0786 (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit C Page 2 Office of Community Development Empowerment Program Division 3203 Community Resource Development Division 3203 National Rural Development Partnership 3203 Rural Business-Cooperative Service Office of the Administrator 3201 Resource Coordination Staff 3204 Deputy Administrator for Business Programs 3220 Special Projects/Programs Oversight Division 3221 Business and Industry Division 3224 Specialty Lenders Division 3225 Deputy Administrator for Cooperative Services 3250 Statistics 3256 Cooperative Marketing Division 3252 Cooperative Resources Management Division 3253 Cooperative Development Division 3254 Rural Housing Service Office of the Administrator 0701 Program Support Staff 0761 Deputy Administrator for Single Family Housing 0780 Single Family Housing Direct Loan Division 0783 Single Family Housing Guaranteed Loan Division 0784 Deputy Administrator for Multi-Family Housing 0780 Multi-Family Housing Processing Division 0781 Multi-Family Housing Portfolio Management Division 0782 Deputy Administrator for Community Programs 0788 Guaranteed Loan Division 0787 Direct Loan and Grant Processing Division 0787 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit C Page 3 Rural Utilities Service Office of the Administrator 1510 Financial Services Staff 1516 Assistant Administrator for Program Accounting and Regulatory Analysis 1530 Program Accounting Services Division 1523 Program Development and Regulatory Analysis 1522 Assistant Administrator for Electric Program 1560 Northern Regional Division 1566 Southern Regional Division 1567 Power Supply Division 1568 Electric Staff Division 1569 Assistant Administrator for Telecommunications 1590 Eastern Area Telecommunications 1599 Southwest Area Telecommunications 1597 Northwest Area Telecommunications 1595 Telecommunications Standards Division 1598 Advanced Services Division 1550 Program Advisor 1541 Assistant Administrator for Water and Environmental Programs 1548 Water Programs Division 1570 Engineering and Environmental Staff 1571 o0o (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit D INFORMAL LETTER FORMAT [ON LETTERHEAD] 2 lines down from letterhead May 1, 2003 (Added after signature) 3 lines down TO: Rural Development 2 tabs Support Services Division STOP 0742 Washington, D.C. 20250-0742 2 lines FROM: (Option ) 2 lines SUBJECT: 3 lines to body of the informal letter This informal letter shall be prepared on letterhead. It illustrates the informal letter format used throughout the United States Government. This format will be used to prepare most day-to-day letters in the transaction of routine business within the Department and with other Federal agencies. Begin the body of the informal letter three lines below the last line of the subject. Single space lines in the paragraph and double space between paragraphs. Short letters of 10 lines or less, double space between lines and triple space between paragraphs. The name of the signer will be typed on the fifth line below the last line of an informal letter, flush with the margin. If more than one line is needed for the signer's title, begin succeeding line indented two spaces. The entire signature element should not run over four lines. When using FROM: There is no signature block at the bottom of the informal letter. 5 lines Jane Doe Director Agency name 2 lines cc: T. Randall (May be typed on original M. Monroe if so determined by writer) (USGCM part 1 Chapter 1 figures 5&6) 2 lines Attachments oOo (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Page 1 INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARING AND PROCESSING STATEMENTS OF ACTION ON GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE REPORTS FORMAT Attachment 1 of this exhibit is an example of an original and salmon copy Statement of Action (SOA). Preparation Prepare the SOA on 8 1/2 x 11-inch plain white bond paper. Also prepare a salmon copy for use in obtaining Department of Agriculture (USDA) clearances (to be attached to the OES signature sheet). Use 12-point Times New Roman type with 1-inch margins on all sides. Style preferences are provided later in these instructions (this exhibit). Heading Title the SOA using the full Government Accountability Office (GAO) report title and report number as shown on the cover of the final report. Preparation Date Insert the date of preparation (or the date the SOA was last revised during clearance) immediately following the heading title. Introductory Paragraph Using the "Highlights" section located on the first page of the GAO report, paraphrase GAOs findings and synopsis of the recommendations cited (further details are described on Attachment 1 of this exhibit). (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Page 2 General Comments Include comments of a general nature, if applicable, that are not specifically relevant to the recommendations. If no general comments are given, omit the "General Comments" section in the SOA. GAO Recommendation and Cite each GAO recommendation and follow USDA Response with the USDA response; continue this pattern for each recommendation. Describe actions that have been completed or planned, along with the estimated dates of completion. Also include any reasons for disagreement with the recommendations. Note: An SOA should "speak in one voice" on behalf of USDA. Any agency disagreements concerning responses to recommendations should be reconciled prior to writing the Departmental response. Number of Copies Using the original, make three photocopies. The copies must be clear, legible, and free from any marks or handwritten corrections. Additional photocopies will be made once the document is delivered to the Office of Inspector General (OIG). Agency Identification on On the last page of the salmon copy, type Clearance Copy (Salmon) the name of the preparing agency/office, the writer's name and telephone number, the typist's initials, and the date. This information must not appear on the original or the photocopies. RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Page 3 Correspondence Control Prepare a Correspondence Control Cover to Cover Preparation route the SOA through clearance. An Office of Executive Secretariat (OES) control number (obtained by OIG) is assigned to the package. This control number should be referenced at all times. Cite the GAO report number, the date, and title in the appropriate areas of the form. Address the SOA package to the attention of June Hill, OIG, Room 450-E, Jamie L. Whitten Building. Attachment 2 of this exhibit is an example of a completed Correspondence Control Cover. A blank form will be forwarded via e-mail to the agency GAO Liaison Officer when the control number is obtained by OIG from OES. "35" Control Number The "35" controlled correspondence number is obtained by OIG and will be provided to the agency GAO Liaison Officer when assigned (usually within a week after receipt of the GAO final report). OES Signature Sheet Prepare an OES Signature Sheet to obtain Preparation approval signatures at the preparing agency head level and above. Include in the first column (as appropriate) acronyms for the preparing (lead) agency, agency head, appropriate Under/Assistant Secretary, etc. Attachment 3 of this exhibit is an example of the OES Signature Sheet. The sheet may be modified to accommodate the agencys clearance preferences (below the Office of the General Counsel (OGC)/Office of Budget and Program Analysis (OBPA) level). A blank form will be forwarded via e-mail (along with the Correspondence Control Cover) to the agency GAO Liaison Officer when the control number is obtained by OIG from OES. (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Page 4 SOA Package Clearances The appropriate agency head(s); Under Secretary(ies)/Assistant Secretary(ies), and/or Director(s); the OGC; and the OBPA should sign and date the OES clearance sheet of the SOA prior to submission to OIG. Each signature should appear in the "Final" block of the OES clearance sheet. To expedite clearance, the SOA should be hand carried by the agency GAO Liaison Officer to each successive appropriate clearance office. Internal clearances below the agency head level should not appear on the OES signature sheet. Requirements for such clearances are established at the discretion of the individual agency. SOA Package and Routing A pocket folder (portfolio) should be used. The completed Correspondence Control Cover should be stapled to the top of the portfolio. At minimum, the SOA package should contain: In the right-hand side pocket: (1) The original; and (2) Three stapled copies of the SOA. RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Page 5 SOA Package and Routing (Con.) In the left-hand side pocket: (1) The salmon copy of the SOA with the OES signature sheet (on white paper attached to the top of the salmon) showing the appropriate clearance signatures to be obtained; (2) A copy of the GAO final report; and (3) A disk containing an electronic version of the SOA. Once appropriate clearances have been obtained (up to and including OBPA), the SOA package should be hand carried by the agency GAO Liaison Officer to the GAO Liaison Manager (June Hill), OIG, Room 450-E, Jamie L. Whitten Building for further processing. Transmittal Letters No transmittal or memorandum is required for the SOA package to be sent to OIG. OIG will prepare the necessary transmittal letters to the congressional committees, the Office of Management and Budget, and GAO. Note: Controlled correspondence to incoming letters ("35s") need not be accompanied by informational memoranda. Agency Copies After the Secretary has signed the transmittal letters, OIG will furnish the agency GAO Liaison Officer with a copy of all correspondence. (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Page 6 STYLE In working with OES, the following style preferences have been requested and should be used when preparing the SOA for submission to the Secretary. Heading and Date The heading should be centered and should appear in 12-point boldface Times New Roman type, followed by the date of preparation or last revision. Format of SOA Body In general, all subhead and text type should appear flush left in 12-point regular Times New Roman. Subheads should appear in boldface type. Acronyms Acronyms should be used sparingly to avoid confusing the reader. The first time a name (e.g., the name of a department, organization, or program) is used, it should be spelled out in full. If the name is to be used again, an acronym may be included in parentheses immediately after the first mention of the name and used thereafter instead of the full name. If the name is used only once, the acronym should not be used. Bulleted Items In using bulleted items, be sure to use a "stem" to lead the reader conceptually into the material. Begin each bulleted item with a capital letter, and end it with a period (not a semi-colon). The first sentence of each bulleted item may be italicized if appropriate. Include a line of space between each of the bulleted items. References References, if used, should be indicated in the text by a number (not a superscript) in parentheses, for example: USDA will review the GAO lists (1) and the EPA lists (2) periodically. RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Page 7 Proofreading The SOA should be proofread for accuracy and for adherences to the elements of style detailed in the U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual (29th edition, 2000; http://www.gpoaccess.gov/stylemanual/index.html). The reviewer should also ensure: * Proper reference to an agency title or program name (i.e., Office of the General Counsel, not Office of General Counsel). * Proper use of initial caps when referring to: o Department o State, Federal o Congress * The particle "the" is no longer required if an acronym begins a sentence (unless the sentence reads awkwardly). PLEASE CONTACT JUNE HILL, OIG, ON (202) 720-6772 IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS OR REQUIRE FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS. oOo (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Attachment 1 Page 1 EXAMPLE OF ORIGINAL AND SALMON GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE STATEMENT OF ACTION U.S. Department of Agriculture Statement of Action on the U.S. Government Accountability Office Final Report [INSERT GAO REPORT NUMBER], [INSERT THE FULL TITLE AS SHOWN ON THE COVER OF THE GAO REPORT] [INSERT DATE example July 8, 2004] The purpose of this INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH is to orient the reader to the remainder of the report. This paragraph should include information on the "who, what, why, where, and when" to provide the reader with instant understanding of the gist of the piece. It is recommended that you paraphrase the "Highlights" section located on the first page of the Government Accountability Office (GAO) report. This section gives an explanation of why GAO conducted the study and a synopsis of the recommendations. The last sentence of this paragraph should lead the reader to the recommendations cited. For example, The following addresses those recommendations made specifically to the Department of Agriculture (USDA). General Comments Include any comments of a general nature, if applicable, that are not specifically relevant to an individual recommendation. If no general comments provided, omit this section from the statement of action (SOA). Any use of acronyms, including those cited in the GAO recommendations, should be written out the first time they are used with the acronym in parenthesis. GAO Recommendation Cite the first GAO recommendation reflected in the report. If at all possible, the GAO recommendation(s) should be stated in the same words as shown in the report. USDA Response (or Comment) Describe what action has been completed, what additional action is planned, and the estimated date(s) of completion. If there is disagreement with the GAO recommendation, state the reason. If more than one agency is responding to the GAO recommendation, prepare one Departmental response to the recommendation that represents USDAs position. Describe what actions have been completed, what additional actions are planned overall, and the estimated dates of completion. Note: This response should "speak in one voice" on behalf of USDA. Any agency disagreements concerning responses to recommendations should be reconciled prior to writing the SOA. (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Attachment 1 Page 2 Statement of Action on [Report Number, Short Title] Page 2 GAO Recommendation Cite the next GAO recommendation reflected in the report. If the SOA is more than one page, insert a "continuous page break on the first page and title the succeeding pages as noted above using the GAO report number and a short title (e.g., SOA on GAO-03-541, Rural Development: USDAs Outreach). This text should be italicized 12-point Times New Roman type. USDA Response (or Comment) Again, describe what action has been completed, what additional action is planned, and the estimated date(s) of completion. If there is disagreement with the GAO recommendation, state the reason. CONTINUE THIS PATTERN FOR EACH GAO RECOMMENDATION, IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWED BY THE USDAS RESPONSE(S)/COMMENT(S). On last page (of salmon copy only) include AGENCY IDENTIFICATION (EXAMPLE: RHS/SWhite:202-720-1615:dm:7/8/04) oOo RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Attachment 2 EXAMPLE OF COMPLETED CORRESPONDENCE CONTROL COVER NOTE: A blank form will be e-mailed to the Government Accountability Office (GAO) Liaison Officer for the agencys use CORRESPONDENCE CONTROL COVER for U.S. Government Accountability Office Statement of Action Package TO: Office of Inspector General ATTN: June Hill Room 450-E, Jamie Whitten Bldg. DATE: July 9, 2004 JACKET NO: 35-4119681 FILE DESIGNATION: GAO-04-937 TITLE OF GAO AUDIT REPORT: Rural Housing Service: Updated Guidance and Additional Monitoring Needed for Rental Assistance Distribution Process PREPARING AGENCY: RHS PHONE NUMBER: (202) 692-0085 CONTACT POINT IN AGENCY: Betty O'Loughlin REMARKS: For Secretary's signature. To be hand carried at all times. If problems arise, please contact June Hill, OIG, on 202-720-6772. DO NOT return package back to originating agency. Thank you. Letters to the members of Congress, GAO, and OMB (in accordance with PL 97-258 and OMB Circular OMB A-50) will be prepared by OIG. SENT TO ROOM NO. DATE IN DATE OUT INITIALS 1. Administrator, RHS 5014-S 2. Under Secretary, Rural Development 206-W 3. General Counsel, OGC 1518-S 4. Director, OBPA 101-A 5. OIG: June Hill 450-E 6. Inspector General, OIG 117-W 7. OES 116-A 8. PRIORITY -- HANDLE PROMPTLY KEEP THIS JACKET ON TOP OF CORRESPONDENCE AT ALL TIMES Note: Add other reviewers at agency level or above, as appropriate oOo (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Attachment 3 EXAMPLE OF OES SIGNATURE SHEET *Printed on white paper and modified to reflect clearances necessary for your agency. To be placed on TOP of the salmon copy of the statement of action. U. S. Department of Agriculture Office of the Executive Secretariat Official Clearance Sheet DRAFT REWRITE FINAL AGENCY: (Signature) (Date) AGENCY HEAD: Administrator, RHS (Signature) (Title) (Date) UND/ASST. SEC: Rural Development (Signature) (Title) (Date) ADDTL UND/ASST: if applicable (Signature) (Title) (Date) OGC: (Signature) (Title) (Date) OBPA: (Signature) (Title) (Date) OIG: (Signature) (Title) (Date) OES: (Signature) (Title) (Date) EXEC. ASST: (Signature) (Title) (Date) SEC/AUTOPEN: OES-1 (modified for GAO SOA) 10/20/04 NOTE: Include clearance lines for other reviewers as appropriate (i.e., other USDA agencies that provided responses if more than one agency was involved; or as instructed by OIG). oOo (04-20-05) PN 385 Exhibit H in PDF ONLY. RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit I ABBREVIATIONS FOR STRET DESIGNATORS (STREET SUFFIXES) Alley ALY Fort FT Plaza PLZ Annex ANX Freeway FWY Point PT Arcade ARC Gardens GDNS Port PRT Avenue AVE Gateway GTWY Prairie PR Bayou BYU Glen GLN Radial RADL Beach BCH Green GRN Ranch RNCH Bend BND Grove GRV Rapids RPDS Bluff BLF Harbor HBR REST RST Bottom BTM Haven HVN Ridge RDG Boulevard BLVD Heights HTS River RIV Branch BR Highway HWY Road RD Bridge BRG Hill HL Row ROW Brook BRK Hills HLS Run RUN Burg BG Hollow HOLW Shoal SHL Bypass BYP Inlet INLT Shoals SHLS Camp CP Island IS Shore SHR Canyon CYN Islands ISS Shores SHRS Cape CPE Isle ISLE Spring SPG Causeway CSWY Junction JCT Springs SPGS Center CTR Key KY Spur SPUR Circle CIR Knolls KNLS Square SQ Cliffs CLFS Lake LK Station STA Club CLB Lakes LKS Stravenue STRA Corner COR Landing LNDG Stream STRM Corners CORS Lane LN Street ST Course CRSE Light LGT Summit SMT Court CT Loaf LF Terrace TER Courts CTS Locks LCKS Trace TRCE Cove CV Lodge LDG Track TRAK Creek CRK Loop LOOP Trail TRL Crescent CRES Mall MALL Trailer TRLR Crossing XING Manor MNR Tunnel TUNL Dale DL Meadows MDWS Turnpike TPKE Dam DM Mill ML Union UN Divide DV Mills MLS Valley VLY Drive DR Mission MSN Viaduct VIA Estates EST Mount MT View VW Expressway EXPY Mountain MTN Village VLG Extension EXT Neck NCK Ville VL Fall FALL Orchard ORCD Vista VIS Falls FLS Oval OVAL Walk WALK Ferry FRY Park PARK Way WAY Field FLD Parkway PKY Wells WLS Fields FLDS Pass PASS Flats FLT Path PATH Ford FRD Pike PIKE Forest FRST Pines PNES Forge FRG Place PL Fork FRK Plain PLN Forks FRKS Plains PLNS oOo (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit J STANDARD ADDRESS ABBREVIATIONS TWO-LETTER STATE AND POSSESSION ABBREVIATIONS Alabama AL Missouri MO Alaska AK Montana MT Arizona AZ Nebraska NE Arkansas AR Nevada NV American Samoa AS New Hampshire NH California CA New Jersey NJ Colorado CO New Mexico NM Connecticut CT New York NY Delaware DE North Carolina NC District of Columbia DC North Dakota ND Federated States of Northern Mariana Islands MP Micronesia FM Ohio OH Florida FL Oklahoma OK Georgia GA Oregon OR Guam GU Palau PW Hawaii HI Pennsylvania PA Idaho ID Puerto Rico PR Illinois IL Rhode Island RD Indiana IN South Carolina SC Iowa IA South Dakota SD Kansas KS Tennessee TN Kentucky KY Texas TX Louisiana LA Utah UT Maine ME Vermont VT Marshall Islands MH Virginia VA Maryland MD Virgin Island VI Massachusetts MA Washington WA Michigan MI West Virginia WV Minnesota MN Wisconsin WI Mississippi MS Wyoming WY DIRECTIONAL ABBREVIATIONS North N East E South S West W Northeast NE Southeast SE Southwest SW Northwest NW Note: For certain computerized addressing needs, the National Five-Digit Zip Code & Post Office Directory contains two additional tables of official U.S. Postal Service abbreviations: (1) an Extended Suffix Table, containing suffix forms which appear in some address files, and the corresponding USPS suffixes as coded in the ZIP+4 National Directory File, and (2) abbreviations for postal names which cannot be reduced to 15 positions through use of standard abbreviations. oOo (04-20-05) PN 385	en
all-txt-docs	362586	[Federal Register: July 30, 1999 (Volume 64, Number 146)] [Proposed Rules] [Page 41709-41743] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov] [DOCID:fr30jy99-38] [[Page 41709]] _______________________________________________________________________ Part V Department of Health and Human Services _______________________________________________________________________ Food and Drug Administration _______________________________________________________________________ 21 CFR Parts 801, 878, and 880 Surgeon's and Patient Examination Gloves; Reclassification and Medical Glove Guidance Manual Availability; Proposed Rule and Notice [[Page 41710]] DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration 21 CFR Parts 801, 878, and 880 [Docket No. 98N-0313] RIN 0910-AB74 Surgeon's and Patient Examination Gloves; Reclassification AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS. ACTION: Proposed rule. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is proposing regulations to reclassify all surgeon's and patient examination gloves as class II medical devices because it believes that general controls are insufficient to provide a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness. The reclassified gloves, including those made of natural rubber latex (NRL) or synthetic material, will be regulated in four categories: Powdered surgeon's gloves, powder-free surgeon's gloves, powdered patient examination gloves, and powder-free patient examination gloves. The proposed special controls are in the form of a proposed guidance document entitled ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual,'' which includes recommended protein and glove powder limits, and new label caution statements including protein and powder labeling requirements. FDA is also proposing to require expiration dating. This proposed rule is intended to reduce the adverse health effects from allergic and foreign body reactions caused by the natural latex (NL) protein allergens and glove powder found on surgeon's and patient examination gloves and to reduce the adverse health effects from defects in the barrier integrity and quality of surgeon's and patient examination gloves. DATES: Written comments by October 28, 1999. Written comments on the information collection requirements should be submitted by August 30, 1999. ADDRESSES: Submit written comments to the Dockets Management Branch (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Submit written comments on the information collection requirements to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), New Executive Office Bldg., 725 17th St. NW., rm. 10235, Washington, DC 20503, Attn.: Wendy Taylor, Desk Officer for FDA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Donald E. Marlowe, Center for Devices and Radiological Health (HFZ-100), Food and Drug Administration, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, 301-827-4777. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Background Surgeon's and patient examination gloves are intended to provide an effective barrier against potentially infectious materials and other contaminants. However, the use of surgeon's and patient examination gloves has been associated with a number of adverse health effects in patients and users, including allergic reactions, foreign body reactions, and irritation. NL is a milky fluid that consists of extremely small particles of rubber obtained from plants, principally from the Heavea brasiliensis (rubber) tree, dispersed in an aqueous medium. NL contains a variety of naturally occurring substances, including plant proteins, which are believed to be the primary allergens associated with NL allergy. NL is employed in the natural rubber latex manufacturing process. Products made by the natural rubber latex manufacturing process, such as medical gloves, are referred to as containing or made of NRL. For a more complete description of the NRL manufacturing process and further definition of related terms, see the final rule entitled ``Natural Rubber-Containing Medical Devices; User Labeling,'' published on September 30, 1997 (62 FR 51021), and codified in part 801 (21 CFR part 801) at Sec. 801.437. Glove powder is defined as the total particulate matter on a finished glove, including donning and dusting powder, as well as former-release (or mold-release) compounds and manufacturing debris. The main component of donning and dusting powder is most commonly cornstarch. Health care workers, comprised of physicians, dentists, pharmacists, nurses, technologists, technicians, and phlebotomists, use millions of NRL gloves during procedures involving millions of patients; this makes NRL gloves a significant source of exposure to NL allergens (Ref. 1). Studies of health care workers, blood donors, and ambulatory surgical patients have demonstrated an appreciable prevalence of NL sensitivity (Refs. 2 to 8). FDA has received 330 reports of adverse events attributed to NL allergy occurring in patients and health care workers, which suggests that allergic reaction to NRL products in health care settings manifests itself in a variety of symptoms ranging from dermatitis to anaphylaxis (Ref. 9). The general population is directly exposed to NRL from a variety of sources, including consumer products such as industrial gloves and NRL balloons, as well as medical devices such as barrier contraceptives and NRL gloves. FDA has significant concerns about the role of glove powder as a carrier of airborne allergens, because NL allergens have been shown to bind to cornstarch. A number of published clinical and experimental studies support this conclusion (Refs. 10 to 14). In addition to the role of glove powder as a carrier of airborne allergens, FDA is also aware that glove powder contributes to a number of other adverse health effects. As particulate matter, it can cause foreign body reactions, resulting in inflammation, granulomas and adhesions of peritoneal tissues after surgery (Refs. 15 to 19). Glove powder may serve as an absorbent or adsorbent for unbound chemicals that may be irritants or chemical contact sensitizers. In addition, glove powder from nonsterile patient examination gloves may also support microbial growth and act as a carrier for endotoxins (Ref. 20). These multiple concerns of adverse health effects associated with particulate matter from the surface of medical gloves constitute compelling reasons for FDA to reduce the amount of powder on all gloves, as well as to ensure that both powdered gloves and powder-free alternatives are clearly labeled so users and consumers may make informed choices. Although data is not currently available to quantify a maximum allowable level of glove powder, decreased exposure to glove powder will decrease the prevalence of adverse health effects. Therefore, FDA is recommending a powder level it believes is achievable by industry. In June 1997, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) issued a safety alert recommending the use of powder- free, reduced protein content NRL or synthetic gloves as a means to reduce exposure to NL allergens, specifically via the airborne route of exposure (Ref. 21). While FDA agrees with the goal of reducing exposure to airborne allergens, FDA is concerned that efforts to produce powder- free gloves with satisfactory donning properties may require additional manufacturing processes that, if not appropriately controlled, have deleterious effects on physical properties, performance, and shelf-life of the gloves (Refs. 22 and 23). [[Page 41711]] II. Statutory Authority The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act), as amended by the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (the 1976 amendments) (Public Law 94-295), the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990 (SMDA) (Public Law 101- 629), and the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA) (Public Law 105-115), established a comprehensive system for the regulation of medical devices intended for human use. Section 513 of the act (21 U.S.C. 360c) established three categories (classes) of devices, depending on the regulatory controls needed to provide a reasonable assurance of their safety and effectiveness. The three categories of devices are class I (general controls), class II (special controls), and class III (premarket approval). The effect of classifying a device into class I is to require that the device meet only the general controls that are applicable to all devices. The effect of classifying a device into class II is to require the device to meet special controls as well as general controls, which together provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the device. Class II devices are devices which cannot be classified in class I because general controls by themselves are insufficient to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness and for which there is sufficient information to establish special controls to provide such assurance, including the issuance of performance standards, postmarket surveillance, patient registries, and guidelines (see section 513(a)(1)(B) of the act). The effect of classifying a device into class III is to require each manufacturer of the device to submit to FDA a premarket approval application (PMA) that includes information concerning safety and effectiveness of the device. Under section 513 of the act, devices that were in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976 (the date of enactment of the amendments), generally referred to as preamendments devices, are classified after FDA has: (1) Received a recommendation from a device classification panel (an FDA advisory committee); (2) published the panel's recommendation for comment, along with a proposed regulation classifying the device; and (3) published a final regulation classifying the device. FDA has classified most preamendments devices under these procedures. A device that is first offered in commercial distribution after May 28, 1976, generally referred to as a postamendments device, and which FDA determines to be substantially equivalent to a device classified under this scheme, is classified into the same class as the device to which it is substantially equivalent. The agency determines whether new devices are substantially equivalent to previously offered devices by means of premarket notification procedures in section 510(k) of the act (21 U.S.C. 360(k)) and part 807 of the regulations (21 CFR part 807). A device that was not in commercial distribution prior to May 28, 1976, and that has not been found by FDA to be substantially equivalent to a legally marketed device, is classified automatically by statute (section 513(f) of the act) into class III, without any FDA rulemaking proceeding. Reclassification of classified preamendments devices is governed by section 513(e) of the act (21 U.S.C. 360c(e)). This section provides that FDA may, by rulemaking, reclassify a device (in a proceeding that parallels the initial classification proceeding) based upon ``new information.'' The reclassification can be initiated by FDA or by the petition of an interested person. The term ``new information,'' as used in section 513(e) of the act, includes information developed as a result of the reevaluation of the data before the agency when the device was originally classified, as well as information not presented, not available, or not developed at that time. (See, e.g., Holland Rantos v. United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 587 F.2d 1173, 1174 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1978); Upjohn v. Finch, 422 F.2d 944 (6th Cir. 1970); Bell v. Goddard, 366 F.2d 177 (7th Cir. 1966).) Reevaluation of the data previously before the agency is an appropriate basis for subsequent regulatory action where the reevaluation is made in light of changes in ``medical science.'' (See Upjohn v. Finch, supra, 422 F.2d at 951.) However, regardless of whether data before the agency are past or new data, the ``new information'' on which any reclassification is based is required to consist of ``valid scientific evidence,'' as defined in section 513(a)(3) of the act (21 U.S.C. 360c(a)(3)) and 21 CFR 860.7(c)(2). FDA relies upon ``valid scientific evidence'' in the classification process to determine the level of regulation for devices. For the purpose of reclassification, the valid scientific evidence upon which the agency relies must be publicly available. Publicly available information excludes trade secret and/or confidential commercial information. On November 21, 1997, the President signed into law FDAMA. Section 206 of FDAMA added a new section 510(m) (21 U.S.C. 360(m)) to the act. Section 510(m)(2) of the act provides that FDA may, on its own initiative or upon petition of an interested person, exempt a class II device from the requirement of premarket notification in section 510(k) of the act, if FDA determines that a 510(k) submission is not necessary to provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the device. Such an exemption would permit manufacturers to introduce the generic type of device into commercial distribution without first submitting a premarket notification to FDA. Section 701(a) of the act (21 U.S.C. 371(a)) authorizes FDA to issue substantive binding regulations for the efficient enforcement of the act. (Weinberger v. Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc., 412 U.S. 609 (1973); see also Weinberger v. Bentex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 412 U.S. 645, 653 (1973); National Ass'n of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers v. FDA, 637 F.2d 877 (2d Cir. 1981); National Confectioners Ass'n v. Califano, 569 F.2d 690 (D.C. Cir. 1978); National Nutritional Foods Ass'n v. Weinberger, 512 F.2d 688 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 825 (1975).) Section 502(a) of the act (21 U.S.C. 352(a)) provides that a device is misbranded ``[I]f its labeling is false or misleading in any particular.'' Section 201(n) of the act (21 U.S.C. 321 (n)) provides that, in determining whether labeling of a regulated article (such as a device) is misleading * * * there shall be taken into account * * * not only representations made or suggested by statement, word, design, device, or any combination thereof, but also the extent to which the labeling * * * fails to reveal facts material in light of such representations * * * with respect to consequences which may result from the use of the article to which the labeling * * * relates under the conditions of use prescribed in the labeling or advertising thereof or under such conditions of use as are customary or usual. The courts have upheld FDA's authority to prevent false or misleading labeling by issuing regulations requiring label warnings and other affirmative disclosures (See, e.g., Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association v. Schmidt, 409 F. Supp. 57 (D.D.C. 1976), aff'd without opinion, Civil No. 75-1715 (D.C. Cir. August 19, 1977), even in the absence of a proven cause-and-effect relationship between product usage and harm (Council for Responsible Nutrition v. Goyan, Civil No. 80-1124 (D. D. C. August 1, 1980)). FDA may impose testing requirements in a labeling regulation issued under its general rulemaking authority. (See, e.g., [[Page 41712]] American Frozen Food Inst. v. Mathews, 413 F. Supp. 548 (D.D.C. 1976), aff'd per curiam sub nom. American Frozen Food Inst. v. Califano, 555 F.2d 1059 (D.C. Cir. 1977); see also National Nutritional Foods Ass'n v. Weinberger, supra.) Thus, FDA may require that all manufacturers use the same conditions to test aging to ensure that the expiration date reflects the period of time a product can be used safely. Similar requirements are imposed in Sec. 801.430(f) for absorbency testing for menstrual tampons, and in Sec. 801.420(c)(4) on hearing aid manufacturers and distributors who must determine and state technical data values for hearing aid labeling in accordance with specified test procedures. The hearing aid regulation has been upheld. (American Speech and Hearing Ass'n v. Califano, Medical Devices Report (CCH) No. 77-1327 Secs. 15004, 15007 (D.D.C. August 23, 1977) aff'd No. 77-1327 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 19, 1977).) Food regulations issued under section 701(a) of the act also impose many such specific testing requirements (see e.g., 21 CFR 113.40 (tests for low-acid canned foods); 21 CFR 155.190(b)(2)(i) (test for determining drained weight of canned tomatos); 21 CFR 161.190 (method for determining color designation of tuna). III. Powder and Protein Concerns Although FDA has been concerned about airborne NL allergens associated with the use of powdered medical gloves and has undertaken continued efforts to address these concerns, recent heightened awareness within the health care community and State and Federal Government agencies of adverse health effects has prompted this proposed action. Over the past 3 years, FDA has received requests to ban the use of all glove powders. These requests have been based on a number of clinical and experimental studies reporting that cornstarch on surgical gloves can reduce tissue resistance to infection, enhance the development of infection, cause formation of granulomas and adhesions, act as a carrier of NL protein from NRL products, and serve as a potential source of occupational asthma. Although a ban of all powdered medical gloves has been requested by petitioners and would reduce the problem of airborne powder, it would not completely address the problem of NL allergy and would potentially leave a significant and important need for high quality barrier products unmet. One of the concerns regarding glove powder, in general, is its capability, as particulate material, to cause foreign body reaction, resulting in inflammation, granulomas and adhesions of peritoneal tissues after surgery (Refs. 15 to 19). Although cornstarch was considered to be absorbable by United States Pharmacopeia (USP), changes in the sterilization processes have reduced absorbability significantly (Ref. 15). Cornstarch represents a growth source for bacteria, and it is also a carrier of endotoxin, which can play a role in enhancing both delayed and immediate hypersensitivity (Ref. 20). Clinical experience suggests that powder on NRL gloves, in addition to its role in Type I allergy, may also be a contributing factor in the development of irritant dermatitis and Type IV allergy. Irritant skin reactions have been observed in association with frequent exposure to glove powder. Compromised skin barrier properties resulting from such reactions may permit penetration of allergens and other substances into the skin, thereby increasing chances for the development of both Type I and Type IV allergy (Ref. 24). In addition, a significant concern, specific to NL gloves, exists regarding the role of glove powder as a carrier of airborne NL allergens. A number of respiratory problems and episodes of bronchial spasms in hospital employees and patients, reported since the mid 1980's, were ascribed to inhalation of airborne NL allergens in settings with heavy use of powdered gloves (Refs. 25 to 30). The implication of glove powder in the previous clinical reports was based on medical histories of individuals presenting with symptoms, on positive skin tests, positive tests for the presence of antibodies to NL allergens in blood and, in some cases, on positive inhalation challenge tests. A number of published clinical and experimental studies support this conclusion. Binding of NL proteins to cornstarch was demonstrated in recent laboratory studies, which support a causal relationship between asthmatic reactions in individuals with NL allergy and the exposure to airborne particles from NL products (Refs. 10 and 11). The level of exposure and the severity of the reactions depend on both the amount of powder and the amount of NL protein allergens on the finished products. Measurements of airborne particle levels in environments where NL gloves were used frequently demonstrated that the level of airborne allergen is directly related to the frequency of powdered NL glove usage in particular areas and to the level of allergen and/or powder on the gloves used (Refs. 12 and 14). Direct evidence that NL protein allergens, bound to the glove powder particles, provoke respiratory allergic reactions and asthma- like attacks has been documented by the bronchial provocation tests with powders on NL gloves. The bronchial provocation tests were performed by having allergic individuals inhale the extracts from powder-free surgeon's gloves, from powdered surgeon's gloves, and from cornstarch powder not exposed to NL. The studies indicated that cornstarch powder not exposed to NL did not cause any reaction in sensitized subjects, while nebulized powdered NL surgeon's glove extract, and to some extent, nebulized powder-free glove extract induced bronchoconstriction in tested subjects (Ref. 31). However, the scientific data to define the quantitative relationship between respiratory allergic reactions and powder level on NL gloves are not available at this time. Such data and the specific dose-response relationship would be difficult to establish, because allergenicity of the airborne glove powder depends on the amount of powder and also on the amount of powder-bound allergenic proteins. Standardized methods for measuring the amount of powder-bound proteins or allergens and the amount of inhaled powder are not available. NL protein has been widely reported as a cause of Type I sensitivity in individuals who have been exposed to NL devices (Refs. 2 to 8). Repeated exposure to NL protein is considered to increase the probability that an individual will become sensitized. Total water- extractable protein on the finished NL product is considered an indirect measure of the potential allergenicity. Because several NL proteins have already been identified as allergenic and others may be identified in the future, exclusion of any proteins from the evaluation may result in an inaccurate determination of potential allergenicity. The total water-extractable protein level measured using the standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 5712 method was found to correlate well with currently used allergen measurement methods. Most importantly, a total water-extractable protein level correlates also with the skin prick test, which is a direct measure of allergic response in sensitized individuals (Ref. 32). Since May 1991, FDA has advised manufacturers of NL devices to reduce the water- extractable protein on their NL devices. This reduction is now addressed in the Quality System (QS) Regulation at 21 CFR 820.3(p) and 820.70(h). [[Page 41713]] Initially, a labeling claim for a protein level was not accepted in a 510(k) submission because a standard test method for measuring water- extractable protein in NL did not exist. In 1995, with the help of industry and FDA, ASTM published the ``ASTM Standard Test Method for Analysis of Protein in Natural Rubber and its Products, D 5712-95.'' FDA subsequently issued a document entitled ``Interim Guidance On Protein Content Labeling Claim For Latex Medical Gloves,'' which is based on this test method. Manufacturers were allowed to use this guidance to submit a 510(k) submission for NL gloves identifying the level of water-extractable protein for the device. FDA is now proposing that a recommended limit on water-extractable protein per glove and the actual protein level appear on the label. The amount of powder required for satisfactory donning of gloves has not been quantified, and the level of glove powder used varies greatly. Limited laboratory data from measurements of a number of surgeon's and patient examination gloves demonstrated that powder levels ranged from 70 to 375 milligrams (mg) per glove for surgeon's gloves and from 50 to 426 mg per glove for patient examination gloves (Ref. 31). Because of the multiple concerns regarding adverse health effects associated with particulate matter from the surface of surgeon's and patient examination gloves, FDA is now proposing that a recommended limit on glove powder and the actual level of glove powder appear on the label. FDA recognizes there is a correlation between powder level and ease of glove donning and that powder level is correlated with adverse health effects. For this reason, FDA is encouraging industry to find the balance between donning requirements and reducing the risks of adverse health effects. Lowering the powder level and the amount of protein on surgeon's and patient examination gloves will reduce exposure to NL allergens and benefit both allergic individuals and those at risk to develop allergy. In addition, the reduction of glove powder levels will help reduce exposure to particulate materials responsible for foreign body reactions. However, the reduction of powder and protein levels must be accomplished by methods that do not compromise the availability of or barrier properties of surgeon's and patient examination gloves. IV. Barrier and Other Quality Issues In the Federal Register of October 21, 1980 (45 FR 69723), FDA issued a final rule classifying the patient examination glove into class I and exempting manufacturers of the device from compliance with premarket notification procedures under section 510(k) of the act and certain requirements of the current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) regulation. FDA granted the exemptions in the 1980 regulation because, at that time, no adverse experiences had been related to patient examination gloves. Furthermore, the role of the gloves as a protective barrier against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission was not recognized and the concomitant risks associated with glove failure were not well understood. In the Federal Register of January 19, 1982 (47 FR 2810 at 2852), FDA proposed that the surgeon's glove be classified into class II because of concerns about tissue compatibility and the risk of infection if the devices were not properly sterilized. Comments offered in response to the proposed classification stated that those problems could be addressed through general controls, including labeling and CGMP adherence, and recommended that the device be classified into class I because of the history of its safe and effective use. In the Federal Register of June 24, 1988 (53 FR 23856), FDA issued a final rule classifying the surgeon's glove into class I without exemptions. Manufacturers and importers of surgeon's gloves have been required to comply with the premarket notification and CGMP regulations since the initial classification of the device. Over the years, many issues regarding surgeon's and patient examination gloves have been brought to the attention of FDA. The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic resulted in an elevated reliance on medical gloves as a barrier against blood-borne viral transmission. The increased demand for gloves soon outstripped the domestic supply. Foreign glove manufacturers began to meet the demand for additional gloves. Many manufacturers with little or no medical glove manufacturing experience began operations, resulting in large quantities of gloves of uncertain quality entering the U.S. market. Following the advent of AIDS as a major public health concern and recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that health care workers use appropriate barrier precautions to prevent exposure to the HIV virus, FDA recognized the need for greater assurance that cross-contamination between patients and health care workers be prevented. Accordingly, in the Federal Register of January 13, 1989 (54 FR 1602), FDA revoked the exemption for patient examination gloves from certain CGMP requirements in order to assure that manufacturers provide an acceptable manufacturing quality level. FDA similarly revoked the exemption from premarket notification requirements for patient examination gloves. On December 12, 1990 (55 FR 51254), FDA published regulations describing certain circumstances under which surgeon's and patient examination gloves would be considered adulterated, and establishing the sampling plans and test methods the agency would use to determine whether gloves were adulterated (Sec. 800.20 (21 CFR 800.20)). Subsequently, FDA initiated inspections of glove manufacturers to assure conformance with the acceptable quality levels (AQL) identified in that regulation. FDA has sought to address many concerns regarding the quality and barrier integrity of medical gloves. Certain processes or conditions can often contribute to degradation of the barrier. NL degrades if it is not correctly formulated and processed. Proper formulation includes the use of stabilizers, antiozonants, and antioxidants to reduce degradation. Improper curing can also cause thin spots on the glove surface, which may lead to early barrier failure. Gloves composed of synthetic polymer, such as nitrile, are produced by essentially the same processes as NL. The same accelerators, antioxidants, and stabilizers are used to reduce degradation. Thus, improper formulation and processing may also lead to rapid degradation of synthetic gloves. Storage conditions can also cause degradation of the polymers, whether natural or synthetic. These storage conditions include the temperature at which the material is held, the humidity of their environment, and any radiation (for example, sunlight or fluorescent lights) to which the material may be exposed. Additionally, chlorination is widely used to reduce the tackiness of NL gloves and thus eliminate the need for donning powder. Chlorination works by degrading the surface of the gloves. Therefore, chlorination must be carefully controlled in order to prevent destruction of the glove barrier. Improperly chlorinated gloves rapidly degrade, and breaks in the latex film may occur in a matter of months. Another concern has been the presence of minute defects known as pinholes, which directly affect the barrier integrity of the gloves. FDA studies of micro-photographs of [[Page 41714]] defective NL devices have shown that dust, dirt, rust, paint chips, charred starch, insect parts, and other debris may cause pinholes. Therefore, appropriate environmental and processing controls, as required by the QS regulation, are needed. Manufacturers also need to control other causes of pinholes such as former vibration, air bubbles in the dipping tanks, dirty formers, incorrect formulation, and excessive curing temperatures. If gloves have pinholes, breaks or tears, viruses can potentially penetrate the glove wall, eliminating or reducing the gloves' effectiveness as a barrier. On April 6 and 7, 1989, the University of Maryland, in conjunction with FDA, held a conference entitled ``Latex as a Barrier Material,'' which reiterated the value of NL as a barrier film and generated continued support towards more research in this area by industry and FDA. Although manufacturers have data to show that their gloves meet their company AQL for defects when the gloves are shipped, for some manufacturers, the same gloves which passed the manufacturer's tests are sometimes rejected at the port of entry in the United States because the gloves fail the FDA water leak test at that point. This test result disparity, whether due to degradation or for other reasons, is a primary reason why, upon importation, the gloves of some manufacturers have been detained without physical examination. Manufacturers should assure, by means of stability testing, that their surgeon's and patient examination gloves will continue to meet the manufacturers' specifications over the expected life of the gloves. FDA is aware that microbial growth on gloves also can be a problem. The QS regulation requires manufacturers to control processing, shipping and storage environment, and contamination when these can adversely affect the product. Therefore, processing controls should include: Using only cornstarch with an acceptable bioburden, properly storing the cornstarch until it is used, applying cornstarch by established procedures, cooling the cornstarch slurry and/or using an antimicrobial in the cornstarch slurry tanks, checking finished gloves on a sampling basis to assure that excessive cornstarch is not applied, keeping the finished gloves clean, establishing and meeting a dryness specification for finished gloves, and protecting finished gloves from adverse environmental conditions. Although synthetic materials have improved in recent years, NL gloves may be superior to some synthetic gloves in regard to barrier properties (Ref. 34). Both NL and synthetic surgeon's and patient examination gloves provide protection against microorganisms; however, it has been demonstrated that compared to vinyl, NL has more effective and durable barrier qualities (Refs. 35 and 36). There are other safety and performance issues related to gloves and other barrier devices that are currently being considered by industry and FDA. These issues include puncture resistance, tear resistance, reliability, and biocidal claims. V. The Proposed Rule Based upon new information that was not presented, not available, or not developed when FDA originally classified surgeon's and patient examination gloves, FDA has reevaluated its classification in light of changes in the medical science discussed in sections III and IV of this document. The new, publicly available, valid scientific evidence demonstrates that these gloves should not remain as class I devices because of: (1) Barrier integrity concerns; (2) degradation of quality during storage; (3) contamination concerns; and (4) concerns about exposure to NL allergens and the role of glove powder as a carrier of airborne NL allergens, and the inability of general controls to address these concerns. The agency believes that general controls are no longer sufficient to provide reasonable assurance of the gloves' safety and effectiveness and, therefore, FDA is proposing that these gloves be reclassified into class II. Surgeon's and patient examination gloves are intended for use as an effective barrier against potentially infectious materials and other contaminants. Risk to the user or patient may result from lack of barrier integrity from degradation, pinholes, breaks, tears, or loss of quality during storage, potentially causing penetration of the glove wall by viruses or other infectious materials. When glove powder comes into contact with compromised human tissue, risk to the user or patient may result from foreign body reactions caused by NL allergens bound to the glove powder. Allergic reactions may also be caused by inhalation of NL allergens bound to the glove powder. Reducing the degree of risk to acceptable levels depends on effective maintenance of the barrier properties of the gloves and on reducing exposure to NL allergens, particularly exposure to airborne NL allergens. The highest risk products are those with large amounts of glove powder and NL protein and those products with poor barrier properties. In order to enable users to distinguish between powdered and powder-free gloves and to choose the glove type appropriate for their needs, FDA proposes to reclassify surgeon's gloves into two separate classifications, based on powder level: Powdered surgeon's gloves, and powder-free surgeon's gloves. FDA similarly proposes to reclassify patient examination gloves into two categories: Powdered patient examination gloves, and powder-free patient examination gloves. FDA is proposing that these gloves be subject to two special controls: A guidance document entitled, ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual,'' and new user labeling requirements. FDA believes that the proposed guidance document and user labeling requirements are necessary to provide reasonable assurance of the safe and effective use of the devices. The guidance is currently being issued in draft as a Level 1 guidance consistent with the good guidance practices (GGP's) FDA adopted for the development, issuance, and use of guidance documents (62 FR 8961, February 27, 1997). Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, FDA is announcing the availability of the guidance in draft form, to provide an opportunity for comment. The proposed guidance document recommends that manufacturers of powdered surgeon's and patient examination gloves limit the amount of powder to no more than 120 mg of powder per glove, regardless of glove size. In order to limit total exposure to the user, a ``per glove'' measurement (mg per glove) is used instead of the ``per unit'' dose (mg per gram (g) of glove material). Under the proposed labeling requirements, manufacturers of all powdered gloves would be required to include the actual level of glove powder on the label. FDA believes that the recommended limit should be sufficient for proper donning of gloves, but would reduce exposure to airborne glove powder particles. In addition to the role of glove powder as a carrier of airborne allergens, FDA is also aware that glove powder contributes to a number of other adverse health effects. As particulate matter, it can cause foreign body reactions, resulting in inflammation, granulomas and adhesions of peritoneal tissues after surgery (Refs. 15 to 19). Glove powder may serve as an absorbent or adsorbent for unbound chemicals that may be irritants or chemical contact sensitizers. The proposed guidance document further recommends that manufacturers of powder-free surgeon's and patient [[Page 41715]] examination gloves limit the amount of total trace (residual) powder to no more than 2-mg particulate weight (based on the ASTM test standard D 6124-97) per glove, regardless of glove size. Previously, this limit was recommended to manufacturers who wanted to market gloves with a powder-free labeling claim. A number of premarket notification submissions based on this claim already have been cleared for market. The proposed guidance document also recommends that manufacturers of NL surgeon's and patient examination gloves limit the amount of water-extractable protein on the gloves to no more than 1,200 micrograms (<greek-m>g) of protein per glove, regardless of glove size. In order to limit total exposure to the user, a ``per glove measurement'' (mg per glove) is used instead of a ``per unit'' dose (mg per g of glove material). Under the proposed labeling requirements, labeling on all NL gloves would be required to include the level of water-extractable protein measured, as recommended in the guidance, by the currently recognized ASTM D 5712 modified Lowry method. The lowest acceptable amount of water-extractable protein that may be stated in the labeling will be limited by the sensitivity of the current ASTM D 5712 test method to 50 <greek-m>g of protein per g of natural rubber product (which translates to 300 <greek-m>g per glove for a 6 g glove, i.e., 6 x 50 = 300). FDA believes that without a more sensitive standard method, lower claims would be misleading. The proposed labeling requirements are a special control intended to provide guidance to users of surgeon's and patient examination gloves. They would require manufacturers to provide new caution statements, which would include both the FDA recommended limit for glove powder and protein levels, as well as the actual glove powder and protein levels present in the manufacturer's gloves. The labeling special control provides essential decisionmaking information for health professionals, patients, and lay users. The information required under the proposed regulations would assist health care professionals, patients and lay users to select a lower risk device by providing information about protein and glove powder levels. The proposed caution statements would be required to appear on all device labels and other labeling, including the principal display panel of the device packaging, the outside package, container or wrapper, and the immediate device package, container or wrapper. The proposed caution statements for powdered and powder-free NL gloves (surgeon's and patient examination) would supersede the caution statements in Sec. 801.437(d) for devices containing NRL currently required in the regulation published in the Federal Register of September 30, 1997 (effective September 30, 1998). Labeling for powdered surgeon's and patient examination gloves containing NL that contacts humans would be required to bear the following statement: ``Caution: This product contains natural rubber latex which may cause allergic reactions. FDA recommends that this product contain no more than 120 mg powder and 1,200 <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove. This product contains no more than [insert level] mg powder and no more than [insert level] <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove.'' Labeling for powder-free surgeon's and patient examination gloves containing NL that contacts humans would be required to bear the following statement: ``Caution: This product contains natural rubber latex which may cause allergic reactions. FDA recommends that this product contain no more than 1,200 <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove. This product contains no more than [insert level] <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove.'' FDA is also proposing new labeling requirements for powdered gloves made of synthetic material. FDA proposes that labeling for those gloves bear the following statement: ``Caution: Glove powder is associated with adverse reactions. FDA recommends that this product contain no more than 120 mg powder per glove. This product contains no more than [insert level] mg powder per glove.'' FDA is proposing no new labeling for powder-free surgeon's gloves and patient examination gloves made of synthetic materials. FDA is also proposing to require expiration dating on the labeling of all powdered surgeon's and patient examination gloves and powder- free surgeon's and patient examination gloves. Previously, expiration dating has not been required for surgeon's or patient examination gloves, although it is customary for surgeon's gloves to bear an expiration date for sterility. A few glove manufacturers have voluntarily used expiration dates based on real-time data to support the integrity of the gloves throughout the shelf-life period. In view of the quality concerns discussed in section IV of this document, especially those relating to degradation of barrier integrity over time, FDA believes that expiration dating is necessary to allow users to correctly store and use stock of gloves, and to allow users to avoid gloves that may have degraded. Users must be aware of the potential for degradation of gloves in order to safely use such products to provide a barrier from infectious agents. Accordingly, FDA believes that shelf life is a fact material to the consequences of use of surgeon's and patient examination gloves. Therefore, FDA is now proposing that all surgeon's and patient examination gloves be required to bear an expiration date on their primary and retail packaging and shipping carton. The expiration date should consist of the month and year for which data exists to support the shelf-life of the gloves. The time period upon which the expiration date is based starts with the date of manufacture. This expiration date must be based on testing conducted according to a validated stability study protocol to determine the shelf-life of the gloves. The stability study protocol should employ tests commonly used by industry to demonstrate the physical and mechanical integrity of the gloves over their claimed shelf-life. Manufacturers will not be required to provide new section 510(k) of the act submissions to demonstrate the shelf-life of gloves. However, for each distinct glove design, the records of study protocols and test data must be retained for a period equivalent to the design and expected life of the gloves, and must be made available for inspection by FDA personnel. Expiration dates for sterile surgeon's or patient examination gloves should either be based on the shelf-life determined by stability studies as outlined in the proposed rule, or on the sterility shelf- life, whichever is shorter. Only one expiration date should appear on each product. FDA does not intend to require a new submission under section 510(k) of the act based upon labeling changes or reductions in glove powder or NL protein made to comply with any final regulation based upon this proposed regulation, provided that no other changes requiring a new 510(k) submission under Sec. 807.81 are made to the device. Section 510(m) of the act allows FDA to exempt a class II device from the requirement of premarket notification in section 510(k) of the act. FDA does not intend to exempt powdered or powder-free surgeon's or patient examination gloves from premarket notification because of FDA's concerns regarding the effective maintenance of barrier properties and adverse health effects associated with NL allergens, glove powder and residual chemical sensitizers and irritants. This proposed rule would not impose requirements on glove users or user facilities. Therefore, it would not affect [[Page 41716]] the authority of the Secretary of Labor, under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH act), to enforce regulations, standards, or other directives issued under the OSH act. VI. Specific Request for Comments FDA recognizes that this regulation affects surgeon's and patient examination gloves in different ways, depending on glove powder level. FDA also recognizes that manufacturing processes for powdered and powder-free gloves vary. FDA welcomes comments on all aspects of the proposed regulation, but particularly invites comments on the following issues: 1. FDA requests comments on the timeframe for implementation of the proposed rule considering the need for changes in production, technology, and labeling, as well as the immediate need to address adverse health concerns associated with medical gloves. Although FDA prefers a 1-year effective date, FDA is proposing a 2-year effective date based on indications from industry that the necessary changes could not be made in 1 year and that a shortage of medical gloves could result. 2. In the proposed guidance document, FDA recommends a limit of no more than 120 mg powder per powdered glove, regardless of size, as the maximum level in order to reduce exposure to particulates and airborne allergens. FDA requests comments on the recommended limit with regard to the minimum level of powder needed for adequate donning of gloves. 3. FDA requests comments on the feasibility and desirability of additional labeling requiring manufacturers to state the primary ingredients in glove powder in the product labeling. 4. In the proposed guidance document, FDA is recommending no more than 2 mg powder per glove, regardless of size, as the recommended powder level for those surgeon's and patient examination gloves labeled ``powder-free.'' FDA requests comments on the proposed limit. FDA is also seeking comments on the possible impact of this powder limit on barrier properties and shelf-life of NL gloves. 5. FDA is also considering a future requirement that all surgeon's and patient examination gloves marketed in the United States be powder- free. FDA requests comments as to whether a continued need for powdered gloves exists, and, if so, the reason for this need. 6. FDA considered restrictions on the sale (advertising), distribution, and use of powdered surgeon's and patient examination gloves. FDA is seeking comments on the feasibility of such restrictions. 7. In the proposed guidance document, FDA is recommending an upper limit of no more than 1,200 <greek-m>g protein per NL glove, regardless of size, as the maximum level for NL surgeon's and patient examination gloves. FDA is seeking comments on the proposed recommended limit. 8. FDA's objectives in this proposed rulemaking are to reduce adverse health effects from allergic reactions and foreign body reactions by controlling the levels of water-extractable protein and glove powder on NL gloves. FDA requests comments as to whether there are feasible alternative approaches to achieve these objectives. If other alternatives or data submitted present feasible methods to protect the public health or suggest that different powder or protein levels are adequate to protect the public health, FDA may incorporate such data or approaches in a final rule. 9. FDA also invites comments on the issue of whether the recommended limits on powder and protein proposed in this rule should be recommended limits or required limits. 10. FDA considered allowing manufacturers to establish an initial tentative shelf-life up to a certain duration based on accelerated aging data, provided that manufacturers initiate concurrent real-time shelf-life studies to confirm and extend the tentative shelf-life. FDA has been unable, however, to determine whether any validated stability study protocols exist employing accelerated aging methodologies. The agency invites comments or information on the availability of accelerated aging stability study protocols which are predictive of glove shelf-life. If convincing information concerning such protocols is available, FDA may incorporate such an approach in a final rule. 11. FDA considered requiring the use of a special air handling system at the point of use for those facilities using powdered surgeon's and patient examination gloves with powder levels over 120 mg per glove, regardless of glove size. FDA is seeking comments on the appropriateness of this restriction. 12. FDA seeks comments as to whether a provision permitting affected persons to request exemptions or variances from the labeling requirements or restrictions on distribution and use proposed in this rule should be added. VII. General Request for Comments Interested persons may submit written comments regarding this proposed rule by October 28, 1999, to the Dockets Management Branch (address above). Comments regarding the information collection provisions should be submitted by August 30, 1999, to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget (address above). Two copies of any comments are to be submitted, except that individuals may submit one copy. Comments are to be identified with the docket number found in brackets in the heading of this document. Received comments may be seen in the office above between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday. VIII. Access to Special Control The availability of the special control entitled ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual'' is being announced elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register. A copy of the ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual'' may be seen by interested persons in the Dockets Management Branch (address above) between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday. Persons interested in obtaining a copy of the guidance may also do so using the World Wide Web (WWW). FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), maintains an entry on the WWW for easy access to information including text, graphics, and files that may be downloaded to a PC with access to the Web. The CDRH home page is updated on a regular basis and includes the draft ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual;'' device safety alerts; Federal Register reprints; information on premarket submissions (including lists of approved applications and manufacturers' addresses); small manufacturers' assistance; and information on video conferencing and electronic submissions, mammography matters, and other device-oriented information. The CDRH home page may be accessed at ``http:// www.fda.gov/cdrh''. Submit written requests for single copies of the draft guidance to the Division of Small Manufacturers Assistance, Center for Devices and Radiological Health (HFZ-220), Food and Drug Administration, 1350 Piccard Dr., Rockville, MD 20850. Send two self-addressed adhesive labels to assist that office in processing your request, or fax your request to 301-443-8818. To receive the directions via fax machine on receiving the proposed guidance document, call CDRH Facts-on-Demand system at 800-399-0381, or 301-827-0111 from a touch-tone telephone. At the first voice prompt, press 1 to access the Division of Small Manufacturers Assistance (DSMA) Fax, at the second voice prompt, press 2, and then enter the document number 852 [[Page 41717]] followed by the pound sign (#). Then follow the remaining voice prompts to complete your request. IX. Analysis of Impacts FDA has examined the impacts of the proposed rule under Executive Order 12866, under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601-612), and under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (Public Law 104-4). Executive Order 12866 directs agencies to assess all costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, when regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public health and safety, and other advantages; distributive impacts; and equity). Unless the agency certifies that the rule is not expected to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, the Regulatory Flexibility Act requires agencies to analyze regulatory options that would minimize any significant economic impact of a rule on small entities. Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act requires that agencies prepare an assessment of anticipated costs and benefits before proposing any rule that may result in an expenditure by State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100 million in any one year (adjusted annually for inflation). The agency believes that this proposed rule is consistent with the principles set out in the Executive Order and in these two statutes. The rule is an economically significant regulatory action as defined by the Executive Order. With respect to the Regulatory Flexibility Act, FDA does not believe that this proposal will have a significant effect on a substantial number of small entities, but recognizes the uncertainty of its estimates. Therefore, the agency has prepared an IRFA. FDA is not required to conduct a cost-benefit analysis according to the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act, because the rule will not impose any mandates on State, local, or tribal governments, or the private sector, that will result in an annual expenditure of $100 million or more. Furthermore, in accordance with the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1995 (Public Law 104-121), it has been determined that this proposed rule would be a major rule for the purpose of congressional review. A. Objectives of the Proposed Regulations The objectives of this proposed regulation are to reduce the adverse health effects from allergic and foreign body reactions caused by the NL protein allergens and glove powder found on surgeon's and patient examination gloves, and from defects in the barrier integrity and quality of surgeon's and patient examination gloves. The rule will accomplish these objectives by encouraging manufacturers to limit both the level of water-extractable protein allowed on gloves and the level of powder packaged with the gloves, and by requiring the inclusion of caution statements and the actual level of protein and powder in the labeling of the gloves. In addition, labeling will include expiration dates to ensure that the gloves provide adequate barrier protection and that all medical gloves meet quality standards specified in the special control guidance referenced elsewhere in this preamble. FDA believes that by reducing the amount of powder dispersed, these special controls will reduce the incidence and severity of the allergic reactions caused by NL proteins without compromising the barrier performance of these products. B. Risks of NL Protein Allergic Reactions FDA recognizes that no systemic epidemiological data exist to identify the risk of airborne NL protein allergens. However, several sources indicate that a proportion of the U.S. population have developed NL sensitivity (Refs. 1 to 8) due to increased exposure to NL proteins. The increased use of NL gloves with unlimited powder and protein levels in recent years is believed to contribute to these adverse events. FDA's Adverse Experience Reporting System received a total of 330 NL allergy Medical Device Reports (MDR's) associated with medical gloves for the 12-month period of August 15, 1996, through August 15, 1997 (Ref. 9). These reports included reactions of 435 affected persons. Despite the lack of representative sampling and the unconfirmed nature of these reports, FDA believes these data may provide a reasonable measure of the magnitude of existing risk. Table 1 classifies these reports by type and severity of reaction and shows the results by number of affected patients. Table 1.--Number of Patients Reporting to FDA Natural Rubber Latex Allergies Reactions Associated with Medical Gloves Between August 15, 1996, and August 15, 1997 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Type of Allergic Reaction<SUP>1</SUP> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Respiratory Requiring Systemic Topical (i.e., Systemic Respiratory Aggressive Treatment Local Topical rash not in area with (e.g., wheezing, (e.g., anaphylaxis, direct contact) shortness of breath) hospitalization) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of Patients Reporting Reaction 20 21 294 100 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\Includes 40 patients with unclassified reactions that were distributed by proportion of reported reactions. FDA has long been aware that MDR's received by the agency may account for as little as one percent of the actual events (Ref. 37). If true, the reports received for allergic reactions associated with medical gloves could represent as many as 43,500 allergic incidents during the 12-month period. Because patients may often fail to connect an allergic incident to use of gloves, FDA believes that this estimate better reflects the true number of incidents associated with medical gloves. Given that approximately 22.0 billion gloves (Ref. 38) were used and 2.16 billion patient visits occurred during that period (Ref. 39), the projected baseline rate of annual allergic reaction incidents to the total population (0.0001626) at current protein/powder levels does not seem unreasonable. Despite the widespread under-reporting cited in the General Accounting Office (GAO) report, FDA believes that those allergic reactions that require the most aggressive treatment would be subject to less under-reporting. For this analysis, FDA has assumed that MDR's for patients with severe allergic reactions are under-reported by 33 percent, and the other three categories are proportionally [[Page 41718]] increased to account for the total under-reporting (Table 2). Specifically, FDA believes that the 100 reported incidents of respiratory allergic reactions requiring aggressive treatment (from Table 1) represent only 150 actual such incidents; not 1,000 as would be indicated by MDR underreporting. The difference of 850 expected incidents were distributed to the remaining three categories to result in 43,500 total incidents. Table 2 also shows the proportion of each category of reactions reporting long-term and short-term effects, based on reported lost work-time due to recovery. As expected, only 6 percent of all topical local reactions were considered long-term, while almost half of the serious systemic reports were long-term. As discussed in the benefits section (section IX.F of this document), FDA has assumed, based on discussions with clinicians, that short-term impacts have a duration of 1 day and long-term impacts a duration of 2 months. Table 2 also presents FDA's estimated annual number of each type of allergic reaction. Although no mortalities were reported in the MDR's for this period, anaphylaxis carries a risk of mortality that FDA statisticians place at up to 2 percent, even in health care settings. Because not all reported serious systemic respiratory reactions were anaphylaxis, FDA assigned a probability of 0.002 to the adjusted reports to account for potential fatalities due to anaphylactic shock caused by NL allergens. (This assumes that only 10 percent of all respiratory reactions that require aggressive treatment were due to anaphylaxis.) Given the estimated under-reporting rate, this implies an annual risk of 0.3 mortalities. FDA expects that by encouraging lower protein and powder levels for medical gloves, the proportion of allergic reactions to NL protein allergens will be reduced. Table 2.--Estimated Number of Patients Experiencing Natural Rubber Latex Allergic Reaction Associated With Medical Gloves From August 15, 1996, to August 15, 1997, and Proportion Experiencing Short- and Long-Term Effects -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Type of Allergic Reaction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Respiratory Requiring Aggressive Systemic Treatment Local Topical Systemic Topical Respiratory --------------------------------------- Other Reactions Mortality -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Estimated Number of Patients Experiencing Reaction 2,588 2,717 38,045 149.7 0.3 Proportion Exhibiting Short-Term Effects (duration 94% 74% 73% 51% NA of 1 day) Proportion Exhibiting Long-Term Effects (duration of 6% 26% 27% 49% NA 2 months) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C. Costs of the Proposed Regulation This section develops estimates of the costs of compliance with the proposed rule by comparing the expected costs of using surgeon's and patient examination gloves after the rule is in effect to the costs that would have been incurred in the absence of the rule. Regulatory costs occur in four categories. First, the proposed regulation is expected to accelerate the trend of the glove market towards more costly, powder-free products. Second, higher average glove purchase prices will result from the increased cost of gloves with recommended levels of powder and NL proteins compared to the cost of gloves with unregulated levels of powder and NL proteins. Third manufacturers will be required to conduct shelf-life testing on gloves in order to support expiration dates. Fourth, increased labeling costs will result from the addition of protein and powder levels and/or expiration dating to each package of surgeon's and patient examination gloves. Because many of the estimates are derived from uncertain projections based on limited data, sensitivity analyses are presented for the most critical variables and assumptions. D. Baseline Conditions 1. Annual Number of Gloves To measure the incremental costs of the regulation against a baseline of nonregulation, FDA first projected future glove sales. An estimated 22.0 billion surgeon's and patient examination gloves were used in the United States in 1997, more than an 11-fold increase from the approximately 2.0 billion gloves used in 1987 (Ref. 38). The major contributors to this growth were the recognition of the potential risk from AIDS infection and the publication of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations requiring barrier protection for patients and employees exposed to blood borne pathogens (Ref. 40). FDA assumed that the demand for surgeon's and patient examination gloves will continue to grow as a result of expected increases in employment within the health services industry (Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 80). The Bureau of Labor Statistics has suggested that employment within this industry may continue to grow at an annual rate of 3.9 percent (Ref. 41). Assuming that annual glove use per employee remains at current levels of approximately 10 pairs per day, the agency projected that the annual demand for gloves will increase over the next 10 years at an approximate rate of 3.9 percent per year (see Table 3). As expected growth in employment or patient health service visits may also predict future glove use. FDA tested this assumption by forecasting alternative rates of growth in the sensitivity analyses presented in section IX.G of this document. About 65 percent of the current glove market consists of powdered gloves (Ref. 38), but both health service facilities and glove manufacturers agree that the market share of powdered gloves is decreasing rapidly as facilities gain awareness of the potential adverse health effects associated with NL protein allergens. Manufacturers, however, explain that powdered gloves will not soon disappear, because new chlorinators and production lines associated with powder-free glove production take at least 18 months to [[Page 41719]] install and because powdered gloves are still desired by a proportion of customers. However, manufacturers have estimated that even in the absence of this regulation, the market share of powder-free gloves could reach as high as 60 percent within 18 months (Ref. 38). For this analysis, FDA assumed that, even in the absence of regulation, the market share for powdered gloves would decrease from the current 65 percent down to 20 percent within 4 years. Concurrently, the market share for powder-free gloves would increase from 35 percent up to 80 percent over the same period (see Table 3). Next, FDA estimated that gloves manufactured with synthetic materials (referred to as synthetic gloves), which are available in both powdered and powder-free varieties, account for approximately 10 percent of the current market. Most synthetic gloves are manufactured of vinyl, but other polymers are also used. Synthetic gloves are generally believed to provide less acceptable barrier protection after extended use and reduced tactile sensitivity compared to NL. FDA assumed that, in the absence of regulation, this market share would increase slightly each year, accounting for 20 percent of the market within 5 years. Table 3 includes the projected market shares for each glove type. Because these projections contain considerable uncertainty, FDA analyzed several alternative assumptions in the sensitivity analysis section presented in section IX.G of this document. These scenarios assume that, in the absence of this rule, the anticipated baseline market adjustments would take either 10 years, or would not occur at all. [[Page 41720]] Table 3.--Surgeon's and Patient Examination Glove Market Shares--Baseline Estimate -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All Surgeon's and Synthetic Gloves Natural Rubber Latex Gloves Patient ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Examination Year Gloves Number of Number of ------------------- Number for Powder- Powdered Total (billion) Number of Powder- Powdered Total (billion) Number of Gloves Free (billion) (billion) Free (billion) (billion) (billion) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Current 22.00 0.77 1.43 2.20 6.93 12.87 19.80 1 22.86 1.37 1.37 2.74 10.06 10.06 20.12 2 23.75 1.99 1.33 3.32 12.25 8.17 20.42 3 24.68 2.76 1.18 3.95 14.51 6.22 20.73 4 25.64 3.69 0.92 4.61 16.82 4.20 21.02 5 26.64 4.26 1.07 5.33 17.05 4.26 21.31 6 27.68 4.43 1.11 5.54 17.71 4.43 22.14 7 28.76 4.60 1.15 5.75 18.40 4.60 23.00 8 29.88 4.78 1.20 5.98 19.12 4.78 23.90 9 31.04 4.97 1.24 6.21 19.87 4.97 24.83 10 32.25 5.16 1.29 6.45 20.64 5.16 25.80 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [[Page 41721]] 2. Baseline Glove Cost There are an estimated 198 current marketers of surgeon's and patient examination gloves in the United States, 10 of which are domestic manufacturers. Approximately 95 percent of all gloves purchased in the United States are imported. Although individual marketers of surgeon's and patient examination gloves operate in a highly competitive industry and face highly elastic demand curves, the aggregate market demand for the gloves is assumed to be price inelastic, because of workplace regulations that require gloves as barrier protection (Ref. 42). Demand is inelastic if the percentage increase in price exceeds the percentage decrease in quantity sold. Consequently, most glove manufacturing cost increases would be passed on to health care facilities in the form of industry wide price increases. Although over 95 percent of the manufacturing facilities are located overseas and the world wide demand for gloves is high, the United States market dominates global sales. According to Malaysian manufacturers (Ref. 38), about 80 percent of their gloves are for U.S. customers. Current prices of powdered NL gloves average $3.90 per 100, while powder-free NL gloves average $5.80 per 100 (Ref. 38). Prices were reported as averages of both surgeon's and patient examination gloves. The price difference of $1.90 per 100, or almost $.02 per pair, is attributable to a number of factors, but the predominant reason is the increased cost of removing former-release powder and/or applying other lubricants to produce powder-free gloves. The estimated cost for synthetic gloves is $4.15 per 100 for powdered and $5.03 per 100 for powder-free. Vinyl gloves account for 90 percent of the synthetic glove market, with the remaining gloves manufactured from polymers and other materials. The nation's annual expenditures for surgeon's and patient examination gloves are currently estimated at over $1.0 billion. Even in the absence of regulation, FDA expects that these outlays would increase to $1.1 billion within 1 year and $1.7 billion within 10 years. E. Estimation of Compliance Costs The net costs of compliance with the proposed regulation is the difference between glove-related costs with and without the regulation. As noted earlier, industry comments suggest that even in the absence of this regulation, the market share of powder-free gloves is expected to increase from 35 percent to about 80 percent over a 4-year period. With regulation, this trend will be accelerated. Although the market effects of the rule cannot be known with certainty, FDA estimates that powder- free gloves will achieve the 80 percent market share 2 years earlier, or within 2 years of the rule's implementation. In addition, manufacturers would experience increased costs due to the recommendation to limit the level of protein to 1,200 g per glove and the level of powder on NL and synthetic powdered gloves to 120 mg per glove. These costs would be passed through to health care facilities in the form of higher prices. Finally, each package of NL gloves must include labeling that includes protein and powder levels and expiration dating, and shelf-life testing must support this labeling. 1. Accelerated Market Share for Powder-Free and Synthetic Gloves Figure 1 illustrates FDA's forecast that powder-free gloves would gain 80 percent of the surgeon's and patient examination glove market share within 4 years without regulation and within 2 years with regulation. Manufacturers have indicated (Ref. 38) that if U.S. facilities are willing to bear the market price for powder-free gloves, the powder-free supply to other parts of the world could be shifted to meet U.S. demand and powder-free market shares could reach as high as 60 percent within 18 months. FDA forecasts that the proposed regulations will accelerate this trend by reinforcing incentives for facilities to use powder-free gloves. The shaded area of the chart measures the expected substitution of powder-free for powdered gloves caused by facilities choosing to increase use of powder-free gloves in response to regulatory controls. In addition, FDA projects that the synthetic market share will rise from 10 to 20 percent within 5 years without regulation, but within 2 years with regulation. The expected market shares with the proposed regulation in place are shown in Table 4. FDA also examined the potential of this regulation to result in domestic shortages of latex gloves and concluded that there would be minimal disruption to the U.S. market, as it constitutes such a major proportion of global sales (up to 80 percent (Ref. 38)). If other countries do not restrict glove powder, it is possible that the number of powder-free gloves sold in those markets would fall in the short- term, while producers adjusted to the demand shift. FDA solicits public comment on how manufacturers would respond to these altered market forces. [[Page 41722]] Table 4.--Surgeon's and Patient Examination Glove Market Shares with Regulation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Surgeon's and Synthetic Gloves Natural Rubber Latex Gloves Patient ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Examination Year Gloves Number of Number of ------------------- Number of Powder- Powdered Total (billion) Number of Powder- Powdered Total (billion) Total Number Free (billion) (billion) Free (billion) (billion) (billion) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Current 22.00 0.77 1.43 2.20 6.93 12.87 19.80 1 22.86 1.37 1.37 2.74 10.06 10.06 20.12 2 23.75 2.47 1.33 3.80 12.97 6.98 19.95 3 24.68 3.95 0.99 4.94 15.79 3.95 19.74 4 25.64 4.10 1.03 5.13 16.41 4.10 20.51 5 26.64 4.26 1.07 5.33 17.05 4.26 21.31 6 27.68 4.43 1.11 5.54 17.71 4.43 22.14 7 28.76 4.60 1.15 5.75 18.40 4.60 23.00 8 29.88 4.78 1.20 5.98 19.12 4.78 23.90 9 31.04 4.97 1.24 6.21 19.87 4.97 24.83 10 32.25 5.16 1.29 6.45 20.64 5.16 25.80 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [[Page 41723]] Because the regulation would not be implemented until 2 years after publication of the final rule (as shown in Figure 1), no costs would be incurred in the first year. Moreover, there would be no market share- associated costs expected after the fourth year, because, by that time, there would be no difference in the respective market shares of powdered and powder-free gloves. Based on these assumptions, the accelerated increase in the powder-free market share results in increased regulatory costs of $18.9 million in the second year and $37.3 million in the third year. In the fourth year following implementation of the rule, costs would fall by $2.9 million due to the increased use of lower cost synthetic gloves. As shown in Table 5, the average annualized costs (at a 7 percent discount rate over a 10-year period) attributable to the accelerated market share for powder-free gloves are calculated at $6.4 million. BILLING CODE 4160-01-F [[Page 41724]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP30JY99.004 BILLING CODE 4160-01-C [[Page 41725]] 2. Increased Costs for Powdered Gloves Limiting the amount of protein and powder permitted on gloves would increase the production cost and therefore raise the purchase price of gloves to health care facilities. Although the limits are only recommended, both the actual and recommended levels of protein and powder must be included on the product label. Thus, FDA believes it likely that most glove manufacturers will meet the recommended levels. According to tests conducted by FDA, current powder levels on powdered gloves vary between 50 mg and 426 mg per glove. For this analysis, FDA assumed that a typical powdered NL or synthetic glove contains 260 mg of powder (based on the observed distribution). Current glove protein levels vary widely. Several manufacturers indicated that even minimal recommendations on powder and protein would result in cost increases of as much as five percent. These increases would be due to the increased testing and validation required to ensure that gloves did not exceed limits, the slower production times resulting from more controlled processes, the increased inventory damage when stripping gloves from molds, the increased controls for slurry mixtures, the increased time spent cleaning or replacing filters and other equipment, and the other costs associated with more careful controls for the entire manufacturing process. Manufacturers stated that limiting powder is more a question of adding controls in the production process than adding new production lines or facilities. Equipment such as slurries and tumblers are currently in place, and controls are likely to consist of simply weighing finished gloves or weighing the slurry filters. However, these costs are expected to result in increased contract prices for U.S. health facilities, because there are no substitute products for medical gloves. To calculate the costs of alternative permissible powder limits, FDA estimated an average cost function where the cost of reducing each mg of powder increases as the proportion of powder remaining on the manufactured glove decreases. Because current powdered NL gloves cost $3.90 per 100 and powder-free gloves cost $5.80 per 100, FDA calculated that the $1.90 cost of removing the average 260 mg of powder per 100 gloves is about $0.0073 per mg ($1.90/260 mg). If the cost function were linear, the incremental cost of reducing powder levels by 140 mg (i.e., from the current average 260 mg of powder to the recommended level of 120 mg) would be calculated as $0.0073 times 140, or $1.022 per 100 gloves. However, FDA believes that the relationship is unlikely to be linear as several manufacturers indicated that significant control costs would be needed to achieve even modest reductions in powder levels, after which average costs would rise slowly and then more steeply as powder concentrations approach zero. Such a functional form is typical of many manufacturing processes and illustrated by the solid sigmoid curve shown in Figure 2 (Refs. 44 and 45). A cost equation fitting this illustrated functional form is: Y = 0.00365 + 0.0292(X - 0.5)<SUP>3</SUP> Where: Y equals the cost per mg removed per 100 gloves, and X equals the proportion of powder removed. Figure 2 includes the estimated cost function for removing powder from synthetic gloves as the hashed line. The expected costs per mg removed are less than for NL gloves because the current price difference between powder-free and powdered synthetic gloves ($0.88 per 100) is less than the difference for NL gloves ($1.90 per 100). On the assumption that these equations approximate the actual relationships, FDA estimates that the cost of limiting powder to 120 mg per 100 NL gloves is about $0.003652 per mg removed, or about $0.511 per 100 NL gloves. For synthetic gloves, the estimated costs are $0.001693 per mg removed, or about $0.237 per 100 synthetic gloves. As shown in Figure 3, the control costs rise sharply for limits below 120 mg. For example, a proposed powder limit of 100 mg per NL and synthetic glove would result in costs over 15 percent greater than the proposed 120 mg limit. Because of the control processes required, FDA assumes that the previous estimates would also account for the cost of limiting protein levels for NL gloves. Table 5 shows these estimated costs over a 10-year period. Because the regulation is expected to be implemented 2 years after publication of the final rule, no increased powdered glove costs are incurred in the first year. In year 2, the higher prices for powdered NL gloves result in increased costs of $35.7 million. In year 3, these costs fall to $20.2 million. Thereafter, the yearly incremental compliance costs associated with NL glove powder and protein limits vary between $21.0 and $26.4 million. The average annualized contribution of this cost category (at a 7 percent discount rate over 10 years) equals $21.4 million. Within 2 years, higher costs for powdered synthetic gloves will equal $3.1 million. The yearly incremental compliance cost for powdered synthetic gloves is expected to decrease to $2.3 million in year 3, and then increase slightly each year throughout the evaluation period. The average annualized contribution of this cost category (at a 7 percent discount rate over 10 years) equals $2.4 million. BILLING CODE 4160-01-F [[Page 41726]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP30JY99.005 [[Page 41727]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP30JY99.006 BILLING CODE 4160-01-C [[Page 41728]] Table 5.--Compliance Costs Over 10-Year Period -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cost of Increased Cost of Cost of Shelf-Life Testing Accelerated Powdered NRL Synthetic -------------------------------- Labeling Cost Total Cost ($ Year Market Share Gloves ($ Gloves ($ Test Cost ($ Lost Inventory ($ million) million) ($ million) million) million) million) ($ million) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 18.9 35.7 3.1 1.6 3.0 1.6 63.9 3 37.3 20.2 2.3 1.2 1.3 0.6 62.9 4 2.9 21.0 2.4 1.2 1.1 0.5 23.3 5 0.0 21.8 2.5 1.3 1.4 0.7 27.7 6 0.0 22.6 2.6 1.3 1.2 0.5 28.2 7 0.0 23.5 2.7 1.5 1.1 0.6 29.4 8 0.0 24.4 2.8 1.5 1.6 0.8 31.1 9 0.0 25.5 2.9 1.4 1.3 0.6 31.7 10 0.0 26.4 43.1 1.5 1.3 0.6 32.9 Total 53.3 221.0 24.6 12.5 13.3 6.5 331.2 Average Annualized (7 percent discount 6.4 21.4 2.4 1.2 1.3 0.7 33.4 rate) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Costs of Shelf-life Testing and Inventory Loss The proposed regulation will require manufacturers of patient examination and surgical gloves to develop and affix labeling to their products that will include expiration dating. To ensure that medical gloves will maintain adequate barrier protection for the entire stated period, manufacturers will likely conduct real-time shelf-life testing of gloves. The compliance costs of this testing includes both the actual cost of conducting laboratory tests, and the lost revenues of inventory lost due to sampling. a. Shelf-life testing. FDA contracted with the Eastern Research Group (ERG), an economic consulting firm, to contact domestic and foreign glove manufacturers and research laboratories to determine the expected unit costs of shelf-life testing, and to determine current levels of industry compliance. ERG developed a cost model that estimated compliance costs according to the size of the manufacturer (Ref. 45a). ERG estimated that the expected marketing life for each glove model is approximately 3 years. During this period, stability testing is likely to occur at 6-month, 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year intervals. The actual tests were assumed to consist of a combination of real-time and accelerated tests. Overall, the estimated costs of a shelf-life test was found to approximate $265 for foreign tests and $865 for domestic tests. (The difference in testing costs are attributable to the lower purchasing power parity per capita in foreign countries that produce medical gloves.) As explained in Ref. 45a, almost 3,000 separate glove models are currently produced by 198 separate manufacturers. Only 160 models are marketed by the 10 domestic manufacturers. Given the expected growth in the demand for gloves, and the shift to powder-free and synthetic glove models, the estimated costs of shelf-life testing varies with FDA's projected number of future glove models. It was assumed that new models would have two shelf-life tests during the year of introduction while models already marketed would have one annual shelf-life test. Finally, ERG and industry sources estimated the current level of shelf-life testing based on both domestic/foreign and size characteristics. Based on these assumptions, the greatest increase in shelf-life testing is expected during year 2, with over 6,000 additional tests due to this proposed regulation. The total cost of conducting these tests equals $1.6 million, of which $0.1 million is incurred by domestic glove manufacturers. Amortizing the annual testing costs by 7 percent over 10 years, the average annualized costs of conducting the required shelf-life tests equals $1.2 million. b. Inventory losses. As part of these tests, manufacturers will be required to set inventory aside from which test samples will be selected. ERG, with discussions with laboratories and manufacturers, has determined that small glove manufacturers would be likely to set 10,000 gloves per model aside for shelf-life testing while large manufacturers would set 30,000 gloves per model. Given the industry characteristics as discussed in Ref. 45a, this implies that over 115 million gloves would be set aside in year 2. In addition, the relative market shares of synthetic, NL, powdered and powder-free gloves is expected to change over time which will affect the average lost revenue per sample. FDA analyzed the impact of this future inventory loss and found that during year 2 of the evaluation period, the value of lost inventory for testing is expected to equal over $3.0 million for the entire industry. The average annualized cost of this lost inventory (as shown in Table 5) at 7 percent over 10 years equals $1.3 million. 4. Costs of Labeling. ERG also developed estimates of the costs of developing the proposed enhanced labeling for gloves. These estimates included the costs of artwork, design, regulatory review, production and application, as shown in Ref. 45a. Overall, the average cost of developing a label for a foreign medical glove model was estimated to equal $411, while a domestic model would cost $1,444. The number of domestic and foreign glove models expected to be introduced throughout the 10-year evaluation period and the market characteristics as discussed in Ref. 45a, indicate that the costs of labeling will equal $1.4 million in year 2. These yearly costs will then decrease to as low as $0.3 million by the 10th year. The average annualized cost of developing and producing labeling for medical gloves attributable to this proposed regulation is estimated to equal $0.7 million, as shown in Table 5. 5. Total Incremental Costs Figure 4 presents the estimated annual expenditures imposed by the proposed rule. Overall, costs of $63.9 million are expected in year 2. These costs decreased to $62.9 million in year 3, and then decrease to $23.3 million in the third year. Costs are expected to [[Page 41729]] increase slightly for each subsequent year. Most of the incremental costs, as shown in Table 5, are due to increases in glove costs (powdered NL and synthetic gloves with limited powder levels). The estimated average annualized cost over a 10-year period (at a 7 percent discount rate) is $33.4 million. BILLING CODE 4160-01-F [[Page 41730]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP30JY99.007 [[Page 41731]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP30JY99.008 BILLING CODE 4160-01-C [[Page 41732]] F. Benefits of the Proposed Regulations 1. Expected Risk Reduction As discussed previously, the estimated annual proportion of the population (0.0001626) that experiences allergic reactions associated with medical gloves is assumed to be related to the prevalence of environmental protein and powder. Consequently, reducing protein and powder levels would reduce the proportion of the population expected to experience an allergic reaction. Decreases would be expected in NL sensitization as well as allergic reactions. To estimate this relationship, FDA assumed that the proportion of the population affected would vary directly with the total quantity of environmental protein/powder. The annual level of environmental protein/powder was calculated from the expected annual number of powdered NL gloves multiplied by the average level of powder per glove. The current market share of powdered NL gloves (Table 3) and the current average level of glove powder (260 mg) yield an aggregate estimate of 3.346 billion g of protein/powder. This quantity of protein/powder is associated with allergic reactions in 0.0001626 of the population, or 0.000049 reactions per billion g. If the relationship between the number of reactions and the quantity of protein/powder were linear, the model implies a 30 percent reduction in allergic prevalence for each billion g of powder reduction. Alternatively, the function relationship may take other forms, and FDA suspects that the increasing number of reports of allergic reactions to NL in recent years likely indicates a nonlinear relationship. Figure 5 presents a polynomial projection that FDA tentatively adopts as a plausible estimate for this analysis. The equation of the function illustrated in Figure 5 is: Y = (0.0000143)X<SUP>2</SUP> Where: Y equals the proportion of the population with NL allergic reactions, and X equals the level of environmental protein/powder (in billions of g). Although the exact relationship is speculative, FDA believes that an exponential relationship as shown in Figure 5 is most likely. As shown in section IX.G of this document, the agency's sensitivity analysis indicates that due to the rising baseline projection, this polynomial projection yields smaller benefits than a linear model. Table 6 shows the expected number of allergic reactions associated with protein/powder levels with and without the proposed regulation. The protein/powder amounts are derived from the expected numbers of powdered NL gloves shown in Tables 3 and 4, the current average glove powder level (260 mg per glove), and the new recommended glove powder level (120 mg per glove). Powdered synthetic gloves do not affect this relationship because no NL proteins are associated with those products. Table 6 shows that in the absence of the proposed regulation, the expected increased market share of powder-free gloves would reduce the number of annual allergic reactions attributable to medical gloves from 43,500 to only 4,800 within 4 years. With the proposed regulation in place, the expected number of allergic reactions would decrease to only 900 within 3 years, and consistently remain several thousand fewer than those expected without regulations. 2. Benefits To estimate the potential benefits of the proposed rule, the number of reduced expected allergic reactions shown in Table 6 were distributed in proportion to the categories shown in Table 2. Assuming that the decreased number of reactions would not modify the severity distribution as reported in the MDR's (as adjusted to account for under-reporting), the proposed regulation would reduce annual allergic reactions by 15,100 within 2 years. The characteristics of these second year avoided reactions are shown in the first four columns of Table 7. [[Page 41733]] Table 6.--Expected Number of Allergic Reactions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the Absence of Regulation<SUP>1</SUP> With Regulation<SUP>2</SUP> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Difference in Number of Number of Allergic Year Powdered Natural Level of Powder Estimated Number Powdered Natural Level of Powder Estimated Number Reactions with Rubber Latex (billion g) of Allergic Rubber Latex (billion g) of Allergic Regulation (000) Gloves (billion) Reactions (000) Gloves (billion) Reactions (000) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Current 12.87 3.35 43.5 - NA - - NA - - NA - - NA - 1 10.06 2.62 26.9 10.06 2.62 26.9 0.0 2 8.17 2.13 17.9 6.98 0.84 2.8 (15.1) 3 6.22 1.62 10.4 3.95 0.47 0.9 (9.5) 4 4.20 1.09 4.8 4.10 0.49 1.0 (3.8) 5 4.26 1.11 5.0 4.26 0.51 1.1 (3.9) 6 4.43 1.15 5.4 4.43 0.53 1.2 (4.3) 7 4.60 1.20 5.9 4.60 0.55 1.3 (4.7) 8 4.78 1.24 6.4 4.78 0.57 1.4 (5.1) 9 4.97 1.29 7.0 4.97 0.60 1.5 (5.5) 10 5.16 1.34 7.6 5.16 0.62 1.6 (6.0) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Powder level of 0.260 g per glove \2\ Powder level of 0.120 g per glove [[Page 41734]] There is no methodology that permits a precise assignment of monetary values to regulatory health benefits. However, one approach recently described in the health economics literature (Refs. 47 and 48) combines relative states of well-being with observed willingness to pay for risk avoidance. FDA adopted this methodology and used the Kaplan- Bush Indices of Well-Being (Refs. 49 and 50) to estimate the value of reducing the number of allergic reactions. The first step was to assign to each category of reaction a functional index based on mobility/physical/sociability scales. The index of relative well-being (as described in Refs. 49 and 50) utilize functionality levels as a basis for estimating well-being. The functionality scales are described in Table 8. Baseline levels of well- being were defined for 43 distinct combinations of mobility, physical activity, and sociability. For example, if a hypothetical patient could drive a car and use transportation without help (mobility equals 5), could walk without a physical problem (physical activity equals 4), and had no morbidity symptoms or problem, then this patient would have an assigned well-being of 1.0000. However, if this hypothetical patient could perform all of these activities, but suffered from any morbidity (including requiring eyeglasses), the assigned baseline level of well- being was found to equal 0.7433. The baseline levels of well-being are then adjusted, either up or down, based on the predominant symptom or problem that is on-going. This methodology is described in detail in Refs. 49 and 50. For example, a local topical reaction is unlikely to interfere with normal activities, such as driving a car or performing housework. A patient suffering from a local topical reaction is expected to continue to be able to interact with others in a normal manner. This functional state is assigned a relative well-being rate of 0.7433, or roughly 74 percent of optimum well-being. This baseline functional index is based on the prevailing medical problem. In this case, the problem/symptom is identified as ``burning and/or itching of skin'' and the 0.0171 value for this problem/symptom (from Refs. 49 and 50) is added to the basic functional state. Thus, by combining these indices, a person suffering a local, topical allergic reaction is expected to have a relative well-being of 0.7604. Each of the categories of reactions have been assigned values, as included in Table 7. Mortalities are valued as 0.0000. Next, optimum values of well-being were derived for both short-term durations (1 day) and long-term durations (2 months). The economic literature includes many attempts to quantify society's willingness-to- pay (WTP) to avoid risks. Various methodologies have resulted in an average value of approximately $5.0 million as a measure of the WTP to avoid a statistical death (Refs. 51, 52, and 53). By amortizing this value to account for life expectancy and expected disability-days (Refs. 54 and 55), FDA estimates that a quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) has an approximate value of $373,000. Using this estimate, the expected value of a quality-adjusted life-day is approximately $1,022 and the expected value of two quality-adjusted life-months is $62,166. The relative wellness values for each category shown in Table 7 represent the proportion of wellness relative to an optimum level. The willingness of society to pay for avoiding each incident were reflected as the difference between the wellness state and an optimum level multiplied by the duration of the event. For example, a local topical allergic reaction has an expected wellness value of 0.7604, or 0.2396 below optimum. This difference is used to calculate the amount that society is willing to pay to avoid a reaction of this type. [[Page 41735]] Table 7.--Characteristics of Reductions in Second Year Allergic Reactions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of Number of Value per Value per Category Number of Avoided Avoided Problem/ Value per Value per Short-Term Long-Term of Avoided Short-Term Long-Term Functional Symptom Relative Short-Term Long-Term Reaction Reaction Total Value Reaction Reactions Reactions Reactions State\1\ Weight\2\ Wellness Reaction Reaction ($ Avoided ($ Avoided ($ ($ 000) (000) (000) (000) 000) 000) 000) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Local 0.89 0.84 0.05 0.7433 0.0171 0.7604 245 14,900 205 794 999 Topical Systemic 0.94 0.69 0.24 0.6065 0.0171 0.6236 385 23,400 267 5,709 5,976 Topical Systemic 13.24 9.66 3.57 0.525 -0.0075 0.5175 493 30,000 4,764 107,194 111,958 Respira tory Respirat 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.5284 -0.1507 0.3777 636 38,700 17 972 989 ory Requiri ng Aggress ive Treatme nt Mortalit 0.00 NA NA 0 0 0 NA NA NA NA 514\3\ y Totals 15.11 11.22 3.90 120,436 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Functional states: Mobility - 5; Physical activity - 4; Social - 5 = 0.7433 Mobility - 4; Physical activity - 4; Social - .4 = 0.6065 Mobility - 4; Physical activity - 3; Social - 3 = 0.525 Mobility - 4; Physical activity - 1; Social - 2 = 0.5284 Mortality = 0.0000 \2\ Problem/Symptom Adjustments: Burning or itching rash on body = +0.0171 Wheezing or shortness of breath = -0.0075 Loss of consciousness, fainting = -0.1507 \3\ Value per mortality is $5 million. May not add due to rounding. [[Page 41736]] For 1 day, this value is $245 ($1,022 x .2396) and for 2 months, the estimated value per reaction is $14,895. The derived values for each of the reaction categories and terms are shown in Table 7. The values for each category, when multiplied by the number of decreased reactions expected due to this regulation, result in the expected annual benefit. Table 7 includes this estimate for only the second evaluation year. It indicates that society would be willing to pay a value of approximately $120.4 million to avoid 15,100 allergic reactions to NL protein. Taking these steps for each year in the evaluation period yields estimates of the willingness to pay to avoid these reactions as shown in Table 9. The undiscounted benefits equal $120.4 million in year 2, then decrease to $30.4 million in year 4. Between years 4 and 10, the estimated annual benefit increases to a value of $47.5 million. The estimated annualized benefit of avoiding these reactions is $46.9 million. FDA notes that other potential benefits, such as the avoidance of third-party payments as a result of treating fewer allergic reactions, the value of reduced anxiety due to lowering NL sensitization, the reduction in defects in glove barrier integrity, and the reduction in other foreign body reactions caused by glove powder have not been quantified at this time. FDA recognizes the considerable uncertainty of all of these estimates, however, and requests comment on all of the data and assumptions. Table 8.--Description of Inputs to Functionality Levels ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mobility Physical Activity Social Activity ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5-Drove car and used transportation 5-Did work, school, or housework and without help other activities 4-Did not drive, needed help with 4-Walked without physical problem 4-Did work, school, or housework, transportation but other activities limited 3-In house 3-Walked with physical problem 3-Limited in work, school or housework 2-In hospital 2-Moved own wheelchair without help 2-Performed self-care 1-In special unit 1-In bed or chair 1-Had help in self-care ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Kaplan, Bush, et. al. (Refs. 49 and 50) Table 9.--Expected Benefit of Decreased NRL Allergic Reactions Due to Regulation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Net Present Value of Year Decreased Reactions (000) Value of Decreased Reactions Decreased Reactions ($ ($ million) millions) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Current NA NA NA 1 0.0 NA NA 2 (15.1) 120.4 105.2 3 (9.5) 76.0 62.0 4 (3.8) 30.4 23.2 5 (3.9) 31.1 22.2 6 (4.3) 34.0 22.7 7 (4.7) 37.1 23.1 8 (5.1) 40.3 23.4 9 (5.5) 43.7 23.8 10 (6.0) 47.5 24.2 Average Annual 46.9 Benefit ($ million) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- G. Sensitivity Analyses FDA examined the impact of various assumptions that affect future conditions. These analyses are as follows: 1. Growth Rate of the Demand for Surgical and Patient Examination Gloves FDA used 1992 to 1994 rates of employment growth within the health services industry (SIC 80) to project a 3.9 percent annual growth in the future demand for surgical gloves (Ref. 41). However, more recent data obtained for the period up to 1998 suggest the more modest growth rate of 2.7 percent for this industry (Ref. 55a). Examining the expected costs and benefits after lowering the expected growth for surgical and patient examination gloves to 2.7 percent indicates that average annual costs decrease from $33.4 to $31.5 million and average annual benefits decrease from $46.9 to $42.1 million. If the forecast relied instead on the growth of total employment hours in the health service industry (Ref. 55b), the rate in recent years has been approximately 2.0 percent. Using this rate as the expected growth rate for surgical and patient examination gloves results in average annual costs of $30.4 million and average annual benefits of $39.6 million. FDA notes that under the alternative assumptions, both costs and benefits are lower than under the scenario presented earlier, but the regulation would still be justified. 2. Market Shares of Powder-Free and Synthetic Gloves FDA has estimated that in the absence of regulation, within 4 years, 80 percent of the glove market would consist of powder-free gloves; and within 5 years, 20 percent of all gloves would be manufactured of synthetic material. The proposed regulation is expected to accelerate these trends to within 2 years of implementation. To examine the sensitivity of these assumptions, FDA calculated the costs and benefits of the rule assuming that, in the absence of regulation, it would take 10 years rather than 4 years for powder-free gloves to account for 80 percent of the market and 10 years rather than 5 years for synthetic gloves to account for 20 percent of the market. The expected average annual costs in this scenario equal $72.7 million, and the average annual benefits equal $112.1 million. FDA also examined the impact of assuming no expected change in baseline market share from the first implementation year, in the absence of regulation. In this case, the average [[Page 41737]] annual costs equal $135.7 million, and the average annual benefits equal $283.2 million. 3. Linear Relationship between Environmental Protein/Powder and Allergic Reactions FDA expects that an exponential relationship exists between protein/powder levels and allergic reactions, but the agency also examined the effect of a linear relationship. The linear model increased the expected average annual benefit of reducing exposure from $46.9 million to $75.7 million, by increasing the number of avoided incidents as protein/powder levels were decreased. Table 9 indicates the magnitude of the expected decrease in NL reactions using the expected exponential relationship. A total of 57,900 avoided reactions were forecast. If the actual relationship were linear, the rule would be expected to result in the avoidance of 88,100 incidents over the same period. 4. Conclusion FDA has tested several key assumptions used in the analysis of impacts. Each simulation resulted in estimated benefits exceeding costs. Nonetheless, FDA recognizes the significant uncertainty in this analysis and requests any additional information that would improve the projections. H. Small Business Impact 1. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis FDA believes that the proposed regulation will not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities, but conducted an initial regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) to ensure that impacts on small entities were assessed and to alert any potentially impacted entities to the opportunity to submit comments to the agency. 2. Description of Impact The objectives of the proposed regulation are to reduce the adverse health effects attributable to allergic and foreign body reactions from NL allergens and glove powder and to defects in barrier protection and quality of surgeon's and patient examination gloves. The proposed regulation will accomplish these objectives by reclassifying surgeon's and patient examination gloves into class II products, and requiring product labeling. In addition, the proposed regulation recommends protein and powder levels for surgeon's and patient examination gloves. FDA's statutory authority for the proposed rulemaking under the act is discussed in section II of this document. Two separate industries will be affected by the proposed regulation: Manufacturers of surgeon's and patient examination gloves (found in Standard Industrial Classification 3842, Medical Equipment and Supplies) and Health Facilities (found in SIC 80). Table 10.--Non-Health Care Industries That Use Gloves as Protection ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Number of Number of Industry Sector SIC Code Establishments Employees ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Government 9,461 10,893 56,345 Residential Care 836 2,423 NA Personal Services 7,362 1,348 163,477 Funeral Services 726 19,890 57,013 Health Units in NA 202,540 178,732 Industry Non-Health 8,221 1,453 89,159 Research Laboratories Linen Services 7,218 1,250 50,000 Medical Equipment 384 1,076 6,185 Repair Law Enforcement 9,221 4,946 341,546 Fire and Rescue 9,224 3,174 252,048 Lifesaving 9,229 100 5,000 Schools 9,411 6,321 4,132 Waste Removal 4,953 940 13,300 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Source: OSHA (Ref. 40) FDA considered the potential impact of the proposed regulation on a number of nonhealth industries, but found that any impact would be insignificant. When OSHA issued its final regulations on blood-borne pathogens (Ref. 40), it considered a wide-range of establishments including: Law enforcement agencies, schools, linen services, and funeral parlors (see Table 10). While a substantial number of these establishments are small under the Small Business Administration definition, this proposed regulation does not require the use of FDA- regulated medical gloves at these sites. OSHA assumed that many of these industries would use utility gloves or consumer-grade gloves to provide barrier protection. For example, janitorial services and waste removal establishments were assumed to use utility work gloves, while law enforcement agencies were expected to use consumer-grade vinyl gloves. Few industries or establishments were expected to use FDA- regulated medical gloves in nonmedical settings. However, even in settings where medical gloves may be used, the frequency of glove usage was much less in these sectors. OSHA estimated that an average school would use approximately eight pairs of gloves per day. In contrast, a small physician/dental office would be expected to use 30 pairs of gloves per day. Both the relative frequency of glove use and the concentration of FDA-regulated medical gloves convinced FDA to focus on the Health Services Industry (Table 11) as the area of largest potential impact. Table 11.--Establishment and Employment in the Health Services<SUP>1</SUP> ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of Number of Average Number of Establishments and (Standard Industrial Classification Establishments Employees Employees per Codes) (thousand) (thousand) Establishment ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total Health Services (80) 1,030.0 11,000.0 10.7 [[Page 41738]] Clinics and Offices of MD's (801) 328.9 1,908.4 5.8 Clinics and Offices of Dentists (802) 138.5 709.4 5.1 Clinics and Offices of Osteopathy (803) 18.4 60.6 3.3 Other Health Practitioners (804) 243.0 483.6 2.0 Nursing Facilities (805) 57.7 2,011.8 34.9 Hospitals (806) 7.1 4,496.5 633.3 Medical/Dental Laboratories (807) 29.4 229.3 7.8 Home Health Services (808) 99.9 743.9 7.4 Other Allied Services (809) 107.7 356.5 3.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ 1992 Census of Service Industries and Bureau of Labor Statistics projections of employment trends in the health services industries. Glove manufacturers will be affected by labeling that requires additional warnings and statements concerning recommended protein and powder limits, testing and validation measures that are necessary to ensure the accuracy of this information, and limitations on the use of powder for mold release. Health facilities will face increased expenditures for surgeon's and patient examination gloves by either shifting from powdered gloves to more expensive powder-free products or continuing to use powdered gloves that cost more due to production cost increases. Manufacturers classified within the four-digit SIC code 3842 are typically small. Only 38 percent of all establishments had 20 or more employees in 1992 (Ref. 56), and companies had an average of 1.12 separate establishments. The manufacturers are highly specialized, with over 92 percent of their products considered within the medical equipment and supplies industry, and 94 percent of all medical equipment and supplies manufactured by these firms. The Small Business Administration classifies as small any entity within this industry with 500 or fewer employees (Ref. 57), capturing the majority of establishments. However, the affected manufacturers of surgeon's and patient examination gloves have some product-specific characteristics that distinguish them from the average establishment in this industry. FDA's registration system for medical devices shows 198 manufacturers of surgeon's and patient examination gloves, the vast majority of which are located outside the United States and operate in a world-wide market, although the U.S. constitutes the most significant regional market. FDA examined the records of current manufacturers and identified 10 domestic manufacturers of surgeon's and patient examination gloves out of the total 198 marketers. Only 1 of these 10 domestic manufacturers reported employment of fewer than 1,200 employees. However, FDA acknowledges that additional small domestic manufacturers could enter the market in the future. The main impacts of the proposed regulations on small manufacturers would occur if the manufacturer had to conduct additional validation tests to ensure the accuracy of protein and powder levels displayed on the product labeling and if increased inventory loss or slower production times occurred due to limited uses of powder as a mold release. Although FDA does not stipulate the acceptable validation test method in the regulation, and is soliciting comments on this issue in order to minimize its impact, it is possible that a chemist would be required on a contract basis to ensure that the actual levels of protein and powder matched the levels on the label. FDA is working with industry groups to ensure that an acceptable and reliable test method is chosen. Despite this outreach, the selected test method could impose additional and disparate costs to a small manufacturer. Similarly, increased inventory loss because of tearing in the production process due to limited powder would affect small production runs to a greater degree than large production runs. Discussions with manufacturers have indicated that any additional validation testing or negative impacts on production capability could increase the production costs of medical gloves by 5 percent or more. As discussed earlier in the analysis of impacts section (section IX.D of this document), the demand for medical gloves is highly price inelastic due to the regulatory requirement for health facilities (SIC 80) to provide barrier protection (Ref. 40) and the lack of substitute products (Ref. 42). The characteristics of the medical glove market therefore indicate that production cost increases resulting from the proposed rule are likely to be passed through in the form of higher contract prices. In addition, many facilities are currently accepting increased glove prices by establishing powder-free environments in the absence of any rule-making. Thus, production cost increases by glove manufacturers are likely to be offset by revenue gains for these same manufacturers, with the result of shifting the cost impact to the health facilities. Small health facilities therefore will also bear some regulatory impact. The Small Business Administration has defined as small any ``for-profit'' health facility with annual revenues of $5 million or less (Ref. 57). Most hospitals and nursing facilities would be considered large under this definition. However, nonprofit facilities not dominant in their field are also considered small entities. Industry characteristics of the health facility industry are shown in Table 11. Approximately 95 percent of the hospitals and nursing facilities are considered as small entities (6,700 hospitals and 54,800 nursing facilities). FDA examined the potential impact of the proposed regulations on two types of health care user facilities: Small physician/dental facilities and small hospitals. A small physician or dental facility may use as many as 25,000 (based on 120 patient visits per week) gloves each year. If the facility substitutes powder-free for powdered gloves as a result of this regulation, costs would increase by $475 per year ((25,000/100) x $1.90). Similarly, a small hospital is also likely to experience increased annual costs of acquiring gloves. An extremely small hospital with only 6 beds and a staff of 11 might use about 22,000 gloves annually. If the facility faced increased glove costs, the total increase in costs could amount to about $950. FDA wishes to collect additional information on the nature of the impacts on small entities in order to ensure that all such impacts are noted. In addition, [[Page 41739]] other public facilities such as prisons, and police or fire departments may face higher glove prices due to this regulation. FDA does not expect these costs to be significant, but solicits comments on this potential burden. 3. Analysis of Alternatives FDA has examined and rejected the following alternatives to the proposed rule:(1) Banning powdered gloves; (2) mandating protein and powder levels on medical gloves; (3) requiring all users of powdered gloves to comply with restrictions on distribution and use; (4) retaining the class I classification for all (or some) of the medical gloves; and (5) excluding powdered synthetic gloves from this rulemaking; and (6) providing for a shorter or longer compliance period. FDA has rejected the alternatives at this time for the following reasons: Alternative 1: A ban of all powdered medical gloves has been requested in a citizen petition submitted to FDA. FDA considered banning powdered gloves because that action would meet the stated objective of eliminating airborne powder and greatly reducing exposure to airborne allergens associated with the use of medical gloves. However, FDA did not select this alternative because a ban would not address exposure to NL allergens from medical gloves with high levels of NL proteins. Moreover, such a ban of powdered gloves might compromise the availability of high quality medical gloves and greatly increase the annual costs by almost as much as $64 million over the selected alternative. Alternative 2: FDA also considered mandating powder and protein levels for medical gloves because this alternative would accomplish the stated objectives more completely than banning. FDA rejected mandating powder and protein levels for medical gloves because the agency believes that the increased regulatory flexibility of the proposed rule may reduce the costs of compliance by allowing for more efficient methods of reaching the goal. Inventories could be lowered and industry capacity could be assured. Mandating specific protein and powder levels, as well as the acceptable test method, may preclude all parties from developing a more efficient system. In addition, FDA inspectional and compliance costs are minimized by relying on recommended levels of powder and protein. By ensuring user access to relevant information, the agency believes that users will move the market to a more efficient level. Alternative 3: FDA considered restricting the distribution and use of powdered NRL or synthetic material medical gloves by requiring that establishments using powdered gloves establish and maintain written procedures for selecting, purchasing and distributing gloves. FDA further considered restricting the distribution and use of powdered NRL or synthetic material medical gloves by requiring establishments using powdered gloves with more than the recommended powder levels to establish and maintain written procedures to evaluate, monitor and control airborne particulate matter at the point of use, through the use of an externally exhausted air handling system, HEPA filtration, or other system. FDA believes that these restrictions would reduce the risk of adverse foreign body and allergic reactions associated with powdered glove use. However, the extent of the expected reduction is uncertain. The expected costs of complying with these restrictions was estimated to be over $21 million. Furthermore, any such workplace restrictions may impede or preempt the authority of OSHA to regulate gloves and glove powder in the workplace. Before rejecting this alternative, the agency had examined the feasibility of exempting small facilities from the requirements of developing written procedures and air quality measures. Based on the expectation that small establishments with 10 or fewer employees would be able to communicate and control risks associated with powdered medical easier than larger institutions. Exempting small medical facilities from these controls lowers the added costs to $6.6 million. However, FDA rejected this alternative because the expected benefits of restricting glove use remained uncertain, and the potential overlap of authority with OSHA would still exist. Alternative 4: FDA considered retaining the class I classification for all or some of the medical gloves. This alternative was rejected because it did not meet the stated objectives. In light of new information concerning barrier integrity, degradation of quality during storage, contamination concerns and concerns about exposure to foreign bodies and allergens, FDA found that general controls are no longer sufficient to provide reasonable assurances of the safety and effectiveness of medical gloves. Moreover, such concerns were not limited to only powdered gloves. To require a device to meet special controls as well as general controls, a device must be classified (or reclassified) into class II. Consequently, although compliance costs would have been reduced by this alternative, retaining some or all gloves as class I devices was rejected. Alternative 5: Alternative 5 (excluding powdered synthetic gloves for this rulemaking) was considered in order to reduce cost by as much as $2.4 million per year. FDA rejected this alternative because it would not meet the stated objective of the applicable statutes. While synthetic gloves do not contain NL proteins, FDA is concerned about foreign body reactions caused by glove powder. These reactions occur whether the powder is present on a NRL or synthetic glove. Consequently, FDA is rejecting exempting powdered synthetic gloves from this regulation. Alternative 6: FDA considered providing a shorter compliance period for implementation of the regulation. A compliance period of 90 days or 1 year would significantly increase the expected benefits of the rule by decreasing the number of annual allergic reactions. FDA estimates that a 90-day or 1-year implementation period would result in between 3,300 and 3,600 fewer annual allergic reactions to NL proteins than the number expected with the selected 2-year compliance period. However, FDA is concerned that the lead times necessary to manufacture limited powder gloves would make compliance difficult. As stated earlier, manufacturing equipment used to control glove powder levels is currently backordered as much as 18 months, and short compliance periods may result in inadequate supplies of medical gloves. Not including the potential of shortages, FDA has estimated that average annualized costs of shorter compliance periods could equal $10 million to $16 million more than the selected alternative. The 2-year compliance period allows firms to combine recommended changes with any other market driven changes, and will allow firms to deplete their supply of existing labels. As set forth above, however, FDA is soliciting comment on the timeframe for implementation to determine whether a 2-year compliance period is really needed. FDA also rejected providing a longer compliance period. FDA has tentatively determined that the decrease in costs is outweighed by the decrease in benefits if the compliance period is lengthened to as many as 3 years. While annual costs would decrease by almost $9 million, allowing such a long compliance period would result in about 1,800 additional average annual allergic reactions as compared to the selected alternative and benefits would be reduced to $32.0 million. Since glove manufacturers would have ample opportunity to comply within the [[Page 41740]] selected 2-year period, FDA does not believe that additional time is justified. FDA solicits comments on other alternatives that meet the stated objectives. 4. Assuring Small Entity Participation in Rulemaking At this time, FDA does not believe that the proposed regulation will have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. However, the agency recognizes that many facilities will be affected. The impact may range from increased glove manufacturing costs due to validation testing and control of mold powder to increased contract prices of powdered gloves used by health facilities. FDA solicits comments from affected entities to ensure that this impact is analyzed. FDA plans to provide for access to the Federal Register analysis through FDA's website on the Internet. Notice of the availability of this proposed rule and request for comment will be communicated to all glove-related associations and include a request for comments. FDA is currently preparing an article for publication in latex- related trade publications that will highlight the proposed requirements. In addition, notice of the proposed rulemaking and request for comments will be available in health-related publications and sent to trade organizations. FDA actively seeks input into this proposal and requests comments on all aspects of the analysis of impacts and the regulatory flexibility analysis. X. Conclusion FDA has examined the impacts of the proposed regulation of protein and powder levels of NL gloves. Based on these estimates, the average annual quantifiable benefits ($46.9 million) exceed the average annual quantifiable costs ($32.5 million). Given the high level of uncertainty and the existence of unquantified benefits, FDA solicits comment on this analysis and all of its assumptions and projections. XI. Environmental Impact FDA has determined under 21 CFR 25.30(k) and 25.34(b) that this action is of the type that does not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment. Therefore, neither an environmental assessment nor an environmental impact statement is required. XII. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 This proposed rule contains information collections provisions that are subject to review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520). A description of these provisions is given below with an estimate of the annual reporting burden. Included in the estimate is the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing each collection of information. FDA invites comments on: (1) Whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FDA's functions, including whether the information will have practical utility; (2) the accuracy of FDA's estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used; (3) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and (4) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information on respondents, including through the use of automated collection techniques, when appropriate, and other forms of information technology. Title: Labeling and Written Procedures Requirements for Powdered and Powder-Free Patient Examination Gloves, and Powdered and Powder- Free Surgeon's Gloves. Description: The proposed rule intends to provide users with material information to safely use patient examination and surgeon's gloves. The proposed rule expands the labeling for medical gloves to include: (1) Caution statements including the actual levels of protein and powder on the gloves, and (2) expiration dating. The proposed labeling requirements would require manufacturers to conduct tests to support the protein and glove powder levels and expiration date. The proposed special control, a guidance document entitled ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual,'' recommends that protein levels be measured by the ASTM D 5712 modified Lorry method and that glove powder levels be measured by the ASTM D6124-97 method. The labeling requirements also require stability testing to support the expiration date. The special control recommends that stability testing include tensile strength, elongation and water leak tests. The labeling is intended to communicate useful information to users about FDA's guidance recommending the use of gloves with no more than 1,200 <greek-m>g of protein and 120 mg of glove powder (or 2 mg of powder, for powder-free gloves) and to ensure that the labeling contains adequate directions for use. The labeling would require manufacturers to indicate the actual levels of protein and powder on the gloves so that the user can ascertain if the gloves meet the recommended limits on protein and powder, which are intended to reduce exposure to particulates and airborne allergens. The expiration date labeling is intended to ensure that medical glove users have appropriate information regarding shelf life to enable them to use medical gloves safely by avoiding products that may have degraded. Description of Respondents: Businesses or other for profit organizations. Table 12.--Estimated Annual Reporting Burden<SUP>1</SUP> ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Annual 21 CFR Section No. of Frequency per Total Annual Hours per Total Hours Total Capital Respondents Response Responses Response Costs ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 801.440(a) 180 1 180 22 3,960 $985,248 801.440(b) 18 1 18 14 252 801.440(c) 178 1 178 16 2,848 801.440(d) 376 4<SUP>2</SUP> 1,504 72 108,288 Total 115,348 $985,248 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ There are no operating and maintenance costs associated with this collection of information. \2\ The annual burden reported here represents the first year in which a manufacturer would have conducted testing at 0 days, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. FDA expects in any succeeding years, testing would only be done at 6-month intervals. [[Page 41741]] For the proposed labeling requirements, the hours per response included the hours estimated, based upon communications with industry, to run the tests to support the powder and protein levels and the expiration date, as well as the hours estimated to change the respondent's labeling. The total capital costs were derived from multiplying the total annual responses for protein testing and multiplying it by the estimated costs of buying a spectrometer and a plate reader, instruments that are necessary to conduct the protein testing. That cost was then annualized over a 5-year period. Based on communication with industry, FDA estimates that a respondent would take approximately 8 hours to run the protein tests necessary to obtain a protein level to add to the labeling. FDA bases its estimate on the ASTM D 6124-97 protein test. Based on communication with industry, FDA estimates that a respondent would take approximately 6 hours to run the powder tests necessary to obtain a powder level to add to the labeling. FDA bases its estimate on the ASTM D 5712 modified Lowry method powder test. Based on communication with industry, FDA estimates that a respondent would take approximately 16 hours to run the elongation, tensile strength, and waterleak tests recommended to support the expiration date. In the first year, FDA estimates that the tests would be run 4 times, at 0 days, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year (16 X 4 = 64). In the second, or succeeding years, FDA expects the tests to be run twice a year. FDA estimates that a respondent would take approximately 8 hours to change the labeling and approximately 8 hours to change the promotional materials to include the appropriate caution statement and the expiration date. This 16 hours is divided between the labeling changes proposed in Sec. 801.440(a) and (d) resulting in 8 hours being assessed for the caution statement and 8 hours being assessed for the expiration date. FDA estimates the number of burden hours per response for Sec. 801.440(a) is 22. That burden comes from the sum of the hours for running the powder and protein tests (8 hours plus 6 hours) and the hours for changing the labeling (8 hours). FDA estimates the number of burden hours per response for Sec. 801.440(b) is 14. That burden comes from the sum of the hours for running the powder tests (6 hours) and the hours for changing the labeling (8 hours). FDA estimates the number of burden hours per response for Sec. 801.440(c) is 16. That burden comes from the sum of the hours for running the protein tests (8 hours) and the hours for changing the labeling (8 hours). FDA estimates the number of burden hours per response for Sec. 801.440(d) is 72. That burden comes from the sum of the hours for running the elongation, tensile strength, and waterleak tests four times in the first year (64 hours) and the hours for changing the labeling (8 hours). FDA believes that manufacturers already have the equipment necessary to do the tests to support the powder levels and expiration dating because such equipment is currently being used to test the gloves. In order to do the protein tests recommended by FDA, FDA believes a manufacturer would need to obtain a spectrometer and a plate reader. FDA estimates that buying this equipment would cost approximately $22,000 (approximately $10,000 for the spectrometer and $12,000 for the plate reader). In addition, FDA assumed a 7 percent discount on the price of the equipment and that the equipment would be annualized over a 5-year period. In order to obtain a per annualized year estimate, FDA multiplied the cost by the discount ($22,000 x .244). FDA added the discounted amount ($5,368) to the cost of the equipment ($22,000) for a total equipment cost of $27,368. That cost annualized over a 5-year period is $5,473.60. FDA multiplied that cost by the number of respondents testing for protein levels (180) for a total capital cost of $985,248. In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3507(d)), FDA has submitted the information collection provisions of this proposed rule to OMB for review. Interested persons are requested to send comments regarding information collection by August 30, 1999, to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, OMB, New Executive Office Bldg., 725 17th St. NW., rm. 10235, Washington, DC 20503, Attn.: Wendy Taylor, Desk Officer for FDA. XIII. References The following references have been placed on display in the Dockets Management Branch (address above) and may be seen by interested persons between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday. 1. Kaczmarek, R., R. Moore, J. McCrohan, et al., ``Glove Use by Health Care Workers: Results of a Tri-state Investigation,'' American Journal of Infection Control, 19:228-232, 1991. 2. Kibby, T., and M. Akl, ``Prevalence of Latex Sensitization in a Hospital Employee Population,'' Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 78:41-44, 1997. 3. Kaczmarek, R., B. Silverman, T. Gross, et al., ``Prevalence of Latex-specific IgE Antibodies in Hospital Personnel,'' Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 76:51-56, 1996. 4. Arellano, R., J. Bradley, and G. Sussman, `` Prevalence of Latex Sensitization Among Hospital Physicians Occupationally Exposed to Latex Gloves,'' Anesthesiology, 77:905-908, 1992. 5. Lagier, F., D. Vervioet, I. Lhermet, et al., `` Prevalence of Latex Allergy in Operating Room Nurses,'' Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 90:319-322, 1992. 6. Yassin, M., M. Lierl, T. Fischer, et al., ``Latex Allergy in Hospital Employees,'' Annals of Allergy, 72:245-249, 1994. 7. Ownby, D., H. Ownby, J. McCullough, and A. Shafer, ``The Prevalence of Anti-latex IgE Antibodies in 1000 Volunteer Blood Donors [Abstract],'' Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 97:1188-1192, 1996. 8. Lebenbom-Mansour, M., J. Oesterle, et al., ``The Incidence of Latex Sensitivity in Ambulatory Surgical Patients: A Correlation of Historical Factors with Positive Serum Immunoglobin E Levels,'' Anesthesia and Analgesia, 85:44-49, July 1997. 9. FDA, Medical device reporting databases of adverse event reports, Rockville, MD, 1996-1997 (World Wide Web access: http:// www.fda.gov/cdrh/mdr.html). 10. Beezhold, D. and W. Beck, ``Surgical Glove Powders Bind Latex Antigens,'' Archives of Surgery, 127:1354-1357, 1992. 11. Tomazic, V., E. Shampaine, A. Lamanna, T. Withrow, N. Adkinson, Jr., and R. Hamilton, ``Cornstarch Powder on Latex Products Is an Allergen Carrier,'' Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 93:751-758, 1994. 12. Tarlo, S., G. Sussman, A. Contala, and M. Swanson, ``Control of Airborne Latex by Use of Powder-free Latex Gloves,'' Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 93:985-989, 1994. 13. Swanson, M., M. Bubak, L. Hunt, J. Yunginger, M. Warner, and C. Reed, ``Clinical Aspects of Allergic Disease: Quantification of Occupational Latex Aeroallergens in a Medical Center,'' Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 94:445-451, 1994. 14. Heilman, D., R. Jones, M. Swanson, and J. Yunginger, ``A Prospective, Controlled Study Showing that Rubber Gloves Are the Major Contributor to Latex Aeroallergen Levels in the Operating Room,'' Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 98:325-330, 1996. 15. Ellis, H., ``The Hazards of Surgical Glove Dusting Powders,'' Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics, 171: 521-527, 1990. 16. Edlich, R., ``A Plea for Powder-free Surgical Gloves,'' The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 12:69-71, 1994. 17. Hunt, T., J. Slavin, and W. Goodson, ``Starch Powder Contamination of Surgical Wounds,'' Archives of Surgery, 129: 825- 828, 1994. 18. Luijendijk, R., D. deLange, C. Wauters, W. Hop, et al., ``Foreign Material in Postoperative Adhesions,'' Annals of Surgery, 223: 242-248, 1996. [[Page 41742]] 19. Holmdahl, L., B. Risberg, D. Beck, et al., ``Adhesions: Pathogenesis and Prevention-Panel Discussion and Summary,'' European Journal of Surgery, Supplement, 163 (Suppl. 577), 56-62, 1997. 20. Williams, P., and J. Halsey, ``Endotoxin as a Factor in Adverse Reactions to Latex Gloves,'' Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, 79:303-310, October 1997. 21. Department of Health and Human Services (NIOSH), ``National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Alert: Preventing Allergic Reactions to Natural Rubber Latex in the Workplace,'' Publ. No. 97-135, June 1997. 22. Aziz, N., ``Chlorination of Gloves,'' Paper No. 5 of the Latex Protein Workshop of the International Rubber Technology Conference, June 1993, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 23. FDA, CDRH, ``Environmental Degradation of Latex Gloves: The Effects of Elevated Temperature on Tensile Strength,'' Division of Mechanics and Materials Science Report # 96-05, D. Walsh, D. Chwirut, R. Kotz, and J. Dawson, Rockville, MD, 1997. 24. McLelland, J., S. Shuster, and J. Matthews, ``Irritants Increase the Response to an Allergen in Allergic Contact Dermatitis,'' Archives of Dermatology, 127:1016-1019, 1991. 25. van der Meeren, H., and P. van Erp, ``Life-threatening Contact Urticaria from Glove Powder,'' Contact Dermatitis, 14:190- 191, 1986. 26. Seggev, J., T. Mawhinney, J. Yunginger, and S. Braun, ``Anaphylaxis Due to Cornstarch Surgical Glove Powder,'' Annals of Allergy, 65:152-155, 1990. 27. Assalve D., C. Cicioni, P. Pernio, and P. List, ``Contact Urticaria and Anaphylactoid Reaction from Cornstarch Surgical Glove Powder,'' Contact Dermatitis, 19:61, 1988. 28. Ruff, F., P. Thomas, and B. Przybilla, ``Natural Rubber Latex as an Aeroallergen in the General Environment,'' Contact Dermatitis, 35:46-47, 1996. 29. Vandenplas, O., J. P. Delwiche, and Y. Sibille, ``Occupational Asthma Due to Latex in a Hospital Administrative Employee,'' Thorax, 51:452-453, 1996. 30. Kujala, V., and K. Reijula, ``Glove-related Rhinopathy Among Hospital Personnel,'' American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 30:164-170, 1996. 31. Pisati, G., A. Baruffini, Bernabeo, and R. Stanizzi, ``Bronchial Provocation Testing in the Diagnosis of Occupational Asthma Due to Latex Surgical Gloves,'' European Respiratory Journal, 7:332-336, 1994. 32. Palosuo, T., S. Makinen-Kiljunen, H. Alenius, et al., ``Measurement of Natural Rubber Latex Allergen Levels in Medical Gloves by Allergen-specific IgE-ELISA Inhibition, RAST Inhibition and Skin Prick Test,'' Allergy, 53:59-67, 1998. 33. FDA, CDRH, ``Glove Powder Content on Surgical and Examination Gloves,'' V. Tomazic, Division of Life Sciences Progress Report, 1998. 34. Rabussay, D., and D. Korniewicz, ``Improving Glove Barrier Effectiveness,'' AORN Journal, 66:1043-1063, 1997. 35. Korniewicz, D., ``Barrier Protection of Latex,'' Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 15/1:123-137, 1995. 36. Korniewicz, D., M. Kirwin, K. Cresci, et al., ``In-use Comparison of Latex Gloves in Two High-Risk Units: Surgical Intensive Care and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,'' Heart & Lung, 21:81-84, 1992. 37. U. S. General Accounting Office, ``Medical Devices: Early Warning of Problems Is Hampered by Severe Underreporting,'' GAO/T- PEMD-87-1, 1987. 38. U.S. FDA, CDRH, ``Medical Glove Powder Report,'' 1997. 39. U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, ``National Health Interview Survey,'' 1996. 40. U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration, final rule on ``occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens'' (29 CFR 1910.1030) (56 FR 64004, December 6, 1991). 41. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Industrial Outlook, 1994. 42. Katz, M. L., and H. Rosen, Microeconomics, 2d Ed., Irwin Press, 1998. 43. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Service Industries, 1992. 44. Ramey, V., ``Nonconvex Costs and the Behavior of Inventories,'' Journal of Political Economy, 99:306-334, April 1991. 45. Hall, G., ``Non-Convex Costs and Capital Utilization: A Study of Production Scheduling at Automobile Assembly Plants,'' Yale University Press, November 1997. 45a. Eastern Research Group; ``Preliminary Estimates: Labeling and Related Testing Costs for Medical Glove Manufacturers,'' Memorandum, January 18, 1999. 46. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor Review, 120, No. 11. 1997. 47. French M. T., J. A. Mauskopg, et al., ``Estimating the Dollar Value of Health Outcomes from Drug Abuse Interventions,'' Medical Care, 34(9):890-910, 1996. 48. Johnson, F., E. Fries, et al., ``Valuing Morbidity: An Integration of Willingness-to-Pay and Health-status Index Literatures,'' Journal of Economic Literature, December 1996. 49. Kaplan, R., J. Bush, et al., ``Health status: Types of Validity and the Index of Well-being,'' Health Services Research, Winter 1976: 478-507. 50. Kaplan, R., and J. Bush, ``Health-Related Quality of Life Measurement for Evaluation Research and Policy Analysis,'' Health Psychology, 1(1):61-80, 1982. 51. Viscusi, K., ``Fatal Tradeoffs: Public and Private Responsibilities for Risk,'' Oxford University Press, 1992. 52. Fisher, A., L. Chestnut, et al., ``The Value of Reducing Risks of Death: A Note on New Evidence,'' Journal of Policy, Analysis and Management, 8(1):88-100. 1989. 53. Mudarri, D., EPA, ``The Costs and Benefits of Smoking Restrictions: An Assessment of the Smoke-free Environment Act of 1993 (H.R. 3434),'' 1994. 54. Chen, M., and J. Bush, `` Social Indicators for Health Planning and Policy Analysis,'' Policy Sciences, 6:71-89, 1975. 55. FDA, Office of Planning and Evaluation and Eastern Research Group, Economic Impact Analysis of Regulations Under the Mammography Quality Standards Act of 1992, 1997. 55a. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, ``Monthly Labor Review,'' 1995. 55b. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, ``Employment and Earnings,'' September 1998. 56. U.S. Bureau of Census, ``Census of Manufacturers,'' 1992. 57. U.S. Small Business Administration, ``Table of Size Standards,'' 1996. List of Subjects 21 CFR Part 801 Labeling, Medical devices, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. 21 CFR Parts 878 and 880 Medical devices. Therefore, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and under authority delegated to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, it is proposed that 21 CFR parts 801, 878, and 880 be amended as follows: PART 801--LABELING 1. The authority citation for 21 CFR part 801 is revised to read as follows: Authority: 21 U.S.C. 321, 331, 351, 352, 360c, 360i, 360j, 371, 374. 2. Section 801.437 is amended by revising paragraph (d) to read as follows: Sec. 801.437 User labeling for devices that contain natural rubber. * * * * * (d)(1) As described in paragraph (b) of this section, devices containing natural rubber latex that contacts humans, except natural rubber latex surgeon's and patient examination gloves shall bear the following statement in bold print on the device labeling: ``Caution: This Product Contains Natural Rubber Latex Which May Cause Allergic Reactions.'' This statement shall appear on all device labels, and other labeling, and shall appear on the principal display panel of the device packaging, the outside package, container, or wrapper, and the immediate device package, container, or wrapper. (2) Natural rubber latex surgeon's and patient examination gloves shall bear the appropriate caution statement delineated in Sec. 801.440(a) or (c). This statement shall appear on all device labels, and other labeling, and shall appear on the principal display panel of the device packaging, the outside package, container, or wrapper, and the immediate device package, container, or wrapper. * * * * * 3. Section 801.440 is added to subpart H to read as follows: [[Page 41743]] Sec. 801.440 User labeling for powdered and powder-free surgeon's and patient examination gloves. The caution statements required in this section shall appear on all device labels, and other labeling, and shall appear on the principal display panel of the device packaging, the outside package, container, or wrapper, and the immediate device package, container, or wrapper. (a) Natural rubber latex powdered surgeon's gloves and powdered patient examination gloves shall bear the following statement: ``Caution: This product contains natural rubber latex which may cause allergic reactions. FDA recommends that this product contain no more than 120 mg powder and 1,200 <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove. This product contains no more than [insert level] mg powder and no more than [insert level] <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove.'' (b) Synthetic material powdered surgeon's or powdered patient examination gloves shall bear the following statement: ``Caution: Glove powder is associated with adverse reactions. FDA recommends that this product contain no more than 120 milligrams powder per glove. This product contains no more than [insert level] mg powder per glove.'' (c) Natural rubber latex powder-free surgeon's gloves and powder- free patient examination gloves shall bear the following statement: ``Caution: This product contains natural rubber latex which may cause allergic reactions. FDA recommends that this product contain no more than 1,200 <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove. This product contains no more than [insert level] <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove.'' (d) All surgeon's and patient examination gloves shall bear an expiration date as follows: (1) The expiration date shall state the month and year of the shelf-life as supported by data from the studies described in paragraph (d)(3) of this section; (2) The expiration date must be prominently displayed on the exterior of the primary and retail package, and on the shipping carton; (3) The expiration date must be supported by stability studies demonstrating acceptable physical and mechanical integrity of the product over the shelf-life of the product from its date of manufacture; (4) For each glove design, the testing data and stability study protocol supporting an expiration date must be maintained by the manufacturer for a period equivalent to the design and expected life of that glove type, and shall be made available for inspection and copying by FDA; and (5) Sterile surgeon's and patient examination gloves that have a date of expiration based on sterility that is different from the expiration date based upon physical and mechanical integrity testing shall bear only the earlier expiration date. PART 878--GENERAL AND PLASTIC SURGERY DEVICES 4. The authority citation for 21 CFR part 878 continues to read as follows: Authority: 21 U.S.C. 351, 360, 360c, 360e, 360j, 360l, 371. 5. Section 878.4460 is revised to read as follows: Sec. 878.4460 Surgeon's gloves, powdered. (a) Identification. A powdered surgeon's glove is a disposable device made of natural rubber latex or synthetic material that bears powder to facilitate donning, and it is intended to be worn on the hands, usually in surgical settings, to provide a barrier against potentially infectious materials and other contaminants. The lubricating or dusting powder used on these gloves is classified separately in Sec. 878.4480. (b) Classification. Class II special controls are as follows: (1) Guidance document. The Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual,'' as revised. The guidance document is available from the Division of Small Manufacturers Assistance (HFZ-220), Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, 1350 Piccard Dr., Rockville, MD 20850. (2) Labeling. User labeling requirements in Sec. 801.440 of this chapter. 6. Section 878.4461 is added to subpart E to read as follows: Sec. 878.4461 Surgeon's gloves, powder-free. (a) Identification. A powder-free surgeon's glove is a disposable device made of natural rubber latex or synthetic material that may bear a trace amount of glove powder and is intended to be worn on the hands, usually in surgical settings, to provide a barrier against potentially infectious materials and other contaminants. (b) Classification. Class II special controls are as follows: (1) Guidance document. The Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual,'' as revised (See Sec. 878.4460(b)(1)). (2) Labeling. User labeling requirements in Sec. 801.440 of this chapter. PART 880--GENERAL HOSPITAL AND PERSONAL USE DEVICES 7. The authority citation for 21 CFR part 880 continues to read as follows: Authority: 21 U.S.C. 351, 360, 360c, 360e, 360j, 371. 8. Section 880.6250 is revised to read as follows: Sec. 880.6250 Patient examination gloves, powdered. (a) Identification. A powdered patient examination glove is a disposable device made of natural rubber latex or synthetic material that bears powder to facilitate donning and is intended to be worn on the hand or finger(s) for medical purposes to provide a barrier against potentially infectious materials and other contaminants. (b) Classification. Class II special controls are as follows: (1) Guidance document. The Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual,'' as revised. The guidance document is available from the Division of Small Manufacturers Assistance (HFZ-220), Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, 1350 Piccard Dr., Rockville, MD 20850. (2) Labeling. User labeling requirements in Sec. 801.440 of this chapter. 9. Section 880.6251 is added to subpart G to read as follows: Sec. 880.6251 Patient examination gloves, powder-free. (a) Identification. A powder-free patient examination glove is a disposable device made of natural rubber latex or synthetic material that may bear a trace amount of glove powder and is intended to be worn on the hand or finger(s) for medical purposes to provide a barrier against potentially infectious materials and other contaminants. (b) Classification. Class II special controls are as follows: (1) Guidance document. The Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual,'' as revised (See Sec. 880.6250(b)(1)). (2) Labeling. User labeling requirements in Sec. 801.440 of this chapter. Dated: March 2, 1999. Jane E. Henney, Commissioner of Food and Drugs. Donna E. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services. [FR Doc. 99-19191 Filed 7-29-99; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4160-01-F	en
markdown	216399	# Presentation: 216399 ## People Living with HIV/AIDS 200242 million worldwide Latin America 1.5 million E. Europe/Central Asia 1.2 million E. Asia/Pacific 1.2 million Sub-Saharan Africa 29.4 million N. Africa/Mid-East 550,000 South/S.E. Asia 6 million Caribbean 440,000 - Source: UNAIDS, AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2002 ## AIDS Deaths in 20023.1 million worldwide Latin America 60,000 E. Europe/Central Asia 25,000 E. Asia/Pacific 45,000 Sub-Saharan Africa 2.4 million N. Africa/Mid-East 37,000 South/S.E. Asia 440,000 Caribbean 42,000 - Source: UNAIDS, AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2002 ## New HIV Infections in 20025 million worldwide Latin America 150,000 E. Europe/Central Asia 250,000 E. Asia/Pacific 270,000 Sub-Saharan Africa 3.5 million N. Africa/Mid-East 83,000 South/S.E. Asia 700,000 Caribbean 60,000 - Source: UNAIDS, AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2002 ## Global HIV Infections by Mode of Transmission - Source: USAID ## Regional HIV/AIDS Statistics 2002 \| \| People Living with HIV/AIDS \| New HIV Infections in 2001 \| Adult HIV Prevalence Rate \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Sub-Saharan Africa \| 29.4 million \| 3.5 million \| 8.8% \| \| North Africa & Middle East \| 550,000 \| 83,000 \| 0.3% \| \| South & Southeast Asia \| 6 million \| 700,000 \| 0.6% \| \| East Asia & Pacific \| 1.2 million \| 270,000 \| 0.1% \| \| Latin America \| 1.5 million \| 150,000 \| 0.6% \| \| Caribbean \| 440,000 \| 60,000 \| 2.4% \| \| Eastern Europe & Central Asia \| 1.2 million \| 250,000 \| 0.6% \| - Source: UNAIDS, AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2002 ## HIV-Positive Men and Women by Region - Source: UNAIDS, Global Epidemic Update, December 2002	en
converted_docs	466011	Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) File No. EB --00-IH-0057 ) Matrix Telecom, Inc. ) NAL/Acct. No. X32080022 ## ## NOTICE OF APPARENT LIABILITY FOR FORFEITURE Adopted: July 21, 2000 Released: July 27, 2000 By the Commission: ## I. INTRODUCTION 1\. In this Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture (\"NAL\"), we find that Matrix Telecom, Inc. has apparently violated Section 254(d) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended (the "Act"), and Section 54.706 of the Commission's rules by willfully and repeatedly failing to make required contributions to universal service support programs. [^1] Based on our review of the facts and circumstances in this case, we conclude that Matrix is apparently liable for a forfeiture in the amount of \$113,000. # # II. BACKGROUND ### 2\. In 1996, Congress amended the Act to require that: > Every telecommunications carrier that provides interstate > telecommunications services shall contribute, on an equitable and > nondiscriminatory basis, to the specific, predictable, and sufficient > mechanisms established by the Commission to preserve and advance > universal service.[^2] In implementing Section 254, the Commission authorized the Universal Service Administrative Company ("USAC") to administer universal service support mechanisms and to perform billing and collection functions.[^3] As to these matters, the Commission directed USAC to distribute, receive and process the Universal Service Worksheet (now the Telecommunications Reporting Worksheet) ("Worksheet"), which is used to report certain categories of revenue for the purpose of calculating a carrier's universal service contribution, and to adjust carriers' contributions in accordance with factors established by the Commission.[^4] In addition, the Commission gave USAC the authority to bill carriers monthly, starting in February 1998.[^5] In order to foster compliance with universal service requirements, the Commission's rules provide that a carrier's failure "to submit the required . . . contributions may subject the contributor to the enforcement provisions of the Act and any other applicable law."[^6] 3\. Matrix, a provider of interstate telecommunication services, does not appear to dispute its liability for universal service contributions and has paid a portion of the amount it owes for universal service. USAC's records reflect that since January 1999, Matrix has made over fourteen payments to USAC, totaling more than \$1.3 million. During that period, however, Matrix has missed eight monthly payments and failed to cure its arrearages. As a result, USAC's records indicate that, as of April 17, 2000, Matrix owed over \$1 million in universal service payments. 4\. In February 2000, the Enforcement Bureau sent a letter to Matrix explaining that Matrix was the subject of a potential enforcement action. [^7] In its response, Matrix states that it "wishes to ensure full compliance with the Commission's Rules and seeks to retire its outstanding universal service obligation as soon as practicable."[^8] In a follow-up letter, Matrix explained that Platinum Equity Holdings, LLC acquired Matrix from Netlojix Communications, Inc. (formerly Avtel) on November 30, 1999 and a new management team is now in place.[^9] Also in that letter, Matrix reported that it had presented USAC with a payment plan designed to cure its current arrearage in thirty-six months. Matrix represented that each month it will pay an amount equal to its current monthly obligation and an additional \$21,500 toward the amount it is in arrears. Matrix has been making payments pursuant to this plan since May 2000. III. DISCUSSION 5\. We conclude that Matrix is apparently liable for forfeiture for willful and repeated violations of Section 254 of the Act and the Commission's rules governing universal service contributions. Since early 1999, Matrix has paid only a portion of its universal service obligations. As noted above, Section 254(d) of the Act and Sections 54.706 and 54.709 of the Commission's rules require that interstate telecommunications carriers make universal service contributions in the amount calculated by USAC. [^10] We find that Matrix's failure to make the required contributions is both willful and repeated. The term "willful" means that the violator knew that it was taking the action in question, irrespective of any intent to violate the Commission's rules,[^11] and "repeated" means more than once.[^12] Considering the record before us, it appears that Matrix knowingly failed to make universal service payments in the full amounts set forth in USAC's monthly invoices. 6\. Section 503(b)(1)(B) of the Act provides that any person who willfully or repeatedly fails to comply with the Act or the Commission's rules shall be liable for a forfeiture penalty.[^13] Section 503(b)(2)(B) of the Act authorizes the Commission to assess a forfeiture of up to \$110,000 for each violation, or each day of a continuing violation, up to a statutory maximum of \$1,100,000 for a single act or failure to act.[^14] In assessing a forfeiture, we take into account the statutory factors set forth in Section 503(b)(2)(D) of the Act, which include the nature, circumstances, extent and gravity of the violation, and, with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior offenses, ability to pay, and such other matters as justice may require.[^15] 7\. Although Matrix's delinquency has continued since early 1999, we limit the scope of this NAL to Matrix's apparent failures to make the contributions assessed in USAC invoices for November and December 1999,[^16] each of which sought a monthly contribution of \$149,614 for the universal service programs. Although, in the past, we have sanctioned carriers for failure to make the required universal service contributions for only one month of a continuing violation, we expressly stated that: > \[I\]n light of the accumulating record of non-compliance, we are > prepared to impose substantially greater forfeitures in the future. . > . . \[O\]ur future notices likely will cover greater periods of > non-payment than a single month . . . \[and\] will be based on some > variant of \[our\] formula, which includes, as a component of the > forfeiture, one half of the unpaid contribution amount for the period > in question.[^17] 8\. Taking into account the factors listed in Section 503(b)(2)(D) of the Act,[^18] as well as Commission precedent, we find Matrix apparently liable for a forfeiture of \$113,000. This forfeiture consists of three components. First, we have assessed a base figure of \$40,000 as a general fixed penalty of \$20,000 for each of the two violations at issue.[^19] As we noted in the [Conquest Forfeiture Order]{.underline}, it is necessary to set a base figure designed to deter delinquencies regardless of their amount.[^20] Second, consistent with the [ConQuest Forfeiture Order]{.underline}, we have added to the base amount of \$40,000 an amount equal to one half of the unpaid \$299,228 universal service contributions for the months of November and December1999, or an addition of \$149,614.[^21] We have imposed this component of the forfeiture to illustrate that a delinquent carrier's culpability and the consequential damage it causes to the goal of universal service may vary with the size of the contributions it fails to make.[^22] 9\. Finally, for the reasons explained below, we have applied a downward adjustment of \$76,614, approximately 40% of the sum of the first two components. The Act and the Commission's rules provide a framework for adjusting the forfeiture amounts imposed depending on the facts and circumstances of the particular case.[^23] Although Matrix has repeatedly failed to pay in full outstanding balances when due, Matrix has acknowledged its liability for the amounts assessed, and has made significant efforts to rectify its failure to make required universal service contributions. As noted, since January 1999, Matrix has made over fourteen payments totaling over \$1.3 million toward its universal service obligations. Further, Matrix has submitted a plan designed to cure its arrearage. We consider Matrix's significant efforts to pay to be a factor warranting a downward adjustment of the amount of the forfeiture. We also consider its submission of a plan to cure its outstanding balance and commencement of payments on that plan to be an additional factor warranting a downward adjustment. 10\. Although Matrix's failure to make payment in other months represents separate violations of the Act and our rules, we are not imposing any sanction for these apparent violations at this time. Nevertheless, we note that these violations could form the basis for additional notices of apparent liability.[^24] If Matrix continues to violate our universal service rules, such violations could result in future NALs proposing substantially greater forfeitures, or could result in issuance of a show cause order to revoke Matrix's operating authority.[^25] ## IV. ORDERING CLAUSES 11\. Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED THAT, pursuant to Section 503(b) of the Act,[^26] and Section 1.80 of the Commission's rules,[^27] Matrix Telecom, Inc. is hereby NOTIFIED of its APPARENT LIABILITY FOR A FORFEITURE in the amount of one hundred thirteen thousand dollars (\$113,000) for violating the Act and the Commission\'s rules requiring regular contributions for universal service. 12\. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED THAT, pursuant to Section 1.80 of the Commission\'s rules,[^28] within thirty days of this NOTICE OF APPARENT LIABILITY Matrix Telecom, Inc. SHALL PAY the full amount of the proposed forfeiture or SHALL FILE a written statement seeking reduction or cancellation of the proposed forfeiture. 13\. Payment of the forfeiture may be made by credit card through the Commission\'s Credit and Debt Management Center at (202) 418-1995 or by mailing a check or similar instrument, payable to the order of the Federal Communications Commission, to the Forfeiture Collection Section, Finance Branch, Federal Communications Commission, P.O. Box 73482, Chicago, Illinois 60673-7482. The payment should note the NAL/Acct. No. referenced above. 14\. The response, if any, must be mailed to the Federal Communications Commission, Enforcement Bureau, Investigations and Hearings Division, 445 12th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20554 and MUST INCLUDE THE NAL/Acct. No. referenced above. 15\. The Commission will not consider reducing or canceling a forfeiture in response to a claim of inability to pay unless the respondent submits: (1) federal tax returns for the most recent three-year period; (2) financial statements prepared according to generally accepted accounting practices ("GAAP"); or (3) some other reliable and objective documentation that accurately reflects the respondent's current financial status. Any claim of inability to pay must specifically identify the basis for the claim by reference to the financial documentation submitted. 16\. Requests for payment of the full amount of this Notice of Apparent Liability under an installment plan should be sent to: Chief, Credit and Debt Management Center, 445 12th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20554.[^29] 17\. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED THAT a copy of this NOTICE OF APPARENT LIABILITY shall be sent by Certified Mail Return Receipt Requested to Thomas K. Crowe, Esq. counsel for Matrix Telecom, Inc., 2300 M Street, N.W. Suite 800, Washington, D.C. 20037. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Magalie Roman Salas Secretary [^1]: 47 U.S.C. § 254(d); 47 C.F.R. § 54.706. [^2]: 47 U.S.C. § 254(d). [^3]: See [Amendment of Parts 54 and 69 -- Changes to Board of NECA, Inc.]{.underline}, 12 FCC Rcd 18400, 18415 (1997) ("[NECA Changes Order]{.underline}"); 47 C.F.R. § 54.702(b). [^4]: See [NECA Changes Order]{.underline}, 12 FCC Rcd at 18424-25; 47 C.F.R. §§ 54.709(a)(1-3), 54.711(a). [^5]: See [Amendment of Part 54 -- Universal Service]{.underline}, 12 FCC Rcd 22423, 22425 (1997); 47 C.F.R. §§ 54.709(a)(4), 54.709(d). [^6]: 47 C.F.R. § 54.713. [^7]: Letter from David H. Solomon, Chief, Enforcement Bureau, to Matrix Telecom, Inc. dated February 16, 2000. [^8]: Letter from Thomas K. Crowe, Esq., counsel for Matrix to David H. Solomon, Chief, Enforcement Bureau, dated March 10, 2000. [^9]: Letter from Todd Murcer, Manager of Business Development, Matrix Telecom, Inc. to Suzanne M. Tertrault, Assistant Chief, Enforcement Bureau, dated May 30, 2000. [^10]: 47 U.S.C. 254(d); 47 C.F.R. §§ 54.706, 54.709. [^11]: See [Jerry Szoka]{.underline}, 14 FCC Rcd 9857, 9865 (1999); [Southern California Broadcasting Co.]{.underline}, 6 FCC Rcd 4387 (1991). [^12]: See [Hale Broadcasting Corp.]{.underline}, 79 FCC 2d 169, 171 (1980). [^13]: 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(1)(B); 47 C.F.R. § 1.80(a)(2). [^14]: 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(2)(B); 47 C.F.R. § 1.80(b)(2). [^15]: 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(2)(D). See also [The Commission's Forfeiture Policy Statement and Amendment of Section 1.80 of the Rules to Incorporate the Forfeiture Guidelines]{.underline}, 12 FCC Rcd 17087, 17100-01 (1997), recon. denied, 15 FCC Rcd 303 (1999) ("[Forfeiture Guidelines]{.underline}"). [^16]: According to USAC's records, Matrix's November universal service contribution was due on December 16, 1999 and its December contribution was due on January 14, 2000. [^17]: [ConQuest Operator Services Corp.]{.underline}, 14 FCC Rcd 12518, 12528 (1999) ("[ConQuest Forfeiture Order]{.underline}"). [^18]: 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(2)(D). [^19]: See [ConQuest Forfeiture Order]{.underline}, 14 FCC Rcd at 12527 (The Commission determined that \$20,000 should be the general penalty for failure to pay the assessed universal service contribution in a timely manner). [^20]: See [id.]{.underline} [^21]: [Id.]{.underline} See also [Operator Communications, Inc.]{.underline}, 13 FCC Rcd 16082, 16087 (1998) [^22]: See [Conquest Forfeiture Order]{.underline}, 14 FCC Rcd at 12,527, ¶ 19. [^23]: See 1.80(b)(4) of the Commission's rules and accompanying note, 47 C.F.R. 1.80(b)(4). See also [Forfeiture Guidelines]{.underline}, 12 FCC Rcd at 17100-01 ("\[T\]he adjustment factors we evaluate in considering the actions of the violator include egregious misconduct, ability or inability to pay, intentional violations, prior violation of the same or other requirements, good faith or voluntary disclosure, and history of overall compliance. 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(2)(D). In sum, although the base amount is the starting point in assessing a forfeiture, the forfeiture may be decreased below the base amount or increased to the statutory maximum when the adjustment criteria are considered based on the facts of the case"). [^24]: [ConQuest Forfeiture Order]{.underline}, 14 FCC Rcd at 12527. [^25]: See [CCN, Inc. et al.]{.underline}, 12 FCC Rcd 8547 (1997) (the "Fletcher Companies"). [^26]: 47 U.S.C. § 503. [^27]: 47 C.F.R. § 1.80. [^28]: [Id.]{.underline} [^29]: See 47 C.F.R. § 1.1914.	en
markdown	776127	# Presentation: 776127 ## SENIOR MANAGEMENT QUARTERLY ARTICLE 12 STATUS Robert Lee Environmental Services Division June 22, 2000 Notes: Bet Flores, manager of the Environmental Services Division ## ARTICLE 12 BACKGROUND - Suffolk County Sanitary Code: Goal to protect groundwater - Protect environment from spills and leaks from tanks - Minimum design standards for storage facilities - Tanks - Chemical storage areas - Piping - Does not include facilities associated with Environmental Restoration activities - Must be equally protective of the environment ## ARTICLE 12 - REQUIREMENTS Administrative Requirements: “Registrations”, Labeling, Inspections Technical Requirements: Secondary containment, Overfill Protection, Leak Detection, etc. - 1987 Memorandum of Agreement: Conform to Suffolk County Sanitary Codes ## ARTICLE 12 - PRIORITIZATION STRATEGY - Priority is groundwater protection - Technical requirements are higher priority than administrative requirements - Tanks removed prior to 1987 not covered by MOA - Existing Rad tanks should be upgraded to conform to technical requirements, if feasible - New tanks (Rad and Non-rad) will conform to both administrative and technical requirements ## ARTICLE 12 - BUDGET FY00 BUDGET - GPP-00: $ 300 K* * - Reactor Upgrades: $10,000 K - Stack Drain: $ 300 K - Sanitary Upgrades: $ 600 K - C-AD Upgrades $ 800 K - EENS Upgrades $ 500 K - Line 01: $ 1,000 K Subtotal $13,500 K PRIOR YEAR EXPENDITURES - GPP -99: $ 300 K * ** * - 801 Upgrades: $ 2,500 K - 811 Upgrades: $ 3,600 K - Chemistry Upgrades: $ 10 K - Facility Review $ 252K - F-waste Mods: $ 240 K * ** * Total $20,402 K ## ARTICLE 12 STATUS INVENTORY - Total # of tanks in active inventory: 516 STATUS - In full conformance with Article 12: 119 - In conformance with Technical Requirements: 293 - Technical nonconformance: 104 ## ARTICLE 12 PATH FORWARD - Finalize Project Management Plan for Remaining Actions - FY00 Planned Upgrades (C.O. Performance Measure): - Designs complete and being forwarded to SCDHS - Include upgrades to 13 tanks and Stack Drain Collection System - Contract awarded for start of construction - Line Item 2001 Project: - Scope includes administrative and technical upgrades for remaining facilities - Construction complete by 9/03 ## ARTICLE 12 PATH FORWARD Other Ongoing Activities - ECRs continue to correct/validate labeling - ESD continues to submit plans and specifications for project upgrades and tank “registrations” - C-AD closure of well houses (removal of 8 tanks) - HFBR transition activities (36 facilities) - EENS Gamma Pool removals ## ARTICLE 12 ISSUES - Plant Engineering needs to continue to commit time and resources to complete upgrades project - Line to comply with Article 12 administrative requirements including: - Storage and Transfer of Toxic and Hazardous Materials Subject Area - Tier I inspections/Include storage facility compliance in Self-Assessment Plan	en
log-files	620901	Package build of clearlooks-engine started. (Wednesday, 05 October 2005 08:01:36 EDT) [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting buildroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "buildroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750" [buildtool/379/build_single_package()] Building clearlooks-engine in /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine. [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting name [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "name" -> "clearlooks-engine" [PkgVars.pm/265/pkgvar_filename()] /home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/clearlooks-engine [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(REBUILD): 0 [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDDIR): /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDDIR with value /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDROOT): <undef> [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDROOT with value <undef>. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDTREE_LAYOUT): orc [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDTREE_LAYOUT with value orc. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDUSER): nobody [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDUSER with value nobody. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(CFLAGS): -O2 -march=pentium [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key CFLAGS with value -O2 -march=pentium. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(CLEAN): orc [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key CLEAN with value orc. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(DEBUG): 1 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key DEBUG with value 1. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(HINTS =): <undef> [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key HINTS = with value <undef>. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(DEP_INSTALLER): /usr/bin/yum -ty install [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key DEP_INSTALLER with value /usr/bin/yum -ty install. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT): /caos/buildroot-2-ia32 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT with value /caos/buildroot-2-ia32. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_COPY): rsync -Ha --delete --delete-after [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_COPY with value rsync -Ha --delete --delete-after. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_INIT): rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/ [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_INIT with value rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_RESET): rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/ [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_RESET with value rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_SOURCE_RSYNC): /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/ [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_SOURCE_RSYNC with value /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(LOCATIONS): /src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS,/rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key LOCATIONS with value /src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS,/rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(LOGFILE): /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/build.log [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key LOGFILE with value /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/build.log. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(MAKE): make [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key MAKE with value make. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(PARALLELIZE): x1 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key PARALLELIZE with value x1. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(PATH): /usr/build/bin:/usr/local/build/bin:/usr/lib/qt-1.45/bin:/usr/lib/qt-2.1.0/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:. [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key PATH with value /usr/build/bin:/usr/local/build/bin:/usr/lib/qt-1.45/bin:/usr/lib/qt-2.1.0/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:.. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(TARGET): rpms [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key TARGET with value rpms. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(VERBOSITY): 2 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key VERBOSITY with value 2. [PkgVars.pm/265/pkgvar_filename()] /home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/clearlooks-engine [Util.pm/1079/newest_file()] Args: "/home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/clearlooks-engine" [Util.pm/1104/Util::newest_file] "/home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/clearlooks-engine/S/clearlooks-0.6.2.tar.bz2" is newest with mtime of 2005-06-30 20:58:24. [buildtool/227/is_build_needed()] SRPM directory /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS does not exist. /bin/ls: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS/../: No such file or directory [buildtool/228/is_build_needed()] Listing: ---- [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750" Resetting chroot jail, please wait. [Util.pm/1155/run_cmd()] About to run true /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 [Util.pm/1192/run_cmd()] "true /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750" returned 0 [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting builduser [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [buildtool/416/build_single_package()] Building as nobody (99:99) [buildtool/426/build_single_package()] Build tree layout style: orc [Build.pm/995/build_package()] Args: "" [PkgVars.pm/265/pkgvar_filename()] /home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/clearlooks-engine [PkgVars.pm/232/pkgvar_type()] SPM [Build.pm/604/build_spm()] Args: "" [Build.pm/185/prepare_build_tree()] clearlooks-engine \| /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine \| /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 \| /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 \| [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting name [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "name" -> "clearlooks-engine" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting topdir [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "topdir" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting buildroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "buildroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945" [Build.pm/202/prepare_build_tree()] Creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine with mkdirhier(). [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES. [Build.pm/244/prepare_build_tree()] Creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 with mkdirhier(). [Build.pm/251/prepare_build_tree()] I created: /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "hints" -> "yum -Cty install" buildtool: Warning: Hint installation failed: Unable to open hint file yum -Cty install -- No such file or directory [Util.pm/974/find_spec_file()] Found single spec file for clearlooks-engine in F: F/clearlooks-engine.spec [Util.pm/691/copy_files()] Copying F/clearlooks-engine.spec to /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS/. [Util.pm/691/copy_files()] Copying F/clearlooks-engine.spec to /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS/. [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instructions [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instructions" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS/clearlooks-engine.spec" [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: summary -> Clearlooks is modern looking GNOME theme, based on Bluecurve. [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: name -> clearlooks-engine [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: version -> 0.6.2 [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: release -> 0.caos [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: license -> GPL [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: group -> User Interface/Desktop [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: source -> clearlooks-0.6.2.tar.bz2 [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: packager -> caos [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: vendor -> caos [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: distribution -> caos [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: prefix -> /usr [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildroot -> /var/tmp/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos-root [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> gtk-devel [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep gtk-devel [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: gtk-devel [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: gtk-devel [RPM.pm/305/parse_spec_file()] Got the following sources: [RPM.pm/307/parse_spec_file()] Source 0 -> clearlooks-0.6.2.tar.bz2 [RPM.pm/309/parse_spec_file()] Got the following patches: [RPM.pm/313/parse_spec_file()] Got the following header info: [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] buildrequires -> gtk-devel [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] buildroot -> /var/tmp/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos-root [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] distribution -> caos [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] group -> User Interface/Desktop [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] license -> GPL [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] packager -> caos [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] prefix -> /usr [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] release -> 0.caos [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] summary -> Clearlooks is modern looking GNOME theme, based on Bluecurve. [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] vendor -> caos [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] version -> 0.6.2 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "allow_epoch" -> "0" [Build.pm/317/install_deps()] Installing the following: gtk-devel [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "dep_installer" -> "/usr/bin/yum -ty install" [Util.pm/1155/run_cmd()] About to run chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /usr/bin/yum -ty install gtk-devel pkg-installer: Setting up Install Process pkg-installer: Setting up Repos pkg-installer: Reading repository metadata in from local files pkg-installer: Parsing package install arguments pkg-installer: Resolving Dependencies pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gtk-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gtk-devel.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgobject-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-devel for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: glib2-devel >= 2.4.0-1 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: atk-devel >= 1.6.0-1 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgdk_pixbuf-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gtk = 2.4.13 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: pango-devel >= 1.4.0-1 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgmodule-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libglib-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gtk to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gtk.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for pango-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package pango-devel.i386 0:1.6.0-8 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-devel.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for atk-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package atk-devel.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for glib2 to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package glib2.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for glib2-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package glib2-devel.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU = 6.8.2-4.caos for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libpangoxft-1.0.so.0 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: fontconfig-devel >= 2.1 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libSM.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-libs = 6.8.2-4.caos for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: pango >= 1.4.0-1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libfontconfig.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libpango-1.0.so.0 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libICE.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXt.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: atk >= 1.6.0-1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXrandr.so.2 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXi.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: freetype-devel >= 2.1.3-3 for package: pango-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: fontconfig-devel >= 2.0 for package: pango-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libjpeg.so.62 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXinerama.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libatk-1.0.so.0 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXext.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libpangox-1.0.so.0 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXrender.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXft.so.2 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gtk-doc >= 1.2 for package: glib2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: pango = 1.6.0 for package: pango-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXpm.so.4 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libtiff.so.3 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: atk = 1.6.1 for package: atk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXext.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libfreetype.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL = 6.8.2-4.caos for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXcursor.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for fontconfig-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package fontconfig-devel.i386 0:2.2.96-2 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for atk to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package atk.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-libs to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-libs.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libtiff to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libtiff.i386 0:3.5.7-18.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for freetype to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package freetype.i386 0:2.1.8-1 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for pango to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package pango.i386 0:1.6.0-8 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gtk-doc to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gtk-doc.noarch 0:1.2-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for freetype-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package freetype-devel.i386 0:2.1.8-1 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libjpeg to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libjpeg.i386 0:6b-31.1 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for fontconfig to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package fontconfig.i386 0:2.2.96-2 set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libxslt for package: gtk-doc pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: openjade for package: gtk-doc pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: docbook-dtds for package: gtk-doc pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: docbook-style-xsl for package: gtk-doc pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for docbook-style-xsl to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package docbook-style-xsl.noarch 0:1.65.1-2 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libxslt to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libxslt.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for docbook-dtds to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package docbook-dtds.noarch 0:1.0-25 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for openjade to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package openjade.i386 0:1.3.2-12 set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: sgml-common >= 0.5 for package: openjade pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: sgml-common >= 0.6.3-4 for package: docbook-dtds pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xml-common >= 0.6.3-8 for package: docbook-dtds pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xml-common >= 0.6.3-8 for package: docbook-style-xsl pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xml-common for package: docbook-dtds pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for sgml-common to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package sgml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xml-common to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: pkg-installer: Dependencies Resolved pkg-installer: Transaction Listing: pkg-installer: Install: gtk-devel.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: pkg-installer: Performing the following to resolve dependencies: pkg-installer: Install: atk.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: atk-devel.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: docbook-dtds.noarch 0:1.0-25 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: docbook-style-xsl.noarch 0:1.65.1-2 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: fontconfig.i386 0:2.2.96-2 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: fontconfig-devel.i386 0:2.2.96-2 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: freetype.i386 0:2.1.8-1 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: freetype-devel.i386 0:2.1.8-1 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: glib2.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: glib2-devel.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Ierror: failed to open /etc/mtab: No such file or directory pkg-installer: error: failed to open /etc/mtab: No such file or directory pkg-installer: nstall: gtk.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gtk-doc.noarch 0:1.2-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libjpeg.i386 0:6b-31.1 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libtiff.i386 0:3.5.7-18.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libxslt.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: openjade.i386 0:1.3.2-12 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: pango.i386 0:1.6.0-8 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: pango-devel.i386 0:1.6.0-8 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: sgml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-devel.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-libs.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Total download size: 23 M pkg-installer: Downloading Packages: pkg-installer: Running Transaction Test pkg-installer: Finished Transaction Test pkg-installer: Transaction Test Succeeded pkg-installer: Running Transaction pkg-installer: pkg-installer: Installed: gtk-devel.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos pkg-installer: Dependency Installed: atk.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos atk-devel.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos docbook-dtds.noarch 0:1.0-25 docbook-style-xsl.noarch 0:1.65.1-2 fontconfig.i386 0:2.2.96-2 fontconfig-devel.i386 0:2.2.96-2 freetype.i386 0:2.1.8-1 freetype-devel.i386 0:2.1.8-1 glib2.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos glib2-devel.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos gtk.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos gtk-doc.noarch 0:1.2-1.caos libjpeg.i386 0:6b-31.1 libtiff.i386 0:3.5.7-18.caos libxslt.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos openjade.i386 0:1.3.2-12 pango.i386 0:1.6.0-8 pango-devel.i386 0:1.6.0-8 sgml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 xml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos xorg-x11-devel.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos xorg-x11-libs.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos pkg-installer: Complete! [Util.pm/1192/run_cmd()] "chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /usr/bin/yum -ty install gtk-devel" returned 0 [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instructions [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instructions" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS/clearlooks-engine.spec" [Util.pm/691/copy_files()] Copying S/clearlooks-0.6.2.tar.bz2 0 to /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES/. [Prod.pm/482/parse_prod_file()] Args: "" [Prod.pm/166/find_product_file()] Args: "<undef>", "<undef>" [Prod.pm/484/parse_prod_file()] find_product_file() failed. Returning 0. [Build.pm/572/build_topdir()] Args: "" [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "buildpkglist_filename" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/clearlooks-engine.pkglist" [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "buildpkglist_filename" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/clearlooks-engine.pkglist" [RPM.pm/498/rpm_build()] Saving package list to /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/clearlooks-engine.pkglist. [Util.pm/269/file_user()] UID: 99 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting command [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "command" -> "/bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/bin/rpm" [RPM.pm/172/rpm_form_command()] Command: /bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/bin/rpm --define '_topdir /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine' --root='/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750' -qa --qf '%25{NAME} %10{EPOCH} %15{VERSION} %15{RELEASE} ' \| sort -bf" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting command [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "command" -> "" [Util.pm/269/file_user()] UID: 99 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting command [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "command" -> "chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/usr/bin/rpmbuild" [RPM.pm/172/rpm_form_command()] Command: chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/usr/bin/rpmbuild --define '_topdir /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine' --define 'optflags -O2 -march=pentium' --buildroot='/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945' -ba /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS/clearlooks-engine.spec" Executing(%prep): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.3616 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD sh-trace: LANG=C sh-trace: export LANG sh-trace: unset DISPLAY sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD sh-trace: rm -rf clearlooks-0.6.2 sh-trace: /usr/bin/bzip2 -dc /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES/clearlooks-0.6.2.tar.bz2 sh-trace: tar -xf - sh-trace: STATUS=0 sh-trace: '[' 0 -ne 0 ']' sh-trace: cd clearlooks-0.6.2 sh-trace: exit 0 Executing(%build): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.3616 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD sh-trace: cd clearlooks-0.6.2 sh-trace: LANG=C sh-trace: export LANG sh-trace: unset DISPLAY sh-trace: CFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: CXXFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: export CFLAGS CXXFLAGS sh-trace: CFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: export CFLAGS sh-trace: CXXFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: export CXXFLAGS sh-trace: FFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: export FFLAGS ssh-trace: find . -name config.guess -o -name config.sub sh-trace: for i in '$(find . -name config.guess -o -name config.sub)' ssh-trace: basename ./config.guess sh-trace: '[' -f /usr/lib/rpm/caos/config.guess ']' sh-trace: /bin/rm -f ./config.guess ssh-trace: basename ./config.guess sh-trace: /bin/cp -fv /usr/lib/rpm/caos/config.guess ./config.guess `/usr/lib/rpm/caos/config.guess' -> `./config.guess' sh-trace: for i in '$(find . -name config.guess -o -name config.sub)' ssh-trace: basename ./config.sub sh-trace: '[' -f /usr/lib/rpm/caos/config.sub ']' sh-trace: /bin/rm -f ./config.sub ssh-trace: basename ./config.sub sh-trace: /bin/cp -fv /usr/lib/rpm/caos/config.sub ./config.sub `/usr/lib/rpm/caos/config.sub' -> `./config.sub' sh-trace: ./configure --host=i686-caos-linux-gnu --build=i686-caos-linux-gnu --target=i386-caos-linux-gnu --program-prefix= --prefix=/usr --exec-prefix=/usr --bindir=/usr/bin --sbindir=/usr/sbin --sysconfdir=/etc --datadir=/usr/share --includedir=/usr/include --libdir=/usr/lib --libexecdir=/usr/libexec --localstatedir=/var --sharedstatedir=/usr/com --mandir=/usr/share/man --infodir=/usr/share/info --enable-animation checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for gawk... gawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether to enable maintainer-specific portions of Makefiles... no checking build system type... i686-caos-linux-gnu checking host system type... i686-caos-linux-gnu checking for style of include used by make... GNU checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-gcc... no checking for gcc... gcc checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out checking whether the C compiler works... yes checking whether we are cross compiling... no checking for suffix of executables... checking for suffix of object files... o checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes checking for gcc option to accept ANSI C... none needed checking dependency style of gcc... gcc3 checking for a sed that does not truncate output... /bin/sed checking for egrep... grep -E checking for ld used by gcc... /usr/bin/ld checking if the linker (/usr/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes checking for /usr/bin/ld option to reload object files... -r checking for BSD-compatible nm... nm checking whether ln -s works... yes checking how to recognise dependent libraries... pass_all checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E checking for ANSI C header files... yes checking for sys/types.h... yes checking for sys/stat.h... yes checking for stdlib.h... yes checking for string.h... yes checking for memory.h... yes checking for strings.h... yes checking for inttypes.h... yes checking for stdint.h... yes checking for unistd.h... yes checking dlfcn.h usability... yes checking dlfcn.h presence... yes checking for dlfcn.h... yes checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-g++... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-c++... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-gpp... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-aCC... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-CC... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-cxx... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-cc++... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-cl... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-FCC... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-KCC... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-RCC... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-xlC_r... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-xlC... no checking for g++... g++ checking whether we are using the GNU C++ compiler... yes checking whether g++ accepts -g... yes checking dependency style of g++... gcc3 checking how to run the C++ preprocessor... g++ -E checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-g77... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-f77... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-xlf... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-frt... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-pgf77... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-fort77... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-fl32... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-af77... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-f90... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-xlf90... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-pgf90... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-epcf90... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-f95... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-fort... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-xlf95... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-ifc... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-efc... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-pgf95... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-lf95... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-gfortran... no checking for g77... g77 checking whether we are using the GNU Fortran 77 compiler... yes checking whether g77 accepts -g... yes checking the maximum length of command line arguments... 32768 checking command to parse nm output from gcc object... ok checking for objdir... .libs checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-ar... no checking for ar... ar checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-ranlib... no checking for ranlib... ranlib checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-strip... no checking for strip... strip checking for correct ltmain.sh version... yes checking if gcc static flag works... yes checking if gcc supports -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions... no checking for gcc option to produce PIC... -fPIC checking if gcc PIC flag -fPIC works... yes checking if gcc supports -c -o file.o... yes checking whether the gcc linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes checking whether -lc should be explicitly linked in... no checking dynamic linker characteristics... GNU/Linux ld.so checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate checking whether stripping libraries is possible... yes checking if libtool supports shared libraries... yes checking whether to build shared libraries... yes checking whether to build static libraries... no configure: creating libtool appending configuration tag "CXX" to libtool checking for ld used by g++... /usr/bin/ld checking if the linker (/usr/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes checking whether the g++ linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes checking for g++ option to produce PIC... -fPIC checking if g++ PIC flag -fPIC works... yes checking if g++ supports -c -o file.o... yes checking whether the g++ linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes checking dynamic linker characteristics... GNU/Linux ld.so checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate checking whether stripping libraries is possible... yes appending configuration tag "F77" to libtool checking if libtool supports shared libraries... yes checking whether to build shared libraries... yes checking whether to build static libraries... no checking for g77 option to produce PIC... -fPIC checking if g77 PIC flag -fPIC works... yes checking if g77 supports -c -o file.o... yes checking whether the g77 linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes checking dynamic linker characteristics... GNU/Linux ld.so checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate checking whether stripping libraries is possible... yes checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-gcc... gcc checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... (cached) yes checking whether gcc accepts -g... (cached) yes checking for gcc option to accept ANSI C... (cached) none needed checking dependency style of gcc... (cached) gcc3 checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking for inline... inline checking for an ANSI C-conforming const... yes checking for X... libraries /usr/X11R6/lib, headers /usr/X11R6/include checking for gethostbyname... yes checking for connect... yes checking for remove... yes checking for shmat... yes checking for IceConnectionNumber in -lICE... yes checking for ANSI C header files... (cached) yes ./configure: line 22489: --variable=gtk_binary_version: command not found checking for pkg-config... /usr/bin/pkg-config checking for gtk+-2.0 >= 2.0.0... yes checking GTK2_CFLAGS... -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include checking GTK2_LIBS... -Wl,--export-dynamic -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lm -lpangoxft-1.0 -lpangox-1.0 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lgmodule-2.0 -ldl -lglib-2.0 configure: creating ./config.status config.status: creating Makefile config.status: creating src/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks/icons/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/gtk/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/gtk/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks-Olive/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0/Makefile config.status: creating autopackage/default.apspec config.status: creating config.h config.status: executing depfiles commands sh-trace: /usr/bin/make make all-recursive make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' Making all in src make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/src' if /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_rc_style.lo -MD -MP -MF ".deps/clearlooks_rc_style.Tpo" -c -o clearlooks_rc_style.lo clearlooks_rc_style.c; \ then mv -f ".deps/clearlooks_rc_style.Tpo" ".deps/clearlooks_rc_style.Plo"; else rm -f ".deps/clearlooks_rc_style.Tpo"; exit 1; fi mkdir .libs gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_rc_style.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/clearlooks_rc_style.Tpo -c clearlooks_rc_style.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/clearlooks_rc_style.o if /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_style.lo -MD -MP -MF ".deps/clearlooks_style.Tpo" -c -o clearlooks_style.lo clearlooks_style.c; \ then mv -f ".deps/clearlooks_style.Tpo" ".deps/clearlooks_style.Plo"; else rm -f ".deps/clearlooks_style.Tpo"; exit 1; fi gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_style.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/clearlooks_style.Tpo -c clearlooks_style.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/clearlooks_style.o clearlooks_style.c: In function `draw_box': clearlooks_style.c:1290: warning: passing arg 1 of `gtk_progress_bar_get_fraction' from incompatible pointer type if /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_theme_main.lo -MD -MP -MF ".deps/clearlooks_theme_main.Tpo" -c -o clearlooks_theme_main.lo clearlooks_theme_main.c; \ then mv -f ".deps/clearlooks_theme_main.Tpo" ".deps/clearlooks_theme_main.Plo"; else rm -f ".deps/clearlooks_theme_main.Tpo"; exit 1; fi gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_theme_main.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/clearlooks_theme_main.Tpo -c clearlooks_theme_main.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/clearlooks_theme_main.o if /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT support.lo -MD -MP -MF ".deps/support.Tpo" -c -o support.lo support.c; \ then mv -f ".deps/support.Tpo" ".deps/support.Plo"; else rm -f ".deps/support.Tpo"; exit 1; fi gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT support.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/support.Tpo -c support.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/support.o if /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_draw.lo -MD -MP -MF ".deps/clearlooks_draw.Tpo" -c -o clearlooks_draw.lo clearlooks_draw.c; \ then mv -f ".deps/clearlooks_draw.Tpo" ".deps/clearlooks_draw.Plo"; else rm -f ".deps/clearlooks_draw.Tpo"; exit 1; fi gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_draw.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/clearlooks_draw.Tpo -c clearlooks_draw.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/clearlooks_draw.o /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=link gcc -O2 -march=pentium -o libclearlooks.la -rpath /usr/lib/gtk-2.0/2.4.0/engines -module -avoid-version clearlooks_rc_style.lo clearlooks_style.lo clearlooks_theme_main.lo support.lo clearlooks_draw.lo -Wl,--export-dynamic -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lm -lpangoxft-1.0 -lpangox-1.0 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lgmodule-2.0 -ldl -lglib-2.0 gcc -shared .libs/clearlooks_rc_style.o .libs/clearlooks_style.o .libs/clearlooks_theme_main.o .libs/support.o .libs/clearlooks_draw.o /usr/lib/libgtk-x11-2.0.so /usr/lib/libgdk-x11-2.0.so /usr/lib/libatk-1.0.so -L/usr/lib /usr/lib/libgdk_pixbuf-2.0.so -lm /usr/lib/libpangoxft-1.0.so /usr/lib/libpangox-1.0.so /usr/lib/libpango-1.0.so /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so /usr/lib/libgmodule-2.0.so -ldl /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so -march=pentium -Wl,--export-dynamic -Wl,-soname -Wl,libclearlooks.so -o .libs/libclearlooks.so creating libclearlooks.la (cd .libs && rm -f libclearlooks.la && ln -s ../libclearlooks.la libclearlooks.la) make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/src' Making all in themes make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' Making all in Clearlooks make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' Making all in gtk-2.0 make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0' Making all in icons make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' Making all in 16x16 make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' Making all in gtk make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/gtk' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/gtk' make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' Making all in 24x24 make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' Making all in gtk make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/gtk' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/gtk' make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[5]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' Making all in Clearlooks-Olive make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' Making all in gtk-2.0 make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' Making all in Clearlooks-DeepSky make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' Making all in gtk-2.0 make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' Making all in Clearlooks-Quicksilver make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' Making all in gtk-2.0 make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' sh-trace: exit 0 Executing(%install): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.55627 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD sh-trace: cd clearlooks-0.6.2 sh-trace: LANG=C sh-trace: export LANG sh-trace: unset DISPLAY sh-trace: /usr/bin/make install DESTDIR=/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 Making install in src make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/src' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/src' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/2.4.0/engines" \|\| mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/2.4.0/engines" /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=install /usr/bin/install -c 'libclearlooks.la' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/2.4.0/engines/libclearlooks.la' /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libclearlooks.so /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/2.4.0/engines/libclearlooks.so /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libclearlooks.lai /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/2.4.0/engines/libclearlooks.la libtool: install: warning: remember to run `libtool --finish /usr/lib/gtk-2.0/2.4.0/engines' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/src' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/src' Making install in themes make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' Making install in Clearlooks make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' Making install in gtk-2.0 make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0" \|\| mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtkrc' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0/gtkrc' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0' Making install in icons make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' Making install in 16x16 make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' Making install in gtk make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/gtk' make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/gtk' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk" \|\| mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-apply.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-apply.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-cancel.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-cancel.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-back-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-go-back-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-back-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-go-back-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-down.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-go-down.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-forward-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-go-forward-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-forward-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-go-forward-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-bottom.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-goto-bottom.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-first-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-goto-first-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-first-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-goto-first-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-last-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-goto-last-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-last-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-goto-last-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-top.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-goto-top.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-up.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-go-up.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-refresh.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-refresh.png' make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/gtk' make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/gtk' make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make[6]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'. make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' Making install in 24x24 make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' Making install in gtk make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/gtk' make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/gtk' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk" \|\| mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-apply.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-apply.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-cancel.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-cancel.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-back-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-go-back-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-back-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-go-back-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-down.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-go-down.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-forward-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-go-forward-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-forward-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-go-forward-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-bottom.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-goto-bottom.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-first-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-goto-first-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-first-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-goto-first-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-last-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-goto-last-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-last-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-goto-last-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-top.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-goto-top.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-up.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-go-up.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-refresh.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-refresh.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-ok.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-ok.png' make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/gtk' make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/gtk' make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make[6]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'. make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[5]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks" \|\| mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'index.theme' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/index.theme' make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks" \|\| mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'index.theme' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks/index.theme' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' Making install in Clearlooks-Olive make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' Making install in gtk-2.0 make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0" \|\| mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtkrc' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0/gtkrc' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' Making install in Clearlooks-DeepSky make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' Making install in gtk-2.0 make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0" \|\| mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtkrc' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0/gtkrc' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' Making install in Clearlooks-Quicksilver make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' Making install in gtk-2.0 make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0" \|\| mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtkrc' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0/gtkrc' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'. make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-compress sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-strip /usr/bin/strip sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-strip-static-archive /usr/bin/strip sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-strip-comment-note /usr/bin/strip /usr/bin/objdump Processing files: clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos Executing(%doc): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.75920 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD sh-trace: cd clearlooks-0.6.2 sh-trace: DOCDIR=/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/doc/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2 sh-trace: export DOCDIR sh-trace: rm -rf /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/doc/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2 sh-trace: /bin/mkdir -p /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/doc/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2 sh-trace: cp -pr README INSTALL COPYING TODO /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/doc/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2 sh-trace: exit 0 Provides: libclearlooks.so Requires(rpmlib): rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) <= 3.0.4-1 rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) <= 4.0-1 Checking for unpackaged file(s): /usr/lib/rpm/check-files /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 Wrote: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.src.rpm Wrote: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS/i386/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.i386.rpm Executing(%clean): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.75920 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD sh-trace: cd clearlooks-0.6.2 sh-trace: test x/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 '!=' x sh-trace: rm -rf /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 sh-trace: exit 0 [buildtool/675/place_package_files()] Output files for clearlooks-engine: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.src.rpm /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS/i386/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.i386.rpm [buildtool/694/place_package_files()] Testing location "/src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS" [buildtool/707/place_package_files()] Match found for /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.src.rpm: =src.rpm$ (/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS). [buildtool/721/place_package_files()] /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.src.rpm exists; removing. [buildtool/725/place_package_files()] ln -f /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.src.rpm /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.src.rpm [buildtool/694/place_package_files()] Testing location "/src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS" [buildtool/694/place_package_files()] Testing location "/rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386" [buildtool/707/place_package_files()] Match found for /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS/i386/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.i386.rpm: =rpm$ (/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386). [buildtool/721/place_package_files()] /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.i386.rpm exists; removing. [buildtool/725/place_package_files()] ln -f /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS/i386/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.i386.rpm /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.i386.rpm Package build for clearlooks-engine completed successfully. (Wednesday, 05 October 2005 08:02:40 EDT) [Build.pm/462/cleanup_build_tree()] /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine \| /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 \| /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 \| orc [Build.pm/463/cleanup_build_tree()] Only allowing cleaning in: /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD? [Build.pm/507/cleanup_build_tree()] Yes. [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES? [Build.pm/507/cleanup_build_tree()] Yes. [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD? [Build.pm/507/cleanup_build_tree()] Yes. [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES? [Build.pm/507/cleanup_build_tree()] Yes. [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945? [Build.pm/507/cleanup_build_tree()] Yes.	en
all-txt-docs	282067	REGIMENTAL TRANSPORT 349 The infantry soldier in the Japanese army is as much overweighted as in Europe. He carries, all told, nearly 57 lb., and it is a generally accepted principle in the army that man or animal can carry about one-third of his or its weight. As a rule, the Japanese private carries with him the day's rations and two days' emergency rations. When these fail he has to fall back upon the regimental transport, which is supposed to carry never less than one day's supplies. The Japanese regimental transport consists of a column of pack-horses and light carts, except in the hills, where the military coolie corps takes its place. This transport is found by the train battalion of the division; but it remains permanently attached to the regiment it serves, and is under the orders of the regimental commander. In matters of promotion, interior economy, and so forth, it comes under the commanding officer of the train. This transport is so divided up that, if a battalion or company is detached, a section or sub-section of the regimental transport accompanies the detachment. In case of absolute necessity the regimental transport can be pooled and allotted to other pressing needs, but this is rarely done, and it remains almost always at the service of the regiment. It carries baggage, cooking utensils, tools, medical stores, ammunition, and litters, as well as food. In rear of the regimental transport there follows the divisional supply column with four or more days' rations. All corps and services are informed where this column will park at the end of the day's march, and from this point the regimental transport fills up and returns to the front. The divisional column is found by the train; it is divided into sections, and as each section is emptied of supplies it drops to the rear and joins the so-called etappen column, which sends on one of its sections to take the vacant place in the divisional supply column. Thus the divisional and etappen column sections are interchangeable, and the constant	en
markdown	537377	# Presentation: 537377 ## WELCOME TO THE NOAA THORPEX PI WORKSHOP *LOGISTICS* - Thanks for coming – Sign-up sheet - Location - Room 707, except 209 on Wednesday morning - Food - Refreshments at 8 am and am/pm breaks, thanks to Lisa Faunce! - Lunch brought in – Make selection by morning break - Tue Sandwiches - Wedn Pizza - Thurs Sandwiches - Dinner Tuesday night – Which place should we go? How many? - Topolino – Italian buffet ($18 all inclusive), 10 mins, off MD Rt 5 S - Local fish place ($15-20 per meal off menu), 15 mins, off MD Rt 5 S - Presentations - Give to Mary Hart asap for uploading onto PC & web - Plan for 20 min talks – leave 5 mins for questions/discussion - Announce when you turn the page – help teleconference participants - Purpose of workshop – Lots of discussions - Review progress halfway through NOAA THORPEX Grants - Prepare for transition of successful research into operations (2-way interaction) ## OUTLINE - Logistics - THORPEX program - International - NOAA - “Conveyor belt” for transitioning research into operations - Research grants & other activities - New NWP paradigm - NOAA THORPEX Implementation Plan - Historical overview ## WHAT IS THORPEX? 10-YEAR WMO-SPONSORED RESEARCH PROGRAM - OBJECTIVE: - Accelerate improvements in skill & utility of 1-14 day high impact weather forecasts - Weather forecast component of GEOSS - RESEARCH AREAS: - Observing System - Data Assimilation - Predictability / NWP - Socioeconomic Applications - APPROACH: - Enhanced collaboration on national, regional, & international levels - Between research and operational communities - Among experts working on four components of forecast process - Within operational community – Global Interactive Forecast System (GIFS) - ORGANIZATION: - International level – Under WMO; IPO, 6 WGs, etc – Michel Beland & David Burridge - North America – Regional Committee – Pierre Gauthier & David Parsons - National level – US Program Office – Rick Rosen & David Parsons - NOAA – Under Weather & Water Goal, ST&I - Marty Ralph & Zoltan Toth ## NOAA THORPEX PROGRAM - FOCUS: - Accelerate improvements in 3-14 day high impact probabilistic weather forecasts - ORGANIZATION: - Under Weather & Water Goal, ST&I, with link to EMP & LFW - NOAA THORPEX Executive Council – Rick Rosen - NOAA THORPEX Science Steering Committee – Zoltan Toth - APPROACH: - Grants – External community (12 NOAA grants) - Directed research - NOAA Labs - Transition to operations – Global Test Center (JCSDA link), NCEP - NAEFS - Weather – Climate link - FUNDING: - $1.23M (Current); $2.3M (President’s request); $5M (Goal) ## PATH FROM THORPEX RESEARCH TO NOAA OPERATIONS *BASIC RESEARCH* *APPLIED RESEARCH* *TRANSITION TO OPERATIONS* *NOAA OPERATIONS* *Answer Science Questions* *Develop Methods* *Prepare for Implementation* *Generate Products* *External investigators* *NOAA Laboratories* *Global Test Center / NCEP* *NCEP Central Operations* PHASE What? Who? *NSF, DOD, NASA* *NOAA THORPEX PROGRAM* *NOAA NWS* Financial Support? ## NOAA THORPEX RESEARCH GRANTS - University groups 5 - NCAR 1 - Private sector 2 GRANTS DISTRIBUTION - NASA 1 (0) - ONR/NRL 2 - NOAA 1 (2) ## NOAA THORPEX ACTIVITIES - RESEARCH PROJECTS: - Adaptive collection & use of observations (PARC, OSSE) Thurs am - Ensemble-based data assimilation Tue am-pm - Representing model errors in ensemble forecasting Wedn am - High impact modeling (enhanced resol., sea ice / wave, etc) Wedn pm - Socioeconomic applications (IPY) Thurs pm - PATH TO OPERATIONS: - North American Ensemble Forecast System (NAEFS) - MSC–NMSM–NWS multi-center ensemble - Operational implementation in March/April 2006 - Prototype / component of future international GIFS system - ESMF connection *All research must directly connect with NAEFS system* - PERFORMANCE MEASURE: - Rate of improvement doubled in *NAEFS probabilistic forecast scores* - PQPF - Extreme temperature - Severe weather - Tropical storm ## EXAMPLE FROM LAST SUNDAY - THORPEX QUESTIONS: Why forecast signal is lost beyond 10-day lead time? - How can predictability be extended? - Better/more observations? - Better data assimilation scheme? - Better numerical model? - Better ensemble techniques? EXAMPLE FROM LAST SUNDAY - THORPEX QUESTIONS: *ANIMATION* ## EXAMPLE FROM LAST SUNDAY - THORPEX QUESTIONS: EXAMPLE FROM LAST SUNDAY - THORPEX QUESTIONS: - Why forecast signal lost at 9-day lead? - How can predictability be extended? Better - Better/more observations? - Better data assimilation scheme? - Better numerical model? - Better ensemble techniques? *ANIMATION* ## ANIMATION *ANIMATION* ## NEW THORPEX NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION PARADIGM SOCIOECON. NEW THORPEX NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION PARADIGM SYSTEM - CLIMATE FORECASTING / CTB *INTEGRATED** DATA ASSIMILATION & FORECASTING* *Days 15-60* - NWS OPERATIONS - GLOBAL INTERACTIVE FORECAST SYSTEM (GIFS) *GLOBAL OPERATIONAL* *TEST CENTER* *GLOBAL OPERATIONAL* *TEST CENTER* *MODEL *ERRORS & HIGH IMPACT MODELING ## NOAA THORPEX IMPLEMENTATION PLAN NOAA THORPEX IMPLEMENTATION PLAN *NOAA THORPEX Grantee *NOAA THORPEX Funding ## BACKGROUND ## NOAA’S INVOLVEMENT IN THORPEX - 1998-99 Discussions started with involvement of NOAA scientists - Apr 2000 First International Meeting - Mar 2002 First Workshop, International Science Steering Committee formed - Aug 2002 NOAA Tiger Team Meeting Oct 2002 NOAA THORPEX Planning Meeting Nov 2002 1st Draft NOAA THORPEX Science and Implementation Plan - Jan 2003 NOAA THORPEX Science Steering Committee formed - Feb 2003 Pacific TOST Experiment Jun 2003 First NOAA THORPEX Announcement of Opportunity - Sep 2003 25 Full Proposals received - Oct-Dec 03 Atlantic THORPEX Regional Campaign (ATREC) Jun 2004 12 NOAA THORPEX proposals funded Jan 2006 NOAA THORPEX PI Workshop ## OUTLINE - Logistics - International THORPEX program - “Conveyor belt” for transitioning research into operations - NOAA THORPEX program - Research grants - NOAA THORPEX activities - New NWP paradigm - NOAA THORPEX Implementation Plan - Historical overview	en
markdown	706812	# Presentation: 706812 ## Inception - M. A. Davies, Robert Ivester (NIST); Ming Leu (NSF); Shounak Athavale, Richard Furness (Ford); Vivek Shandrasakkar (Caterpillar); Robin Stevenson (General Motors) - Update: Assessment of Machining Models - Goals - Key Survey Results - Detailed Plan - Preliminary Timetable - Respondents - Details & Contacts - Chip - Thermal Contours in 316 Stainless Steel - from Third Wave Systems ## Talks were given by by industrial representatives from Ford, General Motors, Boeing, Caterpillar & Sandvik at 1st CIRP modeling meeting in Atlanta Prof. Taylan Altan challenged industrial representatives to devise an industrially relevant example problem for assessing machining models Meeting at GM tech center with Ming Leu, Richard Furness, Shounak Athavale, Vivek Shandrasakar & Robin Stevenson produced the Assessment of Machining Models (AMM) effort Discussions continued at CIRP Athens where NIST agreed to participate Surveys distributed at ASME meeting in Anaheim More specific plan is being developed - Prof. Taylan Altan challenged industrial representatives to devise an _industrially relevant example problem for assessing machining models_ - Meeting at GM tech center with Ming Leu, Richard Furness, Shounak Athavale, Vivek Shandrasakar & Robin Stevenson produced the Assessment of Machining Models (AMM) effort - Discussions continued at CIRP Athens where NIST agreed to participate - Surveys distributed at ASME meeting in Anaheim - More specific plan is being developed - Inception of the Effort ## Industrial Vision Notes: Currently, for process development, the process engineer in industry relies on empirical data and a large amount of past experience to develop new machining processes. This procedure is expensive relies heavily on vendors. The goal of the AMM is to assess whether, at the current level of development, simulations and modeling can provide better insights and data than conventional empirical approaches. The view adopted is that of the process engineer and the data that will be made available tot eh participants is the data that would be available on the shop floor. ## To move toward the industrial vision by: (1) providing a consistent and complete set of machining data measured simultaneously at four industrial and government laboratories on a process of relevance to the industrial members; (2) providing a mechanism for comparison of models to the measured machining data; (3) compiling a summary of the results to be used as a roadmap for future collaborative research. Only data available on the typical modern industrial shop floor will be provided: process parameters; tool and material specifications; forces; average temperatures; tool wear. - (1) providing a _consistent and complete_ set of machining data measured simultaneously at four industrial and government laboratories on a process of relevance to the industrial members; - (2) providing a mechanism for comparison of models to the measured machining data; - (3) compiling a summary of the results to be used as a roadmap for future collaborative research. Only data available on the typical modern industrial shop floor will be provided: * process parameters; tool and material specifications; forces; average temperatures; tool wear.* - Goals ## Number of Attendees at IMECE 30 1. Interested in Participating? Yes 8 No 1 2. Worthwhile Exercise? Yes 9 No 0 3. Is Workplan Clear? Yes 5 No 4 4. Model Types, Inputs and Outputs A. Types: FEM Models (orthogonal, oblique), Analytical (orthogonal, turning), Empirical (tool life) B. Inputs: Material Properties, Material Failure Conditions, Cutting Conditions, Tool Geometry, Chip Groove Geometry C. Outputs: stresses, temperatures, strains and strain-rates and various derived quantities such as chip shape, cutting forces etc. - 1. Interested in Participating? Yes 8 No 1 - 2. Worthwhile Exercise? Yes 9 No 0 - 3. Is Workplan Clear? Yes 5 No 4 - 4. Model Types, Inputs and Outputs - A. _Types:_ FEM Models (orthogonal, oblique), Analytical (orthogonal, turning), Empirical (tool life) - B. _Inputs:_ Material Properties, Material Failure Conditions, Cutting Conditions, Tool Geometry, Chip Groove Geometry - C. _Outputs:_ stresses, temperatures, strains and strain-rates and various derived quantities such as chip shape, cutting forces etc. - Key Survey Results & Feedback ## 5. Summary of Technical Comments/Criticisms Tool wear/life must be defined Tool life may not be repeatable Tool edge radius plays a key role in tool life Must define how model success will be assessed It must be recognized that predictive models of tool wear do not yet exist even for orthogonal cutting Empirical models exist for simple turning operations, but the failure modes for cutting with grooved chip breaker tools are not known 6. Other Concerns Funding Sources ??? - Tool wear/life must be defined - Tool life may not be repeatable - Tool edge radius plays a key role in tool life - Must define how model success will be assessed - It must be recognized that predictive models of tool wear do not yet exist even for orthogonal cutting - Empirical models exist for simple turning operations, but the failure modes for cutting with grooved chip breaker tools are not known - 6. Other Concerns - Funding Sources ??? - Key Survey Results & Feedback Notes: Most of the technical concerns are addressed or are being addressed in the development of the technical plan which will now be described. As of yet, funding sources are not available to participate in this effort, however proposals with the participants that address the issues that arise from this effort are encouraged?? ## Types of Experiments Orthogonal Cutting OD Turning of a Bar Equipment CNC Lathe TBD by Each Lab Static & Dynamic Characterization Workpiece Workpiece Material: Pearlitic low carbon steel e.g. 1008, 1020 or 1045 Tube for Orthogonal Cutting Bar for Turning Tests Tools Uncoated WC, ISO Grade P20-30 Orthogonal Wedge, No Chip Breaker, Chip Breaker Nose radius: 800 micrometers - Orthogonal Cutting - OD Turning of a Bar - _Equipment_ - CNC Lathe TBD by Each Lab - Static & Dynamic Characterization - _Workpiece__ __ __ __ __ _ - Workpiece Material: Pearlitic low carbon steel - e.g. 1008, 1020 or 1045 - Tube for Orthogonal Cutting - Bar for Turning Tests - _Tools_ - Uncoated WC, ISO Grade P20-30 - Orthogonal Wedge, No Chip Breaker, Chip Breaker - Nose radius: 800 micrometers _ _ - Detailed Plan - Experimental Set-up - _Coolant_ - None ## Cutting Test 1 - Orthogonal Width: 6 mm Feed per Revolution: 150 and 300 micrometers Cutting Speed: 210 m/min and 300 m/min Cutting Test 2 - Turning Depth of Cut: 3 mm Feed per Revolution: 150 and 300 micrometers Cutting Speed: 150 m/min and 300 m/min Cutting Tests 3 and 4 - Different Steel of the 1000 Series & Chip Breaker ? - Cutting Test 1 - Orthogonal - Width: 6 mm - Feed per Revolution: 150 and 300 micrometers - Cutting Speed: 210 m/min and 300 m/min - Cutting Test 2 - Turning - Depth of Cut: 3 mm - Feed per Revolution: 150 and 300 micrometers - Cutting Speed: 150 m/min and 300 m/min - Cutting Tests 3 and 4 - Different Steel of the 1000 Series & Chip Breaker ? ## Detailed Plan - Choice of Parameters - Wear Chart for Steel Cutting Grade - Carbide After Trent, 1991 ## Measurements to Ensure Lab to Lab Consistency -disclosed in final report 1. Initial and Final Surface Finish Provides a check on cutting parameters and wear 2. Material Chemical Composition and Microstructure Single batch will be used for all tests to be tested and distributed to test labs 3. Tool composition and initial geometry Single set of tool inserts will be obtained, checked and distributed to test labs 4. Rudimentary static and dynamic characterization of CNC lathes B5.54 or ISO ?? Characterization of Static errors & Tool Tip FRF’s with Dynamometer 5. Chip form and morphology Macroscopic digital photographs & rudimentary metallurgical examination - _Measurements to Ensure Lab to Lab Consistency -disclosed in final report_ - 1. Initial and Final Surface Finish Provides a check on cutting parameters and wear - 2. Material Chemical Composition and Microstructure Single batch will be used for all tests to be tested and distributed to test labs * 3. Tool composition and initial geometry Single set of tool inserts will be obtained, checked and distributed to test labs* - 4. Rudimentary static and dynamic characterization of CNC lathes B5.54 or ISO ?? Characterization of Static errors & Tool Tip FRF’s with Dynamometer - 5. Chip form and morphology* * * Macroscopic digital photographs & rudimentary metallurgical examination* ## Measurements Available to Participants Approximately10 reports per test at predetermined cutting distances up to a predetermined force (3x increase proposed) and flank wear level 1. Forces Two or Three components measured at low sample rate (100 Hz) with long time constant piezoelectric dynamometers Periodic reporting of average forces 2. Tool Wear - turning tests only Flank wear reported with forces as VBmax measured optically Qualitative SEM measurements of final tool condition (Potential) White light interferometer or stylus measurements of final tool geometry (Potential) Sample tool sections 3. Temperatures Two labs will report intrinsic thermocouple data (Potential) NIST is developing new micro-pyrometry system - _Measurements Available to Participants_ Approximately10 reports per test at predetermined cutting distances up to a predetermined force (3x increase proposed) and flank wear level - 1. Forces * *Two or Three components measured at low sample rate (100 Hz) with long time constant piezoelectric dynamometers Periodic reporting of average forces - 2. Tool Wear - turning tests only Flank wear reported with forces as VBmax measured optically Qualitative SEM measurements of final tool condition (Potential) White light interferometer or stylus measurements of final tool geometry (Potential) Sample tool sections * 3. Temperatures Two labs will report intrinsic thermocouple data* (Potential) NIST is developing new micro-pyrometry system ## Availability of Data Web site is the desired method Numerical data available as ASCII or Microsoft Excel Visual data available as digital photo downloads Fall-back plan is paper report and ZIP disk Participation Obtain data on cutting experiments & make predictions by whatever means desired Report results potentially broken into: (1) Forces (2) Temperatures and (3) Wear/Tool Life Reports collected evaluated and data made available on Web Site - Availability of Data - Web site is the desired method - Numerical data available as ASCII or Microsoft Excel - Visual data available as digital photo downloads - Fall-back plan is paper report and ZIP disk - Participation - Obtain data on cutting experiments & make predictions by whatever means desired - Report results potentially broken into: (1) Forces (2) Temperatures and (3) Wear/Tool Life - Reports collected evaluated and data made available on Web Site ## Preliminary Time Table ## 1. T. Altan, Ohio State University 2. Y. Altintas, University of British Columbia 3. S. Bukkapatnam, USC 4. I. S. Jawahir, O. Dillon, University of Kentucky 5. Tien-Chien Jen, University of Wisconsin 6. S. Kapoor, D. Devor, Univeristy of Illinois, IC 7. Y. Koren, University of Michigan 8. J. Leopold, Society for Production Engineering and Development 9. X. Li, National, University of Singapore 10. V. Madhavan, Witchita State 11. T. Marusich, Third Wave Systems 12. P. Oxely, University of NSW Australia 13. A. Srinivasta, IAMS 14. P. Wright, University of California - 1. T. Altan, Ohio State University - 2. Y. Altintas, University of British Columbia - 3. S. Bukkapatnam, USC - 4. I. S. Jawahir, O. Dillon, University of Kentucky - 5. Tien-Chien Jen, University of Wisconsin - 6. S. Kapoor, D. Devor, Univeristy of Illinois, IC - 7. Y. Koren, University of Michigan - 8. J. Leopold, Society for Production Engineering and Development - 9. X. Li, National, University of Singapore - 10. V. Madhavan, Witchita State - 11. T. Marusich, Third Wave Systems - 12. P. Oxely, University of NSW Australia - 13. A. Srinivasta, IAMS - 14. P. Wright, University of California ## For More Information Contact... - Dr. Matthew A. Davies Dr. Ming Leu - NIST NSF, Directorate for Engineering - 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8220 Director - Gaithersburg MD 20899-8220 Manufacturing Machines & Equipment - USA 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Rm 550 - (301) 975-3521 Arlington VA 22230 - USA - (703) 306-1328 - Details & Contacts	en
markdown	502561	# Presentation: 502561 ## USING ADMINISTRATIVE DATATO MONITOR ACCESS, IDENTIFY DISPARITIES, AND ASSESS PERFORMANCEOF THE SAFETY NET John Billings September, 2003 - NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## WHAT ARE“ADMINISTRATIVE DATA” Computerized records Gathered for some “administrative” purpose Bill paying/reimbursement Record keeping Typically containing information about individuals Demographics Utilization of services Other events (birth, death, etc.) ## SOME EXAMPLES OF“ADMINISTRATIVE DATA” Birth/death records Hospital admission/discharge abstracts Emergency department billing records Medicare and Medicaid claims files ## ADVANTAGES OF“ADMINISTRATIVE DATA” They’re already there They’re electronic [computerized] They can be relatively inexpensive to analyze [_sometimes_] They can tell you a lot about what is going on [_sometimes_] ## DISADVANTAGES OFADMINISTRATIVE DATA They can be “dirty” (caution is required) Some data elements are a lot better than others A good test is whether anyone will go to jail for bad data, or there is some other good reason to get it right They seldom tell the whole story (often raising more pesky questions) Not everyone is willing to share (which may be required) You’re probably going to be dealing with bureaucrats not particularly interested in being helpful ## USING BIRTH RECORDSTO MONITOR BIRTH “OUTCOMES” Late/no prenatal care Low birth weight (adjusted for gestational age) Preterm birth ## Percent Late/No Prenatal CareNew York City1997-8 - Each “■ “ represents zip code area - R2 = .435 - Source: NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## Staten - Island - Coney - Island - Source: NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## USING HOSPITAL DISCHARGE DATAPreventable/Avoidable HospitalizationsAmbulatory Care Sensitive (ACS) Conditions _ACS Conditions_ - Where timely and effective ambulatory care help prevent the need for hospitalization _Chronic conditions_ – Effective care can prevent flare-ups (asthma, diabetes, congestive heart disease, etc.) _Acute conditions_ – Early intervention can prevent more serious progression (ENT infections, cellulitis, pneumonia, etc.) _Preventable conditions_ – Immunization preventable illness ## ACS Admissions/1,000By Zip Code Area Income Baltimore - Age 0-17 - 1999 - Adms/1,000 - R2 = .595 - LowInc/HiInc = 2.24 - Mean Rate = 9.53 - Each represents a zip code - Percent of Households with Income <$15,000 - Source: NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## ACS Admissions/1,000By Zip Code Area Income Baltimore - Age 40-64 - 1999 - Adms/1,000 - R2 = .893 - LowInc/HiInc = 4.08 - Mean Rate = 26.69 - Each represents a zip code - Percent of Households with Income <$15,000 - Source: NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## Atlanta Metro Area - ACS Admissions/1,000 - Age 40-64 - 1999 - Source: AHRQ/HCUP - NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## Atlanta Metro Area - ACS Admissions/1,000 - Age 40-64 - 1999 - Source: AHRQ/HCUP - NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## ACS Admissions/1,000By Zip Code Area Income New York City - Age 18-64 - 2000 - Adms/1,000 - R2 = .613 - LowInc/HiInc = 3.18 - Mean Rate = 10.64 - Each represents a zip code - Percent of Households with Income <$15,000 - Source: NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research Low income zip codes with large differences in ACS rates - 10035 - 11239 ## USING EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT DATATO MONITOR THE SAFETY NET NYU ED CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM USING EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT DATATO MONITOR THE SAFETY NET NYU ED CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM Emergent Primary Care Treatable ED Care Needed Not preventable/avoidable Preventable/avoidable Non-Emergent - Source: NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## Preventable/Avoidable ED Use/1,000By Zip Code Area Income Baltimore - Age 18-64 - 2000 - ED Visits/1,000 - R2 = .783 - LowInc/HiInc = 3.77 - Mean Rate = 80 - Each represents a zip code - Percent of Households with Income <$15,000 - Source: AHRQ/HCUP - NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## Preventable/Avoidable ED Use/1,000By Zip Code Area Income Austin Metro Area - Age 0-17 - 2000 Austin Metro Area - Source: NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## SOME CAUTIONS FOR USINGADMINISTRATIVE DATA The data can be “dirty” (see above) If a number is way high or way low, it’s probably wrong Unless it’s not (Some disparities are huge) Don’t expect final answers Avoid the easy explanation – this stuff is complex	en
converted_docs	500787	The objective of this task is to prevent any unintended test messages to disseminate to the public (A note presented to UIGW on April 6^th^, 2005) The Test Mode programs discussed here is only part of an over all "Errant Message" task. [Requirements of the Test/Practice Mode programs:]{.underline} 1. To place a typical AWIPS workstation (e.g. lx and xt) in TEST (Comms Live) or PRACTICE (IN House) mode and of course back to the Operational mode without interfering with other operational workstations. 2. To clearly display a small banner on all the monitors associated with the testing workstations (lx and xt). 3. The Test Mode Control GUI program can only be launched from the Graphic workstation via the appLauncher program. And must be the SAME user logon to the graphic and text workstations. (Master-Slave or the 2 workstations work as a pair) 4. To co-ordinate with those critical AWIPS applications such as WarnGen, WWA, RiverPro and GHG etc. by providing them the current mode designated by the user. 5. More importantly, alert the forecasters to prevent these AWIPS applications from running during mode changes. In other words, all these AWIPS applications must be stopped (pre-conditions) before transition to another mode. 6. The Test Mode Control programs can still work in a graphical workstation alone if the text workstation is not present (return from a system call of "ping") or being shutdown. The Test Mode Control programs contain 3 components. The major one is the Test Mode Control program (GUI). The second one is a showBanner program (GUI) and the last one is a getTestMode process which acts as an API for the AWIPS applications. [The Test Mode Control program:]{.underline} 1. TMCP (GUI) that allows the user to switch between modes: a. Operational to Test b. Operational to Practice c. Test to Operational d. Practice to Operational e. Note that - no paths between Test to Practice or vice versa 2. The GUI components is very simple a. It has a label on the top indicates the current mode status b. It has a scroll text in the middle which communicates with the forecaster(s) via text message. c. There are 4 buttons in the bottom, namely Test Mode (Comms Live), Practice Mode (In House), Operational Mode and Cancel. Cancel implies exit the program. Notice that once the Test Mode is active, both the Test and Practice buttons are insensitive and not available for selection. User can only select "Cancel" or "Operational mode". Also once the Test/Practice mode is selected and all the pre-conditions checking are satisfied, the TMCP GUI will exit momentarily and the showBanner program will take over. d. If user decides to logoff from both the Graphic and Text workstations completely, this is equivalently to turning back to Operational mode for the workstations. [The showBanner program:]{.underline} This program is nothing more than a label widget that indicates which mode is currently active. There are 2 short-lived (3 seconds or more) showBanner programs running on each of the graphic and text workstations and they will display the banner(s) on ALL the monitors associated with the workstation (e.g. one in xt and 3 in lx machines). The locations of the banner can be configured and font can also be changed. The modes and colors are: 1. Test (Comms Live) Mode -- with "Black" for background and with a "White" foreground to be consistent with other AWIPS applications. 2. Practice (In House) Mode -- with an "Orange" background. 3. Panic Mode -- with a "Red" color message of "Problem in the test or practice mode has been detected and please close all applications and exit" Panic mode is caused by some of the anomaly conditions such as if user is logoff from one of the Graphic or Text workstation OR the Test Mode programs encounter a problem. A red banner will be displayed in the remaining running workstation. In this case, user should launch the TMCP (GUI) program in the Graphic station to set the mode back to operational. The getTestMode program: Since it is not a Graphical Interface component, it will not be discussed in this UIWG meeting.	en
all-txt-docs	595005	*** File SP1.DOC TABLES OF DUST PARTICLE SPATIAL AND MASS DISTRIBUTIONS IN COMET P/HALLEY FROM SP-1 EXPERIMENT ON BOARD VEGA 1 AND VEGA 2 SPACECRAFT Dust particle counter SP-1 The experiment is aimed to obtain the mass-spectrum of cometary dust particles and to estimate their mean density. The data thus obtained should permit acquiring the information about the dust component distribution around the nucleus, including the dust envelope fine structure. The experimental data analysis makes it possible to investigate the mechanisms of dust-particle ejection from the nucleus and the acceleration of particles in the presence of various factors. The instrument is used to record dust particles impacting the detector target and to estimate the charge in the detector output circuit. The laboratory experiments show that the total charge of plasma cloud ions generated by the particle impact with the target, is approximately proportional to the particle mass Q ~ A(V)m, where m is the particle mass, A is the velocity-dependent coefficient. For the particle velocity V ~ 80 km/s the coefficient A (extrapolated) is ~ 103 C/g. The SP-I instrument includes: a) open dust particle detector; b) screened dust particle detector; c) two identical signal amplifier/discriminator units, each connected with the output of its detector; d) digital data accumulation unit; e) power supply unit. Two identical detectors D1 and D2 consist of gold-covered target and a set of collectors placed above the target and oriented normally to it. The collectors are masked to protect them from direct impacts of particles. The mask and target are at a zero potential. The collector bias is + 30 V (even collectors) and - 30 V (odd collectors). Some of charged ions of the plasma cloud formed during the dust particle impact with the target are accumulated at the collector. The current pulses from the electrodes to which the positive potential is applied, are of negative polarity, those from the electrodes at the negative potential are of positive polarity. The micron film in front of one detector cuts off particles of small mass and density to permit estimating the mean density of particles in the vicinity of the mass spectrum center. The functional block diagram of the instrument is given in 'Venus-Halley Mission' (Balekanov 1985). The current pulses from D1 (D2) are converted by the diode converter DC and can be amplified by the three-cascade amplifier (AI). The converted signals enter the pulse-height selector PHS from DC outputs. The output signals from AI and its intermediate sections enter the other PHS inputs. The current pulses of positive polarity are amplified by the similar three-cascade amplifier A2 and enter the time gate (TG). The PHS samples pulses within the one-decade range. Each of the seven PHS outputs is assigned a specific channel. The PHS circuit uses a majority logic principle. A signal at the output of any channel locks all output signals from junior channels. Thus, there is only one signal at the PHS outputs whose amplitude corresponds to the senior (relative to others) channel. The PHS output signals enter the address encoder E and if they are accompanied by a TG output pulse a three-bit address code is generated for the storage-counter (SC). The table below shows the channels for given mass ranges. +-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+ \| Channel number \| Charge pulse amp, C \| Mass Range, g \| +-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+ \| 1 \| 10-7 - 10-8 \| 10-10 - 10-11 \| \| 2 \| 10-8 - 10-9 \| 10-11 - 10-12 \| \| 3 \| 10-9 - 10-10 \| 10-12 - 10-13 \| \| 4 \| 10-10 - 10-11 \| 10-13 - 10-14 \| \| 5 \| 10-11 - 10-12 \| 10-14 - 10-15 \| \| 6 \| 10-12 - 10-13 \| 10-15 - 10-16 \| \| 7 \| 10-13 - 3x10-14 \| 10-16 - 3x10-17 \| +-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+ The discriminator includes a calibration oscillator (CO) for the in-flight instrument calibration. In the calibration mode charge signals are generated, sent to the amplifier-discriminator inputs and enter the first and fifth channels, respectively. The storage-counter data are transmitted as a 224-bit message to the APV-N instrument via the data-exchange channels and they are included into the APV-N data message. The pulse accumulation time determined by the instrument interrogation cycle is 2.5 min in the tape-recording mode, and 2 s in the real-time data-transmission mode. The mass range of the instrument is determined by the mass-to-charge transformation coefficient, as well as by the efficiency of collectors and charge-pulse recording circuits. The efficiency of the instrument, that is, the recorded mass range, is determined from the calibration tests and model calculations. The SP-1 dust particle counter is developed by the Soviet specialists. Balebanov, V.M., Skuridin, G.A., Vorontsova, E.V., Bassolo, V.S.(eds.): 1985, Venus-Halley Mission, Louis-Jean, Gap Vaisberg et al. 1986, "Spatial Distributions of Low-Mass Dust Particles (m<10*-10 g) in Comet Halley Coma", ESA SP-250, p. 17. 2. OBSERVATIONS AND DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA TABLES The flyby trajectories of the Vega spacecraft in the cometocentric frame can be specified by the coordinates of the closest approach to the nucleus R0(R0x,R0y,R0z) and the components of the relative velocity V(Vx,Vy,Vz). The corresponding values for Vega1 and Vega2 were as follows: Vega 1: R0x = 7830 km; R0y = 2480 km; R0z = 3400 km; Vx = 28.64 km/s; Vy = -72.73 km/s; Vz =-12.95km/s; Vega 2: R0x = 7100 km; R0y = 2680 km; R0z = 2630 km; Vx = 30.53 km/s; Vy = -69.44 km/s; Vz =-11.88km/s; If the results of the dust flux measurements are referred to the time reckoned from the instant of closest approach, the corresponding distances to the cometary nucleus can be found as R=R0sqrt(1 + (t/t0)**2), where the parameter t0 = R0/V. The SP-1 data for Vega1 spacecraft are formatted into table containing 1399 records. Each record consists of a time of measurement column (referred to closest approach, where 0 sec is 4:12:38 UT), and 2 columns of impact plasma sensor data (ch 2 and 4+6 combined). The data table for Vega2 is similar but the record contains 7 columns for all impact sensor plasma data. Total number of records is 2151.	en
all-txt-docs	584657	USGS Digital Spectral Library splib05a Clark et. al. 2003 ASCII Spectral Data file contents: line 13 title line 14 history line 15 to end: 3-columns of data: wavelength reflectance standard deviation (standard deviation of 0.000000 means not measured) (************* indicates a deleted number) ---------------------------------------------------- Halloysite NMNH106236 W1R1Ba AREF copy of splib04a r 1920 0.205100*********** 0.000000 0.213100*********** 0.060019 0.221100************* 0.016826 0.229100 0.378965 0.006311 0.236100 0.378378 0.004383 0.242100 0.377306 0.002158 0.248100 0.373588 0.001786 0.253600 0.376499 0.001516 0.258600 0.383522 0.001271 0.263600 0.391244 0.001141 0.268600 0.397811 0.001162 0.273100 0.408325 0.001303 0.277100 0.417605 0.001215 0.281100 0.429030 0.001251 0.285100 0.438567 0.001284 0.289100 0.448313 0.001322 0.293100 0.461911 0.001365 0.297100 0.476493 0.001418 0.301100 0.490480 0.001468 0.305100 0.504813 0.001509 0.309100 0.520791 0.001540 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2.528000 0.152613 0.001603 2.560000 0.135059 0.001520 2.592000 0.115297 0.001746 2.624000 0.095394 0.001721 2.656000 0.062508 0.001692 2.688000 0.017587 0.002876 2.720000 0.004412 0.005358 2.752000 0.013814 0.006518 2.784000 0.003073 0.006394 2.816000 0.004245 0.006206 2.848000 0.007722 0.005434 2.880000 0.010391 0.005567 2.912000 0.026959 0.005983 2.944000 0.017343 0.007060 2.976000 0.022695 0.009994	en
converted_docs	160042	Q-BANK Fields and Categories 06/22/06 Color Codes: New field in development Existing field needing revision Completed field +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| St \| Fie \| \| C \| Field \| \| \| atus \| lds \| Definition \| ategories \| Type & \| Example** \| \| \| \| \| \| Default \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Value** \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| S \| The survey \| NHIS \| Pull down \| NHIS \| \| pleted \| urvey \| for which \| \| menu with \| \| \| \| Title \| the question \| NHANES \| "other" \| \| \| \| \| was tested; \| \| category \| \| \| \| \| this will be \| SLAITS \| that can \| \| \| \| \| specific to \| \| specify \| \| \| \| \| the survey \| NSFG \| verbatim \| \| \| \| \| and not \| \| a survey \| \| \| \| \| reflect the \| NIS \| not on \| \| \| \| \| program \| \| the list \| \| \| \| \| producing \| Not \| \| \| \| \| \| the survey \| Applicable \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Default - \| \| \| \| \| \| \| none* \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| S \| Year that \| Year \| \_ \_ \_ \| 2002 \| \| pleted \| urvey \| the question \| \| \_ \| \| \| \| Year \| is fielded \| \| \| \| \| \| \| in the \| \| Defa \| \| \| \| \| survey \| \| ult-none \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Evalu \| Type of \| 1. \| Pull down \| Cognitive \| \| pleted \| ation \| documented \| Cognitive \| menu/mark \| interview \| \| \| Type \| evaluation \| \| all that \| \| \| \| \| conducted on \| interview \| apply \| \| \| \| \| question \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2. Focus \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| group \| Default - \| \| \| \| \| \| \| none* \| \| \| \| \| \| 3. Split \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Sample \| \| \| \| \| \| \| test \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Respondent \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Debriefing \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| . Behavior \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Coding \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6. Expert \| \| \| \| \| \| \| review \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7. Other \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Co \| Surv \| Month and \| Year/Month \| \_ \_ / \| 2 \| \| \| Test \| year that \| \| \_ \_ \| 002/March \| \| Com \| Date \| testing \| \| \| \| \| pleted \| \| interviews \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| (the initial \| \| Default - \| \| \| \| \| project) \| \| none* \| \| \| \| \| began. \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Sp \| The \| CDC \| Optional \| CDC \| \| pleted \| onsor \| ag \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ency/program \| NIH \| Mark all \| \| \| \| \| requesting \| \| that \| \| \| \| \| or \| EPA \| apply \| \| \| \| \| sponsoring \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the question \| FDA \| Pull down \| \| \| \| \| testing. \| \| menu with \| \| \| \| \| \| Census - \| "other" \| \| \| \| \| Include \| DMD \| category \| \| \| \| \| department \| \| that can \| \| \| \| \| acronyms \| \| specify \| \| \| \| \| when \| \| verbatim \| \| \| \| \| applicable. \| \| a survey \| \| \| \| \| \| \| not on \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the list \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Default - \| \| \| \| \| \| \| none* \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Te \| Specifies \| BLS \| Mark all \| BLS \| \| pleted \| sting \| the agency \| \| that \| \| \| \| A \| that \| Census \| apply \| \| \| \| gency \| conducted \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the \| NCHS \| \| \| \| \| \| evaluation \| \| \| \| \| \| \| work \| NCI \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Include \| NSF \| \| \| \| \| \| department \| \| \| \| \| \| \| acronyms \| Census - \| \| \| \| \| \| when \| SRD \| \| \| \| \| \| applicable. \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Uni \| Specifies \| Population \| Estab \| Esta \| \| pleted \| verse \| whether the \| \| lishment/ \| blishment \| \| \| \| question \| Es \| \| \| \| \| \| derives from \| tablishment \| P \| \| \| \| \| an \| \| opulation \| \| \| \| \| e \| \| Check \| \| \| \| \| stablishment \| \| \| \| \| \| \| survey or a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| population \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (household) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| survey. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| E \| \| \| \| \| \| \| stablishment \| \| \| \| \| \| \| surveys \| \| \| \| \| \| \| include \| \| \| \| \| \| \| surveys of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| o \| \| \| \| \| \| \| rganizations \| \| \| \| \| \| \| such as \| \| \| \| \| \| \| for-profit \| \| \| \| \| \| \| businesses, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| non-profit \| \| \| \| \| \| \| or \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ganizations, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| educational \| \| \| \| \| \| \| i \| \| \| \| \| \| \| nstitutions, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| and \| \| \| \| \| \| \| a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ssociations. \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| P \| Mode in \| 1. CAPI \| mark all \| CAPI \| \| pleted \| re-te \| which the \| \| that \| (* \| \| \| sting \| question was \| (computer- \| apply \| computer- \| \| \| Mode \| pre-tested \| \| \| a \| \| \| \| \| assisted, \| \| ssisted,* \| \| \| \| If the \| \| \| in \| \| \| \| question was \| interviewer \| \| terviewer \| \| \| \| pre-tested \| adm \| \| admin \| \| \| \| in multiple \| inistered - \| \| istered - \| \| \| \| modes, check \| in \| \| in \| \| \| \| multiple \| person) \| \| person) \| \| \| \| modes. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2. CATI \| \| \| \| \| \| Enter the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| method that \| (computer- \| \| \| \| \| \| was \| \| \| \| \| \| \| pre-tested. \| assisted,* \| \| \| \| \| \| For example, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| if you \| interviewer \| \| \| \| \| \| tested a \| adm \| \| \| \| \| \| self- \| inistered - \| \| \| \| \| \| administered \| \| \| \| \| \| \| survey, \| telephone) \| \| \| \| \| \| enter that, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| even though \| 3. \| \| \| \| \| \| it may have \| Interviewer \| \| \| \| \| \| also been a \| a \| \| \| \| \| \| cognitive \| dministered \| \| \| \| \| \| interview.* \| paper \| \| \| \| \| \| \| qu \| \| \| \| \| \| If the \| estionnaire \| \| \| \| \| \| survey is a \| (in \| \| \| \| \| \| CATI or CAPI \| person) \| \| \| \| \| \| survey, but \| \| \| \| \| \| \| you tested \| 4. \| \| \| \| \| \| using a \| Interviewer \| \| \| \| \| \| paper-pencil \| a \| \| \| \| \| \| version, \| dministered \| \| \| \| \| \| chose option \| paper \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 or 4 \| qu \| \| \| \| \| \| instead of 1 \| estionnaire \| \| \| \| \| \| or 2. This \| (over \| \| \| \| \| \| more \| phone) \| \| \| \| \| \| accurately \| \| \| \| \| \| \| reflects the \| 5. Self-a \| \| \| \| \| \| instrument \| dministered \| \| \| \| \| \| that was \| web \| \| \| \| \| \| tested. \| qu \| \| \| \| \| \| \| estionnaire \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6. Self-a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| dministered \| \| \| \| \| \| \| paper \| \| \| \| \| \| \| qu \| \| \| \| \| \| \| estionnaire \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Audio-CASI \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 8. IVR/TDE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9. Other \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| electronic \| \| \| \| \| \| \| surveys \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (CD, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| email, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| download) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 10. OTHER \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Field \| Field Mode \| 1. CAPI \| mark all \| CAPI \| \| pleted \| Mode \| refers to \| \| that \| (in \| \| \| \| the mode in \| (compute \| apply \| terviewer \| \| \| \| which the \| r-assisted \| \| admin \| \| \| \| survey will \| \| \| istered - \| \| \| \| be \| interviewer \| \| in \| \| \| \| administered \| adm \| \| person) \| \| \| \| when it goes \| inistered - \| \| \| \| \| \| into the \| in \| \| \| \| \| \| field. \| person) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2. CATI \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (compute \| \| \| \| \| \| \| r-assisted \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| interviewer \| \| \| \| \| \| \| adm \| \| \| \| \| \| \| inistered - \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| telephone) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Interviewer \| \| \| \| \| \| \| a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| dministered \| \| \| \| \| \| \| paper \| \| \| \| \| \| \| qu \| \| \| \| \| \| \| estionnaire \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (in \| \| \| \| \| \| \| person) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Interviewer \| \| \| \| \| \| \| a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| dministered \| \| \| \| \| \| \| paper \| \| \| \| \| \| \| qu \| \| \| \| \| \| \| estionnaire \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (over \| \| \| \| \| \| \| phone) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5. Self-a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| dministered \| \| \| \| \| \| \| web \| \| \| \| \| \| \| qu \| \| \| \| \| \| \| estionnaire \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6. Self-a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| dministered \| \| \| \| \| \| \| paper \| \| \| \| \| \| \| qu \| \| \| \| \| \| \| estionnaire \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Audio-CASI \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 8. IVR/TDE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9. Other \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| electronic \| \| \| \| \| \| \| surveys \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (CD, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| email, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| download) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 10. OTHER \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Prin \| The lead \| Verbatim \| C \| Kristen \| \| pleted \| cipal \| investigator \| Text \| haracters \| Miller, \| \| \| In \| of the \| \| \| Ph.D. \| \| \| vesti \| cognitive \| \| * \| \| \| \| gator \| testing \| \| Default - \| \| \| \| \| project \| \| none* \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Doc \| D \| 1. Final \| mark all \| Final \| \| pleted \| ument \| ocumentation \| report \| that \| Report \| \| \| ation \| available \| \| apply \| (pdf \| \| \| \| \| 2. Audio \| \| file) \| \| \| \| \| tapes \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Default - \| Video \| \| \| \| \| 3. Video \| none* \| tapes \| \| \| \| \| tapes \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Trans \| \| \| \| \| 4. Tra \| \| criptions \| \| \| \| \| nscriptions \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5. Video \| \| \| \| \| \| \| library \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Interview \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| summaries \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7. Pilot \| \| \| \| \| \| \| test \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| G \| Instructions \| Verbatim \| C \| "Start \| \| pleted \| lobal \| that appear \| text \| haracters \| Here. Use \| \| \| \| at the start \| \| \| a blue or \| \| \| In \| of the \| \| ## \| black \| \| \| struc \| qu \| \| Default \| pen." \| \| \| tions \| estionnaire, \| \| = nothing \| \| \| \| \| which apply \| \| \| "Please \| \| \| (S \| to all or \| \| \| center \| \| \| elf-A \| the majority \| \| \| numbers \| \| \| dmin. \| of the \| \| \| in their \| \| \| On \| questions \| \| \| r \| \| \| ly) \| \| \| \| espective \| \| \| \| \| \| \| boxes." \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| "The \| \| \| \| \| \| \| reporting \| \| \| \| \| \| \| unit for \| \| \| \| \| \| \| this form \| \| \| \| \| \| \| is an \| \| \| \| \| \| \| estab \| \| \| \| \| \| \| lishment. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| An \| \| \| \| \| \| \| esta \| \| \| \| \| \| \| blishment \| \| \| \| \| \| \| is \| \| \| \| \| \| \| gene \| \| \| \| \| \| \| rally..." \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Sep \| Does form \| Yes \| Yes/No \| No \| \| pleted \| arate \| have \| \| check \| \| \| \| In \| separate \| No \| \| \| \| \| struc \| i \| \| Default \| \| \| \| tions \| nstructions? \| \| No \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Instructions \| \| \| \| \| \| (Self \| that are not \| \| \| \| \| \| A \| near the \| \| \| \| \| \| dmin. \| associated \| \| \| \| \| \| On \| question but \| \| \| \| \| \| ly) \| are \| \| \| \| \| \| \| item-by-item \| \| \| \| \| \| \| in nature. \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| T \| Specifies \| * \| Mark all \| I \| \| pleted \| arget \| who the \| Population \| that \| ndividual \| \| \| popul \| question is \| Only:* \| apply \| \| \| \| ation \| inquiring \| \| \| \| \| \| \| about---the \| Individual \| \| \| \| \| \| individual, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| household of \| Household \| \| \| \| \| \| another type \| \| \| \| \| \| \| of \| Es \| \| \| \| \| \| e \| tablishment \| \| \| \| \| \| stablishment \| Only: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Type of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Est \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ablishment. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| . . \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Respo \| Specifies \| Po \| Mark all \| Self \| \| pleted \| ndent \| who gives \| pulation: \| that \| \| \| \| role \| the answer - \| \| apply \| \| \| \| \| whether the \| Self \| \| \| \| \| \| report is \| \| \| \| \| \| \| self or \| Proxy \| \| \| \| \| \| proxy for a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| household \| Self and \| \| \| \| \| \| survey and \| Proxy \| \| \| \| \| \| the job \| \| \| \| \| \| \| title of the \| Estab \| \| \| \| \| \| person \| lishment: \| \| \| \| \| \| targeted for \| \| \| \| \| \| \| an \| Accountant \| \| \| \| \| \| e \| \| \| \| \| \| \| stablishment \| Dean \| \| \| \| \| \| survey \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Principal \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| President \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Etc. \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Que \| Refers to \| Q-topics \| Pull down \| Poison \| \| pleted \| stion \| the general \| are \| menu with \| and \| \| \| Topic \| topic of the \| currently \| "other" \| Injury \| \| \| \| question. \| organized \| category \| \| \| \| \| The topic is \| in the \| that can \| \| \| \| \| typically \| a \| specify \| \| \| \| \| determined \| lphabetical \| verbatim \| \| \| \| \| by the \| order. \| a \| \| \| \| \| section in \| Q-topics \| category \| \| \| \| \| which it \| need to be \| not \| \| \| \| \| appears in \| modified as \| listed \| \| \| \| \| the survey. \| a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| drill-down \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| option for \| Default - \| \| \| \| \| \| data entry \| none* \| \| \| \| \| \| and search \| \| \| \| \| \| \| purposes \| Reprogram \| \| \| \| \| \| \| as a \| \| \| \| \| \| Appendix A \| drill \| \| \| \| \| \| provides a \| down \| \| \| \| \| \| list of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| question \| \| \| \| \| \| \| topics \| \| \| \| \| \| \| entered in \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Q-bank. \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| I \| Question \| 1. Events, \| Pull down \| Events, \| \| pleted \| nform \| Type refers \| \| menu \| Actions, \| \| \| ation \| to the kind \| Actions, \| \| and \| \| \| \| of \| and \| * \| Behaviors \| \| \| Type \| information \| \| Default - \| \| \| \| \| elicited by \| Behaviors \| none* \| \| \| \| \| the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| question. \| 2. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Objective \| \| \| \| \| \| See Appendix \| char \| \| \| \| \| \| for \| acteristics \| \| \| \| \| \| definitions \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Subjective \| \| \| \| \| \| \| char \| \| \| \| \| \| \| acteristics \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4. S \| \| \| \| \| \| \| peculations \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5. Attitud \| \| \| \| \| \| \| es/Opinions \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Knowledge \| \| \| \| \| \| \| tests \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7. Other \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Index \| Scale status \| Yes \| Yes/No \| Yes \| \| pleted \| S \| refers to \| \| check \| \| \| \| tatus \| whether or \| No \| \| \| \| \| \| not the \| \| Default \| \| \| \| \| question is \| \| -- no \| \| \| \| \| part of a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| scale or a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ma \| \| \| \| \| \| \| thematically \| \| \| \| \| \| \| linked set \| \| \| \| \| \| \| of questions \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| If you don't \| \| \| \| \| \| \| know, mark \| \| \| \| \| \| \| no. \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| M \| Matrix \| Yes \| Yes/No \| \| \| pleted \| atrix \| status \| \| check \| \| \| \| S \| refers to \| No \| \| \| \| \| tatus \| whether or \| \| Default \| \| \| \| \| not the \| \| -- no \| \| \| \| (S \| question is \| \| \| \| \| \| elf-A \| part of a \| \| \| \| \| \| dmin. \| matrix \| \| \| \| \| \| On \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ly) \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| I \| Directions \| Verbatim \| C \| N/A \| \| pleted \| nterv \| to the \| Text \| haracters \| \| \| \| iewer \| interviewer \| \| \| Read if \| \| \| In \| \| \| * \| Necessary \| \| \| struc \| \| \| Default - \| (?) \| \| \| tions \| \| \| none* \| \| \| \| (if \| \| \| \| \| \| \| a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| pplic \| \| \| \| \| \| \| able) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (Int \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ervie \| \| \| \| \| \| \| wer-A \| \| \| \| \| \| \| dmin. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| On \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ly)* \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Flash \| The flash \| Yes/No \| Scanned \| \| \| pleted \| Card \| card that \| \| in \| \| \| \| \| accompanies \| There \| picture \| \| \| \| *(I \| the question \| should be a \| \| \| \| \| nterv \| \| direct link \| \| \| \| \| iewer \| \| to the \| Default - \| \| \| \| A \| \| flashcard \| none* \| \| \| \| dmin. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| On \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ly)** \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| In \| If \| Verbatim \| C \| In this \| \| pleted \| trodu \| applicable, \| Text \| haracters \| next set \| \| \| ctory \| the text \| \| \| of \| \| \| text \| that occurs \| \| * \| q \| \| \| \| before the \| \| Default - \| uestions, \| \| \| (for \| actual \| \| none* \| I will \| \| \| ma \| question. \| \| \| ask about \| \| \| trix, \| The \| \| Intro \| INJURIES \| \| \| r \| introductory \| \| text will \| AND \| \| \| ename \| text \| \| be bolded \| P \| \| \| Ov \| provides the \| \| if it \| OISONINGS \| \| \| erall \| context for \| \| occurs \| that \| \| \| que \| coming set \| \| directly \| happened \| \| \| stion \| of \| \| before \| in the \| \| \| or \| questions, \| \| the \| PAST \| \| \| instr \| and is \| \| current \| THREE \| \| \| uctio \| likely to \| \| core \| MONTHS \| \| \| ns) \| contain a \| \| question; \| that \| \| \| \| description \| \| however, \| REQUIRED \| \| \| \| of the \| \| if it is \| MEDICAL \| \| \| \| subject \| \| second or \| ADVICE OR \| \| \| \| matter, or \| \| more in a \| T \| \| \| \| specific \| \| series \| REATMENT, \| \| \| \| instructions \| \| (i.e., \| including \| \| \| \| including, \| \| the intro \| call to a \| \| \| \| the response \| \| text is \| poison \| \| \| \| categories \| \| implied), \| control \| \| \| \| for the \| \| the intro \| center. \| \| \| \| series of \| \| text will \| \| \| \| \| questions or \| \| be \| "NOTE: \| \| \| \| the time \| \| faded. \| Please \| \| \| \| frame to \| \| \| answer \| \| \| \| consider. In \| \| \| BOTH \| \| \| \| the case of \| \| \| questions \| \| \| \| a matrix, a \| \| \| 5 and 6." \| \| \| \| heading, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| i \| \| \| "Include: \| \| \| \| nstructions, \| \| \| .... \| \| \| \| or question \| \| \| Exclude: \| \| \| \| that apply \| \| \| ..." \| \| \| \| to the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| overall \| \| \| What are \| \| \| \| matrix. \| \| \| the ISI \| \| \| \| \| \| \| codes \| \| \| \| \| \| \| d \| \| \| \| \| \| \| escribing \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| acti \| \| \| \| \| \| \| vity(ies) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| of the US \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Af \| \| \| \| \| \| \| fliliate, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| and the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| sales or \| \| \| \| \| \| \| gross \| \| \| \| \| \| \| operating \| \| \| \| \| \| \| revenues \| \| \| \| \| \| \| and \| \| \| \| \| \| \| employee \| \| \| \| \| \| \| figures \| \| \| \| \| \| \| corr \| \| \| \| \| \| \| esponding \| \| \| \| \| \| \| to each \| \| \| \| \| \| \| code? \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| New \| In \| The format \| He \| Mark all \| Heading: \| \| Field \| trodu \| of the \| ading/label \| that \| Part 1 \| \| \| ctory \| introductory \| \| apply \| Ident \| \| Lower \| Text \| text. Does \| Instruction \| \| ification \| \| pr \| F \| the text \| \| \| of U.S. \| \| iority \| ormat \| appear as a \| N \| \| Affiliate \| \| \| \| question, or \| avigational \| \| -- \| \| \| (S \| as a single \| Direction \| \| Continued \| \| \| elf-A \| word or \| \| \| \| \| \| dmin. \| phrase \| Question \| \| Ins \| \| \| On \| (i.e., \| \| \| truction: \| \| \| ly) \| hea \| \| \| Industry \| \| \| \| ding/label), \| \| \| class \| \| \| \| or as some \| \| \| ification \| \| \| \| kind of \| \| \| of fully \| \| \| \| instructions \| \| \| con \| \| \| \| or \| \| \| solidated \| \| \| \| directions? \| \| \| U.S. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| affiliate \| \| \| \| Contextual \| \| \| (based on \| \| \| \| Instructions \| \| \| sales or \| \| \| \| tell the \| \| \| gross \| \| \| \| respondent \| \| \| operating \| \| \| \| something \| \| \| revenues \| \| \| \| about How to \| \| \| )---Enter \| \| \| \| answer the \| \| \| the \| \| \| \| question. \| \| \| 4-digit \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Inte \| \| \| \| Navigational \| \| \| rnational \| \| \| \| directions \| \| \| Surveys \| \| \| \| tell the \| \| \| Industry \| \| \| \| respondent \| \| \| (ISI) \| \| \| \| Where to go \| \| \| code(s) \| \| \| \| -- either to \| \| \| and the \| \| \| \| answer or \| \| \| sales (as \| \| \| \| after they \| \| \| defined \| \| \| \| answer. \| \| \| in item \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 55 on \| \| \| \| \| \| \| page 6) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| and \| \| \| \| \| \| \| e \| \| \| \| \| \| \| mployment \| \| \| \| \| \| \| a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ssociated \| \| \| \| \| \| \| with each \| \| \| \| \| \| \| code. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Question: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| What \| \| \| \| \| \| \| amounts \| \| \| \| \| \| \| were paid \| \| \| \| \| \| \| to FAFPs \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (or were \| \| \| \| \| \| \| entered \| \| \| \| \| \| \| into \| \| \| \| \| \| \| inte \| \| \| \| \| \| \| r-company \| \| \| \| \| \| \| accounts, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| whichever \| \| \| \| \| \| \| came \| \| \| \| \| \| \| first) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| during \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| quarter, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| by \| \| \| \| \| \| \| country, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| and what \| \| \| \| \| \| \| were the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| debt \| \| \| \| \| \| \| balances \| \| \| \| \| \| \| with the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| FAFP at \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| beginning \| \| \| \| \| \| \| and end \| \| \| \| \| \| \| of the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| quarter, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| by \| \| \| \| \| \| \| country? \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Seq \| Number of \| Number \| Not \| 1 \| \| pleted \| uence \| the question \| \| required \| \| \| \| n \| within one \| \| \| \| \| \| umber \| introductory \| \| \| \| \| \| \| phrase or \| \| \| \| \| \| \| number of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the question \| \| \| \| \| \| \| in the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| matrix. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| For \| \| \| \| \| \| \| example, if \| \| \| \| \| \| \| there are 4 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| core \| \| \| \| \| \| \| questions in \| \| \| \| \| \| \| a matrix, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| they would \| \| \| \| \| \| \| be numbered \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1-4 for this \| \| \| \| \| \| \| field. \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Core \| Core text of \| Verbatim \| C \| Have you \| \| pleted \| Que \| the question \| Text \| haracters \| ever \| \| \| stion \| is the \| \| \| eaten... \| \| \| \| "meat" of \| \| Select \| \| \| \| \| the \| \| One \| .. \| \| \| \| question. \| \| \| .lobster? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Y/N \| \| \| \| Every part \| \| \| \| \| \| \| of the \| \| \| ...steak \| \| \| \| question \| \| \| tartar? \| \| \| \| (minus the \| \| \| Y/N \| \| \| \| response \| \| \| \| \| \| \| categories) \| \| \| ...sea \| \| \| \| should be \| \| \| urchin? \| \| \| \| included so \| \| \| Y/N \| \| \| \| that it \| \| \| \| \| \| \| makes sense \| \| \| Record: \| \| \| \| on its own. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Therefore, \| \| \| Have you \| \| \| \| if the front \| \| \| ever \| \| \| \| part of the \| \| \| eaten \| \| \| \| question is \| \| \| .. \| \| \| \| broken apart \| \| \| .lobster? \| \| \| \| and used for \| \| \| \| \| \| \| several \| \| \| Have you \| \| \| \| questions, \| \| \| ever \| \| \| \| then that \| \| \| eaten \| \| \| \| first part \| \| \| ...steak \| \| \| \| must be \| \| \| tartar? \| \| \| \| included \| \| \| \| \| \| \| when \| \| \| Have you \| \| \| \| recording \| \| \| ever \| \| \| \| each \| \| \| eaten... \| \| \| \| question. \| \| \| sea \| \| \| \| Include \| \| \| urchin? \| \| \| \| definitions \| \| \| \| \| \| \| when they \| \| \| Sales, \| \| \| \| are embedded \| \| \| Number of \| \| \| \| in the \| \| \| e \| \| \| \| question \| \| \| mployees, \| \| \| \| (not as \| \| \| etc. \| \| \| \| instructions \| \| \| \| \| \| \| but as \| \| \| Enter \| \| \| \| d \| \| \| this \| \| \| \| efinitions). \| \| \| person's \| \| \| \| \| \| \| sex. \| \| \| \| In a matrix, \| \| \| Enter \| \| \| \| core \| \| \| this \| \| \| \| questions \| \| \| person's \| \| \| \| are either \| \| \| age. \| \| \| \| in the rows \| \| \| \| \| \| \| or columns. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| The core \| \| \| \| \| \| \| question \| \| \| \| \| \| \| solicits \| \| \| \| \| \| \| information \| \| \| \| \| \| \| across \| \| \| \| \| \| \| several \| \| \| \| \| \| \| objects. The \| \| \| \| \| \| \| difference \| \| \| \| \| \| \| between the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| question and \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the object \| \| \| \| \| \| \| is where the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| most focus \| \| \| \| \| \| \| goes. The \| \| \| \| \| \| \| core \| \| \| \| \| \| \| question is \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the topic of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| question. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| The object \| \| \| \| \| \| \| is the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| dimension \| \| \| \| \| \| \| that is \| \| \| \| \| \| \| being \| \| \| \| \| \| \| measured of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| that topic. \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| New \| Core \| The format \| Hea \| Pull down \| Heading \| \| Field \| Que \| of the 'core \| dings/label \| menu \| s/labels: \| \| \| stion \| question' \| \| \| Sales, \| \| Lower \| F \| text. Does \| Instructio \| Select \| Number of \| \| pr \| ormat \| the text \| n/statement \| one \| e \| \| iority \| \| appear as a \| \| \| mployees, \| \| \| (S \| question, or \| Question \| \| etc. \| \| \| elf-A \| as a single \| \| \| \| \| \| dmin. \| word or \| \| \| Ins \| \| \| On \| phrase \| \| \| truction: \| \| \| ly) \| (i.e., \| \| \| Enter \| \| \| \| hea \| \| \| this \| \| \| \| ding/label), \| \| \| person's \| \| \| \| or as some \| \| \| sex. \| \| \| \| kind of \| \| \| Enter \| \| \| \| instructions \| \| \| this \| \| \| \| or \| \| \| person's \| \| \| \| directions? \| \| \| age. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Question: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| What is \| \| \| \| \| \| \| this \| \| \| \| \| \| \| person's \| \| \| \| \| \| \| sex? What \| \| \| \| \| \| \| is this \| \| \| \| \| \| \| person's \| \| \| \| \| \| \| age? \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| O \| Location of \| Rows \| Pull down \| Link to \| \| pleted \| rient \| core \| \| menu \| picture \| \| \| ation \| questions \| Columns \| \| depicting \| \| \| of \| within \| \| \| two \| \| \| Core \| matrix \| \| \| examples \| \| \| Ques \| \| \| \| with \| \| \| tions \| In a matrix, \| \| \| identical \| \| \| \| core \| \| \| in \| \| \| (M \| questions \| \| \| formation \| \| \| atrix \| are either \| \| \| and \| \| \| Only; \| in the rows \| \| \| opposing \| \| \| S \| or columns. \| \| \| ori \| \| \| elf-A \| The core \| \| \| entations \| \| \| dmin. \| question \| \| \| \| \| \| On \| solicits \| \| \| \| \| \| ly) \| information \| \| \| \| \| \| \| across \| \| \| \| \| \| \| several \| \| \| \| \| \| \| objects. The \| \| \| \| \| \| \| difference \| \| \| \| \| \| \| between the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| question and \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the object \| \| \| \| \| \| \| is where the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| most focus \| \| \| \| \| \| \| goes. The \| \| \| \| \| \| \| core \| \| \| \| \| \| \| question is \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the topic of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| question. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| The object \| \| \| \| \| \| \| is the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| dimension \| \| \| \| \| \| \| that is \| \| \| \| \| \| \| being \| \| \| \| \| \| \| measured of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| that topic. \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Ob \| This is a \| Verbatim \| C \| Person 1; \| \| pleted \| jects \| list of what \| text \| haracters \| Person \| \| \| \| the \| \| \| 2... \| \| \| (M \| questions \| \| \| \| \| \| atrix \| refer to or \| \| \| United \| \| \| Only; \| are being \| \| \| Kingdom; \| \| \| S \| asked about. \| \| \| Canada; \| \| \| elf-A \| Write them \| \| \| Russia \| \| \| dmin. \| in verbatim \| \| \| \| \| \| On \| with \| \| \| Enter \| \| \| ly) \| semicolons \| \| \| code with \| \| \| \| separating \| \| \| largest \| \| \| \| them. \| \| \| sales; \| \| \| \| \| \| \| enter \| \| \| \| Matrices can \| \| \| code with \| \| \| \| have either \| \| \| 2^nd^ \| \| \| \| response \| \| \| largest \| \| \| \| options or \| \| \| sales; \| \| \| \| objects. \| \| \| etc. \| \| \| \| When there \| \| \| \| \| \| \| are objects, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| there will \| \| \| \| \| \| \| typically be \| \| \| \| \| \| \| open text. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Response \| \| \| \| \| \| \| options will \| \| \| \| \| \| \| usually be \| \| \| \| \| \| \| multiple \| \| \| \| \| \| \| choice in a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| matrix/grid \| \| \| \| \| \| \| format. \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| In \| Instructions \| Verbatim \| C \| "Mark X \| \| pleted \| struc \| that appear \| text \| haracters \| only \| \| \| tions \| immediately \| \| \| one." \| \| \| Foll \| after a \| \| ## \| \| \| \| owing \| question, \| \| \| "Trade \| \| \| Core \| which apply \| \| ## Defau \| accounts, \| \| \| Que \| to that \| \| lt = none \| trade \| \| \| stion \| question. \| \| \| notes, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| other \| \| \| (S \| \| \| \| current \| \| \| elf-A \| \| \| \| lia \| \| \| dmin. \| \| \| \| bilities, \| \| \| On \| \| \| \| long-term \| \| \| ly) \| \| \| \| debt, and \| \| \| \| \| \| \| s \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ecurities \| \| \| \| \| \| \| that are \| \| \| \| \| \| \| debt per \| \| \| \| \| \| \| FAS 150." \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| "If the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| gr \| \| \| \| \| \| \| andparent \| \| \| \| \| \| \| is \| \| \| \| \| \| \| fi \| \| \| \| \| \| \| nancially \| \| \| \| \| \| \| re \| \| \| \| \| \| \| sponsible \| \| \| \| \| \| \| for more \| \| \| \| \| \| \| than one \| \| \| \| \| \| \| gr \| \| \| \| \| \| \| andchild, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| answer \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| question \| \| \| \| \| \| \| for the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| g \| \| \| \| \| \| \| randchild \| \| \| \| \| \| \| for whom \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| gr \| \| \| \| \| \| \| andparent \| \| \| \| \| \| \| has been \| \| \| \| \| \| \| re \| \| \| \| \| \| \| sponsible \| \| \| \| \| \| \| for the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| longest \| \| \| \| \| \| \| period of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| time." \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| RO \| Response \| Verbatim \| C \| "White; \| \| pleted \| text \| text is \| Text \| haracters \| Black; \| \| \| \| whatever \| \| \| American \| \| \| \| text written \| \| * \| Indian or \| \| \| \| on the \| \| Default - \| Alaska \| \| \| \| q \| \| none* \| N \| \| \| \| uestionnaire \| \| \| ative..." \| \| \| \| and/or read \| \| \| \| \| \| \| to the \| \| \| "Yes; No" \| \| \| \| participant. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| "Number \| \| \| \| Interviewer \| \| \| of \| \| \| \| A \| \| \| People" \| \| \| \| dministered: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Do not \| \| \| " \| \| \| \| include \| \| \| Telephone \| \| \| \| "don't know" \| \| \| Number" \| \| \| \| or "refused" \| \| \| \| \| \| \| unless those \| \| \| \| \| \| \| categories \| \| \| \| \| \| \| are \| \| \| \| \| \| \| explicitly \| \| \| \| \| \| \| offered to \| \| \| \| \| \| \| the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| respondent \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Res \| Response \| 1\. Yes/no \| Pull down \| Yes/No \| \| pleted \| ponse \| category \| \| menu \| \| \| \| Cat \| refers to \| 2\. Select \| \| \| \| \| egory \| the \| one textual \| * \| \| \| \| \| structure of \| \| Default - \| \| \| \| \| the response \| 3\. Select \| none* \| \| \| \| \| categories. \| one numeric \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| If the \| 4\. Mark \| \| \| \| \| \| question \| all that \| \| \| \| \| \| asks for a \| apply \| \| \| \| \| \| number, it \| \| \| \| \| \| \| is numeric. \| 5\. \| \| \| \| \| \| If it asks \| Allocation \| \| \| \| \| \| for text, it \| \| \| \| \| \| \| is textual \| 6\. \| \| \| \| \| \| (even if the \| Open-ended \| \| \| \| \| \| text is \| Textual \| \| \| \| \| \| "none" or "a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| few"). \| a\. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Delineated \| \| \| \| \| \| Delineated \| \| \| \| \| \| \| means that \| b\. \| \| \| \| \| \| there are \| Non \| \| \| \| \| \| markings to \| -delineated \| \| \| \| \| \| tell the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| respondent \| 7\. \| \| \| \| \| \| where each \| Open-ended \| \| \| \| \| \| number or \| Numeric \| \| \| \| \| \| each letter \| \| \| \| \| \| \| goes. E.g. \| a\. \| \| \| \| \| \| phone \| Delineated \| \| \| \| \| \| number: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| b\. \| \| \| \| \| \| \_ \_ \_ - \| Non \| \| \| \| \| \| \_ \_ \_ -\_ \| -delineated \| \| \| \| \| \| \_ \_ \_; \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 8\. Other \| \| \| \| \| \| Name \_ \_ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \_ \_ \_ \_ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \_ \_ \_ \_ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \_ \_ \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| New \| L \| Description \| 1\. Q above \| Hie \| Link to a \| \| Field \| ayout \| of the \| ROs \| rarchical \| picture \| \| \| of Q \| location of \| \| pull down \| depicting \| \| Lower \| and \| question and \| a\. One RO \| menu) \| examples. \| \| pr \| ROs \| response \| \| \| \| \| iority \| \| options \| b\. \| Select \| \| \| \| \| \| Vertical \| one \| \| \| \| (Self \| \| ROs \| \| \| \| \| A \| \| \| \| \| \| \| dmin. \| \| c\. \| \| \| \| \| Only \| \| Horizontal \| \| \| \| \| -- \| \| ROs \| \| \| \| \| Not \| \| \| \| \| \| \| for \| \| d\. \| \| \| \| \| matr \| \| Vertical \| \| \| \| \| ix) \| \| and \| \| \| \| \| \| \| horizontal \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ROs \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2\. Q left \| \| \| \| \| \| \| of ROs \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| a\. One RO \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| b\. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Vertical \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ROs \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| c\. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Horizontal \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ROs \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| d\. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Vertical \| \| \| \| \| \| \| and \| \| \| \| \| \| \| horizontal \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ROs \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| New \| RO \| Location of \| Right \| Pull down \| Link to \| \| Field \| text \| response \| \| menu \| picture \| \| \| loc \| options text \| Left \| \| of \| \| Lower \| ation \| in relation \| \| Select \| examples \| \| pr \| \| to the \| Above \| One \| \| \| iority \| \| response box \| \| \| \| \| \| (Self \| or answer \| Below \| \| \| \| \| A \| space. \| \| \| \| \| \| dmin. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Only \| \| \| \| \| \| \| -- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Not \| \| \| \| \| \| \| for \| \| \| \| \| \| \| matr \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ix) \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| In \| Instructions \| Verbatim \| C \| "Other -- \| \| pleted \| struc \| that follow \| text \| haracters \| Specify" \| \| \| tions \| the response \| \| \| \| \| \| Foll \| options or \| \| \| "Yes -- \| \| \| owing \| the answer \| \| \| Mark X \| \| \| ROs \| space -- \| \| \| all \| \| \| \| these are \| \| \| reasons \| \| \| \| often for \| \| \| that \| \| \| (Self \| follow-up \| \| \| apply." \| \| \| A \| questions or \| \| \| \| \| \| dmin. \| are skip \| \| \| "Print \| \| \| On \| instructions \| \| \| race" \| \| \| ly) \| for the next \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| "Include \| \| \| \| \| \| \| in this \| \| \| \| \| \| \| number: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| -foster \| \| \| \| \| \| \| children, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| roomers, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| or \| \| \| \| \| \| \| h \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ousemates \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \- people \| \| \| \| \| \| \| staying \| \| \| \| \| \| \| here on \| \| \| \| \| \| \| April 1, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2000... \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| New \| Loc \| Code only \| Top \| Pull down \| Link to a \| \| Field \| ation \| the \| \| menu \| picture. \| \| \| of \| questions in \| Top left \| \| \| \| Lower \| Que \| the extreme \| \| Select \| \| \| pr \| stion \| positions on \| Top right \| one \| \| \| iority \| \| the page as \| \| \| \| \| \| \| top or \| Middle \| \| \| \| \| (Self \| bottom. 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Not \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| seen/read \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| > (self-a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| dministered \| \| \| \| \| \| \| > only) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Problematic \| \| \| \| \| \| \| terms \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Ambiguous \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| concepts \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6. Overly \| \| \| \| \| \| \| complex \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7. Assump \| \| \| \| \| \| \| tion/Double \| \| \| \| \| \| \| barrel \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 8. Qu \| \| \| \| \| \| \| estionnaire \| \| \| \| \| \| \| effects \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9. Recall \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| /Estimation \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| difficulty \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 10. Biase \| \| \| \| \| \| \| d/sensitive \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 11. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Inadequate \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| response \| \| \| \| \| \| \| options \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 12. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Problematic \| \| \| \| \| \| \| answer \| \| \| \| \| \| \| space \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (self-a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| dministered \| \| \| \| \| \| \| only) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 13. None as \| \| \| \| \| \| \| tested \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Es \| \| \| \| \| \| \| tablishment \| \| \| \| \| \| \| only: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| . Mismatch \| \| \| \| \| \| \| between \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| reporting \| \| \| \| \| \| \| unit \| \| \| \| \| \| \| and org \| \| \| \| \| \| \| unit \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| . Mismatch \| \| \| \| \| \| \| between \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| requested \| \| \| \| \| \| \| data \| \| \| \| \| \| \| and \| \| \| \| \| \| \| records \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Requested \| \| \| \| \| \| \| data \| \| \| \| \| \| \| not \| \| \| \| \| \| \| kept in \| \| \| \| \| \| \| records \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4. Lack of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| access \| \| \| \| \| \| \| to \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| requested \| \| \| \| \| \| \| data \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5. De \| \| \| \| \| \| \| centralized \| \| \| \| \| \| \| data \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6. Release \| \| \| \| \| \| \| of data \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| prohibited \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7. Not \| \| \| \| \| \| \| willing \| \| \| \| \| \| \| to \| \| \| \| \| \| \| divulge \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| proprietary \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| information \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 8. Release \| \| \| \| \| \| \| of data \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| conditional \| \| \| \| \| \| \| upon \| \| \| \| \| \| \| au \| \| \| \| \| \| \| thorization \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Estimation \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 10. Calc \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ulation/tra \| \| \| \| \| \| \| nsformation \| \| \| \| \| \| \| of data \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 11. P \| \| \| \| \| \| \| erpetuating \| \| \| \| \| \| \| prior \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| incorrect \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| reporting \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| strategy \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Com \| Where \| If there is \| He \| Mark all \| \| \| pleted \| error \| a response \| ading/label \| that \| \| \| \| o \| error, does \| \| apply \| \| \| \| ccurs \| the error \| Qu \| \| \| \| \| \| occur in the \| estion/item \| Default: \| \| \| \| \| question \| \| none \| \| \| \| \| itself, or \| Contextual \| \| \| \| \| \| does it \| instruction \| \| \| \| \| \| occur in \| \| \| \| \| \| \| another \| N \| \| \| \| \| \| component of \| avigational \| \| \| \| \| \| the item? \| direction \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| non-verbal \| Response \| \| \| \| \| \| components \| options \| \| \| \| \| \| are defined \| \| \| \| \| \| \| as including \| Non-verbal \| \| \| \| \| \| the \| components \| \| \| \| \| \| \'numeric, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| symbolic and \| \| \| \| \| \| \| graphic \| \| \| \| \| \| \| information \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (color, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| brightness, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| shape, and \| \| \| \| \| \| \| location of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| information) \| \| \| \| +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ Appendix A - Household Surveys Demographics Household Roster and Composition Question Relationship Race Ethnicity Education Marital Status Sexual Identity Sex Occupation Citizenship Family Composition Parental Education Attainment Employment Employment Status Working Looking for Work Contingent Workers Displaced Workers Employment > Occupation > > Industry Work Activities Employer Job Change Job Satisfaction Compensation Salary/Wages Benefits (Retirement, Health, Other) Public Assistance Programs TANF (formerly AFDC) SSI Child care subsidies Transportation subsidies Job training programs Income Sources Household Income Earnings Interest and Dividends Child Support and Alimony Expenditures/Prices Goods/Commodities Services Housing Finances/Wealth/Spending Habits Unpaid work/other non-market activities Crime Victimization Computer Crime Identity theft Health Access to Health Care Alternative Health Cancer Chronic Conditions Arthritis Asthma Chronic Bronchitis Coronary Heart Disease Congestive Heart Failure Emphysema Disability Nutrition Dietary Supplements Food Sufficiency General Health (e.g., health status?) Tobacco Use Injury and Poisoning Men's Health Physical Activity/Exercise Sexual Behavior Well Being Outcomes (what is this?) Adult Child Women's Health Education Pre-K K-12 Postsecondary Educational Attainment Degree Information Financial Support Transition from school to work GPA Training and Adult Education Public Attitudes and Understanding of S&T Public attitudes about S&T Public interest in S&T Factual knowledge about S&T Source of information/media usage Confidence in institutions Establishment Surveys Business and Industry Establishments Employment (counts) Unemployment Layoffs Hours Revenues (\$) Sales/receipt Expenditures (\$) Capital Payroll R&D Payroll/Wages/Earnings Benefits Compensation Occupational Safety and Health > Injury > > Illness Productivity Domestic International Foreign Labor Projections Economic Growth Employment demand Prices Domestic Production Import/Exports International Inventory Business Type Industry Manufacturing Services Retail Wholesale Mining Construction Foreign Trade Governments Educational Institutions Ownership Educational Institutions Pre-K K-12 Postsecondary Institutional Characteristics Public vs. Private Highest Degree Granted Staff (counts) Faculty/Teachers Other Staff (non-faculty research, postdocs) Enrollment (counts) Financial assistance for students (counts) Revenue (\$) Government Tuition and Fees Private Gifts/Grants/Contracts Endowments Expenditures (\$) Academic R&D Financial Aid Facilities (Sq.Ft) Government Characteristics Expenditures Question Type Taxonomy +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ \| ## Type \| ## Definition \| Examples \| +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ \| * \| - *Describes an action \| # Have you ev \| \| Events, \| or event \| er smoked a whole cigarette? \| \| Actions, \| \| \| \| and \| - Includes reports of \| When did your \| \| Beh \| past and present \| injury/poisoning happen? \| \| aviors \| actions, habits, \| \| \| \| behaviors, events and \| Did you ever have a heart \| \| \| practices \| attack? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| These reports are \| Do you currently take \| \| \| externally observable. \| insulin for your diabetes? \| \| \| They are not \| \| \| \| characteristics of people, \| In the past 12 months, how \| \| \| households, or \| many times have you seen or \| \| \| institutions, but \| talked to a nurse for care \| \| \| represent some action that \| or advice? \| \| \| was taken. This category \| \| \| \| includes non-event \| In the last 12 months, have \| \| \| questions, that is, when a \| you had surgery? \| \| \| respondent is asked to \| \| \| \| report whether an action \| In the last 12 months, have \| \| \| or event did not take \| your tonsils been removed? \| \| \| place. It also includes \| \| \| \| the naming of something \| What type of vehicle struck \| \| \| related to an event. \| your vehicle? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| During the past 12 months, \| \| \| \| has medical care been \| \| \| \| delayed because of worry \| \| \| \| about the cost? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Are you paying an additional \| \| \| \| premium for a supplemental \| \| \| \| health insurance plan? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| How old were you when you \| \| \| \| first started to smoke \| \| \| \| fairly regularly? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Has a doctor ever told you \| \| \| \| that you have asthma? \| +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ \| Obj \| - Describes \| Do you have diabetes? \| \| ective \| characteristics of the \| \| \| \| respondent, household, \| Do you have insurance that \| \| C \| household member, \| you purchase directly? \| \| haracter \| establishment, \| \| \| istics \| employee or some other \| Do you have any type of \| \| \| group \| government-sponsored \| \| \| \| insurance such as medicare, \| \| \| - Is verifiable \| medicaid, medi-GAP, or CHIP? \| \| \| information \| \| \| \| \| How old are you? \| \| \| Objective characteristics \| \| \| \| are traits of individuals, \| What is your weight? \| \| \| households, or \| \| \| \| institutions. It can \| Because of a health problem, \| \| \| include something they \| are you unable to walk \| \| \| have, received, are aware \| without using any special \| \| \| of, or were told about. \| equipment? \| \| \| For example, questions \| \| \| \| fitting into this category \| \| \| \| would include questions \| \| \| \| about whether people \| \| \| \| "have" a chronic \| \| \| \| condition, health \| \| \| \| insurance plan or whether \| \| \| \| they are aware of another \| \| \| \| kind of condition that \| \| \| \| they might have. \| \| \| \| Question coding is \| \| \| \| assessing whether the \| \| \| \| question content is \| \| \| \| objective, regardless of \| \| \| \| question design intent. \| \| +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ \| Subj \| - Describes \| In general, how would you \| \| ective \| characteristics of the \| rate your health today? \| \| \| respondent, household, \| \| \| C \| household member, \| Do you consider yourself to \| \| haracter \| establishment, \| have a disability? \| \| istics \| employee or some other \| \| \| \| group \| Do you need the help of \| \| \| \| another person with \| \| \| - *Is [not]{.underline} \| preparing meals? (as \| \| \| verifiable \| opposed to: Does another \| \| \| information** \| person prepare your meals \| \| \| \| for you?)* \| \| \| A subjective \| \| \| \| characteristic is a \| By yourself, and without \| \| \| personal state that is a \| using any special equipment, \| \| \| matter of perception. Even \| how difficult is it for you \| \| \| if these characteristics \| to stand or be on your feet \| \| \| were well-defined, they \| for about 2 hours? \| \| \| could not be externally \| \| \| \| verified, and there is no \| Overall in the last 30 days, \| \| \| "true" answer. Question \| how much distress, sadness \| \| \| coding is assessing \| or worry did you experience? \| \| \| whether the question \| \| \| \| content is subjective, \| Because of a health problem, \| \| \| regardless of question \| do you have difficulty \| \| \| design intent. \| walking without using any \| \| \| \| special equipment? \| +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ \| Specul \| - Ask about \| Do you plan to visit the \| \| ations \| intentions, \| dentist in the next six \| \| \| predictions or \| months? \| \| \| hypothetical \| \| \| \| situations \| How likely are you to lose \| \| \| \| 10 pounds over the next \| \| \| Speculative questions are \| year? \| \| \| about events, behaviors, \| \| \| \| practices that have not \| If you were in a car \| \| \| yet occurred, or they \| accident, who would you call \| \| \| present hypothetical \| first? \| \| \| situations to which the \| \| \| \| respondent must evaluate \| John cannot wash, groom or \| \| \| or provide prediction. \| dress himself without \| \| \| Unlike "report" questions \| personal help. He has no \| \| \| that inquire into past or \| problems with feeding. How \| \| \| present events, the tense \| would you rate his \| \| \| of speculations is future \| difficulty with self-care? \| \| \| or subjunctive. \| \| \| \| \| What are your chances of \| \| \| \| getting HIV? \| +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ \| Att \| - Ask about Attitudes \| On a scale from 0 to 5 (with \| \| itudes \| and opinions \| 0 being not at all and 5 \| \| \| \| being very strong), how \| \| \| The general format of \| strongly do you believe that \| \| \| these questions is to ask \| children should be \| \| \| for an opinion, a \| immunized? \| \| \| preference, or a \| \| \| \| particular position. The \| Would you like to weigh \| \| \| response options generally \| more? \| \| \| appear in the form of a \| \| \| \| scale. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| []{.mark} \| \| +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ \| K \| - Tests respondents' \| Does trans fat raise blood \| \| nowledge \| knowledge \| cholesterol, lower it or \| \| Tests \| \| have no effect on blood \| \| \| Knowledge questions verify \| cholesterol? \| \| \| the level of knowledge \| \| \| \| respondents have regarding \| Do you believe that \| \| \| a particular subject \| immunizations are harmful to \| \| \| matter. They ask about \| children under 2 years old? \| \| \| externally verifiable \| \| \| \| facts, where some outside \| Can you name the mayor of \| \| \| source of information will \| Baltimore? \| \| \| be considered as a "gold \| \| \| \| standard" and the point of \| Have you ever heard of \| \| \| the question is to see how \| Medicare? \| \| \| well respondent knowledge \| \| \| \| compares to that standard \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Include awareness about \| \| \| \| events or questions asking \| \| \| \| if someone has ever "heard \| \| \| \| of" a particular program. \| \| +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ \| * \| - *Question types that \| \| \| Other \| do not fit any of the \| \| \| \| above categories. \| \| +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ Appendix E Response Error Indicators (for non-establishment surveys) +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| PERCEPTION \| \| \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 1. Interviewer \| Question is difficult \| 1\. What was the date \| \| Difficulty \| to administer from \| of your most recent \| \| (intervie \| interviewer perspective \| injury/poisoning? \| \| wer-administered \| \| \| \| only) \| 1\. Cannot be read in a \| 2\. In the last year, \| \| \| standardized manner \| was anyone in your \| \| \| \| household poisoned? \| \| \| 2\. Unclear what parts of \| Read when necessary: \| \| \| the question should be \| Do not include sun or \| \| \| read \| food poisoning or \| \| \| \| reaction to poison \| \| \| 3\. Interviewer cannot \| ivy. \| \| \| administer without \| \| \| \| obtaining information not \| 3\. (Without asking \| \| \| previously collected. \| if R works) Do you \| \| \| \| work full-time or \| \| \| \| part-time? \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 2. Problematic \| Ambiguous, inadequate, \| Sometimes using SKIP \| \| Visual Cues \| or inconsistent visual or \| TO; other times using \| \| \| navigational cues \| GO TO to mean the \| \| > (s \| \| same thing. \| \| elf-administered \| Includes respondent or \| \| \| > only) \| interviewer problems with \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - skip patterns \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - bold/italics \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - color contrast \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - difficulty reading \| \| \| \| due to typography \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| This also occurs when the \| \| \| \| same cue is used to mean \| \| \| \| different things, or \| \| \| \| different \| \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 3. Not \| Instructions or \| \| \| seen/read \| definitions or part of \| \| \| \| the question text was \| \| \| > (s \| unnoticed by respondent \| \| \| elf-administered \| or interviewer \| \| \| > only) \| \| \| \| \| Part or all of the \| \| \| \| question, definition, or \| \| \| \| instructions associated \| \| \| \| with the question were \| \| \| \| not seen or not read by \| \| \| \| the respondent or by the \| \| \| \| interviewer. \| \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| COMPREHENSION \| \| \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 1. Problematic \| Contains inappropriate \| 1\. Have you ever \| \| Terms \| or unfamiliar terms \| used a dental \| \| \| \| sealant? \| \| \| - Unknown terms \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - Terms used out of \| \| \| \| context or \| 2\. How often do you \| \| \| inappropriately \| use a dosimeter? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - Overly technical \| \| \| \| language/jargon \| \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 2. Ambiguous \| Contains vague or \| 1\. How many hours a \| \| Concepts \| ambiguous concepts \| week do you [work \| \| \| \| near]{.underline} a \| \| \| - Ambiguous or vague \| [large electrical \| \| \| concepts or terms \| machine]{.underline}? \| \| \| \| (If a respondent \| \| \| - missing reference \| constantly passes by \| \| \| period \| a machine for a few \| \| \| \| seconds, is that \| \| \| - concepts with \| working near? \| \| \| multiple \| Large is vague; \| \| \| interpretations - \| some people might \| \| \| answer could vary \| categorize a drill \| \| \| depending upon which \| press as large, while \| \| \| interpretation was \| others would not.) \| \| \| taken \| \| \| \| \| 2\. Do you need the \| \| \| - Instructions or \| help of other persons \| \| \| definitions are \| in handling personal \| \| \| missing or inadequate \| care needs? \| \| \| \| (Respondent may "get \| \| \| \| help" but not "need \| \| \| \| help"; they may not \| \| \| \| be sure which answer \| \| \| \| is most appropriate.) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 13\. Did you have sex \| \| \| \| with your current \| \| \| \| partner? (Could refer \| \| \| \| to intercourse or \| \| \| \| other forms of \| \| \| \| intimate contact; \| \| \| \| answer might vary \| \| \| \| depending upon \| \| \| \| interpretation.) \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 3. Overly \| Question is long or \| 1. Do you have any \| \| Complex \| overly complex \| [di \| \| \| \| fficulty]{.underline} \| \| \| - Respondents are \| hearing, seeing, \| \| \| unable to remember or \| communicating, \| \| \| synthesize the \| walking, climbing \| \| \| details in the \| stairs, bending, \| \| \| question because of \| learning or doing any \| \| \| the length \| similar activities? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - Overuse of \| 2. What kind of \| \| \| qualifiers, such as \| health insurance or \| \| \| "including" and "not \| health care coverage \| \| \| counting" \| do you have? Include \| \| \| \| those that pay for \| \| \| - Important ideas are \| only one type of \| \| \| missed because they \| service (nursing home \| \| \| are buried within the \| care, accidents, or \| \| \| question \| dental care). Exclude \| \| \| \| private plans that \| \| \| - Unnecessary \| only provide extra \| \| \| grammatical \| cash while \| \| \| complications (e.g. \| hospitalized. \| \| \| double-negatives) or \| \| \| \| awkward structure \| 3. In the past 12 \| \| \| \| months, how many \| \| \| \| times have you seen \| \| \| \| or talked on the \| \| \| \| telephone about your \| \| \| \| physical, emotional \| \| \| \| or mental health with \| \| \| \| a family doctor or \| \| \| \| general practitioner? \| \| \| \| (Many do not hear \| \| \| \| "seen" and respond \| \| \| \| with only the number \| \| \| \| of times spoken on \| \| \| \| the telephone) \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 4. A \| Question makes \| Do you think women \| \| ssumption/Double \| inaccurate assumption \| and children should \| \| Barrel \| about respondents' \| have universal health \| \| \| experiences \| care coverage? \| \| \| \| (Respondents who \| \| \| Question asks about two \| think children \| \| \| different concepts, but \| should, but not \| \| \| assumes a single answer \| necessarily women, \| \| \| \| might be unsure how \| \| \| \| to answer.) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| When did you stop \| \| \| \| beating your wife? \| \| \| \| (Assumes the \| \| \| \| respondent has done \| \| \| \| this.) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| When riding in the \| \| \| \| back seat of a car, \| \| \| \| how often do you wear \| \| \| \| a seat belt? (Assumes \| \| \| \| the respondent ever \| \| \| \| rides in the back \| \| \| \| seat of a car.) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| As a result of this \| \| \| \| injury/poisoning, how \| \| \| \| much work did you \| \| \| \| miss? \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| RETRIEVAL \| \| \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 1. R \| Respondent does not \| What is the dosage of \| \| ecall/Estimation \| know or has difficulty \| your asthma \| \| Difficulty \| recalling information. \| medication? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Response is subject to \| In your lifetime, \| \| \| error because of \| with how many people \| \| \| calculation or estimation \| have you had sex? \| \| \| difficulty. \| \| \| \| \| Do you think the Lt. \| \| \| The difficulty may be \| Governor of Delaware \| \| \| because of memory trouble \| has been doing a good \| \| \| or because the respondent \| job? \| \| \| never knew the \| \| \| \| information to begin \| * * \| \| \| with. \| \| \| \| \| On what date did you \| \| \| - Topic is of low \| first ride a bicycle? \| \| \| salience to R \| \| \| \| (especially for \| In the past three \| \| \| attitude questions) \| years, how many times \| \| \| \| did you visit a \| \| \| ```{=html} \| doctor? \| \| \| <!-- --> \| \| \| \| ``` \| In your lifetime, how \| \| \| - Question asks about \| many cigarettes have \| \| \| information the \| you smoked? \| \| \| respondent is \| \| \| \| unlikely to know \| Asking floor manager \| \| \| \| about hours that the \| \| \| - Telescoping: Specific \| office staff works. \| \| \| recall problem where \| \| \| \| events before the \| Asking proxy for \| \| \| reference period are \| information proxy is \| \| \| recalled as being \| not likely to have. \| \| \| within the reference \| \| \| \| period. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - Requires broad \| \| \| \| reliance on \| \| \| \| estimation (a wild \| \| \| \| guess is the best \| \| \| \| possible result). \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - Guessing or assuming \| \| \| \| the answer -- \| \| \| \| ballparking \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - Trouble making \| \| \| \| calculations in head \| \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| JUDGEMENT \| \| \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 1. \| Response process is \| 1. Are you in favor \| \| Sensitive/Bias \| influenced by either the \| of allowing the \| \| \| sensitive or social \| interests of big \| \| \| context of the question \| business to dominate \| \| \| topic. \| the Congressional \| \| \| \| agenda, or are you in \| \| \| \| favor of sensible \| \| \| \| legislation to \| \| \| \| moderate the \| \| \| \| influence of outside \| \| \| \| lobbyists? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2\. With how many men \| \| \| \| have you had sex? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 1 \| Question problem \| 1. Do you have \| \| . Questionnaire \| related to the \| asthma? \| \| Effects \| questionnaire \| \| \| \| \| Do you have chronic \| \| \| Question would not \| bronchitis? \| \| \| necessarily have a \| \| \| \| problem independently, \| Do you have coronary \| \| \| but there is a problem \| heart disease? \| \| \| related to the entire \| \| \| \| questionnaire. \| What was you total \| \| \| \| household income \| \| \| - Illogical \| before taxes in \| \| \| juxtaposition of \| 2002? \| \| \| topics/awkward flow \| \| \| \| \| 2\. Series of \| \| \| - Response of question \| questions about \| \| \| is impacted by \| exercise where "no" \| \| \| previous questions \| responses start to \| \| \| (i.e. context or \| create an image of \| \| \| order effects) \| inactivity that makes \| \| \| \| the respondent \| \| \| - Inconsistent verbal \| uncomfortable; \| \| \| format across similar \| questions that \| \| \| or related questions \| respondents seem \| \| \| \| reluctant to answer \| \| \| - Questions are \| \| \| \| perceived to be \| 3. Most questions in \| \| \| repetitive \| the series ask \| \| \| \| "agree/disagree," but \| \| \| - Burdensome length of \| then a few switch to \| \| \| the questionnaire \| "true/false." \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - Apparent omissions \| 4. In the 2 years \| \| \| that confuse or \| before your first \| \| \| irritate respondents. \| positive HIV test, \| \| \| \| how many times were \| \| \| \| you tested for HIV? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| How often did you get \| \| \| \| tested for HIV in the \| \| \| \| 2 years before your \| \| \| \| first positive HIV \| \| \| \| test? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5. R complains about \| \| \| \| length or does not \| \| \| \| concentrate to \| \| \| \| provide accurate \| \| \| \| information \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6. In a \| \| \| \| questionnaire for \| \| \| \| truck drivers about \| \| \| \| toxic exposures, R \| \| \| \| comments that there \| \| \| \| were no questions \| \| \| \| about exhaust from \| \| \| \| other cars, which is \| \| \| \| one of the worst \| \| \| \| problems. \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| []{.mark} \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| RESPONSE \| \| \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 1. Inadequate \| Response options are \| 1. Do you NOW \| \| Response \| incomplete, inadequate or \| smoke cigarettes \| \| Options \| overlapping \| every day, some days \| \| \| \| or not at all? (Many \| \| \| - R cannot adequately \| people want to report \| \| \| express their \| "many days" because \| \| \| response given the \| "some days" seems not \| \| \| categories provided \| enough) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - Non-mutually \| 2. What was the \| \| \| exclusive response \| reason that you had \| \| \| options; two \| a mammogram?\[Pick \| \| \| categories could \| one: Regular check \| \| \| apply, but only one \| up, doctor suggested \| \| \| can be selected \| it, had concern that \| \| \| \| there was a problem, \| \| \| - Response options do \| thought it was time \| \| \| not fit the question \| to get one. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - Response units are \| 3.Does a long-term \| \| \| inappropriate \| physical condition or \| \| \| \| mental condition or \| \| \| - Response categories \| health problem, \| \| \| include a problematic \| reduce the amount or \| \| \| term, are ambiguous, \| the kind of activity \| \| \| or are overly complex \| you can do at home? \| \| \| \| Sometimes. Often or \| \| \| - Length of response \| Never. \| \| \| options places burden \| \| \| \| on respondent, \| 4\. How many \| \| \| causing respondents \| canisters of asthma \| \| \| to overlook \| medications do you \| \| \| appropriate responses \| use per month? \| \| \| or to choose the \| \| \| \| first response that \| \_\_\_\_\_\_ Number \| \| \| appears to be \| of canisters \| \| \| appropriate without \| \| \| \| considering \| (Most use no more \| \| \| subsequent responses \| than one canister per \| \| \| \| month) \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 1. Problematic \| Format of response \| \| \| Answer Space \| options induce error \| \| \| (se \| \| \| \| lf-administered) \| Error is induced by the \| \| \| \| space given for a \| \| \| \| respondent to provide an \| \| \| \| answer \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - Inappropriate space \| \| \| \| (not enough or too \| \| \| \| much) for recording \| \| \| \| answers \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - Unclear locations for \| \| \| \| answer space \| \| +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ Establishment Response Error Indicators (Under evaluation) +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ \| Retrieval \| Mismatch \| The structural \| Decennial census \| \| from \| between \| unit for which \| asks for \| \| Records \| reporting \| data are \| information about \| \| \| unit and \| requested does \| a household, but \| \| \| org \| not match the \| respondents may \| \| \| anizational \| respondent's \| naturally \| \| \| unit \| natural or \| organize \| \| \| \| structural way of \| information by \| \| \| \| organizing the \| family, which \| \| \| \| information. \| includes children \| \| \| \| \| living at college \| \| \| \| \| and excludes \| \| \| \| \| boarders. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Company records \| \| \| \| \| information for \| \| \| \| \| two subsidiaries, \| \| \| \| \| both of which \| \| \| \| \| have retail and \| \| \| \| \| service \| \| \| \| \| operations. \| \| \| \| \| Question asks \| \| \| \| \| about only the \| \| \| \| \| retail. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Wholesale company \| \| \| \| \| combines merchant \| \| \| \| \| wholesale offices \| \| \| \| \| and \| \| \| \| \| manufacturer's \| \| \| \| \| sales or branch \| \| \| \| \| offices; \| \| \| \| \| questions want \| \| \| \| \| them separated. \| +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ \| \| Mismatch \| Data for topic of \| Question asks for \| \| \| between \| interest exists \| calendar year \| \| \| requested \| in records, but \| information, but \| \| \| data and \| not in the manner \| data is kept on a \| \| \| records \| requested. \| fiscal year \| \| \| \| \| basis. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Question asks \| \| \| \| \| about one week, \| \| \| \| \| but records are \| \| \| \| \| kept on a monthly \| \| \| \| \| basis. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Question asks for \| \| \| \| \| sales of polo \| \| \| \| \| shirts and \| \| \| \| \| button-down \| \| \| \| \| shirts, but \| \| \| \| \| records only \| \| \| \| \| contain sales for \| \| \| \| \| all "shirts," not \| \| \| \| \| broken down by \| \| \| \| \| type. \| +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ \| \| Requested \| survey asks for \| What was the \| \| \| data not \| information that \| approximate \| \| \| kept in \| is not tracked in \| percentage of \| \| \| records \| records \| 2002 mileage that \| \| \| \| \| was accounted for \| \| \| \| \| by travel on \| \| \| \| \| interstate \| \| \| \| \| highways, other \| \| \| \| \| divided highways, \| \| \| \| \| and undivided \| \| \| \| \| roadways? \| +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ \| \| Lack of \| Data exists in \| Human Resources \| \| \| access to \| records, but \| respondent does \| \| \| requested \| respondent has \| not have access \| \| \| data \| not been granted \| to sales \| \| \| \| access to that \| information. \| \| \| \| information \| \| \| \| \| \| Respondent in \| \| \| \| \| Financial \| \| \| \| \| Accounting Office \| \| \| \| \| does not have \| \| \| \| \| access to \| \| \| \| \| inventory \| \| \| \| \| information. \| +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ \| \| De \| Data requested \| Question asks \| \| \| centralized \| does not reside \| about actual \| \| \| data \| in one location \| hours worked in a \| \| \| \| or within one \| reference week \| \| \| \| respondent. It is \| for marketing and \| \| \| \| necessary to \| sales \| \| \| \| consult multiple \| departments. A \| \| \| \| sources to \| representative \| \| \| \| retrieve \| from each \| \| \| \| information. \| department must \| \| \| \| \| be asked to \| \| \| \| \| generate this \| \| \| \| \| information. \| +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ \| Policy \| P \| Instead of \| \| \| imposed \| erpetuating \| reading \| \| \| Judgment \| prior \| instructions and \| \| \| \| incorrect \| generating the \| \| \| \| reporting \| requested data, \| \| \| \| strategy \| respondent uses \| \| \| \| \| an erroneous \| \| \| \| \| strategy that has \| \| \| \| \| been used in the \| \| \| \| \| past for \| \| \| \| \| reporting this \| \| \| \| \| data. \| \| +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ \| \| Release \| Written or \| \| \| \| of data \| unwritten policy \| \| \| \| p \| prohibits release \| \| \| \| rohibited \| of requested \| \| \| \| \| data. \| \| +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ \| \| Not \| Question asks for \| \| \| \| willing to \| data that is \| \| \| \| divulge \| proprietary. \| \| \| \| proprietary \| Respondent may \| \| \| \| in \| either lie or \| \| \| \| formation \| fudge the truth \| \| \| \| \| to avoid giving \| \| \| \| \| away \| \| \| \| \| market-sensitive \| \| \| \| \| information. \| \| +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ \| \| Release \| Data can be \| \| \| \| of data \| released, but not \| \| \| \| conditional \| until management \| \| \| \| upon \| reviews it, or \| \| \| \| auth \| until it is \| \| \| \| orization \| announced \| \| \| \| \| publicly. This \| \| \| \| \| could result in \| \| \| \| \| late reporting or \| \| \| \| \| non-response. \| \| +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+	en
markdown	721535	# Presentation: 721535 ## Your B2B Market in China Identify, Contact, Sell James W. Mayfield Commercial Officer May 23, 2006 Cleveland, Ohio ## Today’s Discussion Finding Customers Qualifying Them Commercial Service Today’s Discussion ## Introduction Shanghai 2000 – 2004 Beijing 1996 – 2000 Hong Kong starting July 2006 Introduction ## Slide 4 ## Define Your Market Government Private vs. State-owned Joint Ventures Foreign WOFE your approach, their motivation to purchase & ability to pay all differ ## Think Regional Language / Culture Shanghai sales rep may have trouble in Guangzhou Industry Clusters Logistical issues Think Regional ## Data Resources How do you find them? U.S. sources / online Commercial Service Programs *Market Research Firms * Industry Associations & Events ## Don’t forget existing customers....who may have operations in China Working with agents http://www.kompass.com/ http://www.alibaba.com/ http://www.tradenet.com/ Working with agents - _http://www.kompass.com/_ - _http://www.alibaba.com/_ - ht_tp://www.tradenet.com/_ Data Resources ## Due Diligence How do you qualify customers? Reputation Track record / references Can they pay? USD or RMB? ## Pre-screening due diligence Internet search (free) Business License confirmation (free or low fee) Credit Report (fee) In-depth due diligence (fee) Examination of public records Reference check Site visit Heavy duty Due Diligence (fee) Legal Financial - Internet search (free) - Business License confirmation (free or low fee) - Credit Report (fee) - In-depth due diligence (fee) - Examination of public records - Reference check - Site visit - Heavy duty Due Diligence (fee) - Legal - Financial Due Diligence ## Unsolicited contacts through Web Want to purchase a very large volume of goods Insist your senior executives travel to China immediately to sign the contract with them in person Request money prior to the trip... In business less than one year Provide no verifiable references - Want to purchase a very large volume of goods - Insist your senior executives travel to China immediately to sign the contract with them in person - Request money prior to the trip... - In business less than one year - Provide no verifiable references Red Flags ## Marketing Materials Don’t just translate your brochure... - Are your customers web savvy? - Translation is an art - Modify materials for the audience - Catalogs in China are more about “you” and less about product Marketing Materials ## The Approach References and personal introductions key Focus on trust first, then product Be prepared to get technical The Approach ## How do You Close the Sale? Follow up, Follow up, Follow up Relationship building Plan for getting paid Can’t do it by remote control Need someone on the ground ## The Commercial Service Our Mission: help U.S. Companies export products and services Find partners/ customers Information and market research Strategic advice ## 125 Staff on the GroundYou’ll find us in: Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou Shenyang Chengdu Hong Kong 125 Staff on the GroundYou’ll find us in: ## www.export.gov/china ## Thank you! James W. Mayfield U.S. Commercial Service James.Mayfield@mail.doc.gov Tel: 415-705-2282 Fax: 415-705-2299 - www.export.gov/china - www.buyusa.gov	en
converted_docs	636370	+-----------------+------------------------+--------------------------+ \| ACF \| U.S. DEPARTMENT OF \| \| \| \| HEALTH AND HUMAN \| \| \| \| SERVICES \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Administration on \| \| \| \| Children, Youth and \| \| \| \| Families \| \| +-----------------+------------------------+--------------------------+ \| A \| 1. Log No. \| 2. Issuance Date: \| \| dministration \| ACYF-IM-CC-02-01 \| January 25, 2002 \| +-----------------+------------------------+--------------------------+ \| for \| 3. Originating \| \| \| Children \| Office: Child Care \| \| \| \| Bureau \| \| +-----------------+------------------------+--------------------------+ \| and \| 4. Key Words: Child \| \| \| Families \| Care and Development \| \| \| \| Fund \| \| +-----------------+------------------------+--------------------------+ \| \| State FY 2002 CCDF \| \| \| \| Final Allocations and \| \| \| \| Earmarks \| \| +-----------------+------------------------+--------------------------+ To: State and Territorial Lead Agencies administering child care programs under the Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) Act of 1990 as amended, and other interested parties. References: The Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 1990 as amended (CCDBG Act); section 418 of the Social Security Act; 45 CFR 98 and 99; Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2002 (P.L. 107-116). Purpose: To convey the Final FY 2002 State/Territorial allotments and earmarks for the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF). Basis for The final allocations are based on the following statistics: child population Allocations: from the 2000 census data; FY 2000 Participants in the Free and Reduced School Lunch Program from the Department of Agriculture; and Per Capita Personal Income for 1997, 1998 and 1999 from the Department of Commerce, issued October 2000. Increased Total Matching Funds for FY 2002 are increased by \$146,805,000 over Matching Funds: FY 2001, in accord with section 418(a)(3) of the Social Security Act. Increased In P.L. 107-116, Congress appropriated \$2,099,994,000 for the Discretionary Discretionary Fund for FY 2002, an increase of \$100,000,000 over FY Funds: 2001. These new funds are reflected in the Discretionary Fund allocations shown in the FY 2002 CCDF Final Allocations chart attached to this Information Memorandum. The increase in the Discretionary Fund was also reflected in the revised allotment listed in the grant award letter that States received early in January 2002. > As in fiscal year 2001, the earmark for quality improvement remains at > \$272,672,000, of which \$100,000,000 is again earmarked for > activities to improve the quality of infant and toddler care. In > addition, \$19,120,000 of the Discretionary Fund is earmarked for > child care resource and referral and school-age child care activities; > \$1,000,000 of this earmark is designated for the Child Care Aware > toll-free hotline. Note: P.L. 107-116 directs that the Discretionary Fund must be used to supplement, not supplant, State general revenue funds for child care assistance for low-income families. Related Funding: Attached is a brief summary of related programs that were funded by the 107^th^ Congress including some administered by other agencies and departments. Questions: Questions should be directed to the appropriate ACF Regional Office. [/s/]{.underline} James Harrell Acting Commissioner Administration on Children, Youth and Families Attachments <table> <colgroup> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 7%" /> <col style="width: 7%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> <col style="width: 4%" /> <col style="width: 7%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 7%" /> <col style="width: 9%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="12"><strong>FY 2002 CCDF FINAL ALLOCATIONS 1/</strong></td> <td rowspan="76"></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td rowspan="5"><strong>STATES</strong></td> <td rowspan="5"><strong>Mandatory</strong></td> <td rowspan="5"><strong>Matching</strong></td> <td rowspan="5"><p><strong>State</strong></p> <p><strong>MOE</strong></p></td> <td rowspan="5"><p><strong>FY 2002</strong></p> <p><strong>FMAP Rate</strong></p></td> <td rowspan="5"><p><strong>State Share</strong></p> <p><strong>of Matching</strong></p> <p><strong>Fund</strong></p></td> <td rowspan="5"><p><strong>Discretionary</strong></p> <p><strong>Before</strong></p> <h1 id="earmarks">Earmarks </h1></td> <td rowspan="5"><p><strong>Earmark:</strong></p> <p><strong>School Age</strong></p> <p><strong>R&R</strong></p></td> <td rowspan="5"><p><strong>Earmark:</strong></p> <p><strong>Quality</strong></p> <p><strong>Expansion</strong></p></td> <td rowspan="5"><p><strong>Earmark:</strong></p> <p><strong>Infant</strong></p> <p><strong>Toddler</strong></p></td> <td rowspan="5"><p><strong>Discretionary</strong></p> <p><strong>Available</strong></p> <p><strong>After Earmarks</strong></p></td> <td rowspan="5"><p><strong>Total</strong></p> <p><strong>Federal-Only</strong></p> <p><strong>Funds 2</strong></p></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Alabama</td> <td>16,441,707</td> <td>22,803,334</td> <td>6,896,417</td> <td>70.45%</td> <td>9,564,777</td> <td>42,929,737</td> <td>372,858</td> <td>3,631,124</td> <td>2,102,903</td> <td>36,822,852</td> <td>82,174,778</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Alaska</td> <td>3,544,811</td> <td>3,837,458</td> <td>3,544,811</td> <td>53.01%</td> <td>3,401,663</td> <td>4,077,745</td> <td>35,417</td> <td>344,908</td> <td>199,747</td> <td>3,497,673</td> <td>11,460,014</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Arizona</td> <td>19,827,025</td> <td>28,414,982</td> <td>10,032,936</td> <td>64.98%</td> <td>15,313,830</td> <td>43,481,082</td> <td>377,647</td> <td>3,677,759</td> <td>2,129,910</td> <td>37,295,766</td> <td>91,723,089</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Arkansas</td> <td>5,300,283</td> <td>13,742,062</td> <td>1,886,543</td> <td>72.64%</td> <td>5,175,975</td> <td>25,553,862</td> <td>221,943</td> <td>2,161,421</td> <td>1,251,750</td> <td>21,918,748</td> <td>44,596,207</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>California</td> <td>85,593,217</td> <td>192,511,470</td> <td>85,593,217</td> <td>51.40%</td> <td>182,024,464</td> <td>243,602,191</td> <td>2,115,762</td> <td>20,604,594</td> <td>11,932,794</td> <td>208,949,041</td> <td>521,706,878</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Colorado</td> <td>10,173,800</td> <td>22,505,791</td> <td>8,985,901</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>22,505,791</td> <td>23,216,949</td> <td>201,647</td> <td>1,963,758</td> <td>1,137,277</td> <td>19,914,268</td> <td>55,896,540</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Connecticut</td> <td>18,738,357</td> <td>17,434,124</td> <td>18,738,358</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>17,434,124</td> <td>15,516,200</td> <td>134,763</td> <td>1,312,406</td> <td>760,057</td> <td>13,308,974</td> <td>51,688,681</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Delaware</td> <td>5,179,330</td> <td>3,996,796</td> <td>5,179,325</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>3,996,796</td> <td>4,425,363</td> <td>38,436</td> <td>374,310</td> <td>216,775</td> <td>3,795,842</td> <td>13,601,489</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>District of Columbia</td> <td>4,566,974</td> <td>2,419,898</td> <td>4,566,972</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>2,419,898</td> <td>3,575,717</td> <td>31,056</td> <td>302,445</td> <td>175,156</td> <td>3,067,060</td> <td>10,562,589</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Florida</td> <td>43,026,524</td> <td>74,315,596</td> <td>33,415,872</td> <td>56.43%</td> <td>57,379,595</td> <td>105,495,897</td> <td>916,265</td> <td>8,923,155</td> <td>5,167,691</td> <td>90,488,786</td> <td>222,838,017</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Georgia</td> <td>36,548,223</td> <td>44,737,387</td> <td>22,182,651</td> <td>59.00%</td> <td>31,088,693</td> <td>69,949,985</td> <td>607,538</td> <td>5,916,577</td> <td>3,426,483</td> <td>59,999,388</td> <td>151,235,595</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Hawaii</td> <td>4,971,633</td> <td>6,077,437</td> <td>4,971,630</td> <td>56.34%</td> <td>4,709,636</td> <td>8,044,428</td> <td>69,868</td> <td>680,422</td> <td>394,054</td> <td>6,900,084</td> <td>19,093,498</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Idaho</td> <td>2,867,578</td> <td>7,416,544</td> <td>1,175,819</td> <td>71.02%</td> <td>3,026,351</td> <td>11,558,158</td> <td>100,386</td> <td>977,623</td> <td>566,174</td> <td>9,913,975</td> <td>21,842,280</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Illinois</td> <td>56,873,824</td> <td>66,742,424</td> <td>56,873,825</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>66,742,424</td> <td>78,610,865</td> <td>682,760</td> <td>6,649,139</td> <td>3,850,734</td> <td>67,428,231</td> <td>202,227,113</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Indiana</td> <td>26,181,999</td> <td>32,195,509</td> <td>15,356,947</td> <td>62.04%</td> <td>19,699,251</td> <td>39,634,316</td> <td>344,237</td> <td>3,352,388</td> <td>1,941,477</td> <td>33,996,214</td> <td>98,011,824</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Iowa</td> <td>8,507,792</td> <td>14,671,371</td> <td>5,078,586</td> <td>62.86%</td> <td>8,668,386</td> <td>18,910,604</td> <td>164,245</td> <td>1,599,515</td> <td>926,331</td> <td>16,220,513</td> <td>42,089,767</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Kansas</td> <td>9,811,721</td> <td>14,387,106</td> <td>6,673,024</td> <td>60.20%</td> <td>9,511,741</td> <td>18,966,933</td> <td>164,734</td> <td>1,604,279</td> <td>929,091</td> <td>16,268,829</td> <td>43,165,760</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Kentucky</td> <td>16,701,653</td> <td>20,268,911</td> <td>7,274,537</td> <td>69.94%</td> <td>8,711,517</td> <td>37,296,800</td> <td>323,935</td> <td>3,154,674</td> <td>1,826,975</td> <td>31,991,217</td> <td>74,267,364</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Louisiana</td> <td>13,864,552</td> <td>24,347,811</td> <td>5,219,488</td> <td>70.30%</td> <td>10,286,344</td> <td>51,717,684</td> <td>449,184</td> <td>4,374,435</td> <td>2,533,378</td> <td>44,360,687</td> <td>89,930,047</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Maine</td> <td>3,018,598</td> <td>5,924,903</td> <td>1,749,818</td> <td>66.58%</td> <td>2,974,020</td> <td>7,952,708</td> <td>69,072</td> <td>672,664</td> <td>389,561</td> <td>6,821,411</td> <td>16,896,209</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Maryland</td> <td>23,301,407</td> <td>27,869,137</td> <td>23,301,407</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>27,869,137</td> <td>27,855,834</td> <td>241,937</td> <td>2,356,129</td> <td>1,364,511</td> <td>23,893,257</td> <td>79,026,378</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Massachusetts</td> <td>44,973,373</td> <td>30,946,749</td> <td>44,973,368</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>30,946,749</td> <td>28,623,370</td> <td>248,603</td> <td>2,421,049</td> <td>1,402,109</td> <td>24,551,609</td> <td>104,543,492</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Michigan</td> <td>32,081,922</td> <td>53,067,749</td> <td>24,411,364</td> <td>56.36%</td> <td>41,090,784</td> <td>60,683,562</td> <td>527,056</td> <td>5,132,795</td> <td>2,972,569</td> <td>52,051,141</td> <td>145,833,233</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Minnesota</td> <td>23,367,543</td> <td>25,839,064</td> <td>19,690,299</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>25,839,064</td> <td>27,017,650</td> <td>234,657</td> <td>2,285,233</td> <td>1,323,453</td> <td>23,174,307</td> <td>76,224,257</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Mississippi</td> <td>6,293,116</td> <td>15,614,179</td> <td>1,715,430</td> <td>76.09%</td> <td>4,906,493</td> <td>34,880,544</td> <td>302,949</td> <td>2,950,300</td> <td>1,708,615</td> <td>29,918,681</td> <td>56,787,839</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Missouri</td> <td>24,668,568</td> <td>28,781,184</td> <td>16,548,755</td> <td>61.06%</td> <td>18,354,722</td> <td>38,897,572</td> <td>337,838</td> <td>3,290,072</td> <td>1,905,388</td> <td>33,364,274</td> <td>92,347,324</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Montana</td> <td>3,190,691</td> <td>4,482,336</td> <td>1,313,990</td> <td>72.83%</td> <td>1,672,183</td> <td>6,447,972</td> <td>56,003</td> <td>545,389</td> <td>315,852</td> <td>5,530,728</td> <td>14,120,999</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Nebraska</td> <td>10,594,637</td> <td>8,973,691</td> <td>6,498,998</td> <td>59.55%</td> <td>6,095,479</td> <td>11,693,011</td> <td>101,558</td> <td>989,029</td> <td>572,779</td> <td>10,029,645</td> <td>31,261,339</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Nevada</td> <td>2,580,422</td> <td>10,804,203</td> <td>2,580,421</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>10,804,203</td> <td>10,855,892</td> <td>94,287</td> <td>918,223</td> <td>531,773</td> <td>9,311,608</td> <td>24,240,517</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>New Hampshire</td> <td>4,581,870</td> <td>6,259,901</td> <td>4,581,866</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>6,259,901</td> <td>5,342,257</td> <td>46,399</td> <td>451,864</td> <td>261,689</td> <td>4,582,305</td> <td>16,184,028</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>New Jersey</td> <td>26,374,178</td> <td>43,390,811</td> <td>26,374,178</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>43,390,811</td> <td>39,728,574</td> <td>345,055</td> <td>3,360,360</td> <td>1,946,095</td> <td>34,077,064</td> <td>109,493,563</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>New Mexico</td> <td>8,307,587</td> <td>10,117,111</td> <td>2,895,259</td> <td>73.04%</td> <td>3,734,355</td> <td>19,313,705</td> <td>167,746</td> <td>1,633,610</td> <td>946,077</td> <td>16,566,272</td> <td>37,738,403</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>New York</td> <td>101,983,998</td> <td>96,439,140</td> <td>101,983,998</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>96,439,140</td> <td>117,149,059</td> <td>1,017,477</td> <td>9,908,814</td> <td>5,738,518</td> <td>100,484,250</td> <td>315,572,197</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>North Carolina</td> <td>69,639,228</td> <td>40,785,626</td> <td>37,927,282</td> <td>61.46%</td> <td>25,575,627</td> <td>59,839,819</td> <td>519,728</td> <td>5,061,429</td> <td>2,931,239</td> <td>51,327,423</td> <td>170,264,673</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>North Dakota</td> <td>2,506,022</td> <td>3,134,709</td> <td>1,017,036</td> <td>69.87%</td> <td>1,351,779</td> <td>4,636,540</td> <td>40,270</td> <td>392,172</td> <td>227,120</td> <td>3,976,978</td> <td>10,277,271</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Ohio</td> <td>70,124,656</td> <td>58,587,556</td> <td>45,403,943</td> <td>58.78%</td> <td>41,085,047</td> <td>69,347,042</td> <td>602,301</td> <td>5,865,578</td> <td>3,396,948</td> <td>59,482,215</td> <td>198,059,254</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Oklahoma</td> <td>24,909,979</td> <td>17,896,095</td> <td>10,630,233</td> <td>70.43%</td> <td>7,513,666</td> <td>32,478,555</td> <td>282,087</td> <td>2,747,132</td> <td>1,590,954</td> <td>27,858,382</td> <td>75,284,629</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Oregon</td> <td>19,408,790</td> <td>17,090,771</td> <td>11,714,966</td> <td>59.20%</td> <td>11,778,775</td> <td>21,693,453</td> <td>188,415</td> <td>1,834,896</td> <td>1,062,649</td> <td>18,607,494</td> <td>58,193,014</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Pennsylvania</td> <td>55,336,804</td> <td>58,901,198</td> <td>46,629,051</td> <td>54.65%</td> <td>48,877,755</td> <td>65,737,635</td> <td>570,952</td> <td>5,560,284</td> <td>3,220,142</td> <td>56,386,257</td> <td>179,975,637</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Puerto Rico</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>47,373,817</td> <td>411,457</td> <td>4,007,018</td> <td>2,320,595</td> <td>40,634,748</td> <td>47,373,817</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Rhode Island</td> <td>6,633,774</td> <td>5,090,091</td> <td>5,321,126</td> <td>52.45%</td> <td>4,614,563</td> <td>5,608,803</td> <td>48,714</td> <td>474,409</td> <td>274,746</td> <td>4,810,934</td> <td>17,332,668</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>South Carolina</td> <td>9,867,439</td> <td>20,591,295</td> <td>4,085,269</td> <td>69.34%</td> <td>9,104,833</td> <td>38,362,704</td> <td>333,192</td> <td>3,244,831</td> <td>1,879,188</td> <td>32,905,493</td> <td>68,821,438</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>South Dakota</td> <td>1,710,801</td> <td>3,985,399</td> <td>802,914</td> <td>65.93%</td> <td>2,059,496</td> <td>6,239,240</td> <td>54,190</td> <td>527,733</td> <td>305,628</td> <td>5,351,689</td> <td>11,935,440</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Tennessee</td> <td>37,702,188</td> <td>28,705,941</td> <td>18,975,782</td> <td>63.64%</td> <td>16,400,817</td> <td>44,213,390</td> <td>384,007</td> <td>3,739,699</td> <td>2,165,782</td> <td>37,923,901</td> <td>110,621,519</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Texas</td> <td>59,844,129</td> <td>120,569,631</td> <td>34,681,421</td> <td>60.17%</td> <td>79,812,006</td> <td>202,599,171</td> <td>1,759,638</td> <td>17,136,437</td> <td>9,924,271</td> <td>173,778,825</td> <td>383,012,931</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Utah</td> <td>12,591,564</td> <td>14,732,285</td> <td>4,474,923</td> <td>70.00%</td> <td>6,313,836</td> <td>21,355,203</td> <td>185,477</td> <td>1,806,286</td> <td>1,046,079</td> <td>18,317,361</td> <td>48,679,052</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Vermont</td> <td>3,944,887</td> <td>2,904,885</td> <td>2,666,323</td> <td>63.06%</td> <td>1,701,656</td> <td>3,452,257</td> <td>29,984</td> <td>292,002</td> <td>169,108</td> <td>2,961,163</td> <td>10,302,029</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Virginia</td> <td>21,328,766</td> <td>35,556,003</td> <td>21,328,762</td> <td>51.45%</td> <td>33,551,875</td> <td>40,870,368</td> <td>354,972</td> <td>3,456,937</td> <td>2,002,025</td> <td>35,056,434</td> <td>97,755,137</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Washington</td> <td>41,883,444</td> <td>30,720,798</td> <td>38,707,605</td> <td>50.37%</td> <td>30,269,470</td> <td>34,994,466</td> <td>303,938</td> <td>2,959,935</td> <td>1,714,195</td> <td>30,016,397</td> <td>107,598,708</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>West Virginia</td> <td>8,727,005</td> <td>8,000,675</td> <td>2,971,392</td> <td>75.27%</td> <td>2,628,626</td> <td>15,110,217</td> <td>131,237</td> <td>1,278,067</td> <td>740,170</td> <td>12,960,743</td> <td>31,837,897</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Wisconsin</td> <td>24,511,351</td> <td>27,266,251</td> <td>16,449,406</td> <td>58.57%</td> <td>19,287,020</td> <td>31,004,615</td> <td>269,285</td> <td>2,622,462</td> <td>1,518,754</td> <td>26,594,115</td> <td>82,782,217</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Wyoming</td> <td>2,815,041</td> <td>2,487,341</td> <td>1,553,707</td> <td>61.97%</td> <td>1,526,441</td> <td>3,320,644</td> <td>28,841</td> <td>280,870</td> <td>162,661</td> <td>2,848,272</td> <td>8,623,026</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Sub Total States</td> <td>1,177,524,781</td> <td>1,478,342,719</td> <td>887,607,151</td> <td></td> <td>1,145,491,585</td> <td>2,031,244,165</td> <td>17,642,000</td> <td>171,808,640</td> <td>99,500,000</td> <td>1,742,293,525</td> <td>4,687,111,665</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>TERRITORIES</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>America Samoa</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td></td> <td>-</td> <td>2,663,480</td> <td>24,250</td> <td>219,004</td> <td>126,833</td> <td>2,293,393</td> <td>2,663,480</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Guam</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td></td> <td>-</td> <td>4,000,757</td> <td>36,426</td> <td>328,962</td> <td>190,513</td> <td>3,444,857</td> <td>4,000,757</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>N. Marina Islands</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td></td> <td>-</td> <td>1,636,489</td> <td>14,900</td> <td>134,560</td> <td>77,928</td> <td>1,409,101</td> <td>1,636,489</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Virgin Islands</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td></td> <td>-</td> <td>2,199,244</td> <td>20,024</td> <td>180,834</td> <td>104,727</td> <td>1,893,660</td> <td>2,199,244</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Sub Total Territories</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>10,499,970</td> <td>95,600</td> <td>863,360</td> <td>500,000</td> <td>9,041,010</td> <td>10,499,970</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Sub Total Tribes</td> <td>54,340,000</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>41,999,880</td> <td>382,400</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>41,617,480</td> <td>96,339,880</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>T&TA Sub Total</td> <td>3,532,100</td> <td>3,260,400</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>5,249,985</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>5,249,985</td> <td>12,042,485</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Child Care Aware 3</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,000,000</td> <td>1,000,000</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,000,000</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Research Set-aside 4</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td></td> <td>-</td> <td>10,000,000</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>10,000,000</td> <td>10,000,000</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Totals</td> <td>1,235,396,881</td> <td>1,481,603,119</td> <td>887,607,151</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,145,491,585</td> <td>2,099,994,000</td> <td>19,120,000</td> <td>172,672,000</td> <td>100,000,000</td> <td>1,808,202,000</td> <td>4,816,994,000</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="13" rowspan="10"><p>1/ The final allocations are based on the following statistics: population under 13 and 5 from the 2000 Census data; FY 2000 Participants in Free and Reduced School<br /> Lunch Program from the Department of Agriculture; and Per Capita Personal Income for 1997, 1998 and 1999 from the Department of Commerce issued October 2000.</p> <p>2/ Totals are the sum of Mandatory, Discretionary and the Federal Share of the Matching Funds.</p> <p>3/ The FY 2002 Discretionary Appropriation set-aside $1,000,000 for a toll-free child care hotline to be operated by Child Care Aware and specified that the amount<br /> come out of the $19.1 million earmark for resource and referral and school-age child care activities.</p> <p>4/ The FY 2002 Discretionary Appropriation earmarked $10,000,000 for research, demonstration, and evaluation.</p></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table>	en
converted_docs	939154	ORNL/CDIAC-154 NDP-089 CARBON DIOXIDE, HYDROGRAPHIC, AND CHEMICAL DATA OBTAINED DURING THE R/V Knorr REPEAT HYDROGRAPHY CRUISES IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN: CLIVAR CO~2~ SECTIONS A20_2003 (22 SEPTEMBER--20 OCTOBER, 2003) AND A22_2003 (23 OCTOBER--13 NOVEMBER, 2003) Contributed by R. A. Feely,^1^ C. L. Sabine,^1^ F. J. Millero,^2^ A. G. Dickson,^3^ R. A. Fine,^2^ C. A. Carlson,^4^ J. Toole,^5^ T. M. Joyce,^5^ W. M. Smethie,^6^ A. P. McNichol,^5^ and R. M. Key^7^ ^1^ Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, WA ^2^Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL ^3^Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego ^4^University of California, Santa Barbara, CA ^5^Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA ^6^Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY ^7^Princeton University, Princeton, NJ Prepared by Alex Kozyr Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA Date Published: September 2008 Prepared for the Climate Change Research Division Office of Biological and Environmental Research U.S. Department of Energy Budget Activity Numbers KP 12 04 01 0 and KP 12 02 03 0 Prepared by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335 managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 # TABLE OF CONTENTS {#table-of-contents .TOC-Heading} [LIST OF FIGURES v](#list-of-figures) [LIST OF TABLES v](#list-of-tables) [ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS vii](#abbreviations-and-acronyms) [ABSTRACT ix](#abstract) [1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1](#background-information) [2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPEDITION 4](#description-of-the-expedition) [2.1 R/V Knorr: Technical Details and History 4](#rv-knorr-technical-details-and-history) [2.2 R/V Knorr A20_2003 and A22_2003 Cruise Information 4](#rv-knorr-a20_2003-and-a22_2003-cruise-information) [2.3 Parameters Measured, Participating Institutions, and Responsible Investigators 6](#parameters-measured-participating-institutions-and-responsible-investigators) [3. DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES AND METHODS 7](#description-of-variables-and-methods) [3.1 Hydrographic Measurements 7](#hydrographic-measurements) [3.2 Total CO~2~ Measurements 8](#total-co2-measurements) [3.3 Total Alkalinity Measurements 9](#total-alkalinity-measurements) [3.3.1 Section A20_2003 9](#section-a20_2003) [3.3.2 Section A22_2003 12](#section-a22_2003) [3.4 Dissolved Organic Carbon Measurements 25](#dissolved-organic-carbon-measurements) [3.5 Total Dissolved Nitrogen Measurements 26](#total-dissolved-nitrogen-measurements) [3.6 Chlorofluorocarbon Measurements 26](#chlorofluorocarbon-measurements) [3.6.1 Sample Collection 26](#sample-collection) [3.6.2 RSMAS Equipment and Technique 27](#rsmas-equipment-and-technique) [3.6.3 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Equipment and Technique 27](#lamont-doherty-earth-observatory-equipment-and-technique) [3.6.4 Calibration 27](#calibration) [3.7 ^14^C and ^13^C Measurements 28](#c-and-13c-measurements) [4. HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATA AND DOCUMENTATION 33](#how-to-obtain-the-data-and-documentation) [5. REFERENCES 35](#references) # LIST OF FIGURES 1 Cruise tracks for the Atlantic Ocean sections A20_2003 and A22_2003 2 2 Plot of the deviations of analyses of reference materials (Batch 60 and Batch 61) from the certified values (∆ = measured value -- certified value). Values depicted by open circles are considered "outliers" 11 3 Auto-titration system used during the section A22_2003 Cruise 13 4 Titration cell diagram 14 5 Deviation between the TALK and CRM for both systems. 15 6 Deviation between the TCO~2~ and CRM for both systems 16 7 Deviation between the pH and CRM for both systems 16 8 Difference between the TCO~2~ of the SOMMA and TALK system results 17 9 Deviation of TALK on duplicate samples 18 10 Deviation of TCO~2~ on duplicate samples. 18 11 Deviation of pH on duplicate samples 19 12 Difference in calculated and measured TALK using an input of pH and TCO~2~ 20 13 Difference in calculated and measured TCO~2~ using an input of TALK and pH 20 14 Difference in calculated and measured pH using an input of TALK and TCO~2~ 21 15 Surface measurements of salinity versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises 22 16 Surface measurements of temperature versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises. 22 17 Surface measurements of NTA versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises 23 18 Surface measurements of NTCO~2~ versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises 23 19 Surface measurements of in situ pH versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises 24 20 Surface measurements of in situ pCO~2~ versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises 24 21 Surface measurements of ^14^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A20) 29 22 Surface measurements of ^14^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A22) 30 23 Surface measurements of ^13^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A20) 30 24 Surface measurements of ^13^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A22) 31 # LIST OF TABLES 1 Technical characteristics of the R/V Knorr 5 2 Parameters measured, responsible investigator, and associated institution 6 3 Listing of equipment used for alkalinity titrations for A20_2003 cruise 10 4 Summary of certified reference material measurements 15 5 Summary of duplicate measurements 17 6 Summary of internal consistency deviations 19 # ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AMC accelerator mass spectrometry CDIAC Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center CFC chlorofluorocarbon CLIVAR Climate Variability (Program) CO~2~ carbon dioxide CRM certified reference material CTD conductivity, temperature, and depth DOC dissolved organic carbon DOE U.S. Department of Energy ECD electron capture detector EXPOCODE expedition code GC gas chromatograph HCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbon NDP numeric data package NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NO nitric oxide NOSAMS National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility NSF National Science Foundation ODF Oceanographic Data Facility PMEL Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory RSMAS Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science R/V research vessel SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography SOMMA single-operator multi-parameter metabolic analyzer TALK total alkalinity TDN total dissolved nitrogen TCO~2~ total inorganic carbon WHP WOCE Hydrographic Program WOCE World Ocean Circulation Experiment # {#section .unnumbered} # ABSTRACT Feely R. A., C. L. Sabine, F. J. Millero, A. G. Dickson , R. A. Fine, C. A. Carlson, J. Toole,T. M. Joyce, W. M. Smethie, A. P. McNichol, and R. M. Key. 2008. Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Knorr Repeat Hydrography Cruise in the Atlantic Ocean: CLIVAR CO~2~ Sections A20_2003 (22 September--20 October 2003) and A22_2003 (23 October--13 November, 2003). Ed. A. Kozyr. ORNL/CDIAC-154, NDP-089. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 46 pp. This report presents methods, and analytical and quality control procedures for salinity, oxygen, nutrient, inorganic carbon, organic carbon, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), and bomb carbon-14 system parameters performed during the A20_2003 and A22_2003 cruises, which took place between September 22 and November 13, 2003, aboard research vessel (R/V) Knorr under the auspices of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National Science Foundation (NSF). The R/V Knorr departed Woods Hole, Massachusetts, on September 22 for the Repeat Section A20, and ended this line in Port of Spain, Trinidad, on October 20. The Repeat Section A22 started on October 23 in Port of Spain, Trinidad, and finished on November 13, 2003, in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The research conducted was one of a series of repeat hydrography sections jointly funded by NOAA and NSF as part of the Climate Variability Program (CLIVAR)/CO2/repeat hydrography/tracer program. Samples were taken from 36 depths at 88 stations on section A20 and 82 stations on section A22. The data presented in this report include the analyses of water samples for total inorganic carbon (TCO~2~), total alkalinity (TALK), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), CFC, carbon-14, hydrographic, and other chemical measurements. The R/V Knorr A20_2003 and A22_2003 data sets are available free of charge as a numeric data package (NDP) from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC). The NDP consists of the oceanographic data files and this printed documentation, which describes the procedures and methods used to obtain the data. Keywords: carbon dioxide, total CO~2~, total alkalinity, carbon cycle, coulometry, potentiometry, hydrographic measurements, CLIVAR, Atlantic Ocean # BACKGROUND INFORMATION The cruise of research vessel (R/V) Knorr along the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) designated sections A20 and A22 from Woods Hole, Massachusetts, to Port of Spain, Trinidad, and back to Woods Hole were the part of the Climate Variability (CLIVAR) Carbon Dioxide and Repeat Hydrography Section Project, sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National Science Foundation (NSF). The goal of the Repeat Hydrogaphy Project is to measure decadal changes in circulation, heat and fresh water budgets, and carbon inventory in the ocean. The cruises repeat a subset of the WOCE Hydrographic Program (WHP) and Joint Global Ocean Flux Study lines occupied in each major ocean basin in the 1990s. The WOCE/WHP program is driven by the need to monitor the increases in carbon dioxide (CO~2~) in the ocean and provide the necessary data to support continuing model development that will lead to improved forecasting skills for oceans and global climate. During the 1990s, the WOCE/Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) provided a full-depth baseline data set against which to measure future changes. By integrating the scientific needs of programs requiring measurement of the full water column, major synergies and cost savings are achieved. These measurements are of importance both for major research programs, such as CLIVAR and the U.S. Global Climate Research Project Ocean Carbon and Climate Change Program, and for operational activities such as the Global Ocean Observation System and the Global Climate Observing System. As outlined in the program documentation, one component of a global observing system for the physical climate/CO~2~ system should include periodic observations of hydrographic variables, CO~2~ system parameters, and other tracers. The large-scale observation component of the Ocean Carbon and Climate Change Program needs systematic observations of the invasion of anthropogenic carbon in the ocean that is superimposed on a variable natural background. The five topical areas addressed by the CO~2~/CLIVAR repeat hydrography program are > 1\. carbon system studies; > > 2\. heat and freshwater storage and flux studies; > > 3\. deep and shallow water mass and ventilation studies; > > 4\. calibration of autonomous sensors; and > > 5\. data for model calibration. R/V Knorr cruise 173 was conceived to reoccupy two meridional hydrographic sections in the western North Atlantic as part of the CLIVAR/Global Carbon Program of repeat hydrography. Section A20, which lies nominally along 52° 20' W, was sampled during leg 1 of the cruise. The return leg to Woods Hole reoccupied section A22 along 66° W (Fig. 1). Meridional hydrographic sections near 52° W had been made on three occasions prior to this cruise: in the 1950s, 1980s, and in 1997. The sampling plan for the 2003 occupation of both sections was simply to make a full-depth hydrographic station at each site sampled in 1997 (see NDP-082 at: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/ndp_082/ndp082.html). The extremely tight station spacing at the northern end of the sections done in 1997 was relaxed slightly in 2003. This data report focuses on the measurements of total carbon dioxide (TCO~2~), total alkalinity (TALK), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11 and CFC-12), carbon-14 (^14^C), nitrate (NO~3~), nitrite (NO~2~), phosphate (PO~4~), silicate (SiO~4~), salinity, and dissolved oxygen (O~2~). The methodology, instrumentation, and standardization of these parameters have improved significantly during the WOCE/JGOFS era. Notable developments include the release of manuals detailing the analytical methods and operating protocols (DOE 1994, PICES 2007). Certified reference materials (CRMs) are now available for TCO~2~ and TALK, analyses for which are run interspersed with samples to determine calibration offsets. For this cruise, the TALK and TCO~2~ values were adjusted to account for the small difference between the CRMs run at sea and the certified value determined at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). The TCO~2~ coulometers were calibrated daily by injecting aliquots of pure CO~2~ (99.995%). The stability of each coulometer cell solution was confirmed with the analyses of several CRMs each day. ![](media/image1.jpeg){width="6.290277777777778in" height="6.426388888888889in"} Fig. 1. Cruise tracks for the Atlantic Ocean sections A20_2003 and A22_2003. Instrumentation has improved in the last decade. Alkalinity measurements can be done with better precision through automation and close checks of the response of electrodes. Burettes are independently calibrated, and the preparation of titrant (hydrochloric acid) has undergone improved quality control and standardization (Millero et al. 1998). The TCO~2~ measurements are done by coulometry, a precise integrative method. During the cruise two single-operator multiparameter metabolic analyzers (SOMMAs) (Johnson et al. 1999) PMEL-1 and PMEL-2 were used for analyses, which facilitated a sample throughput of up to 80 per day. Oxygen measurements were performed by Winkler titrations (Carpenter 1965) with photometric endpoint detection (Friederich, Sherman, and Codispoti 1984). The data underwent careful quality assurance and quality control both during and after the cruise. The precision of the measurements was determined from duplicate sampling and comparison of data from deep water, where little variability is expected. Outliers in the data were flagged based on several methods using prior knowledge of the trends and known relationships between parameters. Depth profiles for each parameter were scrutinized for outliers. When deviations were observed, other parameters were assessed to determine whether they showed deviations as well. This report describes procedures and methods for hydrographic measurement and the analytical procedures, calculations, and assessment of precision for nutrient, oxygen, TCO~2~, TALK, CFCs, ^14^C, and DOC measurements. # 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPEDITION ## 2.1 R/V Knorr: Technical Details and History The R/V Knorr, built in 1969 by the Defoe Shipbuilding Company in Bay City, Michigan, is owned by the U.S. Navy. It was turned over to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in 1971 for operation under a charter agreement with the Office of Naval Research. It was named for E. R. Knorr, a hydrographic engineer and cartographer who in 1860 held the title of Senior Civilian and Chief Engineer Cartographer of the U.S. Navy Office. Its original length and beam were 245 and 46 ft, respectively. Beginning on February 6, 1989, it underwent a major midlife retrofit or "jumbo-izing" at the McDermott Shipyard in Amelia, Louisiana. A midsection was added to the ship to stretch its length by 34 ft, to 279 ft, and fore and aft azimuthing propulsion systems were added to make it one of the most maneuverable and stable ships in the oceanographic fleet. By the time it was returned to WHOI in late 1991, it had undergone retrofitting for 32 months. The WOCE section P6 was the vessel's first post-retrofit scientific cruise. The R/V Knorr was designed for a wide range of oceanographic operations and possesses antiroll tanks and a strengthened bow for duty in icy waters. Like its sister ship, the R/V Melville, it is used for ocean research and routinely carries scientists from many different countries. Table 1 provides a list of technical characteristics of the R/V Knorr. ## 2.2 R/V Knorr A20_2003 and A22_2003 Cruise Information +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ \| Ship name \| *Knorr* \| +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ \| EXPOCODEs \| 316N20030922 and 316N20031023 \| +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ \| CLIVAR section \| A20_2003 and A22_2003 \| +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ \| Ports of call \| Woods Hole, MA→Port of Spain, Trinidad→Woods \| \| \| Hole, MA \| +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ \| Dates \| September 22--October 20, 2003; October \| \| \| 23--November 13, 2003 \| +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ \| Funding support \| NOAA, NSF \| +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ \| Chief scientists \| Dr. John Toole/WHOI \| \| \| \| \| \| Dr. Terrence M. Joyce/WHOI \| +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| *Table 1. Technical characteristics of the research vessel Knorr*** \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Ship name: R/V Knorr \| \| \| \| Call sign: KCEJ \| \| \| \| Basic dimensions: \| \| \| \| Gross registered tonnage 2518 T Displacement 2958 LT \| \| \| \| Overall length 279 ft Beam 46 ft \| \| \| \| Draught (maximum) 16.5 ft Service speed 12 kn \| \| \| \| Maximum speed 14.5 kn Minimum speed 0.1 kn \| \| \| \| Main deck clear length 126 ft \| \| \| \| Personnel: Crew 24 \| \| \| \| Scientists 34 \| \| \| \| Main engine: 4 × Mak6M 322 = 4 × 1000 kW at 750 rpm \| \| \| \| Propulsion: Twin lips diesel-electric, azimuthing stern thrusters, \| \| 1500 SHP \| \| \| \| Bow thruster: Lips retractable azimuthing 900 SHP \| \| \| \| Fuel capacity: 160,500 gal \| \| \| \| Maximum cruise duration: 60 days (12,000 nm) \| \| \| \| Nautical equipment: Integrated navigation system \| \| \| \| Potable water generator \| \| \| \| 2 instrument hangars \| \| \| \| Winches: 1 heavy-duty trawl with 30,000 ft of ½-in. wire \| \| \| \| 2 hydrographic, both with 30,000 ft of hydrowire \| \| \| \| Hydraulic cranes on the starboard side aft and midships \| \| \| \| Scientific storage space of 1,320 ft^2^ \| \| \| \| Portable van space \| \| \| \| Machine shop \| \| \| \| Fume hoods \| \| \| \| Uninterruptible power supply \| \| \| \| Air conditioning \| \| \| \| Library/lounge \| \| \| \| 3680 ft^2^ of laboratory space for multidisciplinary research \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ## 2.3 Parameters Measured, Participating Institutions, and Responsible Investigators Table 2 shows the parameters that were measured on the cruise of R/V Knorr as part of the CLIVAR Carbon Dioxide and Repeat Hydrography section project sponsored by NOAA and NSF. Table 2. Parameters measured listed with responsible investigator and associated institution ---------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------ Parameter Institution Responsible Investigator Conductivity, Scripps Institution of F. Delahoyd temperature, and depth Oceanography (SIO) Acoustic and lowered University of Hawaii E. Firing/J. acoustic Doppler Hummon current profile Salinity SIO J. Swift Nutrients SIO J. Swift Dissolved oxygen SIO J. Swift Chlorofluorocarbons Lamont-Doherty Earth W. Smethie/R. Fine Observatory /University of Miami Tritium, helium Woods Hole Oceanographic W. Jenkins Institution (WHOI) Total carbon dioxide Pacific Marine Environmental R. Feely/C. Sabine Laboratory (PMEL) Total alkalinity University of Miami/SIO F. Millero /A. Dickson Dissolved organic University of California at C. Carlson carbon Santa Barbara (UCSB) Total dissolved University of California at C. Carlson nitrogen Santa Barbara (UCSB) Chromophoric dissolved University of California at N. Nelson organic matter Santa Barbara (UCSB) ^13^C University of Washington P. Quay ^14^C WHOI/Princeton University A. McNichol/R. Key ---------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------ # 3. DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES AND METHODS ## 3.1 Hydrographic Measurements Samples for CFCs, helium isotopes (^3^He), oxygen (O~2~), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFCs), TCO~2~, TALK, radiocarbon (Δ^14^C), tritium, DOC, chromophoric dissolved organic matter, TDN, salinity, and nutrients were drawn in this sequence from a conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sampling package containing thirty-six 12-L Bullister bottles. A detailed description of methods for the CTD data, lowered acoustic Doppler current profile data, and bio-optical data are given in the cruise reports at <http://whpo.ucsd.edu/data_access?ExpoCode=316N200309> for the section A20_2003 and <http://whpo.ucsd.edu/data_access?ExpoCode=316N200310> for the section A22_2003. In all, 2,530 bottle salinity samples were taken during the cruise along A20 section and 2,493 samples measured along section A22. Samples were drawn from the 12-L Bullister bottles into 250-mL Kimax borosilicate bottles. The bottles were rinsed at least three times before being filled to approximately 220 mL. A plastic insert and Nalgene cap were used to seal the sample in the bottle. At the conclusion of sampling, the time was noted and samples were placed into the salinometer lab so they could equilibrate to room temperature. Samples were analyzed after a period of at least 10 h and typically not more than 24 h from the time of sampling. Two Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometers (S/N 57-263 and 57-266) were used on section A20, and a single Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometer (S/N 48-266) was used on section A22. They were located in the forward analytical lab and were used for measuring salinity on all stations. The salinometers were modified by SIO Oceanographic Data Facility (ODF) to contain an interface for computer-aided measurement. The water bath temperatures were set and maintained at a value near the laboratory air temperature 24°C for the entire leg. For more information on salinity measurements, see the A20_2003 and A22_2003 cruise reports. Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an ODF-designed automated oxygen titrator using photometric end-point detection based on the absorption of 365-nm wavelength ultra-violet light. The titration of the samples and the data logging were controlled by PC software. Thiosulfate was dispensed by a Dosimat 665 buret driver fitted with a 1.0-mL buret. ODF used a whole-bottle modified-Winkler titration following the technique of Carpenter (1965) with modifications by Culberson et al. (1991), but with higher concentrations of potassium iodate standard (\~0.012N) and thiosulfate solution (\~65 gm/l). Samples were collected soon after the rosette was brought on board using a Tygon and silicone drawing tube. Nominal 125-mL volume-calibrated iodine flasks were rinsed three times with minimal agitation, then filled and allowed to overflow for at least three flask volumes. The sample draw temperature was measured with a small platinum resistance thermometer embedded in the drawing tube. Reagents were added to fix the oxygen before stoppering. The flasks were shaken twice (10--12 inversions) to ensure thorough dispersion of the precipitate, once immediately after drawing, and then again after about 20 min. The samples were analyzed within 1--6 h of collection, then the data were incorporated into the cruise database. A total of 2,503 oxygen measurements were made during section A20 and 2487 oxygen measurements were made during section A22. For more information on salinity measurements, see the A20_2003 and A22_2003 cruise reports. Nutrient analyses (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) were performed on an ODF-modified 4-channel Technicon AutoAnalyzer II, generally within 1 h after sample collection. Occasionally, samples were refrigerated up to 4 h at \~4°C. All samples were brought to room temperature prior to analysis. The methods used are described by Gordon et al. (1992). The analog outputs from each of the four colorimeter channels were digitized and logged automatically by computer (PC) at 2-s intervals. Silicate was analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al. (1967). An acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to a seawater sample to produce silicomolybdic acid, which was then reduced to silicomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of stannous chloride. Tartaric acid was also added to impede phosphate (PO~4~) color development. The sample was passed through a 15-mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 660 nm. A modification of the Armstrong et al. (1967) procedure was used for the analysis of nitrate and nitrite. For the nitrate analysis, the seawater sample was passed through a cadmium reduction column where nitrate was quantitatively reduced to nitrite. Sulfanilamide was introduced to the sample stream followed by N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, which coupled to form a red azo dye. The stream was then passed through a 15-mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 540 nm. The same technique was employed for nitrite analysis, except the cadmium column was bypassed, and a 50-mm flowcell was used for measurement. Phosphate was analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt and Wilhelms (1967) technique. An acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to the sample to produce phosphomolybdic acid and was then reduced to phosphomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of dihydrazine sulfate. The reaction product was heated to \~55°C to enhance color development, then passed through a 50-mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 820 nm. In all, 2,540 nutrient samples were analyzed along section A20 and 2,497 nutrient samples were analyzed during section A22. For more information on salinity measurements, see the A20_2003 and A22_2003 cruise reports. ## 3.2 Total CO~2~ Measurements The total carbon dioxide (TCO~2~) or dissolved inorganic carbon analytical equipment was set up in a seagoing container modified for use as a shipboard laboratory. The analysis was done by coulometry with two analytical systems (PMEL-1 and PMEL-2) used simultaneously on the cruise. Each system consisted of a coulometer (UIC, Inc.) coupled with a SOMMA inlet system developed by Ken Johnson (Johnson et al. 1985, 1987, 1993; Johnson 1992) of Brookhaven National Laboratory. In the coulometric analysis of TCO~2~, all carbonate species are converted to CO~2~ gas by addition of excess hydrogen to the seawater sample, and the evolved CO~2~ gas is carried into the titration cell of the coulometer, where it reacts quantitatively with a proprietary reagent based on ethanolamine to generate hydrogen ions. These are subsequently titrated with coulometrically generated OH^-^. CO~2~ was measured by integrating the total change required to achieve this. The coulometers were each calibrated by injecting aliquots of pure CO~2~ (99.995%) by means of an 8-port valve outfitted with two sample loops. The instruments were calibrated at the beginning and end of each station with a set of the gas loop injections. Secondary standards were run throughout the cruise on each analytical system. These CRMs of seawater are poisoned and filtered and ultra-violet-irradiated. The CRMs, supplied by Dr. A. Dickson of SIO, have been certified in SIO's shore-based facility to have a known concentration of TCO~2~. Although there were numerous small equipment problems during the first third of the cruise on section A20, the overall accuracy and precision of the at-sea analyses of the CRMs on both instruments for this section was 1±1.7 µmol/kg (n=88) for both systems combined and --0.05±1.01 µmol/kg (n=77) for both systems on section A22. TCO~2~ data reported to the database have been recalculated using the bottle salinities, and, although insignificant for this cruise, corrected to the Batch 61 CRM value on a per-instrument basis. Samples were drawn from the Niskin-type bottles into cleaned, precombusted 500-mL Pyrex bottles using Tygon tubing. Bottles were rinsed once and filled from the bottom, overflowing half a volume, and care was taken not to entrain any bubbles. The tube was pinched off and withdrawn, creating a 5-mL headspace, and 0.2 mL of saturated HgCl~2~ solution was added as a preservative. The sample bottles were sealed with glass stoppers lightly covered with Apiezon-L grease and were stored at room temperature for a maximum of 12 h prior to analysis. In all, 1,640 samples were analyzed for TCO~2~ during section A20 and 1,600 samples were analyzed during section A22: full profiles were completed on the even-numbered stations, with replicate samples taken from the surface, oxygen minimum, and bottom Niskin-type bottles. At a minimum, replicate surface samples were taken at every odd-numbered station, and when time permitted, additional depths were sampled. Approximately 120 replicates were collected in total. The replicate samples were run at different times during the station analysis for quality assurance of the integrity of the coulometer cell solutions. No systematic differences between the replicates were observed and the standard deviation of the differences was \~ 1.2 µmol/kg on both systems during sections A20 and A22. ## 3.3 Total Alkalinity Measurements ### 3.3.1 Section A20_2003 Method Dr. Andrew Dickson's group (SIO) was responsible for the TALK measurements during section A22_2003. Samples for TALK were collected in glass bottles made from Schott Duran^®^ glass. They were preserved by the addition of 0.02% by volume of a saturated mercury (II) chloride solution (DOE 1994 -- SOP 01), and analyzed---typically within 24 h---on board ship. TALK measurements were made using an open-cell, two-stage, potentiometric titration procedure similar to that used to certify reference materials for TALK (see Dickson et al. 2003), except that samples were not weighed into the titration vessel but instead were dispensed using a 120-mL glass syringe. A metal frame attached to the syringe barrel and plunger controlled the maximum extent the plunger could be withdrawn in the barrel. This ensured that a reproducible amount of seawater was dispensed. The analytical procedure was as follows: 1. An aliquot of seawater was dispensed into the titration vessel (a jacketed glass beaker with its temperature controlled to ±0.02 °C at about 20.0 °C), a stirrer bar added, and the temperature probe and burette tip inserted in the solution. 2. The solution was then acidified to a pH of about 3.6 with a single aliquot of the titration acid and stirred vigorously while CO~2~-free air was bubbled through for about 6 min to remove CO~2~. 3. The main titration was then started and the solution was titrated using 0.05-mL increments to a pH of about 3.0. Data from the pH range 3.5--3.0 were used in a non-linear least squares process that corrects for the reactions with sulfate and fluoride ions to estimate the TALK of the sample---see Dickson et al. (2003) for more details. The equipment used for this is listed in Table 3. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 3. List of equipment used for alkalinity titrations for A20_2003 cruise 120-cm^3^ glass syringe with custom frame to ensure reproducible dispensing 250-cm^3^ capacity glass jacketed beaker Thermostat bath (Fisher model 9110) Magnetic stirrer and stir bar Calibrated thermometer ± 0.01 °C for cell temperature (Guildline model 9540) Digital voltmeter (Kethley model 199) Custom high-impedance voltage-follower amplifier Ross-Orion combination pH electrode (model 1802) Calibrated thermometer ± 0.1 °C for acid temperature (YSI model 4600) Metrohm Dosimat^®^ model 665 burette with calibrated 5 mL exchangeable burette unit and anti-diffusion tip ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The hydrochloric acid used for the titration was made up in bulk and then stored in 1-L Pyrex bottles with greased ground-glass stoppers. The acid strength was approximately 0.100 mol/kg. The acid was made up in a 0.6 mol/kg sodium chloride background so as to approximate the ionic strength of seawater. Selected bottles of the acid were then analyzed coulometrically (Dickson et al. 2003) to assign a concentration to the batch. Quality Control and Calibration of Reported Results The at-sea repeatability of the method was estimated by analyzing duplicate samples, collected on each cast. These results were used to estimate a standard deviation using the standard expression (DOE 1994 -- SOP 23). The repeatability was 1.06 μmol/kg based on 89 pairs of analyses. In addition, analyses were made of the alkalinity of CO~2~ reference material. These analyses were carried out regularly throughout the cruise, typically a pair of analyses every 12 h. The results are shown in Fig. 2. ![](media/image2.jpeg){width="5.999305555555556in" height="4.215972222222222in"} > Fig. 2. Plot of the deviations of analyses of reference > materials (Batch 60 and Batch 61) from the certified values (∆ = > measured value -- certified value). Values depicted by open circles > are considered "outliers." An examination of Fig. 2 suggests that there was a change in the system calibration at around the 100th reference material measurement (October 7, 2003). It seems from a review of contemporaneous notes that the syringe that was being used to dispense the seawater samples for analysis was changed on that date. It also appears that there may be an error in calibrating the volume dispensed from the syringe (or perhaps in the acid concentration value). It thus seemed appropriate to treat the data in Fig. 2 as comprising two groups: stations 1--37 and 38--88 (i.e., before and after the syringe change): Δ~1--37~ = 3.92 ± 1.23 μmol/kg (86); Δ~38--88~ = 1.44 ± 0.74 μmol/kg (66). A decision was thus made to also treat the cruise data as being in the same two groups, and to calibrate the reported data by adjusting the measured results so as to correct these CRM results to a ∆ of zero. The adjustment chosen was multiplicative (as would be expected if the deviation was indeed due to a poorly calibrated dispensing system). The reported data for stations 1--37 have thus been multiplied by a calibration factor of 0.99822, and those for stations 38--88 by a factor of 0.99935. Finally, the adjusted alkalinity data results were multiplied by a factor of 1.0002 to correct for the dilution inherent in adding mercuric chloride to the sample to preserve it for analysis. Once the at-sea alkalinity measurements had been adjusted in this fashion, they were salinity normalized to a salinity of 35 and the resulting values plotted in Ocean Data View to help identify any questionable data. As a result of this analysis, 16 points were identified as either questionable or bad, and flagged accordingly. ### 3.3.2 Section A22_2003 Dr. Frank Millero's group of Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami, was responsible for the TALK measurements during section A22_2003. The titration systems (Fig. 3) used to determine TALK, TCO~2~, and pH consisted of a Metrohm 665 Dosimat titrator and an Orion 720A pH meter that is controlled by a personal computer (Millero et al. 1993b). Both the acid titrant in a water jacketed burette and the seawater sample in a water jacketed cell were controlled to a constant temperature of 25 ± 0.1°C with a Neslab constant temperature bath. The Plexiglas water jacketed cell used is shown in Fig. 3. These cells had fill-and-drain valves that increased the reproducibility of the cell volume. The TALK system consisted in a manifold which allows the automated measurement of eight samples. A set of pumps, valves and relays are used to rinse, fill and drain the TALK cell (Fig. 3). The titration is controlled programmatically using National Instrument's Labwindows/CVI environment. The titration is made by adding HCl to seawater past the carbonic acid end point. A typical titration records the electro-magnetic fields (emf) reading after the readings become stable (± 0.05 mV) and adds enough acid to change the voltage to a pre-assigned increment (10 mV). In contrast to the delivery of a fixed volume increment of acid, this method gives more data points in the range of rapid increase in the emf near the endpoint. A full titration (25 points) takes about 20 min. Using two automated systems a 32-bottle station cast can be completed in 8 h. The electrodes used to measure the emf of the sample during a titration consisted of a ROSS 8101 glass pH electrode and an Orion 90-02 double junction Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The HCl used throughout the cruise were made, standardized, and stored in 500 cm3 glass bottles in the laboratory for use at sea. The 0.23202 M HCl solutions were made from 1 M Mallinckrodt standard solutions in 0.45 M NaCl to yield an ionic strength equivalent to that of average seawater (0.7 M). The acid was standardized using a coulometric technique by our group and Dickson (Taylor and Smith, 1959; Marinenko and Taylor, 1968). Both results agree to 0.0001 M. The volumes of the cells used at sea were determined in the laboratory by assuming a volume of 200cm^3^, then running many measurements of seawater with a known TALK. Once the TALK values agree to ± 1 mol/kg, the known TALK of the sample is used to back-calculate the volume of the cell. The volume is reproducible to ± 0.01 cm^3^. Measurements of the TALK of CRM throughout the cruise are used to confirm the volume on each cell. The volume of HCl delivered to the cell is traditionally assumed to have small uncertainties (Dickson 1981) and equated to the digital output of the titrator. Calibration of the burette of the Dosimat with Milli-Q water at 25°C indicate that the system delivers 3.000 cm3 (the value for a titration of seawater) to a precision of ± 0.0004 cm3. This uncertainty results in an error of ± 0.4 μmol/kg in TALK and TCO2. The accuracy of the volume of acid delivered by the Dosimat, however, is ten times bigger than the precision. Since the titration systems are calibrated using standard solutions, this error in the accuracy of volume delivery will be partially canceled and included in the value of cell volumes assigned. The TALK of seawater was evaluated from the proton balance at the alkalinity equivalence point, pHequiv = 4.5, according to the exact definition of TALK (Dickson 1981) TALK = \[HCO3-\] + 2\[CO32-\] + \[B(OH)4-\] + \[OH-\] + \[HPO42-\] + 2\[PO43-\] \+ \[SiO(OH)3-\] - \[H+\] - \[HSO4-\] - \[HF\] - \[H3PO4\] (1) At any point of the titration, the TALK of seawater can be calculated from the equation (V~0~ TA - VN)/(V~0~ + V) = \[HCO3-\] + 2\[CO32-\] + \[B(OH)4-\] + \[OH-\] \+ \[HPO42-\] + 2\[PO43-\] + \[SiO(OH)3-\] - \[H+\] - \[HSO4-\] - \[HF\] - \[H3PO4\] (2) where V~0~ is the volume of the cell, N is the normality of the acid titrant, and V is the volume of acid added. In the calculation all the volumes are converted to mass using the known densities of the solutions. A computer program has been developed in Labwindows/CVI to calculate the carbonate parameters (pHsw, E\, TALK, TCO~2~, and pK1) in seawater solutions. The program is patterned after those developed by Dickson (1981), Johansson and Wedborg (1982) and DOE 1994. The fitting is performed using the STEPIT routine (J.P. Chandler, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074). The STEPIT software package minimizes the sum of squares of residuals by adjusting the parameters E\, TALK, TCO2 and pK1. The computer program is based on equation (2) and assumes that nutrients such as phosphate, silicate and ammonia are negligible. This assumption is valid only for surface waters. Neglecting the concentration of nutrients in the seawater sample does not affect the accuracy of TALK, but does affect the carbonate alkalinity. ![](media/image3.jpeg){width="5.749305555555556in" height="3.5in"} Fig. 3. Auto-titration system used during the section A22_2003 cruise. The pH and pK of the acids used in the program are on the seawater scale, \[H+\]sw = \[H+\] + \[HSO4-\] + \[HF\] (Dickson, 1984). The dissociation constants used in the program were taken from Dickson and Millero (1987) for carbonic acid, from Dickson (1990a) for boric acid, from Dickson and Riley (1979) for HF, from Dickson (1990b) for HSO4- and from Millero (1995) for water. The program requires as input the concentration of acid, volume of the cell, salinity, temperature, measured emf (E) and volume of HCl (VHCl). To obtain a reliable TALK from a full titration at least 25 data points should be collected (9 data points between pH 3.0 to 4.5). The precision of the fit is better than 0.4 μmol/kg when pK1 is allowed to vary and 1.5 μmol/kg when pK1 is fixed. The titration program has been compared to the titration programs used by others (Johansson and Wedborg 1982, Bradshaw and Brewer 1988) and the values of TALK agree to within ± 1 μmol/kg. ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="4.147222222222222in" height="4.368055555555555in"} Fig. 4. Titration cell diagram. The spectroscopic pH and potentiometric TALK of CRM used during the cruise have been measured in the laboratory before the cruise to characterize the pH of the standard and ensure the titration systems were performing to the desired precision. During the cruise, titrations on CRM were made to ensure that the two titration systems were giving consistent values. The values of pH, TCO~2~, and TALK for CRM No. 61 are summarized in Table 4. The precision of the measurements was ± 3.6 µmol/kg for TALK, ± 3.4 µmol/kg for TCO~2~, and ± 0.009 for pH. The average values agreed to the certified values to ± 1.8 µmol/kg in TALK, ± 4.7 µmol/kg in TCO~2~, and ± 0.009 for pH. The deviations in TALK, TCO~2~ and pH for all the CRMs are shown in Figs. 5--7. The deviations are within 2σ for most of the measurements. Since the average offset between the TALK measurements of CRM agreed within experimental error, no corrections were made in our field measurements of TALK. A small correction factor was made for TCO~2~ (a factor of 0.9951 was multiplied to System 2) and pH (a factor of 0.004 was added to System 1 and 0.015 to System 2) to the values for each titration system. The TCO~2~ measurements made on the titrations system have been compared to the values measured with the SOMMA system on the same samples. These results are shown in Fig. 8. The average differences of the adjusted values of the titration TCO~2~ on all the measurements made on the cruise agree with the SOMMA values to ± 3.0 µmol/kg, which is within the precision of the measurements. These comparisons indicate that the titration values of TCO~2~ from the alkalinity systems can yield reasonable values if the system is calibrated with CRM in agreement with earlier studies (Millero et al. 1993b). Note: the TCO~2~ and pH values that have been measured on the alkalinity system are not present in the dataset for section A22_2003. ----------------- ------------ --------------- -------------- ----------- Table 4. Summary of certified reference material measurements TA TCO~2~ pH @ Total µmol/kg µmol/kg 25^o^C runs Leg 1 System 1 2203.4 ± 2.8 1999.4 ± 3.5 7.887 ± 0.008 43 System 2 2204.2 ± 4.4 2008.1 ± 3.4 7.876 ± 0.010 47 Combined 2203.8 ± 3.6 2003.9 ± 3.4 7.881 ± 0.009 90 Certified Values CRM Batch 61 2202.04 1998.2 7.891 ----------------- ------------ --------------- -------------- ----------- ![](media/image5.wmf) Fig. 5. Deviation between the TALK and CRM for both systems. ![](media/image6.wmf) Fig. 6. Deviation between the TCO~2~ and CRM for both systems. ![](media/image7.wmf) Fig. 7. Deviation between the pH and CRM for both systems. ![](media/image8.wmf) Fig. 8. Difference between the TCO~2~ of the SOMMA and TALK system results. The precision of the instruments was also tested by making duplicate measurements of samples throughout the cruise. These duplicates were taken from the same niskin bottle, equilibrated for an equal amount of time, and then measured on the same instrument. A total of 117 duplicate samples was made, and the results showed that the average delta was 0.2 ± 1.8 mol/kg for TALK, 0.2 ± 1.3 mol/kg for TCO~2~, and 0.000 ± 0.003 for pH. Table 5 and Figs. 9--11 summarize these results. +-----------+--------------+----------------+------------+------------+ \| Table \| \| \| \| \| \| 5. \| \| \| \| \| \| Summary \| \| \| \| \| \| of \| \| \| \| \| \| duplicate \| \| \| \| \| \| measu \| \| \| \| \| \| rements \| \| \| \| \| +-----------+--------------+----------------+------------+------------+ \| \| TALK \| TCO~2~ \| pH \| Total \| \| \| µmol/kg \| \| \| runs \| \| \| \| µmol/kg \| \| \| +-----------+--------------+----------------+------------+------------+ \| System 1 \| 0.0 ± 1.1 \| 0.3 ± 1.5 \| 0.000 ± \| 62 \| \| \| \| \| 0.003 \| \| +-----------+--------------+----------------+------------+------------+ \| System 2 \| 0.5 ± 2.6 \| 0.1 ± 1.1 \| 0.000 ± \| 55 \| \| \| \| \| 0.003 \| \| +-----------+--------------+----------------+------------+------------+ \| Combined \| 0.2 ± 1.8 \| 0.2 ± 1.3 \| 0.000 ± \| 117 \| \| \| \| \| 0.003 \| \| +-----------+--------------+----------------+------------+------------+ ![](media/image9.wmf) Fig. 9. Deviation of TALK on duplicate samples. ![](media/image10.wmf) Fig. 10. Deviation of TCO~2~ on duplicate samples. ![](media/image11.wmf) Fig. 11. Deviation of pH on duplicate samples. The carbonate system is characterized by four parameters: TALK, TCO~2~, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO~2~), and pH. Knowing two of these parameters, one can calculate the other two. If more than two parameters are known, a comparison of calculated and measured values will tell if the measured value is internally consistent with the two used in the calculation. We have examined the internal consistency of pH and TALK measurements and the SOMMA values of TCO~2~. The "CO~2~sys.bas" basic program used to make these calculations was written by Lewis and Wallace (1998) and modified by Denis Pierrot to run in Excel. We used the carbonic acid constants of Mehrbach (1973) and refit by Dickson and Millero (1987) for all calculations, as well as the constant of Dickson (1990b) for bisulfate all on the seawater pH scale. We examined an input of pH and TALK to calculate TCO~2~, pH and TCO~2~ to calculate TALK, and TALK and TCO~2~ to calculate pH. The results of these calculations are summarized in Table 6 and the deviations are shown in Figs. 12--14. -------------- ---------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------- Table 6. Summary of internal consistency deviations Input pH and TALK and pH and SOMMA - TCO~2~ TCO~2~ TALK Titrator Output ∆ TALK ∆ pH ∆ TCO~2~ ∆ TCO~2~ 1.1 ± 3.9 0.002 ± 0.008 1.1 ± 3.7 2.6 ± 3.0 Runs 1375 1375 1375 1394 -------------- ---------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------- ![](media/image12.wmf) Fig. 12. Difference in calculated and measured TALK using an input of pH and TCO~2~. ![](media/image13.wmf) Fig. 13. Difference in calculated and measured TCO~2~ using an input of TALK and pH. ![](media/image14.wmf) Fig. 14. Difference in calculated and measured pH using an input of TALK and TCO~2~. Once the data have been proven accurate and precise, as well as internally consistent, a comparison of the 1997 and 2003 cruises were made. In looking at the changes in the carbonate system of the ocean, the surface measurements are of the greatest concern. These values change much more than do the deep water values. The following figures are a comparison between the 1997 and 2003 cruises along section A22 showing a variety of measurements versus latitude. Fig. 15 details the salinity measurements that were obtained from the ship's CTD measurements. The overall trend of salinity seems to remain fairly consistent. Fig. 16 shows the values for temperature, which were also obtained from the ship's CTD measurements. The overall trend for the temperature is slightly askew because the 1997 cruise took place in late summer and the 2003 cruise took place in the fall. Fig. 17 compares the normalized TALK of the two cruises (normalized TALK meaning corrected to a salinity of 35, or NTA = TA × 35/S, see Millero 1996). The overall trend of NTA remains fairly consistent between the two cruises. Fig. 18 shows the normalized TCO~2~ (normalized meaning corrected to a salinity of 35, or NTCO~2~ = TCO~2~ × 35/S, see Millero 1996). The trend has remained consistent, but the concentration of TCO~2~ has increased due to the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from industrialized countries. This effect is more predominant in colder or northern waters as these waters are able to hold more dissolved gases. Figures 19 and 20 show the in situ pH and in situ pCO~2~ of the two cruises, respectively. These values were calculated from the temperatures and pressures at which the samples were taken, with pCO~2~ being calculated from the TALK and TCO~2~. The figures are basically inverses of one another, because carbon dioxide acts as a weak acid; therefore, as the concentration of pCO~2~ increases, the pH decreases and vice versa. ![](media/image15.wmf) Fig. 15. Surface measurements of salinity versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises. ![](media/image16.wmf) Fig. 16. Surface measurements of temperature versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises. ![](media/image17.wmf) Fig. 17. Surface measurements of NTA versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises. ![](media/image18.wmf) Fig. 18. Surface measurements of NTCO~2~ versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises. ![](media/image19.wmf) Fig. 19. Surface measurements of in situ pH versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises. ![](media/image20.wmf) Fig. 20. Surface measurements of in situ pCO~2~ versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises. After reviewing the accuracy, precision and internal consistency of the data, we feel very confident in the level of quality of these data. In comparison with the 1997 cruise, it is very clear that the anthropogenic output of CO~2~ has been increasing in the atmosphere, and in turn, has increased the concentration of TCO~2~ and pCO~2~ in the surface of the ocean. This effect is more pronounced in northern latitudes where there is colder water, but the increase is also noticeable in the equatorial regions. The increase in CO~2~ has caused a slight decrease in the pH, because CO~2~ acts as a weak acid, effectively lowering the pH. However, there were no significant findings in increase or decrease of the TALK. Such changes in the oceans need to be constantly monitored to better understand and predict what may happen due to human activity on earth. ## 3.4 Dissolved Organic Carbon Measurements All samples were collected directly from the Niskin Bottles. Because particulate organic carbon concentrations in the surface waters can be elevated all samples collected from the upper 500 m were filtered. Water was filtered through a combusted GF/F housed in an acid washed polycarbonate filter cartridge attached directly the Niskin bottle spigot. All samples were collected directly into an acid washed and Nanopure flushed high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles (60ml). Samples were immediately placed upright in a -20°C freezer and samples were shipped to shore laboratory packed in dry ice. All samples were kept frozen at -20°C in an organic (volatile) free environment. All DOC samples were analyzed via high temperature combustion using Shimadzu TOC-V in shore based laboratory at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The operating conditions of the Shimadzu TOC-V were slightly modified from the manufacturer's model system. The condensation coil was removed and the head space of an internal water trap was reduced to minimize the system's dead space. The combustion tube contained 0.5 cm Pt pillows placed on top of Pt alumina beads to improve peak shape and to reduce alteration of combustion matrix throughout the run. CO~2~ free carrier gas was produced with a Whatman® gas generator (Carlson et al. 2004). Samples were drawn into 5 mL injection syringe and acidified with 2M HCl (1.5%) and spared for 1.5 min with CO~2~ free gas. Three to five replicate 100 µL of sample were injected into combustion tube heated to 680° C. The resulting gas stream was passed though a several water and halide traps, the CO~2~ in the carrier gas was analyzed with a non-dispersive infrared detector and the resulting peak area was integrated with Shimadzu chromatographic software. Injections continued until the at least three injection meet the system specified range of a SD of 0.1 area counts, CV ≤2% or best 3 of 5 injections. Extensive conditioning of the combustion tube with repeated injections of low-carbon water and deep seawater was essential to minimize the machine blanks. After conditioning, the system blank was assessed with ultra-violet oxidized low carbon water. The system response was standardized with a four-point calibration curve of potassium hydrogen phthalate solution in low-carbon water. All samples were systematically referenced against low-carbon water, deep Sargasso Sea reference waters (2600 m) and surface Sargasso Sea water every 6--8 analyses (Hansell and Carlson 1998). The standard deviation of the deep and surface references analyzed throughout a run generally have a coefficient of variation ranging between 1--3% over the 3--7 independent analyses (number of references depends on size of the run) (see Hansell 2005). Daily reference waters were calibrated with DOC CRM provided by D. Hansell (University of Miami). The UCSB DOC laboratory exchanges references and samples with the Hansell DOC laboratory to ensure similar performance of DOC systems and comparability of data. DOC calculation: µMC = (average sample area -- average machine blank area) / (slope of std curve) ## 3.5 Total Dissolved Nitrogen Measurements Total dissolved nitrogen samples were analyzed via high temperature combustion using a Shimadzu TOC-V with attached Shimadzu TNM1 unit at an in-shore based laboratory at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The operating conditions of the Shimadzu TOC-V were slightly modified from the manufacturer's model system. The condensation coil was removed and the headspace of an internal water trap was reduced to minimize the system's dead space. The combustion tube contained 0.5 cm Pt pillows placed on top of Pt alumina beads to improve peak shape and to reduce alteration of combustion matrix throughout the run. Carrier gas was produced with a Whatman® gas generator (Carlson et al. 2004) and ozone was generated by the TNM1 unit at 0.5 L/min flow rate. Three to five replicate 100 µL of sample were injected at 130 mL/min flow rate into the combustion tube heated to 680° C, where the total dissolved nitrogen in the sample was converted to nitric oxide (NO). The resulting gas stream was passed through an electronic dehumidifier. The dried NO gas then reacted with ozone producing an excited chemiluminescence NO~2~ species (Walsh 1989) and the fluorescence signal was detected with a Shimadzu TNMI chemiluminescence detector. The resulting peak area was integrated with Shimadzu chromatographic software. Injections continued until at least three injections meet the specified range of a SD of 0.1 area counts, CV ≤2% or best 3 of 5 injections. Extensive conditioning of the combustion tube with repeated injections of low nitrogen water and deep seawater was essential to minimize the machine blanks. After conditioning, the system blank was assessed with ultra-violet oxidized low nitrogen water. The system response was standardized daily with a four-point calibration curve of potassium nitrate solution in blank water. All samples were systematically referenced against low nitrogen water and deep Sargasso Sea reference waters (2600 m) and surface Sargasso Sea water every 6--8 analyses (Hansell and Carlson 1998). Daily reference waters were calibrated with deep CRM provided by D. Hansell (University of Miami; Hansell 2005). Total dissolved nitrogen calculation: µMN = (average sample area -- average machine blank area) / (slope of std curve) ## 3.6 Chlorofluorocarbon Measurements ### 3.6.1 Sample Collection All samples were collected from depth using 10-L Niskin bottles. None of the Niskin bottles used showed a CFC contamination throughout the cruise. All bottles in use remained inside the CTD hanger between casts. Both the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and RSMAS analytical instruments were on board so each group sampled and analyzed every other station. Each system was capable of analyzing CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113. The RSMAS system was also capable of analyzing CCl~4~. CFC sampling was conducted first at each station, according to WOCE protocol. This avoids contamination by air introduced at the top of the Niskin bottle as water was being removed. A water sample was collected directly from the Niskin bottle petcock using a 100 mL ground glass syringe which was fitted with a three-way stopcock that allowed flushing without removing the syringe from the petcock. Syringes were flushed several times and great care was taken to avoid contamination by air bubbles. Two duplicate samples were taken on most stations from random Niskin bottles, one duplicate was for same analytical system analysis, to calculate precision and the other was for cross analytical system comparison. Air samples, pumped into the system using an Air Cadet pump from a Dekoron air intake hose mounted high on the foremast were run when time permitted. ### 3.6.2 RSMAS Equipment and Technique The RSMAS system analyzed 46 complete stations out of 88 for a total of 1357 samples on A20, and 42 complete stations out of 82 for a total of 1298 samples on A22. Halocarbon analyses were performed on a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector. Samples were introduced into the GC-EDC via a purge and dual trap system. The samples were purged with nitrogen and the compounds of interest were trapped on a main Porapack N trap held at \~ -15^o^C with a Vortec Tube cooler. After the sample had been purged and trapped for several minutes at high flow, the gas stream was stripped of any water vapor via a magnesium perchlorate trap prior to transfer to the main trap. The main trap was isolated and heated by direct resistance to 140^o^C. The desorbed contents of the main trap were back-flushed and transferred, with helium gas, over a short period of time, to a small volume focus trap in order to improve chromatographic peak shape. The focus trap was also Porapak N and is held at \~ −15 ^o^C with a Vortec Tube cooler. The focus trap was flash heated by direct resistance to 155 ^o^C to release the compounds of interest onto the analytical pre-column. The pre-column was the first 5 meters of a 60 m Gaspro capillary column with the main column consisting of the remaining 55 meters. The analytical pre-column was held in-line with the main analytical column for the first 2 min of the chromatographic run. After 2 min, all of the compounds of interest were on the main column and the pre-column was switched out of line and back-flushed with a relatively high flow of nitrogen gas. This prevented later eluting compounds from building up on the analytical column, eventually eluting and causing the detector baseline signal to increase. The syringes were stored in a flow-through seawater bath and analyzed within 8--12 h after collection. Bath temperature was recorded every time a sample was analyzed for use in calculating the mass of water analyzed. Every 12 to 18 measurements were followed by a purge blank and a standard. The surface sample was held after the initial measurement and was sent through the process again in order to "restrip" it to determine the efficiency of the purging process. ### 3.6.3 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Equipment and Technique Water was transferred from the syringe into a purge and trap system interfaced to a Hewlett Packard 5890 gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector. The gas chromatography was carried out using a 40 inch x 1/8 inch diameter pre-column of porasil B, a 60 in. × 1/8 in. diameter main column of carbograph-1AC and a 4 in. × 1/8 in. diameter post column of molecular sieve 5A. The molecular sieve 5A column separated CFC-12 from nitrous oxide and was valved out of the gas stream before CFC-11 eluted from the main column. The combination of the pre-column and main column provided excellent separation of CFCs 11, 12, and 113 as well as separation of CFC-113 from methyl iodide. The gas chromatograph was calibrated against a known gas standard and concentrations are reported on the SIO98 scale. The precision of this technique was the larger of 1% or 0.01 pmol/kg. ### 3.6.4 Calibration A gas phase standard, ALM35078, was used for calibration. The concentrations of the CFCs in this standard are reported on the SIO 1998 absolute calibration scale. Multiple calibration curves were run over the course of the cruise on each analytical system. Estimated accuracy is ± 2%. Precision for CFC-12, CFC-11, CFC-113 and CCl~4~ was less than 1%. Estimated limit of detection is 0.010 pM/kg for CFC-12 and CFC-113, and 0.005 pM/kg for CFC-11 and CCl~4~. 3.6.5 Technical Problems In large part, sample collection and measurement were very successful. The integration of the computer software with the GC-EDC system hardware made the procedure almost completely automated. There were no incidents that caused significant instrument down time. 3.6.6 Processing of External Duplicates External duplicates are defined as samples where RSMAS and Lamont both sampled the same station/bottle. The Lamont and Miami systems were compared throughout the A20 and A22 legs by running duplicate samples from stations on both systems. For A20 the agreement between these duplicates was within the measurement error for CFC-11 and CFC-12. For CFC-11 and CFC-12 external duplicates, the CFC values were averaged if both RSMAS and Lamont samples had QB=2. If one of the lab's samples had a questionable (QB=3) or bad (QB=4) quality designation, then the other lab's sample was used for that CFC value for that particular station/bottle. For A22 the Lamont CFC-11 and CFC-12 data were higher than the Miami data and were believed to be in error because the surface waters measured by the Lamont system were consistently supersaturated by about 10% and the Miami data were close to 100% saturation. A correction was applied to the Lamont data to bring it in line with the Miami data. All of the Lamont data for A22 was reduced by 5.5% and a further correction was applied to stations 38-82 to correct for a small leak that apparently developed in the Lamont system for these stations. Comparison of the duplicates run on the Lamont and Miami systems after the corrections yielded an error of the larger of 0.01 pmol kg^-1^ or 1.7 % for CFC-11 and CFC-12 and 0.01 pmol/kg for CFC-113. Following the offset correction made by Lamont on their data, the CFC-11 and CFC-12 external duplicates (with QB=2) were compared to determine whether they were within 5% of each other. If the RSMAS and Lamont values were within 5% of each other, they were averaged. If they were not, then the value that most closely fit with the remainder of the station and surrounding stations was chosen. This was determined by examining plots of CFCs and Pressure. For CFC113, there was a \~10% difference between the RSMAS and Lamont values. The external duplicates were not averaged. The CFC113 sample from the lab that sampled the remainder of the station was used instead. RSMAS sampled CCl~4~. Lamont did not analyze water samples for CCl~4~. ## 3.7 ^14^C and ^13^C Measurements A small number of samples (34 surface and 3 depth profiles) were collected directly from the Niskin bottles for measurement of radiocarbon in dissolved inorganic ^14^C using the procedures described at http://nosams.whoi.edu/clients/submissions_sample_prep.html#dic. Samples were poisoned with mercuric chloride and shipped to National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility (NOSAMS) for analysis. For radiocarbon analyses, the procedures used are described in McNichol et al. (1994), McNichol and Jones in WHP 91-1 (accessible at <http://whpo.ucsd.edu/manuals.htm>), and McNichol et al. 2000, 2001. Briefly, the carbon is first extracted in a sample as CO~2~ and then reduced from a gas to solid carbon. Samples are acidified with phosphoric acid and CO~2~ gas is stripped out with a nitrogen carrier gas. After conversion to CO~2~, samples are reduced to "graphite" on Fe powder with hydrogen gas as the reducing agent. Sample graphite compacted into target cartridges is loaded into a multi-sample wheel mounted in the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) Cs-sputter ion source. The graphite (pure carbon) derived from a sample is compressed by the target press and inserted into the cathode of the AMS ion source where the ratio of ^14^C to ^12^C is measured and compared to that of known standards. Shipboard duplicates, i.e., two separate AMS samples collected from the same water depth but measured separately, continue to show a high level of precision (Elder et al. 1998). Fifteen paired analyses from samples collected along 150°W in the North Pacific demonstrate reproducibility of ± 3.3% for dissolved inorganic ^14^C and ± 0.04% for dissolved inorganic ^13^C, consistent with results we have obtained in the past. This precision is obtained through careful preparation in the laboratory, increased counting statistics on the accelerator, and careful quality screening after analysis. Long-term reproducibility of results over time is demonstrated by periodically re-running entire water profiles from randomly selected stations. ![](media/image21.jpeg){width="6.631944444444445in" height="4.367361111111111in"} Fig. 21. Surface measurements of ^14^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A20). Comparing the surface values obtained in 1997 with those measured here (Figs. 21 and 22 below for ^14^C and Figs. 23 and 24 for ^13^C) shows no obvious patterns of change. There is a hint of an increase near the equator, but the sparse data set makes it challenging to consider this a robust feature. ![](media/image22.jpeg){width="6.122916666666667in" height="4.125694444444444in"} Fig. 22. Surface measurements of ^14^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A22). ![](media/image23.jpeg){width="5.804166666666666in" height="3.904861111111111in"} Fig. 23. Surface measurements of ^13^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A20). ![](media/image24.jpeg){width="6.498611111111111in" height="4.334722222222222in"} Fig. 24. Surface measurements of ^13^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A22). # {#section-1 .unnumbered} # 4. HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATA AND DOCUMENTATION This database (NDP-089) is available free of charge from CDIAC. The complete documentation and data can be obtained from the CDIAC oceanographic web site (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/doc.html), through CDIAC's online ordering system (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/pns/how_order.html) or by contacting CDIAC. The data are also available from CDIAC's anonymous file transfer protocol (FTP) area via the Internet. (Please note that your computer needs to have FTP software loaded on it. It is included in most newer operating systems.) Use the following commands to obtain the database: ftp cdiac.ornl.gov or \>ftp 160.91.18.18 Login: "anonymous" or "ftp" Password: your e-mail address ftp\> cd pub/ndp089/ ftp\> dir ftp\> mget (files) ftp\> quit The full datasets from the cruise, including bottle and CTD data, can be found at the CLIVAR repeat hydrography website: http://ushydro.ucsd.edu/cruise_data_links.html. Contact information: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335 USA Telephone: (865) 574-3645 Telefax: (865) 574-2232 E-mail: cdiac@ornl.gov Internet: <http://cdiac.ornl.gov/> # REFERENCES Armstrong, F.A.J., C.R. Stearns, and J.D.H. Strickland. 1967. "The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer and associated equipment." Deep-Sea Research 14:381--89. Bradshaw, A. L., and P. G. Brewer. 1988. "High-precision measurements of alkalinity and total carbon dioxide in seawater by potentiometric titration-1: Presence of unknown protolyte(s)?" Maine Chemistry 23:69--86. Carlson, C.A., et al. 2004. "Interactions between DOC, microbial processes, and community structure in the mesopelagic zone of the northwestern Sargasso Sea." Limnology and Oceanography 49:1073--1083. Carpenter, J. H. 1965. "The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen method." Limnology and Oceanography 10:141--43. Culberson, C. H., G. Knapp, M. Stalcup, R. T. Williams, and F. Zemlyak. 1991. A Comparison of Methods for the Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater. WHP Office Report, WHPO 91-2. WOCE Hydrographic Program Office, Woods Hole, Mass. Dickson, A. G. 1981. "An exact definition of total alkalinity and a procedure for the estimation of alkalinity and total CO~2~ from titration data." Deep-Sea Research 28:609--23. Dickson, A.G. 1984. "pH scales and proton-transfer reactions in saline media such as seawater," Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, [48]{.underline}, 2299--2308. Dickson, A.G. 1990a. "Thermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in synthetic seawater from 273.15 to 318.15 K." Deep-Sea Research Part A, 37/5:755--66. Dickson, A.G. 1990b. Standard potential of the (AgCl + 1/2 H2= Ag + HCl(aq)) cell and the association of bisulfate ion in synthetic sea water from 273.15 to 318.15 K, J. Chem. Thermody., 22, 113-- 127. Dickson, A.G., and F.J. Millero. 1987. "A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media." Deep-Sea Research Part A, 34/10:1733--43. Dickson, A.G., and J.P. Riley. 1979. "The estimation of acid dissociation constants in seawater media from potentiometric titration with strong base, 1: The ionic product of water-KSUS-w." Marine Chemistry 7/2:89--99. Dickson, A. G., J. D. Afghan, and G. C. Anderson. 2003. Reference materials for oceanic CO~2~ analysis: A method for the certification of total alkalinity. Marine Chemistry 80:185--197. DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 1994. Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Seawater. Version 2.0. ORNL/CDIAC-74. Ed. A. G. Dickson and C. Goyet. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Elder, K. L., A. McNichol, et al. (1998). \"Reproducibility of seawater, inorganic and organic carbon C-14 results at NOSAMS.\" Radiocarbon 40(1): 223--230. Friederich, G. E., P. Sherman, and L. A. Codispoti. 1984. A High-Precision Automated Winkler Titration System Based on a HP-85 Computer, A Simple Colorimeter and an Inexpensive Electromechanical Buret. Bigelow Laboratory Technical Report, 42. Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine. Gordon, L.I., et al. 1992. A suggested protocol for continuous automated analysis of seawater nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and silicic acid) in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study. WOCE Operations Manual, Vol. 3: The Observational Programme, Section 3.2: WOCE Hydrographic Programme, Part 3.1.3: WHP Operations and Methods. WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1; WOCE Report No. 68/91. November 1994, Revision 1, Woods Hole, Mass., USA, 52 pp. Hansell, D.A. and C.A. Carlson, 1998. "Deep ocean gradients in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon." Nature, 395: 263--266. Hansell, D.A. 2005. "Dissolved Organic Carbon Reference Material Program." EOS, 35:318-319. Johansson, O. and Wedborg, M., 1982. "On the evaluation of potentiometric titrations of seawater with hydrochloric acid," Oceanol. Acta, 5, 209--218. Johnson, K. M. 1992. Operator's Manual: Single-Operator Multiparameter Metabolic Analyzer (SOMMA) for Total Carbon Dioxide (CT) with Coulometric Detection. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven, N.Y. Johnson, K. M., A. E. King, and J. M. Sieburth. 1985. "Coulometric TCO~2~ analyses for marine studies: An introduction." Marine Chemistry 16:61--82. Johnson, K. M., et al. 1999. "Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Measurement and internal consistency of underway surface TCO~2~ concentrations." Marine Chemistry 67:123--44. Johnson, K.M., et al. 1987. "Coulometric total carbon analysis for marine studies: Automation and calibration." Marine Chemistry 21:117--33. Johnson, K. M., et al. 1993. "Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Maximizing the performance of an automated gas extraction system and coulometric detector." Marine Chemistry 44:167--87. Lewis, E., and D.W.R. Wallace. 1998. Program developed for CO~2~ system calculations. ORNL/CDIAC-105. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Marinenko, G., and J.K. Taylor. 1968. "Electrochemical equivalents of benzoic and oxalic acid." Analytical Chemistry 40:1645--51. McNichol, A. P., G. A. Jones, et al. (1994). \"The rapid preparation of seawater ΣCO2 for radiocarbon analysis at the National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility.\" Radiocarbon 36(2): 237--246. McNichol, A. P., A. J. T. Jull, et al. (2001). \"Converting AMS data to radiocarbon values: Considerations and conventions.\" Radiocarbon 43(2A): 313--320. McNichol, A. P., R. J. Schneider, et al. (2000). \"Ten years after - The WOCE AMS radiocarbon program.\" Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 172: 479--484. Mehrbach, C., et al. 1973. "Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure." Limnology and Oceanography 18:897--907 Millero, F.J. 1995. "Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans." Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 59 (4): 661--677. Millero, F.J. 1996. Chemical Oceanography. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Millero, F. J., et al. 1998. "Assessment of the quality of the shipboard measurements of total alkalinity on the WOCE Hydrographic Program Indian Ocean CO~2~ survey cruises, 1994--1996." Marine Chemistry 63:9--20. Millero, F.J., et al. 1993a. "The internal consistency of CO~2~ measurements in the equatorial Pacific." Marine Chemistry 44:269--80. Millero, F. J., et al. 1993b. "Titration alkalinity of seawater." Marine Chemistry 44:153--65. PICES. 2007. Dickson, A.G., Sabine, C.L. and Christian, J.R. (Eds.). Guide to best practices for ocean CO~2~ measurements. PICES Special Publication 3, 191 pp. Taylor, J.K., and S.W. Smith. 1959. "Precise coulometric titration of acids and bases." Journal Research of National Bureau of Standards 63:153--59.Walsh, T.W., 1989. "Total dissolved nitrogen in seawater: a new high-temperature combustion method and a comparison with photo-oxidation." Mar. Chem., 26:295--311.	en
converted_docs	132135	Alabama Wing C/Capt. Jonathan Ernest, VERBENA Arkansas Wing C/2dLt. Jessicca Baker Arizona Wing C/2dLt. Laura Beck C/2dLt. Caleb Eaves C/Maj. Davyd Fitzhugh C/2dLt. Christian Harrold C/2dLt. Brian Simpson California Wing C/2d Lt. Kevin Horn, C/Capt. Michael Nash C/Capt. Laura Reichardt C/Capt. Ann Theisen Colorado Wing C/2dLt. Byron Gray Connecticut Wing C/Capt. Joseph Kraynak C/Capt. Ashley La Plante Delaware Wing C/Capt. Karen Chinnery Florida Wing C/Capt. Andrea Batista C/2dLt. Matthew Campbell C/2dLt. Antonio Jurado C/Capt. Matthew Keyes C/2dLt. Hunter Limb C/Capt. Liam Lloyd C/2dLt. Miguel Lockward C/Capt. Kyle Matissek C/Capt. Jenna McCord C/Capt. Tom McMahon C/2dLt. Adam Melendez C/Capt. Alejandro Piferrer C/2dLt. Jean Rios C/Capt. Alex Sage C/Capt. Isaiah Tamblingson Georgia Wing C/Capt. Eric Aulet C/2dLt. Jacob Cole C/Capt. Anthony Davis C/2dLt. Jacob Heard C/Capt. Graham Painter Illinois Wing C/Capt. Erin Dunne C/2dLt. Krystal Freund C/Capt. Brett Krueger C/2dLt. Kenneth Macejak C/2dLt. Gabriel McDowell Iowa Wing C/Capt. Jared Brewer C/Capt. Landon Jones Kansas Wing C/2dLt. Erin Lahan Maine Wing C/Capt. Christopher Slininger Maryland Wing C/2dLt. Laura Boehk Massachusetts Wing C/2dLt. David Balch Michigan Wing C/Capt. Melanie Davis Mississippi Wing C/2dLt. Andrew Howard C/Capt. Sarah Howard C/Capt. Ethan Ingram Missouri Wing C/Capt. Anamaria Gaitan New Hampshire Wing C/Capt. William Smedley New Jersey Wing C/2dLt. Nathan Adamo C/Capt. Leonardo Avila C/Capt. Paul Jennings C/Capt. Adam Kelly C/2dLt. Tristan Kooker C/Capt. Nicholas Longhi C/Capt. Carlos Pineda New Mexico Wing C/2dLt. Samuel Chesebrough C/Capt. Gerald Feltman C/2dLt. Sara Miles C/Capt. Chris Pena New York Wing C/2dLt. Justin Gill, C/Capt. Caleb Irwin C/2dLt. David Teubl North Carolina Wing C/Capt. Kyle Backhus C/2dLt. Glen Edwards C/Capt. B. Evrard C/2dLt. Michael Gallandt C/2dLt. Nicholas Padleckas Ohio Wing C/Col. Duane McKinley C/2dLt. James Norton Oklahoma Wing C/2dLt. Patrick Davis C/2dLt Isaac Leskowat Pennsylvania Wing C/2dLt. Noah Bendele C/Capt. Evan Bernard C/2dLt. Ryan Edwards C/2dLt. George Kinsey C/Capt. Parth Patel Puerto Rico Wing C/Capt. Luis Hernandez C/2dLt Jesus Rivera C/Capt Lizbeth Roman South Carolina Wing C/2dLt. Tanner Bogan C/2dLt. Mary Larrieu South Dakota Wing C/2dLt. Jason Klein Tennessee Wing C/2dLt. Medardo Hernandez C/Capt. Michael Pabon-Vega Texas Wing C/Capt. Nathan Carey C/2dLt. Christa Conroy C/Capt. Tiffany Hamm C/Capt. John LeRoy C/2dLt. Jose Machuca C/2dLt. Matthew Norman C/2dLt. Jonathan Patience Vermont Wing C/2dLt. Ryan Carroll Virginia Wing C/Capt. Lyndy Broomfield C/2dLt. Owen Clark C/2dLt. Allen Ernst C/2dLt. Sean McClain Washington Wing C/2dLt. Jennifer Cains C/2dLt. Samuel Fujinaka West Virginia Wing C/2dLt. Lincoln Sklar Wisconsin Wing C/2dLt. Rebekkah Daniels C/2dLt. Sarah Ross	en
converted_docs	362483	Attachment 2 *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources Program* *Mercury Control Technology R&D Project Fact Sheets* *Prepared by Department of Energy* *Office of Fossil Energy* *and* *National Energy Technology Laboratory* *June 2003* *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Full-Scale Testing of Mercury Control Via Sorbent Injection]{.underline} (DE-FC26-00NT41005) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct full-scale field demonstration testing of sorbent injection technology for the control of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. The full-scale testing will provide design, performance, and cost information which can be used for future full-scale commercial applications of the technology. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is funded by NETL and a partnership team headed by ADA Environmental Solutions. The partnership team includes EPRI, Alabama Power Company, PG&E National Energy Group, and Wisconsin Energy along with several others. - [Background]{.underline} Previous laboratory, bench, and pilot-scale studies have shown that powdered activated carbon (PAC) injection could be an effective technology for the control of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. Full-scale testing of PAC injection is necessary to demonstrate cost and performance for various coal rank and particulate control device combinations. - [Project Description]{.underline} The full-scale demonstration testing is being conducted at the following four power plants: Alabama Power's 270 MW E.C. Gaston Unit 3 which burns low sulfur bituminous coal and uses a hot-side ESP and Compact Hybrid Particulate Collector (COHPAC) fabric filter for particulate control; Wisconsin Energy's 600 MW Pleasant Prairie Unit 2 which burns a Powder River Basin subbituminous coal and uses a cold-side ESP; PG&E NEG's Brayton Point Station which burns low sulfur bituminous coal and uses two cold-side ESPs in-series; and PG&E NEG's Salem Harbor Station which burns low sulfur bituminous coal, uses a cold-side ESP and also a SNCR system for NOx control. The PAC injection system used for the tests consists of a bulk storage silo and dual pneumatic conveying equipment rated at 750 lb/hr. An Apogee Scientific mercury CEM is used for semi-continuous speciated mercury measurements during the testing. The testing at each plant includes parametric tests using several commercially available PAC products at various feed rates and operating conditions followed by a one to two week long-term test with a PAC selected from the parametric testing. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started September 2000 and is to be completed in September 2003. Testing at the four sites was completed as follows: Gaston in April 2001; Pleasant Prairie in November 2001; Brayton Point in August 2002; and Salem Harbor in November 2002. The final project report is scheduled for completion in August 2003. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$6.8 million. (DOE funding \$4,542,563) - [Status]{.underline} The field demonstration testing has been completed at all four sites. - [Results To Date]{.underline} The following is a brief summary of the results from the field tests: - E.C. Gaston: There was no measurable performance difference between the different PACs used during the parametric testing. Norit's Darco FGD activated carbon was used for the nine day long-term testing. Mercury capture averaged from 87 to 90% with a carbon injection rate of 1.5 lbs/MMacf based on three short-term Ontario Hydro test results. However, the long-term mercury CEM data indicated an average capture of 78% that varied from 36% to 90%. Average COHPAC inlet mercury concentration was approx. 11 ug/dncm of which 40% was elemental. The carbon injection significantly increased the required cleaning frequency of the COHPAC baghouse. There was no improvement in mercury capture using the spray cooling system. - Pleasant Prairie: Norit's Darco FGD activated carbon was used during the three 5 day long-term tests at feed rates of 1.6, 3.7, and 11.3 lb./MMacf. Mercury capture averaged approx. 46%, 57%, 73% respectively. Average ESP inlet mercury concentration was approx. 17 ug/dncm of which 85% was elemental. The carbon injection did not deteriorate ESP performance. However, the ESP is relatively large (468 SCA) and additional testing needs to be conducted on units with smaller ESPs. There was no improvement in mercury capture using the spray cooling system. - Brayton Point: The PAC injection was located between the first and second cold-side ESPs. Average mercury concentration at the inlet to the first ESP was approx. 6 ug/dncm of which 85% was particulate-bound. During baseline testing the average mercury removal ranged from 30 to 90% across both ESPs and 0 to 10% across the second ESP. During the parametric testing of Norit's Darco FGD activated carbon at feed rates of 3, 7, 10, 15, and 20 lb./MMacf the mercury capture averaged approx. 25%, 40%, 70%, 75%, and 90% respectively across the second ESP. The carbon injection did not deteriorate ESP performance. However, the second ESP is relatively large (400 SCA) and additional testing needs to be conducted on units with smaller ESPs. - Salem Harbor: Average mercury concentration at the inlet to the ESP was approx. 10 ug/dncm of which 95% was particulate-bound. During baseline testing without PAC injection, average mercury capture was approximately 90%. The high baseline mercury removal is attributed to high levels of unburned carbon (LOI was 25 to 30%) and low flue gas temperature (approx. 270°F). Baseline mercury removal decreased from approx. 90% to 20% while increasing flue gas temperature from 270 to 350°F. The NOx SNCR system had no effect on mercury capture. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Scott Renninger, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} - Bustard, C. Jean; Durham, Michael; Lindsey, Charles; Starns, Travis; Baldrey, Ken; Martin, Cameron; Schlager, Richard; Sjostrom, Sharon; Slye, Rick; Monroe, Larry; Miller, Richard; Chang, Ramsey Full-Scale Evaluation of Mercury Control with Sorbent Injection and COHPAC at Alabama Power E.C. Gaston. Presented at the A&WMA Specialty Conference on Mercury Emissions: Fate, Effects, and Control and the US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Symposium: Mega Symposium, Chicago, IL, August 2001. - Bustard, Jean; Durham, Mike; Starns, Travis; Lindsey, Charles; Martin, Cameron; Schlager, Richard; Baldrey, Ken Full-Scale Evaluation of Sorbent Injection for Mercury Control on Coal-Fired Power Plants. In Proceedings of Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter Conference; Arlington, VA, September 9-12, 2002. - Bustard, C. Jean, et. al.; Results of Activated Carbon Injection Upstream of Electrostatic Precipitators for Mercury Control. Presented at the A&WMA/US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium, Washington, DC, May 19-22, 2003. - Bustard, C. Jean, et. al.; Results of Activated Carbon Injection for Mercury Control Upstream of a COHPAC Fabric Filter. Presented at the A&WMA/US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium, Washington, DC, May 19-22, 2003. > [\ > ]{.underline} [Return to Project Summary Table](#ADA_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [B&W Full-Scale Testing of Enhanced Mercury Control in Wet FGD]{.underline} (DE-FC26-00NT41006) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct full-scale demonstration testing of a proprietary liquid reagent developed by Babcock & Wilcox and McDermott Technology, Inc. (B&W/MTI) to enhance the capture of mercury in coal-fired power plants equipped with wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. Previous pilot plant testing with the reagent resulted in an increase in mercury capture across the FGD system from a baseline of 71% to approximately 85%. The full-scale demonstration testing will provide design and performance information which can be used for future full-scale commercial applications of the technology. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is funded by NETL, the Ohio Coal Development Office, and Babcock & Wilcox. Host sites and associated support is provided by Michigan South Central Power Agency (MSCPA) and Cinergy. - [Background]{.underline} The mercury in coal-fired power plant combustion flue gas exists primarily as either elemental or oxidized mercury species. Previous testing has shown that although elemental mercury is not readily captured, oxidized mercury can be effectively captured in coal-fired power plants equipped with wet FGD systems. However, there is also evidence that a portion of the oxidized mercury is reduced back to elemental mercury within the wet FGD system and discharged out the stack. Therefore, a method to prevent the reduction of oxidized mercury back to elemental mercury would enhance the overall mercury capture across the wet FGD system. Previous B&W/MTI pilot plant testing evaluated a proprietary reagent that, when added to the wet FGD system scrubbing liquor, was able to prevent the reduction of oxidized mercury. This full-scale demonstration project is necessary to evaluate the long term effectiveness of the reagent for cost-effective use in future wet FGD commercial applications. - [Project Description]{.underline} The full-scale demonstration testing is being conducted at two power plants, MSCPA's 60 MW Endicott Station in Litchfield, Michigan and Cinergy's 1300 MW Zimmer Station in Moscow, Ohio. Both plants burn Ohio high sulfur bituminous coal and use cold-side ESPs for particulate control. The Endicott Station utilizes a limestone wet FGD system with in-situ forced oxidation; while the Zimmer Station utilizes a magnesium enhanced lime wet FGD system with ex-situ forced oxidation. The reagent feed equipment consists of a tanker truck for storage and a skid-mounted feed system with two metering pumps and associated controls. The field demonstration at both power plants was to include short-term parametric tests followed by four months of long-term testing. (The actual testing at Zimmer was limited to only two weeks.) - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started September 2000 and was completed in September 2002. Testing at the Endicott Station was completed in October 2001. Testing at the Zimmer Station was completed in November 2001. A final report was issued in August 2002. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$2.0 million. (DOE funding \$1,305,374) - [Status]{.underline} The testing is complete at both power stations. A final report was issued in August 2002. - [Results To Date]{.underline} Test results were mixed and indicate a need for further study and evaluation prior to commercialization of the process. The testing at Endicott was successful since there was no appreciable increase in elemental mercury across the wet FGD system during reagent usage and total mercury removal averaged 77% (including 95% removal of the inlet oxidized mercury) compared to a baseline removal of approximately 60%. However, the testing at Zimmer was not successful since there continued to be an increase in elemental mercury across the wet FGD system during reagent usage and there was no significant effect on total mercury removal which averaged 52% (including 87% removal of the inlet oxidized mercury) compared to a baseline removal of approximately 45%. Possible explanations for the poor results at Zimmer include the much higher sulfite concentration and lower liquid-to-gas ratio in the magnesium enhanced lime wet FGD system which may impede the reagent performance. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Scott Renninger or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html>. - [Publications]{.underline} - Nolan, Paul; et. al. Mercury Emissions Control in Wet FGD Systems. In Proceedings of Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter Conference; Arlington, VA, September 9-12, 2002. [Return to Project Summary Table](#BW_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Pilot Plant Study of Low Temperature Mercury Capture with an ESP]{.underline} (DE-FC26-01NT41181) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct pilot testing at a coal-fired power plant to evaluate the performance of lowering the combustion flue gas temperature in order to enhance overall mercury capture in plants equipped only with existing electrostatic precipitators (ESP). Based on previous laboratory testing 80 to 90% mercury removal was achieved at a temperature of 200 degrees F. The pilot testing will provide engineering design and performance information which can be used for future full-scale commercial applications of the technology. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is being funded by NETL, CONSOL Energy, and Allegheny Energy. Other participants are Alstom Power Inc., Environmental Elements Corp., and Carmeuse North America. - [Background]{.underline} Based on results of the EPA's 1999 mercury data information collection request (ICR) for coal-fired power plants, it was found that existing ESP's are capable of capturing some portion of the mercury in the combustion flue gases. However, the mercury capture efficiency of ESP's varies widely from plant-to-plant and is likely not sufficient to meet future EPA regulatory control requirements. Previous research conducted by CONSOL Energy demonstrated that the fly ash particles in power plant combustion flue gas can absorb a significant portion of the mercury if the gas is cooled below typical exhaust temperatures, e.g., from 300 to 200 degrees F. However, operating at reduced flue gas temperatures also results in the condensation of SO~3~ which can lead to serious equipment and duct corrosion problems downstream of the air preheater. In order to address the corrosion problem, CONSOL Energy has conducted research of an alkaline sorbent injection system to reduce the flue gas SO~3~ concentration by approximately 80% to allow for plant operation at the lower flue gas temperatures. The pilot plant project is necessary to demonstrate the long term effectiveness of this control strategy. - [Project Description]{.underline} The pilot testing is being conducted at Allegheny Energy's 288 MW Mitchell Power Station, Unit No. 3, which burns a medium sulfur, eastern bituminous coal. The pilot plant consists of an air preheater to lower flue gas temperature, a water spray cooling system as an optional method to lower flue gas temperature, an ESP to collect the mercury along with the fly ash, and an alkaline sorbent (magnesium hydroxide) injection system to control sulfuric acid condensation. The pilot plant is supplied with approximately a 16,500 lb/hr flue gas slipstream taken upstream of the plant's air preheater. Mercury capture across the ESP will be measured with varying air preheater outlet flue gas temperatures between 220 to 320 degrees F. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started August 2001 and is to be completed in September 2004. The pilot testing is scheduled to begin in January 2003 and will be completed in March 2004. A final report will be issued in September 2004. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$ 2.4 million. (DOE funding \$1,826,539) - [Status]{.underline} The pilot plant equipment is in operation and baseline testing is to begin in May 2003. - [Results To Date]{.underline} None available. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, [Lynn A. Brickett](mailto:lynn.brickett@netl.doe.gov) or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html>. - [Publications]{.underline} [Return to Project Summary Table](#CONSOL_lowtemp_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Assessment of Low Cost Novel Mercury Sorbents]{.underline} (DE-FC26-01NT41180) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct pilot testing at two coal-fired power plants to assess the mercury capture performance of novel sorbents which could be used as an alternative to commercially available activated carbons in order to enhance performance and reduce operating costs for carbon injection mercury control systems. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is being funded by NETL, EPRI, and Apogee Scientific. Other project participants include URS, Illinois State Geological Survey, ADA Environmental Solutions, Physical Sciences Inc., Wisconsin Electric Power, and Midwest Generation. - [Background]{.underline} Activated carbon injection systems are currently under development for the control of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. However, the commercially available activated carbons currently being used in full-scale field demonstrations of the control technology are relatively expensive. Therefore, the development of alternative lower cost sorbents could significantly reduce the cost of mercury control. This project is necessary to assess the mercury capture performance of several low cost novel mercury sorbents using an actual flue gas slipstream in a small-scale pilot plant equipped with an ESP and baghouse. - [Project Description]{.underline} The pilot testing is being conducted at two power plants, Wisconsin Electric Power's Valley Plant in Milwaukee, WI which uses a low sulfur bituminous coal and Midwest Generation's Powerton Generating Station in Pekin, IL which uses a Powder River Basin sub-bituminous coal. The sorbents being tested include activated carbon samples from coal, biomass, and tires; char sorbents made from coal; fly ash derived sorbents; and zeolite sorbents. Initially, bench-scale laboratory tests were conducted on 46 different sorbents using simulated bituminous coal flue gas and 29 sorbents using simulated PRB coal flue gas. Based on results from the bench-scale testing 17 sorbents for bituminous applications and 8 sorbents for PRB applications were selected for additional fixed-bed testing using actual flue gas slipstreams at the two plants. The fixed-bed testing at the plants led to the final selection of sorbents for testing in a small-scale (10 to 50 acfm) slipstream pilot plant equipped with a residence chamber to simulate an ESP and a baghouse to simulate a COHPAC configuration. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started August 2001 and is to be completed in August 2003. The field pilot testing of the sorbents is scheduled for completion by February 2003. A final report is scheduled for completion by August 2003. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$0.8 million. (DOE funding \$550,654) - [Status]{.underline} Seven sorbents were selected for testing in the small-scale pilot at Powerton which was completed in July 2002. The small-scale pilot testing at the Valley Plant started in December 2002 and should be completed by February 2003. - [Results To Date]{.underline} The Powerton slipstream pilot testing included experimental sorbents produced from corn (CFA), oil soot (CS80), waste tires (TDAC), flyash (STI-B), a commercially available carbon made from lignite coal (HOK), and an iodine-impregnated sorbent (CB-IAC). Norit's Darco FGD activated carbon was also tested as a benchmark. Major results from the Powerton pilot testing are as follows: - Initial screening tests were conducted at 1.5 lb/MMacf and 300°F using the COHPAC configuration. Similar mercury removal of approximately 80% was achieved by the FGD, CFA, CS80, and HOK sorbents. Mercury removal for the TDAC and STI-B were approximately 60% and 35% respectively. The CB-IAC mercury removal was 72% at a lower injection rate of 0.6 lb/MMacf. The CFA and HOK sorbents were selected for additional parametric testing in the COHPAC configuration based on their lower estimated delivered cost. - The parametric and long-term COHPAC testing again showed similar performance of the CFA, HOK, and FGD sorbents. However, mercury removal was different for the two types of filter bag materials that were tested. At 2 lb/MMacf the three sorbents achieved approximately 90% mercury removal with the Teflon glass bag, but only 70 - 80% mercury removal with the Torcon bag. However, the difference in mercury removal may have been a result of the bag cleaning frequency used during the testing. Mercury removal was also similar for the three sorbents at both 300° and 350° F. - Based on results of the COHPAC screening tests, the CFA and CS80 were selected for testing in the residence chamber (ESP) configuration. The FGD and IAC sorbents were also included as benchmarks. The CFA, CS80, and FGD mercury removal was less than 50% for injection rates between 2.5 and 15 lb/MMacf at both two and four second residence times. The IAC sorbent achieved approximately 60% mercury removal at four seconds and 45% at two seconds at 2.5 lb/MMacf. - Preliminary cost estimates for the alternative sorbents indicate production costs could be approximately 50% less than commercially available activated carbons. > The Valley Plant test results are not yet available. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Bob Patton, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} [Return to Project Summary Table](#Apogee_sorbents_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Mercury Control with the Advanced Hybrid Particulate Collector]{.underline} (DE-FC26-01NT41184) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct bench-scale testing, small pilot-scale testing, and large pilot-scale field demonstration testing to evaluate the mercury control performance of sorbent injection used in conjunction with the Advanced Hybrid Particulate Collector (AHPC). The pilot-scale field demonstration testing will provide engineering design and performance information which can be used for future full-scale commercial applications of the technology. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is being funded by NETL and the University of North Dakota Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC). Other participants are W.L. Gore & Associates and Otter Tail Power Company. - [Background]{.underline} NETL has previously supported the RD&D of the AHPC which is a combination electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and fabric filter baghouse (FF) system designed to optimize fine particulate collection. While sorbent injection used in conjunction with conventional ESPs and FFs is being demonstrated to be effective for mercury capture, the AHPC may be capable of equivalent or better performance at lower sorbent feed rates which is to be demonstrated under this project. - [Project Description]{.underline} Bench-scale and small pilot-scale testing is being conducted at EERC. Field demonstration pilot plant testing is being conducted at Otter Tail Power Company's 450 MW Big Stone Plant located in Big Stone City, South Dakota, which burns Powder River Basin sub-bituminous coal. The bench-scale testing is being conducted to evaluate mercury capture effectiveness of activated carbon sorbents under varying SO~2~ and NOx flue gas concentrations using both simulated and real flue gas. The small pilot-scale testing will use the 200 acfm EERC particulate test combustor (PTC) and is being conducted to compare the mercury capture effectiveness of a pulse-jet baghouse and the AHPC both with and without sorbent addition for both an eastern bituminous and western sub-bituminous coal. The field demonstration pilot plant testing will use the 9,000 acfm (2.5 MW) AHPC pilot plant previously installed at the Big Stone Plant to demonstrate the AHPC technology for particulate control. A pilot-scale sorbent injection system is being added to the AHPC pilot plant for the mercury control testing. NORIT Darco FGD activated carbon was used for both the 200 acfm and 2.5 MW pilot-scale testing. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started June 2001 and is to be completed in December 2004. The long-term field demonstration pilot plant testing is scheduled to be completed by the spring of 2003. A final report is expected to be available by September 2003. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$1.5 million. (DOE funding \$2,641,120) - [Status]{.underline} The initial short-term field demonstration baseline pilot plant testing was conducted in November 2001. The bench-scale and small pilot-scale testing were completed in March and June 2002 respectively. The long-term field demonstration pilot-plant testing is scheduled to be completed by the spring of 2003. - [Results To Date]{.underline} - Results from the small pilot-scale testing burning a Belle Ayr PRB coal indicated approximately 70% of the mercury was elemental and there was very little baseline mercury capture from both the AHPC and pulse-jet baghouse. Mercury removal with the AHPC ranged from 50% to 71% at a carbon-to-mercury mass ratio of 3000:1 and from 65% to 87% at a mass ratio of 6000:1. - Results from the November 2001 short-term AHPC 2.5 MW pilot-plant test at Big Stone indicated 91 to 97% total mercury collection efficiency with a sorbent feed rate of 1.5 lb/million acf compared to a baseline (no sorbent) mercury collection efficiency of 49%. The relatively high mercury removal rates may have occurred because the average inlet mercury speciation during the testing was 55.4% particulate, 38.1% oxidized, and only 6.4% elemental. This is not considered typical for PRB coals, which normally have much higher levels of elemental mercury. Subsequent analysis showed that the high proportion of particulate and oxidized mercury may have been related to unexpectedly high levels of chlorine in the flue gas, which may have resulted from co-combustion of tire-derived fuel (TDF) in the Big Stone boiler during the November 2001 test period. - A second AHPC 2.5 MW pilot-plant test was conducted at Big Stone in August 2002 using a Belle Ayr PRB coal. Mercury speciation was 17% particulate, 32% oxidized, and 51% elemental. Baseline mercury removal ranged from 0% to 10%. Mercury removal was 63% during activated carbon injection at 1.5 lb/MMacf and without any TDF co-firing. There was no adverse effect on AHPC particulate collection performance during the activated carbon injection testing. - A third AHPC 2.5 MW pilot-plant test was conducted at Big Stone in November 2002. Mercury removal ranged from 65% to over 90% during activated carbon injection at 1.5 lb/MMacf and without any TDF co-firing. A possible reason for the improved mercury removal in November compared to the August 2002 test is lower flue gas temperature of 250° F compared to 270° - 290°F. Supplemental injection of HCl had little or no effect on mercury removal. - A small AHPC 200 acfm pilot-scale test was conducted in late 2002 using a Springfield high-sulfur bituminous coal. The NORIT Darco FGD activated carbon was ineffective with average mercury removal at less than 15% for various combinations of flue gas temperature (275° - 320°F) and injection rates. A possible reason for the poor mercury removal was the relatively high level of SO~3~ (over 30 ppm) concentration in the flue gas. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Bill Aljoe or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} - Miller, Stanley; Zhuang, Ye; Rinschler, Craig; Gebert, Rich; Davis, Dwight; Swanson, William Mercury Control with the Advanced Hybrid. In Proceedings of Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter Conference; Arlington, VA, September 9-12, 2002. [Return to Project Summary Table](#EERC_AHPC_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Mercury Removal in a Non-Thermal, Plasma-Based]{.underline} [Multi-Pollutant Control Technology for Utility Boilers]{.underline} (DE-FC26-01NT41182) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct pilot-scale field demonstration testing to optimize the mercury control performance of Powerspan's Electro Catalytic Oxidation (ECO) multi-pollutant control technology process while maintaining high removal levels of SO~2~, NOx, and fine particulate matter. The pilot-scale testing will provide engineering design and performance information which can be used for future full-scale commercial applications of the technology. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is being funded by NETL and Powerspan Corp. Other participants include FirstEnergy Corporation. - [Background]{.underline} Powerspan has developed a non-thermal, plasma -based multi-pollutant control technology known as the Electro Catalytic Oxidation (ECO) process that was designed for the simultaneous removal of SO~2~, NOx, and fine particulate emissions from the combustion flue gas of coal-fired boilers. Based on previous pilot-plant testing it was determined that the ECO process has the potential for significant mercury removal. The ECO process includes a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) which converts the elemental mercury to mercuric oxide which can be efficiently captured along with any previously oxidized mercury in a downstream ammonia reagent-based wet FGD absorber and wet ESP. - [Project Description]{.underline} The pilot-scale field demonstration testing is being conducted at First Energy's R.E. Burger Plant located in Shadyside, Ohio, which burns eastern bituminous coal. The testing will use a 3,000 scfm flue gas slip-stream pilot-scale ECO system previously installed for a field demonstration of the process. (Note: A large full-scale 50 MW commercial ECO system is under construction at the R.E. Burger Plant and is expected to be ready for operation during the 2^nd^ quarter 2003.) The ECO pilot plant is being equipped with a PS Analytical mercury CEMs system to provide continuous mercury speciation measurements across the various ECO process components during the testing. In addition, an activated carbon filtration system is being developed and installed for removal of the captured mercury from the wet FGD discharge liquid product stream prior to crystallization of the ammonium sulfate and nitrate byproducts. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started September 2001 and is to be completed in March 2004. The pilot-scale field demonstration testing is scheduled to be complete by September 2003 and a final report will be issued by March 2004. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$2.8 million. (DOE funding \$2,248,002) - [Status]{.underline} Initial baseline mercury speciation measurements were obtained across the pilot plant dry ESP during the 3^rd^ quarter 2002. Bench-scale testing of the activated carbon filtration system has also been initiated. - [Results To Date]{.underline} Preliminary Ontario Hydro method test measurements in May 2002 resulted in an average mercury removal of 88% across the ECO pilot plant. While particulate and oxidized mercury removal exceeded 95%, there was some apparent conversion of oxidized mercury to elemental mercury which reduced the overall removal. Normal inlet flue gas elemental mercury concentration is extremely low at the Burger Plant and artificial injection of elemental mercury into the pilot plant is being tested to demonstrate ECO capability to capture elemental mercury. Mercury captured in the ECO ammonia scrubber liquid is removed using a sulfur-impregnated activated carbon filter (Mersorb). Mercury levels in the scrubber liquid have been reduced from 200 ppb to less than the limit of detection (approx. 20 ppb). - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Scott Renninger, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} - McLarnon, Christopher Mercury Removal in a Multi-Pollutant Control Technology for Utility Boilers. In Proceedings of Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter Conference; Arlington, VA, September 9-12, 2002. - McLarnon, C. and Steen, D.; Combined SO~2~, NOx, PM, and Hg Removal from Coal-Fired Boilers. Presented at the A&WMA/US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium, Washington, DC, May 19-22, 2003. [Return to Project Summary Table](#Powerspan_ECO_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Testing of Mercury Control with Calcium-Based Sorbents and Oxidizing Agents]{.underline} (DE-FC26-01NT41183) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct bench-scale and pilot-scale testing to assess the mercury capture performance of calcium-based sorbents and oxidizing agents which could be used as an alternative to commercially available activated carbons in order to enhance performance and reduce operating costs for carbon injection mercury control systems used at coal-fired power plants. - [Sponsors]{.underline} This project is being funded by NETL and the Southern Research Institute (SRI). Other project participants include ARCADIS G&M, Inc. - [Background]{.underline} Activated carbon injection systems are currently under development for the control of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. However, the commercially available activated carbons currently being used in full-scale field demonstrations of the control technology are relatively expensive. Therefore, the development of alternative lower cost sorbents could significantly reduce the cost of mercury control. Working with the EPA, ARCADIS has developed two proprietary calcium-based sorbents which could provide for the simultaneous removal of both mercury and sulfur dioxide from coal-fired power plants. The two sorbents consist of a hydrated lime, Ca(OH)~2~, with an oxidant and a silica-modified calcium, CaSiO~3~, with an oxidant. The oxidant is intended to oxidize the elemental mercury in order to enhance overall mercury capture by the sorbent. This project is necessary to assess the mercury capture performance of these and other calcium-based sorbents using flue gas from a pilot-scale coal combustor. Other calcium-based sorbents such as lime will be used with alternative oxidants such as injected chlorine compounds, sodium tetra-sulfide, or high iron oxide fly ash from the bituminuous coal. These oxidants will be tested with a lime sorbent on a subbituminous Powder River Basin coal that characteristically has a high fraction of elemental mercury. - [Project Description]{.underline} SRI is testing the calcium-based sorbents at its Combustion Research Facility located in Birmingham, AL using a 1 MW (1150 SCFM) pilot plant. The calcium-based sorbents are being tested on a variety of coal types and flue gas conditions. The pilot plant sorbent injection system includes a downstream water injection cooling system followed by a fabric filter baghouse for particulate and mercury capture. A PS Analytical mercury CEMs system is being used for speciated mercury measurements across the pilot plant during the sorbent injection testing. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started September 2001 and is to be completed in September 2004. The test program is to consist of numerous pilot plant runs over a three-year project period. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$1.4 million. (DOE funding \$1,109,719) - [Status]{.underline} Initial pilot-plant testing of the two proprietary calcium-based sorbents and an ordinary hydrated lime sorbent was completed in the spring 2002. - [Results To Date]{.underline} - The initial pilot-plant testing of the two proprietary calcium-based sorbents with an oxidant additive and bituminous coal showed both to be ineffective in enhancing the oxidation and capture of elemental mercury and achieved overall mercury removal of only 25 to 50%. Follow-up testing with an ordinary hydrated lime sorbent without the oxidant was able to remove 80 to 90% of the mercury which occurred primarily across the sorbent dust cake collecting on the baghouse filter bags. Approximately 30 to 35% mercury capture occurred "in-flight" prior to the baghouse. - SRI and PS Analytical developed a "spike and recovery" system to reduce mercury S-CEM measurement uncertainty. A known concentration mercury "spike" is introduced in the sampling probe in order to increase the concentration of mercury in the sampled flue gas. - Pilot-scale testing with a kaolinite (Al~2~O~3~.2SiO~2~.H~2~O) adsorbent and a Choctaw bituminous coal was ineffective for mercury capture at injection temperatures that ranged from 1100° to 2100°F. - SRI conducted pilot-scale testing of chlorine gas (Cl~2~) injection in order to evaluate the ability of HCl to promote mercury oxidation and adsorption with PRB coal ash. Chlorine injection through the burner was effective in increasing the oxidized mercury from less than 20% to over 50% and increasing mercury adsorption on the PRB coal ash from less than 5% to over 30%. However, chlorine injection upstream of the air heater was ineffective. - SRI conducted pilot-scale testing to condition PRB coal with a high-iron, low-chlorine bituminous coal. As a result, PRB coal ash composition was found to be more important than flue gas chlorine content relative to mercury oxidation and capture. With PRB coal only, there was less than 15% oxidized mercury at the baghouse inlet. However, a coal blend with 10% bituminous and 90% PRB coal resulted in greater than 50% oxidized mercury at the baghouse inlet. - SRI also conducted tests to condition the PRB coal ash with injection of high-iron bituminous coal ash and hydrated lime at the baghouse inlet. The rate of ash/lime injection was approximately equivalent to the PRB ash loading. Three ash/lime injection ratios were tested: 100% ash; 50% ash/ 50% lime; and 20% ash/ 80% lime. The mercury oxidation across the baghouse increased from a baseline of approximately 60% to 80% with 100% high-iron bituminous ash injection. The increase in mercury oxidation was less with the ash/lime blends. - Increasing the baghouse inlet flue gas temperature from 260° to 300°F increased oxidized mercury while burning 100% PRB coal. The oxidized mercury increased less than 10 percentage points at the baghouse inlet, but increased approximately 30 percentage points at the baghouse outlet. However, this temperature effect was not significant with the bituminous/PRB coal blend. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Barbara Carney, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} - Gale, Thomas K. et al.; Mercury Speciation as a Function of Flue Gas Chlorine Content and Composition in a 1 MW Semi-Industrial Scale Coal-Fired Facility. Presented at the A&WMA/US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium, Washington, DC, May 19-22, 2003. [Return to Project Summary Table](#SRI_sorbents_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Pilot Testing of Mercury Oxidation Catalysts]{.underline} (DE-FC26-01NT41185) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct pilot testing at two coal-fired power plants to evaluate the performance of several catalyst materials that would be used to promote the oxidation of elemental mercury in the flue gas in order to enhance overall mercury capture in plants equipped with existing wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. Based on laboratory testing a minimum 90% mercury oxidation rate is expected from the pilot testing. The pilot testing will provide engineering design and performance information which can be used for future full-scale commercial applications of the technology. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is being funded by NETL, EPRI, Great River Energy (GRE), City Public Service (CPS) of San Antonio, and the North Dakota Industrial Council. URS Corporation is the prime contractor. - [Background]{.underline} The mercury in coal-fired power plant combustion flue gas exists primarily as either elemental or oxidized mercury species. The degree of mercury speciation can vary significantly from plant to plant, but in general plants burning sub-bituminous or lignite coal have a higher percentage of elemental mercury compared to bituminous coal. Previous testing has shown that although elemental mercury is not readily captured, oxidized mercury can be effectively captured in coal-fired power plants equipped with wet FGD systems. Therefore, a method to convert the elemental mercury to oxidized mercury in the flue gas would enhance the overall mercury capture. A previous NETL/EPRI project evaluated several catalyst materials in small, fixed sand-bed reactors that were effective in the oxidation of elemental mercury. This pilot project is necessary to demonstrate the long term effectiveness of these catalysts on honeycomb substrates that could be used in full-scale commercial applications. - [Project Description]{.underline} The pilot testing is being conducted at two power plants, the GRE Coal Creek Station which uses a North Dakota lignite fuel and the CPS J.K. Spruce Plant which uses a Powder River Basin (PRB) sub-bituminous fuel. The four catalysts being tested are: 1) Pd #1, a commercial palladium catalyst; 2) SCR, a Siemens commercial NOx catalyst using titanium-vanadium; 3) Carbon #6, an activated tire-derived carbon; and 4) SBA #5, an active fly ash. Each of the four catalysts, are contained on honeycomb design alumina substrates and mounted in separate 40" cube test chambers that are supplied with approximately a 2,000 acfm flue gas slipstream taken downstream of the plant's particulate control device. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started August 2001 and is to be completed in August 2004. The GRE Coal Creek Station pilot testing was scheduled to begin in October 2002 and the CPS J.K. Spruce Plant was scheduled to begin in March 2003. The testing at each plant is scheduled for 14 months. A final report will be issued by August 2004. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$1.2 million. (DOE funding \$897,616) - [Status]{.underline} The pilot unit at the Coal Creek Station began initial operation in October 2002 and should be completed by December 2003. Testing at J.K. Spruce Plant is scheduled to begin in the third quarter 2003. - [Results To Date]{.underline} > Coal Creek Station: - Pilot testing for the Pd #1 and SCR catalysts began in October 2002. Oxidation of elemental mercury across Pd #1 dropped from 93% to 53% after 62 days in service. Oxidation of elemental mercury across the SCR catalyst dropped from 67% to 28% after 62 days in service. Subsequent inspection of the two catalysts indicated that a buildup of fly ash in the pilot test chamber likely caused the drop in oxidation rather than a loss of catalyst activity since mercury oxidation was restored after cleaning in January 2003. - A sonic horn is being tested to prevent the buildup of fly ash in the Pd #1 chamber and will be installed on the remaining chambers if effective. - Testing of the SBA #5 catalyst began in December 2002 and oxidation of elemental mercury was 75% when first measured in late January 2003. - The Carbon #6 catalyst testing is being postponed until the fly ash buildup problem is corrected. - There was some concern that the catalysts might also lead to oxidation of SO~2~ and NO which could produce undesirable balance-of-plant effects. However, there is no apparent oxidation of SO~2~ to SO~3~ and approximately 7% oxidation of NO to NO~2~. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, [Bruce Lani](mailto:bruce.lani@netl.doe.gov) or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html>. - [Publications]{.underline} - Blythe, Gary; Richardson, Carl; Rhudy, Richard Pilot Evaluation of the Catalytic Oxidation of Mercury for Enhanced Removal in Wet FGD Systems. In Proceedings of Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter Conference; Arlington, VA, September 9-12, 2002. - Blythe, Gary et. al.; Pilot Testing of Oxidation Catalysts for Enhanced Mercury Control by Wet FGD. Presented at the A&WMA/US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium, Washington, DC, May 19-22, 2003. [Return to Project Summary Table](#URS_catalyst_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Evaluation of Mercury Speciation at Power Plants]{.underline} [Using SCR and SNCR NOx Control Technologies]{.underline} (DE-FC26-98FT40321-36) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct field testing at numerous coal-fired power plants equipped with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) NOx control technologies to determine their effect on the speciation of mercury in the combustion flue gas and resultant enhancement of mercury emissions capture in downstream pollution control equipment. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is being funded by NETL, the University of North Dakota Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC), the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Other participants include numerous electric utility companies that provided host sites for the testing. - [Background]{.underline} The mercury in coal-fired power plant combustion flue gas exists as either elemental, oxidized, or particulate-bound species, and the degree of mercury speciation can vary significantly from plant to plant depending on coal type and combustion conditions. Although elemental mercury is not readily captured, oxidized and particulate mercury can be effectively captured in a plant's conventional pollution control equipment such as an ESP, baghouse, or FGD system. Previous pilot-scale testing indicated that the catalyst and/or ammonia reagent associated with SCR and SNCR NOx control technologies might further convert some of the elemental mercury to oxidized mercury in the flue gas and therefore enhance overall mercury capture. This field testing project is necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of SCR and SNCR NOx control technologies to promote the oxidation of elemental mercury in full-scale commercial applications. - [Project Description]{.underline} The initial 2001 field testing was conducted at six coal-fired power plants. Four of the plants are equipped with SCR NOx controls, one plant uses SNCR NOx control, and one plant uses ammonia and sulfur trioxide for ash conditioning to improve particulate control. Field testing was also conducted in 2002 at two of the 2001 SCR equipped plants and two additional plants with SCRs. Additional plants may be selected for testing in 2003. The field testing included the use of both the manual Ontario Hydro method and semi-continuous emission monitors (SCEM's) to measure the speciated mercury concentrations at the inlet and outlet of the SCRs to determine changes in the level of oxidized mercury. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started April 2001 and is to be completed in October 2003. Field testing was scheduled for 2001, 2002, and 2003 at various plants. A final report for the 2001 testing was issued in October 2002. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$1.25 million. (DOE funding \$445,000) - [Status]{.underline} The 2002 field testing has been completed and a draft final report is under review. Two additional plants are being tested in 2003. - [Results]{.underline} The 2001 field-testing was conducted at six coal-fired power plants. Four of the plants are equipped with SCR controls, one plant uses SNCR control, and one plant uses ammonia and sulfur trioxide for ash conditioning to improve particulate control. Field-testing was conducted in 2002 at two of the 2001 SCR equipped plants and two additional plants with SCRs. Overall test results are as follows: - SNCR and NH3/SO3 flue gas conditioning did not affect mercury oxidation. - For the bituminous plants, the increase in oxidized mercury across the SCR varied significantly from 11 to 70 percentage points. The oxidized mercury at the downstream pollution control device (PCD) inlet, increased from -1 to 37 percentage points with an average of 17%. However, for the two sites with minimal SCR oxidation, the non-elemental mercury was greater than 90% both with and without the SCR. - SCR catalyst did not significantly promote the oxidation of mercury for the one PRB test site. The oxidized mercury increased 20 percentage points across the SCR, but was unchanged at the PCD inlet. - SCR catalysts promote mercury capture in wet FGD systems and possibly reduce the re-emission of elemental mercury. For the three plants with SCR and wet FGD, mercury removal was 84 - 92% (average 89%) with SCR operation and 43 - 51% (average 48%) without SCR operation. - SCR size, as measured by space velocity, appeared to have a minimal affect on mercury oxidation across the SCR. There was no significant difference in non-elemental mercury at the SCR outlet or PCD inlet for the five bituminous plants. - Based on results from the two plants tested in 2001 and 2002, it is uncertain whether SCR catalyst aging affects mercury oxidation. The increase in oxidized mercury across the SCR at site S2 decreased from 43 percentage points in 2001 to 33 percentage points in 2002. However, there was no change in oxidized mercury at the PCD inlet which remained approx. 97%. The increase in oxidized mercury across the SCR at site S4 decreased from 70 percentage points in 2001 to 29 percentage points in 2002. Again however, there was no change in oxidized mercury at the PCD inlet which was 93% in 2001 and 95% in 2002. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Lynn Brickett, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} - EPRI. Power Plant Evaluation of the Effect of Selective Catalytic Reduction in Mercury; EPRI Report No. 1005400; December 2002. - Results from 2001 field testing were published in February 2003 edition of AWMA's EM Magazine. - L. Brickett, et. al.; Impact of SCR on Mercury Speciation for Coal-Fired Boilers. Presented at the A&WMA/US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium, Washington, DC, May 19-22, 2003. [Return to Project Summary Table](#EERC_SCR_speciation_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Evaluation of Mercury Control Technologies for Utilities Burning Lignite Coal]{.underline} (DE-FC26-98FT40321-45) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct a three-year, two-phase project to develop and test sorbent injection mercury control technologies for utilities that burn lignite coal. The first phase of the project, scheduled for 2002-2003, is to conduct bench-scale and pilot-scale evaluation for screening of potential sorbents. The second phase of the project, scheduled for 2003-2004, is to conduct full-scale field tests of the selected sorbents at a lignite-fired power plant. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is being funded by NETL and UNDEERC. Other participants include EPRI and several electric utilities that operate lignite-fired plants. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - [Background]{.underline} The combustion flue gas of lignite-fired power plants primarily contains elemental mercury and therefore results in minimal mercury capture across the existing air pollution control equipment. Therefore, potential sorbents must be evaluated to develop a cost-effective sorbent injection control technology applicable to lignite-fired plants. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - [Project Description]{.underline} The bench- and pilot-scale testing is being conducted at UNDEERC. Initial bench-scale laboratory tests were conducted on 11 different sorbents using a fixed-bed reactor and simulated lignite coal combustion flue gas. In addition to commercially available activated carbons, several high-sodium lignite coals were used to produce activated carbons. An ARCADIS calcium silicate sorbent was also included in the bench-scale testing. The pilot-scale testing uses the 200 acfm UNDEERC particulate test combustor and is being conducted to compare the sorbent mercury capture effectiveness of an ESP, fabric filter, and the UNDEERC advanced hybrid particulate collector (AHPC). The pilot-scale testing is being conducted using two different lignite coals (Luscar and Freedom). - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started February 2002 and is to be completed by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$\_\_ million. (DOE funding \$\_\_\_\_\_) - [Status]{.underline} The Phase I bench- and pilot-scale testing was completed in November 2002. A Phase I draft final report has been submitted for review. - [Results To Date]{.underline} Bench-scale tests results indicated that the inactivated lignite-based carbon sorbents and calcium silicate were not effective. The lignite-based carbon sorbents activated at 800^o^C performed significantly better than the same carbon sorbents activated at 750^o^C. The bench-scale testing also demonstrated the importance of hydrogen chloride in the flue gas, which apparently conditions the sorbents. The DARCO FGD and 800^o^C activated Luscar char-derived sorbents were selected for further pilot-scale testing. Results from the pilot-scale testing are: - The Poplar River coal had a higher mercury concentration than the Freedom coal, but both coals resulted in similar speciation with 85% elemental and 15% oxidized mercury. - Lignite coal requires a higher sorbent feed rate for similar mercury removal compared to full-scale data for bituminous coal. To achieve 70% mercury removal, the best Luscar sorbent injection rates were 17.1, 7.8, and 2.92 lb/MMacf for the ESP, FF, and combined ESP-FF configurations respectively. - Mercury removal was approximately 10 -15 percentage points higher for the Freedom coal compared to the Poplar River coal for the ESP-only configuration. - Mercury removal was approx. 10 - 15 percentage points lower for both the Freedom and Poplar River coals when the flue gas temperature was increased from 300° to 400°F for all particulate control configurations. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Lynn Brickett, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} - Pavlish, J.; Pilot-Scale Investigation of Mercury Control Technologies for Utilities Burning Lignite Coal. Presented at the A&WMA/US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium, Washington, DC, May 19-22, 2003. [Return to Project Summary Table](#EERC_lignite_coal_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Integrated System to Control Primary PM2.5 from Electric Power Plants]{.underline} [(Mercury Control with the Advanced ElectroCore Particulate Collector)]{.underline} (DC-FC26-00NT-40757) - [Objective]{.underline} Under its particulate control program DOE/NETL is sponsoring the pilot-scale development of LSR Technologies' particulate control technology known as ElectroCore. In addition to particulate removal, the mercury removal performance of the ElectroCore process was evaluated in conjunction with powdered activated carbon (PAC) injection. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is being funded by NETL and LSR Technologies. Other participants include EPRI, EPA, and Alabama Power Company (Southern Company Services). - [Background]{.underline} The ElectroCore is an electrically enhanced mechanical separator designed to be retrofitted downstream of an existing ESP to optimize fine particulate collection. The ElectroCore process first pre-charges the ash particles and then uses combined electrical and centrifugal forces to separate the flue gas into "dirty" and "clean" gas streams. The centrifugal particulate separation is achieved using cylindrical separators with a tangential inlet, a tangential dirty gas outlet, and a dual axial clean gas outlet. The centrifugal separation is enhanced by a centrally located electrode within the separator. The electrode is charged with the same polarity as the ash particles thereby further driving the particles to the dirty gas outlet. The dirty gas stream can either be re-circulated to the inlet of the upstream ESP or diverted to a polishing ESP or FF. - [Project Description]{.underline} The pilot-scale testing was conducted at Alabama Power Company's E.C. Gaston Unit No. 4 located in Wilsonville, Alabama. The plant burns a Powder River Basin subbituminous coal. The 5,000 acfm pilot plant consists of a dry scrubber, water-cooled pre-charger and advanced ElectroCore module. In addition to particulate removal, the mercury removal performance of the ElectroCore process was evaluated in conjunction with PAC injection. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started February 2000 and was to be completed in June 2002. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$1.6 million. (DOE funding \$1,191,267) - [Status]{.underline} The pilot-scale testing was conducted from November 2001 through February 2002. A final report for the ElectroCore particulate collection test results was issued in February 2003. A final report on the mercury testing phase of the project is not yet available. - [Results To Date]{.underline} Preliminary test results indicate the ElectroCore process captures approximately 90% of the total mercury at a PAC injection rate of 7 lb/MMacf. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Peter Botros, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} - Altman, Ralph; Easom, Bruce; Harrison, Wallace Results of ElectroCore Pilot Testing at E.C. Gaston Steam Plant. In Proceedings of Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter Conference; Arlington, VA, September 9-12, 2002. [Return to Project Summary Table](#LSR_electrocore_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [In-Situ Sorbent Removal of Mercury: The THIEF Process]{.underline} (NETL In-house project) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct pilot-scale testing at NETL to develop an alternative mercury control technology using an activated carbon sorbent produced in-situ at the power plant. - [Sponsors]{.underline} NETL In-house R&D - [Background]{.underline} The THIEF process (U.S. Patent No. 6,521,021) removes mercury from coal combustion flue gas by adsorption/absorption onto thermally activated sorbent produced in-situ. The sorbent consists of semi-combusted coal, which is extracted from the furnace and then injected into the flue gas downstream of the air preheater. The thermally activated sorbent reacts with the mercury and is removed from the flue gas by the downstream particulate control device. - [Project Description]{.underline} Pilot-scale testing of the THIEF process was conducted using the NETL 500 pound-per-hour pulverized coal-fired combustion system that includes a furnace, air pre-heater, spray dryer, ductwork, and a pulse-jet fabric filter. - [Schedule]{.underline} On-going in-house research and development project. - [Cost]{.underline} Annual in-house allocation. - [Status]{.underline} Continued testing of the THIEF process will be carried out in the 500-lb/hr combustor while burning different coals (i.e. PRB coal). - [Results To Date]{.underline} The in-situ produced sorbent is not as reactive as commercially available activated carbon, but pilot-scale testing indicates that mercury removal efficiencies of up to 70% are achievable. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Bill O'Dowd, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} - Pennline, H.W.; Granite, E.J.; Freeman, R.A.; Hargis, R.A.; O'Dowd, W.J. A Technique to Control Mercury From Flue Gas. Presented at the AIChE Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN, November 2002. [Return to Project Summary Table](#NETL_thief_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Photochemical Removal of Mercury: The GP-254 Process]{.underline} (NETL In-house project) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct bench-scale testing at NETL to develop an alternative mercury control technology. - [Sponsors]{.underline} NETL in-house R&D - [Background]{.underline} The GP-254 process (U.S. patent pending) uses 253.7-nm ultraviolet radiation to induce components of flue gas to react with elemental mercury and subsequently cause an increase in the fraction of oxidized mercury. The oxidized mercury species can then be captured near the radiation zone or in downstream particulate control or wet FGD pollution control equipment. - [Project Description]{.underline} Small-scale laboratory testing using simulated flue gases have been used to demonstrate the process. - [Schedule]{.underline} Complete. Tool base. - [Cost]{.underline} Exploratory funding as needed. - [Status]{.underline} Complete. - [Results To Date]{.underline} See publication. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Evan Granite, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} - Granite, Evan; Pennline, Henry Photochemical Removal of Mercury from Flue Gas. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, October 2002. [Return to Project Summary Table](#NETL_gp254_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Long-Term Operation of a COHPAC System for Removing Mercury from Coal-Fired Flue Gas]{.underline} (DE-FC26-02NT-41591) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct a one-year long-term performance evaluation of the impact of powdered activated carbon injection on the COHPAC fabric filter particulate collection system at Alabama Power's E.C. Gaston Plant. Long-term testing will determine whether PAC injection with COHPAC is a viable, long-term approach for mercury control. The testing will also determine design criteria and costs for new retrofit COHPAC systems as well as balance-of-plant impacts. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is being funded by NETL and ADA Environmental Solutions. Other participants include Southern Company, Reaction Engineering, Southern Research Institute, Grubb Filtration Testing Services, Hamon Research-Cottrell, EPRI, and several utility company sponsors. - [Background]{.underline} ADA-ES conducted a successful two-week demonstration of PAC injection at Gaston in April 2001. The objective of this project is to evaluate the long-term effects of PAC injection on mercury capture and COHPAC performance. Of particular concern during PAC injection is the increased cleaning frequency of the COHPAC which could adversely affect filter bag life. - [Project Description]{.underline} The full-scale demonstration testing is being conducted at Alabama Power's 270 MW E.C. Gaston Unit 3 which burns low sulfur bituminous coal and uses a hot-side ESP and COHPAC fabric filter for particulate control. The long-term testing will include six-month PAC injection with the existing COHPAC filter bags and six-month PAC injection with new high-permeation filter bags. Demonstration will also include testing of alternate sorbents. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started September 2002 and is to be completed in October 2005. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$2.4 million. (DOE funding \$1,356,976) - [Status]{.underline} Baseline testing completed in April 2003. PAC injection optimization testing conducted in May 2003. - [Results To Date]{.underline} Preliminary baseline test results include: 1) higher COHPAC cleaning frequency compared to April 2001 Phase I tests; 2) large variation (0 to 90%) in baseline mercury removal; and 3) higher carbon content in COHPAC hopper ash compared to Phase I tests. Based on results of optimization testing, the PAC injection rate was lowered from 1.5 to 0.3 lb/MMacf. Average mercury removal varied from 70 to 95% at 0.3 lbs/MMacf PAC injection rate during early May optimization testing. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Scott Renninger, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} [Return to Project Summary Table](#ADA_LT_COHPAC_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Preliminary Field Evaluation of Mercury Using Combustion Modifications]{.underline} (DE-FC26-03NT-41725) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct a two-year field evaluation using a combination of overfire air (OFA) and coal reburn to achieve multi-pollutant control of both NOx and mercury. Combustion modifications will be used to increase the reactivity of fly ash to enhance mercury adsorption and resultant capture in a downstream ESP or FF. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is being funded by NETL and General Electric Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (GE EER). Other participants include Western Kentucky Energy. - [Background]{.underline} GE EER has been developing the use of OFA and coal reburn as a NOx control technology. Coal reburn pilot-scale testing demonstrated that fly ash with unburned carbon formed "in situ" can adsorb mercury under certain operating conditions. - [Project Description]{.underline} The field-testing will be conducted at Western Kentucky Energy's RD Green Power Station, which burns a blend of Illinois bituminous coal and petroleum coke. Field measurements of fly ash properties and mercury removal across the ESP will be taken on Unit No. 1 after installation of an OFA and coal reburn system for NOx control. Data from the Unit No. 1 field testing will be used to optimize the design of the NOx control system for mercury removal using a 300 KW pilot-scale combustor at GE EER's test facility. Results from the pilot-scale testing will be used for the design of the OFA and coal reburn system to be installed on RD Green Unit No. 2. Mercury removal performance will then be tested on Unit No. 2 after installation of the optimized NOx control system. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started January 2003 and is to be completed in July 2004. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$0.8 million. (DOE funding \$489,600) - [Status]{.underline} Baseline mercury emission testing to be conducted in May 2003. - [Results To Date]{.underline} None available. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Peter Botros, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} [Return to Project Summary Table](#GE_combustion_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Evaluation of Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Facilities with SCR-FGD Systems]{.underline} (DE-FC26-02NT-41589) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct field testing at ten bituminous coal-fired power plants equipped with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) control technologies to determine their effect on the speciation of mercury in the combustion flue gas and resultant enhancement of mercury emissions capture in downstream flue gas desulfurization (FGD) control equipment. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is being funded by NETL and CONSOL. Other participants include numerous electric utility companies that are providing host sites for the testing. - [Background]{.underline} Previous field testing indicated that NOx SCR catalyst converts some of the elemental mercury to oxidized mercury in the flue gas and therefore can enhance overall mercury capture in downstream pollution control equipment. However, the amount of SCR mercury oxidation has been quite variable from plant-to-plant. Previous field testing has also indicated some inconsistencies in the mercury capture performance of wet FGD systems due to possible evolution of elemental mercury. This field testing project is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of SCR to promote the oxidation and subsequent capture of elemental mercury in full-scale commercial FGD applications. - [Project Description]{.underline} Conduct mercury speciation field-testing at ten bituminous coal-fired power plants to measure the level of mercury oxidation across the SCR and subsequent removal in the downstream FGD system. The 27-month long program will include testing at five plants equipped with an SCR and wet limestone FGD, three plants with an SCR and wet lime FGD, and two plants with an SCR and dry lime FGD. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started September 2002 and is to be completed in September 2005. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$0.7 million. (DOE funding \$584,419) - [Status]{.underline} Two plants had been tested as of 5/30/03. - [Results To Date]{.underline} None available. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Peter Botros, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} [Return to Project Summary Table](#CONSOL_SCR_FGD_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Direct Measurement of Mercury Reactions in Coal Power Plant Plumes]{.underline} (DE-FC26-03NT-41724) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct field testing to characterize the speciation of mercury in the stack plume of a coal-fired power plant. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is being funded by NETL and EPRI. Other participants include UNDEERC, Frontier Geosciences and We Energies. - [Background]{.underline} The proportions of elemental and oxidized species of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants may influence the relative location of their potential environmental impact. Gaseous elemental mercury is relatively unreactive and can persist in the atmosphere for periods of months to years before returning to the surface environment. However, gaseous oxidized mercury is more reactive and likely to return to the surface environment locally or regionally via wet or dry deposition. However, atmospheric reactions might occur after release from the stack that alters the proportion of elemental and oxidized mercury species. Previous analysis of mercury concentrations measured at an ambient monitor located about 15 km south of Southern Company's Bowen Plant suggested that a significant portion of Bowen's oxidized mercury stack emissions may have been reduced to elemental mercury while being transported to the monitoring site. - [Project Description]{.underline} Conduct field testing to characterize the speciation of mercury in the stack plume of We Energies' Pleasant Prairie Plant. The tests include simultaneous mercury measurements in the stack and stack plume using aircraft-borne instruments. The in-stack and stack plume measurements will be compared to determine whether the speciation of mercury changes as it is transported downwind in the plume. In addition to the in-stack and stack plume mercury measurements, a plume dilution sampling device is being used in an attempt to simulate the cooling and dilution processes that occur in the stack plume. If results of the plume dilution sampling device are comparable to the stack plume measurements it could be used to estimate the mercury speciation changes for other plants. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started March 2003 and is to be completed in September 2004. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$0.8 million. (DOE funding \$648,154) - [Status]{.underline} Stack plume measurements scheduled to be conducted in July 2003. - [Results To Date]{.underline} None available. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Bill Aljoe, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} [Return to Project Summary Table](#EPRI_plume_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Evaluation of Mercury Speciation in a Power Plant Plume]{.underline} (DE-FC26-98FT40321-54) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct field testing to characterize the speciation of mercury in the stack plume of a coal-fired power plant. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is being funded by NETL and UNDEERC. Other participants include EPRI, Frontier Geosciences, TVA and Southern Company. - [Background]{.underline} The proportions of elemental and oxidized species of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants may influence the relative location of their potential environmental impact. Gaseous elemental mercury is relatively unreactive and can persist in the atmosphere for periods of months to years before returning to the surface environment. However, gaseous oxidized mercury is more reactive and likely to return to the surface environment locally or regionally via wet or dry deposition. However, atmospheric reactions might occur after release from the stack that alters the proportion of elemental and oxidized mercury species. Previous analysis of mercury concentrations measured at an ambient monitor located about 15 km south of Southern Company's Bowen Plant suggested that a significant portion of Bowen's oxidized mercury stack emissions may have been reduced to elemental mercury while being transported to the monitoring site. - [Project Description]{.underline} Conduct field testing to characterize the speciation of mercury in the stack plume of Southern's Bowen Plant. The tests include simultaneous mercury measurements in the stack and stack plume using aircraft-borne instruments. The in-stack and stack plume measurements will be compared to determine whether the speciation of mercury changes as it is transported downwind in the plume. In addition to the in-stack and stack plume mercury measurements, a plume dilution sampling device is being used in an attempt to simulate the cooling and dilution processes that occur in the stack plume. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started October 2002 and was completed in March 2003. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$68,000. (DOE funding \$27,324) - [Status]{.underline} Testing completed in October 2002. - [Results To Date]{.underline} None available. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Bill Aljoe, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} [Return to Project Summary Table](#EERC_plume_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Oxidation of Mercury Across SCR Catalysts in Coal-Fired Power Plants]{.underline} [Burning Low-Rank Coals]{.underline} (DE-FC26-02NT-41728) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct pilot-plant testing to determine the effect of various NOx SCR catalysts on mercury speciation for plants that burn subbituminous Powder River Basin coal. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is being funded by NETL and Reaction Engineering. Other participants include EPRI, Ceramics GmbH, and American Electric Power (AEP). - [Background]{.underline} Previous field testing indicated that NOx SCR catalyst converts some of the elemental mercury to oxidized mercury in the flue gas and therefore can enhance overall mercury capture in downstream pollution control equipment. However, the amount of SCR mercury oxidation has been quite variable from plant-to-plant and there is limited test data available for PRB coal applications. This pilot-plant testing is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of various SCR catalysts to promote the oxidation of elemental mercury in PRB coal applications. - [Project Description]{.underline} Conduct a six-month-long pilot-scale mercury speciation test for five commercially available NOx SCR catalysts using a flue gas slipstream at AEP's 1300 MW Rockport Power Plant Unit 1, which burns a subbituminous Powder River Basin coal. Parametric testing will evaluate the effect of space velocity (residence time) and ammonia feed rate on mercury oxidation across the SCR catalysts. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started February 2003 and is to be completed in August 2003. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$120,000. (DOE funding \$69,698) - [Status]{.underline} The initial mercury speciation testing was completed in April 2003. - [Results To Date]{.underline} Preliminary results from the initial mercury speciation testing are under review. Some general observations from the S-CEM measurements are: 1) mercury oxidation ranged from approx. 0% to 50% across the five catalysts at a space velocity of 5,700 hr^-1^, 2) mercury oxidation increased to 60% to 80% without ammonia feed, 3) an unexplained 10% to 40% reduction of total mercury was measured across the catalysts, 4) mercury oxidation decreases as space velocity increases. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Jose Figueroa, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} [Return to Project Summary Table](#Reaction_SCR_table) *DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources* *Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet* [Mercury and Air Toxics Element Impacts of Coal Combustion]{.underline} [Byproduct Disposal and Utilization]{.underline} (DE-FC26-03NT-41727) - [Objective]{.underline} Conduct laboratory and field-testing to evaluate the potential release of mercury and other air toxic elements associated with the disposal and commercial use of various ash and FGD coal utilization by-products from conventional and advanced pollution control systems. - [Sponsors]{.underline} The project is being funded by NETL and UNDEERC. - [Background]{.underline} There is limited data available on the environmental acceptability of CUBs produced at plants with various conventional and advanced emission control systems. - [Project Description]{.underline} CUBs from bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite fuels will be included in the evaluation. The project includes a literature search, selection of analytical methods, selection of CUB samples, chemical and physical characterization of samples, laboratory testing of release mechanisms, and field investigations. The potential release mechanisms to be evaluated include leaching, vaporization at ambient and elevated temperature, and biologically induced releases. - [Schedule]{.underline} Project started January 2003 and is to be completed in January 2006. - [Cost]{.underline} The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$1.5 million. (DOE funding \$1,200,000) - [Status]{.underline} A project kick-off meeting was conducted in April 2003. - [Results To Date]{.underline} None available. - [Contacts]{.underline} For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Nam Lee, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - [Publications]{.underline} [Return to Project Summary Table](#EERC_byproducts_table)	en
markdown	868141	# Presentation: 868141 ## Main Injector BPM Upgrade Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities Coordination Meeting January 25, 2005 ## MI Beam Position Monitor (BPM) Upgrade Project Status and Plans: First unofficial meeting with MI department: December 10, 2004 Steve Wolbers, Bob Webber, Alberto Marchionni, Dave Capista, Brian Hendricks We decided to initiate weekly meetings in January to discuss/update the requirements for the MI BPM upgrade. - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## January discussions Meeting Jan 11, 18, 25 (so far) Jan 11: General discussion of requirements Resolutions, precision, stability, modes of operation, user access, calibration Well attended by MI department, Instrumentation department, Controls Department, CD interested parties. Agreement to update requirements document (Beams docDB #471, Feb 26, 2003) Alberto’s slides Beams docDB #1523. Notes from the meetings (Beams docDB #1526) - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## January discussions (2) January 18, 2005 Dave Johnson speaking about Recycler BPM experience from a user perspective. Beams doc #1533. Nice perspective and lessons for the future. - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## January discussions (3) January 25, 2005 Review of TeV BPM Upgrade by Jim Steimel System requirements and implementation were emphasized - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## What’s Next - Goals Need to update, review and approve the requirements for the MI BPM system. This drives the scope of work for: Front-end programming. Analog system engineering. Online and application modifications and creation. - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## Main Injector BPMs – Next steps Then it will be time to form a project Many aspects of the upgrade – lots of work! Project organization and management Requirements Design Front-end electronics Digitizers/timing system/front-ends Front-end software Online/controls software Applications/console programs Calibration Diagnostics Purchasing/acquisition Hardware checkout Integration and installation Commissioning Documentation - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## Timescales Still too early to build a full project plan However, the requirements update should occur as soon as possible and hopefully by March, 2005. As people are freed up from other projects (in both AD and CD) ramp-up can proceed on the MI BPM upgrades. Given the scope of probable work and the probable availability of people this project should take on order 1-1.5 years to complete. - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## Interest and Support Strong interest and support from: Ioanis Kourbanis and Alberto Marchionni from the MI Department Bob Webber of Instrumentation Jim Patrick and Brian Hendricks from the Controls Department Vince Pavlicek and Margaret Votava from CEPA Department Others from various AD and CD departments have attended the Tuesday discussions. - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## Conclusions MI BPM Upgrade project requires the following: Updated requirements. Scope and estimated effort and timescales. Identified people to do the work Project planning, management, reviews, documents, etc. Work by dedicated, competent people. - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005	en
converted_docs	341101	ASSESSMENT OF OVERALL DATA QUALITY AND COMPLETENESS MISSOURI 1999 TABLES Nine tables for each State show the use of mental health and other services by Medicaid beneficiaries with mental health diagnoses in 1999. Enrollment and claims data from the Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) files from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) are the source for these analyses. Because Medicaid programs differ across the States, and because administrative data vary in completeness and quality, caveats about the State's data should be considered in interpreting the information contained in these tables. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Missouri Data Comments ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Diagnosis Codes: Diagnosis coding on claims was relatively complete, but some inpatient claims included "local" codes that were not defined in the data. The use of non-standard codes might lead to over- or under-identification of mental health beneficiaries. Managed Care Enrollment: According to MSIS (MAX) documentation, Missouri under-reported managed care enrollment until October 1999. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ![](media/image1.wmf){width="3.989763779527559in" height="3.25in"}	en
converted_docs	548119	# ![](media/image1.png) # ##### Fall Edition 2006 Jody McCullough Transportation Planner, FHWA Office of Planning Co-Editor Ben Williams Metropolitan Planning Specialist, FHWA Resource Center Co-Editor We are always looking for feedback on how to make this newsletter more valuable to our readers. Please take our 10-minute survey about the Newsletter at <http://www.zoomerang.com/survey.zgi?p=WEB225QS9B95VZ> or send any suggestions to Jody McCullough <jody.mccullough@dot.gov> or Ben Williams <ben.williams@fhwa.dot.gov> . . SAFETEA-LU Planning Impacts 1 New Division Resources 1 Asset Management 2 Long Range Planning Guidance 2 Tool Kit for Integrating Land Use 3 TMIP Peer Reviews 3 Planning & Environment Linkages Website 3 Preserve America Grants 4 New Air Quality Standard 4 Census Data & Pooled Fund 4 Air Quality Newsletter 4 Division Happenings 4 Freight Planning 5 Trail Maps & CDs 5 Congestion Management 5 Small Community & Rural Area Case Studies 5 NHI Instructors Needed 6 Urban Street Symposium 6 FHWA/FTA Planner's Seminars 6 Let's Talk Planning 6 Resource Center Vacancy 7 ##### Scheduled Training Opportunities 7 Calendar of Events 8 ##### ##### Statewide and Metropolitan Planning NPRM The comment period for the FHWA/FTA Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on statewide and metropolitan transportation planning and programming closed on September 7, 2006. Approximately 150 sets of comments were provided to the docket. FHWA/FTA currently are reviewing and analyzing the NPRM comments. The intent is to have the Final Rule published in the [Federal Register]{.underline} in early calendar year 2007. ##### SAFETEA-LU Truck Parking ##### ##### The FHWA is soliciting FY 2006 candidate grant applications from States for the Truck Parking Facilities Grant Program. This program was established to address the shortage of long-term truck parking on the National Highway System. Grants will be awarded to States submitting applications that demonstrate a need for assistance in carrying out one or more eligible projects as described in the Federal Register Notice, dated August 28, 2006 \[[HTML](http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/exit.cfm?link=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2006_register%26docid=E6%9614254), [PDF](http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/exit.cfm?link=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2006_register%26docid=E6%9614254.pdf) 59KB\], and will be administered as projects on a Federal-Aid System under Chapter 1 of Title 23, United States Code. The FHWA Division Office must receive applications no later than November 27, 2006. Questions concerning this program should be addressed to William Mahorney, 202-366-6817 ([Bill.Mahorney@dot.gov](mailto:Bill.Mahorney@dot.gov)), or to Julie Strawhorn, 202-366-4415 ([Julie.Strawhorn@dot.gov](mailto:Julie.Strawhorn@dot.gov)) of the Office of Freight Management and Operations Planning Community of Practice A new resource has been made available to FHWA's planning staff. Similar to other Communities of Practice (CoP) within FHWA, it is currently only available inside the Federal network. It can be found at: <http://knowledge.fhwa.dot.gov/planning> . The CoP is being launched with an initial focus on a few critical planning topics. Initial theme areas are: Fiscal constraint, SAFETEA-LU Update Cycles, SAFETEA-LU Planning and Environmental Provisions, SAFETEA-LU Overall Planning Issues; and Planning Grants and Administration. We also encourage all FHWA Planners to sign up for the \"The Planning Interchange\" as we hope this portion of the site will replicate the informal discussion of the current Field Planners email group. The Field Planners list will still remain active, but the primary focus will now be on disseminating official agency wide messages. Your use, feedback and input are critical to the Planning CoP\'s long term success. If you have any ideas or suggestions for how to increase its utility and effectiveness, please contact a members of the development team listed on the CoP web site. # Updated TMA Certification Database An enhanced version of the FHWA/FTA Transportation Management Area (TMA) Planning Certification Database is now available. The Database now features a number of new and enhanced capabilities as well as improvements recommended by a team of FTA/FHWA field staffs, based largely on experiences from use of the initial Database that was introduced in 2004. As with the previous version, the system is only accessible to FHWA and FTA planning staffs. If you have any questions about (or further suggestions on enhancing) the Database, please contact John Humeston at (404) 562-3667 or Danyell Diggs at (202) 366-9629 in the Office of Planning. A[sset]{.smallcaps} M[anagement]{.smallcaps} [and]{.smallcaps} P[lanning]{.smallcaps} The Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division in cooperation with the National Park Service (NPS) conducted a pilot study of the application of an automated Pavement Management System (PMS) to assist in the development of a prototype Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) for the Park Roads and Parkways program of the NPS Northeast Region. The pilot study incorporated Asset Management practices including both Pavement Management Systems (PMS) and Bridge Management Systems (BMS) into a transportation planning process to influence transportation decision making from economical and technical points of view. However, the PMS and BMS were not the only driving factors in identifying the NPS Northeast Region's project priorities. Historically, a "Worst First" approach has been used to develop a prioritized list of road projects. This study utilized the "Right Fix-Right Time" systematic approach to the selection of the projects. Using the PMS, the study team was able to perform a network-level analysis to determine maintenance and rehabilitation needs, forecast future impacts for various funding options, and develop a prioritized list of candidate projects by conducting an optimization analysis. Finally, the PMS analytical recommendations assist in the decision making process to develop a multi- year program of prioritized projects that balanced pavement preservation with other maintenance and rehabilitation activities, as well as bridge and safety needs, and politically sensitive priorities to meet Congressional and Administration concerns. The program of projects produced by the PMS and BMS should be viewed as network-level analysis results that could assist planners and decision makers. However, the design for individual projects should be finalized through project-level design by considering localized conditions. For more information or copies of the "Pilot Study Report" please contact Nastaran Saadatmand <nastaran.saadatmand@fhwa.dot.gov> or Jim Amenta <james.amenta@fhwa.dot.gov> Inflation Rates Used The FHWA Office of Planning sent out guidance on August 18, 2006 on how to use inflation rates to develop future cost estimates as part of fiscal constraint for metropolitan long-range transportation plans, Transportation Improvement Programs (TIPs), and Statewide Transportation Improvement Programs (STIPs). The guidance was developed in cooperation with FTA\'s Office of Planning and Environment.\ \ For metropolitan long-range transportation plans, TIPs, and STIPs, FHWA and FTA generally would be comfortable if States used a four (4) percent annual inflation rate for construction costs for 2007 and beyond, for both highways and transit. While this is current practice for FTA\'s major programs, FHWA has not established a comparable rate. Recognizing that circumstances may vary from State-to-State, as well as between highway and transit projects, a State may assume a lower or higher rate based on their circumstances. As part of the financial analysis that accompanies metropolitan long-range transportation plans, TIPs, and STIPs, a brief explanation of the inflation rate that is assumed should be provided. This explanation need not be elaborate, merely reasonable.\ \ We recognize that cost escalation and inflation rates are not an \"exact science.\" In fact, several proprietary sources are available for States to utilize in forecasting highway and street construction costs in relation to the Consumer Price Index. If you have any questions or need additional assistance on this issue, please contact Harlan Miller, Office of Planning, at (202) 366-0847 or <Harlan.Miller@dot.gov>. Constrained Long Range Transportation Plans: Projects with Phases Outside the 20-Year Horizon The FHWA Office of Planning sent out guidance August 1, 2006 to respond to State Departments of Transportation and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO) that have recently inquired about the implications of projects that have phases that are outside of the 20-year horizon of the transportation plan. Specifically, they have asked what are the fiscal constraint requirements and the effect on FHWA/FTA's ability to authorize project phases that are within the 20-year horizon of the transportation plan when there are phases of the project that are beyond the 20-year horizon. FHWA's Office Of Planning provided this response which applies only in air quality attainment areas. In an attainment area, the only work that would have to be shown in the 20-year transportation plan would be the activities that the state or local agencies would be asking FHWA/FTA to [authorize]{.underline} within the 20-year horizon of the transportation plan. These activities would be subject to fiscal constraint (i.e. the state/MPO would have to identify the intended and realistic revenue source(s) reasonably expected to be available to cover the expected costs of those activities). Costs for project phases to be authorized [outside]{.underline} the 20-year horizon would not be subject to fiscal constraint for the transportation plan. However, the next update of the transportation plan would have to show any additional work, such as construction, if it falls within the 20-year horizon of the next long range transportation plan - - and it would become subject to fiscal constraint at that time. If you have any questions on this clarifying information, please contact Harlan Miller at <Harlan.miller@dot.gov> of the Planning Oversight and Stewardship Team. Tool Kit for Integrating Land Use and Transportation Decision-Making An updated and enhanced version of the "Tool Kit for Integrating Land Use and Transportation Decision-Making" is now available online. The objective of this tool kit is to provide a user-friendly, web-based source of methods, strategies, and procedures for integrating land use and transportation planning, decision-making, and project implementation. The tool kit is made up of three sections: 1) the [Tools]{.underline}, which includes brief descriptions of over 30 tools, along with implementation examples and sources of additional information; 2) the [Case Studies]{.underline}, which provides a detailed look at how land use and planning tools have been effectively applied in practice; and 3) [Resources and Links]{.underline}, which provides additional information on tools for integrating transportation and land use decision-making. You'll find all that and more by clicking on [http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/landuse/index.htm](http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/landuse/index.htm). Take advantage of the resources and noteworthy practices pulled together from around the country that will assist your MPOs, State DOTs, and other customers to better address the linking of land use and transportation planning. Designing and developing a travel forecasting model tailored to a region's planning needs is a complex undertaking. Focused workshops, or peer reviews, are often used by transportation agencies to assist in the planning, implementation, and review of updates to their model-related procedures. Along with the networking, ideas, and recommendations, a peer review can provide to the agency an independent measure of how its model procedures compare with general modeling practices. FHWA's Travel Model Improvement Program (TMIP) ([http://tmip.fhwa.dot.gov](http://tmip.fhwa.dot.gov/)) recognizes the practical value of peer reviews. TMIP has provided flexible assistance to MPO's and State DOT's since 2003 through suggesting peer reviewers, managing and funding peer reviewers' travel, and writing meeting proceedings. Sponsorship is provided on a funds-available basis and preference is given to model update efforts in the planning and design stages. The travel model peer review program is taking applications. Interested agencies should consult the web site (<http://tmip.fhwa.dot.gov/services/peer_review_program/>) and work with their respective FWHA division planning staff to initiate the process. For more information, contact Brian Gardner (HEPI-30) at (202) 366-4061 or <brian.gardner@dot.gov>. Planning and Environment Linkages Website The FHWA has developed a new website called Planning and Environment Linkages, available at <http://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/integ/index.asp>. Planning and Environment Linkages represents an approach to transportation decision-making that considers environmental, community, and economic goals early in the planning stage and carries those considerations through project development, design, and construction. The approach can result in a more seamless decision process that minimizes duplication of effort, promotes environmental stewardship, and reduces delays in project implementation. The new website provides a variety of information resources on Planning and Environment Linkages, including: - An overview of Planning and Environment Linkage concepts and benefits. - Tips on identifying the actions needed to implement the approach, including ones that address change management, data and analysis tools, interagency coordination, and decision process opportunities. - Ways to get started, including links to training, workshops, and other technical assistance. - Effective practices to demonstrate a wide range of activities that agencies have already undertaken to implement the approach. - Links to other related resources, including Context Sensitive Solutions, Green Highways, Eco-Logical, GIS in Transportation, and relevant NCHRP reports. - Relevant guidance, regulations, and provisions from SAFETEA-LU Sections 6001 and 6002. For more information or to provide feedback on the website, please contact Chester Fung at <chester.fung@dot.gov> or Michael Culp at <michael.culp@dot.gov>. Grant Announcement \-- Fish and Wildlife Service Preserve America Grant Program The National Wildlife Refuge System and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation announce their Preserve America grant program. Preserve America is a national initiative that directs Federal agencies to account for the economic and educational value of their historic properties (www.preserveamerica.gov). These properties, which encompass historic buildings, archaeological sites, cultural landscapes, and museum collections, are integral parts of the habitats contained within Refuges. Understanding their importance will only enhance the capability of the NWRS to conserve all of its resources. The grants, which range from \$10,000 to \$15,000, are competitive and aimed at funding national wildlife refuge educational and interpretive projects that focus on history and historic sites and collections and how they contribute to our conservation and understanding of natural resources. Please take a look at the Recent News section of the FWS homepage ([http://historicpreservation.fws.gov](http://historicpreservation.fws.gov/)) for more information and a link to the RFP. Contact: Eugene Marino, Service Archaeologist National Wildlife Refuge System Division of Visitor Services and Communications 4401 N Fairfax Drive Arlington VA 22203 703-358-2173 (phone); 202-253-3876 (mobile); 703-358-2517 (fax) or <eugene_marino@fws.gov> ## EPA publishes new Particulate standard EPA published regulations that revised the standard for the fine particulate NAAQS on September 28, 2006. The final action significantly changes EPA\'s previous daily fine particle standard (PM~2.5)~ by nearly 50 percent - from 65 micrograms of particles per cubic meter to 35 micrograms of particles per cubic meter of air. EPA is retaining the annual standard for fine particulates at 15 micrograms of particles per cubic meter. The action should force the creation of a number of new non-attainment areas. However, it is not likely that any new nonattainment areas would be designated before 2010. EPA is retaining the existing daily PM~10~ standard of 150 micrograms per cubic meter. For more information see: <http://epa.gov/pm/naaqsrev2006.html> [.]{.underline} 2005 American Community Survey (ACS) Data Released On August 29, 2006, the Census Bureau (CB) released economic data from the 2005 ACS and covering the following characteristics: 1. o Income o Employment status o Journey to work Data was released for geographic areas with population more than 65,000. On October 3, 2006, CB will release housing characteristics including tenure, vehicle ownership, and place-of-work tables. Data can be accessed via the American Factfinder at: <http://factfinder.census.gov/>. The Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) Working Group is also working on developing profiles for the nation, large cities, and MSAs based on the November 2004 geographic definition of Core Based Statistical Areas used to tabulate 2005 ACS data). These profiles will cover selected journey-to-work tables from 1990, 2000, and 2005 ACS data. The profiles will be posted on the CTPP page at <http://www.dot.gov/ctpp> under Data Products. # New CTPP Pooled Fund Project A proposal for the latest AASHTO pooled fund project "Census Transportation Planning Products" will be discussed and voted upon by AASHTO SCOP and AASHTO at their meeting on October 28, 2006 in Portland, Oregon. FHWA has already approved a waiver of the Federal matching funds for the project. Over the five-year period (2007-2011) the CTPP pooled fund project will support a family of activities including data products, on-demand technical assistance, training, and research. Total national costs for a five-year CTPP (2007 through 2011) would be approximately \$5.9 million. Details on it can be found on the TRB Subcommittee on Census Data website at <http://trbcensus.com/SCOP> . FHWA Texas Division Participates in Linking Planning and NEPA Workshop in San Marcos, Texas The FHWA Texas Division participated in several interagency workshops on "Linking Planning and NEPA" sponsored TXDOT, the environmental resource Agencies and the MPOs. Efforts focusing on how to better coordinate MPO long-range transportation plan revision efforts with the NEPA project-level mitigation and environmental streamlining requirements through EPA's new GIS-ST screening tool, data sharing, interagency consultation, and interagency cross-training were also discussed and explored during this workshop. It resulted in four individual MPO action plans and several research efforts on adapting screening tools to metropolitan planning purposes. A summary of the recommendations are on FHWA's Planning and Environment Linkages website at <http://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/integ/int_texas.asp>. The EPA Region 6 web link to the new GIS-ST screening tool is available at: [www.epa.gov/earth1r6/6en/xp/enxp2a3.htm](http://www.epa.gov/earth1r6/6en/xp/enxp2a3.htm) For more information, Contact: Kirk Fauver, (512) 536-5952 or <kirk.fauver@fhwa.dot.gov>. ![](media/image2.png){width="0.875in" height="0.5583333333333333in"} \" [FHWA Talking Freight Seminars]{.underline} Have you participated in any of the monthly Talking Freight Seminars? If not, you are missing out on a tremendous opportunity to hear from some of the best speakers and most knowledgeable experts from around the globe on issues that are impacting all of our lives. Increases in Freight and goods movement are quickly outstripping increases in typical vehicular traffic in most metropolitan regions. To help disseminate timely information to State DOTs, MPOs, shippers, universities, FHWA field offices etc, FHWA sponsors the Talking Freight seminars monthly via a web conference format. You view the PowerPoint presentations over the Internet while listening to the presenters over the telephone. You do not even have to leave your desk to participate. Past sessions have included subjects as diverse as; how to incorporate Freight in the Transportation Planning Process, Freight security issues, Freight Performance measurement, etc. Every Talking Freight seminar held since July 2003 is archived and accessible from the website. Please plan on joining us for the next session of Talking Freight, October 18, 2006 (1-2:30 pm EDT/10-11:30 am Pacific). The subject is "Planning for Hazardous Materials." To register for these seminars, or to view archived seminars, please visit [http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/freightplanning/talking.htm]{.underline}. You will need to register for each seminar individually by clicking on the \"Enroll\" link to the right of the seminar information. The first hour of each seminar is dedicated to the presentations and the remaining 30 minutes are for audience questions and answers. For more information please contact Spencer Stevens at (717) 221-4512. # Freight Security Awareness Training CD Now Available The challenge of balancing freight transportation security against freight transportation efficiency has attracted significant attention and resources from local, state, Federal agencies involved in ensuring the security of the Nation\'s freight shipments. The self-paced training provides baseline information to State Departments of Transportation, Metropolitan Planning Organizations, and other freight stakeholders regarding freight flows and how security requirements may effect those movements; the processes by which freight shipments are cleared for entry into the United States; the agencies involved in freight security; and the programs and initiatives affecting freight security. Please email Crystal Jones (<Crystal.Jones@dot.gov>) to order your CD and to provide feedback on the training. Underground Railroad Bicycle Route Maps Available: Adventure Cycling announced the completion of maps for the southern section of its newest and most unique creation - the Underground Railroad Bicycle Route. See [www.adventurecycling.org/sales/20060810ugrr_page.cfm](http://www.adventurecycling.org/sales/20060810ugrr_page.cfm). Mountain Bike DVD Available: The US Forest Service released a DVD called \"Building Mountain Bike Trails: Sustainable Singletrack\". It is available through FHWA\'s Recreational Trails Program Publications Order form: see [www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/trailpub.htm](http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/trailpub.htm). FHWA and FTA have announced the availability of three case studies focusing on the Congestion Management Process (CMP) as it has been developed and implemented by Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) for Transportation Management Areas (TMAs) across the country. They are available from the FHWA and FTA Planning for Operations website at [[http://www.plan4operations.dot.gov/]{.underline}](http://www.plan4operations.dot.gov/). These case studies highlight a range of practices to advance the Congestion Management Process as part of metropolitan transportation planning. They highlight how the CMP can be made more meaningful by linking it to the transportation planning process, transportation operations, and the NEPA process. The FHWA and FTA are also working on guidance for the CMP for use by FHWA/FTA field offices, MPOs, and State DOTs that will be issued in early 2007. For further information, please contact Harlan Miller at (202) 366-0847 or <harlan.miller@dot.gov> or Ken Petty at (202) 366-6654 or [kenneth.petty@dot.gov](mailto:Kenneth.Petty@dot.gov) . The FHWA Office of Planning with support of the Texas Transportation Institute, a part of the Texas A&M University System, and review by the FTA Office of Systems Planning and Regional Offices and FHWA Division Offices developed research on innovative transportation planning practices by States and Metropolitan Planning Organizations for coordinating with rapidly growing small communities and rural areas. The study results are located at [http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/metro/rapurbov.htm]{.underline}. Key findings from case studies on how to strengthen involvement of rural stakeholders in the metropolitan planning process include: (1) Anticipate growth and urbanization; (2) Build on existing planning processes and documents; (3) Create agencies, boards and partnerships thoughtfully; (4) Determine a direction before starting out; (5) Involve stakeholders early; (6) Prepare for changes in funding. Case studies are: Lake County, FL; Dalton, GA; Coeur d\'Alene, ID; Bowling Green, KY; St. George, UT; and Austin-Round Rock, TX. For more information, please contact David Kuehn in the Office of Planning at 202-366-6072 or <david.kuehn@dot.gov>. ##### ##### ##### The NHI Course 142042, Fundamentals of Environmental Justice/Title VI, is looking for new federal instructors. This is a great opportunity to broaden your professional experience and meet new people. The two-day course is taught four to six times each year by two federal instructors. People who are interested need to have taken the NHI Instructors Development Course. A background in NEPA and project development or right-of-way as well as planning is an advantage. For more information, please contact David Kuehn in the Office of Planning 202-366-6072 or <david.kuehn@dot.gov>. ##### ![](media/image3.wmf){width="2.875in" height="1.28125in"} The Transportation Research Board Urban Street Symposium issued a Call for Abstracts. See [www.trb.org/conferences/USS3/CFA.pdf](http://www.trb.org/conferences/USS3/CFA.pdf). 2006 FHWA/FTA Planners' Seminar The 2006 Planners' Seminar really drew the crowds. At the opening session on the morning of April 19th, 191 people filled the conference room at the Wyndham Washington, DC Hotel, the highest number of attendees ever recorded at a Seminar. That was the auspicious kick off of two and half busy days of sessions and discussions covering topics from the latest on implementation of SAFETEA-LU, to what Federal Lands Highway Division planners are up to these days, to planning for and responding to natural disasters and emergencies, and to a demonstration of the most current version of the TMA certification review database. Concurrent (breakout) sessions addressed such issues as financial constraint, integrating environmental concerns into the planning process, visualization and land use planning, coordinating human services transportation, and what planners need to know about advanced right of way acquisition. On Thursday afternoon, attendees were directed to visit the Nassif Building to attend program office "Open Houses" and software demonstrations, to meet face-to-face with HQ staff, and to attend separate meetings held by and for FHWA division planners and FTA field and HQ staffs. The Seminar attendees were also visited on Friday morning, April 21, by the then Acting FHWA Administrator, Rick Capka. He spoke and answered questions for nearly an hour addressing a myriad of issues relating to provisions of SAFETEA-LU, federal transportation program emphasis areas, and related topics. Availability of 2006 Planners Seminar Proceedings Summaries of the Planners' Seminar proceedings are available on the Planning Community of Practice website at: http://knowledge.fhwa.dot.gov/planning. If you have any questions about obtaining copies of the presentation slides or how to get in touch with any of the speakers, please contact Robin Smith at 720-973-3072 or <robin.smith@dot.gov> or Planning Meetings and Conferences and the Planning Interchange/Field Email Group. ##### 2007 Field Planners Workshop The Texas Division is organizing the next Division Planners Meeting to be held in Austin, Texas during the week of June 18- 22, 2007. Division Offices are advised to check the FHWA Resource Center Planning intranet page (http://rc.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/) periodically for the details about the hotel logistics and agenda that will be posted as they become available. Let's Talk Planning The Let's Talk Planning conferences can be held on NHI's BreezeCentral web conferencing in addition to videoconferencing. FHWA, and FTA strive to provide the FHWA Division Offices and FTA Regions with current information, technical assistance and clarification to the topics that you suggest. Please send any requests or ideas to Jocelyn Jones at 410-962-2486 or <Jocelyn.Jones@dot.gov> or Jody McCullough at 202-366-2825 or <Jody.McCullough@dot.gov> The next session of the Let's Talk Planning series will be held December 14, 2006 on the FHWA/FTA Transportation Management Area (TMA) Planning Certification Database. ## Let's Talk Planning: Visualization for Planning The latest session of the Let's Talk Planning series was a September 14^th^ webconference focusing on visualization in transportation planning. The PowerPoint presentations, and visualization examples materials are posted on the Resource Center ftp server. For more information contact Ben Williams at 404-562-3671 or <Ben.Williams@dot.gov>. # # Resource Center Vacancy The (FHWA) Resource Center Planning Technical Services Team has a vacancy for a Community Planner. This person would serve as a metropolitan and statewide transportation-planning expert with a special focus on fiscal constraint and financial planning. This position may be duty stationed at any of the three Resource Center locations in the following cities: Baltimore, MD, Lakewood, CO, or Atlanta, GA. The closing date is October 23, 2006. For more information see: <http://jobsearch.usajobs.opm.gov/ftva.asp?seeker=1&JobID=48335308> Next Quarter's Workshops & Training Courses ##### Resource Center For information see contacts at <http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/resourcecenter/teams/planning/index.cfm>. 10/17/2006-10/18/2006 An Introduction to Mobile 6.2,\ Mobile Source Emission Modeling, Montgomery, AL\ Contact: Mike Roberts 404-392-9892 Early December 2006, GIS for Environmental Streamlining and Stewardship, Atlanta, GA. Contact Carlos Gonzolez 404-562-3639 Mid-January 2007; Engaging the Private Sector In Freight PlanningTexas; Contact Jocelyn Jones 410-962-2486 National Transit Institute For registration instructions see: <http://www.ntionline.com/CourseDates.asp> 11/2/2006-11/3/2006 [Managing the Cost of ADA Paratransit Services](http://www.ntionline.com/CourseInfo.ASP?CourseNumber=ID017) Orlando, FL 11/6/2006-11/7/2006 [Comprehensive ADA Paratransit Eligibility](http://www.ntionline.com/CourseInfo.ASP?CourseNumber=FP011) Miami, FL 11/15/2006-11/16/2006 [Comprehensive ADA Paratransit Eligibility](http://www.ntionline.com/CourseInfo.ASP?CourseNumber=FP011) Tucson, AZ 11/28/2006- 11/30/2006[Introduction to Transportation/Air Quality Conformity](http://www.ntionline.com/CourseInfo.ASP?CourseNumber=FP213) Chicago, IL 12/12/2006-12/14/2006 [Introduction to Transportation/Air Quality Conformity](http://www.ntionline.com/CourseInfo.ASP?CourseNumber=FP213) New York, NY. ##### National Highway Institute ##### Try out the new NHI Web site! <http://www.nhi.fhwa.dot.gov/home.aspx> Also, you can now check on the schedule of web conferences at <http://www.nhi.fhwa.dot.gov/resources/webconference/eventcalendar.aspx>. 10/10/2006-10-12/2006 Beyond Compliance: Historic Preservation in Transportation Project Development Phoenix, AZ Contact: Annie Parris 602-712-8461 10/10/2006- 10/11/2006 Bicycle Facility Design Santa Fe, NM. Contact: Tim Rogers 505-827-0050 10/12/06- 10/13/2006 Las Cruces, NM. Contact: Tim Rogers 505-827-0050 10/17/2006-10/19/2006 Context Sensitive Solutions Atlanta, GA Contact: Rick Smith 404-651-6509 10/17/2006-10/18/2006 Administration of FHWA Planning and Research Grants New York City, NY. Contact Sandy Lupe 518-457-8526 10/24/2006-10/25/2006 Highway Program Financing Jefferson City, MO Contact: Cathy Scribner\ 573-522-9284 10/24/2006-10/25/2006 Applying GIS and Spatial Data Technologies to Transportation Contact Rick Smith 404-651-6509 10/25/2006-10/27/2006 Beyond Compliance: Historic Preservation in Transportation Project Development Nashville, TN. Contact: Tammy Sellers 615-741-5367 10/30/2006-11/03/2006 Introduction to Urban Travel Demand Forecasting Anchorage, AK. Contact: Simon Howell\ 907-451-5482 11/07/2006-11/09/2006 NEPA and Transportation Decisionmaking Lincoln, NE. Contact: Carrie Williams\ 402-479-4870 11/07/2006-11/09/2006 NEPA and Transportation Decisionmaking Albuquerque, MN. Contact: Curt Frischkorn\ 505-827-5416 11/07/2006-11/09/2006 Implications of Air Quality Planning for Transportation Houston, TX. Contact: Andrew DeCandis\ 832-681-2549 11/08/2006-11/09/2006 Fundamentals of Title VI/Environmental Justice Jefferson City, MO. Contact: Carolyn Bartel 573-638-2604 11/08/2006-11/09/2006 Water Quality Management of Highway Runoff West Greenwich, RI Contact: Jeffrey Cathcart 401-874-9405 11/08/2006-11/09/2006 Safety Conscious Planning: Planning it Safe Dover, DE Contact: Lawrence Klepner 302-831-6241 11/14/2006-11/15/2006 Pedestrian Facility Design Frankfort, KY. Contact: Donna Williams 800-455-5573 11/14/2006-11/15/2006 Highway Program Financing Sacramento, CA. Contact: Jason Dietz 916-498-5886 11/14/2006-11/15/2006 Highway Program Financing West Greenwich, RI Contact: Jeffrey Cathcart 401-874-9405 11/16/2006-11/17/2006 Highway Program Financing Sacramento, CA. Contact: Jason Dietz 916-498-5886 12/05/2006-12/07/2006 Beyond Compliance: Historic Preservation in Transportation Project Development Denver, CO. Contact: Richard Santos 720-963-3009 12/05/2006-12/06/2006 Design and Implementation of Erosion and Sediment Control Little Rock, AR. Contact: Jerry Rogers 501-569-2116 12/05/2006-12/06/2006 Highway Program Financing San Diego, CA. Contact: Jason Dietz 916-498-5886 12/06/2006-12/07/2006 Water Quality Management of Highway Runoff Lansing MI. Contact: Terri LaVoy\ 517-322-6792 12/11/2006-12/15/2006 Introduction to Urban Travel Demand Forecasting Lansing MI. Contact: Terri LaVoy\ 517-322-6792 4/12/2007-4/13/2007 Integrating Freight in the Transportation Planning Process, Nashville, TN Contact: Theresa Hutchins (615) 781-5770 Travel Model Improvement Program Workshops For more detail see: <http://tmip.fhwa.dot.gov/conf_courses/> or contact: Penelope Weinberger 202-366-4054 <penelope.weinberger@dot.gov>. For the NHI travel demand courses see the NHI list. 10/2/2006-10/5/2006 Introduction to Urban Travel Demand Forecasting Richmond, VA Contact Paul Agarello 804-786-2531 Fall 2006 Introduction to Urban Travel Demand Forecasting Denver, CO Fall 2006 Activity and Tour Based Forecasting Seminar San Diego, CA Fall 2006 Travel Model Calibration, Validation and Reasonableness Checking Seminar San Diego, CA Fall 2006 Forecasting Land Use Activities Seminar San Diego, CA ![](media/image4.wmf){width="0.625in" height="0.3909722222222222in"} 11/12/2006-11/14/2006 TRB's Key Issues in Transportation Programming: 2nd National Conference, Seattle, WA <http://guest.cvent.com/EVENTS/Info/Summary.aspx?e=4e1043b0-9a96-4f1e-9400-1074d6a7ec58> 10/18/2006-10/19/ 2006, State Trail Administrators Meeting, Quad Cities Iowa/Illinois\ [www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/stam2006/](http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/stam2006/). National Trails Symposium, Quad Cities IA/IL, October 19-22, 2006. The early registration deadline is August 31st. See [www.americantrails.org/quad/](http://www.americantrails.org/quad/). 11/22/2006- 11/25/2006\ 17th National Rural Public and Intercity Bus Transportation Conference Stevenson, WA\ Contact: Peter Shaw at pshaw@nas.edu 10/23/2006-10/26/2006 International Visualization in transportation Symposium & Workshop Denver, CO <http://www.trbvis.org/> Oct 25 - Oct 31, 2006\ AASHTO Annual Meeting\ Portland, OR\ <HannahW@aashto.org> Rail\~Volution 2006 The twelfth annual conference will be held in Chicago, Illinois November 4-8, 2006. [www.railvolution.com/CallForPapers.html](http://www.railvolution.com/CallForPapers.html). 11/12/2006-11/16/2006 NatureServes' Southeastern Region Natural Heritage Conference, Ramada Inn Tallahassee, FL. <http://www.natureserve.org/visitLocal/conferencesTraining.jsp> Jan 21 - Jan 25, 2007\ [Transportation Research Board 86th Annual Meeting](http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/exit.cfm?link=http://www.trb.org)\ Washington, DC Mar 17 - Mar 18, 2007\ National OHV Program Managers Workshop\ Ontario, CA\ Co-sponsored by: National Off Highway Vehicle Conservation Council and FHWA\'s Recreational Trails Program Contact: Bob Walker (406) 444-4584 3/25/2007-3/28/2007 AASHTO/ FHWA/FTA/BTS Geospatial Information Systems for Transportation Symposium Nashville, TN. For more information see [www.gis-t.org](http://www.gis-t.org/). Apr 14 - Apr 18, 2007\ [American Planning Association Annual National Planning Conference](http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/exit.cfm?link=http://www.planning.org/conferences/future.htm)\ Philadelphia, PA\ <Conference@planning.org> 5/17/2007-5/18/2007 2007 New England Rural Transportation Workshop Woodstock, VT, May 6-9, 2007\ [11th National Transportation Planning Applications Conference](http://gulliver.trb.org/calendar/event.asp?id=270)\ Daytona Beach, FL June 23 - 26, 2007 National Association of Regional Councils 41st Annual Conference and Exhibition\ Orlando, FL. See [www.narc.org](http://www.narc.org/) June 24-27, 2007\ [9th International Conference on Low-Volume Roads](http://www.trb.org/conferences/9lvr)\ Austin, TX June 24-27, 2007\ [3rd Urban Street Symposium](http://www.trb.org/conferences/USS3/CFA.pdf)\ Seattle, WA July 7-9, 2007 TRB 2007 Joint Summer Meeting\ Chicago, Illinois July 9-11, 2007 TRB\ [2007 Transportation Planning and Air Quality Conference\](http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/educweb/transaq/transaq2007.htm)\ Orlando, FL National Association of Counties Annual Conference July 13-17, 2007\ *Richmond, Virginia see [www.naco.org](http://www.naco.org/) National Asociation of Development Organizations 2007 Annual Training Conference\ Saturday, August 25-Tuesday, August 28 2007\ Austin, TX, see <http://www.nado.org/>	en
converted_docs	661500	[The following States are approved to extend the designated EZ/EC Programs through December 31, 2009 or sooner.]{.underline} [State of Alabama]{.underline} City of Birmingham Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2006 Chambers County Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2005 Greene-Sumter Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Arkansas]{.underline} East Arkansas Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 Pulaski Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of California]{.underline} Watsonville Enterprise Community extension through June 30, 2006 [State of Colorado]{.underline} Denver Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Georgia]{.underline} Albany Enterprise Community extension through December 21, 2005 Atlanta Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Illinois]{.underline} Chicago Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Kentucky]{.underline} Kentucky Highlands Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Maryland]{.underline} Baltimore Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Massachusetts]{.underline} Lowell Enterprise Community extension through June 30, 2005 [State of Michigan]{.underline} Lake County Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 Flint Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Missouri]{.underline} City of East Prairie Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Mississippi]{.underline} Mid-Delta Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Nebraska]{.underline} Omaha Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of New Jersey]{.underline} Camden Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of New York]{.underline} Albany, Schenectady, Troy Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 New York Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 Rochester Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of North Carolina]{.underline} Charlotte Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Ohio]{.underline} Cleveland Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Oklahoma]{.underline} Oklahoma City Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Pennsylvania]{.underline} Philadelphia Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of South Carolina]{.underline} Charleston Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009	en
markdown	361596	# Presentation: 361596 ## Radiation in high-^s final states - Peter Skands (FNAL) - with T. Plehn (MPI Munich) & D. Rainwater (U Rochester) - ILC Workshop, Snowmass CO, Aug 2005 ## Overview - QCD @ high energy: scales, logs & hands - Tevatron: ttbar production - LHC: ttbar production - LHC: SUSY pair production ## Collider Energy Scales - HARD SCALES: - s : collider energy - pT,jet : extra activity - QX : signal scale (ttbar) - mX : large rest masses ## Collider Energy Scales - HARD SCALES: - s : collider energy - pT,jet : extra activity - QX : signal scale (ttbar) - mX : large rest masses - SOFT SCALES: -  : decay widths - mp : beam mass - QCD : hadronisation - mi : small rest masses - + “ARBITRARY” SCALES: - QF , QR : Factorisation & Renormalisation ## Approximations to QCD - _Fixed order matrix elements: Truncated expansion in ____S__ ___ - Full intereference and helicity structure included to given order. - Divergences appear as low-pT log divergences. - Difficulty (computation time) increases rapidly with final state multiplicity  limited to 2  5/6. - _Parton Showers: infinite series in ____S__ (but only singular terms = collinear approximation)._ - Resums logs to all orders  excellent at low pT. - Factorisation  Exponentiation  Arbitrary multiplicity - Easy match to hadronisation models - Interference terms neglected + simplified helicity structure  large uncertainties away from singular regions. ## A handwaving argument - A handwaving argument - Quantify: what is a soft jet? ## A handwaving argument - A handwaving argument - Quantify: what is a soft jet? - _Handwavingly_, leading logs are: - So, very roughly, logs become large for jet pT around 1/6 of the hard scale. ## ttbar + jets @ Tevatron SCALES [GeV] - s = (2000)2 - Q2Hard ~ (175)2 - 50 < pT,jet < 250  RATIOS - Q2H/s = (0.1)2 - 1/4 < pT / QH < 2 - _Process characterized by:_ - Threshold production (mass large compared to s) - A 50-GeV jet is reasonably hard, in comparison with hard scale ~ top mass ## ttbar + jets @ Tevatron SCALES [GeV] - s = (2000)2 - Q2Hard ~ (175)2 - 50 < pT,jet < 250 RATIOS - Q2H/s = (0.1)2 - 1/4 < pT / QH < 2 ## ttbar + jets @ Tevatron - _Hard tails_: - Power Showers (solid green & blue) surprisingly good (naively expect collinear approximation to be worse!) - Wimpy Showers (dashed) drop rapidly around top mass. - _Soft peak_: logs large @ ~ mtop/6 ~ 30 GeV  fixed order _still good_ for 50 GeV jets (did not look explicitly below 50 GeV yet) SCALES [GeV] - s = (2000)2 - Q2Hard ~ (175)2 - 50 < pT,jet < 250 RATIOS - Q2H/s = (0.1)2 - 1/4 < pT / QH < 2 ## ttbar + jets @ LHC SCALES [GeV] - s = (14000)2 - Q2Hard ~ (175+...)2 - 50 < pT,jet < 450 RATIOS: - Q2H/s = (0.02)2 - 1/5 < pT / QH < 2.5 - _Process characterized by:_ - Mass scale is _small_* compared to s - A 50-GeV jet is still hard, in comparison with hard scale ~ top mass, but is now soft compared with s. ## ttbar + jets @ LHC - _Hard tails_: More phase space  more radiation. - Power Showers still reasonable (but caution advised!) - Wimpy Showers (dashed) drop catastrophically around top mass. - _Soft peak_: logs slightly larger (scale larger than mtop, since not threshold dominated here)  but fixed order still reasonable for 50 GeV jets. SCALES [GeV]* - s = (14000)2 - Q2Hard ~ (175+...)2 - 50 < pT,jet < 450 RATIOS - Q2H/s = (0.02)2 - 1/5 < pT / QH < 2.5 ## SUSY + jets @ LHC SCALES [GeV] - s = (14000)2 - Q2Hard ~ (600)2 - 50 < pT,jet < 450 RATIOS - Q2H/s = (0.05)2 - 1/10 < pT / QH < 1 - _Process characterized by:_ - Mass scale is again large compared to s - But a 50-GeV jet is now soft, in comparison with hard scale ~ SUSY mass. - (SPS1a) ## SUSY + jets @ LHC - _Hard tails_: Still _a lot_ of radiation (pT spectra have moderate slope) - Parton showers _less _uncertain, due to _higher_ signal mass scale. Drop of wimpy showers happens later ~ 600 GeV. - _Soft peak_: logs _BIG:_ fixed order breaks down for ~ 100 GeV jets. Reconfirmed by parton showers  universal limit below 100 GeV. SCALES [GeV] - s = (14000)2 - Q2Hard ~ (600)2 - 50 < pT,jet < 450 RATIOS - Q2H/s = (0.05)2 - 1/10 < pT / QH < 1 - (2 jet sample: matrix element blowing up  artificially large norm. difference?) ## pT of hard system(Equivalent to pT,Z for Drell-Yan)  Resummation necessary Bulk of cross section sits in peak sensitive to multiple emissions. - ~uL~g + 1 jet @ LHC - pT of (~uL~g) system - ttbar + 1 jet @ LHC - pT of (ttbar) system - ~g~g + 1 jet @ LHC - pT of (~g~g) system ## Conclusions - SUSY-MadGraph soon to be public. - Comparisons to PYTHIA Q2- and pT2- ordered showers  New illustrations of old wisdom: - Hard jets (= hard in comparison with signal scale)  collinear approximation misses relevant terms  use matrix elements with explicit jets  interference & helicity structure included. - Soft jets (= soft in comparison with signal process, but still e.g. 100 GeV for SPS1a)  large logarithms  use resummation / parton showers to resum logs to all orders. ## Conclusions - SUSY-MadGraph soon to be public. - Comparisons to PYTHIA Q2- and pT2- ordered showers  New illustrations of old wisdom: - Hard jets (= hard in comparison with signal scale)  collinear approximation misses relevant terms  use matrix elements with explicit jets  interference & helicity structure included. - Soft jets (= soft in comparison with signal process, but still e.g. 100 GeV for SPS1a)  large logarithms  use resummation / parton showers to resum logs to all orders.	en
converted_docs	265031	4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ CHAPTER 7. PROCESSING BUDGETED RENT INCREASES AND FEES FOR COMMERCIAL SPACE AND SERVICES IN INSURED, DIRECT LOAN AND NON-REGULATED HUD PROJECTS SECTION 1. OVERVIEW 7-1. PURPOSE. This chapter provides procedures for processing budgeted rent increases in certain HUD projects and outlines guidance in the calculation of utility allowances and charges for commercial facilities and services provided in those projects. Included in the chapter are the relevant tenant participation procedures which must be followed in processing these increases and charges. In preparing the procedures in this chapter, HUD\'s prime interest is in promoting the efficient management and continued financial viability of its projects. In reviewing requests from owners concerning rents and charges, the Field Office should be guided by the fact that these rents and fees should and must provide sufficient and adequate funding to operate the projects. This chapter gives guidance on program evaluation used in conjunction with required procedures for MIPS budgeted rent increases. 7-2. APPLICABILITY. These procedures for processing a gross potential rent increase, increases in charges for commercial space and charges for services apply to the projects listed below: A. Section 231, and 221(d)(3) market rate projects: 231 projects (LDs) whose rents are still controlled or who have opted for the alternate rent mechanism. B. Section 202 projects, except those that use the Section 8 Annual Adjustment Factor (AAF). C. Section 213, Section 236 (including cooperatives), Rent Supplement, 221(d)(3) market rate and 221(d)(3) BMIR rental and cooperative projects, Sections 810 and 908 (military housing); D. Projects that have converted from Rent Supplement to Section 8 Loan Management Set-Aside; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-1 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ E. Previously HUD-owned projects that have been sold to nonprofit owners or that use a budget (rather than the Section 8 AAF) to compute rents; F. Section 207\'s and 231\'s both regulated and controlled by alternative rent mechanism; Section 220 and 221(d)(4)\'s that are regulated; and 234 rentals that did not convert to condominiums; G. Those projects listed in paragraph 7-2(A) through \(F\) that are not automatically preempted by HUD and request exemption from local rent control. NOTE: Regulatory agreements require Section 202, Section 231 and cooperative projects to annually submit operating budgets and obtain HUD approval of rents or carrying charges. Field Offices shall enforce this requirement in lieu of the requirement that budgets be submitted only when the owner believes a rent increase is needed. The Field Office in enforcing the regulatory agreement requirement for annual budget submissions, shall require the owner to include in their submission any information required by Section 4, paragraph 7-22 of these procedures. 7-3. PROJECTS SUBJECT TO THE ALTERNATE RENT DETERMINATION MECHANISM. For projects insured under Section 207, 231(c)(4), 213 Rental, 223(f), and 234 Rental prior to November 30, 1983, and for 221(d)(4) projects, regardless of when the project was insured, the owners may request an amendment to the Regulatory Agreement subject to Section 3 of this chapter requiring HUD to determine their rents using the alternative rent mechanism described in Section 4. 7-4. DEFINITIONS. A. HUD Authorized Rent. These are the unit rents shown in column 3 of the most recently approved Rent Schedule (Form HUD-92458). In the Section 236 program these rents are called basic rents. Depending on income, some 236 tenants will pay \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ market rent or something between basic and market rents which represents 30 percent of adjusted income. B. Maximum Allowable Rent Potential. The maximum annual rent the owner may collect by charging the rents authorized by HUD on the Form 92458. C. Utility Allowance. (APPLIES ONLY FOR PROJECTS RECEIVING SUBSIDY ASSISTANCE WHERE ALL OR SOME UTILITIES ARE PAID DIRECTLY BY THE TENANT.) An estimate of utility costs (except telephone) for an average family occupying a unit. Clarification: Section 221(d)(3) BMIR projects that were built with tenant paid utilities (separate meters) do not need utility allowances. If the project has Rent Supplement or LMSA units, those units however, receive an allowance. D. Section 8 Contract Rents. The rent level called for under the subsidy contract and adjusted annually. Rent used for units subsidized under Section 8 (LMSA) where the owner has had his rent decontrolled or used the alternative rent mechanism. E. Services. This refers to such benefits as may be provided by the project owner to tenants that are not included in the rent and are optional on the tenant\'s part (i.e., cable T.V., laundry facilities and use of community space in the project.) SECTION 2. TENANT COMMENT PROCEDURES FOR A RENT INCREASE 7-5. GENERAL. Tenant comment procedures for the rent increase process are provided for in Section 202(b)(1) of the 1987 Housing and Community Development Amendments (HCDA) and Section 329(F) of the 1981 HCDA. Regulations at 24 CFR 245 set the Department\'s policy on the subject (See Appendix 1). These requirements for tenant comment on rent increases and utility allowance reductions apply to all projects listed in Section 1, Paragraph 7-2 except those rentals under Section 207, 213, 234, Section 231, 220 and Section 221(d)(4) and 202s assisted under Part 885. They also \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-3 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ do not affect cooperatives whose residents elect a Board of Directors which must approve any proposed increase in carrying charges. This mechanism more than provides a means of comment in the management of the project. 7-6. APPLICABILITY, The requirements of this section affect ONLY those owners whose requested rent potential would exceed the Maximum Allowable Rent Potential for that project. If the proposed rent potential is less than or equal than or equal to the Maximum Allowable Rent Potential, the tenant comment procedures outlined in this section do NOT apply. (See Section 4.) 7-7. OWNER RESPONSIBILITIES: Owners must issue a Notice to Tenants of any proposed rent increase. The Notice must contain all of the information included in the sample notice shown in the Appendix 1. initial submission of the request to HUD for a rent increase shall go forward at the same time as the Notice is being given to tenants. The HUD Field Office shall receive a copy of the Notice to Tenants along with the documents and information that will be used to justify the rent increase as part of the formal rent increase request. A. For high-rise projects, owners must \"post\" or \"deliver\" the Notice to each tenant. For all other types of projects, owner need only \"deliver\" the Notices. B. Delivery. A copy of the Notice must be mailed to each tenant or hand carried directly to each unit. IMPORTANT: The Notice should also be delivered to those tenants who pay market rent and to tenants who would not be affected by an increase because they pay a percentage of income. C. Posting. If applicable, the owner must post the Notice in at least three conspicuous places in each high-rise building in which dwelling units are located AND in one conspicuous place at the address where the material supporting the owner\'s request will be available for tenant review and copying. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-4 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ IMPORTANT: Owners must keep the posted Notices in place and in legible form for the tenant comment period. 7-8. TENANT REVIEW AND COMMENT. During the 30 days following the date the Notice to Tenants was given, the owner must make all of the materials listed in Section 4, paragraph 7-22 plus any additional information used to justify the increase available to tenants or their representatives to review and/or copy. For the purpose of computing tenant comment periods, owners must consider the date the Notice was given to be the date by which all Notices had been hand carried or mailed and all required copies had been initially posted. The materials must be available at least during normal business hours. 7-9. COMMENT SUBMISSION. Tenants may submit written comments on the increase request to the owner or to the HUD Field Office or both. In cases where comments are submitted to the owner, all such comments must be reviewed and evaluated. The comments and evaluations should then be forwarded to the HUD Field Office as part of the formal rent increase request. 7-10. CHANGES TO SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. If during the 30 day comment period the owner makes a material change in any of the documents submitted in support of the increase, the owner must notify the tenants of the change(s) in a notice to be distributed in the exact same manner as the original Notice to Tenants. The owner must make the revised materials available for the tenants to review and/or copy for the LONGER of 15 days after the revised notice was given or the days remaining in the initial 30-day comment period. 7-11. SUBMITTING THE FORMAL REQUEST FOR AN INCREASE. At the conclusion of the tenant comment period as defined in either paragraph 7-8 or paragraph 7-10 above the owner must forward in addition to the tenant comments and evaluations, an executed copy of the owner\'s Certification as to Compliance with 24 CFR Part 245\'s Review and Comment Procedures. (See Appendix 2) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-5 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ SECTION 3. DECONTROL OF RENTS 7-12. DECONTROL OF SECTION 220/221. On April 19, 1983 the Department issued regulations (effective 6/1/83) which changed the requirements for HUD control of rents and other charges in Section 207, 220, and 221(d)(4). First, HUD used the discretion it already had under Sections 220/221(d)(4) to decontrol rent and other charges in unassisted projects. Regulation would continue only for projects receiving certain types of Section 8 assistance, projects receiving Section 8 LMSA and projects insured under Section 221(d)(3). The regulation of certain charges for facilities and services continued for each of these units and projects, as well as for Section 221(d)(4) elderly and handicapped projects. Second, HUD implemented the Alternative Rent Mechanism (discussed in Section 4 of this chapter) for determining maximum allowable rents for unsubsidized projects insured under Sections 207, 213 (rental), 223(f), 231(c)(4) and 234(rental). 7-13. HURRA OF 1983. In November 1983, Section 431(a)(1) of the Housing and Urban-Rural Recovery Act of 1983 amended section 207(b)(2) of the National Housing Act (NHA) to make discretionary the Secretary\'s authority to regulate rents and other charges for multifamily housing projects insured under Section 207 on or after November 30, 1983. The owner needed only to submit an amended regulatory agreement and HUD would sign it. 7-14. DECONTROL OF SECTION 207. Exercising the discretion granted by the change in 431(a)(1), the Department implemented regulations on June 4, 1986 (effective 7/21/86) which deregulated rents and other charges for mortgages insured under Section 207 on or after November 30, 1983. Regulation continued for Section 236 subsidized projects refinanced under Section 223(f). HUD also authorized owners of 221(d)(4) and 220 projects with LMSA to decontrol rents provided they amended the Regulatory agreement and to have its Section 8 rents determined annually by the applicable annual adjustments factor. 7-15. SECTION 207/LMSA. For those projects insured before November 30, 1983, the 1986 regulations gave Section 207, 220, and 221(d)(4) project owners receiving \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-6 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Section 8 LMSA assistance the option to request the Alternative Rent Mechanism, provided they agree to amend the Regulatory agreement, and have the Section 8 rents determined by the applicable annual adjustment factor. 7-16. 1987 HOUSING ACT. The Housing Act of 1987 imposed restrictions on the decontrol of rent and use of the alternative rent mechanism which affected owners who had not requested changes in their regulatory agreements. For those owners whose request for a regulatory change was received before 12/1/87, HUD will process the request and sign the new agreement. However, for owners of projects who were eligible under the 1983/86 regulations BUT who did not request the necessary amendment prior to 12/1/87, the Act requires that the project meet the following tests before the amendment can be approved: (1) The project may not have a project based Section 8 contract; and (2) no more than 50 percent of its tenants can be defined as lower income. 7-17. PROJECTS NOT COVERED BY THE 1987 ACT. Projects endorsed and insured (or co-insured) on or after 11/30/83 under Section 207 and 223 are NOT covered by the 1987 Housing Act. This is notwithstanding any language presently contained in the regulatory agreement. 7-18. PROJECTS COVERED BY THE 1987 ACT. The Field Office will apply the tests required in the 1987 Act to: \(A\) Unsubsidized Section 207, 213(rental), 223(f), 231(c)(4), and 234 (rental) projects that could have elected the Alternative Rent Mechanism under the April 19, 1983 rule, but did not do so before 12/1/87. \(B\) Unsubsidized 220 and 221(d)(4) projects insured prior to 6/1/83 who could have elected to deregulate charges for rents, facilities, or services under April 19, 1983 rule, but did not do so before 12/1/87. \(C\) Section 207, 213(rental), 223(f), 231(c)(4), and 234 (rental), 220 and 221(d)(4) projects insured prior to 11/30/83 and assisted by Section 8 LMSA \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-7 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that were permitted by the June 4, 1986 regulation to request the Alternative Rent Mechanism or decontrol as applicable, but did not do so before 12/1/87. 7-19. SPECIAL CASES. HUD continues to regulate a certain limited class of projects which would otherwise be eligible under regulations to request decontrol. This group consists of those projects discussed in this Section where the mortgagor opts to remain controlled in order to maintain the project\'s tax exempt status and those projects where deregulation would result in the imposition of local and state rent control which is inapplicable as long as HUD is regulating the rent. In both cases the maximum permissible rent charges are determined by the Alternative Rent Mechanism. 7-20. PMMs. Regulation of rents at projects with Purchase Money Mortgages sold with insurance will be in accordance with the rules for Section 221(d)(4). SECTION 4. OWNER REQUEST FOR A RENT INCREASE 7-21. PROCEDURES FOR REQUESTING A RENT INCREASE. Owners are allowed to charge only the rents shown on the rent schedule they submitted and which have most recently been authorized by HUD. When current rent levels are NOT sufficient to cover anticipated or unavoidable increases in operating costs, owners should request that HUD approve an increase in rents. If the increase in proposed potential rent is less than or equal to the Maximum Allowable Rent Potential, owners need only submit a new Rent Schedule 92458. Tenant comment procedures in 24 CFR 245 do NOT apply. If the proposed rent increase exceeds the Maximum Allowable Rent Potential, owners must take the actions discussed in this Section. 7-22. INITIAL SUBMISSION. In addition to the proposed rent potential, the initial submission to request a rent increase should include the materials listed below, plus any additional documents being used to support the request. A. A cover letter that briefly does all of the following: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-8 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 1\) Summarizes the reasons why a rent increase is needed and the date the increase will be effective. Describe the project\'s physical condition and any improvements that have been budgeted for. The letter may refer to the reasons stated in the Notice or elaborate on those reasons. (The main reasons stated in the letter must be the same as the main reasons stated in the Notice to Tenants, if the project was subject to the tenant comment procedures in Section 2.) 2\) Identifies any proposed change in services, equipment or charges and the reasons for the change. B. A Budget Worksheet (Appendix 4(d) format) providing income and expenses for the 12 months following the anticipated effective date of the proposed rent increase. C. A brief statement explaining the basis for any increase in the expense line items on the budget work sheet. Generally, if an increase amounts to 5 percent or more, it must be documented. If the income or expense was estimated at the prior annual period\'s actual, or the increase is less than \$500, no explanation is required. (Appendix 4(b) provides a sample owner explanation of budget items.) D. Where applicable, a copy of the Notice to Tenants annotated to show where and how the Notice was distributed (e.g., posted, mailed, hand carried). E. An executed copy of the Owner\'s Certification Regarding Purchasing Practices and Reasonableness of Expenses (Appendix 3). F. A status report on the project\'s implementation of its current Energy Conservation Plan (See Chapter 12). This may be: (1) a narrative report coded to facilitate references to the plan; or (2) copy of the plan annotated to show the current status of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-9 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ all items that were scheduled to be completed within 60 days after the rent increase is proposed to be effective. THIS APPLIES ONLY TO SECTION 236 AND BMIR PROJECTS, PROJECTS THAT RECEIVE RENT SUPPLEMENT ASSISTANCE, AND PROJECTS THAT CONVERTED FROM RENT SUPPLEMENT TO SECTION 8. This requirement is to assure compliance with Section 329(c) of the Housing and Community Development Amendments of 1981. G. A signed request for an increase in the Reserve for Replacement if such an increase is contemplated as part of the rent increase request (Appendix 6). H. For Protects with Utility Allowances, a recommendation to what utility allowance is appropriate for each unit type and a summary of how the owner/agent arrived at that amount with appropriate documentation as prescribed by paragraph 7-24 of this section. 7-23. USE OF THE ALTERNATE RENT MECHANISM. For projects insured under Section 207, 231(c)(4), 213 Rental, 234 Rental, 223(f) and 221(d)(4), where the necessary amendment to the regulatory agreement has been executed (See Section 3), owners may request that HUD determine a rent increase using the Alternative Rent Mechanism. These steps are to be followed: A. Owner Submission for Alternative Rent Determination mechanism. In addition to the information required in Section 4, paragraph 7-22, the owner who chooses the Alternative Rent Determination process must submit the following: 1\) An appraisal of the residential value of the property performed by a qualified real estate appraiser of the mortgagor\'s choice which includes the comparable rents for units in similar projects. 2\) A request for HUD approval of a rent increase. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ B. Processing Procedures for Budgeted Rent Determination. 1\) Section 207, 231, 213, 220, 221(d)(4) owners or owners of projects which are required to have their rents approved by HUD, who do not choose to use the Alternative rent Determination procedures will continue to have their rents determined as prescribed in this chapter and no Regulatory Agreement amendment is necessary. 2\) Section 207 owners or owners of projects who require HUD approval of rents or owners of projects who otherwise could chose not to have HUD control rents, that wish to use the Alternative Rent Determination Procedures provided for, shall have their rent determined by HUD based on the submission required in paragraph 7-23(A) of this section. HUD will approve the lower of the following two rent potentials: (1) apply the original debt service factor to the current market appraisal covering the residential value of the property. Then process the rents as outlined in this chapter, to determine Gross Potential Rent; or (2) the comparable rents submitted as part of the appraisal. NOTE: The independent organization or person hired by the owner to conduct and provide the certified appraisal must be a recognized professional appraiser. The appraiser in making his/her rental analysis must determine the residential rental income separate from the commercial income and provide a delineation in the value of the residential portion separate from the commercial portion of the value. The Field Office in determining the Gross Potential Rents using the new appraisal will use the residential rent portion of the certified appraisal to apply the original debt service factor set at the time of final endorsement in determining the new debt service allowed in the rent computation and insert the new appraised residential value in Box H of the Rent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-11 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Calculation Worksheet. Offices shall follow outstanding instructions contained in this chapter in processing the expenses used in determining the final Gross Potential Rent. C. HUD\'s Approval of Alternative Rent Increase Method. 1\) Based on the analysis submitted and assuming the owner is otherwise eligible for a rent increase as covered in this chapter, the Loan Management Branch Chief (LMBC) shall approve in writing the lesser of the rents computed in paragraph 7-23(B)(2) of this section. 2\) If the LMBC determines that the owner is not entitled to a rent increase as covered in this Handbook, the LMBC shall submit the finding(s) to the Director of Housing Management or Director of Housing for review. The Director will deny or approve the LMBC finding in writing providing the reasons for the final decision if it reverses or alters the LMBC recommendation. D. Future Processing After Initial Determination of Rents Using Alternative Mechanism. 1\) If the rent based on comparables and supported by the appraisal as defined in paragraph 7-23(B)(2) are less than the processed rent utilizing the appraised value, use the comparable rents submitted by the owner as the approved rent. The Field Office is NOT to become involved in determining comparable rents. This should already have been done as part of the appraisal package. 2\) If the budgeted rents in paragraph 7-23(B)(2) using the most recent appraisal and current operating costs are less than comparable rents, the budgeted rent level shall be approved. For future requests, continue this \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-12 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ process until such time as the comparable rents are less than budgeted rents. When this happens, the comparable rents shall be approved as the Rent Level. 3\) As long as the owner submits a comparable Rent Level which is less or equal to the rent level that would be provided using the last appraised value in determining rents as described in paragraph 7-23(B)(2) of this Section, a new appraisal is not required. However, when the comparable rents exceed the rents allowed using the last appraised value, then the owner must either submit a new appraisal showing that the rents based on the appraisal are more than the rents based on comparables in order to charge the comparable rents or he/she must charge the rent as determined by using the new appraisal which is less than the comparables. E. Thirty Day Processing of Alternative Rent. The LMBC must (in writing) approve, disapprove or approve for a different amount requested by the owner within 30 days of receipt. Failure on the part of the LMBC to notify the owner in writing of the findings will provide temporary authority to the owner to charge the proposed rents. In the event that the owner implemented the rents at the end of 30 days without HUD\'s written approval, the additional rents shall be placed in an escrow account or a letter of credit shall be provided so that in the event HUD fails to approve the rent increase, or approves the increase for less than requested, the owner shall immediately return to the tenants that portion of the rent collected which HUD later disapproved. This applies only to rents processed using the alternative rent mechanism. F. Allowable Project Costs. While the cost of the appraisal and/or market analysis can be paid for out of project income, it is not to be used as an allowable project expense in the rent determination defined in Section 5 of this chapter. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-13 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-24. DETERMINATION OF A UTILITY ALLOWANCE. (see Section 1, para 7-4c for applicability) for each request for an increase in the HUD authorized rent potential, the owner must recommend a utility allowance for each unit type. The recommended utility allowance should represent the owner\'s best estimate of the average monthly utility cost that an energy conscious resident will incur for the year. The utility allowance is not meant to pay all actual utility costs, but rather it is to reimburse a prudent utility consumer for their utility expense. Both the proposed and the current allowance levels should be included in the notices to the tenants. A. As part of the submission for an increase or decrease in the utility allowance, each owner must submit a summary supporting the proposed change to the utility allowance. That summary should: 1\) Identify the type of utilities covered by the utility allowance (e.g., gas for heating). 2\) State whether any utility rate increases or decreases were implemented during the past 12 months or are expected to be implemented during the next 12 months and the amount of those increases or decreases. 3\) State how any energy conservation initiatives have or will impact consumption. B. In addition, the owner must request HUD approval of revised utility allowances whenever a utility rate change would cause a cumulative increase of 10 percent or more in the most recently approved utility allowances. C. Owners must recommend additional utility allowances if the project\'s design is such that utility costs will vary significantly for units of the same size (e.g., end units vs. interior units). \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-14 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-25. FIELD MANAGEMENT OF THE RENT REQUEST PROCESS. Field Offices must establish a tracking system that will facilitate and monitor compliance with the following processing times: A. When the Proposed Potential does NOT exceed the Maximum Potential. In these instances, the Field Office need only review the proposed utility allowances and the Rent Schedule. Field staff should complete these actions and return the signed Form 92458 within 10 working days of receiving the owner\'s request. B. When the Rent Increase Exceeds the Maximum Potential, 1\) All Projects. The Field Office should check the completeness of the owners, initial submission within 5 working days of its receipt. Doing so will expedite any required reposting and reduce processing delays. 2\) Projects NOT subject to 24 CFR 245 Tenant Comment requirements. Complete these reviews and issue a decision letter within 30 days after receipt of all materials required by Section 4, paragraph 7-22. 3\) Projects subject to 24 CFR Tenant Comment procedures. Issue decision letters within 30 days after receipt of the formal rent increase request which includes the tenant comments and other materials required by Section 2, paragraph 7-11. Final approval cannot take place before the tenant comment period has ended. C. Check the completeness of the Owner\'s Initial Submission. Within 5 working days of receipt of the owner\'s initial submission, answer the following questions where applicable. 1\) Does the Notice to Tenants contain all of the information included in the sample notice in Appendix 1? If it doesn\'t, require the owner to revise the Notice and distribute it as directed. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-15 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2\) Has the owner submitted ALL of the materials required by Section 4, paragraph 7-22? If not, do the following. a\) Call the owner/agent and ask them to submit the missing materials and follow up in writing, b\) Be sure the missing materials are made available for any required tenant review. (See Section 9, paragraphs 4, 5 and 6.) D. You may NOT require that projects routinely submit materials NOT listed in Section 4, paragraph 7-22. You may require additional submissions ONLY if the actual or projected expense estimates appear to be excessive and the narrative without additional information, cannot support requested expense levels. Special requests should only be made in cases where estimates will have significant monetary impact on the authorized rent potential. NOTE: Your requests for additional information must be made in writing and within 30 days of receipt of initial package. The owner must distribute a second Notice to tenants and comply with Section 2, paragraph 7-10 where applicable. Be flexible, consider the needs of the project tenants and protection of government interest before requesting additional information. 7-26. SEASONAL RENTS A. The housing programs of HUD contemplate relatively permanent occupancy at rents within the ceilings established for year-round occupancy, hence seasonal rents are not generally in accord with the objectives of those programs. In particular, occupancy charges at seasonal rates would be inconsistent with the objectives for which projects are built for cooperative use or for use by families of low and moderate income, or for elderly occupants. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-16 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ B. Conversely, in areas where seasonal rents are customary, there may be rental housing projects which experience financial difficulty because year-round occupancy cannot be maintained. In such circumstances, HUD will not object to the establishment of seasonal rents for a temporary period provided that: \(1\) Preference at all times in all units will be given to permanent tenants at the established year-around rental rate. \(2\) None of the units in the project will be rented for a period of less than 30 days. \(3\) There will be no increase in existing maximum permissible gross rent by reason of seasonal rates being allowed, and as to the individual units, the aggregate gross rent collected during any fiscal year should not exceed the established maximum rent. \(4\) Seasonal rents are not permitted in any project receiving a project-and/or mortgage-based subsidy. C. If examination of the project operations supports the need for seasonal rents, the Housing Management Division (or Insuring Office) Director will grant approval in the form of a letter agreement which shall define the number and type of units so covered, and shall evidence the mortgagor\'s acceptance of the foregoing conditions under which approval is given. Deviations from the terms under which approval was obtained will operate to breach the agreement. 7-27. BMIR RENTS PAID BY OVER-INCOME TENANTS. HUD-91709, Schedule of Computation of Rental Income in Excess of BMIR Rent Paid by Over Income Tenants, is a monthly schedule to be completed by BMIR mortgagors in order to compute the amount of rent in excess of BMIR rent paid by over-income tenants. These funds are available for credit to the residual receipts account if the project has a surplus cash position at the end of the fiscal year. The completed form shall be used by Housing Management Division personnel and project accountants \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-17 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to arrive at this amount without having to review all of the project\'s records by lease, Form HUD-91705, etc. This will not, however, eliminate the need to spot-check these records when determined necessary to assure correctness of the schedule. Unless requested by HUD, this form is retained as a part of the mortgagor\'s record. 7-28. SECTION 236 PROJECTS. RENTS COLLECTED IN EXCESS OF BASIC RENT. For all types of Section 236 projects, including noninsured projects, the Regulatory Agreement or the Interest Reduction Contract provide that, subsequent to the commencement of the term of the Interest Reduction Contract, the project owner shall remit each month the amount by which the total rentals collected on the dwelling units exceed the sum of the approved basic rentals. The prescribed reporting form, Monthly Report of Excess Income, Form HUD-93104, must be submitted by the tenth of each month, whether or not a remittance is required. Mail the Form to the address printed on the Form. A. Determining the Amount of Excess Income, In order to determine the amount of excess income, if any, which must be remitted to HUD, the project owner must prepare HUD-93104A, as of the end of the reporting month, or have the same information shown on this detailed schedule readily available from some other source, such as a computer printout sheet. This schedule must be attached to the retained copy of Form HUD-93104, and made available, upon request, for audit by HUD or the Comptroller General of the United States. B. Collecting Excess Rentals Prior to the Commencement of the Interest Reduction Contract. Any excess rentals collected prior to the commencement of the term of the Interest Reduction Contract shall not be treated as a return of subsidy to HUD but as regular project income. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-18 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ C. Adhering to Excess Income Requirements. The Section 236 law states that the project owner shall accumulate, safeguard, and periodically pay to the Secretary all rental charges collected in excess of the basic rental charges.\" HUD\'s continued payment of interest reduction subsidy to the mortgagee is contingent on the owner\'s strict adherence to program requirements. \(1\) The Subsidized Housing Programs Division, Office of Finance and Accounting, shall send to the mortgagor or the designated management agent a demand letter, and one follow-up letter if no answer is received within 15 days. Copies of these letters shall be sent to the appropriate Housing Management Division Director and to the Director, Office of Multifamily Housing Management. \(2\) Upon receipt of a copy of the first demand letter to the mortgagor, the Housing Management Division Director shall immediately take whatever action is deemed appropriate to obtain compliance. \(3\) Upon receipt of a copy of the follow-up letter to the mortgagor, the Housing Management Division Director shall intensify efforts to obtain compliance. These efforts shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, immediate notification to the mortgagor by Certified Mail, Return Receipt Requested, that it may be subject to the penalties in D. below unless and until the required Form HUD-93104 together with any amount due, are received by the Mellon Bank Lockbox within 30 days of the date of the letter. (See Appendix 12). Copies of the Notice to the owner shall be sent to the mortgagee; the Subsidized Housing Programs Division, Office of Finance and Accounting and; the Office of Multifamily Housing Management, Operations Division. The Housing Management Division Director shall continue efforts to obtain compliance during the 30-day period. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-19 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ D. Enforcement actions to be taken by the Director. Housing Management Division. If upon expiration of the thirty (30) days notice, the owner has not complied, the Housing management Division Director shall notify the Director, Office of Multifamily Housing Management, Operations Division, of the noncompliance. The notification shall: \(1\) Provide information as to any circumstances beyond the mortgagor\'s control or of an unusual or special nature, and \(2\) Recommend imposition of one or more of the following enforcement remedies: NOTE: Field Offices shall impose enforcement remedies for which they have authority and Make recommendation for approval to Headquarter for actions which have not been delegated. \(a\) Use Residual Receipts to pay excess income; (provided account has ample funds for this and other anticipated needs); \(b\) Suspension or Debarment from HUD Programs; \(c\) Denial of releases of Reserve for Replacement Funds; \(d\) Prohibition of distributions; \(e\) Require repayment of any dividends or distributions improperly paid by the mortgagor to stockholders or partners; \(f\) Require replacement of the Management Entity or Agent; \(g\) Offset subsidy vouchers against excess income due until paid in full (Section 8, Rent Supplement, RAP); \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-20 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \(h\) Suspend interest reduction payments to the mortgagee and in the event the mortgage is insured, upon assignment to HUD, immediately recommend foreclosure; \(i\) Recommend assessment of Civil Money Penalties in accordance with the provisions of Section 1735f-15 of Title 12 of the United States Code; \(j\) Assess Double Damage penalties, authorized by Section 1715z-4a of Title 12 of the U.S. Code; \(k\) Assess interest on the excess income due at the current Treasury borrowing rate, i.e., the cost to the Government for the money; \(l\) Denial of rent increases, Transfers of Physical Assets, Plans of Action, Equity loans; and other owner-requested actions until delinquent amounts are paid in full; \(m\) Request the insured mortgagee to accelerate the debt; \(n\) Request Inspector General to audit the project\'s books and records; \(o\) Collect all rents in connection with the project and use such collections to pay excess income and other obligations under the mortgage and Regulatory Agreement; \(p\) Take over possession and operation of the project; and \(q\) Apply to any court for injunctive relief, appointment of a receiver, or other appropriate relief. \(3\) The Director, Office of Multifamily Housing Management, if applicable, shall notify the mortgagor by certified mail of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-21 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ enforcement remedies imposed within thirty \(30\) days. Copies of the letter shall be provided to the Housing Management Division Director; Office of General Counsel and the Subsidized Housing Programs Division, Office of Finance and Accounting, together with any instructions necessary for implementation of the penalties imposed. NOTE: Field Offices shall impose enforcement remedies for which they have authority and make recommendation for approval to Headquarter for actions which have not been delegated. \(4\) If the mortgagor complies with submission and payment requirements subsequent to any penalty imposed, appropriate steps will be taken by the Director, Office of Multifamily Housing Management to restore the privileges taken away. E. Repayment agreements requested by the owner must be negotiated with the Housing Management Division Director. The Director shall arrange a meeting to negotiate with the owner within two weeks from their request. Repayment plans shall be based upon the following criteria: \(1\) Repayment Agreements shall be in writing, using the Repayment Agreement and Note (See Appendix 14), and executed between the Project Owner and the Housing Management Division Director. Copies shall be forward to: Subsidized Housing Programs Division, Office of Finance and Accounting. \(2\) Repayment Agreements shall generally be for twelve \(12\) months or less in term. Any repayment which would exceed this twelve month period must be justified in writing and approved by the Regional Director of Housing, but shall, in no case, be approved for more than thirty-six (36) months. \(3\) All Repayment Notes must stipulate that failure to pay timely in accordance with the terms of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-22 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Agreement will result in the entire rescheduled amount becoming immediately due. \(4\) Repayment Agreements executed previously shall be incorporated into and made a part of the Repayment Agreement, constituting one (1) Agreement and Note. \(5\) Repayment Agreements shall not: \(a\) result in any inclusion of delinquent amounts as a line item or portion in the budgeted rent increase processing; \(b\) result in a reduction of living standards of the tenants; In addition, where the owner is a limited dividend owner who took a dividend or distribution during the period of delinquency, and the amount due is less than or equal to the amount improperly distributed, the owner shall be required to return the dividend or distribution in a lump sum payment in sufficient amount to repay the outstanding amount due. The owner may accrue any amount returned and repayment to partners may be made at future semi-annual or annual determinations that the project is in a surplus cash position. F. Monitoring responsibilities associated with reporting and collection of excess income. The project owner is required to send original Reports, Form HUD-93104, and any Excess Income on a monthly basis to a lock box (Mellon Bank). Copies of these Reports are sent simultaneously to the field office. The lock box forwards excess income funds to the Department of Treasury. Original Reports and collections are forwarded to OFA. Based upon this information, the automated accounting system will generate the following; \(1\) First and second demand letters to delinquent owners. \(2\) Monthly summary reports for the Field Office which lists owners who are delinquent. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-23 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \(3\) After demand letters are sent out and owners remain delinquent, Housing Management Division field staff will notify owners to comply by either: \(a\) Remitting the full amount owed, or \(b\) If extenuating circumstances exist, enter into a repayment agreement. \(c\) If the owner does not comply, the Housing Management Division should institute enforcement action. \(4\) The Subsidized Housing Programs Division, OFA will provide monthly information to the Director, Housing Management Division in the field office detailing those owners who fail to remit Multifamily Excess Rental Income funds or reports. This is accomplished through the Multifamily Excess Rental Income (MERI) System. The MERI system will generate four reports on the Field Office Print List (PRTLST) on a monthly basis. The Print List shows outstanding delinquencies for each project. You should contact the Management Information Division in your respective Field Office to coordinate receipt of these reports. The data will be available on the PRTLST the first three workdays of the month. The reports available are: o Statement of Account (A25CHCA). This report, generated monthly, may be produced on request by the Office of Finance and Accounting in Headquarters. The statement provides information regarding reporting and collection activity obtained from the Form HUD-93104, Monthly Report of Excess Income. o Monthly Detail of Delinquent Reports (A25DFCB). This listing denotes those projects delinquent in submitting their Form HUD-93104, Monthly Report of Excess Income. o Detail Aging of Amounts Due HUD (A25FDCB). This report provides detailed aging data for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-24 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ each project. The amounts due HUD are for projects which have Form HUD-93104 on file, but did not remit the funds due to HUD. o Summary of Delinquencies (A25FICA). This report provides the number of delinquent projects and total amount of delinquencies by Field Office from October 1985 to the present month. Loan Management is responsible for obtaining these reports, following up with owners, and monitoring and enforcing program compliance. \(a\) The Director, Housing Management Division shall notify the Director, Subsidized Housing Programs Division, OFA, in writing if any problems are experienced receiving reports timely or regularly, and any other errors, e.g., posting. \(b\) Section 236 Multifamily Excess Income records will receive greater emphasis by the Housing Management Division during the Management Review process, and on-site physical and occupancy inspection. G. Refund of Excess Income. If it is determined that due to a project owner\'s revision of a prior reporting period(s), that a refund is due, the project owner must request the refund in writing. Refund requests are to be directed to the Office of Finance and Accounting, Subsidized Housing Programs Division, ATTN: Excess Rental Income, 451 7th Street, SW, Room 3206, Washington, D.C. 20410. Project owners are to include the revised reports when requesting a refund. Overpayments cannot be used to offset any future excess rental income.\" H. Considerations in the case of incentives to owners to maintain their projects as low-and moderate-income housing. Title II of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1987, authorizes the Secretary to provide incentives to owners of \"eligible low income housing\" who agree to maintain their projects as low \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-25 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and moderate-income housing until the maturity date of the mortgage. In order to provide the owners with a fair rate of return through such incentives, Title II authorizes the approval of higher rents than would otherwise be approvable under applicable program regulations and procedures. Therefore, in the case of several Section 236 projects that are subject to Plans of Action approved by HUD under Title II, the terms of the Plan of Action provide for the owner to retain all or a portion of the excess income. \(1\) In such cases: \(a\) the incentive must be approved as part of the executed Plan; \(b\) the Plan of Action or implementing Use Agreement must specify the amount and/or term covering the agreed retention period; and \(c\) the incentives under the Plan of Action may include the retention of prospective excess income amounts, but not the forgiveness of excess income delinquencies accumulated before May 1991. \(2\) Where the owner is permitted to keep ALL of the excess income, the Form 93104 is no longer required to be submitted, for the period covered by the Use Agreement. \(3\) Where the owner is permitted to keep a PORTION of the Excess Income, the Form 93104 is required in accordance-with this Chapter, showing the total excess income due, the amount being retained, and the amount being forwarded to HUD. \(4\) Any agreement entitling the owner to retain all or a portion of the excess income must be documented and made part of the record. The Loan Management Branch must supply this information to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-26 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Subsidized Housing Programs Division, Office of Finance and Accounting for their records and reporting information. SECTION 5. REVIEW OF PROJECT INCOME AND EXPENSES 7-29. FOCUSING THE REVIEW. Determine if the project has any special conditions that will affect income and expense estimates. A. Assess the project\'s physical condition. To do so, review any: 1\) Recent HUD or mortgagee on-site inspections; 2\) Tenant complaints and any resolutions on maintenance; 3\) Energy Conservation Plan on file for the project; 4\) Recent replacement reserve analysis or withdrawals; 5\) Repair schedules required by TPAs, flexible subsidy contracts, or workout arrangements. (Determine whether project income or other funds will pay these repairs.) B. Review available financial information. If applicable, include any recent monthly accounting reports (Forms HUD-93479, 80, 81 or reports comparing budgeted and actual expense) and the MIPS Financial Summary Reports; and the servicer\'s and IPA\'s review of the most recent audited annual report. C. Review any recent GAO/IG reviews of this project or the agent\'s management procedures for this or other projects. D. Determine if the owner is requesting any change in the services or equipment to be included in the rent. (See the Rent Schedule and cover letter transmitting owner\'s rent increase request.) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-27 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ E. Assess the impact of any procedural changes, repair schedules, escrows, or owner contributions required by any TPA, workout or flexible subsidy contract. F. Review the Field Office\'s files on other projects managed by the owner. Have the owner\'s past expense projections significantly exceeded actual expenses later reported on the project\'s financial statements? Have HUD\'s on-site reviews, the IPA\'s Report on Internal Controls and Compliance, or GAO\'s or IG\'s audits detected serious weakness in cost controls or purchasing procedures (e.g., failure to compare prices or take advantage of discounts)? Is the owner requesting a rent increase to cover expenses and physical improvements for which previous rental increases were authorized? If so, why? If you answered \"yes\" to any of the above questions, you should determine why those conditions exist and document this for the record. 1\) If the conditions are caused by agent\'s practices, you must scrutinize the budget. You may need to reduce the projections. If reduced, make appropriate notes for the Administrative Review as to why and how you adjusted these expense items. 2\) If past expenses were excessive and the amount will not be offset by legitimate increases, you may need to allow even less than the prior period\'s expenses. If reduced, again make notes as to why and how you adjusted these expense items, G. ANALYZE THE OWNERS INCOME AND EXPENSE PROJECTIONS. Make an initial assessment during the tenant comment period. If applicable, when tenant comments are later submitted, evaluate whether the tenant comments would change your initial assessment. Suggested form of letter for use with appropriate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-28 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ modifications for type of project and situation by Housing Management Division Directors in accordance with Section 4, paragraph 7-28(C). 1\) Compare the project\'s past and present project expenses. Be concerned if the owner\'s choice of delivery systems causes higher expenses; (i.e., use of an identity-of-interest company or use of contract rather than project staff to do things that might be done by staff. Relatively high costs or rates of increase can be due to special circumstances (vandalism, large number of evictions, emergency repairs). It is project management which is satisfactory to HUD and \" \.... give specific answers to questions \.... relative to the income, assets, liabilities, contracts, operations, and condition of the property\....). 2\) Review the owner\'s expense projections. Be flexible, consider the needs of the project, the owner\'s return on investment and maintaining HUD\'s security interest. Keep in mind that both underestimating and overestimating expenses can have undesirable impacts. If expenses are underestimated, deferred maintenance and defaults can result. If expenses are overestimated, the rents charged will be higher than needed which could result in HUD paying more subsidy than necessary. If the project charges rents which aren\'t competitive in the market then vacancies result. This could cause a possible default or an insurance claim. Consider utilizing existing residual receipts to offset repairs not covered by the Reserve for Replacement or other costs that are of one time occurrence. Allow reasonable amounts for inflationary increases. But before doing so assess whether the actual expense base is reasonable for the level maintenance expected during the next year and whether the project is taking reasonable efforts to control costs and is complying with the terms of the Certification in Appendix 3. If the prior period\'s actual \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-29 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ expenses were unjustifiably excessive, adjust the prior period\'s actual expense before adjusting for inflation. Document this in the record. 3\) REVIEW THE INCOME/EXPENSE ADJUSTMENTS using the guidance in the next paragraph. For each line, enter the adjustment you will allow. If your allowance significantly differs from the amount the owner entered, carefully document the reasons for the difference. 7-30. GUIDANCE FOR EVALUATING THE APPROPRIATENESS OF PROJECT EXPENSES A. Administrative Expense 1\) Renting Expense. Amount allowed should be reasonable related to vacancy pattern and marketing area. Weigh impact of increased expenditures on reducing vacancy. If expense increase is due to poor marketing procedures or appears to be a cushion, adjust down to expense of similar projects. If rental expense appears low, some upward adjustments may be made if the project is experiencing high vacancy. 2\) Salaries. To evaluate reasonableness consider: a\) Whether salary is for project employee or employee of agent. Recertification clerk or similar clerical employees may be, considered project employees even if work is performed in agent\'s office. Other project employees will normally be located on site. Where employees working in the agent\'s office have their salaries attributed in whole or in part to the project, owner must present documentation outlining exactly how the expense was computed. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-30 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ b\) Number of project employees. Number of employees will depend on size and condition of project and whether maintenance or other services are contracted. c\) Salary levels. Salaries should be commensurate with the size of the project and duties required and comparable to similar positions at other similar projects in the same area. d\) Identify-of-interest relationships. Where such relationships exist salary levels should be closely reviewed to ensure they do not exceed rates in arms-length relationships. 3\) Office Supplies. Inflationary increases should be allowed if prior year amount was adequate. 4\) Legal. If legal expenses are significant, determine reason(s): 1) large number of evictions; 2) above average fees to attorney (may be caused by lack of shopping around for adequate counsel); or 3) including legal services that should be borne by the owner and not the project. Since the amount of legal fees should normally be within owner/agent\'s control (i.e., effective managers should screen prospective tenants and shop around for reasonably priced legal services), the amount allowed should not exceed the norm for similar projects in similar locations unless there was a problem unique to that project. 5\) Auditing. Keep in mind that audit costs can vary according to the type of project and its requirements, the size of the accounting firm and the quality of the project\'s records and accounting systems. (See page 7-4 of Handbook 4370.4, Basic Accounting Desk Reference for HUD Loan Servicers, for a further discussion of how audit costs vary.) If this project\'s audit costs are high determine the cause of the higher costs. To \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-31 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ do so, talk with a IPA or review prior management or occupancy review reports and the IPA\'s comments on the Internal Control and compliance Questionnaire. If costs are out of line, require future audits to be conducted by auditors who bid on the job. NOTE: Reasonable fees for preparing any Federal, state or local tax return information require of the project may be charged against the project account and paid from project income without regard to surplus cash computations. For example, if the mortgagor entity is a partnership, the cost of preparing both the Form 1065 and the related Schedules K and K-1 may be paid from project funds. However, projects funds may not be used to pay for tax advice rendered to the mortgagor entity or its principals or for preparation of the personal returns of the project principal. 6\) Bookkeeping Fees/Accounting Services. If a computer is used, amounts allowed should be adequate to cover the cost of such services. These charges must be approved by HUD prior to the project paying. If identity-of-interest firms are used, the cost paid by the project should not exceed what it would cost to use a non-identity-of-interest firm. 7\) Telephone. Allow amount for local and long distance calls related to project operations. Long distance calls from the project to the office of the management agent are chargeable to the management fee not the project. 8\) Miscellaneous Administrative. If the MIPS Financial Flag Report indicates this expense category exceeds 5% of the subgroup require the owner to justify the need. B. Operating and Maintenance Expense. 1\) Supplies. Check management review reports to determine if owner/agent is shopping around for lowest possible prices and is taking advantage of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-32 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ quantity discounts and discounts for early payment of bills. Consider need for supplies and owner/agent efficiency. The budget cost of one-time repairs should be listed under project improvements. The quality of the purchase must be considered when looking at the cost. Purchasing a superior product with a longer life span at a higher cost might very well be more cost effective than purchasing a lower quality item which does not last. Cost is not the only thing you should consider when allowing an expense item. 2\) Contracts. Consider the trade off between salary costs and contracts costs. A high level of contract repairs may indicate a need for improved maintenance capability, identify-of-interest relation with vendor, a one-time rehabilitation, or a cost-effective business decision. 3\) Security. To determine reasonableness of expense, the Loan Specialist should consider: 1) need for expense, (i.e., is there a security problem), 2) reason for security problem, (i.e., lighting, location, layout of physical structure, or need for better project management); 3) extent to which security problems are within the control of the agent, (i.e., would stricter enforcement of lease provisions reduce security problem); 4) trade off between security services (agents) and security devices (locks, alarms, lighting, etc.); and 5) is security expense cost effective, i.e., does security expense result in reduced turnover and vacancy. 4\) Decorating. Determine whether new items should be budgeted under the Reserve for Replacement Account. For example, if an owner requests, a painting reserve can be established (insure monthly payments are adequate). Consider trade offs. Is project using most cost effective decorating items, i.e., would blinds be cheaper than shades in the long run? Are additional decorative items such as drapes needed to improve or maintain occupancy? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-33 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5\) Miscellaneous Maintenance. If amount is large, identify source and determine need and reasonableness of expense. C. Payroll Taxes. Licenses and Insurance. 1\) Payroll Taxes. Payroll taxes will generally be about 12-15 percent of project payroll costs. Included in this category are FICA, State and Federal unemployment and workers compensation. In some areas the high costs of workman\'s compensation can drive payroll taxes up to as high as 20 percent. In cases where this occurs, owners must document these costs. Known increases in rates, as well as increase in salary base, will be justification for budget increased in this expense. 2\) Other Taxes. Identify source and assess reasonableness of expected increases and cause for increase. For example, in some states there is an intangible tax on liquid assets. The Field Office should consider assets that will be taxed during the upcoming year instead of accepting last year\'s estimate expense. Field Offices should be cognizant of the outcome of any tax appeals and adjust costs accordingly. 3\) Insurance. In assessing reasonableness consider the following: a) types of coverage b) deductibles and c) claim history. Rates vary among carriers and owners should seek the lowest rates available for equivalent coverage. D. Utility Expense. Only utilities paid by the project may be included. To determine reasonable consumption levels, review the justification from owner energy conservation survey, energy conservation plan, and other related information. 1\) Ensure that the owner has analyzed utility rates and requested the rates most advantageous to the project. (Rates vary accordingly to consumption levels and types of usage, e.g., commercial or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-34 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ residential. Often projects can apply for either residential or commercial rates, whichever will be cheaper). 2\) If the owner has taken the action required by the preceding paragraph above, allow rate increases which have been, or are expected to be approved and implemented. Document the rates and effective dates used in your projections. 3\) Generally, do NOT project for increased consumption. Consumption should increase only because of severe weather. Project for consumption levels to decrease below prior periods if: The prior period had severe extremes of weather that are not expected to occur during the period the rents will be in effect; or recent energy conservation initiatives can reasonably be expected to reduce consumption levels. 4\) THIS PARAGRAPH APPLIES ONLY TO BMIR AND SECTION 236 PROJECTS, PROJECTS THAT RECEIVE RENT SUPPLEMENT, AND PROJECTS THAT CONVERTED FROM RENT SUPPLEMENT TO SECTION B. Section 329(C) of the 1981 HCDA requires HUD to consider whether the mortgagor could control utility costs by securing more favorable utility rates or undertaking feasible, cost effective actions to increase energy efficiency or energy consumption. Section 329(C) provides that HUD may reduce budgeted utility expenses if the owner has not taken reasonable action to do so. (See 4350.1, Chapter 12 for more guidance on energy conservation measures). E. Property Tax, Review requirements of Chapter 23, in HUD Handbook 4350.1. Allow only verified increases in rates. If taxes have decreased due to changes in State or local tax laws, use effective rates. Consider also any changes in how the project is evaluated. Even if there is a tax rate decrease, this could be offset by a change in the appraisal process which increased the net value of the project for tax purposes. F. Mortgage Principal, Interest, MIP, Include principal, interest and any MIP (or service charge on HUD-held mortgages). Use the amount required by the mortgage. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-35 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 If the mortgage has been permanently modified, use the payment due under the new mortgage terms. G. Other Notes/Loan Payments. The owner\'s narrative must identify the loan terms and the purpose of the loans. (For more guidance on what loans may be charged against the project operating account, see Paragraph 2-23 (A) of Handbook 4370.1 REV-2. H. Reserve for Replacement. Use amount normally required by HUD, not a lesser amount that may have been approved as the result of a workout agreement. Even if the owner/agent does not request any changes in reserve for replacement deposit, this may be a good time for the Loan Specialist to check the adequacy of the account and level of deposits. If any change is required, the Field Office should insure that a HUD 9250 is sent to the mortgagee. NOTE: The Field Office should consider very carefully any increase in the Reserve for Replacement requirements for projects that are eligible or will be eligible over the next ten years to prepay their mortgages and are likely to do so. Since the reserve is an asset of the mortgagor after prepayment, this is an especially important issue in projects where the reserve is paid for by project-based subsidy (i.e. RAP, Rent Supplement or Section 8). I. Owner Return. Projects Owned by Non-profit Mortgagors and projects that have converted from non-profit to limited dividend (LD) ownership, must budget only for the non-profit contingency allowed in the Rent Computation Worksheet. 1\) This procedure for LDs is required by the regulations that govern the transfers of ownership from non-profit to profit motivated entities (see 24 CFR 265.14(a)). While these projects may NOT budget for a distribution, if surplus cash is available 24 CFR 265.15 permits the new limited dividend owners to collect a distribution of up to 6 percent of the cash contribution THEY MADE AT THE TIME OF THE TRANSFER. 2\) For other LD projects not converted from non-profit to limited dividend. Distribution remains constant form year-to-year. Multiply the owner\'s \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-36 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ initial equity investment by the rate of return allowed, e.g., 6,8, or 10 percent whichever is appropriate. J. Project Improvement Needs. Includes: 1) Non-recurring repair expense; 2) amounts needed to correct financial deficiencies; and 3) project improvements. Examples of eligible items include amounts needed to 1\) restore units that have deteriorated to the point they no longer can be rented; 2) correct code violations; and 3) pay accounts payable that affect overall viability of the project (e.g., delinquent utility bills). Ineligible items include luxury improvements such as swimming pools and tennis courts. While HUD does not prescribe a specific dollar amount that may or may not be allowed, the Field Office should keep in mind the following when reviewing project improvement needs requests: 1) amount of lump sum contribution (see Item 2 below); 2) causes of problems and proposals to prevent reoccurrence (for major cost items a MIO plan is recommended); 3) management performance (check prior management review, physical inspection, audit reports); 4) impact on expenditures on rents and subsidy funds and 5) payback or potential benefits from approving the project improvements. 1\) Do NOT allow for costs that will be paid from project improvement funds (e.g., Flexible Subsidy or TPA proceeds) or reimbursed from residual receipts or a painting, replacement, or general operating reserve. 2\) Owners should: Identify the total cost and scope of work and provide a written schedule for completing any capital improvements included here. List payee\'s name, purpose, amount and date incurred for each account payable included. 3\) Generally, allow amounts to clear accounts payable only on troubled projects having significant operating deficits. Allow for accounts payable only if the project\'s purchasing procedures are acceptable, expenses are reasonable and management is satisfactory. 4\) Prorate capital improvements over an appropriate period of time. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-37 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ K. Lump Sum Source. Consider the availability of all lump sum sources. If owner is unaware of lump sum sources, the Field Offices should advise the owner. Listed below are some of the most used lump sum sources to fund project improvement needs. 1\) Section 241 HUD Insured Supplemental Loans or conventional financing for capital improvements, etc. (The debt service should be shown the Budget Worksheet under account 6830.) 2\) Owner\'s loan to the project. (The terms of such a loan would have to be approved by the Field Office as repayment of the loan is to be made out of project income as an allowable line item in the rent formula, rather than from surplus cash or residential receipts.) 3\) Advances by the owners. (See HUD Handbook 4370.2, Chapter 2, paragraph 2-11 for guidance.) 4\) Regular Flexible Subsidy or Capitol Improvement Loans for troubled projects. 5\) Change in ownership. (New owner equity investment can be designated for this purpose.) 6\) Releases from the residual receipts account, if applicable or advances from the replacement reserve account, provided a HUD-approved repayment plan is included. 7\) Energy grants from such sources at State, county, city agencies. (Field Offices should attempt to keep abreast of what types of assistance are available in the area.) 8\) Energy loans and grants from the Department of Energy. L. ASSESS NON-RENTAL INCOME. 1\) ESTIMATES SHOULD BE CONSERVATIVE. If non-rental income is significantly overstated, rent potential will not be sufficient to cover project operating costs and owner distributions. Use previous year \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-38 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ figures adjusted where solid projections are not available. 2\) Includes income from all source except: 1) apartment rents, 2) facilities and services (such as furniture, air conditioning) provided by the owner to tenants on a voluntary basis and 3) interest earned on funds invested in replacement and residual receipts reserve accounts. To assess reasonableness, compare with income from prior years. a\) Laundry and Concession Income. Include income from laundry facilities (only if they are leased), parking space and leased commercial space in subsidized projects only (see Section 8). Make appropriate adjustments for existing commercial vacancies. b\) Investment Income 1\. Do NOT include security deposit interest that must be paid to tenants or retained in the security deposit account and income that is retained in a painting or replacement reserve or in a residual receipts account. 2\. If the project has large reserve balances and interest income is not shown on the HUD-92410 or the owner\'s budget, ask the owner why the reserves are not invested. While only some projects are required to invest replacement reserves or residual receipts, all projects are encouraged to do so. Paragraph 3 of Mortgagee letter 83-24 tells you which projects must invest and how the interest must be distributed (see Appendix 11). NOTE: Interest income should not be used to reduce expenses for the purpose of granting rent increases. 3\. Other Miscellaneous Income, Do NOT include: \"excess rents\" collected from Section 236 tenants paying above basic rent; (exclude these amounts even if the HUD-93104, Excess Income Report, shows the project is not required to submit excess income to HUD;) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-39 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ late charges or damage charges; (if these are collected, they will generate distributions/residual receipts or cover unexpected costs;) generally, these amounts should be relatively small. The owner must identify the purpose of any sizable amounts, (If these amounts were not classified in accordance with IG Handbook 2000.4, require the owner to properly classify all future expenses.) M. Vacancy Losses on Apartments. Use the vacancy rate that was in effect at final endorsement. Normally, this will be 7 percent or 5 percent, whichever is applicable. Note: There are no vacancy factors for Section 202 projects with 100 percent Section 8. N. Management Fees. Include only the management fee approved in the appropriate HUD-9839, i.e., the fee that is expressed as a percentage of apartment rents/coop carrying charges collected. This applies also to the fees whose yields have been capped under paragraph 2-34, HUD Handbook 4381.5. If a fee percentage will change during the budget period, use a percentage that represents the weighted average of the fee percentages that will be in effect during the year covered by the budget. O. General Operating Reserve (GOR). (THIS APPLIES ONLY TO COOPERATIVES.) While GOR deposits are always a percentage of the carrying charges, the percent varies between 0 and 3 percent according to the GOR balances. To determine the GOR deposit requirements for the year covered by the budget, use the carrying charge potential now in effect and the instructions in paragraph 2-21(B)(2)(a) of Handbook 4370.1. P. Contingency for Non-profit Owners. A 2 percent contingency reserve is required for projects owned by non-profits and those projects once owned by non-profit but which have been sold to limited dividend partnerships. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-40 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-31. Quality Control. In order to encourage uniform policy, Branch Chiefs/Supervisors should try as much as is possible to inform their staffs of: any proposed increases in property taxes, payroll taxes, and utility rates; the percentage of any inflationary increases that should be allowed for supplies, etc.; and any property tax abatements for which different types of projects are eligible. When reviewing the administrative process Supervisor/Branch Chief should consider the following. A. The servicer\'s comments should be consistent with other information - e.g., project conditions, recent servicing actions taken on this project, tenant comments, the Field Office\'s experience with this agent? B. Are the servicer\'s comments dated and firmly attached to the Rent Computation Worksheet? Do the servicer\'s comments: explain any significant differences between the owner\'s and the servicer\'s income, expense or utility allowance estimates? Do they adequately support the servicer\'s projections? C. Are all staff making the same projections as to increases in property taxes, utility rates, and other expenses? D. Does the servicer\'s decision letter identify: any physical improvements for which operating funds were budgeted for in the Rent Increase Budget Worksheet; or any special conditions imposed on the owner in conjunction with approval of the rent increase request? E. Evaluate the rent increase\'s or utility allowance adjustment\'s impact on any tenant-based subsidy contract? Are funds available in the current contract? If not, has action been initiated to obtain the necessary funding? SECTION 6. COMPUTING RENT POTENTIAL AND UTILITIES 7-32. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE MONTHLY RENT POTENTIAL. To compute the maximum allowable rent potential, select the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-41 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ appropriate formula from Box A of Rent Computation Worksheet and then complete Box F. In the case of Section 236 Projects, also compute the maximum allowable market rent potential and Market Rent Factor using Box G of the Rent Computation Worksheet. The first time you use the Rent Computation Worksheet for a particular project, use Appendix 4(c) to compute the monthly HUD subsidy. For subsequent rent increases, enter the monthly subsidy you computed on the prior Rent Computation Worksheet. 7-33. NEW MAXIMUM UNIT RENTS. (Section 236 Only.) Where a basic and market rent for each unit type must be computed, spread the monthly rent potential across the different unit types. (Rents may vary by floors if these differentiate were approved at initial endorsement. This can be changed only if HUD and the owner think it necessary.) Follow the procedures in Box H of the Rent Computation Worksheet. The Worksheet\'s procedures give each unit type the same percentage increase in rent. Also, compute new maximum rents, and new maximum market rents. NOTE: The dollar difference between basic rent and market rent should be the same as it was between basic and market rents at final endorsement. 7-34. REVIEW THE OWNER/AGENT ESTIMATE OF NON-RENTAL INCOME. A. Assess the reasonableness of the incomes the owner entered. Compare them with the actual amounts shown on financial statements the project has previously submitted. Note that any over-estimation of these amounts could result in a rent potential insufficient to support both operating expense and owner distributions. Enter in the column the amounts HUD will allow. If these amounts significantly differ from the owner\'s estimates, document why you did not accept the owner\'s estimates. B. Document your reasons for approving other than the owner\'s estimated expense or income. Since the Rent Increase Worksheet does not provide much space for comments, write any comments on a separate sheet of paper. COMMENTS MUST BE DATED, LABELED WITH THE FHA PROJECT NUMBER AND FIRMLY \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-42 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ATTACHED TO THE RENT COMPUTATION WORKSHEET and signed by the Servicer and LMBC. If HUD\'s analysis results in a reduction of the rent level requested the owner/manager must be given on opportunity to support their request prior to HUD approving a rent level. 7-35. DETERMINE THE NEW UTILITY ALLOWANCES. Complete the following steps and then enter the new allowances on the Rent computation Worksheet. A. Review the owner\'s utility analysis and recommended allowances. (See Section 4, paragraph 7-24(A)) for a description of the information the owner must submit.) B. Answer the following questions. 1\) Are the owner\'s comments on recent and proposed rate increases consistent with any information you have obtained from other projects, utility suppliers, news report? 2\) Has the owner appropriately adjusted for recent and planned rate increases? 3\) Has the owner appropriately adjusted consumption estimates to reflect any significant savings likely to result from recent energy conservation effort? C. If the owner\'s analysis does not appear to support the request, discuss your concerns with the owner/agent and request additional information, if needed. KEEP IN MIND THAT BOTH UNDERESTIMATING AND OVERESTIMATING CAN HAVE AN ADVERSE IMPACT. D. You should usually be able to set allowances at the levels recommended by the owner. If you approve utility allowances that deviate from those recommended by the owner, document your reasons for doing so. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-43 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ SECTION 7. NOTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION 7-36. NOTIFYING THE OWNER. Once a decision has been reached on a rent request, the owner should be notified by letter. A. The letter must: 1\) Explain the reasons for your decision to approve the increase or to deny all or part of the increase. The increase approved can be greater than what the owner requested if justified by your analysis. 2\) Identify any project improvements for which funds were budgeted on the Rent Computation Worksheet, e.g., paint exterior of four buildings by Spring. 3\) Confirm the amount and effective date of any revised replacement reserve deposit and complete the HUD 9250. (A recorded amendment to the regulatory agreement is not needed.) Transmit copies of the HUD 9250 to the owner, to the mortgagee and to the Management Agent. 4\) Require owners to give tenants 30 days written notice of any increase in the tenant\'s rent under the terms of the lease. 5\) Remind owners, who are subject to 24 CFR 245\'s tenant comment procedures. to notify tenants of HUD\'s decision. 6\) Require the owner to complete parts A and F of the Form 92458 Rental Schedule reflecting unit rents not to exceed the maximum rent potential authorized, and transmit the original and one copy to HUD for signature. A signed copy will be returned to the owner. B. Send the original letter to the owner and a copy to the Management Agent, unless the owner has requested a different distribution. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-44 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ C. If the mortgage is HUD-held and delinquent, send the following to your desk officer in the Office of Multifamily Housing Management. 1\) Your decision letter; 2\) Rent Schedule; 3\) Rent Computation Worksheet. 7-37. REVIEW THE OWNER\'S SUBMISSION OF THE RENT SCHEDULE (FORM HUD-92458) WHEN THE PROPOSED INCREASE WON\'T EXCEED THE HUD APPROVED GROSS RENT POTENTIAL. A. Proposed rent potential is LESS than or EQUAL to the maximum allowable potential computed on the last Rent Computation Worksheet. The owner should have completed all of the Rent Schedule, except Parts F and I. 1\) Check the accuracy of the owner\'s entries. Be sure: Parts D and E agree with the assumptions you made on the Rent Computation Worksheet regarding non-revenue producing space and commercial space. The effective date is correct. 2\) Enter the Maximum Allowable Potential in Part F. (Obtain this amount from the last Rent Increase Worksheet you completed.) 3\) Sign and date the Rent Schedule in Part I and distribute it as directed in paragraphs 7-36 \(B\) and (C) of this section. 7-38. IF THE PROPOSED POTENTIAL EXCEEDS THE MAXIMUM MONTHLY RENT POTENTIAL computed in the last Rent Increase Worksheet, complete columns 3 through 8 of Part A. If the owner will charge the maximum allowable rents, enter the rents computed by the owner in the Rent Increase Worksheet. (NOTE: HUD will prepare the rents by bedroom type in the case of Section 236.) Otherwise, enter the reduced rents you are authorizing the owner to charge. Complete Steps 1, 2 and 3 under the preceding paragraph. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-45 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-39. INCREASE IMPLEMENTATION. Owners may implement HUD approved changes in rents or utility allowances only after they have: complied with tenant notice requirements; and completed any HUD-50059 or HUD 50059 Worksheet required by EXHIBIT 3-4 of Handbook 4350.3, Occupancy Requirements of Subsidized Multifamily Housing Programs. (NOTE: These forms are not required for Section 231 or Section 202 tenants who do NOT receive tenant-based subsidies.) Owners must implement the new utility allowances for all tenants within 75 days after HUD approves them. Owners may NOT stagger implementation to coincide with tenant\'s annual recertifications. If a reduction in utility allowances causes the Tenant Rent to increase, the owner must give the tenant at least 30 days advance written notice of the increase. 7-40. NOTIFYING TENANTS A. All projects. If the rent increase or utility allowance reduction will cause an increase in the Tenant Rent, the owner must give the tenant 30 days advance written notice of the increase. The Notice must specify the new Tenant Rent and the date it will be effective. B. Projects subject to 24 CFR 245\'s Tenant Comment Procedures. The owner must notify tenants of the HUD Field Office decision. The owner\'s Notice must be written and must: 1\) Be distributed in the manner required by Section 2, paragraph 7-7. 2\) Tell tenants what rents and utility allowances HUD has approved, the effectiveness date, and any special conditions HUD imposed on the increase (e.g., completion dates for project improvements required of the management agent). SECTION 8. CHARGES FOR COMMERCIAL-FACILITIES 7-41. Determining Charges. Generally, Field Offices should require owners to set commercial rents at least at levels that will cover the commercial space\'s share of 9/92 7-46 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 project debt service and operating expenses. (Page 1, Part C of Form 92264 shows how the gross square footage is distributed between residential and commercial space.) A. Field Offices may authorized project owners to set commercial rents at less than break-even levels if: 1\. The owner has taken or is taking all reasonable steps to lease the space at market rents or break-even rates and the reduced rates will not jeopardize the financial condition of the project. 2\. The Field Office determines that the proposed use of the space will offer significant benefits to the project and would be more beneficial than other alternatives. B. Field Offices must NOT approve rents that are less than the market rents for comparable space unless it results in other compensatory financial benefits for the project. C. Owners must use either the minimum rents required by paragraph 6a or 6b in Part E of the rent schedule. If the owner is recommending a commercial rent that is less than the market rent for comparable space or less than the rent needed to cover the commercial space\'s share of debt service and operating expenses, the owner must: 1\. Certify whether there is an identity-of-interest relationship between the operating of the commercial space and the owner, the agent or any principal of either the owner or agent; and 2\. Attach the certification of the rent schedule. D. If owners lease commercial space for periods in excess of 1 years, the lease should provide for any rent increase needed to keep rents at the levels required by this paragraph. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-47 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ SECTION 9. CHARGES FOR FACILITIES AND SERVICES 7-42. Facilities and Services Subject to Charge. Owners may NOT charge separately tenants for equipment and services that are included in the rent. Part B of the Rent Schedule lists these services and equipment. A. Owners may offer congregate services only on terms that have been approved by HUD. B. Owners may charge tenants for other services or facilities (e.g., parking see (5) below , cable TV, use of community space in the project) ONLY if ALL of the conditions listed below are met. 1\. The services, facilities and charges have been included in Part C of the most recently approved Rent Schedule. 2\. A schedule of those charges has been posted or distributed to the tenants. 3\. Use of those facilities or services is optional on the part of the tenant. 4\. If not previously authorized the charges must be approved to HUD prior to implementation. 5\. Owners can charge for parking only in unsubsidized projects where HUD previously approved it. The owner can charge for car heaters in both subsidized and unsubsidized projects in cold climates where parking spaces are so equipped. C. All income derived from service and facility charges must be deposited in the project operating account. SECTION 10. PREEMPTION OF LOCAL RENT CONTROL 7-43. INTRODUCTION. For those projects that are subject to State or local Rent Control, CFR 24 Part 246 (Local Rent Control) provides for preemption as follows: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-48 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ A. Subsidized projects are preempted entirely by the regulations in CFR 24, Part 246 - Local Rent Control. B. Unsubsidized projects are preempted under the regulations when the Department determines that the delay or decision of the local rent control Board, or other authority regulating rents pursuant to State or local law jeopardizes the Department\'s economic interest. All requests for HUD preemption of the local Board\'s rent controls must be processed in accordance with the procedures discussed in this section. 7-44. PROJECTS AUTOMATICALLY PREEMPTED. This part applies to all projects with mortgages insured or held by HUD that receive a subsidy in the form of: A. Interest Reduction Payment under Section 236 of National Housing Act. B. Below Market Interest Rates under Section 221(d)(5) of National Housing Act. C. Direct Loans at below-market interest rates under Section 202 of the Housing Act of 1959. D. Rent Supplement Payments under Section 101 of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965. E. Housing Assistance Payments under 24 CFR Part 886. F. Those units in a project receiving Housing Assistance Payments pursuant to a contract under Section 8 of the United States Housing Act of 1937 or Section 23 of the Act, as in effect before January 1, 1975. Units not assisted are not subject to automatic preemption under this part but are covered by paragraph 50 below. 7-45. ACTIONS OWNER MUST TAKE BEFORE SUBMITTING A FORMAL REQUEST FOR PREEXEMPTION OF UNSUBSIDIZED PROJECTS. If an owner decides to request HUD\'s preemption, the owner must first have asked the local rent control Board for whatever relief or redetermination is permitted under State or local law. The owner\'s request must advise \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-49 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the Board of the owner\'s intent to request HUD-preemption, if necessary. When filing the request for relief, the owner must notify the project residents that it intends to request HUD\'s preemption if the Board does not respond to the request within 30 days or renders a decision which is unacceptable to the owner. A. Notice to Residents. The owner\'s Notice must contain all the information in the format shown at Appendix 1. The owner must: (1) hand deliver or mail a copy of the Notice to each resident; and (2) post the Notice in at least three conspicuous places within each high-rise building in which the affected dwelling units are located. The owner must comply with all representations made in the Notice to Residents, and must give residents 30 days to review materials that will be submitted to the preemption request. The owner may post the Notice as soon as it has submitted a request for relief or redetermination to the Board. B. Tenant Review and Comment. Procedures outlined in Section 2 of this chapter are to be followed for tenant comment on preemption applications. C. Notice to HUD. Immediately after distributing and posting the Notice to Residents, the owner must advise HUD that it intends to request HUD\'s preemption of the Board\'s actions. To do so, the owner must provide HUD with copies of all of the materials listed below. 1\) A copy of the Notice to Residents, annotated to show the date(s) the Notice was posted and distributed. 2\) An audited Statement of Profit and Loss (Form HUD-92410) prepared in accordance with HUD Handbook 4370.2 and covering the project\'s most recently ended fiscal year. If more than 4 months have elapsed since the end of the project\'s fiscal year, the owner must also submit, and certify to the accuracy of, an unaudited Form HUD-9410 for the period elapsed since the end of the project\'s last fiscal year. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-50 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3\) A copy of the relief application the owner submitted to the Board with supporting documentation. 4\) A certified statement which provides for Itemization of resident turnover rates and percentages of rent potential lost to vacancies and to nonpayment of rent on occupied units during the period covered by the Forms HUD-92410 and by the fiscal year preceding those periods. Each type of loss and each fiscal period must be reported separately. The following format is suggested: Since end FY Ending FY ending of Last FY \_\_/\_\_/\_\_\_\_ \_\_/\_\_/\_\_\_\_ Number of units vacated \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Percentage of Rent Potential lost to: a\) Vacancies \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% b\) Collection Loss \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% 5\) A certified statement covering known or approved rate or cost increases or decreases during the 12 months preceding the date of the owner\'s Notice to Residents. If such changes did occur, the owner must give the date the changes were or will become effective and the old and new rates and provide documentation for following. a\) Property tax assessment or valuation rates; b\) Utility rates; c\) Employee salaries or benefits; d\) Insurance; e\) Contract for services. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-51 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-46. PROCESSING AN EXEMPTION. The owner/agent shall file a request for approval of an increase in rental charges with HUD and in accordance with procedures detailed in Section 4 of this chapter. The local HUD Office will process the request in accordance with procedures detailed in this chapter. Upon receipt of authorized rents, the owners will comply with the posting requirements detailed in this chapter. 7-47. INITIAL HUD REVIEW FOR COMPLETENESS. Immediately upon receipt of the owner\'s submission, HUD must check the package for completeness. If the submission does not contain all of the information required by paragraph 7-45(C) of this section, HUD must request the missing information from the owner within 48 hours of review. When the submission is complete it will be held on abeyance until the owner submits a formal preemption request. If the materials omitted from the initial submission or any changes to material previously submitted were not previously made available to the project residents, the owner must give residents an additional 30 days to review these materials. 7-48. OWNER\'S FORMAL PREEMPTION REQUEST. After the resident comment period has expired and the owner has evaluated any resident comments received, the owner may submit a formal request for HUD preemption. The request to HUD should include all of the materials listed below. A. Copies of all of the written comments the residents submitted to the owner; B. The owner\'s evaluation of the resident\'s comments; C. The Board\'s decision and a statement as to the insufficiency of the funds or a statement from the owner certifying that a decision from the Board has not been received; D. The owner\'s certification that: 1\) The Notice to Residents required by paragraph 7-45(A) of this section was give as required. 2\) The owner has taken reasonable steps to assure that: (a) the substance of the Notice \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-52 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has been conveyed to each resident household; and (b) the posted notices were maintained intact and in legible form for the full resident comment period; 3\) Copies of the materials submitted in support of the preemption request were located in a place reasonably convenient to residents during normal business hours and at least one evening a week during business hours; 4\) Requests by residents to inspect such materials, as provided for in the Notice, were honored; and 5\) Copies of all comments received for the residents were considered and are being transmitted to HUD. E. A cover letter which is signed by the owner and includes a statement that \"under the penalties and provisions of Title 18 U.S.C. Section 1001, the statements contained in this application and its attachments have been examined by me and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, are true, correct and complete.\" 7-49. EVALUATING THE FORMAL REQUEST. HUD must determine if the owner\'s package includes all of the information required by the previous paragraph and must request any missing materials from the owner. HUD must carefully review any residents comments, the owner\'s analysis of those comments and any Board decision already received. After reviewing those materials, HUD must within 10 days determine what rent levels are necessary to operate the project. A. If the rent levels computed by the Field Office are greater than those permitted by the local Board or if the local Board has not yet rendered a decision on the owner\'s request for relief, the Field Office must discuss the project\'s needs with the Rent Control Board. If the Field Office and Board are able to reach agreement on a rent level, the Field Office should confirm the agreement in writing and provide the Board and the owner a copy of the agreement. If the Board and the Field \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-53 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office cannot reach agreement on a rent level, the Field Office must forward the case to the Office of Multifamily Housing Management in Headquarters. The Field Office must clearly explain both its own and the Board\'s positions and recommend what action Headquarters should take. The Office of Multifamily Housing Management will review the case and the issue a decision establishing the maximum rent level the owner may charge. HUD Headquarters will send copies of its decision to all parties \-- the HUD Field Office, the owner and the Board. B. If the rent potential computed by the Field Office is less than the potential authorized by the Board, the Field Office must give the owner a letter specifying the maximum monthly rent potential the Field Office will approve. The Field Office must send a copy of the letter to the Board and to the Office of Multifamily Housing Management in Headquarters. NOTE: If the owner receives the Board\'s decision after filing its preemption request with HUD, the owner immediately notify HUD that a decision has been received and must forward a copy of the Board\'s decision. 7-50. OWNER IMPLEMENTATION OF HUD\'S DECISION ON PREEMPTION. The owner must notify residents of HUD\'s final decision on the preemption request. The owner\'s notice must be: \(a\) hand delivered or mailed to each residents; and (b) posted in at least three conspicuous places within each structure in which the affected units arc located. The owner\'s notice must convey HUD\'s reasons for approval or disapproval of the preemption request. The owner may implement the HUD approved rent levels only after giving the project residents at least 30 days written notice of the increase and complying with any other applicable terms of the tenants\' leases. 7-51. PREEMPTION OF RENT CONTROL BOARD\'S LEASE REQUIREMENTS. Some rent control Boards specify minimum lease terms which are in excess of one year. If HUD decides to preempt the Board\'s rent controls and it will take the project more than 60 days to reach the rent levels \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-54 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ authorized by HUD, HUD will preempt the local Board\'s requirements on minimum lease terms. Until the project is charging the HUD approved rent potential, the owner may not offer residents leases with terms in excess of one year. SECTION 11. PROCEDURES FOR APPEALING BUDGETED RENT INCREASE ADJUSTMENTS 7-52. LEVELS OF APPEAL. There are only two levels of appeal. The first level of appeal is to the HUD Field Office which issured the contested decision. This level of appeal is at least on administrative level above the level which made the final decision on the owner\'s original submission. (For example, if the rent adjustment letter is signed by the Loan Management Specialist then the next level of appeal is the Branch Chief). The final level of appeal is to the Director, Regional Office of Housing, for the office having jurisdiction over the property. 7-53. IMPLEMENTATION. Owners are permitted to delay implementation of rent changes while the HUD Field Office/Contract Administrator is processing the appeal. 7-54. TENANT NOTIFICATION. Rents resulting from the appeal will be implemented as follows: A. Projects with 100 percent Section 8 Since Section 8 tenants are not affected by the increase in gross rents, there is no need for the normal 30-day notification period accorded market rate tenants. Owners may bill HUD for the new Section 8 rents on the next regular billing cycle under that contract. They must also comply with Handbook HUD-4350.3, Occupancy Requirements of Subsidized Multifamily Housing Programs, Exhibit 3-4 by completing a new form HUD-50059 and appropriate worksheet. B. Projects Subject to 24 CFR 245 Tenant Comment Procedures Owners may implement HUD approved changes in rents only after they have complied with tenant notice requirements and completed any HUD-50059 or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-55 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ equivalent worksheet required by Handbook HUD-4350.3, Exhibit 3-4. See page 7-46 of this Handbook. C. All other Projects If the appeal results in an increase to the Tenant Rent, the owner must give the tenant 30 days advance written notice of the increase. The Notice must specify the new Tenant Rent and date it will be effective. 7-55. INITIAL APPEAL TO FIELD OFFICE A. ALL PROJECTS. The appeal must be in writing and postmarked within 30 days of the date of the rental rate adjustment decision letter. It must, at a minimum, include: 1\) A letter explaining why the owner disagrees with our decision and stating the rents being sought in the appeal 2\) All information required in the initial submission in accordance with Chapter 7, Section 4, Paragraph 7-22 of this Handbook. B. Projects Subject to Title 24 CFR 245\'s Tenant Comment Procedures If the owner makes any material change in any documents submitted in the initial submission, it no longer constitutes an appeal, but is now a new rent increase request and must comply with this handbook chapter. 7-56. FINAL APPEAL. If the owner does not agree with the initial appeal decision, the owner may submit a final appeal to the Director, Regional Office of Housing. The owner may, but is not required to, implement the rent adjustments while the final appeal is being processed. After the final decision is made, if that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-56 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 decision results in a rent increase, the tenants must be given a 30 day notice before the new rents are effective. A. The final appeal must be in writing and postmarked within 30 days of the date of the initial appeal decision letter. B. The owner must send the Director, Regional Office of Housing, the following: 1\) A copy of the original decision letter, accompanied by any supporting documentation sent with the original request or involved in the original decision 2\) A copy letter explaining why the owner disagrees with the decision on the initial appeal C. The owner must also send a copy of the letter required in Item B-2 above to the Field Office/Contract Administrator. D. The owner may request a meeting with the Regional Director of Housing, but such a meeting must be requested and completed during the 30 day final appeal period. E. The Regional Office will process the appeal within 30 days. The owner may, but is not required to, implement rent adjustments while the Region reviews the appeal. When the Regional Office issues a decision on the final appeal, rents must be implemented as previously described under Paragraph 7-54. 7-57. FURTHER APPEAL. Any decision rendered by the Regional Director of Housing will be final and will not be subject to further appeal above that level. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-57 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Subpart D \-- Procedures for Requesting Approval of an Increase in Maximum Permissible Rents \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-58 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing, HUD 245.315 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-59 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 245.320 24 CFR Ch. II (4-1-92 Edition) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-60 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing, HUD 245.410 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-61 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 245.415 24 CFR Ch. II (4-1-92 Edition) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-62 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing, HUD 245.435 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-63 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 245.505 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-64 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ OWNER\'S CERTIFICATION AS TO COMPLIANCE WITH TENANT COMMENT PROCEDURES IN 24 CFR 245 (FORMERLY IN 24 CFR 401) FHA or Non-Insured Project Name \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Project No.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Acting on behalf of\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the Project Owner, I certify that project management has taken ALL of the actions listed bellow. 1\) Distributed a Notice to Tenants, in the forms and manner required by 24 CFR 245.310 and 245.410. (24 CFR 245.410 applies only if a reduction in utility allowances is proposed.) 2\) Took reasonable steps to assure that any posted Notices remained intact and in legible form for the full comment period required by 24 CFR 245. 3\) Made all materials submitted to justify the increase available during normal business hours in a place reasonably convenient to project residents. 4\) Honored any resident\'s request to inspect those materials. 5\) Reviewed and evaluated all comments received from project residents or their authorized representatives. 6\) Examined all materials submitted to HUD/the State Agency in support of the rent increase request. I also certify, that all information submitted with my rent increase request is true, correct and complete. WARNING: 18 U.S.C. 1001 provides, among other things, that whoever knowingly and willingly makes or uses a document or writing containing any, false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry, in any matter within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States, shall be fined not more than \$10,000 or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both. Signed by: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Name \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Title \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Signature Date \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-65 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 3 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ CERTIFICATION AS TO PURCHASING PRACTICES AND REASONABLENESS OF EXPENSES FHA or Non-insured Project Name\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Project No. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Acting on behalf of, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the Project Owner, I certify that ALL of the following statements are true. 1\) The project is obtaining utilities at the lowest rates available. 2\) The project has received or requested any tax relief for which it is eligible and management has analyzed the project\'s property tax bills and appealed any assessments which appeared unreasonable. 3\) Amounts paid to individuals or companies having an identity-of-interest with the owner or the management agent were not excess of the costs that would have been incurred in making arms-length purchases on the open market. 4\) Management has exerted reasonable effort to take advantage of discounts and has credited the project with all discounts, rebates or commissions received with respect to purchases, service contracts and other transactions made on behalf of the project. 5\) Management has obtained contracts, materials, supplies and services, including the preparation of the annual audit, on terms most advantageous to the project and at costs not in excess of amounts ordinarily paid for comparable contracts, materials, supplies and services in the area in which such services, supplies, or materials are furnished. 6\) Management has solicited verbal or written cost estimates, as necessary to comply with the Paragraphs 3 through 5 above. Management has documented the reasons for accepting other than the lowest bid and will make the documentation available to HUD, upon request. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-66 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 3 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ WARNING: o 18 U.S.C. 1001 provides, among other things, that whoever knowingly and willingly makes or uses a document or writing containing any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry, in any matter within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States, shall be fined not more than \$10,000 or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both. o 12 U.S.C. 1715z-4 provides in part: \"Whoever, as an owner of a property which is security for a mortgage (covering multifamily housing, as defined in the regulations of the Secretary) or as a stockholder beneficial owner \... trust \... or as an officer, director or agent of any such owner (1) willfully uses or authorizes use of any part of the rents or other funds derived from the property covered by such mortgage in violation of a regulation \... (2) willfully and knowingly uses or authorizes the use, while such mortgage is in default, of any part of the rents or expense \... shall be fined not more than \$5,000 or imprisoned not more than 3 years or both Signed by: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Name Title \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Signature Date \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-67 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ RENT INCREASE BUDGET WORKSHEET-RENT INCREASE SPREAD SHEET INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETION A. Instructions for Rent Increase Spread Sheet: 1\. Enter the following: a\. Project Name; b\. FHA #; c\. Management Agent - if managed by Property Management Agent; d\. Percentage fee or PUPM Cap. Agent certification contains authorized percent fee or PUPM Cap. 2\. If Applicable, complete the Rent Structure-current and proposed and compute monthly potential. B. Income and Expense Projections 1\. Enter Actual Expenses for prior FY in column 1. 2\. Enter Expense from current FY to date and number of months covered. (Do not annualized) in column 2. 3\. Enter Budget Projections in column 3. 4\. Cash Requirements provides for entry of the following payments. 1\) Mortgage (principal) 2\) Reserve for Replacement 3\) Painting Reserve 4\) Distribution 5\) Other - Cash expenditures no expended. a\) Capital expenditures b\) Other Reserves NOTE - Account codes should parallel those on the HUD-92410. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-68 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ SAMPLE Owner Explanation of Income and Expense Estimates 6210 - Advertising and Renting Expense. This includes: 1) \$200 for periodic ads in local newspaper; and 2) the cost of credit reports on new applicants. 6351 - Bookkeeping Payroll and Services. Includes this project\'s share of centralized accounting operation. Costs are prorated over all of the 20 projects managed by our agent, Professional Management, Inc. Costs are prorated according to each project\'s relative volume of transactions. 6310 - Clerical and Occupancy Salaries. Includes one-fourth of one occupancy clerk\'s time. Occupancy clerk also works for XYZ Apartments and Evergreen Apartments. 6311 - Office Supplies. Projects a 4 percent inflationary increase over the prior year\'s actual expense. 6330 - Manager\'s Salary. Includes manager\'s salary plus contract rent on a 2-bedroom apartment. As payroll schedule shows, manager will receive a \$100 per month increase for cost-of-living and performance bonuses. 6340 - Legal. This represents retainer for an attorney who handles all routine project matters. This is less than last year\'s actual expense. Last year, a larger than usual number of evictions were required because of the former agent\'s failure to effectively screen applicants. That agent was removed 6 months ago. 6350 - Auditing. Represents the contract price for the annual audit required by Handbook 2000.4. After obtaining proposals from two other firms, we executed a contract with Jones and Smith, Inc. Their bid was \$1,200 less than the other bids and we understand that HUD Field Offices have found their work acceptable. 6360 - Telephone and Answering Services. Includes local telephone service and answering service for evenings and Sunday. Allows for \$15 per month increase in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-69 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ answering service, effective November 1, and \$5 increase in base telephone service rate. 6390 - Miscellaneous Administrative. Last year\'s actual. 6450 - Electricity. Reflects 4 percent rate increase and 5 percent decrease in consumption because are described in our cover letter. NOTE: Utility company has requested a 6 percent increase. Since the Commissioner usually approves only about 2/3 of the requested rate, we are budgeting for only a 4 percent increase. We are assuming that the increase will become effective February 1, 1986, the date requested by the utility company. 6451 - Water. This is a 10 percent decrease over last fiscal year\'s actual costs. While not rate changes are expected, consumption should decline somewhat. Last year\'s consumption was increased by: 1) drought conditions; and 2) watering of newly seeded lawns. 6452 - Gas. Reflects 5 percent rate increase that has been approved by the utility commission and will become effective December 1985. 6453 - Sewer. Represents a 10 percent decrease from last year\'s actual. Sewer expense is one third of the water expense is expected to decrease for reasons discussed above. 6545 - Elevator. Cost of service contract with Elevators, Inc. This amount was the lowest of the three bids we obtained last Spring. 6510 - Janitorial and Cleaning. Last year\'s actual, plus 4 percent inflationary increase. 6570 - Motor Vehicle. Last year\'s actual. 6519 - Exterminating. Project\'s contract with Bug-Off provides for one visit per month at cost of \$100 each. This amount was \$10 higher per visit than other proposals but we accepted this proposal because contractor\'s performance over past 3 years has been excellent. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-70 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 6525 - Trash Removal. Contract rate increased by \$30 to \$380/month, effective last May. This increase is partly reflected in the partial year\'s HUD-92410 and fully reflected in the budget. Trash is removed twice a week. 6530 - Security. Cost of new deadbolt locks for 15 units on Evans Street. There have been several break-ins at single family homes near that side of the project. We also have asked the police department to increase patrols in that area. 6537 - Grounds. Contract with Evergreen Grounds covers supplies and labor at \$6,000/year. Contract expires in December 1986. 6560 - Decorating and Interior Painting. Represents cost of repainting 12 units. Apartments of long-term residents are repainted every 4 years. Replacement reserves will pay for any needed drapery or carpet replacement. 6541 - Repairs Materials. Represents last year\'s repairs plus a 4 percent inflationary increase. None of the prior period\'s repair expenses were reimbursed out of replacement reserves; all were routine repairs. 6540 - Repairs Payroll. Includes; a) salary expense for two maintenance men at rates shown in the attached payroll schedule; and b) a 50 percent discount on one maintenance men\'s rent. 6710 - Property Taxes. The county has increased the assessed value by 5 percent; tax rate in unchanged. Two years ago, we successfully appealed the county\'s calculation of the project\'s assessed value. At that time, the calculation has used incorrect assumptions on income and expense levels. Since the new, increased assessed value used the revised assumptions agreed to in the appeal, we are accepting the assessed value as accurate. 6711 - Payroll Taxes. Budgeted at 11 percent (6.7 percent FICA, 4.3 percent combined State and Federal unemployment) of salaries listed in the attached \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-71 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ payroll schedule. Increased cost is due to cost-of-living increases in employee\'s base pay. 6719 Miscellaneous Taxes and License. Includes local licensing fees for project elevators. 6720 Property and Liability Insurance. Cost of an all-risk policy with Safeguard, Inc. 6722 Workmen Compensation. Policy covers all of agent\'s employees. This is project\'s prorated share of the total cost of the policy; the proration covers the employees listed on the attached payroll schedule. Replacement Reserve. Includes \$15 PUM increase in monthly deposits to be implemented with this rent increase. Deposits have not been increased since project commenced occupance in 1978. Attached is an Agreement formalizing this increase in deposits. Project Improvements. Includes one-fourth of the cost of painting the project exterior. (Future exterior painting costs will be paid from the replacement reserve. Costs of exterior painting were considered in establishing the new deposit.) Service Income. Average of actual income for last 2 years. Laundry machines are leased from Wash and Dry, Incorporated. Income has consistently stayed at this level. Investment Income. \$6,000 to the \$48,000 replacement reserve (balance as of May 31, 1985) will be withdrawn for roof repairs. The remaining \$42,000 will be invested as follows: \$34,000 in Treasury Notes at 9.24 percent. \$8,000 in insured money market account at 8.5 percent. NOTE: All replacement reserve interest is deposited in the project operating account. State law requires that interest earned on tenant security deposits be passed through to tenants. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-72 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Vacancy Loss. Decreased from prior year because we expect new agent to reduce tenant turnover and more aggressively market units. Management Fees. Will request a one-half percent increase in fees, effective March 1, 1983, if new agent performs as expected. Agent has already made significant progress in turning the project around. NOTE: Line items should reference the specific HUD-92410 Account Code. Where the increase is less that 5 percent, no justification is required. Capital expenditures should not be included in 92410 line item Budget but in other Cash expense. If the rent increase is based on capital expenditures (non-reoccurring) a reserve analysis should be included. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-73 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4c \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Original Interest Rate on Mortgage \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 6.75% 7.00% 7.25% 7.50% 7.75% 8.00% 8.25% 8.50% \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 40 4.7021 4.9192 5.1383 5.3594 5.5821 5.8067 6.0328 6.2604 35 4.5639 4.7735 4.9851 5.1987 5.4141 5.6314 5.8054 6.0711 30 4.4152 4.6160 4.8189 5.0237 5.2303 5.4389 5.6492 5.8613 25 4.2560 4.4469 4.6397 4.8343 5.0307 5.2290 5.4290 5.6307 20 4.0864 4.2662 4.4476 4.6307 4.8155 5.0019 5.1898 5.3794 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-74 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4d \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [Budget Worksheet](http://www.hud.gov/utilities/intercept.cfm?/offices/adm/hudclips/forms/files/92547-a.pdf) Income and Expense Projections \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-75 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4d \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-76 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ RENT COMPUTATION WORKSHEET INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETION A. Enter the following 1\. Project Name. 2\. FHA Number. 3\. Management Agent. 4\. Management Fee - Enter percent or PUPM Fee if capped \- Information can be obtained from Management Certification. 5\. Initial Mortgage - For 236\'s 221(d)(3) and 202\'s. 6\. Replacement Cost for 221(d)(4)\'s, 207 and 231\'s. 7\. Modified Mortgage - If modified indicate YES and enter Debt Service (P & I and MIP). 8\. Under workout - If project under workout enter YES and workout Payment and ending date. 9\. Initial Equity - Enter for 236\'s and 221(d)(3) only. 10\. Debt Service Rate - Enter for 221(d)(3)\'s, 207\'s, 221(d)(4)\'s, 231\'s and 202\'s. B. Compute the following 1\. Box A - Substitute requested valves and compute Debt Service that will be allowed a\) Use formula that pertains to specific section of Act. b\) Deregulated projects under alternative mechanism insure you enter appraised Replacement Cost. c\) 207\'s, 221(d) (4) and 231\'s not deregulated add 2 percent mortgage to Replacement Cost. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-77 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2\. Box B - Compute allowed return or income Reserve for 236\'s and 221(d)(3). a\) Non-profit projects transferred to limited dividend use Income Reserve computation not distribution computation. 3\. Total Cash needs less Management - Box C. a\) Enter allowed amounts from Rent Increase Budget Worksheet less Management. b\) Enter Funding to Reserve that will be authorized. c\) Enter computed Debt Services. d\) Enter computed return or Income Reserve. 4\. Management/Vacancy Factor, Box D - If Fee is not capped factor equals (1 - Mortgage Fee) x(1 - Vacancy). If Fee is capped factor equals (1 - Vacancy). 5\. Compute Authorized Monthly Rent Potential, Box E and F a\) Rent Potential (includes other Income) equals total cash (Box E) divided by Mortgage/Vacancy Factor (Box D). b\) Authorized Potential equals Rent Potential less other Income. 1\) Other Income equals commercial income and garage/parking and laundry. 2\) Monthly potential equals Authorized Potential divided by 12. 3\) Percentage Increase equals (Authorized Potential less Current Potential) divided by Current Potential. 6\. Market Rent Potential, Box G - (236\'s only) a\) Compute annual HUD subsidy (See Attachment \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_). \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-78 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ b\) New Market Potential equals new Authorized Potential plus HUD subsidy. c\) Market Rent Ratio equals new Market Potential divided by new Authorized Potential. 7\. Unit Rent Computations, Box H a\) Authorized Rent levels - for each unit type multiply current unit rent by percent increase. b\) Market Rate (236 projects only) multiply Authorized Rent times Market Rent Ratio. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-79 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ RENT COMPUTATION WORKSHEET PROJECT NAME \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ FHA #\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ DATE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ MANAGEMENT AGENT \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ FEE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Capped Y/N)\_\_ MORTGAGE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ REPLACEMENT COST \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (236, 221(d)(3) and 202) OR APPRAISED VALUE (207, 221(d)(4), 231) MODIFIED MORTGAGE (Y/N) \_\_\_\_\_\_ UNDER WORKOUT (Y/N) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (If yes) Debt service \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ If yes w/o Payment \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (P & I & MIP) Ending Date \_\_\_/\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_ INITIAL EQUITY \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ DEBT SERVICE RATE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (If NP, Total Initial Equity = 0) (Line 5d 2264A) 236 & 221(d)(3) ONLY) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX A DEBT SERVICE COMPUTATION \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 236 = Mortgage x .03034273 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 221(d)(3) = Mortgage x Debt Service Rate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 207/231 = Replacement Cost x Debt Service Rate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Replacement Cost is new appraised cost) 202/207/221/231 = (Replacement Cost + Working Capital) x Debt Service Rate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Projects not deregulated) Working Capital = 2 percent mortgage \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-80 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX B DISTRIBUTION COMPUTATION \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 236/221(d)(3) = Initial Equity x .06 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 207/231/221(d)(4) = Allowance calculated in conjunction with Debt Service INCOME RESERVE (NON-PROFITS) 236 NP = Mortgage Payment x .06393 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 221(d)(3) NP = Mortgage Payment x .05263 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX C RENT POTENTIAL COMPUTATION Allowed Expenses \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ less Management (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) Plus Reserves \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Debt Service \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Return/Net Income Reserve \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Total Cash less Management \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX D MANAGEMENT/VACANCY FACTOR Authorized Management Fee \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% (1) Allowed Vacancy Percent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (5% or 7%) Factor = (1 - Management Fee) x (1 - Vacancy) \(1\) PUPM Cap (Y/N) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ If yes Fee = 0 Allowed PUPM \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX E RENT POTENTIAL = Total Cash divided by Factor (Box D above) (No PUPM Cap) RENT POTENTIAL (PUPM Cap) = Total Cash/Factor + (PUPM Management Fee x 12 x Number of Units) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-81 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX F 1\. RENT POTENTIAL \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2\. Less Other Income (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) 3\. Authorized Potential \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4\. Monthly Potential (Authorized Potential/12) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5\. Percent Increase (Authorized Potential - Current Potential divided by Current Potential \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX G MARKET RENT POTENTIAL (236\'s ONLY) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Annual Subsidy (Interest Reduction Payment) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Authorized Annual Rent Potential (BOX F) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ New Annual Market Rent Potential \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Market Rent Ratio (New Annual Market Rent Potential Divided by Authorized Annual Rent Potential BOX F ) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX H UNIT RENT COMPUTATIONS \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Unit type \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Current Unit Rent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 1 + % Increase \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Authorized Unit Rent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-82 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ MARKET RENT (236 ONLY) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Authorized Unit Rent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Market Ratio \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ New Market Rent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ UTILITY ALLOWANCES \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Current Utility Allowances \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Approved Utility Allowances \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-83 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 6 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ REQUEST TO INCREASE MONTHLY REPLACEMENT RESERVE DEPOSITS PROJECT NAME \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ MORTGAGEE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ FHA OR NON-INSURED PROJECT NUMBER \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ I hereby request an increase in the monthly deposits to the Replacement Reserve/Painting from the current amount as of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Attached is the Reserve Analysis in support of this request. Signed by: OWNER \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ NAME \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ TITLE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ SIGNATURE DATE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-84 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 7 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ AMENDMENT TO REGULATORY AGREEMENT FOR SECTION 220 AND 221(d) (4) PROJECTS (FORMS 92466) 4\. (a) The owner shall not rent the units for a period of less than thirty (30) days. Commercial facilities shall be rented for such use and upon such terms as determined by the owner. Subleasing of dwelling accommodations, except for subleases of single dwelling accommodations by the tenant thereof, shall be prohibited without prior written approval of the owner and the Secretary and any lease shall so provide. Upon discovery of any unapproved sublease, owner shall immediately demand cancellation and notify the Secretary thereof. \* (For projects constructed for family use and do not have a Section 8 Contract.) \(b\) Owners may charge to and receive from any tenant such amounts as from time to time may be mutually agreed upon between the tenant and the owner for any rental accommodations, facilities and/or services which may be furnished by the Owner or others to such tenant upon his request. \* (For projects constructed exclusively for handicapped tenants or who receive assistance under Section 8.) \(b\) Owners may charge to and receive from any tenant such amounts as from time to time may be mutually agreed upon between the tenant and owner for accommodations. Tenants receiving Section 8 assistance shall have their rents determined by the HAP Contract. No charge shall be made, however, for facilities or services without the approval of the Secretary. \(c\) In the event the project is under jurisdiction of a local rent control law or ordinance and the owner desires the Secretary to preempt those controls, the owner shall comply with applicable regulations or instructions in effect at the time of application or preemption, currently 24 CFR Part 246, Subpart B. \* Delete the paragraph which does not pertain to the project at hand. Do not delete paragraphs (a) and (b). Your choice is limited to (b). \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-85 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 8 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ REGULATORY AGREEMENT AMENDMENT FOR MORTGAGES LIMITED DISTRIBUTION PROJECT 1\. Subparagraph \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 6(e)(1) in Form 92466, or its counterpart of the Regulatory Agreement dated \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in connection with FHA Project No.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is hereby amended to read as follows: \(e\) Make, or receive and retain, any distribution of assets or any income of any kind of the project except surplus cash and except on the following conditions: \(1\) All distributions shall be made only as of and after the end of a semiannual or annual fiscal period, and only as permitted by the law of the applicable jurisdiction; all distributions in any one fiscal year shall be limited to 1/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ per centum on the initial equity investment, as determined by the Secretary which shall be cumulative; 2\. The Regulatory Agreement is further amended by adding a new paragraph at the end of the Regulatory Agreement (i.e. #18 in Form 2466) as follows: \(18\) Owners shall establish and maintain, in addition to the Reserve Fund for Replacements, a Residual Receipts Fund by depositing thereto, with the mortgagee, the Residual Receipts within 60 days after the end of the semi-annual or annual fiscal period within which such receipts are realized. Residual receipts shall be disbursed only at the direction of the Secretary, who shall have the power and authority to direct that the residual receipts, or any part thereof, be used for such purposes as the Secretary may determine. The term \"residual receipts\" means any cash remaining at the end of a semi-annual or annual fiscal period after deducting from surplus cash the amount of distribution as limited by paragraph 6(e) hereof. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-86 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 9 ADDENDUM TO REGULATORY AGREEMENT AND/OR CORPORATE CHARTER FOR 207, 223(f), 608, 213 RENTAL, 234 RENTAL, 803, 810, 231(c)4 OR OWNERS OF 220 OR 221(D) (4) PROJECTS WHOSE OWNERS CHOOSE THE ALTERNATE METHOD Paragraph \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the Regulatory Agreement (Corporate Charter) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ dated in connection with FHA Project No. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is hereby amended by adding the following: As an alternative to the determination of rents by the Secretary based on increases in taxes and operating and maintenance costs, the owner may request and the Secretary shall approve rent levels determined by the owner, provided that: 1\. The owner submits a certified appraisal of the property as a rental project. 2\. The owner provided a schedule of proposed unit rents and gross potential income. 3\. The owner for the initial determination shall provide an appraisal conducted by a licensed appraiser of the property (based on its use as residential rental property) which includes a rental analysis of comparable conventionally financed rental properties in the area and which shows the proposed rent. For subsequent submissions, the owner may use a qualified appraiser, a certified public accountant, or a certified member of a national housing management organization to perform the rental analysis. 4\. The owner agrees that if any units in a project are assisted under the United States Housing Act of 1937, the determination of rent levels for those units receiving such assistance shall be processed in accordance with the applicable section of that Act. 5\. Upon request by the owner, and provided there are no violations of this agreement, the Secretary shall approve rental rates based on the lesser of the following methods: A\) By using the sum of the operating costs as determined by the Secretary and the amount derived by multiplying \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-87 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 9 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the debt service factor by the projects\' appraised market value as residential rental property to determine the approved Gross Potential Rent; or B\) By using the comparable rents for similar conventionally financed projects to determine the Gross Potential Rents allowed. 6\. The owner agrees that in the event the alternative method of maximum rent determination is requested pursuant to 24 CFR 207.19(e)(2)(ii), which results in the project being or becoming subject to local rent control and, further, that should preemption of those controls be requested, he/she must fully comply with applicable regulations in effect at the time of the request \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-88 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ PART 246 \-- LOCAL RENT CONTROL [24 CFR Ch. II (4-1-92 Edition)](http://www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-89 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing, HUD 246.7 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-90 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 246.8 24 CFR Ch. II (4-1-92 Edition) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-91 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing, HUD 246.10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 246.11 24 CFR Ch. II (4-1-92 Edition) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-93 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing, HUD 246.31 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-94 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Mortgagee Letter 83-24 October 25, 1983 MEMORANDUM FOR: ALL APPROVED MORTGAGEES ATTENTION: Multifamily Mortgagees FROM: W. Calvert Brand, General Deputy Assistant Secretary SUBJECT: Requirements for multifamily Insured Projects 1\. Property Insurance Requirements 2\. Increases in Replacement Reserve Deposits 3\. Investment of Replacement Reserves and Residual Receipts 4\. Distribution of Form HUD-9807, Request for Termination of Multifamily Mortgage Insurance 1\. Clarification of Property Insurance Requirements. 24 CFR 207.260(c) requires that all projects encumbered by FHA insured mortgages must carry hazard insurance policies which meet the requirements of the Federal Housing Commissioner. Since those regulations also make mortgagees responsible for monitoring the adequacy of the coverage and for obtaining insurance when mortgagors fail to do so, several mortgage companies have asked the Department to clarify its insurance requirements for multifamily projects. That clarification follows. Section 207.10 of the Regulations requires that multifamily projects carry a fire and extended coverage insurance policy in an amount that meets the coinsurance requirements of the insurer and is at least equal to 80 percent of the actual cash value of the project\'s insurable improvements and equipment. These insurance requirements apply as long as the mortgage is insured by HUD and regardless of the unpaid principal balance of the mortgage. To determine the amount of insurance required at project completion, mortgagees must use the estimate of insurable value shown in construction costs that have occurred since project completion. After the first year of project operation, HUD will consider insurance coverage to be adequate if the insurance coverage met the insurer\'s coinsurance requirements at the time the policy was issued and: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-95 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \(a\) the policy is endorsed with an agreed amount clause in which the insurer acknowledges the adequacy of the insurance coverage and agrees not to invoke any coinsurance penalty; \(b\) the insurer annually certifies that the insurance coverage meets its coinsurance requirements; or \(c\) the mortgagor/the insurance agent/the mortgagee annually correctly recomputes the project\'s insurable value by applying cost factors published in one of the nationally recognized building cost indices and insurance coverage is increased to 8096 (or any higher percentage required by the insurer\'s coinsurance clause) of the revised insurable value. If the mortgagor refuse to pay any higher premiums associated with required increases in insurance coverage, the mortgagee must pay the additional premiums and bill the mortgagor for those premiums. 2\. Increase in Monthly Deposits to the Reserve for Replacements. All projects subject to the replacement reserve provisions of the revised Section 8 New Construction or Substantial Rehabilitation regulations must increase their monthly deposits to the replacement reserve annually by the percentage amount of the annual adjustment approved for that project. The revised regulations apply to all older Section 8 projects whose owners voluntarily opted to be bound by those regulations and, except as noted below, all insured and non-insured projects for which Agreements to Enter Into Housing Assistance Payments Contracts (AHAPs) were executed on or after November 5, 1979 for New Construction projects or February 20, 1980 for Substantial Rehabilitation projects. The replacement reserve requirements of the revised Section 8 regulations do not apply to previously HUD-owned projects sold pursuant to Section 886 (Subpart C). partially assisted projects, or Section 202/8 projects. While HUD regulations do not require increases in deposits on other projects, regulatory agreements on insured and HUD-held projects do authorized HUD Field staff to approve changes in the amounts of the monthly deposits. When processing rental increases, HUD staff will analyze the adequacy of the deposits and suggest that owners increase the deposits if the increases are needed to meet replacement needs of the project. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-96 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Whenever deposits are increased pursuant to either of the two preceding paragraphs, the Field Office will send the mortgagee fee a Form HUD-9250, Reserve for Replacements Authorization. This Form will specify the amount and effective date of the new deposit. 3\. Investment of Reserves for Replacements and Residual Receipts. a\. Replacement Reserves. The revised Section 8 regulations require that projects subject to those regulations invest the Reserve for Replacements. While HUD regulations do not mandate that other projects invest their Replacement Reserves, HUD encourages owners to do so as prudent investment can offset inflationary increases in repair costs and enhance a project\'s financial condition. If an owner elects to invest the Replacement Reserve, the Mortgagee\'s Certificate (Form HUD-92434) provides that the mortgagee must permit the investment. Either the mortgagee or the mortgagor may effect the investment. Mortgagors subject to the revised Section 8 regulations must retain any investment earnings in the Reserve. Mortgagors not subject to the revised Section 8 regulations must deposit investment earnings in either the project\'s operating account for the Reserve for Replacements; the choice rests with the mortgagor. Investment earnings may not be distributed directly to mortgagors without regard to surplus cash considerations. b\. Residual Receipts. In the past only projects subject to Subpart F of the revised Section 8 regulations were required to invest Residual Receipts. While the Regulatory Agreements for other projects give HUD control over the use and investment of Residual Receipt funds, in the past HUD has elected to allow those mortgagors to choose to invest or not to invest these funds. We are now changing the requirements for these projects. Effective immediately, we are requiring that all projects\' Residual Receipts be invested and that any earnings on the investment be credited to the Residual Receipts account. Residual Receipts may be invested only in the accounts or securities listed under Paragraph c below. While mortgagors relinquished \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-97 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ control over Residual Receipts when they signed the project Regulatory Agreement, at the present time will allow the mortgagors to select among the authorized forms of investment so long as the mortgagor exercises due care and attempts to maximize earnings to the extent consistent with the project\'s liquidity needs. c\. Forms of Investment. Reserves for Replacement and Residual Receipts may be invested in Treasury securities, securities issued by a Federal agency or deposits which are insured by an agency of the Federal government. Acceptable forms of investments are listed in Paragraphs (1) through (4) below. Neither Residual Receipts nor Replacement Reserves may be invested in Repurchase Agreements (REPOS). Investments must be established so as to: (1) permit the mortgagee to convert the investment to cash at any time; and (2) provide that the investments will at all times be under the control of the mortgagee. \(1\) Direct Obligations of the Federal Government Backed by the Full Faith and Credit of the United States. These include U.S. Treasury Bills, Notes and Bonds. \(2\) Obligations of Federal Government Agencies. These include, for example, GNMA Mortgage Backed Securities, GNMA Participation Bonds and Farm Credit Administration issues. \(3\) Demand and Savings Deposits. Demand and savings deposits at commercial banks, mutual savings and loan associations and credit unions are permitted, provided that the entire deposit is insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF), or the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporations (FSLIC). \(4\) Insured Money Market Deposit Accounts. Investment in money market accounts is permitted, provided that the account is insured by one of the Federal agencies identified in Subparagraph 3c(3) above. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-98 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ d\. Choosing Among Available Forms of Investment. Except as noted below, the mortgagor has the right to determine which of the investment discussed in Paragraph 3c will be used and a mortgagee may not restrict the mortgagor\'s choice. A mortgagor may authorize a lender to select the form of investment, if the lender is willing to accept that responsibility. If a mortgagor retains the authority to choose among authorized forms of investment, the mortgagee may require the mortgagor to provide written directions as to the type of investment desired. A mortgagee may refuse to honor mortgagor\'s request for a specific investment only if: \(1\) the mortgagee determines that the mortgagor\'s choice of investment will significantly increase the lender\'s cost of administering the reserve, and the mortgagee identifies another investment which offers liquidity, security and yield equal to or better than that proposed by the mortgagor; or \(2\) the proposed investment does not meet the criteria discussed in Paragraph 3.c. above. e\. Mortgagee Fees. The mortgagee may charge a fee for administering invested residual receipts or replacement reserves if the fee is acceptable to the mortgagor. If there is an identity-of-interest between the mortgagee and either the mortgagor or its management agent, the mortgagor must assure that such fees do not exceed the amounts commonly charged when there is no identity-of-interest between the mortgagee and mortgagor. The mortgagor must disclose any such fees in the Replacement Reserve or Residual Receipts supporting schedules to the annual financial statement. 4\. Distribution of Form HUD-9807, Request for Termination of Multifamily Mortgage Insurance. The mortgagee is required to submit Form HUD-9807 when the mortgage is prepaid or the mortgagor and mortgagee agree to terminate the mortgage insurance. Instructions printed on Form HUD-9807 direct mortgagees to mail the form only to HUD Headquarters. To increase the accuracy of Field Office portfolio listings and address lists, we are now asking that mortgagees mail all HUD-9807 requests to both HUD Headquarters and the HUD Field \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-99 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office having jurisdiction over the project in question. The Field Office\'s copy should be sent to the attention of the Housing Division Director. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-100 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Mortgagee Letter 89-12 March 28, 1989 TO: ALL APPROVED MORTGAGEES/ATTENTION: Multifamily Mortgagees FROM: James E. Schoenberger, General Deputy Assistant Secretary for Housing SUBJECT: Investment of Replacement Reserves and Residual Receipts in Tax-Exempt Securities HUD encourages, and in many programs requires, owners to invest Replacement Reserve and Residual Receipts Funds in order to offset inflationary increases in repairs and replacement costs and to enhance a project\'s financial condition. Mortgagee Letter 83-24 permitted the investment of Replacement Reserves and Residual Receipts funds only in Treasury securities, securities issued by a Federal agency, or deposits which are insured by an agency of the Federal government. While HUD encourages and often requires the investment of these funds, provisions in the Tax reform Act of 1986 may prohibit mortgagors from offsetting taxable interest earnings on these accounts with passive losses from a project. Thus, there may be a disincentive to invest in taxable securities/accounts. For this reason, we have reevaluated Mortgagee Letter 83-24 and have attempted to identify a tax-exempt security or securities which could be used as an investment of Replacement Reserve and Residual Receipts funds. We have sought to identify secure, liquid instruments, for which the return of principal and payment of interest are assured, to the maximum possible extent. Effective immediately, in addition to the investments currently permitted in Mortgagee Letter 83-24, HUD will permit the purchase of the following tax-exempt securities: 1\. AAA rated GNMA collateralized tax-exempt bonds 2\. AAA rated pre-refunded bonds. These are bonds that originally may have been insured as general obligation or revenue bonds but are now secured, until the call date or maturity, by an \"escrow fund\" consisting entirely of direct U.S. government obligations that are sufficient for paying the bondholders. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-101 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ NOTES OF CAUTION 1\. In order to assure that required amounts have been paid into the Replacement Reserves and Residual Receipts accounts, the actual costs (which in many cases may not be the face value) of these and other approved securities, must be shown on the project books. In addition, details of these transactions should be disclosed in the footnotes to the Annual Financial Statement. 2\. When HUD approves disbursements from Replacement Reserves or Residual Receipts funds and the funds are invested in these and/or other permitted securities, mortgagees must, to the extent that reserves are available, assure that securities are sold in an amount which results in proceeds sufficient to cover the disbursement. 3\. Since the sale or redemption of these securities, as well as others already permitted, may result in cash proceeds of less than the amount invested, Chapter 4, Section 10, paragraphs 1(c)(3) of Handbook 4350.1 applies. 4\. It is incumbent upon owners and managers, when making decisions on the purchase of these and other approved securities, to carefully consider the potential losses which may arise from sale or redemption of the securities. 5\. Since HUD is limiting the purchase of these securities to those that are AAA rated, HUD will not permit, as an operating cost, fees for a Financial Advisor to assist in selecting such securities for investment. Questions on the above may be addressed to your local HUD Field Office or the Office of Multifamily Housing Management, Planning and Procedures Division, phone (202) 426-3944. This is not a toll free number. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-102 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 12 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Suggested form of letter for use with appropriate modifications for type of project and situation by Housing Management Division Directors in accordance with Section 4, Paragraph 8(c)(3). Certified Mail Return Receipt Requested According to our records, you have received a previous letter from the Office of Finance and Accounting, Department of Housing and Urban Development, requesting submission of page 1 of Form (HUD-93104) (HUD-93104A), Monthly Report of excess Income, and the excess income collected, if any, for the month(s) of\..... This report is required to be submitted monthly from all projects even in cases where there is no excess income. You are hereby notified that, unless the requested page 1 of Form (HUD-93104)(HUD-93104A), Monthly Report of Excess Income, and any excess income collected for the month(s) of\.....are remitted to the Office of Finance and Accounting, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Attention: Billing and Receivable Division, 451 7th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20410, within thirty (30) days of the date of this letter, the interest reduction payments to the mortgagee on behalf of this project, beginning with the next payment falling due, will be suspended or terminated in accordance with paragraph\...\...of the (Regulatory Agreement) (Interest Reduction Contract). Should such suspension occur, you will be liable to the mortgagee for the full amount of the next mortgage payment falling due. Your failure to make the full mortgage payment within the usual time limit may result in a default under the terms of the Mortgage which will be handed in accordance with regular default procedures. (This last sentence is applicable to insured and HUD-held projects only.) You are strongly urged to contact this office immediately if there are any factors beyond your control or of an unusual nature which will prevent your immediate compliance with the above requirements. (To be signed by Housing Management Division Director) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-103 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 13 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Rent Schedule Low Rent Housing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ HUD-92458 (2-89) HB 4566.2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-104 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 13 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-105 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 13 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-106 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 14 a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT NOTE Amount: Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, Maker of this Note, promises to pay to the order of the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 451 Seventh Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20410, the sum of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Dollars (\$ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_), in monthly installments of \$ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ starting on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, 19 \_\_\_\_, plus one final installment of \$\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, 19 , the due date of this Note. Holder (HUD), its successors or assigns) may collect a late charge of 10% on any installment that is at least five days past due. Failure to pay an installment within five days after the date the installment is due shall constitute a default, and upon such default Holder may, without notice, declare the unpaid balance to be immediately due and payable. This Note is secured by an Excess Rentals Repayment Agreement, a breach of which shall constitute a default under this Note. In the event of default as specified above, Maker hereby appoints HUD as its attorney, which appointment shall be irrevocable, with the power to confess judgment against Maker in any court of law having jurisdiction. Should payment not be made by the due date, Maker agrees to pay interest at the rate of \_\_\_\_\_ percent ( %) per year on the amount past due until paid. Maker severally waives demand, notice and protest, and any defense due to extension of time or other indulgence by Holder, or to any substitution or release of collateral. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-107 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 14a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Maker agrees to pay reasonable costs of collection, including attorney fees\', whether or not judgment is entered on this Note. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Name (typed or printed) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Address \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-108 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 14 b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ FHA Project No.: Project name: Project location: EXCESS RENTALS REPAYMENT AGREEMENT This Agreement is entered into this \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ day of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 19 by and between \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, hereafter referred to as \"Debtor\", and the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, his successors and assigns, hereafter referred to as \"HUD\" Debtor\'s address is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. HUD\'s address is 451 Seventh Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20410\. RECITALS Debtor is the owner of the above-identified project, which is subject to a first mortgage (deed of trust) held by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Pursuant to subsection 236(g) of the National Housing Act, 12 U.S.C. 1715z-1(g), and by the terms of a Regulatory Agreement or other contractual document entered into by Debtor with HUD, Debtor is obligated to accumulate and periodically pay to HUD all rental charges collected in excess of the basic rental charges. HUD has made demand for payment of the excess rental charges in the amount of \$\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the undersigned warrants to HUD that the Debtor, as of the date of this Agreement, owes HUD that amount but asserts that it is unable to pay that amount in a lump sum. The undersigned warrants further that he/she has been authorized to enter into this Agreement and to execute the Confession of Judgment Note secured by this Agreement (the \"Note\") in the above amount on behalf of the Debtor. HUD has agreed to accept periodic payments of said amount, with interest, as included in the Note. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-109 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 14b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ UNDERTAKING Therefore, in consideration of Debtor\'s execution of this Agreement and of the Note, which bears interest at the rate of \_\_\_\_\_ percent ( %) per year, HUD agrees to forbear from pursuing its legal and equitable remedies against Debtor, but only for so long as Debtor makes timely payment under the terms of the Note. Debtor shall have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ months to pay its debt, starting from the first day of the first month after full execution of this Agreement. Any unpaid principal balance of the Note, plus all accrued interest, remaining unpaid at the end of such period will become due and payable immediately as set forth in the Note. Debtor agrees to submit to HUD Forms HUD 93104 for the months of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which Debtor admits have not yet been submitted and are late. No delay or omission of HUD to exercise any right to which it might be entitled shall be construed to be a waiver of any such right, and every right, power and remedy enuring to HUD in equity, by law or contract may be exercised from time to time and as often as may be deemed necessary by HUD. This Agreement is assignable by HUD but may be amended only by a written instrument executed by Debtor and by HUD or its assignee. This Agreement will be executed in three counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original. Debtor will receive one counterpart, and HUD will receive two. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-110 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 14b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ In testimony whereof, Debtor and HUD have executed this agreement effective the date first above written. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Debtor By: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Witness: By: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Director, Housing Management Division If repayment period exceeds 12 months: By: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Regional Director for Housing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-111 9/92	en
all-txt-docs	788238	702495 HAYES RIVER AK -9 N61 59 W152 5 305 977 1991-2005 MO AVGLO FL SDGLO AVDIR FL SDDIR AVDIF FL SDDIF AVETR AETRN TOT OPQ H2O TAU MAX_T MIN_T AVG_T AVGDT RH HTDD CLDD AVWS 1 245 J8 36 646 J8 336 181 J8 16 765 8778 6.6 6.1 0.51 0.07 -4.88 -16.35 -9.61 -8.69 73 897 0 1.2 2 774 J8 148 1154 J8 698 531 J8 42 2164 12405 7.1 6.4 0.55 0.10 -3.23 -13.25 -7.30 -5.97 73 751 0 1.2 3 2009 J8 315 2638 J8 1161 1115 J8 106 4626 16272 6.3 5.5 0.50 0.12 1.82 -9.69 -4.90 -3.02 67 690 0 1.6 4 3409 J8 465 3240 J8 974 1916 J8 147 7612 20075 7.2 5.9 0.67 0.14 5.59 -2.96 1.38 2.62 70 510 0 1.5 5 4626 J8 655 3861 J8 1155 2559 J8 130 10175 23593 7.4 6.0 0.98 0.14 11.12 1.81 6.85 7.70 67 368 0 1.6 6 4819 J8 411 3624 J8 712 2803 J8 139 11404 25695 7.7 6.6 1.48 0.14 17.76 7.31 13.14 13.76 67 176 2 1.7 7 3967 J8 767 2734 J8 1419 2509 J8 130 10706 24407 8.3 7.4 1.82 0.11 18.71 10.05 14.61 15.18 76 127 5 1.5 8 3138 J8 449 2599 J8 1046 1917 J8 128 8432 21006 8.0 7.2 1.75 0.09 17.09 8.80 12.71 13.64 79 169 2 1.7 9 2001 J8 306 2014 J8 908 1251 J8 48 5542 17312 7.9 7.2 1.23 0.07 11.37 3.34 7.01 8.34 80 329 0 1.8 10 1037 J8 166 1732 J8 803 617 J8 41 2855 13519 7.0 6.3 0.81 0.05 2.99 -6.42 -1.04 0.98 76 621 0 1.7 11 347 J8 57 909 J8 534 233 J8 21 1070 9730 7.1 6.5 0.64 0.05 -3.48 -9.59 -6.49 -5.50 76 746 0 1.3 12 119 J8 14 419 J8 253 91 J8 7 431 7355 7.3 6.7 0.54 0.05 -5.26 -11.99 -8.80 -7.99 72 836 0 1.3 13 2208 J8 174 2131 J8 419 1310 J8 52 5482 16679 7.3 6.5 0.96 0.09 5.80 -3.24 1.46 2.59 73 6221 9 1.5 1991 1 262 J8 174 887 J8 1039 166 J8 83 760 8758 4.8 4.4 0.57 0.06 -6.53 -18.51 -11.46 -10.31 75 956 0 1.4 2 851 J8 455 1241 J8 1446 578 J8 209 2143 12365 7.3 5.8 0.61 0.08 -4.34 -13.98 -8.29 -7.06 75 770 0 1.8 3 2102 J8 904 2835 J8 2592 1139 J8 403 4584 16215 5.6 4.9 0.57 0.10 1.04 -10.89 -5.85 -3.81 69 721 0 1.7 4 3621 J8 1100 3606 J8 2722 1981 J8 550 7570 20020 7.4 5.4 0.65 0.12 5.79 -3.28 1.14 2.52 73 512 0 2.1 5 5312 J8 1676 5175 J8 3652 2508 J8 622 10145 23546 7.5 5.0 0.94 0.13 11.27 1.97 7.03 7.88 67 363 0 2.3 6 5012 J8 1788 3997 J8 3542 2804 J8 628 11399 25687 7.4 6.5 1.60 0.12 18.50 8.03 13.85 14.44 63 156 4 2.2 7 3935 J8 1614 2544 J8 2884 2572 J8 559 10729 24446 8.4 7.8 1.59 0.11 17.06 9.05 13.23 13.79 79 163 0 1.9 8 3301 J8 1287 2901 J8 3032 1904 J8 466 8472 21061 7.4 6.8 1.67 0.11 16.15 7.78 11.58 12.57 79 197 0 1.9 9 1705 J8 925 1052 J8 1580 1271 J8 376 5584 17368 8.9 8.1 1.36 0.12 11.63 4.82 7.82 8.94 85 303 0 1.8 10 1069 J8 556 1750 J8 1923 604 J8 170 2889 13574 5.9 5.3 0.81 0.13 2.85 -7.25 -1.76 0.47 73 636 0 1.8 11 328 J8 163 446 J8 580 264 J8 96 1087 9780 7.0 6.0 0.66 0.15 -2.86 -9.12 -5.88 -4.79 72 730 0 1.4 12 99 J8 35 84 J8 209 93 J8 25 433 7363 8.3 7.5 0.55 0.18 -5.74 -12.32 -9.28 -8.49 77 848 0 1.4 13 2300 J8 1877 2210 J8 1560 1324 J8 1000 5483 16682 7.2 6.1 0.96 0.12 5.40 -3.64 1.01 2.18 74 6356 4 1.8 1992 1 225 J8 132 247 J8 371 194 J8 94 754 8737 7.6 6.8 0.56 0.22 -2.81 -14.07 -7.56 -6.73 80 830 0 1.7 2 797 J8 289 767 J8 874 623 J8 172 2163 12400 5.8 4.8 0.49 0.26 -5.65 -15.76 -9.90 -8.29 63 842 0 1.9 3 1806 J8 792 1611 J8 1937 1243 J8 410 4655 16310 6.8 6.0 0.50 0.29 0.28 -10.28 -5.85 -4.18 77 723 0 2.0 4 4120 J8 983 3735 J8 2015 2307 J8 553 7641 20107 4.6 3.0 0.59 0.32 4.80 -4.83 0.11 1.36 56 550 0 2.5 5 5523 J8 1538 5014 J8 3004 2696 J8 606 10194 23621 4.9 3.7 0.91 0.30 9.25 0.07 5.04 5.89 63 424 0 2.3 6 4725 J8 1724 3129 J8 2958 2942 J8 602 11406 25699 7.2 6.4 1.27 0.28 16.90 6.12 12.37 13.06 67 205 0 2.3 7 4184 J8 1581 2363 J8 2289 2814 J8 514 10690 24382 8.1 7.2 1.67 0.24 18.48 10.08 14.50 15.04 79 131 6 1.8 8 2731 J8 1116 1211 J8 1478 2119 J8 483 8405 20970 9.1 8.3 1.65 0.20 15.27 8.11 11.25 12.07 86 206 0 1.9 9 2430 J8 980 3189 J8 2587 1224 J8 380 5512 17278 4.7 4.2 0.86 0.16 7.47 -2.50 2.28 4.02 66 475 0 2.9 10 1016 J8 523 1533 J8 1722 630 J8 241 2831 13483 5.7 5.2 0.70 0.13 1.24 -8.97 -3.39 -0.98 70 688 0 1.6 11 283 J8 168 427 J8 801 223 J8 83 1057 9693 7.8 7.3 0.63 0.12 -2.75 -8.32 -5.51 -4.83 79 716 0 1.7 12 122 J8 28 200 J8 219 109 J8 23 430 7344 6.9 5.9 0.53 0.11 -8.45 -15.48 -12.11 -11.57 70 939 0 1.5 13 2330 J8 1921 1952 J8 1543 1427 J8 1093 5478 16669 6.6 5.7 0.86 0.22 4.50 -4.65 0.10 1.24 71 6729 6 2.0 1993 1 266 J8 133 427 J8 675 216 J8 82 775 8812 6.4 5.6 0.46 0.12 -7.97 -19.17 -12.85 -12.03 71 989 0 1.6 2 695 J8 343 916 J8 1224 518 J8 225 2178 12436 7.3 6.4 0.61 0.14 -3.29 -12.55 -6.78 -5.61 79 735 0 1.6 3 1833 J8 858 1973 J8 2294 1140 J8 338 4634 16285 6.5 6.1 0.52 0.16 2.65 -8.25 -3.82 -2.07 72 655 0 1.8 4 3780 J8 1205 3778 J8 2948 2002 J8 506 7621 20089 6.7 5.4 0.70 0.17 6.93 -1.30 2.72 3.98 73 466 0 2.0 5 5392 J8 1587 5145 J8 3574 2557 J8 646 10181 23606 6.3 4.8 1.18 0.17 13.58 3.26 8.93 9.85 71 307 0 1.8 6 5570 J8 1260 4336 J8 2551 3008 J8 511 11405 25699 7.5 6.0 1.39 0.16 18.72 7.70 13.79 14.49 67 154 0 2.5 7 5258 J8 1890 5266 J8 3935 2336 J8 656 10702 24398 6.4 5.1 1.81 0.13 21.11 10.86 16.41 17.11 71 85 12 2.3 8 3072 J8 1467 2489 J8 2993 1864 J8 586 8424 20994 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J8 1612 2406 J8 2789 2489 J8 549 10711 24415 8.8 7.7 1.83 0.10 19.70 10.33 15.14 15.77 72 108 5 0.5 8 3038 J8 1823 2965 J8 3856 1647 J8 418 8440 21017 7.3 6.8 1.68 0.08 17.66 9.25 13.20 14.12 75 155 4 0.5 9 1816 J8 995 1540 J8 2337 1246 J8 403 5551 17323 8.7 8.2 1.36 0.05 12.15 5.34 8.59 9.57 87 288 0 1.2 10 785 J8 523 566 J8 1442 620 J8 244 2863 13530 9.1 8.7 1.13 0.04 3.96 -3.55 1.21 2.75 92 562 0 0.7 11 279 J8 161 334 J8 795 233 J8 92 1074 9740 9.1 8.6 0.94 0.03 1.57 -3.92 -1.35 0.29 88 585 0 0.2 12 106 J8 39 222 J8 406 93 J8 27 432 7359 8.5 7.9 0.66 0.04 -1.62 -6.89 -4.71 -3.81 66 700 0 0.6 13 2127 J8 1707 2054 J8 1672 1234 J8 946 5483 16683 7.7 7.1 1.02 0.08 6.96 -1.98 2.70 3.85 69 5772 12 0.8 2003 1 227 J8 112 464 J8 665 184 J8 76 763 8767 7.8 7.2 0.66 0.06 -1.13 -12.71 -5.97 -5.24 62 783 0 0.2 2 660 J8 359 597 J8 1115 532 J8 208 2149 12377 8.9 8.2 0.80 0.08 2.07 -8.16 -2.17 -1.41 70 599 0 0.5 3 2264 J8 835 3033 J8 2272 1237 J8 408 4593 16226 5.9 4.5 0.40 0.10 1.91 -11.07 -5.65 -3.41 53 710 0 0.9 4 3515 J8 1424 3678 J8 3312 1842 J8 559 7579 20031 7.5 6.2 0.69 0.12 7.06 -2.09 2.46 3.85 57 475 0 0.8 5 4113 J8 1483 2729 J8 2572 2678 J8 545 10151 23554 8.4 7.6 0.90 0.13 12.09 1.98 7.42 8.26 55 350 0 1.2 6 4363 J8 1547 2718 J8 2881 2950 J8 456 11400 25685 8.4 7.2 1.50 0.12 17.58 7.39 13.13 13.74 61 175 0 1.3 7 3699 J8 1558 2155 J8 2798 2598 J8 552 10723 24436 8.6 7.9 1.95 0.10 20.31 11.25 16.02 16.62 67 98 19 1.3 8 2729 J8 1308 1549 J8 2190 1994 J8 482 8463 21043 9.2 8.5 1.74 0.08 17.85 9.97 13.63 14.38 72 144 7 1.2 9 2384 J8 1086 3208 J8 3409 1220 J8 444 5575 17355 7.0 6.0 1.08 0.05 13.14 3.15 7.61 9.38 61 306 0 1.1 10 935 J8 396 1319 J8 2036 637 J8 216 2882 13565 7.4 7.0 1.06 0.04 7.18 -1.81 3.18 4.95 76 485 0 0.5 11 396 J8 157 1074 J8 1249 265 J8 105 1083 9771 6.6 5.7 0.65 0.03 -3.17 -10.23 -6.82 -6.05 53 751 0 0.7 12 129 J8 65 592 J8 915 90 J8 28 433 7366 6.7 6.3 0.50 0.04 -5.20 -11.42 -8.46 -7.78 60 826 0 0.6 13 2118 J8 1594 1926 J8 1135 1352 J8 1039 5483 16681 7.7 6.9 0.99 0.08 7.47 -1.98 2.87 3.94 62 5701 26 0.9 2004 1 281 J8 148 1148 J8 980 174 J8 98 756 8745 4.0 3.6 0.34 0.06 -7.01 -19.53 -12.52 -10.82 43 980 0 0.4 2 632 J8 361 588 J8 1232 510 J8 195 2169 12410 8.4 8.0 0.64 0.08 0.26 -9.85 -4.06 -2.78 68 671 0 0.2 3 2115 J8 1167 2918 J8 3307 1084 J8 409 4664 16323 6.0 5.5 0.47 0.10 1.24 -9.79 -5.27 -3.54 53 701 0 1.3 4 2466 J8 1185 1276 J8 2123 1871 J8 509 7651 20122 9.0 8.4 0.81 0.12 6.48 -1.16 2.75 3.79 68 470 0 0.8 5 3565 J8 1334 2111 J8 2482 2482 J8 422 10201 23633 8.5 7.6 1.31 0.13 13.47 4.04 9.16 10.00 67 297 0 0.8 6 4659 J8 1906 3709 J8 3851 2655 J8 610 11407 25701 7.4 6.5 1.79 0.12 20.11 9.14 15.20 15.83 66 118 7 0.8 7 4322 J8 1787 3367 J8 3553 2586 J8 641 10684 24368 7.4 6.6 1.99 0.10 21.43 12.32 17.05 17.60 66 62 17 1.3 8 4085 J8 1422 4765 J8 3382 1840 J8 565 8396 20958 6.6 5.3 1.88 0.08 21.85 10.62 16.13 17.34 73 75 10 0.5 9 2353 J8 1098 3013 J8 2968 1240 J8 459 5503 17265 6.7 5.9 0.97 0.05 10.45 1.69 5.59 7.03 75 368 0 1.7 10 910 J8 465 1054 J8 1664 662 J8 225 2824 13473 8.2 7.6 0.88 0.04 4.34 -3.87 1.01 2.63 82 561 0 0.7 11 289 J8 206 408 J8 759 235 J8 124 1054 9683 8.6 8.3 0.71 0.03 -2.32 -6.79 -4.37 -3.75 85 687 0 0.5 12 109 J8 56 286 J8 545 90 J8 34 429 7347 8.2 7.7 0.56 0.04 -3.77 -10.35 -7.21 -6.50 71 787 0 1.3 13 2149 J8 1702 2054 J8 1474 1286 J8 975 5478 16669 7.4 6.8 1.03 0.08 7.21 -1.96 2.79 3.90 68 5776 34 0.9 2005 1 291 J8 182 978 J8 1136 183 J8 83 778 8823 5.9 5.3 0.54 0.06 -2.65 -14.72 -7.52 -6.61 62 837 0 0.6 2 782 J8 485 1419 J8 1769 505 J8 234 2184 12448 7.0 6.3 0.51 0.08 -3.15 -14.06 -7.49 -6.07 63 754 0 0.9 3 1809 J8 956 1902 J8 2209 1153 J8 372 4643 16298 8.2 7.2 0.60 0.10 4.87 -5.78 -1.49 0.06 67 582 0 1.1 4 3882 J8 1642 4493 J8 3718 1805 J8 534 7631 20102 6.6 4.8 0.69 0.12 7.19 -1.89 2.79 4.09 72 470 0 0.7 5 4503 J8 1607 3947 J8 3249 2472 J8 526 10188 23615 7.2 5.9 1.19 0.13 13.50 3.51 8.96 9.92 75 305 0 0.7 6 4881 J8 1595 3883 J8 2854 2779 J8 512 11406 25699 7.3 6.1 1.58 0.12 19.40 8.54 14.52 15.13 64 132 1 1.1 7 4420 J8 1667 3503 J8 3242 2586 J8 545 10696 24389 7.9 6.6 1.81 0.10 20.51 10.77 15.84 16.49 70 85 2 1.0 8 3722 J8 1727 4149 J8 4207 1763 J8 646 8415 20984 6.4 5.8 1.73 0.08 19.37 9.99 14.37 15.42 75 123 10 1.1 9 1785 J8 1002 1551 J8 2197 1187 J8 271 5524 17288 8.6 7.9 1.45 0.05 12.00 5.44 8.66 9.43 80 288 0 1.0 10 1065 J8 477 1880 J8 2101 635 J8 253 2842 13492 7.2 6.3 0.79 0.04 4.37 -5.03 0.40 2.47 75 578 0 0.9 11 425 J8 283 1597 J8 1861 211 J8 93 1063 9711 6.0 5.5 0.45 0.03 -5.90 -12.38 -9.27 -8.33 62 824 0 1.1 12 99 J8 46 188 J8 351 87 J8 29 430 7352 8.7 8.3 0.78 0.04 -0.75 -6.62 -3.92 -3.40 77 682 0 0.4 13 2305 J8 1840 2457 J8 1445 1281 J8 986 5483 16684 7.3 6.3 1.01 0.08 7.40 -1.85 2.99 4.05 70 5663 13 0.9	sv
markdown	071054	# Presentation: 071054 ## Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) - Director, National Cancer Institute *John Niederhuber, M.D.* - Director, Office of Centers, Training and Resources *Ernest T. Hawk, M.D., M.P.H* - Chief, Organ Systems Branch *Jorge Gomez, M.D., Ph.D.* (_[http://spores.nci.nih.gov](http://spores.nci.nih.gov/)__)_ ## Recent Developments - 2001-present - Guidelines (2001, 2006) - Program expansion (new organ sites) - P30/P50 Working Group Recommendations - Program stabilization (59 SPOREs/14 organ sites) - Assessment of the NCI SPORE pipeline - Translational Research Working Group - SPORE Guidelines ## SPORE Guidelines (2006) - Updated August and October 2006 - http://spores.nci.nih.gov/applicants/index_applicants.html ## Policy Changes after 2004 - NCI establishes a payline for all SPOREs competing in a given year - No funds available for new organ sites: all applicants (sites) are competing for the same pool of funds (coming from competing renewal applications) ## SPORE PROGRAM \| \| 1992-93 \| 1995-96 \| 1999 \| 2000 \| 2001 \| 2002 \| 2003 \| 2004 \| 2005 \| 2006 \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Breast \| 4 \| 6 \| 6 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 10 \| 8 \| 10 \| \| Prostate \| 2 \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 8 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| \| Lung \| 2 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 6 \| 6 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| \| GI \| 1 \| 2 \| 2 \| 2 \| 2 \| 4 \| 4 \| 5 \| 4 \| 4 \| \| Ovary \| \| \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 5 \| 4 \| 4 \| \| GU \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| 2 \| 2 \| 2 \| \| Skin \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 2 \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| \| Brain \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| 2 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| \| Head & Neck \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| \| Lymphoma \| \| \| \| \| \| 2 \| 2 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| GYN \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2 \| 2 \| 2 \| 2 \| \| Leukemia \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| Myeloma \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| Pancreas \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| Total \| 9 \| 14 \| 18 \| 22 \| 31 \| 46 \| 53 \| 61 \| 57 \| 60* \| \| Budget (M) \| 20 \| 30 \| 39 \| 48 \| 68 \| 112 \| 123 \| 135 \| 133 \| 127 \| - Includes 6 SPOREs in bridge funding/no-cost extension * **<------------RFA-----------X----------------------------------PAR-----------------------------> ## Receipt Dates for SPORE Applications In 2006, all organ sites will be accepted for the September 20th receipt date. In 2007, all organ sites will be accepted for the January 23rd , May 22nd, and September 21st receipt dates . ## Definition of Translational Research Translational research uses knowledge of human biology to develop and test the feasibility of cancer-relevant interventions in humans *AND/OR *determines the biological basis for observations made in individuals with cancer or in populations at risk for cancer ## Bi-Directional Translational Research ## SPORE Eligibility and General Features - Institution (domestic for profit and not for profit) - Basic and Clinical Research Base - Access to Patients - Budget Cap * *(reduced to $2.5M) - Team Concept - Inter-SPORE and NCI/NIH Network Collaborations (greater emphasis) - Flexibility to Realign Resources - Scientific Outreach - Data/Resource Sharing (NEW) - Standing Special Review Panel (NEW) * ** * ## SPOREs Budget Caps - $2.5 mil. Total Cost for Year 1 - No cap for Direct Cost for Year 1 - Up to 3% Cost of Living Increase for Year 2 and Subsequent Years - Applications that Exceed these Caps (including cost of living allowance) will be Returned without Review ## SPORE Requirements - Statement of Institutional Commitment - Intellectual Property Management Plan (NEW) - 4 Translational Research Projects - (including “required”) - Shared Cores - (specimen core required; adm, stats, & clinical are common) - Developmental Research Program - Career Development Program - Commitment to attend and participate in SPORE Workshop and related NCI/NIH Meetings (NEW) - Other Provisions for NCI designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers ## SPORE:Institutional Commitment - Letters of Support from the Institution - Incorporation of the SPORE within its Institutional Priorities - Allocation of Discretionary Resources to the SPORE Program (e.g., funds for DRP, CDP) - Facilitation and Promotion of Scientific Progress - Integration of SPORE activities with NCI-designated Cancer Center ## Integration of SPORE with NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) - Principal Investigator: Prominent within CCC - Lines of Authority - Organizational Relationships - Separate Institutional Commitment - Augmentation of Existing CCC Resources: Cores - Program Coordination with CCC Activities ## SPORE Principal InvestigatorQualifications: - Basic/Clinical Investigator Recognized Scientific Leader in the Field - Provides Leadership/Direction to the SPORE - Oversees and Conducts Planning Activities - Project Leader/Co-investigator/Core Director - Appropriate Time Commitment (>25%) - Understands Translational Research Objectives - Identifies New Translational Research Opportunities ## Research Projects - Test Novel Translational Ideas - Balance between Basic and Applied Research - Human Application within 5 yr of the Award - Project Co-Leaders (2-3) - Interdisciplinary Interactions - Human Subjects/Animal Protections - Consortium/Contractual Arrangements - Data/Resource Sharing Plan - Consultants/Commercial Agreements ## SPORE Cores - Tissue Collection and Distribution (Required) - Parameters of collection and preservation; pertinent analytical considerations; essential pathological, clinical, family history information and linkage to databases, etc. (more detail) - Other Specialized Cores - Administrative - Clinical - Biostatistical - Bioinformatics - Others - Building on Pre-Existing Resources; Avoidance of Duplication - Cross-talk between Cores and Projects Data Management within Program Description (NEW) ## Career Development Program - Encourages New and Established Investigators to Develop Careers in Translational Cancer Research - Provides Salary and Other Support - Promotes Mentoring of New Investigators - Recruitment Plan for Selection of Candidates, including Women & Minorities Plan for Solicitation, Review, and Award - (Promotion to Full Project on SPORE) ## Developmental Research Program - Pilot Projects that Explore Innovative Ideas - Basic Research Projects with _Translational Potential_ - Early Phase Clinical Studies; Pilot Epidemiology Projects - Takes Advantage of New Research Opportunities - Promotes Collaborations Among Scientists at the Same or Different Institutions - Supports Research Proposed by Independent Investigators Plan for Solicitation, Review, and Award - Promotion to Full Project on SPORE ## Annual SPORE Investigator’s Workshop - Statement of Commitment (within Program Description) - Budget to Fund 10 Investigators to the Workshop (Admin Core) - Promote Inter-SPORE Collaborations - Share New Ideas, Materials, and Technologies - Identify New Research Opportunities - Establish Research Priorities that will Impact Upon Cancer Detection, Prevention, or Treatment - Resolve Research Needs by Making Recommendations to the NCI Leadership - Interact with Patient Advocates, NCI Staff, and industrial representatives	en
converted_docs	466582	![](media/image1.png){width="5.98125in" height="1.3354166666666667in"} # Capabilities Statement ###### ###### ###### ###### *HHM Consultants, Inc.* ###### *15508 Helen Drive* ###### *Suite 100* ###### *Accokeek, MD 20607* ###### *(301) 292-5869* ###### *Corporate Overview* > HHM Consultants, Inc. (HHM) has over 16 years of experience in the > business side of information technology, administrative management and > business and technology research and analysis services. We provide > customer based solutions that are tailored to your organization's > environment. Many of HHM's key staff members have certifications, as > well as advanced degrees in business administration, technology, and > education. HHM is an 8 (a) certified, small disadvantaged, > woman-owned, business. HHM Consultants was awarded 8 (a) SDB > Certification in February 2004. > > HHM has registered the domain name > [www.hhmconsultants.com]{.underline} and has a corporate web site at > this URL. The principals of HHM provide the fulfillment of services > for the company. The ultimate deliverable is the organization's > expertise and problem solving abilities, coupled with an open mind and > ease of communication that result in gaining the customer's confidence > with immediate and lasting results. > > The value proposition offered by HHM Consultants, Inc. is quite simply > timely and practical resolutions for client's educational and > information technology requirements at very reasonable rates. Most > importantly, HHM offers a satisfaction guarantee, thus building and > maintaining the client's confidence. > > HHM Consultants offers business and government agencies reliable and > efficient sources of technical expertise to fit their business needs. > As a critical component of our business, we feel it is important to > stay up to date on both equipment and knowledge to be competitive now > and in the future. ###### *Service Offerings* > *Information Technology Services* - Desktop Software Applications Training and Installation - E-Learning Internet-based Training - Customized Training & Support Services - Project Management Professional (PMP)Certification Training - Blackberry PDA Installation, Training, Support - Executive Level Coaching - Curriculum Design and Development - Records Retention/Archive Support and Assistance - Educational Support Services > *Administrative Management Services* - Patient Appointment (Call Center) Services - Records Management - Database Administration - Professional Office Management > *Business and Technology Research and Analysis* - OMB Exhibit 300 Consulting ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Project Management Consulting - Earned Value Analysis ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Risk/Change Management - Cost Benefit/Budget Analysis *Systems Design and Development Life-Cycle Management* - Building E-Learning Systems and Hosting Capabilities - Help Desk/Call Center Management and Staffing - Systems Requirements Specifications (SRS) - Functional Requirements Specifications (FRS) - Systems Architecture Documents (SAD) - Interface Control Documents (ICD) - Network Infrastructure and Enterprise Design ###### *HHM Organizational Experience* Since 1990, HHM Consultants, Inc. has offered high quality services to a wide variety of government agencies and private entities. Our client satisfaction has always measured high, as reflected by our calls for repeat business and inter-agency recommendations. HHM has provided executive level Information Technology and administrative management services to the United States Attorney General and the senior management offices of the Department of Justice. HHM's presence has spanned three presidential administrations. Number range CHAPTERHHM is also currently providing Patient Appointment (Call Center), Records Management and Database Administration Services to the military. HHM's contract awards have been based upon superior past performance, and HHM has numerous letters of recognition for outstanding service. HHM has a competitive edge in that we have a significant number of quality relationships with current and past clients in the business arena as well as in the Government sector. In essence, HHM has already overcome the most difficult barrier \-- finding business, and is in the process of moving forward. HHM provides fast and efficient responses that keep the business running smoothly, while suggesting new technologies that will increase efficiency and effectiveness as well as providing quality industry-certified resources who are dependable, innovative, and who pay attention to detail. ###### *Current & Past Clients* From our headquarters located in Accokeek, Maryland, HHM supports clients throughout the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. A representative sampling of our clients includes the following: +----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ \| Government \| Private Sector \| +----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ \| +-----------------------------------+ \| +------------------------+ \| \| \| - *US Department of \| \| \| - Sverdrup \| \| \| \| Justice \| \| \| Technologies, \| \| \| +-----------------------------------+ \| \| Inc.* \| \| \| \| - *US Dept of the Air \| \| +------------------------+ \| \| \| Force* \| \| \| - *Washington \| \| \| +-----------------------------------+ \| \| Technology Group \| \| \| \| - US Coast Guard \| \| \| (WTG)* \| \| \| +-----------------------------------+ \| +------------------------+ \| \| \| - *Number range CHAPTERDC \| \| \| - Number range \| \| \| \| Superior Court \| \| \| CHAPTERA-CAP \| \| \| +-----------------------------------+ \| \| Business Services, \| \| \| \| - Number range CHAPTERDC \| \| \| Inc. \| \| \| \| Department of Human \| \| +------------------------+ \| \| \| Services* \| \| \| - *Number range \| \| \| +-----------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| - Number range CHAPTERDC \| \| \| CHAPTERComprehensive \| \| \| \| Rehabilitation Services \| \| \| Career Evaluative \| \| \| \| Admin. \| \| \| Services* \| \| \| +-----------------------------------+ \| +------------------------+ \| \| \| - *Number range CHAPTERDC \| \| \| - Brunette \| \| \| \| Department of Health \| \| \| Consulting, \| \| \| +-----------------------------------+ \| \| Inc.* \| \| \| \| - *Number range CHAPTERDC \| \| +------------------------+ \| \| \| Housing Authority* \| \| \| - *Number range \| \| \| +-----------------------------------+ \| \| CHAPTERPinnacle \| \| \| \| - U.S. Dept of Housing & \| \| \| Management \| \| \| \| Urban Development (HUD) \| \| \| Systems, Inc.* \| \| \| +-----------------------------------+ \| +------------------------+ \| \| \| \| - *Number range \| \| \| \| \| CHAPTERAccess \| \| \| \| \| Systems, Inc.* \| \| \| \| +------------------------+ \| \| \| \| - *Kaiser \| \| \| \| \| Permanente* \| \| \| \| +------------------------+ \| \| \| \| - *Interdynamics, \| \| \| \| \| Inc.* \| \| \| \| +------------------------+ \| +----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ I ###### *North American Industry* ###### *Classification System (NAICS) Codes* HMM is qualified under the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 611420 - Computer Training; 611430 - Professional and Management Development Training; 561110 - Administrative Management; and 611710 - Educational Support Services. The NAICS and corresponding Standard Industrial Codes (SIC) in which HMM is qualified are shown below. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| ###### *NAICS Codes* \| \| \| \| The NAICS and SIC corresponding tables provide details of each work \| \| classification. \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| N \| \| # \| Computer Training \| \| \| \| \| \| AIC \| \| # \| \| \| \| \| \| \| S \| \| # \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| # \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| # \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| S \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| I \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| C \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| 611 \| 8 \| \| Computer operator training \| \| \| \| \| \| 420 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| 611 \| 8 \| \| Computer software training \| \| \| \| \| \| 420 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| 611 \| 8 \| \| Mobile Wireless Electronic Mail (PDA) Training and \| \| \| \| \| \| 420 \| 2 \| \| Support \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| 611 \| 8 \| \| Software application training \| \| \| \| \| \| 420 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| *N \| \| \| Professional & Management Development Training \| \| \| \| \| \| AIC \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| S** \| S \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| I \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| C \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| 611 \| 8 \| \| Management development training \| \| \| \| \| \| 430 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9 \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| 611 \| 8 \| \| Professional development training \| \| \| \| \| \| 430 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9 \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| 611 \| 8 \| \| Quality assurance training \| \| \| \| \| \| 430 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9 \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| *N \| \| \| Educational Support Services \| \| \| \| \| \| AIC \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| S** \| S \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| I \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| C \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| 611 \| 8 \| \| Educational consultants, guidance, counseling \| \| \| \| \| \| 710 \| 2 \| \| services \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9 \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| 611 \| 8 \| \| Educational testing evaluation services \| \| \| \| \| \| 710 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9 \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| *N \| \| \| Administrative Management Services \| \| \| \| \| \| AIC \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| S** \| S \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| I \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| C \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| 561 \| 8 \| \| Administrative, Business Management Services \| \| \| \| \| \| 110 \| 7 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| 561 \| 8 \| \| Managing Offices of Professionals \| \| \| \| \| \| 110 \| 7 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| \| 561 \| 8 \| \| Office Administration/Executive Management Services \| \| \| \| \| \| 110 \| 7 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| + \| \| -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ###### *Information Technology Services* HHM's performs information technology services which include software training and desk-side assistance, hardware support including laptops and personal digital assistance devices (PDA), electronic mail support, building E-learning systems, and management oversight of information technology contracts. HHM has provided training and support solutions to its customers in business, technology, and management. HMM's complete solution set combines training assessment, custom content design and development, blended instructor-led, and e-learning delivery solutions, and interaction. We structure our solutions to focus on the learner and address the individual's complete training needs through an ongoing process of learning. This 'total support' process enhances the performance of our customers and provides a strong foundation for success. HMM understands the value of a trained workforce. HMM is committed to assisting customers in attaining the highest output from their employees by providing continual personal and professional development through training. ###### *E-Learning Systems* HHM builds and supports E-Learning systems, provides hosting capabilities, and E-Learning training. The E-Learning Portal serves as a web-based, custom-developed system that will enable staff to enroll in and take on-line classes on any Information Technology or business related subject of an organizations choice. E-Learning portals may incorporate or convert any ILT (Instructor Led Training) into a complete web-based integrated Learning Management System (LMS). *Records Retention/Archive Support and Assistance* HHM has managed and implemented electronic records storage and retrieval systems that provide records management solutions for business and industry. A records management system that is well-designed helps to augment organizational effectiveness by determining the disposition of obsolete records, serving to protect an organization legally, and assisting the organization demonstrate compliance with regulatory obligations. By carefully categorizing all enterprise content, we help to ensure that records are retained for the appropriate period of time. HHM also collaborated with business and industry in developing information management policies. ###### *Patient Appointment Scheduling (Call Center) Services* ###### HHM provides patient appointing services (call centers) for military Medical Treatment Facilities (MTF) to ensure completion of daily functions associated with this service. HHM staff book appointments, determine priority of care, category, and status of patients. HHM patient appointment personnel determine and meet appointment needs according to local and regional military managed care rules and processes, searching for patient demographics in the Composite Health Care System (CHCS), verifying patient eligibility for care, searching for and selecting appropriate provider schedule appointment slots in CHCS, and relaying written instructions for CHCS to the patient. ###### *Help Desk Management & Staffing* Technology has become such an integral part of our work lives, that "24/7" access is an absolute requirement. Much of today's work cannot be accomplished with a PC. Personal computers and the software that runs on them have become increasingly more complex to support and maintain. Employees are now required to utilize a large and varied assortment of tools including the Internet, ERP applications, and custom software unique to the environment. This complexity can make it difficult for an employee to accomplish his business tasks. That is where HMM can be of assistance through the following services: - Coverage to meet client needs from 8 hours, Monday thru Friday, to 24 hours a day, seven days a week. - First call, close rate to minimize repeated calls, downtime, and frustration - Courteous and trained personnel to provide answers to routine questions as quickly as possible. - Tracking and reporting systems to provide the customer with the information to take preventive action. ###### *OMB Exhibit 300 Business Case Development* ###### HHM consultants have over the past five years consecutively improved agency scorecards due to our corporate expertise in the areas of Business Case development and support. HHM consultants support ranges from establishing a Project Management Office (PMO) as well as preparing, reviewing and submitting OMB Exhibit 300 business cases for complex financial and systems integration projects. HMM services include: - Conducting Exhibit 300 Business Case development workshops, earned value analysis, and training to government agencies by organizational elements (OE) and agency components. - Assisting agencies with establishing policies that support the American National Standards Institute, (ANSI) Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) 748 compliance. Conducting Earned Value Management System (EVMS) assessment and maturity levels using an independent validation and verification (IV&V) methodology such as the Earned Value Maturity Management Model (EVM^3^). ###### *Earned Value Management* ###### HMM provides experienced assistance in the planning and implementation of earned value systems involving the definition and partitioning of work, value determination, resource management, scheduling, progressing, cost management, and status reporting activities. HHM services include: - HHM uses an earned value management system to establish a performance measurement baseline created from the initial project plan. - HMM identifies the earned value measurement methods needed, develops report formats and timeframes, and establishes variance thresholds for analysis and reporting, as well as recommendations for corrective actions. ###### *Business Technology Research & Analysis* HMM Consultants provides practical perspectives of business, technology, and management to meet customers' strategic needs. We believe research should provide unbiased facts and trends, which is not skewed in either a positive or negative direction, and is what our customers need in today's environment. Our researchers help customers understand the interplay of business demands and technology capabilities. HMM advisors work with customers to develop survey instruments and to field them in the most rigorous manner possible. Our research analysts have the backgrounds to understand and analyze the technology, the marketplace, the management teams, and organizational dynamics. HHM services include: - Customized client-driven research to directly address client business issues > Customer surveys designed to capture information needed to assist > organizations in gathering data. - Survey design, development and implementation by Ph. D's with specialized experience in survey development ###### *Systems Design Development and Life-Cycle Management* HHM Consultants provides full project management and system design life cycle (SDLC) processes that help customers build repeatable systems and establish methodologies to include software design and development, user acceptance testing, enterprise architecture framework analysis, configuration management, and requirements definition and analysis. HMM services include: - Systems analysis performed by professionals with over 15 years hands-on experience - Voice and data network installation and cabling by certified technicians - Enterprise Resource Planning - Rational Unified Process (RUP) database modeling - Assistance in Capability Maturity Methodology Integration (CMMI) Level 3 Certification ###### *HHM Consultants Organizational Staff* ###### *HHM Personnel Credentials* ###### HMM is owned, operated, and managed by Barbara Hanson, President, who is assisted by a number of highly skilled staff. An overview of key staff members is shown below. ###### *[Managing Director/Principal]{.underline}* HHM's executive level staff is responsible for the day-to-day operations of HMM. Additionally, our staff has extensive experience in business administration, project management, and training. Our managing directors/principals have also assisted customers in maintaining program compliance with government regulations, and have a reputation for achieving positive results coupled with strong interpersonal skills that have endeared them to many customers. ###### *[Senior Business Analysts/Subject Matter Experts (SME)]{.underline}* HHM's business analysts have experience primarily in the area of improving the processes by which people and organizations learn. Our business analysts are especially skilled in building effective, productive working relationships with clients, and currently utilize these skills in providing technical training and end-user support of high-level executives in a governmental environment. Additionally, they focus on other core areas of HMM's business processes such as risk assessment, operational processes and evaluation of internal controls and customer satisfaction. Our Subject Matter Experts (SME)'s conducts research and analysis of business management issues. ###### *[Training/Technical Specialists]{.underline}* Our training specialists have numerous years of experience training government agencies on entire commercial off the shelf (COTS) applications to include: MS Office Suite, Corel Office Suite, Lotus Notes applications, database design, and web development. Other training includes Project Management training and customized course development to include technical boot camps, program certifications through our Evening & Weekend (EWP) programs, as well as Blackberry Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) training and consulting to executive level staff. Our technical specialists have provided all levels of support and help desk management in the areas of desktop configurations, network installation and usage, and organizational deployments. ###### *[Program/Project Managers]{.underline}* Many of our program and project managers have over 15 years of experience in the field of information technology and project management. Our PM's and Project Managers' careers span the computer field from systems programmer to management and operations of projects in excess of a billion dollars. A vast majority of our program/project manager's backgrounds have primarily been in the federal government-contracting sector. Many of their skills in proposal development and the management of contracts have resulted in multiple task order awards. ###### *[Senior Consultants/Financial Analysts]{.underline}* Our senior consultants have experience in risk management, procurement, acquisition, staffing and resource allocation planning. Some of our financial analysts have experience in both the commercial banking and financial institutions within Fortune 500 companies. Review and development of various components of a Cost benefit Analysis (CBA) includes net present value (NPV) and other financial reports. Our senior consultants have also developed strategic plans, assisted with the organizational development, restructuring, recruiting, and executive search, as well as serve as outsourcing and placement for other consulting firms. ###### *[OMB Exhibit 300 Consultants]{.underline}* Many of our OMB Exhibit 300 Consultants have extensive experience within the project management and information technology (IT) fields. Our consultants have provided support for an enterprise-wide information technology Investment Management process (IMP), as well as development of procedures and provided guidance and assistance on the Capital Planning and Investment Control Process (CPIC) that coincide with the select, control, and evaluate phases of IT Projects in accordance with the five stages of the Information Technology Investment Management (ITIM) maturity levels. Our staff works with the development and review of Exhibit 300 for final submissions to OMB. Consulting efforts include formulation and review of program/project justifications, performance goals, alternative analysis and research, as well as the performance based management system (PBMS). ###### *[Earned Value Specialists]{.underline}* HHM's Earned Value Specialists have developed and delivered training on Earned Value Management basic and advanced levels for Department of Veterans Affairs and other military and civilian government agencies. Our earned value specialists also have extensive experience with project planning, project schedule development, WBS formulation, cost estimating, and earned value analysis reporting. They have also assisted various organizations such as Carnegie Mellon, Software Engineering Institute (SEI,) and Management Technologies, Inc. in conducting interviews and Independent Validation and Verification to determine an Independent Technical Assessment (ITA) of the Earned Value maturity level of a project in excess of \$472 million dollars. ###### *[Systems Analysts/Program Developers]{.underline}* Many of our systems analysts have extensive experience in software development and project management on complex projects for the federal and commercial sectors providing, requirements analysis, database and application design and administration, system integration, configuration management, quality assurance, testing and deployment transition. Many of our Program developers follow the Rational Unified Process (RUP), and utilize the Clear Quest workflow design. Our staff adheres to the Capability Maturity Methodology Integration (CMMI) and has assisted organizations in becoming CMMI Level 3 certified. They have also worked with Enterprise Architecture (EA) groups to design the appropriate security and network infrastructure. *Procurement Vehicles* HHM Consultants can provide the following procurement vehicles for any of our services: +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| Procurement \| Description \| \| Vehicle \| \| +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| 8 (a) \| Sole Source, Set-aside contracts \| +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| Woman Owned \| Company 100% woman owned \| +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| SDB \| Small Disadvantage Business \| +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| Major Credit \| Visa, MasterCard, Discover, American Express \| \| Cards \| \| +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ \| HHM Consultants \| \| \| through teaming \| \| \| agreements and \| \| \| contractual \| \| \| partnerships can \| \| \| also provide the \| \| \| following \| \| \| procurement \| \| \| vehicles for any \| \| \| products or \| \| \| services we \| \| \| provide: \| \| \| \| \| \| - GSA \| \| \| Schedule \| \| \| 70 \| \| \| \| \| \| - Service \| \| \| Disabled \| \| \| Veterans \| \| \| Business \| \| \| (SDVB) \| \| \| \| \| \| - Hub Zone \| \| +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ ###### ###### *Contact Information* HHM Consultants contact information is as follows: ------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- Contact Contact Information President/CEO Barbara Hanson Corp 15508 Helen Drive ▪ Suite 100 ▪ Accokeek, MD 20607 Headquarters DC Satellite 1717 K Street, NW ▪ Suite 600 ▪ Washington, DC 20036 Office Telephone \(301\) 292-5869 DC Office \(202\) 349-3950 Fax 1-(240) 266-1288 Email bhanson@hhmconsultantsinc.com Website [www.hhmconsultants.com](http://www.hhmconsultants.com/) ------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ######	en
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201 237 149 155 106 99 71 63 51 1154 860 1792 1373 3736 63502 10118 2010 91 138 95 85 91 140 111 110 130 131 159 162 190 229 212 271 220 225 229 236 243 259 333 191 227 142 149 103 94 68 60 49 1161 861 1801 1373 3727 63502 10118 4010 137 196 134 136 148 181 138 162 170 189 198 231 244 306 262 334 265 290 268 289 274 309 370 228 261 170 172 122 111 82 72 58 1129 861 1756 1372 3777 63502 10119 10 88 163 116 103 119 171 163 182 204 230 240 285 291 382 331 436 345 387 352 396 360 416 479 301 336 215 216 152 136 100 88 70 1101 860 1765 1374 3760 63502 10119 2010 78 128 90 86 101 143 133 144 164 176 192 220 236 289 257 342 269 296 274 307 281 329 384 243 274 175 178 124 112 83 73 59 1134 860 1774 1374 3777 63525 10119 4010 87 136 87 82 89 124 112 112 127 129 144 156 179 215 194 257 203 216 210 226 220 251 306 185 214 138 143 100 92 66 60 48 1164 860 1783 1373 3793 63502 10120 10 93 138 97 83 93 126 104 124 127 141 151 184 189 231 199 269 207 230 214 235 224 258 306 192 211 144 144 101 92 69 60 48 1162 860 1792 1373 3793 63525 10120 2010 70 113 65 70 77 108 100 105 118 121 140 154 175 220 186 263 197 225 209 234 219 254 302 189 211 138 142 100 91 66 59 47 1169 860 1802 1374 3785 63479 10120 4010 125 189 109 115 125 146 139 133 156 158 167 190 204 255 234 301 248 260 260 273 267 297 362 219 254 162 167 116 108 77 71 55 1140 860 1757 1373 3835 63502 10121 10 77 127 85 82 82 124 108 114 116 126 138 150 180 212 191 251 201 210 209 224 217 245 299 184 211 138 141 99 90 66 58 47 1168 860 1766 1373 3810 63525 10121 2010 81 122 80 86 94 111 101 118 115 131 137 157 171 216 177 262 193 220 200 227 212 255 297 186 211 139 142 99 90 67 59 47 1168 860 1775 1373 3835 63502 10121 4010 65 109 61 62 62 91 82 87 96 102 125 129 172 186 177 230 196 198 208 211 222 234 303 178 197 135 134 97 86 64 56 46 1175 860 1784 1372 3835 63502 10122 10 82 122 84 97 99 139 130 127 156 135 176 157 219 216 208 256 206 214 210 229 218 247 300 187 209 141 141 102 92 70 60 49 1162 860 1793 1374 3835 63525 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301 195 218 146 149 107 95 72 63 51 1152 859 1803 1374 3744 63502 10204 4011 85 129 81 96 112 114 103 136 117 151 140 183 177 236 185 279 193 239 206 246 220 271 318 200 235 148 156 106 98 69 62 50 1163 859 1758 1372 3719 63502 10205 11 68 111 68 70 74 103 94 97 105 108 127 127 163 198 180 242 192 205 213 221 227 247 313 187 212 139 143 99 91 67 59 47 1172 859 1767 1373 3719 63502 10205 2011 88 145 89 84 93 131 109 122 127 134 152 158 176 225 184 266 197 221 208 231 222 253 316 189 223 139 146 101 93 66 60 48 1164 859 1777 1372 3727 63502 10205 4011 108 156 94 95 106 126 103 120 123 143 142 161 174 225 196 262 209 216 215 230 224 253 314 187 221 139 147 99 93 66 59 48 1164 859 1786 1373 3744 63502 10206 11 82 109 72 86 96 110 101 128 121 148 147 171 177 235 195 285 211 238 226 255 238 277 336 205 240 151 157 108 99 72 64 50 1159 859 1796 1373 3736 63502 10206 2011 90 127 89 93 95 135 116 115 127 130 139 152 162 204 173 244 187 200 197 214 211 242 297 181 211 135 141 98 90 65 58 46 1168 858 1749 1372 3744 63525 10206 4011 83 124 86 88 97 138 127 119 135 130 146 154 179 215 183 261 189 212 197 225 209 248 295 184 211 138 144 99 90 66 59 47 1168 858 1758 1373 3752 63502 10207 11 79 122 79 74 80 114 101 103 119 124 141 147 166 207 181 255 191 211 201 223 209 248 294 182 217 135 147 97 90 64 57 46 1172 858 1767 1373 3752 63502 10207 2011 85 139 95 93 102 141 129 111 136 114 141 146 169 213 183 255 193 200 209 211 214 236 301 174 213 129 140 94 88 63 57 45 1170 858 1776 1373 3752 63502 10207 4011 98 141 96 95 100 144 119 114 119 132 139 148 171 210 181 253 185 208 200 219 214 243 304 181 218 134 143 98 90 66 59 47 1167 858 1786 1373 3777 63525 10208 11 115 135 85 118 120 120 102 133 116 136 135 158 167 222 182 265 194 223 200 233 211 254 300 188 218 139 145 100 93 68 61 48 1165 858 1795 1373 3818 63502 10208 2011 127 144 96 106 119 134 110 127 126 128 142 156 166 230 173 275 187 227 194 236 206 255 295 191 216 145 147 106 95 73 64 51 1161 858 1749 1372 3810 63502 10208 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191 128 131 93 85 62 56 45 1179 857 1759 1372 3802 63502 10213 12 70 111 79 71 77 110 99 96 107 101 117 116 150 176 150 219 165 179 176 191 184 218 260 165 188 125 130 92 84 61 55 45 1180 857 1769 1372 3802 63502 10213 2012 69 107 64 68 73 88 76 87 88 97 107 124 137 185 156 231 173 192 183 202 197 225 285 166 206 125 134 91 84 59 54 42 1180 857 1778 1373 3802 63525 10213 4012 71 112 76 73 76 118 102 102 114 116 138 129 160 179 165 221 175 185 187 193 194 211 270 158 186 122 128 89 82 60 53 43 1176 857 1788 1372 3793 63502 10214 12 74 126 92 69 67 124 95 96 100 106 121 129 145 184 151 224 169 189 181 204 192 228 273 171 199 128 134 94 86 62 57 45 1177 857 1797 1373 3769 63502 10214 2012 62 99 58 50 51 76 70 74 86 87 106 106 135 168 144 215 159 179 168 195 180 218 255 167 187 126 130 92 84 62 55 44 1184 857 1807 1372 3769 63525 10214 4012 68 106 61 64 65 85 77 94 90 106 111 121 150 177 156 224 167 179 178 193 192 215 273 160 190 122 129 89 83 59 53 43 1182 857 1761 1373 3769 63525 10215 12 102 172 90 74 76 96 82 100 98 118 115 134 146 197 160 238 173 198 178 211 187 230 266 174 195 131 135 96 87 65 58 47 1173 857 1771 1373 3760 63525 10215 2012 77 113 73 68 70 100 85 97 101 111 130 138 152 194 164 228 167 190 179 202 188 228 269 169 202 126 135 92 86 62 57 44 1178 857 1781 1373 3744 63502 10215 4012 70 106 66 74 80 92 76 107 83 112 103 125 140 182 153 231 173 194 181 207 189 229 275 170 199 127 134 93 86 63 55 45 1179 857 1790 1372 3719 63525 10216 12 68 97 60 65 70 84 80 99 102 114 114 134 139 194 152 239 167 199 176 213 187 235 271 175 198 132 136 96 86 63 56 45 1180 857 1800 1374 3711 63502 10216 2012 66 102 59 64 63 88 77 95 93 110 120 129 155 188 169 237 184 200 195 210 214 229 304 166 210 125 134 90 85 59 54 44 1177 856 1754 1372 3703 63502 10216 4012 71 108 82 78 91 124 97 107 122 114 132 142 160 208 172 246 177 207 183 221 196 244 280 187 207 141 143 102 93 69 61 49 1170 856 1764 1373 3703 63525 10217 12 89 132 105 98 108 162 137 132 170 168 205 224 251 310 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10221 2012 98 136 66 68 69 90 84 96 91 106 109 129 141 181 144 216 154 176 166 187 177 205 252 151 181 115 122 84 78 57 51 41 1181 856 1774 1373 3826 63433 10221 4012 61 102 59 57 57 82 73 82 87 99 104 115 140 162 154 205 165 166 171 179 181 194 255 145 175 109 117 81 74 53 48 39 1189 855 1783 1372 3810 63433 10222 12 61 110 65 57 55 83 78 85 88 89 109 105 138 159 150 206 160 164 169 177 178 197 248 146 169 110 115 81 75 53 48 39 1188 855 1791 1372 3826 63433 10222 2013 68 112 68 75 77 93 73 82 82 85 101 106 124 163 133 207 143 168 150 178 159 200 229 149 169 113 118 83 76 55 49 40 1190 855 1746 1371 3818 63433 10222 4013 65 111 67 62 65 101 95 87 114 103 131 111 152 159 144 204 153 157 161 170 164 191 230 142 163 107 113 79 73 52 46 38 1187 855 1755 1372 3826 63433 10223 13 71 119 67 60 64 93 91 91 106 104 121 128 148 181 153 218 158 171 163 180 170 201 239 150 170 113 118 83 76 56 50 40 1185 855 1765 1372 3826 63456 10223 2013 64 99 60 61 64 82 70 91 85 104 104 120 133 173 141 219 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45 1168 854 1785 1372 3703 63433 10306 13 59 99 54 59 55 76 69 84 83 99 101 120 131 179 151 232 172 195 188 208 201 229 284 168 204 123 132 87 82 57 52 41 1183 854 1794 1372 3694 63456 10306 2013 66 117 79 72 85 121 123 134 154 171 195 215 255 295 279 358 288 316 295 330 303 354 410 260 289 188 187 132 117 87 76 61 1126 854 1749 1371 3703 63433 10306 4013 64 101 62 61 66 88 82 90 94 101 114 121 149 175 161 224 173 181 182 188 190 208 262 157 181 119 123 87 79 57 50 41 1184 854 1758 1372 3703 63433 10307 13 72 100 65 61 62 88 76 82 98 93 112 118 138 175 149 215 159 172 168 179 176 202 246 153 175 116 120 83 76 55 49 40 1188 854 1767 1372 3719 63433 10307 2013 131 201 108 83 89 117 83 126 118 127 121 150 139 198 154 234 160 187 166 195 178 216 250 165 182 124 127 91 83 61 54 45 1174 854 1775 1372 3760 63433 10307 4013 68 106 64 63 65 86 77 88 89 100 105 121 131 171 139 212 149 172 164 178 173 198 246 146 172 110 116 80 74 53 48 39 1190 854 1784 1371 3752 63433 10308 13 109 175 80 74 79 102 92 92 98 100 115 117 149 180 157 214 165 169 173 176 179 197 252 147 174 113 117 83 76 54 49 40 1182 854 1974 1372 3769 63433 10308 2014 77 146 101 81 91 145 115 123 138 139 164 180 215 249 238 305 251 264 261 271 270 291 362 212 249 156 160 111 100 74 66 52 1143 854 1747 1371 3777 63410 10308 4014 113 205 108 80 91 128 97 112 131 142 149 165 183 232 205 279 211 237 219 242 228 262 315 192 223 142 148 102 94 69 61 49 1154 854 1756 1372 3785 63410 10309 14 78 243 107 69 77 109 88 101 102 116 129 153 174 230 191 272 200 233 210 241 223 264 312 196 221 144 149 103 95 70 63 50 1158 854 1766 1371 3802 63410 10309 2014 60 96 62 61 62 88 79 102 99 122 124 150 164 205 180 258 195 220 208 234 219 255 307 191 219 143 144 103 92 68 60 48 1166 853 1774 1372 3793 63410 10309 4014 78 137 79 63 77 109 82 99 95 107 116 125 151 175 163 215 176 171 184 177 198 198 272 147 184 111 119 82 76 54 49 39 1178 853 1783 1371 3810 63433 10310 14 78 142 89 77 79 135 111 115 118 113 134 133 160 198 153 221 166 188 163 191 170 213 237 158 175 117 122 85 79 58 51 42 1181 853 1973 1371 3818 63410 10310 2014 61 98 62 60 56 82 81 75 89 83 100 117 128 163 140 207 151 165 161 174 172 190 241 142 165 108 113 78 72 52 47 37 1191 853 1746 1372 3818 63410 10310 4014 72 106 67 74 72 92 79 92 91 101 107 125 137 175 152 216 152 168 156 174 165 195 237 146 172 111 118 81 74 53 48 39 1188 853 1756 1371 3835 63433 10311 14 72 102 53 64 67 77 72 80 73 92 92 113 131 170 141 220 144 182 157 188 165 209 244 158 181 116 119 83 77 57 50 41 1189 853 1766 1371 3835 63433 10311 2014 124 127 69 89 89 92 86 104 85 115 101 126 136 185 144 222 143 177 159 182 169 200 238 151 172 115 120 85 78 56 50 41 1184 853 1774 1371 3851 63456 10311 4014 62 99 58 61 60 81 70 78 76 83 86 101 120 156 126 200 134 158 146 166 154 186 220 145 159 109 113 82 74 53 47 39 1194 853 1784 1371 3818 63410 10312 14 59 100 59 56 54 77 74 79 90 98 115 121 143 180 148 218 156 175 169 187 178 207 250 157 181 119 125 86 79 57 51 41 1186 853 1973 1371 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112 68 77 156 123 69 115 76 104 102 126 191 145 205 169 177 188 206 209 248 319 199 236 154 162 113 101 71 61 46 1219 827 2013 1383 3826 237 11406 2040 62 91 51 50 48 67 56 63 65 69 80 94 115 152 132 194 160 171 178 196 203 238 310 190 229 149 157 110 98 70 59 45 1230 827 1962 1383 3826 191 11406 4040 76 89 56 51 51 67 64 75 77 87 98 119 146 183 162 224 186 202 203 228 225 265 335 213 245 163 169 121 106 76 65 50 1214 827 1971 1382 3810 167 11407 40 59 84 45 43 43 52 52 56 60 63 79 95 120 159 141 206 166 184 195 215 217 258 330 206 241 161 166 118 105 74 63 48 1222 827 1980 1382 3835 191 11407 2041 62 91 52 51 55 71 71 79 92 100 123 137 172 204 189 254 213 233 229 262 246 305 364 246 269 190 186 139 118 88 74 58 1203 827 1989 1383 3851 144 11407 4041 69 90 51 51 53 65 59 66 73 82 90 109 124 172 130 208 155 193 176 224 200 269 314 214 247 165 173 121 108 76 65 49 1222 827 2001 1382 3859 191 11408 41 112 127 72 72 78 94 80 94 95 116 118 149 163 228 182 274 205 255 222 283 243 324 365 259 279 197 195 146 125 93 79 61 1195 827 2012 1383 3884 167 11408 2041 127 155 98 132 144 143 136 181 155 195 192 244 240 327 263 376 293 340 301 363 322 401 463 311 347 235 243 167 153 107 93 70 1159 827 1958 1382 3892 121 11408 4041 170 233 199 212 271 322 294 335 326 365 349 407 388 504 404 541 411 464 410 471 423 504 588 380 432 278 283 198 180 131 115 88 1095 826 1967 1382 3900 121 11409 41 147 199 161 165 211 244 206 253 226 282 263 334 305 411 331 469 352 421 358 434 372 469 531 352 399 260 262 186 165 122 104 81 1127 827 1978 1384 3884 144 11409 2041 197 214 154 194 240 275 227 275 273 291 287 329 321 417 339 467 349 413 361 427 373 460 524 353 393 257 263 185 166 121 104 80 1119 826 1990 1384 3917 167 11409 4041 171 210 173 173 203 278 245 230 284 275 316 329 357 424 374 465 378 412 381 429 397 462 553 351 405 259 264 187 167 122 105 81 1117 827 2002 1384 3900 191 11410 41 149 186 141 173 204 239 221 236 256 263 287 314 315 405 342 451 351 389 358 413 380 445 532 338 393 249 257 178 160 116 100 77 1129 827 2014 1383 3868 214 11410 2041 205 242 175 207 270 301 259 293 302 324 347 375 395 482 430 512 435 450 425 465 432 497 592 380 426 276 278 199 175 130 112 88 1094 827 1963 1383 3884 214 11410 4041 186 228 187 222 283 328 294 313 332 355 380 420 419 527 436 575 443 508 444 524 457 558 630 425 463 306 302 219 191 143 122 96 1080 826 1975 1383 3876 237 11411 41 317 264 201 222 257 331 318 316 355 366 397 438 439 530 453 551 451 480 442 494 454 521 618 390 445 285 290 205 184 136 118 92 1070 826 1986 1384 3900 191 11411 2041 294 353 262 283 347 411 328 310 354 353 397 416 439 521 431 517 426 447 408 453 415 484 567 369 409 271 271 197 174 130 112 88 1076 826 1998 1382 3909 237 11411 4041 146 210 154 156 197 237 200 218 218 222 248 276 295 365 306 398 323 351 328 365 348 395 489 303 351 224 232 163 146 106 91 71 1146 826 2010 1383 3826 260 11412 41 170 280 172 180 219 250 214 230 254 266 267 305 310 397 334 432 344 376 348 390 358 424 501 322 365 238 244 172 152 112 97 74 1133 826 2022 1384 3810 283 11412 2041 129 181 130 153 180 216 195 217 230 246 254 288 285 372 291 406 303 354 307 367 321 402 461 311 347 233 236 169 149 110 94 73 1150 826 1970 1383 3785 283 11412 4041 83 128 92 88 95 141 131 126 154 155 179 201 223 287 245 324 261 293 278 322 293 363 430 280 319 209 214 151 133 97 84 64 1178 826 1981 1383 3769 283 11413 41 189 222 109 158 195 189 178 202 213 217 250 257 299 337 302 376 300 325 303 343 313 382 446 299 320 224 220 165 140 107 90 72 1137 826 1992 1383 3802 283 11413 2041 153 217 168 177 213 267 214 212 246 235 265 269 289 368 300 392 315 349 321 367 332 403 472 311 348 231 233 169 148 111 95 74 1140 826 2003 1384 3769 283 11413 4041 138 191 158 159 200 275 216 233 243 253 280 301 330 400 343 430 357 371 361 388 373 424 519 321 376 237 245 169 153 110 96 73 1136 826 2015 1384 3769 307 11414 41 116 165 131 138 167 220 200 204 221 215 253 266 292 346 307 381 319 338 318 357 336 394 474 305 343 227 227 163 146 107 91 71 1151 827 2024 1384 3719 307 11414 2041 102 133 96 109 125 146 140 155 161 178 183 228 223 304 255 351 275 316 290 334 309 373 445 289 334 216 223 156 139 100 86 66 1171 826 1973 1384 3711 307 11414 4041 79 134 109 89 111 158 139 155 164 179 198 220 240 292 272 331 294 290 302 315 316 351 445 273 317 204 209 147 130 96 81 63 1174 826 1985 1384 3727 307 11415 41 84 121 88 99 118 143 141 166 173 197 207 252 251 329 269 367 291 324 304 344 324 378 462 288 339 214 224 154 139 99 87 65 1169 826 1996 1384 3711 330 11415 2041 92 125 98 97 121 161 162 152 190 189 209 238 253 315 277 366 294 322 299 346 314 379 448 292 329 214 221 158 139 101 86 67 1167 826 2008 1384 3719 330 11415 4041 217 392 149 128 164 206 203 194 212 211 237 265 290 367 304 387 317 345 319 359 332 392 467 305 340 229 230 166 147 109 94 74 1131 826 2019 1383 3777 330 11416 41 83 113 89 93 103 133 129 151 161 180 197 232 247 317 272 362 294 321 303 335 324 376 464 290 337 220 220 156 139 100 87 67 1170 826 2031 1383 3711 353 11416 2041 129 159 91 110 131 150 132 147 157 188 183 229 230 319 245 355 268 318 282 341 307 382 446 295 334 222 225 159 141 103 89 67 1168 826 1978 1384 3744 330 11416 4041 104 147 116 114 128 173 156 167 180 196 206 252 259 341 279 388 301 351 313 371 331 406 467 312 345 232 231 166 148 107 93 71 1161 826 1988 1384 3744 330 11417 42 136 165 124 158 181 216 171 209 207 229 225 270 268 355 305 402 326 344 330 363 352 398 508 298 376 217 237 155 145 101 90 68 1151 826 1997 1383 3777 330 11417 2042 142 165 99 123 149 168 153 177 189 202 216 245 254 331 296 381 308 330 313 341 333 380 473 287 345 211 222 152 138 99 86 66 1160 826 2006 1385 3785 283 11417 4042 109 162 131 126 152 200 189 190 211 214 233 255 263 344 284 379 294 328 299 344 313 380 448 294 327 221 220 159 140 102 88 69 1159 826 2016 1384 3777 307 11418 42 120 145 97 132 151 158 149 198 170 228 193 271 233 339 267 382 283 326 297 347 323 386 467 293 352 219 231 157 144 101 90 67 1163 826 2026 1384 3802 260 11418 2042 176 275 181 157 185 267 225 207 240 239 255 293 299 385 313 404 323 356 321 373 337 410 476 319 359 235 239 169 153 111 97 74 1137 826 1972 1384 3843 260 11418 4042 111 167 118 113 134 179 163 166 205 185 229 234 278 324 298 358 314 322 321 344 336 382 473 294 337 220 221 159 139 103 89 69 1157 826 1981 1384 3835 260 11419 42 172 267 152 193 213 216 175 236 196 244 237 288 283 372 310 412 339 363 349 381 370 420 521 317 379 235 246 169 153 111 96 75 1131 826 1991 1383 3868 237 11419 2042 110 152 119 119 140 181 170 171 203 191 229 251 282 348 300 406 321 367 332 385 352 427 490 326 359 243 241 176 154 115 98 77 1146 826 2000 1384 3859 237 11419 4042 123 162 104 131 165 166 145 183 183 236 216 282 262 364 293 410 320 366 333 392 354 434 509 331 388 247 252 177 159 115 99 76 1147 826 2009 1384 3859 237 11420 42 112 167 115 115 132 187 160 170 188 196 227 244 274 340 295 386 313 347 325 373 345 414 489 317 359 234 239 170 151 110 95 74 1149 826 2019 1384 3868 214 11420 2042 99 124 86 107 121 155 139 173 173 200 198 258 258 330 289 387 322 356 340 385 351 427 501 325 369 240 248 173 155 113 98 75 1151 826 1967 1384 3859 214 11420 4042 141 158 113 125 151 198 174 187 218 221 252 268 301 357 331 397 348 357 359 377 373 417 525 315 376 234 241 168 152 111 97 75 1140 826 1977 1384 3892 191 11421 42 101 122 86 108 129 134 102 143 126 153 154 191 205 279 241 335 278 306 293 331 309 372 444 290 335 218 228 158 144 103 90 69 1167 826 1986 1383 3868 191 11421 2042 140 179 149 144 157 228 172 202 202 218 231 260 279 367 297 399 315 358 331 376 346 413 488 319 364 239 242 172 154 114 98 77 1144 826 1996 1384 3876 214 11421 4042 80 134 97 78 84 128 111 93 123 116 147 173 204 263 233 302 263 281 284 305 294 346 423 276 308 209 209 155 135 103 86 68 1177 826 2214 1383 3843 191 11422 42 197 244 110 135 134 164 134 168 150 186 176 226 233 324 264 361 285 329 297 354 318 394 462 306 348 229 234 167 151 110 96 74 1148 826 2017 1384 3909 191 11422 2042 112 159 110 94 106 146 116 139 140 159 179 214 226 302 252 345 277 322 289 350 305 391 444 306 333 234 229 171 148 112 95 75 1163 826 1966 1382 3859 191 11422 4042 141 156 91 123 126 158 124 158 154 182 186 224 229 315 263 359 292 316 304 338 324 386 475 289 354 216 229 156 144 102 90 69 1159 826 1977 1383 3859 191 11423 42 141 175 126 154 183 243 195 206 236 245 293 318 343 421 378 476 394 425 393 431 395 472 551 359 398 266 261 193 167 127 108 85 1118 826 1986 1384 3851 191 11423 2042 81 140 94 68 82 151 131 102 160 125 185 176 222 260 238 299 259 270 265 293 281 336 401 264 296 203 202 150 130 97 83 66 1174 826 1995 1383 3810 191 11423 4042 129 131 80 102 96 109 72 77 91 92 119 137 161 208 187 257 221 233 233 263 251 305 370 241 272 186 187 137 120 90 76 59 1193 826 2005 1382 3818 144 11500 42 71 101 68 64 72 115 106 103 136 125 153 158 184 238 206 274 225 248 241 265 260 316 388 251 286 194 195 142 123 92 77 61 1193 826 2015 1382 3777 144 11500 2042 79 160 97 58 61 104 86 93 108 104 132 137 174 210 192 248 218 222 231 245 251 289 373 231 269 178 183 131 117 85 73 57 1198 826 1963 1382 3793 167 11500 4042 92 124 77 95 112 127 131 137 164 164 192 210 238 287 261 330 282 297 294 321 320 369 460 285 335 214 221 155 139 100 88 68 1171 826 1974 1383 3777 191 11501 42 179 204 153 170 192 229 224 181 249 225 287 279 338 382 370 414 381 371 379 391 387 430 540 327 384 244 249 176 157 115 101 78 1125 826 1985 1383 3810 191 11501 2042 94 133 95 111 127 164 148 169 179 208 216 249 272 351 308 398 324 359 331 380 348 415 500 313 370 233 244 168 152 109 96 74 1153 826 1995 1383 3752 167 11501 4042 149 164 95 107 107 124 116 146 143 140 161 179 186 248 209 288 233 243 241 269 267 310 400 243 297 182 196 133 129 84 77 57 1187 826 2004 1382 3760 167 11502 42 94 152 106 116 141 183 166 187 200 230 247 291 305 383 357 439 376 407 377 429 398 469 557 358 411 264 269 189 171 125 110 84 1130 826 2220 1383 3727 167 11502 2042 91 115 79 78 88 104 100 117 117 145 150 197 211 285 234 328 262 307 277 335 294 378 431 296 328 225 223 163 142 105 90 70 1175 826 1964 1382 3719 191 11502 4042 89 120 87 92 92 133 111 127 132 153 162 204 214 296 244 349 272 324 297 355 319 397 461 306 353 228 237 162 149 105 93 70 1171 826 1975 1384 3711 191 11503 43 95 133 73 64 63 87 86 87 99 98 124 135 163 218 182 257 213 240 234 275 258 317 387 252 293 195 200 142 127 93 80 62 1192 826 1985 1384 3711 167 11503 2043 71 103 67 61 64 93 87 98 106 120 140 166 194 254 224 307 255 284 274 311 294 354 432 274 325 208 214 150 135 98 85 65 1182 826 1995 1383 3711 167 11503 4043 97 142 109 99 120 184 148 135 161 161 177 204 231 298 266 346 285 314 306 346 326 383 465 297 343 225 229 163 146 107 92 72 1161 826 2212 1383 3711 167 11504 43 92 122 77 92 96 105 84 99 111 129 138 166 193 252 206 298 231 280 250 309 272 353 401 281 307 214 210 154 135 101 86 67 1182 826 2015 1383 3711 144 11504 2043 85 134 91 83 103 145 126 128 147 158 179 193 247 281 259 322 271 285 277 303 292 345 417 264 302 200 204 146 129 95 82 64 1173 826 1962 1382 3727 121 11504 4043 96 124 89 112 124 128 117 145 146 157 166 185 206 259 218 306 236 272 249 294 269 339 401 263 306 198 208 144 132 94 83 62 1182 825 1972 1382 3736 121 11505 43 157 193 133 143 170 190 148 155 145 158 166 183 211 272 216 306 238 271 255 294 274 334 406 264 304 201 206 147 131 96 83 65 1173 825 1982 1383 3769 144 11505 2043 79 108 74 81 83 113 101 107 117 117 135 141 174 214 186 254 209 223 226 249 249 295 370 231 276 179 186 132 118 85 73 57 1197 826 1993 1382 3752 167 11505 4043 179 154 101 90 87 128 104 111 117 115 132 134 162 204 163 230 183 200 202 229 224 269 343 216 257 169 176 125 111 80 69 54 1194 826 2209 1384 3785 144 11506 43 85 124 88 83 91 131 106 100 113 107 131 125 165 187 158 222 176 192 191 219 206 261 314 211 236 167 165 125 108 82 68 54 1206 826 2013 1383 3769 144 11506 2043 80 109 70 74 84 106 89 104 113 119 129 146 152 207 173 246 199 216 217 239 235 278 340 223 257 176 180 130 115 84 72 56 1204 826 1961 1383 3777 144 11506 4043 237 137 61 182 212 90 84 117 103 136 129 151 162 222 175 260 195 217 208 240 226 283 343 221 265 171 181 126 115 83 74 58 1195 825 1971 1382 3859 98 11507 43 248 139 72 152 191 109 87 105 92 123 108 134 143 207 149 242 170 205 188 230 212 273 326 221 259 171 183 128 116 85 73 56 1201 825 1980 1383 3868 144 11507 2043 187 147 79 198 202 103 87 114 99 144 117 152 149 207 159 242 173 203 188 219 208 263 323 208 249 166 174 124 111 81 70 55 1200 826 1992 1384 3868 144 11507 4043 128 127 72 156 173 103 89 130 100 135 112 145 150 214 151 241 175 204 190 222 208 261 322 212 251 165 174 124 111 81 70 54 1202 825 2003 1383 3843 144 11508 43 191 187 89 96 122 144 99 117 109 135 125 150 151 218 150 239 166 204 183 226 201 266 312 217 249 170 177 126 115 82 71 55 1199 825 2014 1383 3884 167 11508 2043 68 96 66 66 70 99 92 88 102 96 110 127 137 184 147 218 172 182 185 205 204 245 317 195 243 153 165 114 103 73 63 48 1218 825 1963 1382 3826 167 11508 4043 79 110 68 72 70 86 74 91 89 102 95 126 121 189 157 222 158 177 205 201 188 237 294 194 230 154 163 115 104 74 63 48 1219 825 1974 1384 3843 167 11509 43 70 98 59 56 49 85 83 65 95 78 113 105 143 164 134 183 137 152 157 179 174 221 276 179 215 145 152 107 97 68 58 44 1229 825 1985 1383 3843 191 11509 2043 63 89 51 52 51 68 60 71 68 80 84 100 115 157 112 189 129 158 149 178 171 224 278 182 219 146 154 110 99 69 59 44 1232 825 1998 1384 3843 191 11509 4043 110 115 56 105 120 79 79 87 78 96 113 114 137 189 141 219 153 183 172 201 181 234 290 191 228 151 161 112 103 71 62 48 1221 825 2007 1383 3876 191 11510 43 126 138 80 108 123 92 81 87 89 87 84 106 112 175 116 194 142 157 158 179 172 221 282 182 223 147 159 109 100 70 60 46 1223 825 2223 1383 3884 191 11510 2043 62 85 50 48 46 65 60 64 72 75 94 99 130 161 130 197 149 169 162 189 182 227 288 188 226 151 159 111 100 70 60 45 1229 825 1967 1383 3835 191 11510 4043 175 195 48 53 61 98 90 107 102 85 111 106 125 195 123 197 148 167 158 193 180 233 282 192 221 155 157 116 101 74 64 49 1216 825 1977 1383 3884 191 11511 43 80 105 62 65 69 80 77 79 94 87 120 115 157 184 137 210 147 175 160 193 177 230 277 191 215 152 154 113 99 73 61 48 1222 825 1988 1383 3835 191 11511 2043 110 146 67 80 78 86 79 87 77 97 94 116 125 179 125 200 146 167 164 192 180 232 286 187 222 149 155 111 99 71 61 46 1221 825 2000 1382 3818 214 11511 4043 92 115 85 90 102 109 86 121 92 127 104 144 137 199 134 225 147 186 166 205 182 239 283 194 225 156 161 117 103 75 64 49 1217 825 2010 1383 3835 191 11512 43 78 105 69 69 74 94 84 91 95 100 110 124 142 195 148 218 165 179 183 201 198 239 304 191 232 150 160 110 100 69 61 46 1221 825 2226 1384 3802 237 11512 2043 77 105 64 68 72 93 82 82 91 89 100 113 132 178 133 207 153 168 171 191 189 228 293 185 224 147 155 109 98 69 59 45 1224 825 1969 1383 3802 237 11512 4044 79 112 74 70 73 99 76 85 81 94 98 115 137 183 133 212 151 178 166 203 183 245 289 196 230 155 162 114 104 73 63 48 1223 825 1980 1383 3769 214 11513 44 102 125 77 102 116 97 95 97 121 105 132 130 148 190 145 218 157 183 173 198 190 234 297 188 227 151 157 111 102 71 62 47 1218 825 1993 1382 3785 237 11513 2044 78 103 64 71 82 91 76 105 87 108 96 122 122 193 127 212 146 176 160 201 182 239 287 191 228 152 161 112 103 70 62 46 1224 825 2004 1384 3760 237 11513 4044 113 127 59 78 93 84 71 68 82 78 86 108 121 173 128 195 147 163 161 189 175 228 279 185 217 148 154 110 98 70 60 46 1225 825 2015 1384 3752 237 11514 44 69 96 59 62 64 76 66 67 66 70 79 90 113 153 111 180 129 150 149 173 167 215 267 177 210 142 150 106 97 68 58 45 1233 825 2027 1383 3719 260 11514 2044 64 94 55 55 52 75 65 68 71 70 84 94 119 162 120 192 138 160 154 182 174 223 281 181 221 144 155 107 98 68 60 44 1232 825 1975 1382 3719 260 11514 4044 69 94 48 48 50 63 60 64 72 74 88 98 116 156 113 182 133 157 150 181 170 218 267 180 207 144 148 107 96 69 59 46 1231 825 1987 1383 3703 260 11515 44 63 84 45 56 59 56 46 94 58 91 74 107 108 163 109 193 131 162 148 185 168 220 267 179 211 144 152 107 98 69 59 45 1234 825 1997 1384 3694 283 11515 2044 82 104 60 72 77 77 65 69 77 78 95 97 127 162 126 192 142 159 157 182 174 218 277 180 215 143 151 107 97 68 59 45 1229 825 2008 1382 3694 260 11515 4044 62 86 48 51 49 60 53 64 63 71 84 94 115 156 121 186 137 159 151 179 168 218 268 178 210 143 149 106 96 68 59 45 1234 825 2018 1384 3686 283 11516 44 65 99 63 64 64 88 76 82 81 80 88 94 115 158 125 187 149 154 159 177 182 216 287 171 215 136 147 101 92 65 57 43 1230 825 2029 1385 3694 283 11516 2044 90 115 59 68 60 59 54 60 63 60 80 86 108 149 110 175 131 146 147 168 165 204 266 169 204 135 143 101 92 64 55 43 1234 825 1977 1384 3694 260 11516 4044 61 79 41 44 42 54 48 52 61 58 77 83 111 145 118 176 138 150 152 168 168 204 265 170 202 135 142 101 91 65 56 43 1237 825 1988 1384 3686 283 11517 44 58 79 42 41 38 52 45 56 56 62 74 81 109 143 108 170 123 146 141 172 164 212 265 172 208 138 147 103 94 66 57 43 1238 825 1999 1384 3703 283 11517 2044 62 82 48 45 45 54 49 63 59 75 72 100 105 158 109 186 129 158 150 180 168 222 271 181 219 142 154 105 98 66 59 43 1235 825 2009 1383 3711 283 11517 4044 64 94 54 55 54 75 66 77 73 83 86 97 118 154 126 182 144 147 161 167 176 206 275 166 211 133 144 99 91 63 56 42 1233 825 2020 1384 3727 260 11518 44 76 100 69 66 75 87 70 69 76 68 88 93 111 154 109 178 127 148 143 169 160 204 255 169 197 137 143 103 92 66 56 43 1232 825 1967 1384 3752 260 11518 2044 62 81 48 50 47 63 59 62 67 70 74 93 103 153 108 185 127 150 148 173 166 209 265 170 207 136 146 101 93 65 57 43 1235 825 1975 1384 3752 214 11518 4044 70 103 63 57 58 81 67 72 74 79 86 99 119 159 121 182 134 149 152 174 170 209 268 171 205 136 145 102 92 65 56 43 1232 825 1985 1382 3777 214 11519 44 75 103 63 57 58 80 70 74 82 75 93 98 123 164 131 192 150 160 166 182 182 214 278 173 210 137 146 102 92 65 56 43 1230 824 1994 1384 3802 191 11519 2044 61 83 46 45 38 56 51 59 62 65 76 89 103 147 113 179 134 149 150 169 166 203 267 164 209 130 144 96 90 61 54 40 1237 824 2003 1384 3802 214 11519 4044 60 85 46 50 46 57 51 62 62 72 77 93 108 150 115 178 134 143 147 163 164 199 262 160 202 129 141 96 88 61 53 40 1237 824 2013 1383 3802 214 11520 44 66 89 55 52 53 76 68 69 73 74 82 96 119 159 118 185 136 152 150 169 163 207 256 169 198 134 141 100 90 63 55 42 1234 824 1961 1383 3818 191 11520 2044 73 97 56 65 69 73 63 83 73 75 86 101 111 167 116 189 138 157 147 171 162 207 260 168 204 134 144 100 91 64 56 43 1233 824 1971 1384 3835 214 11520 4044 62 87 54 51 48 69 67 72 76 80 85 98 110 149 112 181 134 148 147 164 163 200 263 160 203 130 140 96 89 61 54 41 1235 825 1981 1383 3843 191 11521 44 69 103 76 44 42 96 75 56 65 63 73 88 104 149 104 175 125 146 139 163 155 200 247 165 193 132 138 98 89 63 55 42 1235 824 1992 1382 3851 191 11521 2044 68 102 59 53 47 72 63 64 70 74 82 96 113 161 115 184 132 152 141 172 159 208 253 169 198 137 143 104 93 67 57 44 1234 824 2002 1383 3859 191 11521 4044 55 83 43 42 38 60 54 56 68 64 80 94 111 159 111 188 132 159 145 176 164 208 255 169 196 134 140 101 90 64 55 42 1236 824 2012 1384 3851 167 11522 44 59 82 45 44 39 62 54 57 70 63 85 86 129 150 117 177 135 148 140 166 154 200 243 167 187 134 134 102 88 65 54 43 1236 825 1961 1384 3851 191 11522 2045 64 93 55 63 63 76 64 83 68 86 81 101 112 167 119 192 140 151 147 171 163 203 262 165 201 132 141 98 90 63 55 42 1233 824 1973 1383 3859 191 11522 4045 62 84 49 51 51 65 60 75 73 86 86 109 117 164 121 192 141 158 154 174 170 208 264 170 203 133 141 99 90 63 54 42 1234 824 1984 1384 3859 167 11523 45 97 132 85 97 98 108 73 88 88 91 99 111 123 172 128 191 144 156 162 177 170 213 265 172 203 138 145 102 93 66 58 45 1225 824 1995 1383 3868 191 11523 2045 121 108 54 80 78 73 65 81 74 76 90 104 119 163 125 194 136 159 150 174 164 210 258 170 199 135 141 102 91 65 56 44 1230 824 2006 1384 3884 214 11523 4045 80 118 75 73 76 98 78 95 93 102 107 128 129 186 138 211 151 167 166 183 176 218 277 175 212 139 147 104 94 66 57 44 1226 824 2016 1384 3843 214 11600 45 67 92 55 51 49 73 59 64 68 70 78 98 110 157 114 185 131 155 146 171 158 206 252 168 199 135 143 100 91 64 56 42 1235 824 1965 1383 3818 191 11600 2045 60 82 46 44 43 59 53 64 64 73 79 97 111 155 111 184 130 156 143 173 155 209 250 171 195 138 141 104 91 66 56 44 1235 824 1976 1383 3802 237 11600 4045 61 94 54 47 52 83 66 58 76 60 86 84 113 150 122 182 135 153 152 172 167 206 266 165 203 130 141 97 89 62 54 41 1235 824 1987 1384 3785 237 11601 45 72 95 56 61 58 75 58 64 63 62 75 91 110 153 114 177 129 149 149 169 162 203 260 165 196 133 139 99 89 63 54 42 1235 824 1998 1383 3785 237 11601 2045 77 99 62 71 71 91 70 84 74 81 89 103 119 166 127 192 143 153 158 170 170 204 267 166 203 133 141 99 90 63 56 42 1232 824 2009 1384 3769 237 11601 4045 94 307 114 59 75 121 74 86 90 76 90 101 126 183 131 199 154 166 168 184 182 215 275 172 208 138 145 102 92 65 57 44 1224 824 2020 1383 3769 237 11602 45 144 134 58 116 109 70 71 77 78 84 89 106 125 169 127 197 143 160 157 180 169 215 270 172 208 134 144 100 92 64 56 43 1226 824 1968 1384 3785 214 11602 2045 118 161 66 76 76 84 76 97 85 106 96 121 129 182 129 204 144 169 157 188 172 227 272 179 213 143 152 106 98 67 60 46 1217 824 1979 1383 3760 237 11602 4045 73 102 57 61 65 80 64 80 78 87 99 113 125 177 129 195 141 156 158 171 174 205 267 166 201 133 139 98 90 63 55 42 1230 824 1989 1384 3719 237 11603 45 60 84 48 44 43 63 55 58 66 65 84 83 116 148 116 175 134 146 150 162 163 203 257 164 195 132 136 97 87 62 53 41 1237 824 1999 1384 3703 214 11603 2045 65 83 48 51 50 65 60 66 69 75 90 101 126 165 130 197 146 164 165 181 176 216 271 173 207 138 145 103 90 66 56 43 1232 824 2009 1384 3703 214 11603 4045 58 83 47 45 43 61 52 57 62 68 81 87 112 148 116 177 132 147 147 168 162 206 254 168 193 135 137 100 88 63 54 42 1238 824 2224 1384 3686 214 11604 45 72 98 62 68 67 87 76 93 84 100 98 111 126 164 128 199 144 162 154 178 170 210 267 172 201 139 142 103 91 66 56 44 1229 824 1967 1383 3686 214 11604 2045 62 85 52 52 50 70 67 72 77 80 96 104 125 165 132 200 146 164 158 178 173 218 272 172 205 138 143 101 91 65 56 43 1232 824 1977 1385 3686 191 11604 4045 75 93 58 71 66 82 70 79 79 84 95 102 125 160 122 190 141 158 154 173 170 213 267 171 206 134 144 99 90 63 55 42 1232 824 1987 1384 3686 191 11605 45 62 83 48 51 44 62 58 62 73 72 85 91 117 149 121 181 139 153 156 171 168 207 265 166 203 133 141 98 89 62 54 41 1236 824 1997 1382 3686 191 11605 2045 76 102 64 78 72 87 70 75 80 82 96 107 129 167 131 197 147 161 156 178 170 210 267 167 202 133 142 98 89 62 55 42 1232 824 2007 1383 3703 167 11605 4045 70 98 61 69 67 89 78 86 92 98 109 112 135 168 140 198 159 161 170 177 180 214 273 169 202 135 139 99 89 63 54 42 1230 824 2222 1384 3719 191 11606 45 62 87 53 59 56 70 68 82 80 98 93 111 117 169 123 197 141 160 156 172 167 205 261 164 197 130 137 96 87 61 53 41 1232 824 1964 1384 3727 121 11606 2045 64 86 53 55 56 76 71 81 81 94 93 114 121 169 128 201 139 166 158 176 171 210 268 164 206 130 141 95 88 60 54 41 1232 824 1973 1383 3736 144 11606 4045 75 101 65 65 67 90 75 81 85 90 99 116 124 168 138 206 151 172 159 178 175 213 267 167 204 132 139 97 88 62 54 41 1228 824 1983 1383 3752 121 11607 45 68 91 55 57 59 74 66 77 79 82 91 107 115 162 124 198 132 160 146 172 162 209 253 164 195 130 138 97 88 62 55 42 1233 824 1991 1383 3760 121 11607 2045 73 100 65 59 65 85 74 73 82 76 90 98 115 150 129 184 136 148 150 161 162 194 254 155 189 125 132 91 84 59 52 40 1235 824 2205 1383 3777 98 11607 4045 78 108 62 60 56 79 65 75 74 81 84 98 110 161 129 201 136 156 152 170 162 203 256 162 198 129 139 96 88 61 54 41 1232 823 2007 1382 3793 98 11608 46 82 106 65 78 82 95 72 105 74 97 88 110 112 175 122 200 136 164 152 171 160 209 255 169 202 135 143 101 92 65 57 43 1229 823 1955 1383 3810 74 11608 2046 73 98 61 64 68 87 75 73 83 74 90 96 113 164 133 199 133 151 155 164 162 201 257 166 198 136 141 101 91 65 56 43 1231 823 1965 1383 3810 74 11608 4046 80 113 75 69 72 112 90 91 96 101 105 118 122 173 133 205 140 167 153 172 163 214 257 174 203 141 147 105 95 68 59 46 1226 824 1975 1382 3826 74 11609 46 72 96 60 61 65 86 77 88 90 97 104 115 133 172 125 192 133 156 149 163 166 200 256 169 195 133 142 99 90 65 56 43 1229 823 1985 1382 3843 74 11609 2046 92 119 82 87 91 109 90 97 90 94 100 113 129 174 133 195 149 154 150 173 166 202 264 166 202 133 141 99 91 64 56 42 1226 824 2200 1383 3859 74 11609 4046 69 98 57 57 58 84 68 73 84 86 102 103 128 166 132 188 146 151 157 167 169 201 263 165 201 133 139 97 89 63 54 42 1229 823 2005 1382 3859 74 11610 46 66 100 65 50 49 89 72 63 64 71 72 93 108 142 104 170 119 139 136 157 148 192 240 162 195 134 141 99 91 64 55 42 1236 823 1953 1383 3859 51 11610 2046 73 108 70 64 65 87 72 77 78 78 95 100 123 156 113 188 124 148 134 158 151 196 245 164 194 135 140 101 90 64 55 42 1234 823 1964 1381 3868 74 11610 4046 74 108 68 73 75 98 82 90 95 93 111 117 140 173 133 194 143 156 155 169 169 204 266 169 206 137 146 101 92 64 56 43 1228 823 1975 1382 3868 74 11611 46 74 99 64 63 63 77 67 73 80 80 96 109 128 165 133 197 140 159 147 167 161 202 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184 129 145 141 159 152 197 247 161 195 131 139 97 89 63 55 43 1232 822 1974 1381 3851 144 11700 4047 58 84 44 41 40 60 52 55 59 59 75 82 111 144 112 175 129 142 139 157 155 190 246 152 189 124 134 92 85 58 52 40 1239 822 1985 1383 3835 144 11701 47 72 123 76 82 68 110 76 81 89 94 113 118 150 173 144 193 160 154 158 170 168 203 253 162 193 132 136 97 88 63 55 42 1228 822 1996 1383 3826 167 11701 2047 64 96 55 59 60 84 67 82 76 87 91 107 125 171 130 200 143 158 148 170 164 202 251 160 192 128 134 96 85 61 53 41 1233 822 2006 1383 3810 144 11701 4047 84 113 89 78 88 135 118 91 130 99 127 124 153 188 157 212 162 171 164 185 177 215 265 172 199 135 139 100 90 64 56 44 1221 822 2016 1384 3810 144 11702 47 68 98 60 65 74 93 81 102 90 109 105 133 128 194 132 211 142 170 155 183 168 215 267 168 205 133 145 98 92 63 56 43 1227 822 1964 1382 3777 121 11702 2047 61 90 53 61 64 83 73 88 86 97 105 121 130 177 131 209 149 170 156 184 167 212 260 169 199 133 140 97 89 62 55 42 1229 822 1974 1382 3760 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377 338 258 225 179 784 816 1982 1381 3909 65355 12005 2055 209 295 259 323 396 475 461 519 574 621 666 723 750 845 805 922 815 823 774 803 744 805 948 586 650 402 402 283 252 190 165 132 938 816 1933 1381 3835 65378 12005 4055 228 289 292 349 434 523 484 569 592 673 684 786 763 924 845 998 841 872 789 841 764 848 986 618 691 419 428 296 267 199 174 137 921 816 1945 1381 3818 65402 12006 55 295 393 340 404 504 577 505 623 598 721 692 832 786 1004 867 1101 872 992 841 970 830 980 1094 715 787 479 489 339 306 229 200 158 874 816 1956 1380 3859 65402 12006 2055 139 197 201 252 326 430 456 518 600 665 760 817 882 972 942 1058 935 962 876 935 843 947 1082 691 750 469 465 333 293 224 192 154 896 816 1967 1380 3777 65402 12006 4055 169 236 240 301 398 512 517 643 699 829 876 1011 1019 1192 1106 1321 1115 1200 1049 1169 1025 1185 1329 876 943 590 589 420 373 285 244 196 792 816 1977 1381 3810 65402 12007 55 207 294 254 326 402 483 461 533 573 654 701 800 804 987 908 1115 924 1028 896 1014 884 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437 360 682 813 1996 1380 3900 74 12202 4100 75 118 94 123 160 205 212 279 317 407 470 587 640 822 835 1096 993 1189 1123 1375 1294 1604 1890 1347 1514 990 1032 771 700 555 470 386 624 813 2007 1381 3859 51 12203 100 106 157 142 185 234 313 321 391 462 540 653 712 841 952 1027 1199 1152 1261 1248 1415 1393 1622 1988 1359 1535 985 1026 769 697 554 468 387 557 813 1956 1381 3884 98 12203 2100 90 144 132 162 214 283 285 354 398 488 560 668 730 907 943 1198 1113 1302 1269 1526 1494 1820 2221 1576 1816 1188 1259 954 881 709 605 507 376 813 1966 1380 3909 74 12203 4100 109 152 145 183 242 309 305 386 436 530 617 719 807 959 1015 1243 1178 1326 1302 1525 1497 1786 2183 1528 1739 1135 1194 905 829 669 568 478 404 813 1977 1379 3884 51 12204 100 70 109 101 133 179 237 257 323 396 485 612 695 831 957 1068 1265 1245 1365 1376 1577 1570 1841 2274 1584 1786 1171 1220 934 848 692 583 496 363 813 2192 1380 3917 74 12204 2100 95 132 136 172 229 304 326 380 466 533 664 740 847 984 1077 1276 1246 1366 1377 1575 1580 1845 2298 1591 1819 1173 1238 937 858 696 591 500 335 813 1997 1381 3884 74 12204 4100 110 202 174 219 280 379 359 411 492 552 680 732 844 987 1080 1265 1247 1342 1392 1558 1601 1829 2325 1575 1823 1146 1225 912 843 676 577 484 339 814 2211 1380 3900 98 12205 100 147 198 199 254 340 383 376 471 493 609 666 791 839 1041 1045 1327 1198 1397 1324 1603 1522 1870 2227 1599 1801 1198 1251 960 878 716 608 518 305 813 1957 1379 3868 74 12205 2100 95 139 141 175 234 311 330 374 469 530 667 724 855 958 1084 1224 1239 1307 1357 1506 1564 1775 2272 1549 1797 1154 1236 940 873 711 611 523 247 813 1966 1379 3818 74 12205 4100 107 160 137 189 240 294 297 371 423 518 598 711 772 955 1012 1254 1201 1346 1354 1565 1589 1853 2337 1610 1882 1191 1289 963 900 723 624 524 276 813 1977 1379 3876 98 12206 100 108 173 166 201 266 343 355 403 496 545 692 729 874 960 1054 1221 1209 1307 1330 1517 1532 1791 2226 1561 1765 1176 1224 952 867 718 607 523 273 813 1988 1380 3826 98 12206 2100 82 116 124 157 215 266 292 379 430 553 632 782 823 1043 1073 1353 1247 1436 1386 1644 1606 1919 2353 1644 1908 1214 1306 975 909 727 625 524 295 814 2205 1381 3777 121 12206 4100 98 150 141 186 251 321 321 408 459 574 648 770 823 1009 1034 1304 1189 1381 1318 1593 1526 1870 2239 1605 1818 1203 1261 964 885 720 611 519 330 813 2010 1380 3802 121 12207 100 104 151 148 183 243 326 334 385 461 528 651 717 829 952 1049 1225 1207 1312 1331 1516 1530 1779 2222 1533 1751 1134 1193 902 827 667 567 477 391 813 1959 1380 3793 121 12207 2100 113 177 147 188 243 319 336 395 478 563 675 769 861 1004 1075 1279 1218 1358 1336 1557 1526 1807 2211 1551 1752 1151 1200 917 834 677 573 484 370 813 1970 1380 3802 121 12207 4100 106 165 164 200 261 325 314 392 428 527 588 702 749 946 988 1233 1168 1316 1319 1539 1550 1809 2278 1560 1819 1136 1229 899 840 658 567 465 422 813 1981 1381 3785 121 12208 100 129 182 169 197 255 317 303 366 405 489 556 650 719 876 941 1149 1110 1244 1270 1476 1515 1772 2253 1555 1828 1165 1258 942 878 705 605 508 342 813 1991 1380 3810 121 12208 2100 111 167 160 201 260 327 323 382 417 495 560 649 716 866 887 1129 1049 1228 1196 1459 1430 1753 2128 1529 1745 1167 1223 942 863 705 598 506 391 813 2209 1382 3810 121 12208 4100 90 141 124 157 199 271 278 317 394 442 551 608 718 833 921 1111 1089 1219 1241 1450 1468 1737 2164 1514 1731 1135 1196 912 834 677 574 485 418 813 2013 1381 3818 144 12209 100 119 193 163 206 260 320 304 339 389 452 515 604 680 815 855 1073 1014 1165 1155 1384 1365 1654 2027 1439 1644 1091 1143 872 798 645 548 460 480 813 1964 1381 3769 121 12209 2100 77 125 105 137 177 233 243 302 355 426 508 601 677 826 886 1097 1051 1193 1194 1410 1405 1675 2065 1445 1651 1076 1131 854 780 625 530 442 518 813 1974 1381 3736 121 12209 4100 130 191 165 181 229 326 305 322 396 424 526 565 668 782 840 1012 983 1110 1118 1317 1321 1583 1947 1375 1551 1037 1072 826 745 606 509 429 543 813 1984 1381 3793 121 12210 100 101 153 127 170 211 289 278 319 375 435 509 571 653 777 831 1016 983 1099 1116 1315 1312 1566 1927 1353 1539 1019 1058 806 729 588 495 413 562 813 1994 1382 3769 121 12210 2101 110 156 119 166 196 264 253 297 333 381 440 488 574 671 715 850 808 906 892 1053 1032 1236 1498 1032 1174 768 792 597 537 428 363 297 768 813 2006 1382 3769 144 12210 4101 147 192 181 251 313 368 372 477 498 629 662 820 809 1047 1002 1293 1131 1337 1234 1501 1414 1741 2075 1470 1690 1087 1162 859 798 630 542 447 466 813 2017 1382 3793 144 12211 101 82 127 100 137 173 209 206 266 288 365 417 498 545 687 726 891 858 966 974 1134 1145 1345 1686 1143 1344 843 905 659 610 473 408 330 719 813 1965 1382 3785 191 12211 2101 163 225 200 268 343 462 441 508 571 667 742 839 912 1076 1108 1322 1237 1357 1338 1528 1513 1767 2189 1506 1731 1106 1178 881 811 652 557 467 369 813 1975 1381 3826 98 12211 4101 182 256 223 309 393 457 449 532 579 658 752 827 896 1049 1089 1283 1200 1316 1294 1485 1458 1706 2098 1447 1649 1061 1120 840 769 616 525 440 428 813 1985 1380 3843 121 12212 101 176 261 251 311 369 438 420 484 524 620 707 770 842 991 1027 1211 1150 1242 1252 1425 1431 1644 2068 1400 1621 1025 1098 812 753 596 514 426 456 813 1994 1380 3843 98 12212 2101 128 190 189 243 322 399 415 495 562 662 756 865 924 1105 1128 1366 1261 1410 1364 1576 1541 1809 2216 1532 1751 1119 1192 888 821 655 562 469 372 813 2004 1381 3859 98 12212 4101 263 394 350 334 390 596 527 490 658 611 824 757 980 991 1171 1193 1284 1234 1373 1400 1532 1625 2166 1410 1605 1021 1074 815 743 605 513 437 369 813 1951 1380 3884 98 12213 101 116 177 163 219 288 375 387 493 551 675 762 891 935 1122 1148 1363 1264 1383 1344 1524 1499 1736 2148 1461 1690 1060 1138 838 778 616 531 440 431 813 1963 1381 3884 121 12213 2101 131 180 174 230 306 355 347 457 468 617 641 789 787 1008 980 1247 1112 1291 1216 1459 1391 1687 2028 1426 1636 1055 1119 834 770 612 525 435 494 813 1973 1380 3892 98 12213 4101 147 214 192 228 289 339 322 395 410 504 549 649 678 872 832 1111 971 1180 1088 1373 1257 1617 1856 1382 1519 1050 1074 834 755 616 520 438 547 813 1983 1381 3851 121 12214 101 105 177 135 164 207 261 258 314 342 412 483 535 626 744 781 961 914 1038 1027 1224 1203 1442 1764 1241 1410 940 977 743 675 544 462 386 630 813 1994 1382 3843 98 12214 2101 111 186 152 189 247 337 325 361 418 466 541 615 686 818 819 1048 944 1123 1047 1307 1210 1541 1788 1329 1457 1017 1030 811 727 601 504 428 578 813 2005 1381 3876 167 12214 4101 123 171 125 185 223 245 226 294 322 395 444 540 576 724 729 940 856 1019 965 1192 1126 1410 1658 1210 1344 918 940 725 653 529 447 373 670 812 1954 1383 3851 144 12215 101 106 183 133 144 177 247 244 257 329 336 439 456 565 631 712 798 838 867 938 1011 1068 1182 1542 998 1165 734 772 570 518 410 349 286 788 812 1966 1381 3884 191 12215 2101 103 170 132 162 196 252 247 291 324 384 421 496 541 658 665 844 775 884 856 1022 982 1202 1432 1012 1136 758 777 591 532 428 362 300 776 812 1982 1382 3851 283 12215 4101 134 181 136 168 198 252 204 214 248 273 336 362 415 506 513 646 607 692 688 817 798 973 1180 820 929 619 636 478 432 342 293 239 888 813 2000 1383 3876 330 12216 101 265 397 251 274 304 355 265 266 279 324 361 393 434 543 520 662 595 673 669 777 765 907 1113 757 871 568 590 434 398 309 268 216 898 813 2014 1383 3933 353 12216 2101 221 317 180 219 261 294 235 253 271 279 351 369 418 512 513 626 589 651 663 753 752 879 1089 732 840 551 565 420 379 297 256 208 914 813 2028 1385 3892 400 12216 4101 182 233 146 181 233 239 177 212 210 235 273 302 325 427 400 516 463 533 518 610 586 709 853 586 662 442 451 335 303 235 204 164 1013 812 1978 1383 3884 400 12217 101 162 215 110 177 203 185 162 202 188 225 242 281 287 397 350 500 416 506 467 576 533 673 803 560 636 426 435 321 294 225 197 157 1038 813 1986 1384 3868 330 12217 2101 90 132 101 131 158 214 200 230 271 318 383 435 504 597 635 790 759 852 855 1000 996 1186 1462 1012 1154 762 791 601 543 436 372 307 777 812 1992 1383 3843 260 12217 4101 123 186 116 148 163 207 166 198 212 247 296 337 400 498 523 664 643 720 747 865 892 1043 1327 889 1054 670 713 522 481 374 324 260 852 813 2001 1383 3835 260 12218 101 217 229 143 184 215 216 176 194 212 232 280 316 368 472 473 611 579 668 662 792 781 956 1177 824 949 632 660 497 454 358 311 252 876 812 2009 1382 3876 214 12218 2101 116 182 120 150 174 216 170 207 236 289 360 409 485 584 635 767 764 834 870 976 1017 1152 1488 976 1148 722 767 562 515 403 347 281 791 812 2019 1383 3835 237 12218 4101 154 219 178 226 297 351 307 410 402 489 524 629 635 836 795 1048 923 1097 1030 1253 1176 1459 1721 1224 1388 907 952 709 651 512 440 359 668 812 1966 1382 3826 191 12219 101 130 179 162 235 282 353 319 413 430 551 574 699 709 900 850 1122 965 1159 1063 1308 1207 1514 1768 1271 1422 939 975 734 668 532 454 374 631 812 1974 1382 3818 191 12219 2101 157 242 202 284 358 433 399 473 533 597 680 739 823 940 972 1161 1076 1189 1149 1334 1290 1531 1845 1286 1434 950 978 746 672 545 460 386 566 812 1983 1382 3835 144 12219 4101 191 261 236 283 341 439 396 423 477 519 599 652 694 848 849 1044 975 1075 1071 1228 1230 1418 1772 1192 1384 866 925 674 621 487 419 343 639 812 1993 1382 3818 167 12220 102 154 247 176 227 266 367 335 342 405 431 509 551 620 737 729 926 843 973 939 1112 1071 1288 1553 1092 1219 809 834 630 569 454 386 317 729 812 2004 1382 3793 191 12220 2102 139 213 162 181 210 302 241 275 297 370 404 476 518 637 636 804 739 846 829 981 953 1148 1394 967 1104 719 755 559 513 402 346 281 802 812 2017 1382 3769 191 12220 4102 115 159 120 159 194 238 209 257 270 341 374 441 469 594 585 766 690 808 777 937 899 1099 1320 927 1050 692 717 534 487 383 330 267 840 812 1965 1383 3769 214 12221 102 156 213 165 171 179 276 205 242 261 301 363 406 450 574 582 721 682 771 779 898 897 1054 1318 880 1027 650 687 498 458 355 308 246 864 812 1978 1382 3802 237 12221 2102 132 186 141 175 209 280 233 280 318 396 428 520 565 716 720 923 859 994 968 1141 1123 1333 1635 1115 1292 817 866 633 585 454 391 316 730 812 1989 1382 3793 214 12221 4102 105 151 114 151 170 222 185 216 257 313 358 423 456 597 586 766 681 807 762 931 893 1092 1303 922 1029 682 700 525 472 375 320 259 863 812 1998 1382 3769 237 12222 102 116 174 132 178 212 280 239 270 298 338 395 444 518 615 641 794 742 835 828 971 959 1129 1398 952 1092 710 740 550 500 395 339 275 811 812 2009 1383 3777 237 12222 2102 102 150 120 161 189 239 216 253 296 332 395 444 506 610 624 773 721 820 804 941 928 1111 1362 942 1076 703 730 543 497 390 336 272 832 812 2021 1383 3752 260 12222 4102 138 162 125 196 219 244 193 265 261 307 354 399 441 559 547 712 640 735 719 866 833 1004 1230 845 976 626 661 479 443 341 297 236 892 812 1974 1383 3777 376 12223 102 169 213 131 217 240 234 226 275 284 339 401 436 514 611 648 785 769 830 872 977 1017 1155 1493 977 1159 718 771 559 517 400 347 280 787 812 1986 1383 3826 283 12223 2102 119 163 114 169 205 222 199 245 253 307 341 408 446 571 572 741 670 790 762 924 894 1073 1312 909 1044 680 710 527 480 379 326 265 840 812 1997 1384 3802 376 12223 4102 133 184 146 178 219 289 263 277 324 345 431 442 521 608 647 770 732 806 823 932 947 1088 1379 919 1067 685 720 531 486 383 331 269 823 812 2010 1383 3843 400 12300 102 118 186 136 170 211 278 239 268 298 329 405 454 513 611 656 761 761 803 839 932 960 1084 1371 908 1037 671 691 517 465 367 314 254 840 812 2023 1384 3802 353 12300 2102 189 252 202 259 291 336 290 336 355 413 456 534 558 708 720 884 849 925 952 1067 1105 1258 1609 1065 1253 782 836 606 560 435 377 305 725 812 2028 1383 3859 260 12300 4102 182 277 182 226 261 303 264 338 339 402 432 508 508 676 663 859 787 915 907 1063 1070 1268 1583 1074 1262 796 852 624 579 451 392 318 729 812 1974 1382 3851 283 12301 102 137 216 162 203 236 292 247 271 297 340 384 447 477 595 591 770 707 834 814 982 954 1168 1410 994 1138 749 787 585 539 422 366 295 800 812 1984 1383 3851 353 12301 2102 155 236 158 199 224 247 205 260 264 325 359 413 442 558 548 711 647 759 750 889 886 1059 1313 894 1052 679 719 527 490 381 332 267 842 812 1998 1383 3851 376 12301 4102 137 177 132 188 232 254 233 264 289 315 374 418 455 565 570 722 672 768 778 913 920 1092 1364 934 1086 708 744 551 506 399 343 280 817 812 2011 1384 3843 423 12302 102 117 194 134 157 190 238 197 227 240 281 328 357 413 500 505 641 587 687 674 791 776 935 1138 796 892 607 614 473 420 340 288 238 892 812 2025 1382 3859 469 12302 2102 129 162 127 153 176 225 193 222 248 294 332 375 410 511 513 650 609 691 709 826 841 996 1255 851 1000 647 682 503 462 362 314 254 875 812 2044 1383 3892 446 12302 4102 94 133 96 136 158 186 168 215 230 268 310 360 389 497 482 640 589 679 669 797 784 947 1160 801 925 608 635 469 430 336 291 234 910 812 1989 1383 3876 423 12303 102 194 243 161 224 245 247 241 250 276 284 350 374 437 525 533 672 646 725 734 869 864 1039 1286 891 1024 674 702 522 477 376 323 264 837 812 1999 1383 3909 307 12303 2102 96 162 101 129 157 207 184 208 244 255 317 351 425 501 539 658 665 729 772 884 914 1069 1352 918 1054 695 720 537 486 387 329 270 833 812 2003 1383 3859 260 12303 4102 129 178 141 186 208 254 224 247 310 330 397 423 497 588 626 774 757 841 871 1013 1028 1214 1516 1043 1196 784 817 613 556 443 377 311 759 812 2008 1382 3900 260 12304 102 100 169 116 139 151 206 180 200 221 251 291 348 377 496 493 657 616 724 730 880 878 1066 1328 924 1074 705 746 555 510 401 347 281 860 812 2018 1384 3876 307 12304 2102 100 135 110 150 171 213 187 209 243 262 315 354 400 492 533 643 649 706 763 853 898 1031 1338 890 1041 677 709 529 481 383 328 268 832 812 2028 1384 3868 307 12304 4102 98 143 98 149 162 184 169 195 225 239 294 309 380 447 490 591 602 643 701 788 831 958 1252 830 980 630 663 492 451 357 307 251 864 812 1979 1383 3851 330 12305 102 96 143 105 131 149 192 173 188 221 227 288 306 360 440 457 569 558 618 661 756 784 919 1178 795 931 613 640 479 436 347 298 244 892 812 1992 1383 3859 330 12305 2102 91 117 76 118 132 152 131 183 181 232 259 311 326 448 425 599 524 657 619 795 742 963 1139 837 954 645 676 507 464 364 316 255 913 812 2002 1383 3851 353 12305 4103 99 127 96 137 157 173 161 195 216 234 260 306 332 430 420 563 514 598 609 725 728 883 1102 757 897 581 617 453 420 325 285 229 923 812 2223 1383 3835 353 12306 103 83 115 82 123 131 143 131 169 174 209 234 278 305 397 397 526 489 569 578 691 691 832 1045 708 842 545 581 420 390 300 263 209 958 812 2025 1383 3835 353 12306 2103 91 123 71 101 113 141 116 155 164 198 225 260 280 372 346 486 422 528 498 642 597 774 909 673 756 530 537 412 372 297 255 208 991 812 2245 1384 3835 423 12306 4103 117 160 110 131 143 188 156 181 172 199 242 258 286 360 342 459 411 478 474 569 551 685 833 582 666 452 464 349 316 250 216 175 1017 812 1988 1384 3810 446 12307 103 102 147 83 123 136 163 140 159 177 188 246 252 288 362 365 468 439 487 517 587 609 709 910 597 712 459 484 351 323 249 217 173 1006 812 2000 1383 3810 446 12307 2103 134 173 147 170 184 225 182 192 202 227 273 284 326 417 422 527 496 555 573 663 671 792 1005 675 790 515 539 396 363 285 247 199 961 812 2010 1383 3802 423 12307 4103 88 125 71 107 115 146 119 143 161 182 216 245 264 348 332 443 391 465 454 547 520 654 785 558 630 430 441 330 298 235 201 162 1046 812 2021 1383 3785 423 12308 103 85 128 82 112 125 145 133 166 173 199 226 257 277 362 356 473 431 505 500 598 581 714 876 600 696 458 479 348 320 247 215 170 1021 812 2032 1383 3769 423 12308 2103 116 148 122 164 194 233 229 296 319 395 431 529 552 710 720 928 847 1004 948 1160 1089 1342 1581 1114 1253 810 847 620 566 441 378 306 760 812 2039 1383 3802 283 12308 4103 121 155 129 183 212 273 278 279 355 371 445 487 549 657 695 838 813 893 911 1034 1041 1200 1505 1002 1159 732 774 561 514 400 345 278 790 811 1977 1383 3769 260 12309 103 106 150 121 163 188 242 241 269 320 342 421 455 528 610 662 798 774 841 869 982 997 1148 1440 955 1100 700 734 539 491 383 330 267 812 811 1984 1383 3760 237 12309 2103 129 160 139 196 241 265 257 314 330 371 438 496 534 666 690 860 810 900 915 1041 1043 1202 1513 1007 1172 737 780 569 520 407 350 283 777 811 1992 1383 3769 191 12309 4103 93 143 99 142 163 202 193 233 259 306 364 422 462 575 579 738 684 795 781 923 905 1086 1321 910 1043 677 701 518 469 367 314 254 861 811 2002 1383 3752 237 12310 103 85 126 93 142 162 200 191 236 243 306 355 424 446 591 590 764 704 822 805 965 938 1133 1368 947 1078 700 728 536 487 381 327 263 846 812 2218 1384 3744 214 12310 2103 109 160 107 178 199 207 199 274 267 341 368 438 474 603 616 781 736 828 837 963 965 1128 1403 943 1100 691 735 529 487 374 325 261 832 811 2021 1383 3760 237 12310 4103 103 146 116 145 167 233 221 237 298 310 397 438 501 608 643 767 765 818 866 950 991 1114 1428 929 1089 681 716 520 475 369 317 256 824 811 1968 1382 3760 214 12311 103 100 140 107 152 185 226 230 273 312 354 423 477 553 638 682 817 803 865 891 1002 1014 1165 1449 973 1113 716 742 552 499 394 336 273 804 811 1978 1383 3777 214 12311 2103 136 222 218 286 314 374 356 399 457 516 586 642 695 818 842 985 924 998 1001 1119 1115 1283 1572 1065 1197 778 801 602 540 433 370 305 715 811 1987 1383 3793 191 12311 4103 238 291 217 262 312 378 289 348 349 432 449 520 540 707 649 866 738 881 819 999 925 1157 1349 972 1085 735 752 572 518 415 355 293 781 811 1997 1383 3826 191 12312 103 194 236 214 268 309 389 319 362 377 413 478 516 559 676 667 814 738 828 806 942 917 1094 1331 913 1043 678 710 523 478 379 325 264 810 812 2215 1384 3810 237 12312 2103 233 308 265 304 380 448 411 451 458 507 540 604 606 765 711 916 787 913 849 1007 951 1162 1377 969 1091 724 749 565 513 411 352 289 763 811 2020 1382 3851 260 12312 4103 172 240 200 275 336 376 315 398 380 466 472 541 556 728 676 866 761 860 827 951 928 1084 1345 890 1063 654 708 503 471 359 316 252 820 812 1972 1384 3818 330 12313 103 197 267 212 275 319 364 330 365 434 456 554 574 644 752 762 902 843 897 889 984 964 1102 1364 903 1040 662 694 512 466 366 317 258 803 811 1986 1384 3851 353 12313 2103 192 276 268 305 365 469 409 466 493 562 593 678 693 853 796 971 854 936 881 1000 955 1115 1343 903 1036 660 692 509 466 365 317 258 792 811 2000 1384 3859 376 12313 4103 223 336 279 309 360 446 392 446 480 516 572 621 674 808 772 922 828 892 856 938 915 1030 1276 832 969 605 637 462 425 330 288 233 829 811 2014 1384 3868 400 12314 103 347 395 270 326 418 481 438 477 507 552 575 623 657 802 751 911 793 857 811 911 872 1007 1212 808 929 591 616 451 412 321 280 226 837 811 2028 1384 3933 446 12314 2103 334 422 363 380 453 589 477 464 573 538 672 642 730 815 792 895 818 842 824 885 866 969 1194 780 895 573 595 439 401 315 274 224 820 812 2248 1384 3909 446 12314 4103 201 286 225 285 346 447 401 397 474 458 569 544 641 710 709 798 724 750 725 794 778 875 1067 710 805 524 534 400 362 286 247 202 897 811 1992 1384 3868 516 12315 103 240 283 263 324 394 476 387 458 436 514 560 615 634 778 712 866 738 814 749 854 794 945 1120 759 861 562 576 424 388 305 266 215 873 811 2005 1384 3892 516 12315 2103 170 214 177 253 301 347 291 354 372 436 473 534 547 682 631 788 674 751 698 795 742 881 1057 714 818 521 548 397 365 281 247 198 922 811 2017 1384 3876 539 12315 4104 163 222 167 218 246 335 299 295 363 363 466 470 557 586 588 680 622 656 639 708 685 795 957 653 726 486 491 371 332 264 228 188 945 811 2029 1383 3884 516 12316 104 153 211 172 204 248 311 273 299 336 369 438 457 518 597 589 710 630 693 652 747 712 842 1007 684 777 507 522 386 351 275 240 194 942 811 2041 1385 3884 516 12316 2104 154 223 172 190 237 321 257 293 292 345 415 430 477 567 529 668 569 641 592 691 636 776 913 625 705 469 477 355 322 253 219 177 976 812 2261 1385 3868 562 12316 4104 124 172 157 191 229 316 285 303 344 388 421 487 511 619 579 704 620 685 652 749 715 835 1015 673 782 494 522 373 346 263 232 183 953 811 1998 1384 3859 539 12317 104 120 195 138 177 204 261 240 271 304 343 397 423 464 555 527 653 569 627 605 686 668 774 954 630 723 474 483 361 327 257 223 181 965 811 2010 1384 3868 539 12317 2104 159 216 166 211 238 311 264 296 325 341 410 430 496 577 580 683 635 668 676 741 752 840 1063 685 812 503 534 384 357 273 240 193 931 811 2018 1384 3868 469 12317 4104 129 176 130 185 224 275 248 278 306 330 386 413 453 538 537 654 601 645 646 706 714 806 1017 656 776 488 511 371 340 264 231 184 956 811 2026 1385 3851 492 12318 104 140 187 138 189 230 262 213 277 268 348 367 423 450 555 514 682 581 679 643 765 721 864 1044 704 824 526 557 400 373 285 251 200 944 811 2036 1384 3868 469 12318 2104 112 176 117 163 196 240 213 242 269 306 348 383 407 507 477 618 545 622 600 699 676 812 981 669 771 506 525 388 356 278 244 197 961 811 2046 1384 3818 469 12318 4104 112 157 117 157 201 246 218 226 282 283 368 357 429 491 478 596 545 602 588 670 660 776 949 642 735 491 502 379 342 273 236 193 961 811 1991 1383 3818 446 12319 104 129 198 123 188 219 255 202 261 265 322 356 402 434 550 512 677 578 664 638 742 717 856 1038 707 813 534 550 410 372 293 254 207 928 811 1999 1384 3835 400 12319 2104 153 248 151 190 213 245 214 251 292 315 382 392 463 543 550 652 617 663 675 753 759 876 1090 728 841 551 570 424 387 307 266 218 907 811 2007 1383 3826 376 12319 4104 144 189 162 209 256 301 270 324 342 401 428 486 527 651 643 804 715 813 781 903 866 1033 1244 849 967 632 653 484 441 345 299 242 860 811 2015 1384 3818 376 12320 104 101 158 123 156 191 248 235 279 322 357 419 451 493 607 599 765 677 781 737 872 820 995 1189 825 932 613 630 473 427 339 291 238 882 811 2024 1384 3802 330 12320 2104 84 141 99 129 152 191 180 218 250 287 320 364 396 500 490 630 574 651 641 742 732 868 1071 726 841 552 572 424 387 305 265 214 933 811 2033 1384 3769 353 12320 4104 173 213 146 222 279 263 245 281 324 351 389 453 504 610 597 748 676 770 745 861 836 992 1220 816 948 603 636 461 428 331 291 234 875 811 1980 1384 3826 353 12321 104 120 180 132 173 207 237 192 259 278 330 357 424 455 575 556 717 635 749 707 851 800 983 1170 810 922 608 626 466 424 334 288 234 896 811 1990 1385 3793 330 12321 2104 104 176 110 156 189 238 200 242 273 318 364 405 442 530 519 670 590 682 652 782 746 908 1083 760 854 575 585 442 397 317 272 223 917 811 2000 1385 3769 330 12321 4104 105 153 104 139 167 191 177 226 238 282 306 369 387 495 481 627 564 651 636 735 731 856 1074 704 845 527 566 401 375 285 251 199 950 811 2011 1384 3777 330 12322 104 123 164 122 163 208 216 198 215 250 267 318 350 377 477 448 593 511 600 565 681 654 798 960 667 767 506 521 386 352 272 237 189 971 811 2022 1383 3785 353 12322 2104 144 184 153 204 239 303 266 327 343 418 440 517 529 679 667 852 770 872 844 980 949 1110 1346 906 1039 661 691 498 460 355 308 246 839 811 2033 1384 3785 330 12322 4104 115 163 128 163 202 233 209 263 279 330 390 426 485 588 595 751 695 786 769 889 874 1027 1256 846 975 623 648 474 433 337 292 234 878 811 1979 1384 3760 307 12323 104 134 174 112 173 215 229 182 271 266 339 336 422 424 557 510 699 593 720 659 814 751 946 1098 791 876 592 604 454 411 324 281 225 922 811 1989 1385 3793 353 12323 2104 167 190 115 185 199 185 154 208 205 268 264 337 339 468 437 585 497 598 559 684 640 799 953 668 773 509 532 388 357 274 240 191 977 811 2003 1385 3818 353 12323 4104 112 148 106 142 163 196 172 211 230 262 293 348 369 461 462 587 521 601 581 672 661 785 969 650 761 490 513 373 343 265 232 185 979 811 2015 1384 3793 376 12400 104 99 147 95 110 118 166 133 172 185 212 252 285 309 395 378 500 435 503 484 572 555 680 822 567 646 437 443 334 301 239 206 167 1026 811 2027 1383 3802 400 12400 2104 106 150 97 126 138 183 151 173 196 222 260 276 316 398 382 496 441 505 491 570 566 666 830 556 653 427 442 325 298 232 203 164 1028 811 2040 1384 3802 446 12400 4104 95 124 76 118 128 159 143 180 197 223 257 270 308 373 375 481 421 489 476 563 542 663 811 555 642 424 436 324 296 229 201 162 1036 811 1990 1384 3810 446 12401 104 103 155 101 142 167 199 178 215 231 275 320 326 367 440 418 533 470 543 510 612 571 709 833 588 657 450 454 343 309 245 214 173 1013 811 2002 1384 3826 469 12401 2105 99 130 88 126 130 165 157 176 208 240 292 312 332 424 386 517 448 502 498 564 561 652 821 531 637 396 421 299 278 211 188 149 1039 811 2013 1383 3843 469 12401 4105 156 205 159 218 245 280 243 281 305 357 380 437 452 573 518 653 568 624 600 671 660 751 944 608 719 450 472 338 312 241 212 168 978 810 2027 1384 3876 469 12402 105 133 176 150 182 203 265 239 273 294 356 388 441 464 549 511 635 546 610 580 660 627 745 894 605 686 444 456 335 304 237 207 167 993 811 2038 1384 3859 469 12402 2105 189 244 185 264 297 305 269 329 329 406 393 484 460 613 527 700 559 661 586 713 649 796 929 637 734 471 493 355 328 250 222 176 971 811 2048 1384 3900 469 12402 4105 165 211 172 179 201 290 220 282 260 328 329 385 393 497 447 582 504 549 544 599 608 677 875 541 671 397 434 298 282 212 190 149 1017 810 1996 1385 3884 469 12403 105 125 172 125 177 198 224 208 234 268 292 307 338 356 448 419 530 461 511 495 559 554 647 803 523 613 392 410 297 272 210 185 149 1030 810 2008 1384 3876 469 12403 2105 121 193 135 172 189 240 212 241 252 287 278 365 360 466 409 538 448 517 477 564 534 644 772 522 596 396 403 298 271 213 186 150 1036 811 2019 1385 3868 516 12403 4105 160 265 162 206 239 283 240 249 269 292 312 357 357 462 398 530 443 504 475 555 525 636 770 520 593 395 401 299 270 214 187 151 1026 811 2030 1384 3884 516 12404 105 196 278 190 255 292 304 230 272 290 313 323 384 378 498 428 557 452 530 486 585 544 664 786 543 609 414 417 314 283 224 196 159 1013 810 2042 1385 3917 492 12404 2105 138 182 132 163 182 211 176 214 221 258 278 342 337 448 400 530 440 505 481 559 544 631 791 506 610 380 404 286 267 202 179 140 1044 810 1989 1382 3892 492 12404 4105 167 220 149 224 213 267 203 257 257 300 316 362 378 463 440 550 475 528 518 593 568 670 816 530 617 402 411 303 274 215 187 150 1025 810 1999 1385 3909 469 12405 105 174 274 155 202 267 289 227 266 287 312 333 384 400 502 449 596 488 571 528 627 579 704 830 564 644 422 431 318 289 227 197 159 1007 810 2010 1384 3909 469 12405 2105 145 215 152 198 231 298 244 298 318 352 372 422 437 539 496 624 549 601 579 643 622 716 882 566 667 419 438 313 289 220 195 155 1003 810 2020 1384 3900 469 12405 4105 229 347 246 339 388 400 331 382 403 444 482 543 555 691 647 770 672 722 690 759 734 828 1009 652 758 474 495 353 324 250 219 176 931 810 2030 1384 3942 469 12406 105 148 196 173 220 266 301 260 312 316 382 386 478 467 608 501 690 537 649 564 698 605 778 861 631 677 471 461 358 316 257 219 181 980 810 2039 1384 3892 446 12406 2105 166 237 192 226 274 361 318 330 388 426 473 484 536 617 600 698 645 652 657 701 695 777 959 617 709 454 464 339 307 242 211 172 955 810 1984 1384 3884 446 12406 4105 241 341 293 230 298 496 376 394 439 441 518 532 575 685 629 736 652 695 669 733 700 799 964 638 723 469 481 353 319 253 219 179 933 810 1994 1383 3917 400 12407 105 246 288 230 276 356 415 381 383 424 433 467 500 508 638 565 713 604 669 631 716 676 784 947 624 714 467 474 351 318 249 218 176 949 810 2003 1384 3900 400 12407 2105 177 226 207 247 288 391 314 354 386 417 447 500 486 620 555 699 589 664 627 711 671 785 950 633 721 467 479 351 321 250 219 177 956 810 2013 1385 3835 423 12407 4105 162 306 231 209 256 366 294 294 363 373 447 449 483 576 548 657 592 639 623 688 674 766 949 616 711 455 468 343 315 246 215 173 958 810 2023 1384 3843 376 12408 105 190 237 168 234 284 325 257 275 326 350 388 425 445 557 500 649 553 629 590 698 652 787 928 631 710 470 476 354 322 254 220 179 967 811 2242 1385 3843 400 12408 2105 194 277 219 267 310 417 338 359 402 403 488 484 529 630 581 707 629 672 656 725 713 806 992 642 745 475 490 359 327 256 223 180 935 810 1981 1384 3843 376 12408 4105 199 280 206 267 313 356 302 359 390 431 469 532 536 663 610 761 665 727 692 770 741 847 1029 673 771 491 505 369 335 260 227 182 932 810 1991 1384 3835 400 12409 105 158 234 184 240 279 324 237 300 304 371 376 457 439 592 532 684 581 664 620 725 684 805 968 646 745 474 491 356 327 252 221 175 968 810 2002 1384 3826 400 12409 2105 202 290 231 225 265 365 269 315 295 377 371 432 434 539 494 629 541 600 571 646 629 731 901 589 682 439 454 329 303 235 206 165 983 810 2013 1383 3851 376 12409 4105 129 188 134 174 210 263 217 262 282 325 358 398 429 502 474 592 509 573 538 625 590 706 840 574 640 432 431 328 293 234 202 165 1001 810 2023 1385 3785 376 12410 105 197 224 170 239 261 258 218 264 284 345 367 400 436 528 487 619 537 596 560 646 609 722 875 584 670 434 449 330 301 234 206 166 989 810 2033 1385 3810 376 12410 2105 180 260 189 238 269 346 291 352 349 454 406 540 483 665 535 777 597 731 627 788 676 868 976 702 778 521 537 397 364 284 250 201 937 810 1981 1384 3810 353 12410 4105 125 191 142 170 206 289 239 255 322 333 426 411 489 517 555 633 596 606 632 672 683 753 964 612 712 458 473 351 321 253 221 180 960 810 1989 1384 3777 307 12411 106 158 196 141 240 287 289 241 297 306 381 388 454 442 586 506 671 564 640 604 705 677 799 976 652 771 491 521 375 350 269 240 192 950 810 1996 1384 3785 283 12411 2106 165 223 157 187 225 315 265 300 351 366 422 453 474 572 533 661 580 631 615 686 661 776 946 640 727 484 492 375 338 271 236 194 945 810 2006 1383 3793 260 12411 4106 117 169 121 166 196 257 239 266 308 338 382 426 456 537 508 644 557 623 592 690 649 775 942 637 740 482 507 372 343 271 236 191 959 810 2221 1384 3769 260 12412 106 166 237 198 220 274 370 325 335 363 397 413 475 453 580 518 664 564 626 593 684 662 772 961 639 753 487 513 376 348 273 241 195 938 810 2021 1384 3810 191 12412 2106 161 231 204 224 266 347 300 313 348 361 409 453 455 567 546 656 596 604 633 662 691 750 987 613 747 461 497 358 334 260 231 186 935 810 1966 1383 3810 191 12412 4106 155 226 166 213 272 282 231 305 284 363 340 442 404 540 463 642 518 607 563 670 623 758 910 634 731 484 506 377 351 275 243 197 956 810 1974 1383 3802 144 12413 106 182 293 218 196 237 344 289 293 311 336 377 396 429 510 468 575 511 553 551 606 605 687 881 569 671 434 453 335 309 244 215 175 969 810 1981 1383 3826 144 12413 2106 170 268 208 225 275 364 318 321 337 368 410 429 457 551 483 604 517 566 539 613 588 690 848 564 652 431 444 330 304 241 211 171 972 810 1990 1383 3843 144 12413 4106 264 332 234 301 357 349 294 340 328 387 405 459 425 571 474 634 513 595 536 640 592 714 852 578 667 438 459 336 312 244 215 173 967 810 2204 1383 3876 98 12414 106 121 174 134 177 206 244 229 256 268 296 348 376 407 497 451 565 477 549 515 595 555 667 805 544 622 416 427 318 291 230 201 164 1004 810 2005 1383 3810 74 12414 2106 191 292 199 210 261 335 283 306 320 360 384 424 429 542 476 602 512 577 538 622 585 700 845 565 653 426 446 326 302 237 208 170 977 809 1951 1381 3851 28 12414 4106 177 224 177 253 306 330 292 335 331 391 418 469 480 582 522 656 563 640 594 691 651 787 944 653 744 500 518 392 361 290 254 209 923 810 1958 1382 3868 65518 12415 106 182 247 170 234 271 282 246 307 288 367 359 440 416 556 478 643 529 627 572 690 639 789 942 654 758 499 532 392 367 288 256 206 934 809 1961 1381 3868 65425 12415 2106 216 337 232 270 301 379 321 349 350 373 417 449 458 573 512 642 560 622 599 680 664 780 963 652 752 503 524 393 365 293 256 211 910 809 1964 1382 3868 65378 12415 4106 218 317 225 289 310 409 342 326 338 371 419 442 464 562 557 653 619 618 673 695 764 791 1095 648 832 486 545 377 365 277 250 199 894 809 1967 1381 3892 65286 12416 106 149 225 177 218 269 311 276 322 327 382 384 461 444 575 508 674 560 660 601 721 673 826 984 684 785 524 551 410 379 301 263 215 917 810 2173 1382 3859 65262 12416 2106 162 246 167 233 260 309 242 287 268 344 334 424 392 560 466 653 521 654 565 725 641 836 951 700 789 540 559 421 392 307 271 218 929 809 1918 1381 3876 65239 12416 4106 120 193 160 160 210 287 231 308 291 375 370 456 439 562 485 658 542 642 581 708 653 811 953 678 762 523 536 408 374 301 263 215 930 809 1927 1381 3859 65262 12417 106 148 199 153 192 236 288 257 263 300 320 374 405 435 507 484 595 530 590 568 656 635 752 924 630 723 485 502 380 348 279 243 200 943 809 1936 1381 3851 65239 12417 2106 174 209 165 207 241 291 244 283 289 344 352 434 427 555 479 659 529 654 565 719 635 826 943 690 768 531 547 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103 95 68 63 49 1237 798 2092 1391 3810 1074 13907 2142 59 78 42 49 50 59 59 68 71 75 82 107 110 167 131 203 151 179 161 195 174 226 262 174 194 131 133 95 86 63 57 45 1244 798 2102 1391 3802 1097 13907 4142 61 99 46 54 54 64 63 85 79 99 97 130 125 195 148 236 165 205 174 214 189 244 282 185 215 139 146 99 94 65 60 46 1237 798 2047 1390 3785 1074 13908 142 66 101 67 72 80 100 95 105 111 113 126 136 157 202 172 238 183 204 186 211 197 236 288 180 206 135 139 101 90 66 59 48 1230 798 2057 1391 3777 1050 13908 2142 65 91 52 63 70 79 79 92 92 99 104 130 133 196 149 225 170 198 177 206 190 232 278 175 206 132 139 96 89 62 57 45 1234 798 2068 1390 3777 1050 13908 4142 95 128 65 66 78 86 85 117 107 135 123 175 155 247 181 272 199 237 205 241 213 269 312 200 230 148 155 109 99 73 65 51 1223 798 2078 1389 3777 1050 13909 142 69 98 66 74 82 103 105 122 127 152 154 202 189 280 213 316 227 272 235 275 247 296 350 220 256 160 167 115 105 75 69 54 1214 798 2088 1390 3744 1027 13909 2142 96 124 91 94 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365 226 259 165 168 118 107 78 70 56 1185 797 2006 1389 3769 609 14000 144 109 148 106 119 139 175 139 154 172 177 193 221 222 281 231 307 238 258 232 263 235 280 330 207 233 153 155 110 100 73 66 51 1200 797 2016 1386 3785 609 14000 2144 123 169 141 166 199 238 216 218 257 240 288 285 304 357 305 370 300 301 283 294 281 310 376 228 259 168 169 121 109 82 73 58 1173 797 2026 1388 3793 585 14000 4144 149 178 118 159 193 193 171 220 197 234 225 271 251 340 264 361 263 296 252 289 255 307 353 227 254 166 169 120 108 80 71 57 1184 797 2036 1387 3802 585 14001 144 132 175 132 160 195 221 196 223 226 254 250 286 268 353 278 377 280 319 272 312 274 329 376 239 266 172 175 123 112 82 74 58 1177 796 2259 1387 3810 609 14001 2144 122 185 136 131 156 193 181 178 207 207 227 242 244 310 269 335 267 281 264 277 265 293 362 215 250 157 161 112 104 75 68 53 1190 797 1997 1387 3826 609 14001 4144 130 161 118 157 182 190 168 211 195 222 217 259 246 329 256 354 250 294 242 284 246 303 339 223 245 163 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1169 796 2014 1386 3769 492 14010 2145 65 88 59 65 71 92 96 108 121 126 138 158 169 227 194 264 206 225 212 230 216 249 300 183 211 135 139 97 88 63 56 45 1225 796 2024 1386 3744 516 14010 4145 74 102 70 89 106 115 120 164 156 189 187 225 218 288 248 317 256 272 247 275 255 292 353 212 248 153 159 109 101 72 65 51 1204 796 2034 1387 3727 516 14011 145 114 160 117 136 163 187 181 217 203 248 232 296 267 375 298 404 313 339 298 334 300 348 404 250 286 180 184 128 116 84 76 60 1173 796 2046 1387 3760 539 14011 2145 100 137 98 113 133 166 149 172 177 194 193 229 217 302 228 332 242 285 244 287 248 307 351 226 250 166 166 117 105 77 70 55 1196 796 1996 1386 3736 562 14011 4145 89 122 87 101 117 137 124 150 151 168 177 204 206 272 229 305 243 258 244 263 248 285 343 208 242 151 155 107 98 70 63 51 1207 796 2008 1386 3736 562 14012 145 88 113 92 113 137 152 158 181 192 197 227 239 279 305 292 346 284 296 271 303 272 321 368 233 256 170 170 123 108 81 71 58 1187 796 2019 1388 3727 539 14012 2145 108 149 119 138 165 208 198 220 232 256 251 297 284 375 306 405 309 352 302 351 309 368 421 268 302 193 195 137 125 90 82 64 1168 796 2030 1388 3752 562 14012 4145 133 166 122 164 197 202 171 222 196 244 233 275 271 354 297 396 309 339 306 341 313 366 428 268 302 192 196 137 124 91 82 65 1167 796 2041 1386 3760 562 14013 145 147 188 140 165 195 237 204 216 229 238 255 283 293 367 309 399 319 342 309 338 311 359 420 263 296 191 193 137 123 92 82 66 1160 796 2050 1387 3785 539 14013 2145 126 158 114 154 176 196 167 228 197 242 212 272 238 341 269 372 279 305 281 301 286 323 392 235 277 172 178 122 112 80 73 58 1182 796 1995 1387 3785 516 14013 4145 117 153 116 139 166 181 157 196 186 214 212 251 235 329 260 360 268 302 265 304 271 318 373 231 268 167 174 118 109 78 71 56 1187 796 2005 1386 3785 516 14014 145 88 115 78 92 107 124 121 128 148 158 175 202 200 268 212 295 216 244 218 245 224 267 314 197 225 144 147 103 93 68 61 48 1213 796 2015 1387 3785 516 14014 2145 100 130 96 113 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285 232 321 246 276 250 280 257 301 363 224 259 164 171 118 108 79 71 55 1189 796 2014 1388 3868 353 14016 4145 94 121 83 103 123 132 117 150 153 166 169 201 195 264 208 300 228 259 232 273 246 301 351 223 254 164 167 117 106 76 68 54 1201 795 2226 1386 3851 283 14017 146 113 202 161 142 149 228 178 192 184 191 186 214 214 292 236 317 242 271 246 279 257 303 362 227 260 166 169 119 108 78 70 55 1187 795 2231 1388 3868 260 14017 2146 82 112 81 90 101 125 113 129 127 143 148 170 175 240 199 281 217 244 224 253 236 278 334 208 237 153 156 109 99 71 63 50 1210 796 1969 1386 3868 237 14017 4146 136 181 116 129 154 178 143 164 163 187 179 218 215 283 236 315 245 267 245 276 252 299 352 222 250 163 165 118 105 77 69 54 1189 796 1978 1387 3876 214 14018 146 70 94 55 70 76 90 89 106 114 120 137 158 175 234 201 274 217 241 216 254 228 279 324 208 235 151 156 106 96 70 62 48 1215 796 1986 1386 3859 214 14018 2146 170 183 124 148 164 218 152 201 161 192 179 218 212 302 224 320 239 274 241 283 250 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64 51 1204 795 1996 1386 3826 214 14020 4146 113 142 97 122 138 132 95 122 111 135 135 166 164 237 191 278 208 237 211 246 224 268 321 198 231 146 153 104 95 68 61 48 1208 796 2005 1387 3818 191 14021 146 103 122 81 121 133 120 110 143 128 153 152 196 181 260 204 297 223 262 227 270 237 294 340 214 244 156 162 110 101 72 65 50 1204 794 2219 1386 3810 191 14021 2146 153 202 126 177 186 177 129 187 164 207 183 239 216 319 238 357 256 306 262 310 271 335 380 241 275 173 180 121 112 79 72 57 1182 796 1961 1385 3835 167 14021 4146 80 112 67 70 82 103 104 135 135 150 153 187 183 243 198 281 215 239 222 250 229 273 326 202 230 146 153 104 95 68 61 48 1208 795 1970 1386 3785 121 14022 146 112 160 113 141 151 172 133 165 160 183 179 207 210 273 215 309 227 257 225 260 233 282 329 211 238 157 157 112 101 73 65 52 1195 795 1980 1386 3793 144 14022 2146 87 111 67 91 102 98 96 122 127 135 149 174 177 237 198 278 210 238 215 246 226 267 326 197 232 144 152 102 95 67 60 47 1211 795 1989 1386 3769 121 14022 4146 93 125 77 89 96 113 103 107 118 121 137 162 170 229 186 266 199 226 202 235 210 256 300 191 216 142 145 100 93 66 59 46 1215 795 1998 1385 3777 98 14023 146 96 122 88 106 122 156 122 146 150 168 175 207 196 264 221 298 231 247 229 251 238 272 334 202 235 149 153 106 97 70 62 49 1204 794 2213 1386 3777 121 14023 2146 74 101 59 70 73 84 81 94 101 111 114 136 141 198 162 235 175 201 181 211 189 235 271 175 191 131 131 94 83 61 54 43 1226 795 1959 1385 3736 121 14023 4146 75 104 63 92 104 103 100 141 124 156 146 192 180 251 205 276 216 228 214 236 220 257 312 188 221 139 144 99 90 64 58 46 1215 795 1970 1385 3752 144 14100 146 87 113 74 83 98 110 100 113 117 123 129 150 146 217 178 250 197 210 202 216 211 237 297 175 207 129 136 93 85 60 55 43 1221 795 1983 1384 3760 121 14100 2146 111 149 99 109 122 146 118 141 144 166 162 186 183 246 196 273 200 224 196 226 204 247 290 183 206 137 137 98 89 65 58 47 1211 794 2200 1385 3777 144 14100 4146 65 94 55 69 76 92 92 111 123 132 137 160 160 213 172 244 181 200 185 204 189 223 271 167 192 125 130 89 82 59 53 42 1227 795 2002 1385 3752 144 14101 146 76 104 67 71 79 106 98 104 114 118 121 145 141 198 152 223 162 182 165 187 172 206 250 156 177 117 121 85 78 55 50 39 1232 794 2218 1386 3769 167 14101 2146 117 154 88 126 156 126 90 122 121 133 133 153 155 222 165 246 177 197 179 200 181 221 258 165 185 124 127 90 81 59 53 43 1223 795 1966 1385 3785 237 14101 4146 70 97 60 67 70 89 88 101 109 112 124 132 146 185 154 219 165 183 165 187 172 205 248 154 175 116 119 84 76 55 50 39 1237 795 1982 1387 3777 330 14102 146 102 136 89 107 117 106 81 115 95 123 113 157 139 210 155 236 167 188 169 193 178 211 256 158 181 117 122 86 79 56 51 40 1229 795 1999 1386 3802 376 14102 2146 88 124 87 89 103 136 113 122 129 128 145 150 164 218 178 242 186 192 183 196 186 214 265 160 188 120 125 87 79 57 51 41 1227 795 2016 1387 3793 446 14102 4147 88 116 70 76 83 104 99 112 122 125 138 158 154 213 163 237 171 195 172 199 177 215 252 162 179 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263 327 200 231 153 157 114 103 76 69 55 1199 786 1930 1382 3744 65309 14920 208 86 109 80 76 98 122 134 121 163 152 189 210 246 305 290 356 295 283 225 237 224 278 331 210 236 158 165 118 109 80 72 58 1188 786 1941 1381 3752 65332 14920 2208 62 93 52 60 67 91 87 102 114 143 144 203 202 289 252 336 253 274 206 240 201 276 316 207 233 159 165 117 110 80 73 58 1199 786 1951 1381 3744 65309 14920 4208 58 87 48 62 63 80 79 97 108 122 141 172 196 245 235 279 244 229 213 209 208 241 307 184 213 141 145 106 95 71 63 51 1205 786 1960 1383 3752 65309 14921 208 101 132 76 92 85 126 96 111 123 133 143 188 186 255 229 300 245 257 223 241 225 272 334 207 241 154 161 113 104 76 70 56 1192 786 1970 1380 3785 65309 14921 2208 132 143 89 166 163 133 107 128 131 144 167 189 197 270 242 310 257 255 237 246 245 274 347 201 244 153 161 112 103 75 68 54 1190 786 1918 1383 3802 65286 14921 4208 77 106 74 79 97 115 98 123 107 132 134 156 182 232 217 279 232 220 193 205 191 240 293 178 207 137 141 101 92 69 62 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124 96 86 70 1151 786 1970 1383 3810 28 15008 2209 97 151 74 86 120 138 106 129 138 157 169 216 230 305 266 366 274 298 228 259 222 293 339 223 245 170 173 129 115 89 78 64 1185 786 1980 1383 3752 28 15008 4209 85 139 85 115 160 134 112 194 147 214 186 254 246 334 296 389 298 314 256 271 255 312 376 232 264 178 180 131 119 89 79 64 1178 785 1990 1383 3744 5 15009 209 138 188 136 142 165 231 196 188 228 201 253 248 298 358 334 388 330 320 280 295 274 325 402 237 281 181 186 132 122 91 83 66 1161 784 2205 1383 3785 5 15009 2209 79 204 148 106 116 250 205 167 230 194 261 248 285 347 378 395 389 323 353 288 357 327 516 240 291 177 185 129 120 88 79 62 1165 786 1949 1382 3760 28 15009 4209 93 153 105 93 107 187 169 153 212 174 238 232 281 333 313 376 319 315 269 279 259 317 384 238 272 178 182 131 119 91 81 65 1172 786 1960 1383 3769 5 15010 209 109 154 103 108 124 194 138 145 183 189 204 235 251 335 288 382 299 315 256 274 260 317 383 240 271 178 183 132 120 90 80 65 1173 786 1970 1382 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101 136 149 115 155 157 190 186 244 240 340 290 396 301 327 260 290 258 325 390 245 281 182 188 133 124 92 82 65 1173 786 1980 1383 3835 5 15012 4210 90 136 96 89 118 162 146 164 182 200 210 250 261 339 303 391 313 320 275 296 280 336 408 250 291 185 192 134 124 91 83 65 1171 784 2193 1383 3843 65518 15013 210 93 145 106 107 136 200 171 190 188 232 217 265 260 336 301 383 304 316 268 306 272 342 395 257 283 192 190 141 126 97 84 68 1164 784 2201 1383 3851 65518 15013 2210 86 128 114 98 126 187 161 165 204 198 213 230 247 325 300 380 309 316 278 303 283 343 412 254 299 186 196 137 124 93 83 67 1169 786 1946 1383 3859 65494 15013 4210 77 98 92 78 105 162 135 136 166 179 188 211 240 292 284 343 295 289 281 285 281 323 398 244 279 181 187 132 119 90 79 64 1177 786 1955 1382 3851 65494 15014 210 90 120 92 90 121 141 139 158 169 182 208 234 262 340 315 392 319 329 271 305 269 345 415 265 296 200 203 145 132 97 87 69 1166 785 1964 1382 3859 65494 15014 2210 96 145 114 105 148 158 130 173 152 201 192 242 245 320 287 375 303 302 267 285 268 319 392 239 280 180 187 131 121 90 80 63 1172 786 1975 1382 3868 65471 15014 4210 81 141 119 78 108 186 158 125 172 177 193 228 253 326 301 383 303 312 257 277 260 322 385 240 275 184 186 136 125 94 84 67 1174 784 2188 1383 3859 65494 15015 210 112 154 134 102 131 202 189 142 205 203 221 251 271 357 339 405 327 334 276 308 280 343 410 259 315 193 212 140 135 95 87 68 1162 784 2197 1382 3876 65471 15015 2210 122 190 144 139 176 215 179 229 192 270 232 272 300 378 336 440 334 347 277 302 273 346 401 257 292 196 200 147 132 101 90 73 1151 786 1942 1383 3868 65448 15015 4210 146 172 115 140 184 151 135 217 194 252 235 280 298 370 337 430 334 345 279 299 278 335 411 249 297 188 199 139 130 96 86 69 1158 785 1952 1382 3876 65471 15016 210 107 164 136 95 111 168 169 160 175 191 204 224 254 334 313 382 305 309 253 274 254 321 376 243 274 187 189 138 124 95 84 68 1168 786 1963 1382 3843 65494 15016 2210 108 162 124 119 143 180 159 184 188 205 228 220 287 322 322 358 307 291 268 265 263 302 383 231 269 175 177 128 115 88 78 64 1165 786 1974 1382 3835 65494 15016 4210 124 188 100 128 139 132 119 160 140 197 173 226 244 329 287 380 292 304 257 279 256 324 386 244 280 185 190 135 126 94 84 67 1170 785 1985 1383 3826 65494 15017 210 142 197 107 100 151 152 127 177 155 226 192 243 248 332 294 385 296 319 251 276 251 314 373 234 267 178 182 134 122 93 82 66 1171 784 2199 1382 3835 65494 15017 2210 100 195 136 100 129 212 176 138 177 190 198 231 256 337 299 389 306 310 255 270 254 315 377 237 270 182 185 134 124 93 83 67 1167 785 1945 1381 3802 65494 15017 4210 144 201 134 121 175 188 155 192 170 234 213 253 268 334 298 392 309 315 266 286 263 322 381 243 273 186 190 137 125 95 83 67 1164 785 1955 1383 3810 65494 15018 210 116 179 126 102 140 237 158 156 181 198 211 249 280 350 339 400 325 311 264 275 260 310 383 236 272 180 186 134 122 91 81 67 1168 785 1966 1382 3785 65494 15018 2210 96 162 152 87 89 197 180 129 189 171 207 232 264 330 312 372 300 304 256 271 256 316 381 241 274 185 187 134 123 92 82 66 1172 785 1977 1383 3777 65518 15018 4210 125 157 113 110 134 153 148 200 167 204 203 255 257 347 314 392 305 316 267 282 267 319 383 241 277 185 189 135 123 93 83 67 1170 785 1988 1382 3785 65518 15019 210 124 217 166 124 126 199 153 168 175 179 201 240 270 334 327 371 323 303 279 276 269 315 397 238 285 180 190 132 123 90 82 65 1165 784 2203 1384 3785 65518 15019 2210 96 182 175 76 95 227 181 111 181 157 175 202 232 301 275 337 273 274 232 261 232 293 350 220 254 169 175 127 117 87 78 62 1182 785 1949 1383 3760 65518 15019 4210 125 175 117 112 122 165 144 158 155 178 184 215 223 306 275 347 283 289 251 266 257 302 370 229 266 173 178 127 117 88 78 63 1176 786 1960 1382 3769 5 15020 210 209 289 155 155 237 217 179 236 194 217 208 244 246 334 285 379 293 317 264 294 264 326 395 246 287 184 194 137 129 94 85 67 1158 785 1970 1382 3802 5 15020 2210 160 224 116 130 190 158 126 189 137 199 162 222 215 308 252 356 263 290 235 272 238 305 353 231 260 175 181 130 120 89 80 64 1176 785 1980 1383 3785 65518 15020 4211 119 261 171 101 118 195 147 135 155 163 161 202 211 294 245 324 255 271 233 254 234 287 350 215 257 164 173 123 115 85 76 62 1177 785 1990 1382 3785 65518 15021 211 122 201 154 118 139 183 124 127 144 156 162 191 209 279 250 325 259 267 231 246 235 284 347 215 247 163 169 122 113 84 75 61 1182 785 1938 1382 3785 65518 15021 2211 137 274 181 99 143 183 133 159 152 174 169 223 225 321 261 359 279 303 255 284 258 323 380 240 278 185 191 136 126 93 85 68 1169 785 1948 1382 3793 65494 15021 4211 160 376 189 126 167 238 186 171 202 199 207 250 261 349 287 387 298 320 269 298 275 330 402 251 294 188 198 140 130 97 88 71 1151 785 1957 1382 3818 65494 15022 211 147 234 144 90 133 226 162 149 169 178 186 226 242 315 272 365 287 310 267 291 272 324 393 242 283 183 190 134 123 91 82 66 1168 785 1967 1382 3818 65494 15022 2211 160 255 166 119 179 239 188 181 196 192 219 244 283 350 304 384 318 335 289 316 297 355 426 267 309 200 204 145 133 100 90 73 1152 785 1977 1382 3835 65494 15022 4211 137 260 192 112 172 312 225 157 230 198 258 262 320 366 339 408 336 361 309 371 328 388 447 289 350 216 220 156 142 109 96 77 1140 786 1987 1382 3835 65494 15023 211 120 265 197 108 156 330 221 165 218 201 230 258 280 374 326 424 347 371 325 356 331 394 478 292 350 217 230 158 147 106 98 77 1138 786 1935 1382 3843 65494 15023 2211 131 285 233 143 200 333 202 151 208 179 193 249 263 358 295 395 303 332 279 318 291 362 429 271 320 202 215 148 141 102 94 74 1149 785 1945 1382 3859 65471 15023 4211 122 278 204 100 141 322 206 154 203 179 197 229 255 334 295 363 309 309 283 294 288 330 413 253 296 192 202 143 130 99 88 71 1154 785 1954 1382 3868 65471 15100 211 144 263 179 104 142 277 201 152 208 186 212 251 259 347 296 389 308 328 282 315 294 349 426 268 308 202 208 150 137 101 91 73 1151 785 1964 1383 3876 65471 15100 2211 167 307 216 119 155 308 229 181 223 213 237 255 294 385 339 426 358 365 314 342 318 380 448 287 326 216 215 157 141 107 95 77 1137 785 1974 1383 3900 65448 15100 4211 146 298 155 177 205 227 200 178 208 196 242 275 288 370 332 408 332 349 310 335 317 372 447 280 326 208 212 153 141 107 95 77 1138 785 1985 1383 3892 65448 15101 211 112 249 161 91 103 239 159 131 172 166 204 225 270 330 306 374 322 320 286 299 287 344 419 257 295 192 201 142 132 98 87 69 1161 785 1933 1382 3892 65471 15101 2211 140 228 113 144 178 156 140 146 142 164 174 226 221 315 258 375 282 321 261 302 269 341 388 266 284 202 197 150 133 103 89 73 1163 785 1945 1382 3900 65471 15101 4211 134 245 194 94 105 250 167 144 163 166 193 225 249 330 288 363 297 312 276 306 272 343 401 265 296 198 205 147 135 100 90 72 1161 785 1956 1381 3892 65471 15102 211 189 253 134 139 187 194 155 159 166 172 188 219 249 310 279 355 279 307 267 298 276 339 403 263 294 197 199 144 132 100 89 73 1158 785 1966 1382 3933 65494 15102 2211 156 350 177 181 198 200 195 165 199 178 185 242 262 348 285 385 300 327 277 310 283 350 410 266 303 202 206 148 137 101 91 72 1154 785 1977 1383 3917 65471 15102 4211 151 307 190 72 85 250 175 104 160 133 173 202 228 296 267 324 274 284 258 283 263 319 383 246 282 191 192 140 128 98 86 70 1166 785 1987 1382 3909 65471 15103 211 181 344 177 107 129 220 215 132 212 185 217 241 267 341 304 381 318 326 297 325 296 359 426 270 309 203 209 150 138 105 92 74 1147 785 1935 1382 3925 65471 15103 2211 207 220 134 178 185 211 161 163 169 186 198 234 242 331 280 375 290 327 274 322 283 355 413 267 309 201 207 148 136 101 91 73 1153 785 1945 1382 3933 65471 15103 4211 141 259 149 135 153 221 162 150 167 175 202 228 254 336 297 379 307 319 283 304 289 342 416 259 297 196 200 144 132 99 88 71 1156 785 1957 1383 3892 65518 15104 211 141 176 122 180 175 170 135 193 160 206 199 255 259 356 319 431 328 347 287 313 292 358 428 269 313 203 212 149 140 103 93 74 1153 785 1968 1381 3884 65494 15104 2211 134 250 137 151 168 201 161 194 181 201 205 250 257 347 305 394 310 324 272 299 278 342 402 258 296 194 200 144 132 99 88 70 1158 785 1980 1382 3876 65518 15104 4211 128 229 179 93 123 256 162 135 176 170 197 235 261 331 299 375 301 311 268 291 277 338 399 255 290 193 196 143 128 98 88 70 1163 785 1992 1381 3868 28 15105 211 96 166 116 124 152 217 180 147 196 178 208 236 262 335 304 387 301 322 271 314 279 353 403 268 299 200 203 147 134 101 90 72 1165 785 1942 1382 3835 28 15105 2211 191 238 136 198 195 230 177 179 171 199 193 239 244 347 281 392 302 331 268 315 273 353 402 268 299 203 204 148 135 101 89 72 1155 785 1956 1383 3868 51 15105 4211 138 190 127 136 155 203 191 156 193 173 210 233 263 329 306 372 317 324 293 313 299 348 427 266 304 198 201 145 131 99 87 70 1158 785 1968 1383 3843 51 15106 211 138 236 150 134 180 233 178 180 191 208 207 250 254 355 287 387 297 332 279 319 289 357 423 275 312 206 211 151 138 104 92 74 1153 785 1979 1382 3826 74 15106 2212 132 138 93 171 194 141 123 216 154 214 189 240 244 346 296 396 307 337 285 331 304 370 427 286 322 215 215 156 141 107 94 75 1158 785 1991 1382 3810 74 15106 4212 194 227 198 165 262 258 186 220 176 250 192 280 256 356 284 420 302 350 275 336 290 382 421 289 319 218 224 162 148 111 99 79 1148 785 2003 1383 3835 98 15107 212 122 126 96 158 204 136 137 190 166 204 191 227 240 315 281 368 306 313 295 311 308 363 443 262 319 196 210 143 134 97 88 69 1163 785 1951 1383 3802 98 15107 2212 167 110 86 182 201 183 157 184 171 214 195 266 252 356 299 406 324 339 298 323 309 364 449 277 327 209 219 153 140 104 93 73 1152 785 1963 1384 3810 98 15107 4212 107 136 104 129 134 218 157 171 191 213 204 252 270 324 309 387 336 325 302 316 311 359 452 269 327 200 213 146 137 100 91 71 1156 785 1973 1384 3769 121 15108 212 163 161 108 195 217 167 173 194 173 200 193 243 245 334 281 381 311 327 290 307 300 346 433 262 312 198 207 144 135 99 89 71 1155 785 1984 1383 3785 98 15108 2212 113 163 128 102 117 208 142 164 158 204 178 242 231 335 281 378 302 332 267 324 277 358 404 277 306 209 215 156 142 107 95 76 1162 785 1994 1383 3769 98 15108 4212 130 233 188 126 155 250 193 144 199 176 202 231 239 328 277 368 304 317 283 309 292 345 420 263 308 198 206 145 134 99 89 72 1160 783 2209 1383 3769 98 15109 212 311 275 198 153 191 292 235 189 242 197 235 250 263 371 303 394 316 340 290 318 300 358 430 275 320 207 216 153 141 105 95 76 1127 785 1952 1384 3843 98 15109 2212 127 250 207 127 151 234 194 147 222 189 230 236 261 354 303 392 324 335 295 317 302 352 430 262 312 198 207 146 134 100 90 72 1154 785 1962 1383 3777 98 15109 4212 143 236 205 158 187 307 225 183 238 220 228 260 293 380 322 421 323 359 297 340 306 375 443 283 331 211 222 154 145 106 96 76 1143 785 1972 1384 3777 98 15110 212 110 203 162 96 134 210 173 171 212 217 233 241 271 344 300 391 306 334 268 302 269 335 391 254 288 195 196 142 129 97 86 70 1163 785 1982 1383 3777 74 15110 2212 106 163 146 119 146 291 205 202 213 242 246 287 304 384 341 410 331 344 296 327 299 360 422 271 307 204 207 149 136 103 92 73 1149 785 1991 1383 3777 74 15110 4212 103 189 161 116 164 198 175 170 209 201 219 229 258 333 297 377 288 307 256 285 264 324 385 243 276 184 190 138 125 95 85 68 1166 785 2001 1384 3785 51 15111 212 110 203 115 138 203 172 144 180 165 238 206 260 239 347 279 389 284 307 250 287 247 311 365 234 271 180 184 132 121 91 82 66 1170 785 1949 1383 3793 51 15111 2212 112 220 160 108 139 214 151 158 165 184 181 218 224 318 263 345 266 275 231 258 239 291 351 213 255 164 175 123 115 85 76 62 1177 785 1958 1383 3802 28 15111 4212 114 245 187 114 165 256 196 154 206 180 209 228 237 326 254 344 260 286 234 270 244 301 350 231 257 176 178 129 117 89 79 65 1171 785 1968 1384 3810 28 15112 212 117 230 177 124 170 211 184 141 194 170 214 215 239 320 269 339 271 284 237 252 239 284 347 207 252 157 171 118 113 81 75 59 1177 785 1978 1383 3818 51 15112 2212 110 193 130 99 138 161 134 153 146 180 170 218 207 299 222 332 238 272 214 259 218 289 323 215 241 164 168 122 113 84 77 62 1187 785 1988 1382 3826 51 15112 4212 91 130 84 55 71 123 118 96 123 121 152 169 195 246 224 279 230 228 207 210 208 243 299 184 214 140 148 107 98 74 66 53 1204 784 2203 1384 3835 28 15113 212 87 117 79 65 74 97 92 106 116 129 143 171 179 245 206 284 217 239 196 225 199 258 302 194 222 148 153 109 101 75 67 53 1206 785 1948 1382 3843 28 15113 2212 92 124 84 77 95 120 100 116 116 139 148 182 177 256 211 299 222 244 201 229 201 257 303 193 228 147 158 110 103 74 68 53 1202 785 1959 1383 3851 51 15113 4212 88 126 93 75 86 186 144 132 152 150 177 177 209 254 234 290 234 233 207 218 204 248 306 191 226 146 153 110 101 74 66 53 1205 785 1970 1382 3851 74 15114 212 80 103 59 84 85 95 86 107 110 124 135 166 172 235 212 274 220 225 204 217 206 245 303 186 217 142 150 106 99 71 64 51 1208 785 1982 1383 3859 74 15114 2212 103 127 71 109 140 103 83 140 111 167 136 194 175 272 218 315 232 252 219 240 221 266 324 199 236 150 161 111 104 76 68 54 1198 784 2196 1383 3868 51 15114 4212 137 170 137 143 147 232 184 159 184 189 192 253 235 330 266 362 261 281 231 269 237 298 349 225 260 169 180 126 117 88 80 64 1172 785 1999 1383 3884 51 15115 212 181 259 157 148 169 189 112 166 143 178 185 225 218 315 251 348 252 277 235 250 239 284 342 212 250 161 169 120 111 81 75 59 1173 785 1948 1383 3900 51 15115 2212 140 165 83 180 207 142 119 177 137 178 164 223 205 305 233 347 244 275 222 250 229 286 337 215 247 163 171 122 113 83 76 61 1182 785 1959 1381 3884 51 15115 4212 93 142 106 81 94 159 135 134 144 166 180 213 210 286 240 322 249 260 226 245 304 282 340 219 252 163 170 121 114 83 76 60 1186 785 1970 1383 3859 74 15116 213 136 145 72 115 157 126 113 138 151 174 173 220 216 300 250 338 258 281 237 264 262 301 358 228 266 173 180 128 117 87 78 63 1182 785 1982 1383 3876 98 15116 2213 89 140 99 76 87 145 123 132 147 172 185 222 235 304 268 343 273 291 250 286 255 317 370 238 275 181 186 131 122 88 80 64 1180 783 2201 1385 3843 98 15116 4213 94 128 81 82 89 133 122 124 150 152 184 202 226 284 259 326 268 283 251 278 261 310 377 235 276 177 185 129 120 88 78 62 1182 784 2212 1384 3835 121 15117 213 102 142 93 109 108 147 125 138 156 178 182 216 215 292 252 329 267 285 256 285 261 316 380 243 281 182 190 134 123 91 82 64 1178 785 1956 1382 3843 144 15117 2213 97 190 126 81 100 176 141 136 154 169 178 221 217 312 254 352 272 304 252 302 262 331 383 257 291 193 202 142 130 95 87 68 1174 785 1967 1384 3826 121 15117 4213 95 136 88 74 84 132 118 138 139 176 173 220 224 289 252 341 269 296 263 300 270 329 395 252 292 189 197 139 127 93 84 66 1179 785 1979 1384 3810 144 15118 213 131 169 103 155 177 195 175 183 205 207 216 242 250 335 282 380 292 324 283 314 287 345 409 267 300 202 203 149 134 101 90 73 1157 785 1990 1383 3826 144 15118 2213 116 192 135 103 131 195 148 161 163 185 193 229 247 294 268 344 289 301 279 311 288 340 408 260 294 196 198 144 129 98 86 69 1165 785 2001 1384 3810 167 15118 4213 106 137 76 101 110 130 120 137 156 172 186 225 233 309 266 357 285 317 273 317 280 348 407 270 306 205 209 151 137 102 92 73 1170 783 2218 1385 3802 144 15119 213 92 165 127 94 110 160 147 168 160 209 192 245 234 318 254 356 273 320 268 322 279 356 407 274 314 206 214 154 140 105 93 74 1169 785 1961 1384 3785 167 15119 2213 152 185 79 164 194 155 150 162 167 192 204 233 241 319 271 370 315 323 290 321 286 349 409 272 299 207 205 154 136 107 91 75 1157 785 1972 1384 3802 167 15119 4213 88 167 117 77 90 166 156 142 180 174 219 227 252 316 275 368 304 341 301 343 305 374 434 288 325 214 217 156 141 105 93 74 1165 785 1984 1383 3769 191 15120 213 162 184 112 83 120 145 133 154 137 170 175 206 215 292 267 349 295 319 297 320 310 353 438 273 317 206 208 150 135 102 90 72 1159 785 1994 1385 3793 191 15120 2213 92 155 116 89 104 162 140 149 153 178 187 220 222 302 263 339 291 299 287 304 287 335 403 257 287 196 196 146 132 101 89 72 1167 785 2005 1384 3769 167 15120 4213 70 97 61 83 101 101 91 137 119 188 149 224 206 290 251 348 280 322 285 328 302 356 426 270 313 204 211 151 137 101 90 72 1176 783 2222 1385 3760 191 15121 213 73 92 71 70 86 109 121 137 146 182 185 228 235 297 279 353 303 319 308 320 316 360 446 274 328 205 216 150 138 102 91 71 1173 785 1965 1385 3760 191 15121 2213 74 99 62 80 96 116 103 131 127 165 163 218 206 286 254 352 277 323 278 326 294 361 416 277 322 208 223 153 143 104 93 72 1176 785 1975 1383 3760 191 15121 4213 165 266 165 73 87 187 111 119 145 164 174 195 224 295 265 338 292 312 296 320 301 353 430 277 324 214 221 161 147 111 100 79 1162 785 1986 1385 3802 191 15122 213 70 128 76 72 83 109 107 130 139 157 171 209 212 280 250 341 281 319 283 324 296 352 425 271 320 203 216 150 139 101 91 71 1175 785 1996 1384 3769 214 15122 2213 72 105 78 73 88 111 112 129 137 158 171 198 203 260 250 324 275 287 284 299 296 325 422 250 307 191 201 141 130 96 85 67 1178 785 2007 1384 3777 191 15122 4213 65 98 66 68 72 91 91 108 119 134 148 179 203 253 263 308 288 280 292 287 302 315 420 244 298 185 196 136 126 93 83 65 1183 783 2224 1386 3777 191 15123 213 59 114 78 71 79 107 114 116 139 154 162 194 201 266 234 314 260 281 264 284 277 312 390 241 283 183 190 138 125 96 83 66 1181 785 1966 1384 3785 191 15123 2213 73 101 67 70 78 89 102 115 124 143 152 185 204 264 249 317 271 286 277 290 284 317 403 244 295 186 196 137 128 93 84 65 1185 785 1977 1384 3793 191 15123 4213 124 351 246 107 136 279 244 155 242 205 241 252 282 338 285 359 307 320 298 322 303 348 419 268 302 203 208 153 140 108 94 76 1146 785 1987 1383 3843 167 15200 213 72 113 84 73 78 115 115 122 134 137 154 178 195 260 228 322 242 289 242 295 255 323 369 251 274 194 193 145 131 99 88 70 1187 785 1998 1385 3826 191 15200 2213 63 110 76 70 80 102 97 101 115 124 144 170 175 246 204 283 225 251 228 261 237 285 348 221 256 169 176 128 117 87 77 62 1196 785 2008 1385 3818 191 15200 4213 70 115 76 75 77 104 105 99 134 128 164 171 202 239 226 283 241 252 240 269 247 289 358 225 263 172 180 129 118 87 78 62 1195 783 2225 1384 3843 191 15201 213 70 109 73 88 101 118 118 135 141 144 170 182 211 262 236 311 246 274 240 289 243 314 364 241 272 186 189 141 125 97 85 68 1185 785 1967 1384 3843 214 15201 2213 93 151 98 108 128 133 114 140 134 171 158 227 200 296 235 327 265 292 266 298 277 323 399 245 291 184 196 138 129 93 84 66 1178 785 1978 1385 3859 191 15201 4214 78 126 78 91 105 113 99 133 127 166 159 220 203 299 254 359 286 331 283 328 291 346 414 265 306 203 209 150 139 103 92 73 1173 785 1988 1385 3859 191 15202 214 70 123 78 83 104 117 108 143 130 171 162 224 214 307 269 363 301 326 300 325 309 344 434 264 311 199 206 146 135 99 88 70 1171 785 1998 1385 3859 191 15202 2214 61 107 63 71 72 89 93 110 129 143 165 185 214 265 253 328 273 303 271 311 280 341 399 265 292 203 201 152 134 104 90 73 1178 785 2008 1384 3859 191 15202 4214 76 106 67 84 97 107 102 138 139 176 178 223 225 299 259 353 287 333 288 341 298 369 422 287 315 217 215 161 144 110 96 77 1168 783 2225 1385 3868 214 15203 214 90 120 89 89 121 137 126 148 155 209 189 234 223 308 259 369 295 327 291 331 299 355 426 275 321 207 216 153 140 104 93 74 1166 785 1968 1384 3876 237 15203 2214 82 123 85 91 105 151 132 132 149 171 187 212 236 291 257 346 284 322 287 318 284 347 402 267 295 202 203 151 136 103 91 74 1169 784 1980 1384 3876 237 15203 4214 82 139 98 94 111 165 151 136 166 157 171 208 218 286 251 337 286 305 286 306 288 334 406 257 300 196 202 147 133 100 89 71 1172 785 1992 1385 3868 237 15204 214 103 116 78 97 119 140 175 164 167 213 195 251 233 312 262 364 293 326 280 324 283 340 399 262 298 201 204 151 137 105 93 76 1168 785 2004 1385 3868 237 15204 2214 74 120 78 89 106 132 132 135 155 161 188 202 224 272 244 325 274 298 270 295 273 322 387 251 286 191 195 144 130 99 88 71 1179 785 2014 1385 3851 260 15204 4214 62 108 64 86 109 125 117 142 143 166 178 205 223 285 263 337 283 307 283 298 286 320 404 248 295 188 196 139 128 96 86 69 1178 783 2232 1385 3843 283 15205 214 85 117 79 104 116 126 117 127 128 141 170 195 206 269 238 323 268 289 271 293 277 314 388 245 285 185 192 138 127 95 85 68 1181 785 1975 1385 3843 283 15205 2214 134 181 80 103 109 154 147 154 166 175 197 209 234 286 260 334 286 304 282 299 282 319 393 248 291 191 197 141 129 96 87 70 1169 785 1987 1386 3859 307 15205 4214 82 112 75 93 118 133 134 152 154 174 189 221 208 287 229 333 253 292 252 291 262 314 366 242 273 187 190 141 129 96 87 69 1181 784 1999 1385 3826 307 15206 214 106 136 94 127 143 144 130 150 150 180 176 220 209 290 240 338 258 299 265 294 268 318 381 247 292 186 198 139 130 97 86 69 1179 785 2011 1386 3826 330 15206 2214 77 120 84 101 126 141 125 186 147 172 182 217 214 291 237 339 255 298 253 292 261 320 370 244 285 187 193 140 129 97 87 69 1180 785 2022 1385 3810 330 15206 4214 82 110 72 76 99 154 132 124 152 154 181 194 227 278 258 320 273 295 273 295 277 314 390 242 288 183 195 137 128 94 86 68 1181 783 2241 1386 3793 330 15207 214 90 132 84 113 118 178 165 152 150 171 176 216 209 291 245 341 271 300 276 303 276 332 384 251 296 193 202 147 135 99 89 71 1176 785 1983 1385 3793 353 15207 2214 84 173 111 100 116 228 195 144 209 155 216 211 241 291 269 330 279 296 277 295 278 317 390 246 288 187 195 140 129 98 87 69 1173 785 1995 1384 3777 376 15207 4214 90 124 75 101 102 158 143 136 173 155 191 205 219 269 249 318 271 288 271 291 276 320 388 246 285 186 192 138 127 95 85 68 1183 785 2007 1386 3777 376 15208 214 99 122 74 94 88 139 124 124 141 152 158 193 198 261 231 305 260 280 262 275 263 301 370 238 275 181 189 134 126 92 84 66 1184 785 2018 1385 3760 376 15208 2214 74 136 74 110 96 121 111 132 136 180 158 218 201 279 245 327 275 304 276 300 278 320 382 248 287 188 195 141 130 96 87 68 1181 785 2029 1386 3752 400 15208 4214 179 205 125 96 133 285 302 201 265 238 284 256 295 349 323 376 324 333 314 352 312 394 436 276 316 220 220 162 149 116 103 84 1138 783 2249 1387 3785 400 15209 214 81 140 80 82 84 188 159 122 193 149 187 208 218 271 257 311 272 281 271 282 274 303 376 239 277 181 186 136 123 95 83 66 1182 785 1989 1385 3744 400 15209 2214 276 168 123 200 225 180 156 158 157 178 167 238 220 312 238 350 256 316 262 311 269 332 387 260 299 197 209 146 138 101 92 73 1169 785 2000 1386 3835 376 15209 4214 86 138 84 102 119 138 122 144 135 157 159 207 203 284 221 325 243 296 249 304 251 318 354 249 274 192 194 144 131 99 89 72 1183 785 2010 1386 3744 400 15210 214 101 155 102 112 123 159 128 150 149 186 163 220 219 288 234 330 260 302 261 297 265 312 374 242 281 183 191 136 126 94 86 69 1179 783 2229 1386 3744 376 15210 2214 80 158 87 101 133 153 166 140 163 183 196 230 237 291 250 335 276 302 270 297 270 313 378 243 283 183 193 136 127 95 86 68 1178 785 2028 1386 3752 376 15210 4214 95 151 86 131 153 146 178 147 199 188 215 236 266 310 294 361 316 322 306 316 300 333 410 256 299 190 200 140 130 97 87 69 1168 783 2245 1386 3760 376 15211 214 97 213 149 117 137 266 220 154 225 198 226 259 277 325 275 360 301 316 291 313 291 330 405 250 302 189 200 141 132 99 89 72 1164 785 1984 1385 3760 353 15211 2214 82 176 122 98 113 208 219 138 246 187 228 241 276 306 278 357 298 323 301 318 293 335 407 257 298 190 202 141 133 97 89 71 1167 784 1994 1384 3760 330 15211 4215 100 160 98 116 143 145 132 182 152 221 165 234 204 306 232 354 251 305 253 304 253 318 357 244 271 184 188 138 126 95 85 69 1179 785 2003 1385 3777 330 15212 215 108 148 101 117 127 150 162 153 167 190 176 229 214 284 231 334 256 294 262 295 261 312 371 235 278 177 188 133 125 91 83 66 1179 785 2014 1385 3793 330 15212 2215 126 177 105 132 160 156 179 177 188 206 199 240 242 303 249 354 267 304 268 292 268 315 376 241 278 180 187 136 124 94 84 68 1173 785 2023 1387 3810 330 15212 4215 113 176 107 122 137 159 163 154 189 183 188 221 213 299 232 346 258 313 261 304 265 326 373 250 282 186 193 138 128 95 86 68 1176 783 2240 1385 3802 307 15213 215 121 199 136 133 149 214 189 187 219 212 219 259 232 316 246 353 269 312 270 297 269 315 379 240 284 178 189 135 125 94 84 67 1171 785 1981 1385 3826 330 15213 2215 128 198 121 115 139 191 189 167 207 181 211 231 237 302 247 339 276 298 275 295 278 308 383 235 276 176 185 132 122 90 81 65 1173 784 1991 1385 3826 307 15213 4215 134 210 140 136 165 226 205 187 204 192 208 247 222 318 244 346 271 301 275 303 275 320 382 243 282 183 190 138 125 96 85 68 1169 784 2002 1385 3843 307 15214 215 136 187 116 107 126 206 176 160 187 175 187 243 223 325 244 352 274 304 277 296 279 317 382 237 282 182 192 135 127 94 84 67 1176 785 2013 1386 3851 330 15214 2215 96 173 125 82 95 237 166 145 167 172 186 223 200 290 233 333 257 294 258 296 259 316 370 243 279 185 193 139 127 95 86 68 1178 785 2023 1386 3843 330 15214 4215 126 189 137 97 117 214 173 168 182 185 198 236 224 313 252 344 266 303 274 296 278 320 393 242 289 179 192 136 125 93 84 66 1172 783 2239 1386 3851 307 15215 215 97 181 126 112 111 214 183 125 178 163 204 208 230 285 270 331 285 292 278 295 280 311 391 234 282 177 187 132 122 90 81 65 1174 785 1981 1386 3843 330 15215 2215 120 157 106 131 185 179 184 214 204 256 241 286 262 326 267 367 281 318 273 306 277 326 384 249 291 189 195 139 129 97 87 70 1166 785 1992 1386 3868 307 15215 4215 128 201 175 136 184 241 233 215 237 253 256 267 276 351 286 374 287 315 279 311 286 340 396 253 287 192 193 145 130 99 88 72 1154 785 2003 1386 3868 330 15216 215 151 234 110 122 159 208 175 190 212 208 227 248 270 331 283 368 289 314 281 310 287 333 400 255 293 192 195 141 128 98 86 70 1160 784 2014 1385 3868 330 15216 2215 172 211 206 208 273 217 205 206 216 247 221 295 273 366 282 392 292 343 285 333 282 342 393 260 290 193 198 144 132 100 88 71 1155 783 2232 1386 3884 353 15216 4215 155 285 163 132 167 294 225 187 219 226 252 249 285 343 296 369 300 315 291 310 295 330 401 250 291 185 193 139 126 96 86 69 1155 783 2243 1386 3876 353 15217 215 175 339 203 147 183 288 214 196 256 229 248 270 308 357 299 387 302 333 288 321 296 348 402 262 298 197 202 147 134 103 91 74 1147 784 1984 1386 3868 330 15217 2215 248 352 213 216 231 301 225 209 250 232 257 283 291 374 305 381 305 334 297 326 299 345 410 262 300 196 201 146 134 101 91 74 1135 784 1995 1385 3892 353 15217 4215 199 295 133 169 161 182 168 189 193 205 205 244 246 334 276 378 292 328 286 323 295 345 405 261 295 195 199 147 132 100 88 71 1157 784 2006 1387 3876 376 15218 215 126 214 141 123 120 186 163 166 203 201 215 261 257 341 289 377 298 335 290 327 296 348 410 263 303 194 201 144 132 98 88 70 1165 783 2226 1386 3835 376 15218 2215 132 221 153 147 137 217 196 175 216 219 247 266 262 338 276 362 294 317 281 306 291 329 401 252 292 187 196 140 129 96 86 69 1160 784 2028 1386 3835 400 15218 4215 120 194 154 92 115 276 196 176 191 203 227 247 249 328 271 358 296 325 296 318 301 338 410 253 294 189 197 141 129 97 87 69 1165 783 2246 1385 3818 400 15219 215 115 298 167 100 127 179 165 168 192 202 221 259 253 335 257 360 278 325 271 309 272 334 378 250 282 192 193 142 129 99 86 71 1169 784 1988 1385 3818 423 15219 2215 198 295 133 116 144 191 157 163 193 190 212 236 231 320 250 339 269 292 264 287 269 314 377 235 279 180 186 136 124 93 83 68 1167 784 1999 1386 3843 400 15219 4215 153 300 161 119 137 194 169 192 202 213 207 249 249 327 263 353 283 303 278 292 272 312 373 238 275 183 188 137 125 96 84 69 1168 784 2011 1386 3818 423 15220 215 178 202 116 132 162 166 151 166 184 206 193 258 253 341 275 365 298 316 280 309 280 319 394 241 288 185 189 135 125 95 84 67 1170 783 2232 1386 3810 446 15220 2215 175 264 111 110 135 170 141 166 177 209 199 265 229 330 247 361 266 314 260 313 267 326 377 250 283 187 197 139 129 98 86 69 1170 784 2033 1385 3810 446 15220 4215 129 258 183 99 112 168 178 150 193 177 213 227 245 306 264 330 279 286 263 287 262 310 367 240 273 182 184 136 123 95 84 68 1175 783 2253 1386 3785 469 15221 215 141 278 173 110 122 172 156 156 191 192 210 246 230 320 249 360 279 311 268 308 267 322 375 246 284 186 193 139 128 94 85 67 1174 784 1994 1386 3793 469 15221 2216 184 305 163 144 180 215 177 209 222 255 208 294 251 354 270 380 291 331 279 311 276 327 385 247 287 187 192 139 129 97 86 71 1159 784 2005 1385 3810 492 15221 4216 125 273 160 111 133 178 137 177 182 205 204 247 229 319 251 349 274 306 272 292 273 316 381 239 284 178 188 133 125 91 81 66 1177 785 2016 1385 3777 492 15222 216 136 280 162 136 153 175 141 187 168 197 185 248 218 330 246 351 267 300 259 290 264 309 373 235 282 180 190 133 124 90 82 64 1177 784 2027 1386 3785 492 15222 2216 140 283 161 122 144 199 149 177 168 196 194 242 220 316 257 337 275 290 262 279 257 298 357 230 263 174 182 132 119 88 79 63 1178 783 2248 1386 3785 516 15222 4216 145 280 134 108 135 202 163 182 185 213 176 259 218 337 246 357 269 297 253 285 256 304 362 232 266 179 184 130 122 89 80 64 1178 783 2259 1387 3793 492 15223 216 138 301 180 110 136 203 161 180 212 191 213 250 232 327 251 341 262 306 248 287 251 309 355 236 263 179 182 134 122 94 84 68 1171 784 1998 1385 3793 492 15223 2216 193 295 132 128 143 204 168 147 209 164 205 218 227 311 238 328 269 287 257 285 253 302 359 232 265 177 183 133 120 91 81 66 1175 784 2009 1384 3826 516 15223 4216 136 258 128 76 107 216 163 160 172 184 194 219 236 304 235 314 254 274 239 272 243 291 344 225 250 172 174 129 115 88 78 63 1180 784 2019 1386 3818 492 15300 216 187 255 162 134 143 216 154 169 183 214 214 231 231 318 241 339 253 294 247 287 251 307 364 234 278 180 191 133 127 92 84 66 1171 784 2030 1385 3851 516 15300 2216 159 276 143 100 101 208 169 165 201 186 216 232 252 324 273 350 285 312 276 314 278 327 388 251 289 188 195 139 127 95 85 68 1167 783 2249 1387 3843 492 15300 4216 142 255 110 128 141 182 199 171 188 203 199 245 238 340 272 369 297 338 279 324 284 347 399 263 295 197 202 147 134 101 90 72 1162 783 2258 1386 3843 469 15301 216 148 262 145 146 140 187 181 184 221 210 233 252 257 340 293 370 307 335 302 331 297 349 417 271 311 204 211 148 137 102 91 73 1158 784 1995 1386 3851 469 15301 2216 114 159 85 82 89 174 149 136 156 163 187 213 227 297 246 334 267 315 269 310 275 327 385 251 293 190 198 138 129 93 84 65 1183 784 2005 1386 3843 446 15301 4216 129 177 102 107 117 193 175 166 184 192 194 241 243 330 262 369 277 334 273 327 273 349 397 270 300 200 205 149 135 103 91 74 1168 784 2015 1385 3859 446 15302 216 142 178 98 124 157 163 144 196 176 228 206 285 248 363 275 393 303 347 298 343 292 362 418 281 319 210 214 157 142 106 94 76 1156 784 2025 1385 3859 423 15302 2216 114 166 99 105 128 166 159 186 195 214 221 274 268 355 297 399 330 359 328 349 333 376 460 284 338 213 222 156 142 106 94 75 1153 784 2034 1385 3859 423 15302 4216 117 158 94 112 150 175 150 182 182 212 211 265 242 333 268 363 290 328 284 325 292 347 410 271 303 206 207 152 137 105 92 74 1159 783 2252 1386 3868 423 15303 216 152 171 116 121 149 181 162 194 198 237 212 282 261 345 288 382 312 344 308 344 312 362 435 277 316 206 210 151 140 104 94 74 1150 784 1992 1385 3884 423 15303 2216 78 108 83 102 115 164 164 178 197 215 218 253 258 326 279 372 291 345 298 345 297 368 424 280 316 209 214 156 141 106 95 76 1164 784 2003 1386 3843 446 15303 4216 81 112 99 113 121 185 180 180 214 217 250 275 272 347 293 385 320 352 317 348 321 370 449 282 328 212 216 156 142 105 94 75 1159 784 2013 1387 3851 446 15304 216 92 112 90 107 128 155 150 173 170 241 218 279 253 340 289 379 308 353 303 357 306 373 437 288 330 214 222 159 147 108 97 76 1160 784 2025 1385 3868 446 15304 2216 86 120 104 118 122 191 187 182 232 243 260 282 296 350 300 378 321 355 312 354 313 375 440 284 322 213 218 160 144 110 97 77 1156 784 2035 1385 3859 446 15304 4216 86 117 97 115 122 161 155 180 178 222 214 253 239 314 269 354 292 336 290 338 301 355 429 275 319 206 214 153 140 104 93 74 1164 783 2255 1386 3859 446 15305 216 96 118 99 103 148 148 154 182 187 231 212 251 255 323 265 360 295 331 298 326 299 347 424 265 311 201 209 150 136 103 92 74 1164 784 1996 1386 3851 446 15305 2216 97 145 101 126 158 222 204 189 209 242 237 293 276 356 291 395 311 366 305 358 313 381 445 287 332 217 224 160 146 109 97 76 1154 784 2007 1385 3843 469 15305 4216 83 114 91 94 132 202 177 170 207 203 226 264 270 326 286 373 313 346 312 345 315 363 441 277 323 207 214 155 141 105 94 75 1160 784 2019 1387 3843 469 15306 216 109 152 102 120 127 196 206 180 252 226 271 289 304 337 310 385 334 348 325 346 322 360 440 281 322 215 216 157 143 107 95 76 1155 784 2031 1385 3835 469 15306 2216 96 126 101 97 128 187 203 154 227 192 227 261 256 319 276 361 304 330 301 331 301 349 428 265 315 201 209 151 137 104 92 73 1162 784 2042 1386 3826 469 15306 4216 89 127 117 109 138 234 220 167 248 197 271 258 278 326 283 362 302 341 296 337 293 359 421 279 315 214 216 157 143 108 95 76 1161 784 1990 1385 3818 492 15307 217 84 137 110 159 129 224 210 187 249 236 261 296 280 357 301 399 326 360 314 358 317 368 436 284 321 214 217 161 146 113 99 80 1152 784 2002 1386 3810 492 15307 2217 121 139 122 139 145 188 208 195 251 234 259 289 288 343 293 385 308 349 302 344 304 361 434 281 319 210 216 156 144 109 97 76 1154 784 2014 1386 3818 516 15307 4217 95 133 108 111 116 175 203 170 203 208 221 259 247 312 262 360 283 328 276 335 284 350 404 274 304 209 209 156 140 109 94 77 1165 784 2026 1386 3793 516 15308 217 85 135 119 119 140 187 218 185 224 221 266 277 287 337 304 381 322 339 307 336 303 358 428 272 314 209 212 155 140 108 94 75 1159 784 2037 1385 3785 516 15308 2217 117 209 104 130 118 208 207 164 216 210 242 265 276 336 308 362 320 331 311 332 318 353 438 269 318 205 211 153 142 105 96 77 1148 784 2047 1386 3785 516 15308 4217 98 135 146 108 126 192 210 189 254 222 257 264 290 340 299 376 310 341 299 333 302 353 418 269 313 205 209 153 140 106 93 76 1158 784 1994 1384 3777 492 15309 217 102 142 120 146 202 214 217 236 250 261 254 305 283 352 309 398 322 357 309 341 311 360 432 278 319 211 217 156 142 106 96 76 1150 784 2004 1386 3769 516 15309 2217 105 145 143 144 157 207 196 228 211 258 223 291 253 359 281 385 304 354 299 343 305 364 424 272 315 207 212 153 141 105 96 76 1160 784 2015 1385 3760 492 15309 4217 102 164 162 114 140 265 204 212 255 241 240 313 288 380 296 406 316 370 304 364 324 386 456 296 351 217 234 162 152 111 101 78 1150 784 2024 1386 3752 492 15310 217 130 184 101 187 231 195 186 276 230 298 254 351 297 409 304 458 328 404 325 382 336 396 466 303 347 224 233 166 153 114 102 81 1143 784 2035 1386 3769 492 15310 2217 113 154 120 129 156 244 218 219 235 238 249 280 282 345 287 380 296 348 298 347 305 365 428 282 317 217 220 159 144 110 96 77 1153 783 2254 1385 3760 492 15310 4217 98 121 85 112 137 169 157 207 196 237 215 287 249 349 274 398 290 356 293 348 305 371 436 281 327 208 219 154 142 105 94 74 1163 784 1991 1386 3752 469 15311 217 87 117 93 100 126 174 167 191 202 214 226 263 247 323 267 361 283 334 286 327 294 349 411 265 308 202 208 149 137 102 91 72 1170 784 2000 1386 3752 446 15311 2217 144 159 108 147 195 207 194 262 212 260 233 299 256 364 268 401 291 347 293 337 294 353 414 269 313 204 211 151 139 104 92 73 1157 784 2011 1386 3777 446 15311 4217 98 133 106 105 130 191 187 188 199 207 216 268 245 329 258 368 275 324 275 321 281 344 396 259 298 195 204 145 135 99 89 71 1172 784 2020 1386 3769 469 15312 217 91 122 88 117 152 167 174 223 188 230 200 281 222 328 245 371 270 322 271 318 267 330 380 248 288 187 197 142 130 97 86 68 1176 784 2032 1386 3769 469 15312 2217 85 116 79 102 141 146 146 200 168 213 179 258 210 313 228 347 250 302 256 296 255 312 364 234 270 177 183 132 123 91 81 64 1187 783 2254 1385 3769 492 15312 4217 86 122 83 104 135 163 156 207 183 245 192 289 219 326 243 353 253 307 247 293 248 308 353 229 262 176 181 133 122 91 81 66 1184 784 1995 1385 3785 516 15313 217 100 143 101 131 165 201 183 224 196 235 202 271 226 317 245 352 259 307 261 303 267 328 380 247 287 188 196 140 130 97 86 69 1174 784 2005 1385 3793 469 15313 2217 94 134 102 107 125 201 200 196 219 216 232 263 252 309 268 350 286 318 278 310 280 334 392 251 292 193 200 144 132 99 88 69 1170 784 2009 1386 3802 330 15313 4217 91 140 92 133 170 179 157 253 185 263 207 314 224 353 257 383 275 336 275 332 276 351 397 266 299 203 205 150 136 104 90 72 1166 784 2010 1386 3793 307 15314 217 116 153 120 120 150 244 218 199 216 216 215 271 232 314 250 351 268 316 268 308 270 329 382 253 287 192 198 143 131 98 87 70 1167 784 2016 1385 3818 237 15314 2217 122 163 141 149 201 272 229 235 218 227 240 299 262 342 265 373 285 326 280 322 280 344 396 258 297 197 202 147 134 101 90 71 1157 782 2231 1385 3835 214 15314 4217 93 145 99 156 212 198 168 302 188 297 219 319 230 360 254 396 274 331 267 325 275 338 381 254 287 193 196 144 131 99 88 70 1164 784 1967 1385 3826 167 15315 217 90 131 85 138 195 164 146 247 172 261 191 282 204 321 234 365 259 310 252 296 251 312 355 235 268 179 185 135 125 94 84 67 1175 784 1973 1384 3835 121 15315 2217 92 144 96 145 207 177 154 262 177 267 191 286 211 326 248 372 274 308 269 299 269 321 380 241 279 182 190 136 126 93 83 66 1170 784 1980 1384 3843 98 15315 4217 112 143 112 168 218 206 167 271 177 266 193 293 205 335 224 359 253 311 251 302 254 313 355 236 271 182 187 137 128 94 85 67 1171 784 1986 1384 3851 5 15316 217 97 139 100 161 216 175 151 266 171 284 187 293 210 332 233 364 256 310 251 298 255 313 363 238 274 180 189 135 124 93 83 67 1172 784 1994 1384 3851 74 15316 2217 102 140 96 155 195 188 160 256 174 243 189 291 215 324 237 363 256 309 253 305 261 324 366 245 277 188 190 138 128 94 85 69 1170 782 2207 1384 3851 28 15316 4218 103 130 118 118 144 250 226 181 215 178 222 242 237 278 228 311 244 275 240 278 247 297 343 227 259 176 178 131 122 91 81 65 1177 784 1951 1382 3851 5 15317 218 197 148 128 192 223 287 256 214 243 234 260 291 254 331 260 360 276 310 270 307 276 325 384 243 290 184 195 137 128 93 85 67 1158 784 1962 1383 3892 28 15317 2218 99 138 94 138 184 210 161 204 161 188 173 238 189 282 192 324 219 278 219 276 228 297 330 230 255 174 180 130 122 89 81 64 1181 784 1972 1384 3851 5 15317 4218 96 136 86 134 167 183 160 211 165 207 166 252 188 300 211 330 233 279 234 276 240 296 342 221 255 170 177 126 117 87 78 61 1182 784 1982 1384 3835 28 15318 218 130 143 116 147 175 278 244 222 249 223 228 268 245 307 245 343 253 294 248 296 253 316 358 239 273 183 191 136 126 93 85 67 1168 783 1993 1383 3859 28 15318 2218 112 133 110 126 164 250 204 201 207 205 209 267 234 316 251 352 264 308 260 309 266 325 370 245 281 183 192 136 124 92 83 66 1169 782 2207 1384 3843 28 15318 4218 93 136 84 162 203 177 149 241 182 246 176 271 203 309 221 342 241 281 235 277 243 293 345 224 257 170 177 128 118 87 78 62 1178 784 1952 1383 3835 5 15319 218 137 171 122 132 190 280 200 231 227 218 218 247 229 315 244 346 248 293 248 291 257 310 360 231 272 176 186 130 122 89 81 63 1167 783 1959 1383 3843 65518 15319 2218 156 178 126 177 237 244 181 248 201 257 211 300 222 340 237 360 246 306 253 293 259 312 363 238 274 179 188 134 122 91 82 65 1163 783 1968 1382 3843 65494 15319 4218 131 187 85 205 291 194 167 301 199 294 205 297 222 349 243 371 249 316 247 305 252 327 359 244 271 185 188 137 125 95 84 67 1163 782 2179 1383 3826 65448 15320 218 130 174 89 180 274 198 149 272 174 262 191 288 209 334 239 373 254 310 256 305 265 326 375 244 280 182 190 134 124 90 83 64 1164 783 1980 1384 3818 65378 15320 2218 125 181 74 228 338 168 141 340 171 270 188 293 198 335 239 377 245 299 242 294 249 313 357 239 265 182 186 136 124 93 82 66 1165 782 2188 1382 3802 65355 15320 4218 126 181 149 115 165 320 203 221 226 209 242 237 246 319 258 338 266 293 255 289 262 308 366 233 272 180 185 134 122 90 82 65 1160 783 1933 1382 3793 65355 15321 218 133 215 104 240 266 209 144 281 160 262 180 285 205 338 239 372 254 306 257 299 264 317 368 238 276 180 188 134 123 92 82 66 1162 783 1943 1382 3810 65378 15321 2218 126 214 101 247 265 196 143 250 173 238 190 263 219 318 240 356 246 288 251 284 253 305 357 233 264 176 181 130 120 88 79 63 1168 783 1955 1383 3785 65402 15321 4218 118 232 191 126 164 381 308 206 302 203 257 232 270 310 258 329 253 286 249 289 261 315 368 239 274 182 188 135 124 92 81 65 1161 782 2170 1383 3785 65402 15322 218 144 211 112 164 232 268 169 221 182 216 192 248 210 299 227 331 242 281 247 286 254 307 360 231 268 175 182 131 120 89 80 63 1163 783 1977 1383 3793 65402 15322 2218 129 188 143 148 203 283 180 211 182 206 195 252 220 308 227 339 244 285 241 290 255 311 359 232 273 179 185 133 122 90 80 63 1166 782 2192 1383 3785 65448 15322 4218 142 177 132 147 188 336 230 221 190 213 201 263 223 315 228 339 245 291 248 289 257 309 361 232 269 176 184 133 122 91 82 64 1165 783 1940 1383 3793 65448 15323 218 156 162 88 207 256 149 145 351 157 310 169 288 188 343 215 387 239 312 246 310 259 330 366 242 278 182 190 133 125 91 83 64 1169 783 1953 1383 3802 65471 15323 2218 136 149 105 130 200 253 198 234 203 228 198 260 217 313 237 343 251 292 248 293 256 312 357 237 263 180 182 133 121 91 81 65 1169 783 1965 1383 3793 65494 15323 4218 120 145 120 121 181 293 221 198 213 190 211 233 231 287 237 328 246 284 250 293 254 303 361 229 265 174 183 130 119 88 79 62 1173 783 1978 1381 3793 65518 15400 218 149 161 97 178 243 152 141 322 164 302 177 274 199 332 231 367 248 298 248 293 250 306 354 229 261 175 179 131 119 90 80 63 1172 783 1990 1383 3818 5 15400 2218 115 130 119 89 131 310 234 173 188 189 193 219 226 285 222 315 235 272 234 274 238 295 343 225 257 169 177 126 116 86 78 61 1182 782 2206 1384 3802 28 15400 4218 119 164 108 119 153 278 234 211 231 186 221 226 236 287 225 311 231 268 235 264 242 292 343 221 252 170 173 125 115 87 77 62 1178 783 1954 1382 3818 51 15401 218 105 111 79 108 139 160 142 213 160 235 159 250 191 295 213 337 230 289 227 282 238 299 342 226 252 170 175 125 117 86 76 61 1187 783 1966 1383 3818 98 15401 2218 107 144 109 120 154 225 187 205 177 189 181 223 207 278 220 312 229 267 234 267 237 283 339 215 251 165 173 123 114 84 75 59 1185 783 1980 1383 3826 121 15401 4218 109 124 107 146 194 197 168 218 177 241 176 264 209 315 232 352 244 297 248 288 246 301 349 225 260 168 176 123 115 84 76 59 1182 783 1993 1384 3826 144 15402 218 90 113 88 127 163 203 185 202 165 209 181 243 197 292 218 326 234 273 235 265 239 283 345 214 249 163 170 120 109 82 73 57 1183 782 2211 1385 3826 144 15402 2219 90 123 104 115 163 241 220 208 202 199 201 233 217 292 215 326 224 274 228 277 240 300 340 225 258 173 179 129 118 86 78 61 1184 782 2223 1385 3835 167 15402 4219 104 117 86 108 152 181 141 205 148 203 144 233 183 276 217 316 219 266 227 267 236 284 331 214 245 163 168 120 110 82 72 57 1193 783 1969 1384 3851 191 15403 219 114 118 92 143 202 167 141 255 163 260 152 266 183 304 214 350 222 281 229 275 237 292 335 217 252 167 175 122 114 84 75 59 1189 783 1981 1385 3851 237 15403 2219 189 215 108 189 246 176 135 280 171 265 156 276 180 308 212 345 220 276 225 273 240 293 336 220 250 167 173 124 114 85 76 61 1178 783 1995 1385 3900 237 15403 4219 150 192 127 118 170 207 152 219 170 214 155 237 180 285 204 317 213 262 216 264 229 283 325 213 246 165 168 122 112 84 76 60 1187 783 2007 1384 3884 283 15404 219 115 127 102 124 176 234 213 195 192 191 187 215 198 270 199 300 213 258 214 256 227 279 321 209 245 162 170 122 111 82 74 58 1192 782 2228 1387 3868 283 15404 2219 100 116 106 104 157 231 206 181 180 177 177 201 189 254 199 296 209 250 211 253 223 277 317 207 239 158 167 119 110 80 71 57 1197 783 1970 1386 3868 283 15404 4219 118 120 92 141 194 164 135 254 145 264 143 252 175 281 201 330 218 262 222 262 229 279 330 205 241 158 165 116 107 79 70 55 1194 783 1981 1385 3868 283 15405 219 128 118 97 131 192 184 153 224 150 230 145 252 170 288 196 329 213 272 216 271 227 288 324 211 244 161 168 119 110 82 74 57 1193 783 1992 1387 3876 307 15405 2219 96 113 100 136 167 210 198 187 165 204 169 233 186 271 207 304 219 250 220 251 227 274 323 203 238 154 161 114 105 78 69 55 1196 783 2003 1385 3859 307 15405 4219 107 119 123 116 161 251 221 195 183 218 195 244 190 274 207 303 214 254 214 259 224 277 318 208 241 159 164 118 108 80 73 58 1193 783 2013 1387 3859 283 15406 219 130 143 156 149 196 177 155 215 159 223 163 243 182 288 209 311 222 250 218 251 226 265 319 199 228 153 158 114 105 78 70 56 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3826 51 15408 2219 119 145 108 132 189 232 175 216 162 263 162 252 190 305 210 335 220 270 222 269 232 282 328 212 244 161 167 122 112 84 75 60 1180 783 1949 1384 3810 5 15408 4219 148 125 142 127 166 254 201 208 207 226 195 261 213 309 228 338 228 282 239 284 244 301 347 227 259 173 180 128 119 87 79 62 1176 783 1956 1383 3818 65518 15409 219 237 184 149 137 183 300 228 233 212 240 181 250 221 315 252 343 260 281 260 285 270 302 372 222 267 168 177 125 117 86 78 62 1162 783 1964 1383 3851 65494 15409 2219 130 158 124 129 213 273 216 246 220 254 198 277 223 329 240 359 250 302 253 294 263 320 366 238 272 181 187 134 123 92 83 66 1164 783 1972 1384 3802 65494 15409 4219 133 129 131 140 231 319 246 238 208 221 185 265 207 319 235 349 242 285 242 292 252 312 358 233 264 175 182 129 120 89 81 63 1169 783 1981 1381 3793 65471 15410 219 118 147 138 132 209 340 290 212 232 209 236 242 235 299 240 324 247 276 251 277 258 299 360 225 267 170 183 126 119 87 79 62 1162 782 2196 1382 3785 65518 15410 2219 153 171 156 153 256 350 286 278 236 235 212 277 237 323 248 342 261 287 265 289 267 313 370 237 271 178 183 130 120 90 81 64 1161 783 1942 1382 3793 65494 15410 4219 112 137 170 118 189 308 252 202 253 202 227 238 234 292 240 316 244 272 243 275 250 297 353 224 261 168 178 126 117 86 77 61 1173 783 1955 1382 3769 5 15411 219 147 162 144 155 257 341 237 217 218 204 188 250 224 305 228 325 241 285 242 282 252 307 357 232 262 174 180 128 119 89 80 63 1170 783 1967 1384 3785 28 15411 2219 138 162 145 134 201 337 286 207 237 213 223 230 231 299 227 319 236 279 242 282 245 307 348 230 260 175 181 129 120 88 80 63 1173 783 1979 1383 3777 28 15411 4219 158 168 127 188 235 218 171 344 205 346 206 317 240 361 256 385 256 313 261 304 271 321 369 237 268 180 184 134 122 93 82 67 1157 783 1989 1383 3785 5 15412 219 102 155 136 133 181 359 305 211 247 212 226 237 224 291 226 319 237 276 243 276 253 304 354 226 261 173 178 127 118 88 79 62 1172 782 2204 1384 3769 5 15412 2220 129 144 136 163 250 224 187 284 187 258 177 282 211 332 225 347 239 294 252 286 261 309 366 231 268 174 181 130 119 90 79 63 1171 783 1949 1383 3793 28 15412 4220 112 136 128 130 199 289 253 209 220 211 192 241 228 290 238 327 248 287 249 287 259 309 363 236 268 179 181 131 121 91 81 65 1171 783 1961 1383 3777 51 15413 220 100 136 123 166 245 294 235 225 207 232 200 273 234 317 242 344 245 289 253 283 256 309 358 233 266 175 181 128 119 89 80 62 1170 783 1973 1384 3793 98 15413 2220 115 142 136 173 241 266 212 266 188 243 178 269 212 304 223 349 232 294 243 283 248 305 351 232 262 173 180 128 118 89 79 63 1172 783 1986 1384 3793 121 15413 4220 97 131 115 176 231 288 222 231 174 217 166 233 214 293 214 327 223 278 230 269 233 296 333 225 255 168 174 124 113 85 76 61 1179 783 1999 1383 3793 144 15414 220 156 146 115 202 239 200 160 356 172 341 164 298 220 360 232 381 237 301 242 286 247 304 351 226 260 170 175 125 116 86 77 61 1172 782 2217 1384 3826 144 15414 2220 151 170 165 264 307 318 239 244 196 285 192 298 235 336 238 369 244 307 246 284 251 304 351 228 258 168 176 124 117 86 77 61 1166 783 1964 1384 3826 191 15414 4220 115 182 160 143 186 294 279 232 245 216 215 245 243 316 253 342 249 286 246 277 252 298 355 222 260 165 175 121 113 83 74 60 1174 783 1977 1384 3826 191 15415 220 164 141 139 158 249 214 179 286 178 300 176 258 207 318 216 342 219 293 223 274 234 295 333 220 251 164 170 123 113 85 75 60 1178 783 1989 1384 3851 214 15415 2220 136 140 138 200 263 285 196 242 191 245 194 243 246 315 258 329 261 284 255 278 253 300 353 221 257 167 172 121 112 84 74 60 1172 783 2000 1384 3843 214 15415 4220 118 182 152 158 198 289 239 227 194 250 186 284 235 338 247 346 238 280 239 271 241 292 339 221 251 165 171 123 112 83 75 59 1176 783 2012 1385 3851 214 15416 220 120 130 113 183 256 219 168 297 177 258 169 257 218 328 230 338 230 280 238 274 245 295 343 219 246 164 167 119 109 84 73 58 1182 782 2230 1386 3851 214 15416 2220 130 140 110 146 188 241 211 230 186 223 176 221 212 297 218 318 221 268 228 266 230 289 325 214 247 160 168 116 109 81 71 56 1185 783 1973 1384 3859 237 15416 4220 106 141 152 157 203 196 177 246 172 207 173 237 193 291 203 317 214 257 220 257 222 272 319 206 231 156 159 115 105 78 70 55 1189 783 1985 1385 3851 260 15417 220 110 156 165 154 200 292 248 233 252 228 209 250 227 311 222 321 225 263 228 257 232 286 332 216 248 161 169 118 108 81 72 57 1182 783 1995 1384 3859 260 15417 2220 108 135 151 145 209 274 216 261 206 251 185 262 217 310 226 332 228 274 233 267 245 288 344 213 252 157 168 116 108 79 71 56 1189 783 2006 1386 3868 237 15417 4220 121 163 154 163 216 166 179 276 196 252 186 260 216 316 241 348 241 280 242 275 240 293 346 217 250 163 170 119 111 82 73 57 1180 783 2017 1385 3876 260 15418 220 148 152 166 168 223 235 208 236 204 219 181 237 209 295 223 315 228 258 221 260 224 274 319 208 236 154 161 116 106 78 70 56 1186 782 2235 1385 3876 260 15418 2220 174 184 212 186 235 297 283 215 242 205 202 216 220 286 221 298 229 250 227 254 228 274 319 208 233 154 159 116 105 79 69 57 1183 783 1978 1385 3884 260 15418 4220 154 158 147 196 231 287 282 207 245 229 195 240 230 314 254 333 245 273 245 273 242 290 335 218 246 163 167 121 111 84 74 60 1179 783 1988 1385 3876 260 15419 220 151 153 169 161 206 280 274 233 220 245 198 262 236 322 248 338 253 286 246 283 253 302 355 225 261 166 175 122 114 84 75 60 1173 783 1997 1384 3876 237 15419 2220 120 176 166 138 177 308 266 219 257 223 224 241 257 336 268 350 270 296 264 299 269 318 371 236 270 173 181 125 119 86 77 61 1171 783 2006 1384 3843 214 15419 4220 132 217 199 159 217 300 274 213 264 225 244 243 278 325 301 344 300 290 286 298 283 316 384 239 273 178 182 131 119 91 79 64 1160 783 2015 1385 3843 191 15420 220 165 202 188 162 253 355 263 249 261 251 208 257 250 345 263 359 270 297 275 305 277 324 386 238 280 175 184 129 119 89 79 63 1161 783 1962 1385 3851 191 15420 2220 108 159 150 151 199 355 310 241 266 243 255 265 276 342 267 348 264 293 259 303 267 332 374 247 273 184 186 134 121 92 81 66 1162 783 1972 1385 3818 191 15420 4220 124 190 199 160 201 389 364 226 284 225 269 256 284 333 284 351 273 296 270 304 273 328 382 246 277 182 186 133 122 93 82 67 1159 783 1982 1385 3826 191 15421 220 150 167 134 214 265 215 215 258 219 250 206 252 229 327 259 357 270 293 266 295 267 312 377 237 273 177 183 129 121 89 80 63 1167 783 1991 1384 3835 167 15421 2220 120 145 163 192 203 219 194 215 199 234 203 242 229 300 263 334 261 284 262 290 272 313 378 231 274 171 180 125 117 85 77 60 1176 782 2208 1385 3810 167 15421 4220 137 169 167 186 206 230 206 244 208 217 196 238 232 303 246 326 237 277 241 277 245 304 351 226 262 170 173 124 114 85 76 61 1175 782 2010 1384 3802 191 15422 221 121 161 162 164 189 286 261 239 245 237 228 243 259 317 292 339 266 288 261 296 261 323 370 237 271 176 182 130 119 90 80 63 1170 781 2226 1384 3793 167 15422 2221 145 158 135 181 223 217 184 223 205 278 185 280 226 317 251 353 240 293 241 297 251 321 361 236 270 178 181 131 119 90 79 63 1171 783 1968 1384 3802 167 15422 4221 131 173 204 205 219 279 284 221 256 239 252 265 270 343 291 361 284 303 283 317 290 336 392 252 283 187 189 137 123 95 83 66 1159 783 1978 1385 3793 144 15423 221 176 259 177 253 278 230 258 248 249 256 233 292 252 376 294 405 284 353 281 347 296 366 421 271 309 198 205 143 135 99 89 69 1145 782 1988 1384 3818 144 15423 2221 128 176 172 139 219 214 181 234 208 265 220 284 244 352 271 378 279 318 276 315 277 338 386 253 284 188 190 138 127 95 83 66 1163 782 2203 1385 3793 121 15423 4221 134 167 140 181 216 224 200 224 211 238 212 289 244 323 285 356 281 311 279 319 278 346 391 258 291 186 193 137 126 95 84 65 1164 782 2005 1383 3802 98 15500 221 129 157 178 215 223 294 248 254 235 231 230 257 268 338 287 371 290 317 283 333 295 348 406 262 301 192 199 140 128 95 86 66 1157 782 1951 1383 3793 98 15500 2221 142 247 222 203 248 274 218 269 228 246 264 283 291 354 315 376 313 315 302 320 295 338 412 255 289 188 191 138 126 95 84 67 1148 783 1961 1384 3793 51 15500 4221 243 221 160 250 289 261 227 240 246 208 222 241 245 325 269 364 257 304 257 319 270 340 374 262 284 194 193 142 129 100 86 70 1153 782 1970 1383 3851 74 15501 221 138 219 206 184 225 311 246 235 249 227 248 276 298 363 316 382 316 328 318 330 318 349 431 260 302 191 198 139 127 97 85 67 1150 783 1980 1383 3810 98 15501 2221 215 206 210 166 192 328 262 214 231 225 246 281 286 349 298 374 292 319 289 324 288 352 399 261 291 191 194 140 128 96 86 67 1152 781 2197 1384 3843 51 15501 4221 163 241 233 233 252 322 252 262 224 226 225 272 251 358 284 355 291 311 280 318 282 335 396 250 287 184 193 138 125 94 84 67 1151 782 1999 1384 3826 51 15502 221 314 269 209 241 269 320 248 268 252 262 248 291 288 373 303 396 302 321 290 330 293 351 400 266 293 195 196 143 130 98 88 69 1143 782 1946 1383 3909 28 15502 2221 260 262 180 243 280 284 230 280 206 254 215 278 258 358 289 381 276 325 272 329 276 344 378 269 281 198 195 148 131 103 89 72 1148 783 1956 1384 3884 5 15502 4221 197 269 223 221 232 320 221 268 210 248 209 254 248 347 263 347 261 294 253 309 258 324 360 247 274 177 187 132 122 91 81 65 1159 782 1966 1384 3868 28 15503 221 147 370 301 234 217 382 280 257 264 233 271 269 284 364 315 400 313 324 304 335 311 351 430 265 304 196 201 144 133 100 89 70 1137 782 1975 1384 3859 28 15503 2221 223 223 182 208 262 375 264 308 253 268 254 272 285 370 324 394 318 336 305 340 312 362 421 271 305 199 202 146 132 100 89 71 1141 782 1985 1384 3892 5 15503 4221 121 193 153 195 247 235 242 264 214 251 221 280 267 352 289 390 300 333 292 344 301 368 421 273 311 199 208 144 135 100 88 70 1152 781 2200 1384 3859 5 15504 221 106 153 118 155 218 223 200 266 202 286 219 274 256 328 279 367 284 317 283 320 290 349 402 262 298 194 200 141 128 98 86 68 1161 783 1945 1382 3843 28 15504 2221 106 139 114 133 206 223 192 193 200 224 223 235 253 304 265 349 280 305 276 319 284 343 398 256 295 189 196 139 127 95 83 67 1166 782 1955 1384 3851 5 15504 4221 100 130 105 140 186 213 207 267 205 257 212 257 251 313 257 341 288 302 284 318 294 342 414 257 294 189 196 140 126 96 83 66 1162 782 1964 1383 3859 65518 15505 221 123 140 139 156 220 215 252 233 247 237 234 273 264 327 278 373 308 325 293 335 301 355 420 272 304 200 205 147 133 100 88 70 1155 782 1973 1382 3868 65494 15505 2221 116 135 153 152 217 243 259 225 244 231 233 251 253 320 270 353 290 305 283 321 295 343 413 260 299 191 200 141 130 97 85 67 1159 782 1982 1383 3859 65494 15505 4221 102 125 105 140 187 206 188 239 196 226 209 262 237 325 263 362 287 313 283 326 289 349 413 262 302 193 201 143 130 98 86 68 1162 781 2195 1384 3851 65494 15506 221 108 119 116 142 204 212 196 218 208 226 204 250 229 303 265 346 284 301 273 317 290 340 403 259 294 189 198 140 129 96 85 67 1163 782 1940 1382 3868 65494 15506 2221 116 139 129 171 217 215 206 246 213 240 207 267 235 319 254 361 264 307 268 323 278 338 400 258 296 190 199 139 129 96 86 67 1161 782 1951 1383 3859 65471 15506 4221 116 130 118 163 248 199 191 269 197 243 195 274 224 325 244 362 259 299 256 316 272 344 391 258 293 192 198 141 132 97 86 67 1164 782 1961 1381 3851 65518 15507 221 115 150 142 131 194 262 242 203 242 238 245 246 264 319 273 340 280 297 265 309 274 334 387 253 287 188 191 138 125 94 83 67 1163 782 1973 1382 3851 5 15507 2221 114 149 114 164 237 195 179 246 172 258 193 276 216 317 233 352 253 303 249 310 263 331 376 248 282 186 192 137 126 95 84 66 1168 782 1985 1383 3843 28 15507 4222 110 134 126 177 239 226 211 276 193 265 199 254 218 317 248 351 260 296 258 307 267 330 379 251 275 183 189 138 126 94 83 65 1168 781 2202 1384 3843 51 15508 222 116 149 135 180 238 261 231 261 213 252 218 250 231 309 258 346 265 290 265 303 272 324 381 247 278 184 191 134 124 93 82 64 1168 782 1950 1384 3826 51 15508 2222 114 152 111 182 222 222 195 237 175 251 202 249 215 306 256 347 264 296 253 309 257 327 366 246 274 185 187 137 125 94 83 66 1170 782 1962 1384 3826 74 15508 4222 119 141 108 150 204 192 176 218 176 261 197 272 191 319 225 339 248 290 249 298 259 316 366 234 270 175 184 131 122 89 81 62 1178 782 1974 1384 3818 98 15509 222 103 146 111 139 192 255 239 214 231 232 229 263 237 307 248 331 259 292 256 296 265 316 369 238 273 177 184 130 121 90 81 62 1173 782 1986 1384 3802 98 15509 2222 106 141 136 165 218 242 223 232 196 245 216 265 241 312 256 350 265 289 254 297 264 311 367 238 271 178 184 131 121 90 80 63 1173 782 1998 1383 3810 144 15509 4222 112 151 146 154 199 295 248 229 237 239 232 259 257 326 273 343 279 296 264 307 271 329 383 241 279 181 186 132 121 91 81 63 1168 781 2215 1384 3793 121 15510 222 108 117 128 137 177 247 222 237 218 256 220 274 230 328 248 364 261 310 256 315 263 327 375 245 288 181 191 133 125 90 80 63 1170 782 1959 1384 3793 121 15510 2222 115 134 122 140 206 230 201 258 182 250 222 285 249 327 254 360 264 304 255 306 264 326 368 248 272 184 186 138 124 94 82 64 1169 782 1969 1384 3793 121 15510 4222 114 150 152 184 225 286 251 276 238 275 236 296 272 341 269 366 277 301 266 305 284 324 382 245 275 181 186 135 123 92 82 65 1164 782 1980 1384 3785 121 15511 222 116 151 167 175 249 277 240 237 257 268 269 280 269 345 280 374 280 303 270 305 276 327 385 249 284 186 189 138 125 93 83 66 1161 782 1990 1385 3785 121 15511 2222 113 133 125 171 215 261 218 246 233 246 251 270 281 329 283 360 284 295 265 344 277 317 380 241 273 178 181 132 121 92 81 65 1165 782 2001 1384 3769 144 15511 4222 137 149 122 175 237 223 221 292 211 276 220 298 236 339 251 370 272 309 274 320 287 336 394 252 285 187 191 136 125 94 83 65 1162 781 2218 1383 3785 144 15512 222 158 187 155 200 268 293 213 271 218 308 228 318 260 366 262 382 283 325 285 327 291 336 395 253 287 187 195 141 129 97 84 68 1155 782 1960 1384 3785 98 15512 2222 147 156 131 150 214 297 288 236 237 262 263 281 269 337 282 376 300 324 281 322 283 345 401 255 291 186 199 141 131 99 88 68 1156 782 1972 1384 3785 144 15512 4222 130 139 112 150 200 261 212 223 224 269 253 291 283 348 280 397 297 329 287 338 298 352 409 266 306 195 204 145 132 97 87 68 1158 782 1982 1384 3777 144 15513 222 130 165 134 152 192 292 248 245 244 265 265 309 276 349 289 379 297 309 293 315 297 331 414 255 295 188 195 139 128 94 85 67 1158 782 1993 1385 3777 121 15513 2222 141 151 114 170 205 287 229 267 224 260 272 293 268 350 265 383 282 323 283 332 289 354 405 260 295 194 201 144 132 98 88 68 1158 782 2003 1384 3793 144 15513 4222 168 175 159 264 299 276 252 334 247 354 270 335 291 408 294 427 312 342 317 351 313 363 432 270 310 200 209 150 136 102 90 72 1140 781 2218 1383 3818 121 15514 222 175 161 139 180 253 255 220 280 233 284 259 315 276 372 284 406 291 331 297 343 299 350 412 264 302 193 205 142 134 99 88 68 1152 782 1961 1383 3826 121 15514 2222 146 172 183 187 258 344 280 279 253 309 280 309 276 386 301 415 305 331 306 336 312 354 432 263 307 195 204 145 133 101 89 71 1141 782 1970 1384 3818 121 15514 4222 161 173 180 193 242 367 350 282 316 328 333 343 367 461 401 489 401 431 396 442 399 448 539 331 381 238 244 171 159 118 105 82 1110 782 1979 1383 3818 74 15515 222 169 159 167 192 233 321 265 281 257 292 237 339 280 411 322 433 318 354 309 369 322 378 443 287 329 210 215 154 142 105 93 74 1135 782 1988 1384 3835 74 15515 2222 143 231 127 217 281 345 262 306 270 252 259 289 278 386 301 416 326 346 325 351 335 377 453 285 331 205 217 152 140 106 94 75 1144 782 1999 1384 3826 74 15515 4222 133 158 137 191 292 239 186 284 182 283 214 284 243 344 248 372 278 306 279 312 287 339 400 255 292 185 192 137 127 97 84 68 1158 781 2213 1385 3835 98 15516 222 143 185 179 196 234 273 224 282 204 282 225 290 226 358 255 382 271 304 273 311 278 331 383 249 287 187 192 141 129 97 86 68 1145 782 1958 1384 3843 98 15516 2222 150 193 168 225 262 373 294 300 275 296 265 295 272 379 288 424 314 355 315 365 318 387 449 289 329 216 220 159 146 109 97 77 1133 782 1969 1384 3859 98 15516 4222 153 218 152 201 247 298 228 297 265 268 268 307 293 372 307 408 314 332 318 350 327 381 443 280 322 210 217 155 144 107 97 76 1139 782 1979 1384 3868 98 15517 222 150 182 154 184 254 313 244 321 318 313 349 359 334 435 353 458 363 386 350 393 356 426 491 315 350 229 230 170 154 117 104 82 1120 782 1989 1384 3868 98 15517 2223 165 189 153 251 324 274 240 331 271 346 295 375 322 448 367 483 371 423 374 430 382 453 523 336 380 244 248 179 163 123 108 86 1111 782 2000 1385 3868 98 15517 4223 120 168 137 188 267 249 197 372 222 319 235 345 265 400 302 463 325 388 327 375 325 403 454 296 333 217 221 159 146 110 97 77 1139 781 2217 1385 3868 167 15518 223 118 184 142 208 265 285 246 325 262 344 293 375 328 430 344 466 349 399 347 406 354 425 490 316 362 233 239 170 157 117 106 82 1124 782 1963 1385 3868 144 15518 2223 153 192 150 216 285 243 212 349 231 376 248 380 292 435 327 485 351 408 343 407 356 430 490 316 359 229 237 168 154 115 103 80 1124 782 1974 1384 3884 144 15518 4223 226 250 197 223 285 374 296 334 287 331 332 358 345 424 342 440 335 369 326 378 327 396 457 293 334 216 222 160 146 112 99 79 1124 782 1986 1385 3909 167 15519 223 148 162 145 173 235 300 262 300 281 331 305 318 314 389 323 428 322 365 322 371 324 399 452 294 336 217 224 159 146 111 99 76 1138 781 2206 1385 3876 214 15519 2223 127 141 126 184 201 258 234 268 258 261 284 290 303 363 309 393 309 336 304 347 313 374 434 277 315 206 207 152 136 104 92 72 1150 782 2010 1385 3859 237 15519 4223 156 251 189 184 226 273 237 263 267 305 269 303 312 361 320 403 318 333 307 341 307 365 422 273 310 201 203 149 136 105 91 73 1145 781 2230 1385 3868 260 15520 223 121 148 132 183 198 265 242 231 248 220 243 243 262 318 269 348 271 286 267 300 273 326 385 247 283 185 187 139 125 95 84 67 1167 782 1974 1384 3851 283 15520 2223 143 178 127 211 311 239 200 349 226 308 226 293 258 348 251 383 252 307 256 315 261 337 383 252 287 188 196 142 129 98 87 69 1161 782 1986 1386 3859 307 15520 4223 120 140 113 188 278 220 176 322 201 317 223 302 246 355 262 386 263 315 263 322 271 342 381 251 288 189 194 142 131 98 88 69 1164 782 1998 1385 3843 307 15521 223 112 136 134 152 200 269 231 221 251 259 254 268 278 328 284 353 288 289 275 298 283 328 386 245 287 187 190 137 127 95 84 67 1166 782 2009 1386 3826 307 15521 2223 118 156 135 163 216 258 199 259 211 240 219 260 224 318 244 370 259 299 257 308 260 330 374 246 281 185 189 138 127 95 85 66 1169 782 2020 1385 3835 307 15521 4223 100 151 122 164 221 250 206 264 231 246 242 241 262 316 266 331 262 274 257 288 260 314 369 229 268 171 179 128 118 90 81 64 1174 781 2239 1386 3810 330 15522 223 128 209 142 152 208 252 211 246 243 223 225 249 235 316 255 335 263 269 248 283 252 307 359 230 267 171 180 129 120 91 81 64 1173 782 1981 1385 3818 353 15522 2223 97 162 118 155 255 238 192 265 203 249 209 247 217 335 240 352 230 275 234 281 248 306 345 231 257 172 176 129 117 90 80 63 1179 782 1993 1385 3802 353 15522 4223 121 163 131 203 278 244 181 274 204 275 203 271 214 313 244 334 246 262 236 273 248 293 339 217 255 165 174 125 115 87 78 63 1179 782 2006 1386 3802 376 15523 223 110 136 123 149 204 236 218 215 227 197 216 237 238 286 248 329 242 257 234 264 236 282 335 213 245 160 166 119 109 84 74 59 1178 782 2018 1386 3785 400 15523 2223 108 128 107 147 202 258 237 246 259 201 243 244 247 307 251 342 250 272 244 283 247 302 334 222 252 168 173 126 116 89 78 62 1181 781 2239 1386 3785 423 15523 4223 126 140 136 184 229 215 172 255 195 246 211 294 222 328 238 344 234 284 232 287 239 302 336 225 251 167 173 125 116 87 77 62 1181 781 2251 1385 3793 446 15600 223 127 125 108 168 215 214 167 258 214 249 201 242 215 287 233 322 232 265 229 268 237 287 329 212 241 162 167 121 111 84 75 59 1188 782 1993 1387 3785 446 15600 2223 111 166 124 152 181 267 234 248 227 217 254 246 242 311 250 322 240 271 231 270 238 293 330 222 248 165 170 124 113 87 76 61 1180 782 2004 1387 3777 446 15600 4223 128 150 144 165 207 240 197 217 230 217 214 250 232 315 255 342 257 276 244 281 250 299 343 219 255 163 170 124 114 85 77 61 1180 782 2017 1386 3785 469 15601 223 112 137 144 158 214 214 159 227 196 227 201 255 214 317 237 328 237 268 233 269 234 284 330 212 248 162 170 120 113 85 76 61 1188 781 2240 1387 3785 492 15601 2223 107 146 145 160 193 245 179 264 177 252 191 233 222 291 243 330 244 258 233 266 238 288 329 213 244 161 167 121 112 85 74 60 1185 782 2039 1386 3785 492 15601 4223 127 159 136 181 235 271 209 249 227 241 230 263 243 313 246 344 253 274 239 277 250 289 341 215 246 165 170 124 113 86 76 61 1175 781 2260 1386 3802 492 15602 223 113 136 167 158 196 283 232 189 203 178 207 217 220 288 226 298 226 247 220 264 233 282 322 213 242 165 165 121 111 85 76 61 1188 782 2000 1387 3802 469 15602 2223 111 129 130 159 199 260 194 253 186 214 190 250 211 299 232 323 238 256 228 264 238 285 333 209 253 159 168 119 110 82 75 59 1189 782 2011 1385 3802 492 15602 4223 149 160 163 179 212 294 227 223 201 222 239 245 247 316 251 330 243 274 237 278 247 297 340 217 255 168 173 125 115 86 77 62 1176 782 2022 1386 3835 492 15603 224 142 157 125 167 216 225 169 292 191 238 206 260 230 298 234 328 235 267 231 267 239 293 337 218 253 166 169 121 113 87 77 61 1182 781 2242 1386 3826 492 15603 2224 116 147 155 168 217 278 187 254 189 208 203 235 226 319 252 337 241 268 236 275 241 300 337 224 253 170 174 126 115 87 78 63 1178 782 2042 1386 3818 492 15603 4224 117 113 134 148 195 238 199 207 197 200 196 225 223 281 227 302 232 246 222 251 235 280 327 208 240 157 165 117 108 82 72 59 1188 782 1991 1385 3843 492 15604 224 139 135 139 146 190 221 178 237 195 239 205 235 241 288 231 324 237 254 226 264 241 282 328 208 241 158 163 120 108 83 73 59 1185 782 2003 1387 3851 516 15604 2224 129 120 106 162 192 250 220 233 201 204 196 238 222 292 232 317 238 245 235 257 244 281 332 210 249 158 168 118 111 82 73 59 1186 782 2014 1386 3843 492 15604 4224 176 197 231 222 253 321 253 271 238 233 231 243 237 316 240 332 255 252 247 255 252 286 347 212 253 162 172 124 115 87 77 64 1171 782 2024 1386 3868 516 15605 224 133 115 145 148 179 190 173 228 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301 423 332 466 310 417 309 432 333 450 473 348 357 254 246 187 165 129 110 86 1138 777 2284 1388 3892 725 16222 2240 160 185 163 165 194 277 210 240 232 261 270 307 328 423 367 480 371 414 364 409 384 442 521 327 376 241 245 176 160 119 104 80 1141 778 2020 1389 3892 725 16222 4240 168 197 184 172 217 285 248 235 264 253 260 314 338 457 360 482 352 425 351 443 370 458 506 342 379 252 257 182 163 125 108 84 1133 778 2030 1389 3909 702 16223 240 151 196 161 159 192 293 251 214 262 256 256 306 349 447 371 475 372 415 349 421 376 450 513 338 375 248 248 183 165 124 109 85 1133 778 2038 1388 3909 678 16223 2240 156 188 171 173 193 317 262 234 277 275 297 322 354 478 389 511 382 437 376 450 398 469 534 350 396 255 259 188 169 128 112 86 1127 777 2257 1388 3909 655 16223 4240 197 205 181 233 262 304 246 255 254 259 281 331 335 448 400 516 400 448 387 447 400 476 539 350 395 256 261 186 170 126 112 87 1123 777 2261 1388 3925 539 16300 240 209 234 226 234 281 411 296 257 263 296 283 363 368 498 379 539 392 467 380 468 396 492 538 361 400 264 266 192 174 132 115 90 1113 777 2265 1388 3933 516 16300 2240 187 210 179 175 222 307 236 248 261 289 264 335 339 456 354 520 362 455 351 461 379 485 526 368 401 268 268 197 176 133 116 90 1121 778 2000 1388 3933 516 16300 4241 185 220 209 209 209 364 277 232 254 259 309 338 383 455 398 513 399 434 378 446 396 469 530 348 388 254 254 185 167 128 112 88 1119 778 2009 1388 3909 492 16301 241 173 204 191 175 218 379 288 242 277 271 317 330 387 472 400 506 421 446 400 439 419 471 552 355 399 265 262 191 172 130 114 90 1114 778 2020 1387 3900 492 16301 2241 228 262 205 218 265 337 228 263 251 301 281 371 344 504 383 535 385 474 375 468 401 490 545 373 405 273 269 197 177 134 116 91 1112 777 2238 1388 3917 469 16301 4241 202 235 159 237 262 242 199 251 226 290 265 354 331 488 387 550 377 473 384 462 405 492 549 361 410 261 272 191 172 131 113 89 1119 777 2247 1389 3900 492 16302 241 202 250 174 240 267 239 176 277 222 303 278 360 356 462 403 517 422 454 391 437 408 470 543 347 399 257 262 188 172 131 115 88 1118 778 1986 1388 3884 492 16302 2241 178 267 220 198 249 334 294 227 280 276 296 316 380 465 418 508 421 449 398 443 405 467 540 351 395 258 261 188 170 129 112 88 1116 778 1996 1387 3868 446 16302 4241 147 240 169 203 216 228 218 273 245 338 269 399 347 488 406 534 410 446 394 443 405 463 543 337 395 249 258 187 168 128 113 87 1123 778 2006 1388 3835 492 16303 241 180 203 207 188 191 318 282 223 290 263 311 345 369 480 444 500 413 446 396 454 406 477 548 354 396 259 260 190 173 132 114 90 1121 778 2017 1388 3835 469 16303 2241 161 206 146 167 227 286 215 274 232 349 272 393 353 525 378 551 383 484 380 478 394 492 545 366 409 267 273 192 177 132 116 89 1119 778 2027 1388 3810 469 16303 4241 171 226 196 214 216 325 258 290 283 336 316 393 341 509 400 542 407 471 394 468 403 485 554 358 413 264 271 192 176 131 115 89 1114 776 2245 1388 3818 423 16304 241 156 205 173 184 201 357 305 260 326 310 347 381 389 504 401 530 399 471 385 476 403 500 553 373 410 279 279 197 181 137 118 91 1112 778 1982 1389 3777 423 16304 2241 138 205 164 168 173 342 339 236 303 294 313 363 386 459 443 509 428 457 410 458 429 475 570 362 416 264 270 194 174 133 115 89 1114 778 1992 1388 3769 423 16304 4241 184 214 162 211 209 313 230 273 272 295 297 371 373 496 394 559 393 483 385 475 397 498 546 373 404 277 274 201 181 137 119 92 1110 778 2002 1389 3777 400 16305 241 164 193 176 177 223 290 227 265 251 293 301 373 360 495 405 518 407 465 390 455 396 484 535 353 396 260 264 190 172 131 114 88 1121 778 2011 1387 3760 400 16305 2241 148 229 203 152 177 368 342 210 333 283 386 342 433 444 402 477 398 442 374 434 387 460 517 352 383 261 256 192 169 132 114 90 1115 777 2021 1388 3752 376 16305 4241 172 226 189 207 247 242 202 297 261 355 279 406 336 533 362 579 376 503 366 502 393 515 544 386 420 280 282 202 184 139 121 93 1111 776 2238 1388 3752 353 16306 241 138 179 157 165 216 257 209 274 257 313 272 380 346 497 367 560 404 493 385 483 400 510 545 379 414 275 274 197 180 135 117 91 1119 778 1976 1388 3744 353 16306 2241 126 192 175 154 169 279 257 229 302 284 307 341 366 445 366 498 375 449 372 448 384 484 533 358 402 266 265 195 175 133 115 89 1123 777 1986 1387 3736 353 16306 4241 147 195 178 160 173 308 273 276 302 310 301 357 369 473 359 516 383 471 371 466 388 496 536 371 410 272 269 198 179 135 118 91 1118 777 1996 1388 3744 330 16307 241 161 208 198 207 216 320 276 285 305 301 315 377 414 483 400 531 412 468 394 460 417 494 564 366 419 271 273 198 177 136 118 91 1109 777 2007 1388 3752 353 16307 2241 136 185 156 186 206 285 219 287 255 329 267 391 358 506 382 556 404 480 402 457 403 491 552 364 416 269 268 195 175 133 115 89 1119 777 2017 1388 3752 376 16307 4241 170 205 171 197 227 327 239 230 264 261 298 327 379 458 397 475 396 442 383 438 391 465 521 345 382 252 252 185 167 129 112 87 1122 776 2237 1387 3777 376 16308 241 161 165 185 149 174 281 262 233 291 259 323 335 356 471 414 499 430 446 401 433 412 470 548 340 394 249 254 181 161 122 108 81 1130 778 1978 1388 3777 353 16308 2241 183 227 166 189 228 286 235 235 271 273 293 343 384 468 370 503 375 455 360 459 375 482 508 358 373 264 257 194 169 132 112 89 1119 777 1988 1387 3793 353 16308 4241 120 187 172 148 179 306 280 223 279 257 283 335 394 446 394 481 383 428 368 423 387 465 518 343 380 254 252 184 166 129 112 87 1127 777 1997 1388 3777 330 16309 241 144 181 162 155 225 282 182 280 217 285 245 360 323 471 339 520 344 469 336 459 358 488 497 365 386 265 262 192 172 130 115 89 1131 777 2006 1387 3802 307 16309 2241 145 207 215 160 200 332 276 240 286 282 297 333 369 467 366 495 368 459 361 445 379 482 523 362 394 266 266 193 174 134 116 90 1120 777 2014 1388 3810 307 16309 4241 139 169 160 164 202 296 199 270 255 283 281 356 354 490 374 523 382 468 360 461 390 484 527 364 395 264 259 196 172 133 115 89 1125 776 2230 1387 3826 307 16310 241 135 207 175 160 184 336 265 251 262 254 272 334 378 495 391 517 387 464 384 467 403 494 542 372 404 267 264 193 172 131 115 88 1123 777 1970 1388 3826 260 16310 2242 166 190 154 190 241 235 174 285 220 315 270 369 391 516 399 561 403 483 387 472 401 498 549 376 405 265 268 192 175 133 116 88 1121 777 1979 1386 3859 260 16310 4242 150 207 205 173 188 395 315 237 300 282 299 350 424 489 412 500 402 453 380 446 395 476 528 354 394 263 259 190 171 130 113 88 1115 777 1988 1388 3851 260 16311 242 161 205 194 181 215 348 260 260 286 270 303 357 405 511 402 514 391 468 391 455 400 490 543 371 404 272 265 195 173 133 116 91 1112 777 1997 1386 3868 237 16311 2242 147 202 184 166 182 302 257 233 276 249 293 320 383 486 409 501 411 454 390 449 412 474 545 356 401 258 261 189 169 128 113 86 1120 777 2007 1388 3868 214 16311 4242 166 200 189 151 218 302 244 230 274 306 298 381 384 515 374 539 379 487 375 478 391 507 525 374 399 273 272 197 178 133 118 90 1115 776 2224 1387 3884 191 16312 242 167 192 209 145 212 357 239 232 274 279 281 324 372 471 354 488 361 455 351 450 365 480 512 362 391 267 258 195 171 134 116 91 1118 777 1965 1386 3884 214 16312 2242 156 206 167 156 209 285 209 241 254 315 252 362 355 518 370 546 375 474 371 463 384 491 526 368 395 271 265 191 175 132 114 88 1123 777 1975 1386 3884 214 16312 4242 149 214 195 139 183 288 231 259 263 280 331 357 415 500 392 544 414 481 397 467 418 491 547 369 405 266 263 191 173 131 114 88 1116 777 1985 1387 3884 191 16313 242 167 259 221 173 207 329 273 260 280 331 350 411 423 535 438 523 419 480 410 461 415 497 557 364 405 261 264 190 173 129 114 90 1109 777 1996 1387 3876 214 16313 2242 175 234 210 183 201 325 280 258 262 282 302 365 389 497 414 539 423 467 416 472 422 478 554 359 400 256 259 187 170 128 113 87 1116 777 2005 1386 3868 191 16313 4242 152 236 212 146 232 310 252 222 251 298 328 345 398 484 432 515 416 463 390 467 394 483 534 356 395 255 259 188 171 131 115 89 1116 776 2222 1387 3859 191 16314 242 160 205 186 162 214 302 213 276 229 351 286 393 362 535 407 570 411 490 399 489 411 497 551 362 414 264 268 193 174 129 114 89 1116 777 1964 1386 3851 167 16314 2242 154 217 193 124 190 312 235 209 249 286 324 379 384 512 415 530 406 466 396 462 406 486 538 359 395 262 263 185 172 128 112 87 1121 777 1974 1387 3843 167 16314 4242 198 274 233 157 231 312 257 235 256 348 336 390 358 492 405 517 397 465 388 472 394 489 541 360 396 264 267 193 174 133 116 90 1111 777 1985 1386 3851 191 16315 242 169 211 203 164 213 335 248 257 249 323 316 379 380 510 424 554 408 465 388 483 400 497 542 369 400 268 265 195 173 133 114 89 1113 777 1996 1386 3835 191 16315 2242 188 214 217 184 231 359 272 272 268 333 345 347 387 538 453 549 422 487 416 485 422 499 559 371 417 271 272 195 176 135 118 92 1108 776 2212 1387 3835 214 16315 4242 212 265 267 166 194 363 301 229 304 312 341 377 450 530 432 533 439 458 403 489 417 495 564 368 408 268 268 189 176 132 117 90 1108 775 2222 1388 3826 191 16316 242 220 256 318 193 231 470 413 258 360 348 433 398 473 571 460 582 434 498 421 499 437 532 579 396 427 287 283 208 186 142 123 98 1088 777 1966 1387 3826 191 16316 2242 182 274 217 184 261 338 267 248 304 343 354 411 423 580 438 581 424 502 401 505 418 520 559 385 412 283 278 207 186 142 123 97 1096 777 1976 1386 3777 191 16316 4242 180 246 211 186 265 362 303 255 274 303 345 377 400 543 408 535 391 498 390 481 402 511 548 373 410 274 271 202 182 142 121 96 1103 777 1986 1386 3793 191 16317 242 190 256 207 201 271 372 272 340 319 354 356 460 440 605 449 592 449 532 431 524 454 542 592 406 433 292 289 212 188 143 124 96 1087 777 1997 1387 3785 214 16317 2242 173 219 177 177 221 338 278 300 305 335 354 443 418 586 458 599 453 523 425 520 445 545 592 401 433 293 285 214 191 145 126 95 1093 775 2214 1387 3769 191 16317 4242 267 300 237 247 300 389 301 328 316 360 330 430 467 620 466 635 461 537 429 527 449 543 597 406 442 294 294 216 195 147 129 100 1079 775 2224 1386 3810 214 16318 242 181 241 198 198 271 247 204 255 260 293 335 373 402 542 455 579 430 515 422 500 419 523 562 391 415 281 278 205 183 141 124 96 1101 777 1967 1386 3777 214 16318 2242 162 266 199 206 253 263 235 288 291 307 353 399 402 582 467 607 447 509 432 507 431 525 586 390 438 282 288 203 185 138 121 93 1100 777 1979 1386 3760 214 16318 4242 174 261 221 182 245 352 280 262 340 334 364 398 453 565 444 598 448 517 415 502 432 531 585 405 443 293 293 216 192 147 127 99 1088 775 2197 1387 3785 214 16319 242 120 179 182 139 185 285 245 221 287 267 335 318 415 442 388 446 369 402 344 390 354 425 483 325 364 248 247 184 167 130 111 86 1124 777 1999 1387 3760 237 16319 2242 107 145 142 127 188 228 192 216 217 265 295 333 344 429 335 462 337 393 326 394 337 424 469 325 362 245 248 182 164 122 108 82 1142 775 2218 1388 3752 283 16319 4242 124 182 187 134 186 268 258 196 312 240 335 322 414 426 372 446 370 382 342 391 354 426 489 325 368 248 250 182 165 127 109 86 1132 775 2229 1387 3777 260 16320 242 121 159 147 130 200 232 205 230 274 289 334 406 371 478 362 468 353 404 337 405 357 443 483 338 373 262 257 191 168 131 112 87 1128 777 1972 1387 3777 260 16320 2243 126 166 145 130 175 243 230 219 265 263 322 350 396 462 392 460 358 406 351 398 355 440 489 335 372 250 252 186 168 129 110 85 1133 777 1983 1386 3793 283 16320 4243 44 57 25 53 29 31 23 30 27 29 29 35 39 49 44 53 49 42 48 40 47 49 73 39 55 31 39 31 32 24 27 26 90 777 1994 1383 3769 283 16321 243 140 190 205 146 207 330 268 239 321 280 377 342 429 469 403 451 390 407 355 399 362 436 501 332 379 251 250 186 167 130 111 87 1122 777 2004 1387 3843 260 16321 2243 159 226 188 150 213 293 272 254 312 281 363 376 414 486 431 509 406 416 378 421 385 461 527 345 398 255 262 188 173 130 114 88 1117 777 2014 1388 3851 283 16321 4243 177 213 208 201 214 252 267 258 285 298 369 367 405 481 399 522 371 447 352 427 370 458 513 353 394 257 266 190 177 131 115 89 1117 775 2230 1387 3884 260 16322 243 185 205 182 196 229 273 225 232 244 247 300 337 362 446 377 488 372 400 349 390 367 426 504 326 374 243 250 181 164 126 108 83 1130 777 1970 1387 3892 237 16322 2243 164 208 183 154 171 270 196 205 234 242 280 322 379 439 374 445 381 396 348 390 369 420 499 321 373 241 247 175 160 120 105 81 1133 776 1980 1388 3884 260 16322 4243 154 231 206 146 155 309 249 196 306 244 303 315 340 417 358 426 353 373 334 376 353 407 478 314 363 241 245 180 162 123 106 83 1133 777 1990 1387 3892 237 16323 243 149 222 239 144 161 296 247 174 278 212 331 277 377 412 361 409 341 373 332 368 346 400 460 307 343 233 234 174 157 121 104 83 1138 776 2000 1386 3900 214 16323 2243 196 208 214 165 198 301 200 203 261 275 290 325 334 454 358 439 344 394 324 388 341 418 470 318 360 243 245 185 167 129 110 88 1133 776 2009 1385 3933 214 16323 4243 187 251 202 170 213 255 186 205 220 259 300 325 333 453 361 461 356 399 336 383 357 409 488 321 368 241 247 173 162 122 105 81 1134 775 2224 1387 3942 191 16400 243 191 271 221 192 198 263 211 209 237 268 294 349 385 451 401 471 381 402 366 388 381 417 515 321 381 241 248 176 161 121 106 83 1126 776 1965 1386 3925 191 16400 2243 163 243 184 190 233 246 214 219 264 290 319 336 363 463 415 508 411 411 379 405 397 437 527 333 393 244 256 180 167 126 109 84 1125 776 1974 1386 3917 167 16400 4243 159 284 222 181 217 271 242 244 294 299 325 386 427 470 418 501 414 424 385 411 388 450 530 336 389 252 260 186 172 129 113 88 1116 776 1983 1386 3909 144 16401 243 176 231 178 186 187 229 211 219 261 288 309 382 355 463 382 491 384 403 367 405 371 434 511 328 380 242 250 180 166 127 109 85 1127 775 2199 1386 3925 144 16401 2243 169 219 175 187 200 234 192 201 240 252 308 313 307 448 369 479 365 396 345 388 354 417 490 314 362 237 244 173 162 123 104 81 1136 776 2001 1385 3925 121 16401 4243 214 291 228 215 228 317 257 234 280 291 309 344 367 425 420 476 378 380 358 387 362 408 497 314 360 237 239 174 160 122 105 83 1121 775 2215 1386 3933 121 16402 243 186 225 167 169 201 230 206 235 212 265 285 344 310 424 364 474 364 400 342 398 362 428 492 323 362 245 250 182 168 128 110 84 1132 776 1959 1386 3909 144 16402 2243 220 262 190 241 240 286 237 273 272 330 305 403 359 494 419 539 400 433 368 436 375 462 530 342 390 255 263 186 173 130 114 87 1114 776 1970 1385 3917 144 16402 4243 194 250 183 215 234 253 199 312 247 322 271 395 337 475 397 510 389 438 360 417 369 441 518 328 380 251 255 185 168 126 109 86 1122 776 1980 1384 3900 121 16403 243 203 239 209 167 208 324 264 232 276 247 321 323 365 470 399 463 388 402 355 394 367 426 495 325 368 243 246 177 164 124 107 83 1126 775 2197 1387 3884 144 16403 2243 197 261 192 200 235 279 203 257 235 285 273 343 348 470 399 483 387 402 354 396 367 425 506 325 377 242 251 173 165 124 106 83 1128 775 2208 1386 3859 167 16403 4243 186 238 183 189 244 299 244 255 249 293 302 369 377 483 381 490 367 407 355 396 371 427 505 324 374 244 253 177 166 124 108 83 1124 775 2219 1387 3835 167 16404 243 187 288 238 157 212 355 304 204 278 248 318 334 368 455 382 454 367 389 348 393 357 418 492 317 364 243 243 176 161 122 107 83 1126 776 1963 1385 3835 191 16404 2243 185 217 176 186 237 344 268 239 265 266 292 302 362 448 394 474 390 389 359 388 372 423 506 321 368 239 246 177 162 123 106 84 1125 776 1976 1386 3835 191 16404 4243 230 255 220 177 273 351 284 286 300 314 339 366 392 491 413 490 384 411 376 403 378 435 509 330 375 246 248 180 167 127 111 86 1116 776 1987 1386 3818 167 16405 243 201 209 183 165 257 370 236 262 273 291 317 362 384 490 392 491 391 415 371 405 376 439 506 329 379 250 253 182 169 127 112 87 1121 776 1998 1386 3802 191 16405 2243 220 258 235 166 247 365 273 284 292 295 324 369 401 502 405 495 400 416 376 412 375 438 510 326 375 250 255 180 169 127 111 86 1117 776 2008 1387 3802 214 16405 4243 226 283 217 153 225 360 334 270 319 277 369 343 411 506 405 495 404 404 379 396 383 431 528 329 380 249 250 180 166 125 109 85 1117 775 2224 1386 3785 191 16406 244 244 304 281 153 224 398 382 256 354 294 365 382 381 513 404 501 379 436 354 417 373 462 514 348 390 261 265 192 174 134 117 92 1108 776 1966 1386 3785 167 16406 2244 234 277 242 198 220 281 323 270 306 304 329 367 390 519 436 504 439 416 389 413 396 441 530 331 381 249 256 184 167 130 112 88 1114 776 1977 1386 3769 191 16406 4244 224 282 208 209 237 308 308 298 310 329 373 391 424 514 445 524 434 434 401 424 409 465 549 342 410 255 268 185 174 129 114 88 1110 776 1986 1385 3769 167 16407 244 217 256 235 180 205 312 350 250 378 305 430 375 430 520 462 500 422 423 401 421 398 456 534 346 393 259 260 189 173 132 115 90 1106 776 1996 1386 3760 167 16407 2244 196 239 182 174 247 256 260 291 342 330 414 406 446 531 424 531 411 460 393 448 398 482 541 356 406 266 271 195 180 136 118 91 1109 774 2212 1387 3769 167 16407 4244 198 262 184 221 269 273 228 301 298 339 322 401 381 521 374 537 365 486 367 450 386 482 529 371 396 278 273 206 187 144 124 95 1103 775 2221 1387 3777 144 16408 244 276 338 266 196 252 317 267 270 323 288 327 369 416 495 441 502 435 447 408 418 412 452 548 335 394 251 258 183 170 129 114 89 1104 776 1964 1385 3802 167 16408 2244 212 263 254 191 271 347 314 272 327 294 344 387 403 493 388 505 402 436 386 439 389 472 543 356 406 265 272 198 180 138 119 92 1101 776 1973 1386 3793 144 16408 4244 183 276 268 148 232 353 346 230 368 274 387 359 426 496 443 497 412 434 392 429 399 460 542 351 396 265 265 194 178 134 117 91 1108 776 1983 1387 3793 144 16409 244 182 214 216 145 212 282 246 244 305 290 344 392 384 486 387 514 384 447 368 441 384 466 534 353 399 267 270 197 178 136 118 90 1111 776 1994 1386 3802 167 16409 2244 197 228 210 122 188 325 337 208 384 266 373 352 403 492 424 496 414 435 385 429 396 464 531 348 399 263 266 191 175 134 115 89 1112 775 2211 1386 3818 167 16409 4244 174 219 207 181 258 295 230 286 279 327 306 385 370 479 399 538 389 466 373 453 386 480 533 359 397 269 270 198 180 136 118 92 1114 774 2223 1386 3818 167 16410 244 195 238 237 146 232 334 267 225 313 285 332 366 388 458 392 495 373 442 357 437 379 475 521 358 390 268 265 198 178 137 119 93 1111 776 1966 1386 3843 191 16410 2244 209 259 245 156 243 334 283 240 332 283 339 379 411 489 408 510 400 458 377 453 388 480 539 362 399 271 270 197 181 136 120 92 1105 776 1977 1385 3851 191 16410 4244 181 231 235 151 237 317 261 247 323 307 330 390 397 496 410 507 400 457 377 448 390 478 544 354 404 263 270 196 177 133 116 90 1112 776 1989 1386 3859 214 16411 244 187 241 254 126 202 344 333 192 367 258 383 328 425 458 422 463 390 421 376 425 390 461 524 347 383 263 263 195 175 135 116 91 1112 776 2000 1387 3876 214 16411 2244 229 242 204 201 298 287 248 337 278 378 304 404 359 545 428 572 410 492 394 472 417 503 569 373 427 279 286 204 189 136 122 93 1099 774 2217 1388 3892 237 16411 4244 213 243 214 166 256 302 254 278 330 329 324 380 376 505 420 519 383 462 378 455 386 482 536 364 400 272 269 202 183 139 120 94 1103 774 2228 1387 3892 260 16412 244 176 233 199 163 223 284 271 252 324 338 352 397 432 507 474 528 433 471 420 460 428 475 568 357 409 261 271 189 177 133 116 89 1105 776 1971 1386 3892 237 16412 2244 213 252 195 188 250 316 266 272 302 343 362 435 404 506 435 549 432 492 414 468 433 473 570 357 415 265 276 195 179 132 117 90 1104 776 1982 1385 3900 237 16412 4244 211 231 183 194 233 297 241 284 289 329 339 396 405 523 445 547 442 483 415 457 424 487 564 362 411 263 271 193 180 133 118 91 1108 776 1992 1387 3909 214 16413 244 224 196 191 186 262 329 287 304 303 392 368 477 376 576 454 585 453 509 426 495 439 509 580 378 430 278 289 204 190 139 122 96 1096 776 2003 1386 3909 237 16413 2244 232 218 217 214 320 334 320 306 323 377 339 439 402 577 443 597 434 506 412 489 426 505 573 377 428 276 287 202 189 139 122 94 1094 774 2219 1386 3917 237 16413 4244 218 249 250 160 274 330 316 274 311 360 328 438 414 524 459 542 443 481 415 465 426 481 561 355 413 265 271 197 178 136 119 93 1099 774 2230 1387 3892 237 16414 244 240 281 246 200 315 348 356 318 369 408 377 436 476 544 483 580 470 504 428 498 439 514 585 382 430 277 287 207 187 144 125 99 1081 776 1972 1386 3900 237 16414 2244 262 289 289 188 273 346 361 261 390 371 402 453 465 583 489 583 454 496 423 490 435 499 579 379 425 278 283 204 187 142 125 96 1085 776 1982 1386 3909 237 16414 4244 263 241 221 202 333 307 295 338 311 409 361 468 441 590 470 600 457 514 413 494 426 501 573 378 430 280 282 201 187 138 123 94 1091 776 1993 1387 3900 237 16415 244 265 290 260 195 354 345 317 332 341 413 372 500 477 598 502 610 458 529 437 506 450 525 607 390 448 286 292 207 190 144 126 98 1080 775 2004 1387 3884 237 16415 2244 281 271 293 218 318 413 378 323 386 347 427 476 498 597 517 616 481 525 429 502 449 512 587 387 430 289 288 207 191 146 127 100 1075 774 2221 1386 3892 237 16415 4245 294 264 292 209 315 383 384 295 388 384 431 461 477 607 507 595 479 520 439 507 448 521 600 389 446 290 293 211 192 146 127 102 1072 774 2231 1387 3900 260 16416 245 316 250 264 202 336 333 317 348 322 363 411 450 450 597 537 608 503 513 468 506 465 511 611 382 450 285 297 207 190 142 125 96 1077 776 1975 1386 3892 260 16416 2245 312 300 387 242 395 407 393 319 386 368 435 492 493 615 510 621 472 523 452 508 458 522 613 390 452 289 300 211 195 144 128 100 1068 776 1987 1386 3868 260 16416 4245 292 285 287 272 387 464 355 344 371 372 421 460 504 607 511 613 494 524 452 516 471 531 619 395 459 288 298 208 195 143 128 100 1071 776 1997 1387 3851 260 16417 245 320 273 260 238 371 406 344 309 363 333 388 483 469 591 513 613 496 527 465 511 485 529 619 391 460 291 297 214 194 143 128 100 1072 776 2008 1387 3859 260 16417 2245 307 304 312 275 353 449 384 317 408 363 383 456 482 584 523 613 508 506 471 510 479 537 633 395 464 292 298 211 195 146 130 102 1066 774 2226 1387 3835 260 16417 4245 355 303 299 221 357 454 418 328 388 422 413 482 512 602 508 618 500 512 463 514 480 532 622 397 468 291 302 213 197 148 130 102 1062 776 1968 1387 3851 260 16418 245 387 397 278 277 456 316 319 348 362 393 421 515 461 596 500 627 487 513 464 505 473 529 631 398 458 292 300 212 195 151 130 103 1062 776 1979 1386 3859 260 16418 2245 354 313 269 334 406 394 327 387 404 464 445 574 547 648 566 682 540 577 497 561 498 576 669 428 490 314 323 227 210 158 139 109 1043 776 1990 1387 3851 260 16418 4245 410 467 278 289 488 371 352 402 398 485 442 541 519 642 559 681 536 551 513 553 504 570 663 423 489 312 314 228 208 159 139 110 1043 776 2001 1387 3876 283 16419 245 323 416 249 319 432 282 300 419 322 492 405 557 482 698 568 725 554 611 518 588 522 601 703 461 520 329 336 242 223 168 145 114 1038 775 2011 1387 3826 260 16419 2245 283 281 337 188 285 487 476 321 377 369 449 490 491 663 538 655 519 557 485 537 496 553 653 411 480 300 312 222 200 151 133 103 1058 774 2227 1388 3818 260 16419 4245 312 330 384 217 264 519 410 345 427 415 475 556 527 650 548 642 549 554 512 560 521 569 680 425 492 318 318 226 206 158 138 109 1045 776 1968 1386 3835 260 16420 245 305 317 313 236 323 473 383 363 428 405 404 506 487 629 493 641 513 548 479 524 488 551 645 413 477 302 311 222 206 155 135 106 1057 776 1978 1387 3835 237 16420 2245 361 314 321 262 342 462 385 397 409 434 443 529 540 688 568 698 553 586 523 581 521 593 688 453 513 327 332 236 217 165 145 112 1035 776 1989 1387 3876 260 16420 4245 406 441 312 249 377 387 414 382 409 408 452 510 563 645 550 654 539 569 511 556 505 580 672 439 491 322 319 239 214 169 145 115 1034 774 2206 1386 3909 283 16421 245 294 477 293 391 500 351 381 427 409 455 440 531 523 675 576 705 573 584 524 572 532 595 708 448 507 328 332 234 214 163 143 111 1035 775 2007 1387 3859 237 16421 2245 363 296 250 242 359 391 380 330 394 425 445 475 505 664 553 672 532 569 519 547 508 559 674 428 490 314 320 228 208 161 140 109 1046 774 2223 1387 3909 214 16421 4245 268 433 354 287 331 459 450 403 460 436 489 527 536 616 582 649 565 554 526 547 518 568 683 425 487 307 317 224 203 159 138 108 1043 775 1964 1387 3884 237 16422 245 283 368 321 231 297 471 411 327 436 387 437 505 527 637 564 652 561 562 517 536 510 552 669 419 475 306 312 224 202 154 137 107 1050 775 1974 1386 3917 214 16422 2245 272 344 261 230 339 370 337 387 341 436 394 533 462 662 514 688 527 582 493 556 494 578 657 426 481 313 322 229 206 160 140 108 1059 775 1984 1386 3917 237 16422 4245 291 362 301 261 373 398 361 381 368 449 453 545 506 692 540 696 557 602 511 579 523 595 681 445 500 324 335 236 214 164 143 110 1047 775 1994 1386 3925 237 16423 245 264 399 317 224 313 409 373 340 400 416 433 489 511 664 495 640 497 552 467 526 485 546 625 407 458 305 304 222 200 151 132 104 1064 775 2005 1387 3933 214 16423 2245 276 445 313 251 377 387 325 395 340 458 416 503 458 676 504 677 505 572 484 558 493 577 661 430 480 317 325 233 211 161 141 109 1050 774 2221 1386 3933 191 16423 4245 235 402 356 244 374 435 395 351 359 417 456 552 521 686 544 675 539 587 502 564 521 589 693 432 494 317 324 234 211 162 141 109 1045 775 1963 1387 3942 214 16500 245 233 439 330 246 370 454 384 369 346 459 417 519 482 688 536 683 532 601 511 579 513 591 683 440 492 327 328 235 214 162 140 111 1044 775 1973 1387 3942 191 16500 2245 238 403 326 279 362 476 419 353 418 434 446 508 520 679 584 687 553 593 522 581 529 586 689 442 506 323 330 238 219 165 144 112 1037 775 1984 1387 3950 214 16500 4245 304 377 279 262 355 493 370 362 415 449 475 544 542 698 601 719 580 641 545 617 553 645 724 482 530 345 348 257 233 176 154 121 1026 775 1994 1387 3991 214 16501 245 236 297 309 220 353 366 436 335 402 440 524 524 546 670 619 688 603 603 562 582 564 615 728 463 533 338 347 245 225 171 150 117 1029 775 2004 1386 3958 214 16501 2246 272 296 270 276 385 355 414 431 398 530 518 622 581 725 625 738 617 647 557 622 560 631 739 463 534 340 347 245 228 170 149 117 1027 774 2221 1386 3975 191 16501 4246 235 367 339 243 311 464 374 362 427 421 463 512 507 634 571 639 553 564 520 561 516 588 680 439 500 321 328 236 216 163 145 112 1048 775 1963 1387 3950 214 16502 246 249 286 236 243 323 328 311 349 315 420 416 485 486 640 548 671 528 577 500 572 510 591 671 452 492 324 325 235 217 163 142 109 1057 775 1974 1387 3950 237 16502 2246 225 213 226 264 310 336 323 308 406 416 491 510 557 591 553 656 517 567 497 556 494 573 668 439 490 316 322 229 208 161 140 108 1060 775 1986 1387 3942 283 16502 4246 247 220 202 224 335 281 281 328 359 438 419 521 474 633 532 656 516 571 494 562 489 577 657 427 489 310 322 226 209 159 138 107 1066 775 1998 1386 3933 283 16503 246 238 267 240 233 322 303 333 336 384 390 422 456 499 633 561 671 535 575 482 569 498 573 658 429 485 314 319 227 208 157 138 107 1065 774 2218 1387 3933 307 16503 2246 286 319 274 193 291 386 326 338 373 365 422 471 508 629 542 651 529 581 486 553 505 579 662 430 483 308 318 225 206 156 136 106 1066 774 2230 1387 3917 330 16503 4246 223 266 231 219 304 456 359 320 431 372 479 494 569 607 558 631 525 556 490 547 496 567 642 432 473 313 316 232 210 160 139 109 1062 775 1973 1387 3884 330 16504 246 241 244 221 244 328 383 315 350 368 408 442 532 537 641 538 640 509 562 483 555 475 568 641 430 468 314 311 232 207 160 139 109 1063 775 1986 1386 3884 353 16504 2246 246 291 298 222 352 384 336 310 386 418 437 506 502 633 528 655 529 552 508 550 496 557 646 421 469 308 314 228 206 156 136 105 1062 775 1998 1387 3868 376 16504 4246 234 251 278 211 298 471 381 335 449 398 477 496 534 641 543 615 510 538 487 538 484 558 641 417 468 307 312 227 204 156 137 106 1061 774 2220 1388 3859 400 16505 246 233 276 311 262 316 383 356 359 407 416 459 498 537 630 570 658 548 558 515 536 506 558 676 411 481 298 313 222 205 154 137 106 1054 775 2022 1388 3851 376 16505 2246 256 257 273 278 375 323 295 416 353 416 421 587 476 645 544 670 560 587 496 561 496 575 660 423 483 304 320 227 207 157 138 106 1061 774 2241 1388 3843 400 16505 4246 249 242 218 250 355 322 283 385 320 450 426 563 473 650 505 675 507 568 484 558 472 562 632 415 469 306 311 227 205 156 138 104 1071 775 1981 1388 3835 423 16506 246 234 283 285 188 269 378 339 313 384 387 451 515 543 659 534 655 519 558 478 537 475 558 622 415 460 310 308 228 204 158 138 109 1068 775 1993 1387 3793 423 16506 2246 286 332 253 254 323 338 289 367 308 419 437 560 459 689 519 702 545 596 509 563 497 569 669 421 492 306 323 225 209 161 139 108 1062 775 2004 1387 3818 423 16506 4246 284 297 239 228 343 380 327 339 361 410 429 518 486 666 497 671 519 564 490 551 499 562 666 418 478 305 320 226 207 157 138 107 1063 774 2224 1387 3810 446 16507 246 275 400 301 256 406 341 306 403 330 464 417 546 494 692 528 711 550 601 519 584 511 586 684 438 496 316 328 230 213 162 142 111 1050 775 2024 1388 3802 423 16507 2246 233 330 315 204 292 396 391 325 403 380 493 519 518 593 565 628 539 546 501 534 504 555 664 413 475 300 308 220 202 154 136 106 1062 774 2244 1388 3785 423 16507 4246 292 253 293 257 310 389 305 368 391 425 428 513 508 653 519 659 526 577 501 560 503 574 666 422 479 313 319 233 208 162 140 110 1056 775 1983 1387 3826 423 16508 246 261 356 276 237 365 343 347 403 377 416 474 529 521 644 569 664 559 571 540 554 526 565 686 421 493 307 322 225 208 156 138 107 1054 775 1994 1388 3785 423 16508 2246 246 324 291 222 298 328 310 328 350 405 447 477 519 631 541 645 557 572 511 563 515 571 667 428 487 311 323 230 214 161 142 111 1061 775 2004 1386 3785 400 16508 4246 274 290 287 245 362 308 305 349 335 439 416 525 485 647 527 679 500 594 474 583 496 601 657 453 494 329 330 241 217 168 147 114 1052 775 2015 1387 3818 423 16509 246 184 314 346 189 282 413 424 355 448 436 501 526 546 643 578 640 557 591 502 570 507 590 662 439 488 320 324 236 213 165 143 112 1051 774 2234 1387 3777 423 16509 2246 183 304 317 202 294 458 409 323 448 390 521 502 574 657 603 671 568 582 526 571 530 598 702 453 507 327 333 242 216 168 145 114 1045 774 2244 1387 3793 400 16509 4246 241 311 311 260 390 391 313 417 364 448 437 542 501 694 526 696 530 614 506 595 519 615 693 468 522 342 343 249 225 172 150 120 1041 775 1983 1388 3826 376 16510 246 228 291 250 182 301 377 340 329 380 406 412 477 500 613 492 643 485 581 472 566 488 602 657 449 501 326 333 240 218 166 144 112 1062 775 1992 1387 3826 376 16510 2246 238 257 230 241 373 327 267 365 298 397 388 533 432 644 468 692 469 616 461 594 473 612 649 462 496 339 336 250 224 171 149 115 1061 775 2002 1387 3851 353 16510 4246 207 214 211 199 278 319 287 317 360 374 396 452 480 587 531 633 509 555 481 551 486 569 649 437 482 319 319 236 210 161 140 110 1069 775 2011 1387 3826 353 16511 246 290 324 275 286 324 294 268 326 312 360 408 447 479 607 537 611 530 550 499 552 500 571 659 428 486 313 314 230 209 159 139 109 1063 773 2228 1387 3859 353 16511 2247 225 318 258 207 272 357 310 319 373 360 445 453 503 603 509 638 510 574 480 570 504 591 666 448 499 329 326 239 216 167 145 114 1056 773 2238 1387 3876 353 16511 4247 229 284 272 215 272 324 287 302 334 373 414 475 468 608 486 635 491 575 465 576 485 597 648 448 489 332 326 241 216 167 144 113 1062 775 1979 1386 3884 330 16512 247 184 242 209 185 245 270 239 307 334 370 380 433 432 586 476 607 496 573 472 556 481 575 649 424 481 317 317 228 207 158 137 106 1079 775 1990 1387 3859 376 16512 2247 208 297 231 201 230 350 281 297 335 380 424 459 469 616 532 608 505 565 477 567 495 593 653 440 490 320 320 233 211 163 142 108 1072 775 2000 1387 3900 376 16512 4247 205 289 279 186 248 359 328 279 416 395 451 461 514 585 550 645 538 567 495 563 511 592 680 432 498 320 326 232 212 162 139 107 1066 775 2011 1387 3892 376 16513 247 208 319 280 164 212 394 310 290 368 344 451 447 506 602 567 583 522 533 506 547 496 564 651 421 479 312 309 224 203 157 136 107 1069 775 2022 1387 3900 376 16513 2247 229 269 252 180 229 375 334 317 373 379 447 436 485 596 561 623 519 546 496 556 500 578 667 428 483 313 317 224 207 156 137 106 1065 773 2240 1388 3917 376 16513 4247 216 237 259 188 297 336 294 339 335 438 422 498 485 641 528 639 497 582 480 573 488 585 652 445 487 322 327 237 216 164 141 110 1064 775 1981 1388 3909 400 16514 247 255 315 270 210 297 364 343 326 334 407 443 472 485 618 537 638 541 575 504 555 508 576 673 426 485 311 320 228 210 157 137 107 1061 775 1992 1386 3917 376 16514 2247 256 275 275 220 326 322 362 348 375 396 455 492 512 624 577 662 531 589 509 564 513 582 689 435 493 319 323 235 215 162 139 110 1058 775 2002 1387 3917 376 16514 4247 245 338 297 207 273 396 413 342 419 421 492 489 554 638 600 662 562 594 531 565 538 595 700 447 501 324 322 237 215 165 142 112 1043 775 2013 1387 3925 376 16515 247 261 491 374 235 318 469 405 342 425 429 484 510 562 674 585 708 554 620 520 588 526 610 695 457 511 337 337 250 225 172 149 118 1030 775 2024 1387 3909 376 16515 2247 277 260 272 195 290 389 354 315 376 409 447 461 543 634 559 659 528 571 510 555 502 581 671 434 482 319 320 234 210 162 141 111 1056 773 2244 1388 3917 376 16515 4247 259 285 317 202 313 417 360 353 441 399 520 518 563 677 602 680 551 608 509 576 524 603 690 452 493 331 332 238 216 166 145 114 1040 775 1985 1387 3900 400 16516 247 279 297 323 232 342 428 373 363 429 452 453 511 550 667 596 693 555 616 515 576 529 607 703 456 514 333 341 243 220 166 146 113 1043 775 1996 1388 3892 400 16516 2247 311 352 349 273 373 455 438 333 390 405 480 510 534 650 586 685 568 591 526 578 529 600 703 459 517 326 340 244 221 168 146 113 1040 775 2007 1387 3917 400 16516 4247 281 251 246 276 384 412 372 352 413 400 422 533 560 691 608 708 571 603 545 587 532 596 708 447 519 330 340 239 220 165 147 114 1042 775 2018 1386 3868 446 16517 247 237 311 327 229 351 435 406 309 450 380 468 493 554 658 541 688 527 597 504 556 516 591 680 443 495 322 325 238 211 166 143 112 1046 775 2030 1388 3843 446 16517 2247 244 262 253 263 397 432 387 335 432 418 498 546 562 637 569 675 547 588 518 566 511 582 686 445 503 326 333 236 215 167 146 112 1044 773 2250 1386 3835 423 16517 4247 298 287 331 282 461 446 406 391 413 440 458 544 505 691 559 700 535 610 513 598 519 608 685 465 510 338 338 247 225 172 150 117 1036 775 1990 1388 3851 423 16518 247 262 235 244 255 400 366 331 339 380 427 492 531 548 677 548 661 532 588 513 593 527 601 687 453 514 336 338 246 222 168 149 116 1045 775 2001 1387 3826 423 16518 2247 307 295 351 253 417 484 380 339 397 447 471 526 567 687 565 648 544 588 508 575 520 587 684 450 504 330 333 241 218 170 146 115 1041 775 2012 1386 3851 446 16518 4247 256 359 326 242 319 519 398 382 436 462 513 575 553 668 611 730 568 637 561 600 543 634 735 476 536 341 353 253 234 179 154 123 1020 775 2023 1387 3810 423 16519 247 248 266 184 314 381 274 299 295 318 376 404 446 487 588 504 628 514 541 478 533 489 558 650 426 475 315 321 238 210 166 141 112 1065 773 2241 1387 3777 446 16519 2247 244 360 282 234 345 441 347 288 344 408 430 522 504 622 550 660 503 561 481 547 487 568 653 435 490 321 326 236 216 164 145 110 1055 773 2252 1387 3802 446 16519 4247 234 325 267 180 304 391 350 270 377 388 453 484 548 586 559 618 499 529 486 532 486 558 650 431 477 311 318 232 207 164 141 110 1063 775 1991 1387 3793 423 16520 247 217 240 204 204 316 338 296 338 311 405 393 498 504 612 519 675 500 568 490 549 499 575 668 433 501 318 329 237 214 164 141 110 1063 775 2001 1387 3793 446 16520 2247 276 302 251 241 289 408 392 296 424 373 433 426 541 586 575 618 520 541 494 537 507 568 678 439 508 319 330 235 215 167 145 114 1053 774 2012 1386 3826 446 16520 4247 267 276 208 272 363 371 331 316 375 412 471 503 557 626 533 631 505 557 494 533 491 563 658 432 489 319 330 236 214 167 143 114 1055 774 2023 1388 3810 446 16521 248 241 301 273 178 239 342 327 277 382 393 446 462 550 581 538 616 514 541 480 528 507 563 664 423 493 311 322 228 209 157 138 108 1064 773 2241 1388 3810 423 16521 2248 261 386 269 203 280 358 349 309 403 385 497 484 562 603 582 625 535 561 506 550 513 576 688 426 506 318 327 233 215 163 142 111 1056 773 2251 1387 3835 446 16521 4248 242 285 276 228 313 402 334 340 386 427 480 523 549 656 569 661 537 585 499 582 517 602 684 460 512 336 339 248 223 175 148 117 1044 774 1990 1387 3835 423 16522 248 213 347 259 194 255 325 292 283 333 334 421 444 513 605 554 633 517 547 507 549 516 576 687 440 505 320 332 238 217 165 143 111 1062 775 2000 1386 3835 423 16522 2248 191 242 178 196 266 318 246 272 312 321 388 408 466 541 507 571 461 510 462 517 476 549 643 421 478 311 315 227 206 159 135 106 1082 775 2011 1387 3843 423 16522 4248 191 222 190 194 253 294 252 256 316 311 373 410 425 530 464 553 434 511 431 513 458 553 638 428 476 315 321 233 210 159 137 107 1083 774 2022 1387 3843 400 16523 248 197 316 231 247 330 381 307 333 367 445 447 483 486 629 546 643 484 568 473 564 485 591 671 446 515 329 345 244 225 167 147 113 1058 773 2240 1388 3876 400 16523 2248 197 289 234 226 292 357 335 302 371 357 448 450 538 606 558 614 493 547 485 555 493 593 676 459 496 329 331 243 218 170 147 116 1056 773 2250 1387 3876 423 16523 4248 195 262 177 155 244 331 283 287 329 333 403 452 476 596 527 615 487 541 470 558 485 586 659 444 495 325 331 242 219 168 143 112 1066 775 1990 1388 3900 423 16600 248 167 247 170 189 256 286 236 310 290 354 393 441 469 587 540 638 531 545 496 541 504 572 668 427 489 319 325 235 216 161 143 110 1073 774 2001 1387 3876 400 16600 2248 156 259 192 155 204 317 297 233 365 340 424 445 531 608 553 604 507 520 490 527 505 577 676 431 501 314 323 229 212 159 138 108 1075 774 2011 1388 3884 400 16600 4248 183 260 185 177 248 325 282 295 346 375 390 460 491 619 552 662 494 567 483 558 493 586 675 441 501 327 328 237 218 164 142 111 1071 774 2022 1387 3909 423 16601 248 161 253 184 139 229 327 268 274 344 344 445 437 506 599 585 618 501 535 500 549 506 564 664 435 487 313 317 229 210 159 138 108 1072 773 2240 1387 3900 423 16601 2248 177 259 175 173 271 329 306 309 343 398 421 459 511 613 578 640 543 561 499 561 527 591 686 448 507 327 336 239 220 165 143 112 1065 773 2251 1386 3925 423 16601 4248 181 293 202 174 242 277 280 307 325 347 390 449 473 580 602 620 540 545 507 552 533 584 705 437 508 323 333 237 221 165 144 111 1065 774 1991 1387 3909 446 16602 248 164 294 207 154 211 316 305 303 355 377 423 457 479 619 638 639 572 555 545 561 569 597 727 440 525 316 332 235 215 161 142 111 1061 774 2002 1388 3917 423 16602 2248 184 311 212 149 222 324 327 312 352 369 408 479 496 631 602 649 578 559 544 563 555 590 723 448 523 332 338 239 221 165 145 112 1053 774 2013 1387 3917 446 16602 4248 207 296 212 199 287 307 281 348 338 388 402 497 482 636 592 653 566 565 528 573 537 609 719 461 527 342 348 250 231 172 151 117 1049 774 2024 1388 3909 446 16603 248 248 261 223 228 382 398 356 333 379 395 464 518 494 660 573 672 527 580 506 583 526 605 689 468 511 342 340 255 229 175 153 119 1046 773 2244 1388 3933 446 16603 2248 219 210 182 251 323 271 298 415 355 444 364 506 443 658 533 683 516 590 505 588 521 604 692 460 521 336 344 248 228 172 148 115 1057 773 2256 1388 3917 492 16603 4248 235 220 191 226 328 319 269 359 293 441 378 486 434 659 521 657 494 595 480 586 499 593 666 451 505 335 340 247 225 171 150 116 1061 774 1997 1386 3925 492 16604 248 208 297 217 244 311 332 316 336 370 415 425 516 502 671 567 693 566 576 523 589 533 613 712 467 524 336 344 246 227 172 149 117 1050 774 2010 1387 3892 516 16604 2248 203 229 167 243 274 300 296 306 324 375 417 457 486 645 572 673 532 580 510 570 524 593 685 448 513 330 341 244 220 166 148 112 1058 774 2021 1387 3884 516 16604 4248 236 280 176 193 319 284 238 356 288 413 384 504 448 629 516 683 523 588 492 566 518 594 680 452 517 334 345 244 225 167 149 114 1058 774 2033 1387 3900 539 16605 248 211 244 206 223 269 364 342 335 392 411 410 482 523 615 562 686 543 568 493 559 517 575 685 446 499 322 334 242 221 168 149 114 1057 773 2256 1388 3876 585 16605 2248 206 325 232 225 294 383 379 312 365 370 428 460 528 635 574 690 578 566 516 569 529 588 697 444 510 333 341 243 224 168 148 115 1053 774 1995 1387 3826 562 16605 4248 270 280 194 252 364 411 350 333 330 467 445 501 496 645 549 678 531 553 489 560 512 584 672 441 499 331 330 240 220 168 146 115 1051 774 2007 1387 3868 562 16606 248 268 273 210 273 323 397 351 357 361 417 436 485 493 643 560 679 523 573 488 547 518 582 671 443 503 327 332 241 219 166 146 114 1055 774 2019 1387 3843 585 16606 2248 253 335 189 231 271 402 363 347 349 420 455 494 537 656 567 671 531 574 505 561 524 583 693 445 513 328 337 241 221 166 147 113 1054 773 2242 1388 3835 585 16606 4249 383 373 325 273 442 486 365 391 340 453 474 529 479 695 536 703 504 580 486 563 502 595 678 452 507 337 339 248 224 174 150 120 1036 774 2040 1387 3868 585 16607 249 362 357 200 289 378 432 360 363 360 450 482 504 511 653 594 684 539 574 516 553 522 582 683 438 504 327 333 244 221 168 147 114 1044 773 2263 1388 3859 609 16607 2249 326 346 215 229 334 349 379 307 361 437 475 522 537 657 547 684 511 576 505 559 522 597 688 453 521 328 340 246 225 172 151 119 1045 774 2000 1387 3843 609 16607 4249 278 380 347 239 349 404 386 323 382 402 462 499 535 661 547 645 514 560 481 549 509 582 682 445 498 331 336 253 225 176 151 120 1047 774 2010 1388 3802 609 16608 249 290 348 257 219 340 444 327 369 392 400 476 499 572 628 549 663 521 565 475 563 497 591 685 454 512 336 342 249 226 175 153 119 1042 774 2021 1387 3818 585 16608 2249 204 358 210 260 287 370 414 299 375 375 513 435 584 587 573 635 547 545 498 547 533 592 692 440 507 325 333 241 219 168 144 112 1055 773 2242 1387 3760 585 16608 4249 193 245 181 230 266 329 317 324 344 348 448 463 518 589 547 642 531 561 480 555 499 568 675 436 501 321 327 234 215 164 146 113 1067 774 2040 1388 3744 562 16609 249 203 265 171 202 243 367 311 284 380 352 446 457 525 593 527 625 497 554 481 561 491 587 669 448 506 327 336 239 221 167 146 113 1063 773 2259 1388 3760 562 16609 2249 220 249 182 220 301 318 255 319 347 402 406 523 455 619 492 691 507 590 482 598 493 621 691 466 525 348 353 256 231 176 152 118 1059 774 1994 1389 3777 539 16609 4249 231 241 187 244 335 301 271 352 338 420 394 512 450 621 472 694 474 600 468 593 481 626 680 466 528 345 352 255 231 177 154 120 1057 774 2004 1387 3802 539 16610 249 197 253 219 197 254 346 354 312 404 392 437 489 505 578 514 636 489 558 466 564 486 602 678 455 521 337 344 251 227 176 152 118 1053 774 2013 1387 3785 516 16610 2249 194 267 192 182 248 342 336 246 350 347 413 470 505 563 513 606 483 535 455 547 476 580 656 442 501 329 334 246 222 171 147 116 1063 774 2023 1388 3785 516 16610 4249 213 285 234 206 275 457 361 301 420 361 433 465 531 613 550 628 513 547 477 558 499 607 680 457 511 337 340 251 227 175 152 120 1047 774 2033 1388 3826 516 16611 249 189 275 178 164 237 318 332 286 387 387 409 508 508 618 502 636 491 579 467 563 487 610 655 463 503 339 341 249 224 173 149 118 1060 773 2252 1388 3810 492 16611 2249 215 240 191 184 288 359 326 294 389 343 409 479 482 582 479 616 455 565 435 562 461 603 654 461 509 341 340 256 229 181 154 122 1056 774 1991 1387 3826 492 16611 4249 217 278 219 198 279 375 337 272 396 342 416 462 509 584 521 621 502 573 473 557 485 600 672 455 504 332 333 248 221 173 148 117 1057 774 2002 1388 3859 516 16612 249 179 234 161 196 283 274 300 313 334 407 375 469 441 614 537 638 526 568 496 555 513 585 686 445 509 324 338 235 217 165 145 111 1071 774 2013 1388 3835 539 16612 2249 195 233 183 159 221 320 337 267 377 352 429 427 477 561 523 593 518 537 465 534 486 581 658 433 490 318 324 236 213 167 145 113 1069 774 2024 1387 3868 539 16612 4249 221 210 199 202 279 361 318 298 353 339 388 446 472 581 485 619 492 556 474 544 491 581 677 441 501 324 332 242 218 168 146 115 1069 773 2245 1388 3876 539 16613 249 250 265 191 232 316 354 298 376 356 438 375 489 429 650 488 692 495 607 508 582 515 623 707 461 532 338 351 248 228 172 151 117 1052 773 2256 1387 3909 539 16613 2249 210 220 208 183 245 373 313 299 400 367 397 468 499 600 514 621 475 576 454 560 480 609 669 459 511 337 344 252 228 176 152 119 1058 774 1995 1388 3900 539 16613 4249 241 226 193 217 321 387 362 328 435 393 456 489 515 621 534 632 525 581 493 573 511 603 685 461 510 334 341 255 224 176 152 120 1049 774 2005 1388 3909 539 16614 249 225 304 240 218 265 374 355 330 404 399 468 463 541 629 576 642 546 573 523 569 529 613 716 460 529 330 348 245 227 172 152 118 1049 774 2015 1388 3892 539 16614 2249 237 234 204 189 272 400 329 293 371 375 444 467 513 653 543 665 519 596 507 600 538 634 726 476 541 346 360 256 234 180 157 122 1041 774 2021 1387 3917 446 16614 4249 229 280 183 226 300 337 331 344 363 416 399 492 513 643 567 671 540 615 516 600 528 632 719 482 541 350 362 261 236 184 158 125 1045 772 2234 1387 3917 400 16615 249 251 346 216 252 299 358 348 311 396 396 449 484 542 675 612 667 579 592 551 588 566 624 754 467 551 338 358 251 233 177 156 121 1035 772 2238 1388 3925 353 16615 2249 258 334 204 253 317 332 291 358 352 423 421 503 512 642 576 682 571 633 533 594 552 636 747 478 548 345 358 256 235 181 158 124 1038 774 1973 1387 3925 283 16615 4249 281 210 233 204 302 405 327 328 367 433 459 496 508 657 530 667 526 605 516 589 531 622 705 480 530 347 356 259 235 185 159 127 1034 774 1980 1386 3933 260 16616 249 292 243 242 274 315 392 379 377 370 474 491 522 549 674 585 700 598 643 569 610 576 647 772 496 569 357 369 265 242 183 162 128 1024 774 1988 1387 3917 260 16616 2250 244 267 201 186 283 370 371 303 408 381 451 485 565 639 602 659 580 593 542 586 555 634 749 484 540 349 358 258 239 182 158 123 1031 774 1999 1386 3900 260 16616 4250 250 324 261 202 240 365 333 337 432 452 456 532 602 672 615 729 616 637 596 625 597 669 791 501 583 361 378 266 246 188 166 127 1016 774 2009 1387 3884 260 16617 250 285 253 226 257 292 426 377 355 396 426 504 494 578 664 597 684 559 596 554 577 556 621 741 469 540 346 352 256 232 178 156 121 1036 772 2228 1388 3884 283 16617 2250 353 242 225 269 429 373 314 393 357 450 498 560 550 730 590 742 563 646 562 626 576 673 771 501 567 369 372 271 248 190 166 130 1020 774 1970 1386 3925 283 16617 4250 278 316 205 206 304 383 344 330 410 422 417 538 509 678 597 684 553 607 534 590 549 628 725 468 541 346 355 256 236 180 159 122 1031 774 1981 1387 3868 283 16618 250 300 250 217 246 352 381 269 392 350 465 399 555 502 686 548 686 499 612 513 600 538 645 720 482 539 354 359 262 238 182 159 125 1034 774 1994 1386 3892 307 16618 2250 302 261 184 217 321 336 317 351 353 441 436 561 543 694 590 731 565 633 563 621 571 659 766 489 562 358 369 263 243 184 162 127 1031 774 2003 1387 3876 307 16618 4250 291 275 243 245 376 426 332 451 397 569 473 630 553 760 634 805 593 698 579 667 603 701 799 517 593 380 388 283 260 196 171 133 1007 774 2012 1388 3859 237 16619 250 330 307 231 214 333 359 303 399 369 453 439 557 552 699 572 712 512 618 496 591 533 624 712 466 532 343 356 256 234 180 157 122 1034 772 2226 1387 3868 214 16619 2250 456 256 228 368 477 393 387 398 428 457 471 537 548 715 581 726 553 622 547 602 562 637 754 483 558 358 369 265 246 188 167 132 1020 774 1967 1386 3909 237 16619 4250 339 319 297 222 362 440 390 428 478 544 547 644 684 801 687 836 642 719 622 693 626 728 838 540 616 391 404 292 264 201 178 138 984 774 1978 1387 3859 214 16620 250 326 354 333 263 459 524 427 493 489 623 574 710 686 856 697 874 659 750 649 735 665 770 871 574 640 412 425 304 278 212 187 146 963 774 1987 1386 3851 191 16620 2250 350 302 310 232 382 444 389 445 421 515 549 640 626 811 650 833 637 703 589 671 623 710 808 529 602 384 396 284 258 199 172 134 994 773 1996 1387 3851 167 16620 4250 310 368 328 226 339 566 484 379 510 496 593 620 704 795 718 808 693 716 635 699 644 736 851 544 619 395 401 290 260 204 178 139 976 774 2005 1385 3843 191 16621 250 323 329 256 276 405 463 447 458 431 556 568 672 689 836 732 841 670 757 628 733 649 765 861 568 630 405 411 299 269 209 181 142 975 772 2220 1386 3851 167 16621 2250 324 370 324 244 395 568 475 410 489 507 592 680 664 819 654 814 635 733 605 705 613 742 828 547 620 401 406 294 264 204 180 141 975 773 1961 1385 3843 144 16621 4250 253 367 232 227 357 493 399 391 490 528 574 649 609 763 645 792 638 693 589 655 602 696 806 525 597 378 386 278 254 194 170 132 998 773 1970 1386 3826 121 16622 250 284 349 306 294 368 518 438 432 470 520 548 642 614 780 650 802 629 717 598 687 622 725 819 537 609 393 399 291 264 205 177 138 984 774 1980 1385 3851 144 16622 2250 324 343 246 296 389 453 405 443 478 546 588 649 665 832 702 869 691 757 650 723 671 771 885 573 649 409 424 301 274 214 184 143 969 773 1992 1385 3884 167 16622 4250 296 414 299 274 380 590 465 432 505 503 617 644 728 825 719 816 660 743 646 717 652 762 862 577 645 412 417 311 274 214 185 146 967 773 2004 1386 3868 191 16623 250 261 264 229 266 407 429 346 511 449 559 501 696 598 844 637 872 622 772 607 723 612 763 845 569 631 411 418 303 275 211 184 143 987 772 2223 1387 3868 214 16623 2250 219 296 247 264 343 486 421 428 579 517 598 598 681 774 680 814 663 737 637 718 643 750 861 575 649 413 422 309 277 216 185 147 976 774 1967 1385 3859 214 16623 4250 243 274 262 299 375 476 445 445 544 508 594 611 652 806 702 832 691 742 648 711 641 736 837 544 616 396 402 292 264 203 179 140 984 773 1978 1386 3868 214 16700 250 259 325 258 281 396 445 386 449 457 544 503 625 646 794 653 824 626 762 618 711 622 745 836 561 620 404 407 303 268 212 181 143 983 773 1988 1386 3900 214 16700 2250 249 308 228 318 432 433 348 462 442 566 472 668 586 831 631 856 609 782 602 746 615 775 831 577 634 420 421 314 278 218 187 146 976 773 1999 1386 3909 237 16700 4250 210 320 260 229 314 511 473 427 517 500 578 615 678 799 709 829 684 767 644 736 647 765 864 576 636 414 418 306 274 212 183 146 978 772 2216 1386 3909 214 16701 250 242 376 288 269 364 478 472 454 527 497 578 598 696 767 730 816 704 742 673 713 679 746 887 553 639 402 410 294 266 207 180 140 974 772 2225 1386 3925 237 16701 2250 234 320 235 291 373 430 395 493 418 551 542 604 640 788 686 855 689 767 650 720 664 743 861 554 627 400 409 295 266 205 180 140 988 773 1967 1386 3917 191 16701 4250 273 294 235 294 369 523 464 448 478 508 554 638 635 824 674 842 692 748 674 721 667 751 882 558 633 396 408 295 267 207 180 141 991 773 1976 1386 3942 191 16702 250 225 323 212 268 348 402 342 415 416 498 539 637 625 821 695 831 689 731 645 711 650 727 859 543 622 397 405 291 266 204 176 139 990 773 1986 1385 3933 167 16702 2251 257 335 252 259 319 531 448 436 496 511 628 634 720 791 746 841 717 746 691 707 687 720 886 548 629 393 407 290 267 207 178 142 975 773 1995 1386 3958 191 16702 4251 267 326 254 249 316 562 447 458 516 484 626 616 688 786 731 809 678 714 667 706 665 726 855 542 611 399 404 294 265 206 179 142 980 772 2212 1386 3958 167 16703 251 249 382 221 275 356 406 350 495 410 533 515 648 618 800 719 849 701 737 654 697 656 729 856 545 623 398 401 292 263 210 178 140 986 772 2221 1386 3966 144 16703 2251 277 345 245 274 329 457 436 542 492 609 539 634 667 806 707 838 705 758 686 713 670 745 873 556 635 401 412 294 269 208 183 143 976 773 1964 1386 3983 167 16703 4251 297 389 261 272 368 398 372 540 425 531 527 632 645 803 713 843 694 759 664 708 663 735 862 548 629 392 409 289 265 203 176 141 982 773 1976 1386 3966 167 16704 251 294 417 241 268 353 469 380 466 480 544 507 648 632 819 681 832 647 713 624 698 609 725 802 543 597 393 396 289 264 205 178 141 988 773 1986 1386 3975 167 16704 2251 309 357 209 343 376 443 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360 385 361 478 458 632 530 741 627 780 576 645 569 642 567 675 748 506 557 372 375 275 248 192 165 132 1015 773 2004 1386 3900 237 16706 4251 332 351 208 237 351 414 336 437 375 443 459 610 571 762 662 789 618 677 595 662 602 695 797 518 581 382 392 280 257 196 169 133 1008 772 2222 1386 3892 307 16707 251 291 353 230 270 318 432 377 426 397 522 527 578 582 758 663 781 620 643 615 640 599 661 780 507 579 366 375 269 248 190 165 128 1011 772 2233 1386 3859 283 16707 2251 309 309 227 295 404 373 335 468 386 546 483 639 600 748 628 778 607 680 570 653 574 681 761 514 562 373 379 279 250 194 166 134 1010 773 1976 1386 3859 260 16707 4251 279 432 189 294 342 428 455 438 413 511 550 640 648 792 645 806 624 676 595 664 611 695 794 523 591 374 389 279 254 194 169 133 1002 773 1986 1386 3835 260 16708 251 376 414 214 303 409 339 319 460 374 609 447 709 570 833 652 851 658 723 607 673 615 708 817 537 610 383 394 282 259 198 173 136 998 772 2205 1387 3859 260 16708 2251 258 450 235 281 358 463 434 418 466 541 581 664 680 794 696 783 673 696 611 668 613 710 820 537 603 388 397 286 259 200 173 136 990 773 2006 1386 3802 260 16708 4251 248 456 302 328 353 563 430 392 470 501 609 645 659 778 751 761 693 672 634 648 640 696 837 530 611 384 398 284 261 201 175 136 988 772 2224 1387 3802 260 16709 251 346 504 290 329 425 531 438 466 494 522 572 657 677 776 718 768 682 684 618 652 615 684 815 519 603 384 393 282 258 199 173 136 983 773 1965 1386 3843 260 16709 2251 293 458 254 259 370 459 407 417 449 494 589 634 651 769 707 789 668 681 628 660 625 689 824 529 600 387 395 286 261 202 174 137 991 773 1975 1386 3818 237 16709 4251 307 356 235 273 343 437 426 491 462 535 609 675 639 817 697 847 637 730 610 698 614 714 817 543 608 394 398 294 263 205 176 139 989 773 1986 1387 3826 260 16710 251 280 328 223 308 380 405 388 490 440 566 573 718 599 840 651 857 624 778 599 701 613 715 820 554 610 403 399 295 267 209 178 141 989 773 1996 1386 3802 260 16710 2251 287 339 190 220 349 335 296 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390 358 449 449 563 533 735 587 780 591 708 569 677 586 708 793 520 589 380 387 279 254 196 169 131 1026 773 2009 1386 3843 283 16712 4252 203 348 239 185 269 448 377 354 425 429 523 541 613 696 632 737 613 659 579 671 587 687 773 516 569 376 378 276 248 194 166 132 1017 771 2226 1387 3843 283 16713 252 185 281 229 217 294 385 336 425 363 588 455 610 548 758 577 832 591 710 561 696 590 722 809 538 611 386 401 281 259 200 172 134 1009 773 1969 1386 3851 283 16713 2252 186 368 246 222 262 434 366 350 422 496 504 565 588 715 649 764 638 688 609 676 610 693 801 521 584 374 378 275 250 193 168 132 1009 773 1980 1386 3868 307 16713 4252 185 386 189 261 286 367 303 387 339 492 461 550 574 696 621 766 640 667 603 655 606 686 797 508 581 365 381 269 250 191 165 130 1019 773 1992 1386 3868 307 16714 252 218 256 213 239 315 472 327 411 352 484 494 579 544 737 627 815 644 722 616 681 626 718 829 532 607 380 395 278 258 195 169 132 1010 773 2002 1386 3892 307 16714 2252 179 283 219 184 216 334 238 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254 283 319 369 415 448 530 488 556 485 481 428 471 452 516 620 400 463 295 303 225 202 156 135 107 1086 771 2221 1387 3900 307 16716 4252 231 330 276 223 272 402 282 311 354 380 391 428 454 611 478 582 449 488 428 490 445 538 622 411 467 307 312 229 210 164 142 111 1074 771 2232 1388 3909 330 16717 252 179 322 247 169 219 377 275 260 338 354 390 395 455 561 480 551 469 469 427 465 448 522 621 395 465 296 308 221 204 156 138 108 1086 773 1974 1388 3876 353 16717 2252 170 316 194 178 228 317 250 243 336 357 367 373 431 552 457 538 441 451 410 456 438 495 604 394 446 291 304 220 204 153 133 104 1094 773 1986 1387 3876 353 16717 4252 194 314 215 203 255 304 222 297 311 366 329 425 425 551 428 541 412 461 405 464 433 509 592 395 449 302 308 224 204 157 137 106 1092 773 1998 1387 3868 353 16718 252 188 300 259 195 252 326 250 282 321 355 392 396 428 520 472 520 461 452 410 460 437 490 592 389 451 289 301 217 200 152 133 105 1094 773 2009 1387 3851 376 16718 2252 251 286 246 223 339 327 267 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335 307 405 350 491 399 601 419 636 455 526 436 511 444 544 619 411 473 300 316 225 206 158 139 107 1080 772 2024 1387 3859 400 16800 4253 263 300 236 227 276 416 331 315 403 403 403 445 451 571 467 577 447 507 432 501 443 539 617 411 469 310 314 231 209 160 139 110 1076 771 2243 1387 3892 400 16801 253 228 290 182 238 276 347 309 311 364 415 388 477 449 591 459 608 470 541 430 515 435 544 599 413 457 307 309 226 206 159 138 110 1079 772 1983 1386 3868 400 16801 2253 234 361 199 226 257 394 298 270 399 383 372 447 453 598 492 594 484 518 462 512 458 551 634 421 484 311 318 230 210 160 139 110 1072 773 1994 1387 3900 400 16801 4253 322 294 208 307 316 335 261 408 345 460 359 575 420 675 446 714 443 596 436 583 447 604 625 453 494 335 336 246 224 169 148 115 1060 772 2005 1388 3933 400 16802 253 304 283 170 306 327 372 270 413 367 479 401 571 412 665 459 707 458 590 462 564 457 593 635 442 490 327 332 240 220 166 149 113 1064 773 2017 1387 3942 423 16802 2253 238 286 178 320 354 391 286 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374 484 427 483 495 520 607 535 635 491 553 453 527 464 553 639 418 484 318 327 240 216 169 148 116 1047 771 2243 1387 3851 446 16808 4254 227 389 205 250 322 460 411 412 421 478 417 540 484 652 567 665 507 528 466 510 488 536 643 407 493 299 317 225 208 159 140 109 1060 771 2254 1387 3793 446 16809 254 240 459 185 281 324 445 423 347 396 408 439 481 509 614 547 656 531 526 469 512 486 543 644 409 487 302 318 226 209 159 143 111 1060 772 1993 1386 3793 469 16809 2254 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 772 2004 1383 3678 469 16809 4254 226 298 220 164 279 331 247 247 263 325 310 389 348 492 386 509 379 451 368 454 393 492 560 378 432 288 291 216 197 151 131 103 1103 772 2015 1386 3777 446 16810 254 194 292 178 161 207 303 255 235 285 309 308 370 362 480 383 497 376 446 367 450 388 482 542 374 421 284 287 214 191 147 128 100 1113 771 2236 1388 3769 492 16810 2254 207 226 147 179 256 277 205 242 253 330 286 399 342 495 371 535 381 481 356 481 389 504 554 397 432 296 302 221 201 151 135 103 1106 772 2035 1387 3777 469 16810 4254 212 218 134 183 242 237 204 277 237 353 267 399 338 536 378 548 392 480 380 477 408 503 583 385 449 283 298 211 195 147 129 98 1109 771 2254 1387 3769 492 16811 254 190 239 163 198 219 282 251 248 270 307 311 379 401 512 431 554 461 487 419 463 440 497 595 375 443 279 293 208 192 144 128 100 1108 772 1993 1387 3777 469 16811 2254 188 227 145 186 222 248 226 276 254 366 292 446 363 538 399 577 410 512 398 529 426 532 598 409 457 304 308 226 205 157 137 105 1097 772 2004 1388 3769 492 16811 4254 169 259 161 185 211 286 252 245 312 299 361 399 429 519 445 533 459 460 423 460 435 489 598 376 446 282 290 211 193 144 129 100 1104 772 2014 1386 3777 469 16812 254 189 217 152 192 232 212 201 275 269 361 286 426 359 557 357 581 380 500 373 509 410 535 581 407 462 301 315 224 206 157 136 106 1100 772 2025 1386 3793 492 16812 2254 207 237 150 215 266 229 232 302 276 381 315 456 408 548 454 589 467 504 453 494 463 524 628 395 475 294 311 217 200 152 133 103 1098 771 2246 1386 3810 516 16812 4254 193 241 195 156 223 299 305 272 335 335 360 437 462 546 468 574 458 519 441 510 452 539 617 416 465 312 314 228 207 159 139 109 1086 771 2257 1386 3826 516 16813 254 303 325 182 223 310 291 254 337 292 422 343 494 400 599 417 623 432 545 423 534 440 556 621 425 478 317 321 238 214 165 143 113 1070 772 1998 1387 3884 539 16813 2254 209 264 212 176 241 327 300 273 382 353 428 453 476 554 464 594 452 518 431 507 442 536 615 414 468 308 315 228 210 159 140 108 1079 772 2012 1388 3843 562 16813 4254 228 242 172 259 282 315 296 281 391 357 448 437 506 554 535 586 506 512 473 503 472 537 641 405 474 301 311 224 206 154 137 106 1076 772 2027 1387 3868 609 16814 254 227 222 179 258 319 276 250 376 303 451 344 507 415 652 442 668 463 566 432 556 449 574 632 428 484 311 326 230 215 160 143 108 1080 772 2042 1387 3884 655 16814 2254 243 306 218 210 291 301 313 362 336 356 386 435 500 565 524 590 507 507 448 496 459 522 604 397 445 293 299 219 199 153 134 106 1083 771 2269 1389 3892 702 16814 4254 223 230 212 248 285 365 326 326 426 370 498 466 541 610 567 624 537 549 499 528 501 549 666 419 500 303 318 223 206 157 138 108 1067 771 2284 1388 3892 748 16815 254 221 271 229 275 336 411 321 352 398 466 478 550 526 653 534 666 530 561 502 555 495 572 664 423 504 307 324 226 208 157 140 109 1062 773 2024 1387 3909 795 16815 2254 278 287 265 326 371 406 350 393 410 450 483 504 563 616 575 648 540 552 500 539 505 556 661 413 488 304 314 225 209 160 140 111 1060 772 2037 1388 3950 795 16815 4254 194 285 232 271 342 441 355 371 380 518 465 500 514 636 501 658 502 544 448 530 465 555 633 421 476 312 318 227 207 159 141 111 1069 772 2050 1388 3909 795 16816 254 299 316 302 287 333 392 384 374 389 475 438 504 490 640 534 663 500 561 454 559 466 561 633 424 468 312 316 232 210 162 142 111 1066 772 2061 1389 3950 795 16816 2254 232 325 317 211 320 397 410 303 387 394 423 471 533 615 577 620 556 531 488 531 500 546 653 416 471 304 309 222 207 155 138 108 1062 771 2283 1388 3917 771 16816 4254 316 314 262 282 375 449 415 399 415 423 461 495 573 634 564 644 545 561 491 543 486 559 658 415 474 310 318 230 215 160 141 111 1056 771 2292 1389 3975 771 16817 255 382 440 334 281 411 442 407 415 434 471 421 488 575 662 546 665 519 554 477 535 486 555 647 415 477 307 313 228 209 162 142 112 1045 772 2025 1387 3999 748 16817 2255 313 343 270 271 345 417 389 361 407 437 423 473 545 637 556 667 496 557 464 538 474 555 635 413 478 306 318 231 210 161 143 112 1058 773 2035 1388 3958 748 16817 4255 286 369 326 302 379 397 380 359 447 435 446 473 523 634 592 660 531 546 490 526 492 558 653 409 479 298 309 226 206 158 141 110 1053 772 2046 1388 3942 748 16818 255 320 361 291 367 443 392 393 404 441 463 462 476 567 641 562 700 511 565 477 551 482 578 642 434 496 316 326 241 220 167 147 115 1054 771 2267 1389 3933 702 16818 2255 330 369 332 344 415 438 406 376 449 486 446 491 538 630 551 653 519 557 476 540 474 551 641 413 476 302 314 226 209 161 140 111 1059 771 2275 1388 3925 748 16818 4255 340 299 279 356 401 456 435 383 448 432 464 502 511 671 602 661 509 556 463 542 482 561 643 428 478 312 314 235 218 165 144 114 1051 772 2013 1388 3942 725 16819 255 331 379 275 343 414 464 475 415 457 425 517 550 535 701 571 707 528 572 470 568 488 571 650 427 497 317 323 239 218 166 146 115 1044 772 2022 1388 3925 725 16819 2255 380 349 326 246 337 478 436 315 486 477 519 518 554 629 575 662 517 567 466 551 482 566 649 418 479 309 321 235 214 165 145 115 1043 772 2033 1388 3942 725 16819 4255 394 386 366 293 332 502 463 399 470 451 534 555 547 686 583 679 534 575 500 568 516 575 670 442 504 318 328 244 222 166 148 117 1039 772 2045 1387 3925 748 16820 255 393 361 351 287 392 449 414 453 476 471 487 576 577 699 586 692 543 593 501 587 499 587 679 449 510 324 340 241 221 166 148 115 1039 771 2269 1389 3933 748 16820 2255 375 305 322 283 403 463 455 409 448 513 466 540 526 677 585 669 532 583 490 571 512 576 664 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381 278 254 194 170 133 1006 771 2290 1389 3876 795 16914 4257 297 296 263 275 423 413 409 467 477 524 531 625 612 748 634 825 618 713 572 679 546 661 737 496 555 362 364 263 242 190 164 128 1018 772 2028 1389 3900 864 16915 257 301 325 285 349 452 551 482 397 509 516 610 593 683 760 653 795 609 700 577 670 560 661 734 496 546 368 359 269 242 191 167 134 1006 772 2043 1388 3909 888 16915 2257 296 359 328 285 372 581 499 362 554 500 629 580 703 742 671 786 632 688 583 655 571 667 764 509 566 371 373 276 249 194 169 134 999 772 2056 1389 3925 888 16915 4257 240 283 284 346 382 464 371 465 505 569 598 653 631 847 720 893 675 740 617 691 596 683 802 513 594 361 374 263 247 187 165 128 1008 772 2066 1388 3909 864 16916 257 312 311 262 391 453 496 376 526 476 637 552 692 666 836 652 895 603 772 589 706 567 704 770 523 582 368 383 270 253 189 168 130 1004 771 2288 1390 3942 841 16916 2257 300 469 292 333 408 498 370 416 519 591 527 666 642 806 656 867 598 730 554 686 552 687 748 513 562 375 377 274 252 193 170 132 1000 770 2294 1389 3942 795 16916 4257 301 379 288 348 416 446 344 465 493 594 528 680 636 823 614 862 597 764 563 711 569 709 784 538 592 388 393 285 267 202 178 138 990 772 2021 1389 3950 609 16917 257 275 382 346 378 482 499 475 451 515 552 538 660 642 823 691 854 683 719 626 676 605 662 811 496 580 364 377 270 252 192 169 132 991 772 2019 1388 3942 539 16917 2257 315 382 299 423 448 428 386 570 500 637 555 645 639 851 698 895 655 728 600 690 593 697 805 512 592 372 380 274 252 196 169 135 999 771 2021 1387 3958 469 16917 4257 241 357 306 395 464 437 412 514 470 657 518 710 617 847 707 883 661 731 602 711 599 718 802 520 593 377 386 277 256 198 174 139 987 771 2026 1387 3925 446 16918 257 283 383 311 377 440 550 504 520 557 636 591 674 676 818 696 840 672 703 606 675 598 687 799 510 576 364 371 270 247 190 169 136 986 770 2244 1387 3942 469 16918 2257 277 447 387 430 489 668 548 574 609 611 681 686 729 828 723 880 680 703 604 672 598 678 790 502 576 360 367 271 251 193 169 135 968 770 2252 1387 3933 446 16918 4257 347 427 466 432 452 623 552 500 556 590 615 665 679 843 701 865 663 715 603 681 596 686 781 504 563 366 370 270 252 194 172 135 978 771 1992 1388 3958 492 16919 257 313 484 364 393 421 619 516 516 528 583 529 647 700 834 723 883 644 711 585 666 580 680 779 501 560 364 371 270 249 194 169 135 985 771 2007 1387 3933 516 16919 2257 376 395 351 313 478 567 520 546 541 563 589 649 668 787 682 875 636 697 564 664 561 671 756 504 560 361 365 269 249 191 169 133 992 771 2019 1387 3958 562 16919 4257 318 394 320 354 412 560 513 497 518 605 546 662 660 792 669 834 627 688 581 635 552 648 755 477 542 348 355 260 234 184 161 128 999 770 2247 1389 3925 632 16920 257 355 393 296 323 422 639 556 550 550 629 645 739 709 888 746 850 670 710 595 669 587 674 771 507 568 362 369 274 248 196 172 136 980 770 2262 1388 3933 632 16920 2257 366 457 353 407 493 640 559 552 538 656 639 732 694 891 698 874 649 723 597 683 576 706 780 518 572 378 378 279 256 202 175 140 975 770 2275 1388 3933 678 16920 4257 324 382 317 431 462 567 471 579 530 623 651 687 682 837 714 831 635 695 588 640 570 661 758 490 550 354 364 263 241 185 163 129 996 771 2015 1388 3900 655 16921 257 347 378 300 362 492 530 473 558 574 625 681 693 691 827 703 871 661 710 591 648 565 671 765 495 565 360 371 265 247 186 164 131 995 771 2025 1387 3892 655 16921 2257 360 375 261 373 497 510 493 517 510 603 669 702 738 841 738 869 656 681 594 649 582 675 777 505 563 360 373 268 245 191 165 132 990 771 2035 1388 3892 632 16921 4257 398 396 316 429 480 649 541 587 567 606 636 693 698 842 679 850 655 731 582 673 559 676 756 514 568 370 380 277 254 195 170 136 983 770 2257 1388 3909 632 16922 257 386 414 302 354 452 631 524 641 542 567 642 730 705 814 689 869 668 715 614 658 590 677 794 501 581 359 377 271 250 189 168 132 980 770 2266 1389 3892 632 16922 2258 400 492 349 320 412 752 558 541 633 569 615 631 728 834 675 810 653 710 586 666 587 683 774 519 572 382 380 287 258 204 177 144 965 770 2273 1389 3892 562 16922 4258 311 543 389 344 411 707 636 492 730 557 650 622 792 807 778 840 706 701 644 657 625 677 821 514 599 369 388 276 251 192 170 136 969 771 2007 1388 3851 516 16923 258 352 592 434 354 394 616 614 566 549 606 620 658 712 853 766 834 735 705 638 683 610 687 817 524 600 374 393 276 254 194 172 136 965 771 2014 1388 3843 516 16923 2258 440 513 317 328 414 662 557 499 571 564 662 659 715 845 703 818 656 698 594 661 588 688 783 518 579 375 390 281 253 198 174 138 974 771 2022 1386 3892 492 16923 4258 364 460 342 449 529 572 499 532 505 663 549 693 632 857 726 863 683 723 624 712 633 720 846 541 622 389 401 290 264 202 176 139 968 771 2028 1387 3851 446 17000 258 272 381 383 429 406 618 519 435 548 599 627 665 720 856 760 850 710 728 643 695 621 712 843 543 620 386 398 285 260 203 178 140 970 770 2243 1387 3810 400 17000 2258 378 498 370 345 471 815 637 435 605 521 620 639 715 776 673 779 655 672 582 651 569 676 769 519 569 381 377 285 254 203 173 138 975 771 1979 1388 3868 376 17000 4258 320 496 388 343 434 660 587 435 598 543 661 664 707 783 712 776 652 683 607 660 583 688 793 522 585 380 384 284 255 200 174 140 969 771 1988 1387 3851 376 17001 258 320 451 358 276 420 612 567 467 583 528 602 640 698 812 712 821 689 700 609 668 602 698 796 526 589 383 389 284 259 201 178 140 975 771 1996 1388 3851 330 17001 2258 263 416 317 345 442 540 458 460 593 574 615 666 705 830 795 856 715 706 642 673 630 696 855 520 611 370 385 275 251 195 173 135 979 771 2004 1387 3826 283 17001 4258 314 414 346 425 485 497 464 539 546 611 600 723 679 848 730 859 702 720 631 684 619 707 828 523 614 377 395 278 257 197 173 136 975 771 2011 1386 3876 283 17002 258 339 380 336 352 439 530 403 553 514 684 551 735 642 894 656 931 607 773 585 728 586 729 784 542 600 391 403 291 266 204 178 140 974 770 2228 1387 3884 260 17002 2258 266 350 300 422 468 471 469 538 534 589 609 771 671 859 737 904 691 747 627 700 611 713 812 526 601 372 396 276 255 195 172 136 973 771 1968 1387 3851 283 17002 4258 305 396 360 303 497 599 515 474 611 570 697 664 717 786 719 809 655 695 588 657 576 675 760 503 563 372 372 278 250 199 171 138 976 771 1978 1386 3884 260 17003 258 298 409 364 394 525 487 401 538 525 675 541 759 610 855 667 885 660 742 590 694 588 707 792 519 595 378 395 281 255 198 175 139 977 771 1988 1386 3892 237 17003 2258 318 370 341 339 464 565 415 513 531 597 574 719 626 812 643 892 626 730 582 697 584 690 778 516 584 378 386 282 256 201 172 138 986 771 1998 1386 3925 237 17003 4258 303 354 300 390 558 474 342 631 456 687 515 780 604 922 616 963 605 805 575 762 564 737 780 561 602 399 407 296 269 207 182 141 976 771 2008 1387 3900 260 17004 258 225 313 310 407 450 538 483 538 544 626 651 760 684 839 706 906 697 749 621 705 618 706 811 521 607 364 380 274 254 189 167 132 982 770 2226 1386 3884 283 17004 2258 295 337 362 343 376 586 454 545 568 604 653 733 710 850 689 879 692 718 608 697 598 700 791 522 584 377 383 283 256 200 172 139 978 771 1969 1387 3917 283 17004 4258 334 359 311 505 624 518 343 652 461 761 527 863 597 983 664 1024 657 847 606 779 594 768 805 568 617 398 414 294 275 203 180 140 967 771 1978 1387 3950 260 17005 258 265 460 341 380 640 472 440 567 519 642 565 717 703 836 760 891 736 696 644 691 611 686 794 504 570 368 369 273 246 193 168 138 972 771 1989 1387 3925 214 17005 2258 288 325 307 354 428 536 423 469 530 577 597 698 714 841 733 883 692 705 610 674 591 693 780 499 569 359 369 270 246 189 167 133 989 771 1998 1387 3942 237 17005 4258 229 393 357 335 406 644 550 437 603 590 703 750 776 825 824 856 769 694 672 686 642 689 822 509 585 367 377 267 243 188 165 133 979 771 2008 1386 3909 237 17006 258 291 389 293 344 448 592 522 479 541 615 680 699 667 858 733 855 694 712 610 688 602 696 776 504 571 368 376 274 246 191 168 136 983 769 2224 1387 3942 237 17006 2258 359 358 345 313 473 601 489 495 517 618 618 739 686 883 662 891 685 764 603 719 600 713 786 525 581 376 386 280 254 196 174 136 976 771 1966 1386 3975 260 17006 4258 326 398 382 331 475 599 596 501 561 660 661 736 718 881 730 877 708 728 623 692 599 696 792 525 580 374 380 277 252 194 172 136 973 771 1977 1387 3950 260 17007 258 327 347 366 450 615 610 644 488 573 650 673 759 766 881 776 848 732 716 654 684 626 690 806 506 587 366 381 274 248 191 169 134 964 771 1988 1387 3933 260 17007 2258 310 319 374 484 629 640 590 591 575 716 665 783 710 851 757 883 717 733 640 698 631 714 812 523 583 376 388 276 254 196 171 135 963 771 2000 1387 3933 283 17007 4258 283 382 363 384 527 597 663 554 674 619 700 723 769 868 771 851 701 724 624 684 615 698 796 519 574 370 379 274 250 194 172 134 968 771 2012 1386 3917 307 17008 259 336 348 352 380 570 634 618 536 522 644 680 763 736 897 761 864 725 719 625 688 623 699 791 515 587 372 384 277 252 194 173 136 969 770 2231 1387 3917 330 17008 2259 278 349 337 357 550 636 515 562 495 671 661 746 707 879 731 856 701 744 607 692 595 698 778 511 573 370 380 276 252 195 171 135 975 771 1975 1387 3876 330 17008 4259 365 357 348 410 554 666 605 508 637 651 639 751 735 893 744 884 709 747 617 706 611 701 790 524 586 377 384 285 256 200 176 139 962 771 1988 1387 3909 353 17009 259 424 381 453 511 652 554 547 624 617 616 706 748 763 891 797 879 736 732 652 710 640 701 827 520 605 375 391 279 256 197 175 141 949 771 2000 1388 3917 353 17009 2259 379 386 417 400 553 646 676 582 666 541 733 695 794 856 798 877 706 731 632 677 625 703 824 519 592 374 389 283 255 199 174 141 958 771 2012 1386 3892 376 17009 4259 344 430 411 415 505 686 612 592 678 645 706 755 708 884 758 910 699 742 631 707 620 703 802 521 592 376 395 282 261 199 176 139 959 771 2022 1387 3876 376 17010 259 358 416 331 438 468 605 559 599 670 726 730 745 768 897 778 885 732 735 639 701 623 699 807 521 593 370 400 285 258 197 173 140 956 769 2242 1388 3876 376 17010 2259 364 551 348 466 675 808 477 573 638 662 666 740 753 904 725 914 675 755 614 718 615 720 800 532 599 385 399 293 262 204 179 143 949 771 1982 1387 3859 376 17010 4259 450 491 390 411 577 751 606 583 681 628 684 709 729 909 755 903 689 752 633 728 620 729 809 538 601 392 404 292 268 208 184 149 937 771 1991 1388 3892 353 17011 259 475 480 465 527 592 701 500 666 585 713 647 699 707 919 764 916 726 775 649 719 624 717 814 535 604 389 397 286 264 205 180 145 941 771 2001 1388 3892 330 17011 2259 461 412 491 447 573 645 510 613 613 751 725 753 739 883 783 905 714 783 650 727 622 718 811 545 604 389 400 291 265 203 182 144 944 771 2010 1387 3884 307 17011 4259 412 553 475 444 673 666 558 681 576 807 704 883 731 1019 773 999 731 824 661 766 652 775 871 582 647 411 430 302 281 213 189 149 927 771 2017 1387 3859 260 17012 259 281 477 399 512 603 555 449 680 502 763 621 836 703 950 737 966 742 814 670 723 658 747 892 562 654 396 422 295 272 206 182 144 945 769 2230 1387 3785 237 17012 2259 270 457 414 429 515 685 557 570 572 669 663 787 734 953 802 942 759 782 687 741 679 738 871 554 629 398 415 295 268 206 182 143 947 771 1969 1387 3793 214 17012 4259 221 242 265 352 428 528 462 489 541 613 604 705 681 835 734 923 746 769 645 709 639 723 826 524 610 375 391 280 255 193 171 134 987 771 1978 1386 3777 214 17013 259 243 307 262 312 449 492 375 535 527 627 522 725 627 880 673 906 638 776 589 709 571 726 781 531 589 380 392 283 256 193 171 134 998 771 1988 1386 3802 237 17013 2259 331 291 265 259 437 399 379 520 430 640 518 699 612 828 603 842 602 745 561 698 542 703 748 533 560 383 381 281 251 197 169 133 1010 769 2206 1388 3835 237 17013 4259 170 234 260 279 361 434 400 378 527 582 568 672 688 798 757 837 702 727 642 675 600 676 785 494 577 347 368 261 240 181 161 126 1011 771 2010 1386 3777 283 17014 259 275 270 259 290 490 522 421 431 502 573 588 669 657 784 677 833 655 721 602 672 569 676 755 507 559 360 367 269 242 188 165 130 1007 769 2228 1387 3835 260 17014 2259 183 260 241 284 417 455 429 468 549 604 593 658 684 804 759 845 709 735 624 694 599 666 779 496 570 351 363 259 241 182 162 126 1009 771 1970 1386 3810 260 17014 4259 180 301 278 290 383 461 415 453 486 673 596 711 656 861 734 895 676 756 635 712 588 695 782 510 591 362 376 272 251 185 164 130 1005 771 1981 1386 3810 260 17015 259 329 330 291 307 456 488 473 455 496 589 586 694 701 836 704 828 646 731 607 692 588 701 783 528 575 374 377 277 251 191 168 134 993 771 1992 1386 3900 283 17015 2259 218 264 239 281 418 475 421 479 510 607 617 674 679 820 699 836 647 721 616 690 578 692 768 519 561 371 370 271 247 189 165 130 1005 771 2004 1387 3851 283 17015 4259 231 273 196 328 472 418 353 503 466 577 579 713 650 842 681 870 623 752 612 717 566 713 767 529 575 375 386 274 253 189 167 129 1009 770 2014 1387 3868 283 17016 259 219 262 181 322 464 413 444 461 520 564 612 665 672 817 763 859 696 721 662 684 607 679 802 511 577 357 375 265 243 184 163 128 1003 769 2232 1387 3876 307 17016 2259 226 279 226 306 468 497 348 431 491 618 608 725 624 831 748 869 698 739 666 693 612 703 824 512 603 361 382 265 246 185 162 127 1000 771 1976 1384 3900 330 17016 4259 353 411 342 342 476 599 513 484 567 627 647 719 741 824 739 820 662 717 630 674 593 687 789 512 566 363 374 270 245 189 166 133 979 771 1989 1387 3958 353 17017 259 323 338 244 427 652 472 379 564 451 704 578 775 649 909 693 953 643 800 608 736 585 735 793 545 590 390 399 290 260 200 174 138 977 771 2003 1387 3950 376 17017 2259 310 316 194 370 573 514 422 474 554 557 633 697 729 772 729 813 656 703 630 665 591 677 764 500 555 357 364 268 239 184 164 129 996 771 2013 1388 3950 353 17017 4300 301 334 271 471 578 602 510 529 545 650 636 725 721 833 759 860 682 748 662 678 603 682 802 506 584 359 373 265 239 187 163 130 985 771 2022 1388 3950 330 17018 300 284 397 283 367 640 471 390 629 535 643 652 729 723 830 758 839 739 733 658 676 618 680 803 500 577 362 375 270 241 189 165 133 979 769 2237 1387 3942 307 17018 2300 341 364 291 370 530 460 399 495 487 575 635 675 701 811 739 851 697 733 627 693 583 684 776 508 559 364 367 273 242 191 166 134 985 771 1976 1387 3966 307 17018 4300 268 348 306 337 504 496 483 488 505 601 633 735 724 805 728 910 684 710 621 699 577 672 772 491 558 348 363 263 239 186 160 129 995 770 1984 1387 3950 237 17019 300 376 301 240 407 523 399 378 696 497 626 582 781 634 880 691 894 657 748 627 699 583 690 775 505 564 355 365 266 241 187 164 132 989 771 1991 1386 3991 214 17019 2300 290 319 280 358 617 445 445 562 498 679 613 732 694 867 733 871 666 727 619 692 578 698 779 509 565 362 372 270 243 190 165 132 986 770 1999 1386 3942 191 17019 4300 330 328 216 395 578 498 455 625 497 678 614 804 706 892 731 896 669 758 633 714 605 720 792 528 573 379 382 284 251 196 170 137 972 771 2007 1385 3950 191 17020 300 300 311 299 372 550 558 523 620 518 646 663 821 734 899 783 888 702 757 659 707 634 712 826 519 586 368 379 270 249 190 168 133 971 769 2220 1387 3925 144 17020 2300 258 264 149 230 285 316 304 384 351 466 519 546 548 632 605 676 552 594 525 577 511 601 699 438 501 325 332 239 218 167 147 116 1050 771 1961 1386 3909 121 17020 4300 325 268 166 298 359 332 315 373 357 468 468 527 533 667 596 705 552 602 524 582 511 624 718 458 532 332 348 247 229 174 152 120 1038 770 1970 1386 3925 144 17021 300 278 272 196 210 356 361 334 421 360 507 469 556 539 650 605 696 571 597 508 573 513 605 716 445 518 325 336 240 222 168 148 115 1046 770 1980 1385 3909 121 17021 2300 293 274 160 197 299 328 321 380 352 472 486 536 566 649 590 673 545 579 518 563 508 598 699 439 508 322 336 239 223 167 146 115 1050 769 2197 1386 3900 144 17021 4300 265 248 166 193 327 327 295 347 372 472 501 550 535 657 584 686 552 574 508 573 518 589 697 436 504 318 331 238 217 165 142 112 1054 769 2207 1385 3884 144 17022 300 393 273 161 192 286 319 284 336 309 391 449 484 504 645 547 678 527 578 512 554 522 601 707 453 520 333 346 243 226 174 151 122 1051 769 2218 1386 3909 144 17022 2300 224 246 158 187 255 346 332 313 382 373 460 453 513 614 566 623 516 546 516 542 530 582 693 439 504 320 324 235 215 164 143 113 1057 770 1961 1385 3835 167 17022 4300 229 224 137 177 233 294 292 312 317 358 453 456 523 617 554 624 528 555 509 551 514 568 679 434 493 317 324 233 214 163 142 111 1067 770 1972 1384 3818 144 17023 300 218 226 143 203 251 323 291 334 322 449 443 516 507 653 572 645 547 568 519 573 524 589 702 445 504 326 341 240 221 172 148 115 1062 770 1983 1385 3818 167 17023 2300 187 216 147 201 246 328 292 312 392 415 457 490 517 634 540 614 518 545 489 543 493 568 673 422 495 315 325 230 212 163 139 110 1073 769 2203 1386 3802 167 17023 4300 191 220 149 185 257 348 305 298 357 397 467 506 497 666 533 641 540 583 496 565 490 586 673 442 500 326 331 242 220 170 146 115 1064 769 2212 1385 3793 167 17100 300 216 234 165 214 260 309 293 330 343 418 438 528 523 677 557 659 536 559 499 563 494 582 684 445 511 328 337 242 223 169 147 115 1063 769 2222 1387 3793 144 17100 2300 234 243 158 226 316 347 322 374 390 422 444 536 525 680 564 680 528 584 505 573 513 595 690 445 515 327 340 243 224 166 147 115 1057 770 1965 1384 3793 144 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17110 4301 348 323 237 348 574 559 543 574 537 656 599 749 671 833 734 879 665 760 649 717 619 733 826 544 607 381 394 280 256 196 171 135 975 770 1985 1385 3868 191 17111 301 274 430 377 368 577 679 606 483 582 599 640 679 712 797 725 876 696 724 651 712 636 720 843 541 616 381 399 286 258 202 174 140 959 770 1996 1386 3835 167 17111 2301 476 445 406 384 527 721 626 491 732 558 779 686 785 806 770 846 736 717 681 695 642 716 847 538 602 383 391 280 252 198 172 139 952 770 2003 1386 3909 144 17111 4301 384 476 382 367 619 657 574 529 623 555 682 726 731 829 690 857 661 733 621 718 611 738 812 555 600 396 398 292 261 204 178 143 952 768 2216 1386 3859 121 17112 301 305 296 243 568 821 490 474 748 473 768 545 846 614 976 684 1055 660 839 642 783 625 786 855 569 651 398 422 293 273 205 181 142 950 770 1958 1384 3818 98 17112 2301 290 329 310 378 528 656 603 486 631 504 681 690 714 877 808 891 739 763 679 731 655 731 854 542 626 376 394 276 254 196 171 137 965 770 1966 1384 3818 74 17112 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4302 271 255 195 231 357 434 404 375 497 455 587 603 684 685 698 722 635 638 610 622 582 639 752 473 532 337 336 243 221 167 147 116 1026 770 1981 1386 3942 167 17119 302 284 244 182 248 372 393 348 381 438 491 542 633 596 739 645 806 608 676 575 659 563 657 726 481 529 343 344 245 225 170 148 118 1033 768 2199 1386 3958 191 17119 2302 316 322 252 277 392 392 370 435 477 532 565 662 619 793 629 824 575 725 545 690 554 703 736 518 553 365 370 260 238 178 158 124 1014 769 2003 1386 3966 167 17119 4302 330 280 258 234 388 422 392 392 508 479 596 624 686 738 643 760 591 658 579 653 561 672 740 499 525 358 346 257 226 174 154 122 1020 768 2219 1386 3975 167 17120 302 305 282 230 295 456 382 254 473 380 622 489 686 562 845 653 888 639 759 603 697 597 708 779 504 586 353 370 257 235 176 156 121 1019 770 1961 1386 3958 144 17120 2302 324 309 301 229 341 549 421 366 540 478 634 617 715 763 705 792 648 674 615 658 592 673 770 494 555 357 355 256 231 176 155 122 1011 769 1970 1385 3966 121 17120 4302 322 343 232 224 330 463 474 358 553 503 669 608 776 697 761 763 693 650 655 638 628 652 787 483 544 337 345 245 224 170 151 119 1008 769 1977 1385 3958 98 17121 302 357 292 197 314 484 474 380 460 449 568 522 685 620 810 687 837 623 716 617 694 588 691 773 505 561 359 366 261 235 182 156 126 1005 769 1986 1386 3958 51 17121 2302 325 326 211 233 395 481 438 378 538 492 607 646 666 745 699 773 651 680 621 657 593 659 755 481 537 344 349 249 228 172 151 120 1013 768 2199 1386 3942 28 17121 4302 351 316 299 233 370 499 467 385 540 467 646 664 714 717 707 751 654 671 639 644 605 657 775 473 538 341 348 246 225 170 150 120 1005 768 2206 1385 3942 28 17122 302 358 294 235 277 454 377 360 383 346 500 483 628 565 717 673 750 620 651 588 621 575 634 756 463 535 335 343 243 224 169 149 118 1023 769 1948 1383 3933 5 17122 2302 365 286 176 286 485 384 343 427 344 505 447 666 592 735 658 795 622 660 567 651 565 651 755 481 530 345 337 253 222 173 148 120 1022 769 1954 1384 3933 65471 17122 4302 355 360 294 235 383 482 436 317 454 489 548 575 649 703 676 734 645 632 603 620 583 616 744 460 523 333 338 237 215 166 144 115 1019 768 2166 1384 3917 65448 17123 303 396 325 243 245 404 375 398 380 357 507 458 621 583 746 638 776 632 664 581 638 570 638 752 475 530 339 347 244 222 171 149 119 1016 769 1969 1384 3925 65448 17123 2303 414 298 184 360 574 359 302 468 331 603 465 642 571 771 634 818 618 690 582 663 563 648 755 496 541 349 350 252 225 175 151 119 1017 768 2182 1384 3925 65425 17123 4303 358 348 290 229 387 510 458 344 491 518 585 617 644 706 705 738 635 636 610 614 591 626 747 472 530 342 342 243 222 171 148 117 1013 768 2190 1383 3900 65448 17200 303 409 346 258 239 423 517 434 359 495 504 543 602 631 719 658 738 607 652 573 626 556 636 725 480 523 345 347 248 226 176 152 121 1009 769 1936 1384 3900 65448 17200 2303 476 353 204 454 601 384 331 519 361 631 512 684 591 817 651 844 633 720 600 667 578 671 762 503 564 360 371 259 238 181 158 124 1000 769 1947 1383 3917 65425 17200 4303 420 366 392 263 441 543 461 354 516 513 603 602 667 748 662 749 646 674 604 647 592 664 767 501 560 363 366 262 237 183 160 125 993 769 1957 1384 3892 65448 17201 303 450 376 247 368 500 444 324 502 433 583 514 660 640 789 674 812 627 705 593 668 584 675 772 505 572 361 372 262 239 182 159 125 998 768 2172 1385 3892 65425 17201 2303 389 416 371 286 400 501 409 412 521 533 537 642 633 790 603 819 608 697 569 674 567 684 764 504 570 361 371 264 240 182 161 124 994 769 1977 1384 3859 65425 17201 4303 449 353 352 290 442 460 402 420 502 517 575 635 712 746 714 785 642 686 606 662 587 678 791 511 567 368 364 268 240 185 163 128 992 768 2189 1385 3884 65448 17202 303 430 387 375 284 498 493 369 465 534 540 591 667 660 788 638 806 590 709 572 684 560 691 752 523 557 377 372 272 242 187 163 129 994 769 1937 1384 3876 65425 17202 2303 454 359 305 377 538 519 432 548 493 543 511 628 635 787 641 833 608 721 578 674 564 693 761 520 558 379 369 274 243 190 165 131 988 769 1948 1383 3892 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1043 769 1953 1384 3917 65471 17206 4303 253 245 203 246 363 384 330 372 429 469 504 547 567 686 615 741 622 656 577 640 560 646 736 476 550 329 351 242 223 164 146 113 1038 769 1963 1383 3909 65471 17207 303 261 265 245 224 335 412 341 361 469 470 531 590 587 676 627 712 591 637 561 614 558 634 733 481 540 337 348 243 222 167 146 115 1034 769 1974 1384 3917 65471 17207 2303 254 263 186 263 391 362 304 408 359 485 493 544 543 701 576 748 539 652 524 642 510 633 690 487 515 350 340 250 224 171 147 116 1042 767 2188 1383 3917 65471 17207 4303 284 283 218 273 438 434 345 421 436 517 537 619 588 742 635 780 579 685 571 658 553 653 730 492 546 350 354 247 229 170 148 115 1028 767 2197 1383 3933 65471 17208 303 286 287 265 292 400 471 377 378 421 450 539 598 606 687 599 739 547 652 532 637 532 644 711 497 530 359 348 255 230 175 152 120 1024 769 1944 1384 3933 65471 17208 2303 289 304 238 234 386 460 347 404 399 513 526 589 560 695 632 741 584 644 572 645 568 635 720 479 535 345 353 244 225 170 148 115 1032 769 1954 1384 3933 65518 17208 4304 299 279 182 275 434 504 365 381 468 537 566 587 628 699 672 735 642 652 592 640 585 639 763 475 555 331 353 239 222 165 144 112 1027 769 1964 1383 3933 65494 17209 304 394 434 415 250 437 513 393 385 485 549 556 612 629 748 671 754 629 668 573 645 579 660 775 503 570 352 360 251 234 173 154 121 1009 769 1974 1384 3975 65471 17209 2304 289 345 205 268 473 553 433 379 472 448 587 610 647 704 680 697 639 635 598 623 579 616 733 467 523 332 337 236 220 167 145 115 1018 767 2187 1383 3917 65448 17209 4304 308 327 221 268 430 566 377 372 436 528 571 575 626 718 640 711 634 661 593 629 576 617 750 464 527 332 342 237 223 167 147 116 1018 769 1932 1384 3917 65425 17210 304 337 456 382 270 419 611 478 402 514 507 605 588 711 758 714 736 672 656 619 635 603 635 773 476 552 349 352 245 224 167 148 118 1005 769 1941 1384 3917 65425 17210 2304 430 500 242 381 504 449 448 393 470 533 537 592 631 769 700 753 653 642 584 647 568 636 750 482 541 345 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693 781 526 571 373 373 272 244 188 166 129 990 769 1938 1383 3818 65262 17214 4304 359 342 277 322 383 453 418 411 608 554 600 665 700 782 762 841 715 711 685 683 646 692 831 515 580 367 380 265 245 183 161 126 986 768 1948 1384 3851 65262 17215 304 385 319 199 336 462 415 360 464 501 628 527 662 655 872 738 899 700 765 658 719 620 729 827 529 613 370 388 267 250 186 163 128 989 768 1959 1383 3859 65309 17215 2304 357 309 224 323 476 449 380 485 488 589 576 683 660 869 724 891 669 757 631 715 617 718 818 534 599 372 385 275 251 192 167 131 984 767 2174 1383 3859 65332 17215 4304 322 330 283 289 411 536 483 459 647 566 632 637 775 792 839 876 752 738 690 720 660 720 848 542 602 368 385 268 247 187 164 128 974 768 1925 1383 3843 65332 17216 304 292 370 331 297 376 517 539 387 606 522 666 624 774 753 772 794 726 686 661 671 635 662 806 502 561 361 366 262 237 181 159 127 986 768 1938 1383 3859 65402 17216 2304 291 373 300 272 349 532 522 382 622 505 730 568 770 713 713 713 656 643 593 634 572 644 746 494 534 360 352 263 233 185 158 127 993 768 1952 1384 3876 65425 17216 4304 309 330 251 331 425 476 460 410 573 533 649 607 699 776 732 800 703 715 634 677 601 667 778 498 558 357 357 260 235 181 157 124 1000 767 2168 1384 3884 65448 17217 304 783 728 1109 1101 1428 2368 2631 3717 3811 3813 3808 3808 3808 3816 3806 3812 3801 3803 3800 3802 3786 3803 3805 3079 2571 1340 1021 618 446 309 246 197 13 773 2582 1503 234 14704 17217 2304 598 1006 593 1121 966 1063 1169 1225 1417 1503 1761 1866 2001 2544 2569 3003 2861 2944 2796 2981 2859 3045 3608 2305 2355 1400 1345 949 811 612 499 390 322 774 3895 1469 201 18303 17217 4304 574 1313 860 1301 1150 1715 1959 2077 2261 2770 2889 3374 3658 3801 3794 3799 3784 3790 3784 3789 3783 3789 3790 3216 3475 1959 1725 1124 802 501 330 198 139 777 3882 1454 192 19629 17218 304 595 1453 760 1270 1322 2025 2339 2418 2579 3108 3451 3794 3804 3811 3802 3807 3794 3801 3793 3799 3800 3799 3801 3755 3761 1910 1602 940 666 373 258 154 78 779 4088 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converted_docs	698912	![](media/image1.jpeg){width="5.090277777777778in" height="1.179861111111111in"} Global Level-1 Operations Manual Rev 1.0 March 29, 2000 J. Lajoie & S. Belikov <lajoie@iastate.edu> <belikov@bnl.gov> Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa [Index]{.underline} ### Introduction.................................................................................... 3 ###### Overview of the Level-1 Trigger ......................................................... 5 The GL1 Hardware.......................................................................... 8 ####### Programming the Global Level-1 Trigger............................................. 11 ####### How to create a new GL1 configuration mode....................................\... 12 ### How to download a GL1 configuration mode......................................... 21 [Introduction]{.underline} The Global Level-1 trigger (GL1) is the part of the PHENIX online system that is responsible for generating triggers from the Local Level-1 (LL1) reduced bit data , coordinating busies, and managing partitioned running of the PHENIX detector. The GL1 system is comprised of three types of 9U VME-P boards with very specific responsibilities: GL1 Board 1 (GL1-1) generates triggers from reduced bit input GL1 Board 2 (GL1-2) manages the busies and Dead-4-4 counters > GL1 Board (GL1-3) generates the granule accept vector and manages the > accepted event readout. This document is intended to describe the [typical]{.underline} operation of both the GL1 hardware and software. By referring to this guide you should be able to set up and program GL1. However, it is not intended to make you a GL1 expert or facilitate anything more than rudimentary debugging of the system. What To Do If You Find an Error in This Manual As long as PHENIX is in operation, this manual will be a \"work in progress.\" If you find portions of this manual that are misleading or inaccurate, or you have suggestions for making the manual more useful please contact the authors (<lajoie@iastate.edu> and <belikov@bnl.gov>). Definitions As in all manuals, a few definitions are in order to get things off on the right foot. All computer input, output, typed commands and filenames will appear in Times Roman Bold type. All program messages and references to buttons, etc., will appear in bold type. File listings are shown in Times Roman type. Computer prompts are shown as \"\>\"; this may be different depending in the system you are logged in to. The most critical definition, however, is reserved for the phrase \"consult an expert\". Simply put, and expert is someone who knows more than you. In some cases where you are asked to consult an expert you may know what to do to fix a problem, but it may be more important to find out why things went wrong in the first place. The PHENIX Level-1 contact is: > John Lajoie > > BNL extension 1266 (ER only) > > 1-515-294-6952 (ISU office) > > 1-515-963-9818 (home - use this wisely!) > > 1-515-480-8312 (cell phone - use this [very]{.underline} wisely!) > > Sergei Belikov > > PHENIX Counting House (7821,7815) > > 924-0458 (home) #### [Overview of the Level-1 Trigger]{.underline} A schematic of the PHENIX Trigger and Timing systems is shown in Figure 1. Note in particular the connections between GL1 and the Granule Timing Modules (GTMs), where each granule controls four signals that can be sent to GL1. Two of these are busies (FEM Unreliable and DCM Busy/Full) and are sent to GL1-2 to hold off triggers for that granule (and any partition that owns that granule). The other two (Granule Disable and Forced Accept) are available for use as reduced bit inputs on GL1-1. Note that these inputs are available by programming the LL1 mode bits in the GTM scheduler for any granule, not just LL1 participant systems. The box labeled LL1 in Figure 1 represents any system that places reduced bit information on the GL1 backplane where it is available for trigger purposes. While in the future this will be dedicated LL1 electronics for systems such as BBC, EMCAL, etc., during the ER this functionality is provided by a transition card in the back of the GL1 crate called the Reduced Bit Input Board (RBIB). This board accepts TTL signals on Lemo cables and converts them to the LVDS standard used by the input transition cards (called the 6Rx due to its six input connectors). The configuration of the GL1 for the ER is described fully in a later section. In order to better understand how GL1 generates a trigger, it is instructive to look at the flow of a single trigger through the GL1 system, as shown in Figure 2. The available information for making a trigger decision is placed by the 6Rx transitions cards on a backplane bus in the GL1 crate, called the reduced bit input bus. The user programs a crossbar to select which bits will be used as the input address to a SRAM lookup table (LUT). These bits can be selected as four groups of 20 (out of the 130 bits available) for each GL1-1 board in the system. The SRAM LUT is then programmed based on the input address to generate output for selected conditions. For a given trigger, a nonzero output bit from the LUT at this point is called a raw trigger. Raw triggers are counted in VME addressable counters on GL1-1. At this point the trigger can be masked off with a user-programmable mask. ![](media/image2.jpeg){width="5.979166666666667in" height="6.601388888888889in"} Figure 1: The PHENIX Trigger and timing system. Note in particular the four signals (Granule Disable, Forced Accept, FEM Unreliable, and DCM Busy/Full) that are available for each granule to send as inputs to GL1. The Level 1 Data Distributor does not exist for the Engineering Run; instead the GL1 accepted event data is read out directly via a DCM partitioner board. The next step is to apply the busy for the partition that owns this trigger. The busies are contained on a second bus on the backplane, called the partition busy bus, that is managed by GL1-2 and includes the Dead-4-4 counters. A programmable crossbar maps the partition busy for the partition that owns the trigger in question and the busy is applied to the raw trigger. A trigger that passes the busy test is called a live trigger and is again kept track of by counters in GL1-1. ![](media/image3.jpeg){width="5.663888888888889in" height="6.595833333333333in"} Figure 2: A closeup of a single GL1 trigger, showing the flow and programmable elements in the system. Finally, a programmable scaledown counter is applied to prescale active triggers, and again the output is counted. A trigger passing the scaledown test is called an accepted or scaled trigger and is mapped by a third crossbar to a line on the partition accept bus. This bus is monitored by GL1-3 and used to generate the granule accept vector (via another crossbar, not shown in Figure 2) that is sent to the Master Timing Module (MTM). From the point at which reduced bit data is presented on the reduced bit input bus to when the granule accept vector is sent to the MTM requires three beam clocks in GL1. ##### The GL1 Hardware The GL1 trigger crate is located in PRR.1.1 in the electronics area of the PHENIX counting house. The Timing System is located in rack PRR.1.5. The Level-1 trigger rack is typically left closed to prevent dust and contamination from building up on the GL1 boards. If you need to open the rack you will need a \"crate key\". For reference, Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of the GL1 crate and associated 9U VME cards, transition cards and beam rate inputs. This diagram can be used to identify the GL1 transition cards and GL1 internal cabling. It should be noted that each end of the GL1 LVDS cabling is labeled with the signal names on each connector end. ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="5.059027777777778in" height="4.315972222222222in"} Figure 3: A schematic view of the GL1 crate, showing the associated transition cards and beam rate inputs. Each line in the above corresponds to an LVDS cable. Note that for the ER GL1 uses a shorter backplane and the 9U and transition cards may not be located exactly as shown. Like all VME systems in PHENIX, the GL1 crate is controlled by a PPC VME processor (currently iocondev14). This processor is located in the leftmost slot (slot 0) of the GL1 crate and can be reset by pressing the Reset button on the front panel. Note that all the GL1 boards monitor the VME SYSRESET signal and will automatically reset themselves when the VME processor is reset. Thus, resetting the processor will necessitate reloading the GL1 configuration to ensure proper trigger operation. While each of the GL1 boards have independent reset buttons, use of these buttons is [strongly discouraged]{.underline}. Should it be necessary, the proper way to reset the GL1 crate is reset the PPC VME processor by pressing Reset button on the PPC front panel. ![](media/image5.png) Figure 4 : The GL1 board front panels and a description of their LEDs. The busies indicated by GL1-2 and GL1-2 are likely to be of particular importance to the user. The GL1 trigger boards contain a set of lights intended to indicate to the user quickly the status of the various GL1 signals, as shown in Figure 4. Of particular importance are the Granule Busy and FEM Unreliable lights on GL1-2. If either of these lights are illuminated for a given granule, triggers for that granule (and any partition that contains it) will be busied out. This is often the first place to look when the complaint \"Hey, I\'m not getting any triggers!\" arises. In addition, the global VME busy on GL1-2 is indicated by a small LED in the lower left of the board. The GL1-3 board contains a set of \"global\" busies that will hold off all triggers in all partitions, as indicated by red lights on the front panel. The Misc/Global busy is (at present) connected to the DCM that is receiving the GL1 accepted event data. The Governor Busy is a busy generated by a programmable \"throttle\" on the GL1 accepted event rate; currently this throttle is set to limit the accepted event rate to less than 25kHz. In addition to the busy lights on GL1-3, there is also a green LED to indicate that the GL1 system is receiving a proper beam clock signal from the GTM in the GL1 crate. This light should [always]{.underline} be lit during normal operation of the trigger - without a beam clock, most elements of the trigger will not function. When the GTM controlling GL1 is properly cycling (the Mode Enable signal is high) an additional green LED will be lit on the GL1-3 front panel. While this LED should be on for normal operation of the trigger, it should be off before or during configuration of the GL1 system. Certain items, such as the GL1-1 LUTs, will not permit load operations while Mode Enable is high. Finally, all three boards have a green LED to indicate VME activity. This light can be used as a visual indication to verify that software is actually addressing the correct boards during program operations such as configuration, etc. A red LED at the top of each board indicates failure of the Geographical Address Parity circuit - this LED should [never]{.underline} be lit during normal operation. If this LED is lit, it likely indicates a catastrophic failure in the GL1 board or the VME crate - call an expert. Please note that the GTM controlling the GL1 is not located in the Timing System rack, but in the crate with the GL1 itself. This simplifies the control of GL1 and facilitates software control of the GL1 GTM for downloading and configuration. While the normal GTM tools can be used to configure this GTM and load mode bit files, the GL1 configuration utility takes care of this automatically for ordinary running. In addition, starting and stopping the GL1 GTM is done automatically when using the GL1 configuration utilities. Much of the cabling that is critical to the proper operation of GL1 is located in the back of the Timing and Control System rack (PRR.1.5). In the bottom of this rack there is an aluminum box labeled GTM-\>GL1 Transition box which receives 32 RJ45 cables (one from each potential GTM) and maps them to the eight LVDS cables that are sent to GL1. Each RJ45 connector on the transition box corresponds to a very specific granule and labels on the box will show you how to identify the connectors. It is where the RJ45 cable is plugged into the transition box that defines what granule number a given GTM is mapped to. It is important to keep this hardware mapping synchronized with the software described in later sections or mass confusion will result! In addition, two cables carry the granule accept vector from the Standard Transition card in the GL1 crate (see Figure 3) to the MTM fanout in the back of the Timing and Control rack. This MTM fanout card receives the two LVDS cables from GL1 and splits them out into 32 RJ45 connectors to the GTMs. The MTM card has two RJ45 blocks; the upper block contains granules 0-15, while the lower contains granules 16-31. Each block\'s connectors are numbered \"like a chip\" starting in the upper left hand corner, down the lefthand side, and up the righthand side of the connector. Once again, the RJ45 cabling is crucial - a given GTM [must]{.underline} be connected to the same granule number in both the GTM-\> GL1 fanout box and the MTM fanout box. If this is not followed, a given GTM will either not receive accepts (at best) or receive accepts for a different granule (at worst). The above descriptions of the GL1 and Timing and Control cabling lead to one simple rule - please leave it alone! If you need to swap out a GTM (for whatever reason) leave the cabling and transition card in the back of the crate alone and just swap GTMs in the front of the crate. If you must remove and replace a GTM transition card, double (and triple) check that the GL1 and MTM cabling is correct when you are finished. [Programming the Global Level-1 Trigger]{.underline} Programming the Global Level-1 trigger consists of five separate steps, that are combined in one GUI: 1. Defining the granule-to-partition mapping. 2. Defining the trigger to partition mapping. 3. Defining the reduced bit input to each GL1-1 lookup table. 4. Defining triggers based on the LUT input. 5. Creating Look Up Table. (Note that steps 2-5 must be repeated for each GL1-1 board in the system) This section will take you through each of the five steps in detail. After reading this section you should be able to completely reconfigure the GL1 trigger to suit a wide variety of conditions. Before we start, let\'s set some ground rules. The instructions that follow assume that you have logged into phoncs0 as user phoncs, and executed the setup command files for both the production release of the online distribution and the GL1 package. There are two reasons for this: 1. GL1 requires the commercial program iqxcomp that can run only on Sun computer. 2. The software creates subdirectories and files inside the GL1 directory that belongs to PHONCS. An example session (after you have logged in) would go something like: \> setuponcs R-pro selecting release R-pro \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- setting up the ONCS environment R-pro \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- \> cd \$GL1_MAIN/config The above example will leave you in the directory /export/software/oncs/R-pro/online_distribution/GL1/config. This directory contains the GL1 configuration programs and scripts. [How to create a new GL1 configuration mode]{.underline} To start GL1 configuration GUI type: GL1cfgC - stands for GL1 configuration for CORBA version. You will see the next window: ![](media/image6.png){width="3.2583333333333333in" height="4.125in"} Figure 5. GL1cfgC GUI window as it appears at the very beginning. As you can see all buttons (except EXIT) are disabled. To activate them choose a name for a GL1 mode. You can type a new name in the upper small self-expanded window or choose a name of already existed mode from the list box below. Figure 6 shows how GUI will look like after you have chosen the mode. ![](media/image7.png){width="3.283333333333333in" height="4.141666666666667in"} Figure 6. GL1 GUI window after mode modeF_All was chosen by user. The name of GL1 mode is actually the name of the subdirectory located at \$GL1_DATA (the same as \$ONLINE_CONFIGURATION/GL1/) area. Each such subdirectory keeps 16 configuration files but you need know nothing about them -- program will create and modify them itself. In this document we use modeF_All configuration as an example. This mode has 32 partitions, each partition has one granule and one trigger. For simplicity partition number is the same as its granule and trigger number (1-to-1). Only Forced Accepts are used to configure triggers: forced accept of a granule N fires trigger number N that belongs to the partition N. We will start by associating granules with partitions. Press the button "Granules-\>Partitions". You should be rewarded with a screen like that in Figure 7. This is a simple mapping program, with partition names (or numbers) listed in columns and granule names (or numbers) listed in rows. You assign a granule to a partition by clicking the mouse on the box corresponding to the granule and partition number intersection. If you select a granule incorrectly, you may deselect it by clicking again on the highlighted box or by clicking on correct position (since granule can belong to only one partition the previous selection will be deselected). A message will appear under the command buttons confirming the mapping and unmapping actions. ![](media/image8.png){width="5.9944444444444445in" height="5.045833333333333in"} Figure 7: The granule to partition mapping configuration window. Mode modeF_All mapping is shown. At this point a few important comments are in order. First of all, the granule names and their assignment to granule numbers are contained in the file .gl1_granule_names in the \$GL1_MAIN/config directory (note that this may be a symbolic link to a file in the online configuration directory). The format is very simple - granule number is listed followed by a name. An example is listed below: 2. BBC 3. ZDC 4. MVD 5. DC.W 6. PC.W 7. TEC.W 8. RICH.W 9. PBSC01.W 10. PBSC_23.W 11. DC.E 12. PC.E 13. TEC.E 14. TOF.E 15. RICH.E 16. PBSC.E 17. PBGL.E 18. MUTR.S 19. MUID.S 20. MUTR.N 21. MUID.N You should be aware that [only administrative controls keep this file synchronized with the actual hardware configuration]{.underline} (see The GL1 Hardware section). It is critically important that the information in the file be kept synchronized with the GL1 cabling configuration in the Timing and Control rack. This information is used by the configuration program for display purposes only, but it is also used by the run control partition server to list what granules are available in a partition. A great deal of confusion will ensue if the .gl1_granule_names file does not match the hardware configuration, so if you must edit it please do so carefully! You can change a partition name: click the corresponding name in the Partition Names row and just edit its name in the entry above. If you move mouse over partition box you will see its name in the entry. On fig. 7 the name of partition 6 is displayed. When you hit Save&Compile button all 32 partition names will be saved into the file named partition.names located in current mode subdirectory. These names will be used later by Partition Server and by Run Control to describe partitions of current GL1 configuration. OK, so you are happily clicking away and you have a granule to partition map that you like. (Note that the program will prevent you from mapping a granule to more than one partition - a definite PHENIX no-no!) Selecting the Save&Compile button at the top of the grid will allow you to save your configuration file and to create crossbar files that can be downloaded into the GL1 boards. If you receive any message other than Crossbar files compiled successfully across the top of the screen, consult an expert. If all is well, you can exit the program with the Quit button. You can load Granules-\>Partitions mapping from other GL1 mode by pressing Load button. You must click Save&Compile button to create corresponding configuration files in your mode configuration! Pay attention to "GL1 Configuration" window: before you started granules mapping the "Granules-\>Partitions" button was gray; when you made any changes to the mapping the button becomes red; when you saved & compiled your mapping the button becomes green. This is the policy for all buttons of "Granules-\>Partitions" window, it indicates the status of each operation. The next step is to assign triggers to partitions. Clicking button "Trig-\>Par" of any GL1-1 button group will produce the configuration screen shown in Figure 8. ![](media/image9.png){width="5.995833333333334in" height="5.050694444444445in"} Figure 8: The trigger to partition mapping program. The interface is similar to that used for the granule to partition mapping program. Configuration for modeF_All is shown. Since the interface for this program is almost identical to the "Granules-\>Partitions" we have previously discussed, we won't go over it in great detail here. Some of the same caveats for mapping granules to partitions apply for mapping triggers to partitions, however. Note that a given trigger can belong to [one and only one]{.underline} partition, and the program will prevent mapping a trigger to more than one partition. The next step is to define the address to the LUTs that will be used to define each trigger by mapping lines from the reduced bit input bus; you will have to do this for each trigger you mapped to a partition in the previous step. Start the configuration program by pressing "Bits-\>LUT" button. You should see a configuration screen like that shown in Figure 9. ![](media/image10.png){width="5.99375in" height="4.145138888888889in"} Figure 9: The GL1 lookup table address mapping program. The LUT to be configured is selected by the radio buttons at the left, while the address bit to be mapped is selected by the radio buttons for each bit. Clicking on a named signal will map that signal to the input bit. ModeF_All configuration for LUT 0 is shown as an example. It is useful to remember the architecture of GL1-1 at this point. Each set of four triggers is generated as the output of a LUT that takes 20 bits of address from the GL1 reduced bit input bus. Your job at this point is to define which 20 bits will be mapped to which lookup table. Triggers 1-4 are controlled by LUT 1, 5-8 by LUT 2, etc. Select the LUT you want to work with by the radio buttons at the left of the configuration screen, then select the GL1 reduced bit input bus elements from the any of 4 list boxes at the right. As you can see some signals of "Forced Accept" and "Disable Granule" have names that correspond to granule name. If you want to clear some bit assignment first click this bit then click \<none\> string in "Other" list box. Start from the lowest bits in the address. When you "connect" the selected bit the next bit will be automatically selected, so just click bit names one by one. Don\'t worry about uncommitted address bits; the program will automatically force those bits low when the crossbar files will be compiled. *Note: try always to start from Bit 0 and do not skip bits -- it will significantly reduce LUT creation time.* When you have fulfilled all necessary connections press button "Save&Compile". Program will save your Bits-\>LUT configuration, create and compile some crossbar files, and write for you a skeleton for raw triggers firing logic. Up to this point, configuring the GL1 has been a purely graphical exercise. What follows next may sound complicated, but keep in mind the basic job of this utility is to loop over all combinations on the 20 bit LUT address and generate raw triggers for only those combinations that you select. To start with, click "Trig Logic" button -- it should open the skeleton of logic file in an emacs window, and the file it contains should look something like this: LUT 0 { #define ForcedAccept0_bit0 0x1 #define ForcedAccept1_bit1 0x2 #define FA_BBC_bit2 0x4 #define FA_ZDC_bit3 0x8 #define Others 0xffff0 TRIG 0 { Others.eq.0 } TRIG 1 { Others.eq.0 } TRIG 2 { Others.eq.0 } TRIG 3 { Others.eq.0 } } LUT 1 { #define FA_MVD_bit0 0x1 #define FA_DC_W_bit1 0x2 #define FA_PC_W_bit2 0x4 #define FA_TEC_W_bit3 0x8 #define Others 0xffff0 TRIG 4 { Others.eq.0 } ... (The listing should include all 8 LUTs and all 32 triggers as separate sections, but I have truncated the list here to save space.) As you can see, the LUT input file contains sections that start with a LUT name (LUT 0) and are surrounded with braces {}. Inside LUT section Bit-\>LUT program defines named masks on the bits connected to this LUT address and one mask "Others" for each LUT that defines all disconnected bits. Names of the masks are the same as in Bit-\>LUT list boxes except additional suffix \_bitX is added where X indicates to what bit is this signal connected. This is done just to remind you Bit-\>LUT configuration and to avoid ambiguity in case when you connect the same signal to more then one input bit. You may be already have noticed that in addition to mask definitions inside each LUT section there are four TRIG sections also surrounded with braces {}. This is up to you to determine logic that will fire each trigger. Fill in the TRIG section with tests based on these masks to define trigger conditions. The comparisons in the TRIG section recognize the keywords \".GT.\" (greater than), \".LT.\" (less than), \".EQ.\" (equals), \".GE.\" (greater than or equal to) and \".LT.\" (less than or equal to). Program is case insensitive to comparison keywords, so you can write .gt. as well as .GT. But program is case sensitive to mask names, so be careful while typing them (better just use Copy and Paste). All lines in TRIG section are combined by logical AND, so for example TRIG 2 { FA_BBC_bit2.gt.0 Others.EQ.0 } means: fire trigger 2 when Forced Accept from granule BBC is high AND disconnected entries (mask Others) are low. The following is a fragment of logic file for modeF_All configuration. LUT 0 { #define ForcedAccept0_bit0 0x1 #define ForcedAccept1_bit1 0x2 #define FA_BBC_bit2 0x4 #define FA_ZDC_bit3 0x8 #define Others 0xffff0 TRIG 0 { ForcedAccept0_bit0.gt.0 Others.EQ.0 } TRIG 1 { ForcedAccept1_bit1.gt.0 Others.EQ.0 } TRIG 2 { FA_BBC_bit2.gt.0 Others.EQ.0 } TRIG 3 { FA_ZDC_bit3.gt.0 Others.EQ.0 } } LUT 1 { #define FA_MVD_bit0 0x1 #define FA_DC_W_bit1 0x2 #define FA_PC_W_bit2 0x4 #define FA_TEC_W_bit3 0x8 #define Others 0xffff0 TRIG 4 { FA_MVD_bit0.gt.0 Others.EQ.0 } ... You can define your own mask if you wish. For example, suppose you want to fire trigger 0 if any of 4 LUT input bits has signal. You can add to mask definitions: LUT 0 { #define ForcedAccept0_bit0 0x1 #define ForcedAccept1_bit1 0x2 #define FA_BBC_bit2 0x4 #define FA_ZDC_bit3 0x8 #define Others 0xffff0 #define Any_of_4 0xf and define trigger 0 logic as: TRIG 0 { Any_of_4.gt.0 Others.EQ.0 } Thus by combining mask bits and by adding new lines in trigger section you can create sophisticated logic for trigger firing. You will definitely say: "Hey, guys! Your code is half C-like half Fortran-like! Can it be only in one language?" Calm down, it will be completely C-like later. OK, you modified the trigger logic skeleton file as you desired. What's next? First, save file just by choosing "Save Buffer" from File menu of emacs. Then exit emacs. *Note: you can't continue to use GL1cfgC program until you close this emacs session. You will see that "Trig Logic" button becomes green while "Create LUT" is now red. Push this red button and wait while program create a Look Up Table. If program finds any error in your logic file it will stop compilation and will write error message in GL1cfgC message window. The text color will be red. If no errors are found the program will create and write down the LUT. The size of LUT file is 1M strings, so it will take some time to do it. If everything is OK program will type "Done!" in message window and will convert the color of "Create LUT" button to green. Now the last button of GL1 configuration GUI: "Scaledown". It permits you to define scale down factor for each trigger. We definitely will not use it in Year-1 run, so just keep all values equal to 0. ![](media/image11.png){width="4.391666666666667in" height="1.4in"} Fig. 10. This window will pop up when you hit "Scaledown" button. You can set a scale down factor for each trigger of this GL1-1 board. Congratulations! You configured GL1 for one GL1-1 board. It is important to note that for the Year-1 run there is only one GL1-1 board. When there are multiple GL1-1 boards in the near future, you will have to repeat the previous four steps (Trig-\>Par, Bit-\>LUT, Trig Logic, Create LUT) for each GL1-1 board in the system. Generally program defines the number of GL1-1 board itself reading file .GL1temlate in \$GL1_DATA area. This file is template for GL1.config file that is created by GL1cfgC in each mode subdirectory. Only experts have right to update this file. Nevertheless you can change the number of GL1-1 boards yourself by typing the desired number into the entry labeled "Number of GL1-1 Boards". If you increase the number of boards additional blocks of GL1-1 buttons will appear, if you decrease this number the rightmost blocks will disappear. Program will make itself the corresponding changes to GL1.config file. Button "Save&Compile All" will save and compile Granules-\>Partitions* and Trig-\>Par, Bit-\>LUT configurations for each GL1-1 if any of them was changed, but you must make steps Trig Logic and Create LUT yourself for each GL1-1. If you have reached this point after working through all of the above configuration steps, congratulations! You now have a complete GL1 configuration and you are ready to try it out by downloading it into the GL1 system. ##### How to download a GL1 configuration mode The GL1 system is most easily controlled by the average user though a Java gui. This gui encapsulates the most common GL1 functions into a set of easy to follow menus and button. To start the gui, change directory to the GL1 area and do the following: - cd \$GL1_MAIN/ ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - cd java - gl1gui This will start up the gui, and you will be presented with a window with buttons across the top for the various GL1 elements. You should see a window that looks like that in Figure 11. Each page of the gui is organized the same: the top row of buttons accesses the configuration pages for the different boards, the Options section contains buttons for the user commands, while the Status section displays status information. ## Note: If instead of GUI you see on your terminal the message "Exception during ResolveName Object -- gl1. -- not found." then just reset the GL1 PPC controller. If you are having a problem with GL1 and you suspect that a board is dead or not answering, you can scan the current crate configuration with the Scan crate button. This will pop up a window showing you the configuration of GL1 boards found in the crate, along with any transition cards. ![](media/image12.png){width="5.995833333333334in" height="5.74375in"} Figure 11: The GL1 gui crate configuration window. Commands are accessed using the buttons under the Options heading or by the menu headings in the upper left. Configuration pages for different elements can be accessed using the buttons directly above the PHENIX logo. In order to download the current configuration that you defined in the previous section select the "Run Config. Script" button. You will be presented with a file box that you can use to select the GL1.config file from the directory of your configuration. At this point the gui will parse the configuration file and download the GL1 components - if you watch the VME access lights on the boards, you will see multiple accesses for each board. Configuration Progress bar will show you the downloading progress. If any error occur during the downloading the message window with problem explanation will appear on the screen. If "Configuration Progress" bar has reached 100% without any error message -- congratulations, your GL1 mode has been successfully downloaded! Note that running a crate configuration script automatically sets the global VME busy, and the VME Busy checkbox should be red after the script is complete. In order to clear the busy, click the "Clear VME Busy" button on the GL1 gui (right bottom corner). The trigger will now be fully enabled, and should now provide triggers and accepts (for those partitions that are not themselves busy, of course). The GL1-1, GL1-2 and GL1-3 pages in the configuration gui contain additional commands that allow you to read out and reset the GL1 counters. Note that counter readout windows are updated automatically by a background task - if you want to monitor the GL1 counters you can set the counter window in a corner of our screen and it will update automatically, approximately every second. The GL1-1, GL1-2, GL1-3 and BBC functions will be more fully described as this document is expanded. For now, feel free to explore. Of particular use are the "Clear counters" function on the GL1-1 page (which clears the raw, live and scaled trigger counters for the board) and the "Clear Gran. Counters" function (which allows you to clear selected granule accept counters in GL1-3). We will describe later in the chapter for advanced user how to use all these and other buttons. For an ordinary person on shift you already know enough to create and download GL1 configuration mode. Good luck!	en
all-txt-docs	032361	From: BULLELKMAN@aol.com Sent: Wednesday, February 08, 2006 1:38 AM To: Dockets, FDA; charlie@toxicteeth.org Cc: FreKoss@aol.com; sandyduffy@comcast.net Subject: Docket Number # 03N-0169 Dear FDA, Please post this e-mail to Docket Number # 03N-0169. It is imperative that this important information becomes part of public record on mercury dental fillings. By recording this e-mail to Docket Number #03N-0169, it becomes information that will be available to the "public" to include the American public, elected officials and the media because of Freedom of Information Act. It is critical that the "public" has access to this information. Thank you, Mary Ann Newell Manager of the Files for Consumers for Dental Choice MEMORANDUM TO FDA OFFICE OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS RE: FDAs LSRO/BETAH CONTRACT From: Consumers for Dental Choice, November 4, 2005 We ask FDAs office of Internal Affairs to investigate the secretive, no-bid deal jointly engineered by FDA and National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) officials with Life Sciences Research Office (LSRO), Inc., and BETAH Associates regarding what FDA had promised would be an independent study of the scientific literature on the potential health risks related to mercury-based dental amalgam fillings. First, the contractual arrangements, the subcontracting deal, and the surreptitious conduct of government employees took place in violation the evidence suggests willful violation -- of government competitive bidding rules and scientific ethics. Second, the methodology was fundamentally flawed, starting with a panel of persons devoid of research in mercury toxicity but full of pro-industry conflicts, who to this day ill not identify its bibliography, and who in an act of scientific dishonesty flipped the research question to abandon the focus on risks. Over a year ago, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) launched a formal investigation of NIDCRs role in this contract Case No. 2004-99. This year, the investigation was upgraded to a more serious level -- NIH Director Zerhouni appointed a national CPA firm, Clifton Gunderson, to investigate the charges. (NIH may not investigate FDA, however. FDA must look into its own house, instead of to keep looking the other.) While NIH investigates the LSRO/BETAH deal, FDA officials take the totally opposite attitude toward allegations of corruption showing indifference, if not an outright cover-up. In letters to at least three Senators (Kennedy, Smith, and Murray) and in public statements, FDAs leaders laud the contract and fail to disclose to the Senators that NIH has it under investigation (even though the existence of the NIH investigation has appeared in at least three major newspapers). We believe such selectivity is due to the same group at the Center on Device and Radiological Health, who not only did this contract to protect the untrammeled marketing of mercury amalgam, but is charged with enunciating FDAs policies in mercury fillings. (We have filed a petition with FDA to revoke regulatory control over mercury amalgam from the Dental Devices Branch.) The purpose of FDA and NIDCRs independent study is to arrive at pre-determined conclusions that favor pro-amalgam interests. To that end, the competitive bidding process was circumvented and LSRO was handpicked to deliver the desired results. LSRO is currently a consultant for major tobacco companies Phillip Morris and RJR Nabisco. LSROs capability appears to be more in the realm of complex verbiage than in meaningful findings. For instance, in its recent report on tobacco additives, LSRO offered, as a conclusion in its Executive Summary, the following: Although the addition of ingredients to tobacco is unlikely to change significantly the adverse health effects of cigarettes based on the magnitude of the health effects of cigarettes and the incremental mass of pyrolyzed materials contributed by the added ingredients. Huh? This isnt simply an ambiguously stated scientific observation. It isnt even a sentence. One of the reviewers of the LSRO report found it to be little more than an elaborate series of pre-determined conclusions that favor the pro-amalgam position of elements within organized dentistry, their allies at NIDCR and FDA, and by extension, the financial interests of mercury amalgam producers. From the outset, the purpose of this so-called peer review of the literature has been to parrot the refrain that mercury-based fillings are safe and to claim, falsely, that there is no scientific evidence to the contrary. In recent years, scientists around the world have come to recognize that even minute amounts of mercury can cause permanent neurological harm to young children and developing fetuses. Environmental Protection Agency scientists recently announced that 630,000 babies are born each year with too much mercury in their bodies, and that one American woman of childbearing age in six has so much mercury in her system that she is at risk of giving birth to a retarded child. That means millions and millions of American women are so burdened with mercury that they should have no further exposure to mercury whatsoever but concern over these women falls on deaf ears at the Dental Devices Branch. It is generally understood that exposure to the neurotoxin mercury comes from many sources, the most common of which are air pollution, certain kinds of fish, and so-called silver fillings which are actually 50 percent mercury. (Amalgam is a combination that is only about 35 percent silver plus other heavy metals, with mercury acting as the glue that holds everything together.) Because of health risks, mercury has been systematically outlawed in virtually all health remedies and consumer products. Lat year, Kellogg was forced to remove from its cereal boxes a Spiderman toy because it is powered by a mercury battery. Extensive studies conducted by the governments of Norway, Sweden, Canada, Germany, and other advanced nations have resulted in warnings of serious health risks particularly for pregnant women and young children associated with exposure to mercury from amalgam fillings. Referring to a 39-page report released by her government in March 2003, Dr. Liljan Smith Aandahl, Norways Chief Dental Officer at the Directorate for Health and Social Affairs recently stated: In the last decade, a considerable amount of documentation shows that amalgam releases more mercury, and that more mercury from amalgam is absorbed into the human body, than previously believed. [I]n line with the precautionary principle, it is important that the populations exposure to mercury be held at the lowest possible level. It is therefore natural to discontinue the use of amalgam and to use other dental filling materials as much as possible, since good alternatives are available. An exhaustive 2002 study, under the auspices of Swedens Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, concluded: The safety factor thought to exist with respect to mercury exposure from amalgam has been erased; and For medical reasons, amalgam should be eliminated in dental care as soon as possible. (pages 41 and 42, Report of the Dental Material Commission - Care and Consideration, November 2002, Kv. Spektern, SE-103 33, Stockholm, Sweden, emphasis added). Eight years ago, Canada adopted recommendations to stop the placing of amalgam fillings in children, pregnant women, and those with kidney problems. Likewise in Germany, the government requires manufacturers to give warnings that mercury fillings are contraindicated (= DO NOT USE) for children, pregnant women, and people with kidney problems. Similar warnings were briefly given on the American website of Dentsply, a German company that sells amalgam products in the U.S. After pressure from special interests in this country, Dentsply removed the warnings. Like tobacco, mercury-based amalgam is becoming recognized as a toxic substance that poses significant health risks. Like tobacco, warnings of these risks would help protect the health of the American public. And like tobacco, powerful forces that have profited from amalgam are determined to protect and expand its use, even to the point of using independent studies to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of a substance that the weight of scientific evidence has shown to be toxic. As early as July 11, 2002, NIDCR and FDA drafted a statement to serve as the basis for conducting its independent study on amalgam. In the Background section, NIDCR completely ignored the evidence behind the warnings of health risks issued in Norway, Sweden, Canada, and Germany, citing instead their own conclusions of a decade ago as the basis for the upcoming study. These old reports claimed that except for localized allergic reactions (extremely rare), there was no evidence that mercury-based amalgam posed a serious health risk in human [s]; and falsely stated that the World Health Organization, in 1997, reaffirmed this conclusion. In fact and Susan Runner is well aware of this point that WHO statement was a draft by a consultative group. It is sheer demagoguery by Runner and others at FDA to adopt this ADA rhetoric and call it a WHO report, when they know better. (Dr. Maths Berlin, who formerly chaired the World Health Organizations Task Group on Environmental Health Criteria for Inorganic Mercury, was the lead researcher in the 2002 Swedish study, referred to earlier, that recommended amalgam should be eliminated in dental care as soon as possible.) Further demonstrating its effort to skirt the mercury question, NIDCR went so far as to provide a misleading label of ingredients, describing amalgam as an alloy of powdered silver, tin, copper and sometimes smaller amounts of zinc, palladium or indium. Almost as an afterthought, the presence of elemental liquid mercury is mentioned, as if it were a trace element. Who would guess from such a description what is its main ingredient that amalgam is 50% mercury? NIH must immediately implement two changes: Because of their ties to elements within organized dentistry that have for years taken an aggressively pro-amalgam stance, NIDCRs Tabak and his staff, and FDAs Dr. Mary Susan Runner should be disqualified from any future role in evaluating, classifying, or providing warnings about the health risks of mercury amalgam fillings. We urge you to ensure that, if ever released, this independent study does not draw the imprimatur of the federal government, a step that would deceive parents and pregnant women into taking the risky step of exposing themselves or their children to a potent neurotoxin: mercury. Its time to void this illegal contract, and have the study done by a truly independent entity at arms length from the special interests within NIDCR and FDA one chosen through an honest and open process of competitive bidding, and enlisting a panel of persons with substantial experience in the study of mercury amalgam fillings. This report is presented to you in four parts, and includes over 30 attachments of mainly internal records, such as e-mails. I - Conspiracy to Violate Federal Bidding Laws NIDCRs Director Tabak, his assistant Norman Braveman, and contracting officer Marion Blevins, along with FDAs Runner, conspired to violate the federal bidding laws by handpicking tobacco consultant LSRO to prepare a study, designating the results they wanted, and then in an attempt to create a faade of legality shoehorning the deal into an existing contract with a management services company, BETAH. II - Conflict of Interest Tabak and Runner have been promoting the safety and effectiveness of mercury amalgam fillings while protecting a flagrant conflict of interest via their close ties to pro-amalgam interests within organized dentistry thus providing an incentive to protect mercury amalgam interests even at the risk of breaking the law. III - Operating in Secret As members of the secret committee to name the contractor, Braveman at NIDCR and Runner at FDA conspired to keep the matter secret, blocking legitimate requests for public information. IV - Attempting a Cover-up To cover up his violation of law, Tabak provided false and deceptive testimony to Congress, via a letter dated July 23, 2004, to Reps. Dan Burton and Diane Watson. --------------------------------- I - NIDCR Director Tabak, his assistant Braveman, and Blevins, along with FDA official Runner appear to have violated the competitive bidding laws by handpicking tobacco consultant LSRO to mirror their own views.[1] In November 2002, David Feigal, M.D., Director, Center on Devices, FDA, decided that there was a need for an independent, outside review of the scientific studies on amalgam.[2] The assignment created a dilemma of major proportions for Tabak, Braveman, and Runner. On the one hand, as scientifically trained professionals, they were aware of the many peer-reviewed studies raising questions about the safety of mercury amalgam fillings, and the virtual absence of peer-reviewed studies saying that mercury amalgam fillings are safe. On the other hand, if they carried through with their duties as government officials and conducted an independent study, it would necessarily bring to light information damaging to their allies pro-amalgam interests within organized dentistry. These government officials systematically planned their version of an independent study, repeating the charade they had performed twice previously: announce that they had reviewed the literature and proclaim mercury-based fillings safe. They drafted, or caused to be drafted, a contract dated July 11, 2002, to begin the process. Exhibit G. The evidence of their intent is plainly stated in the Background section, where they simply restate the results of their previous reviews and include the false statement that the World Health Organization supports amalgam fillings. The next step was to hire a consultant willing and able to deliver the intended message while maintaining the appearance of conducting an independent study. Phase One: With no competitive bidding, no request for proposal, and no public notice, NIDCR and FDA officials secretly chose a consultant with ties to the tobacco industry. At the outset of the process, Tabaks assistant Braveman, Runner, one Dr. Lireka Joseph (now deceased), and one or two other persons formed a committee or task force to name the consultant for the study. Exhibit F. Tabak was kept apprised, e.g., through being ccd on e-mails. On November 21, 2002, Braveman met with a representative of the tobacco consultant, LSRO. Based in Bethesda, Maryland, LSROs research activities in defense of tobacco companies made it the perfect candidate. On November 22, Braveman told LSRO to submit a proposal. Exhibit H (bottom e-mail). After huddling with LSRO, these government officials then wrote, or caused to be written, a second draft contract dated January 14, 2003, that calls for a Contractor to do the work instead of the government. The agreement specifies meetings to be held with the Contractor at LSROs headquarters location in Bethesda. Exhibit I. Astonishingly, this draft plainly states the biased agenda of the parties drafting the contract: Their two previous literature reviews opined that amalgam is safe, and now we have handpicked you, LSRO, as the independent contractor to repeat the process and come up with the same results. Reading that contract leaves little doubt about what conclusion these government officials wanted LSRO to reach. LSRO which had performed so eloquently for the tobacco interests was sub silentio directed to give amalgam a clean bill of health. This end point, it would appear from the correspondence, LSRO understood well. In an e-mail dated December 3, 2002, and addressed as Dear Norm (Braveman) and Lireka (Joseph), LSRO sent, in the words of the writer,[3] a pre-proposal. Exhibit H. In decidedly unscientific language, LSRO described the project as right down our alley. In its own words, LSRO made clear they understood what the trick is to producing the kind of study these government officials desired. Braveman apparently then passed this contract on to Tabak, Runner, and others, asking for comments. On January 23, Braveman e-mailed them, saying he had reviewed their comments on the contract, rejecting some and including some. Exhibit J. In this memo, he made clear that the secret decision to hire LSRO had been made: Lets keep in mind that this document is intended to be passed to our contracting people so that we can get a cost associated with whats been outlined. It is definitive only in the sense that it is intended to outline in a broad way the activities that wed like to have the contractor handle. These officials violated several sections of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR): no request for proposal, no publication of a desire for a contractor, no competitive bidding, and no open negotiations. Immediately after Director Feigal announced the need for a study in late November 2002, the contracting process focused solely on LSRO, and within a matter of weeks, the terms of the contract were being finalized. By January 2003, Braveman and Runner, along with Tabak, had agreed to contract with LSRO. The entire process was conducted in secret and, as shown below, kept secret from public scrutiny through an orchestrated series of deceptive acts and practices. In the third draft, Exhibit K (January 23), Tabak, Runner, and associates made a major change in the terms. They decided that they, the government, would determine what literature the independent panel would read, precluding the possibility that an inquisitive panel member might venture into uncharted territory (for NIDCR) and that the most up-to-date and thoroughly researched scientific evidence might inadvertently be considered. The government will separately identify and define the initial scope of the literature to be reviewed, and will manage all logistic activities relating to expert panel members. A question naturally arises about what is meant by logistic activities within the context of scientific research. And what criteria did the government intend to use to define the scope of the literature to be reviewed? Would the criteria include the warnings resulting from major studies by the governments of Norway, Sweden, Canada, and Germany? Or would these warnings and other scientific studies suggesting health risks to pregnant women and young children be minimized or ignored? Between January 23 and May 1, despite repeated FOIA requests, Consumers for Dental Choice was denied access to e-mails, or other information that might have shed light on these questions by both NIDCR and FDA. In October 2005, after three years of making requests, FDA finally responded. (While we acknowledge receipt of these records, we believe they remain incomplete. We have received nothing from the files of Dan Schultz, Linda Kahan, the retired David Feigal, or the late Lee Joseph; all have been integrally involved in this issue.) Phase Two: BETAH Associates was enlisted as straw person contractor. In the fourth draft (February 23, 2003), LSRO remained the Contractor, but a new name suddenly appeared: BETAH Associates, Inc. Exhibit L. BETAH, also based in Bethesda, Maryland, has an existing three-year contract with NIDCR to do provide management and logistical services associated with running conferences. Exhibit M. None of BETAHs services are remotely related to scientific research, and nothing in the NIDCRs contract with BETAH pertains to scientific studies an area in which BETAH has no qualifications whatsoever. In this draft, BETAH is charged with submanaging logistic activities within the Governments responsibilities. In the fifth contract draft (March 21, 2003), Exhibit M, BETAHs responsibilities became separated from those of the Government. Exhibit N. LSRO was given 10 major delegated responsibilities, Betah just one peripheral responsibility. But in the eyes of Tabak, Runner, and associates, BETAH had the one qualification that LSRO lacked: an existing NIDCR contract. Enter NIDCRs Marion Blevins. Exhibit O. As the contract officer, she was charged with putting the veneer of legality on the arrangement. At this point (May 1), through a tortuous distortion of Dr. Feigals original order, the conference-planning support company BETAH became the Contractor designated to conduct the independent scientific review. On May 13 (Exhibit P), Blevins wrote an authorization for BETAH to hire LSRO as a subcontractor. Although FDAs Runner handed to NIDCR the lead on this contract, e-mails prove that she and her colleagues at FDA remained engaged in the process from start to finish -- from awareness of the secret meetings to handpick LSRO, to drafting the contract with a blueprint of the desired result, to shoehorning in BETAH as strawperson contractor, and to facilitating LSROs retention as subcontractor (Exhibits F, H, J, Q, R, II [eye-eye]). Phase Three: The conspirators erected a faade of legality to try to cover their tracks. BETAH Associates started as a non-participant, then took on an inconsequential role doing logistics, and finally was designated as the contractor. LSRO started as the contractor, then was shifted to subcontractor, although it was doing all the substantive work. So LSRO was slipped in through the back door, while BETAH received a handsome payment in return for going along with the deal. Aware that public comment was supposed to be an important part of this study, and faced with the potential undoing of their scheme, Braveman and Blevins began to pressure BETAH to speed up the process and get the contract finalized. Exhibit Q, series of e-mails May 21 to June 4. On May 29, Braveman made clear to his co-conspirators that he would continue stonewalling requests for information until the contract was completed. Exhibit R. In an e-mail titled Charlie Brown (presumably referencing the counsel for Consumers for Dental Choice, the undersigned), he referred to an attached letter he had written to Brown (not released under FOIA), but which he would hold . . . until all of the is are dotted and ts crossed in the contract between [sic] LSRO. I cant send it until we know for sure that everything is ok with the contract. Ill let you know when that happens. One more step remained to shoehorn the work of LSRO into BETAHs existing contract. Through utterly shameless verbal manipulation, the language of the approved contract named the conference-planning company BETAH as the contractor to conduct a study on the critical issue of potential health risks from exposure to mercury in dental amalgam. To complete the fabrication, the contract said that BETAH, not the government, identified LSRO as a subcontractor, and described LSROs independent scientific study as a conference. By means of this obviously deceptive mechanism, BETAH was awarded the NIDCR contract. Neither before nor after is this work characterized as a conference. LSROs activities became a conference only momentarily, in the rigged language of a sham contract designed to mislead the public and produce predetermined results in the guise of an independent scientific study. Tabak, his assistant Braveman, Runner, et al., conspired to create the appearance of engaging an existing contractor already doing similar work. In a cynical distortion of government contracting regulations, they identified LSRO as a safe consultant whose track record indicated a willingness to deliver findings consistent with the agenda of the client, drafted a contract of duties, then found an existing contractor one doing totally unrelated work on which to piggyback the deal. This Byzantine scenario shows, prima facie, that Tabak, Runner, et al., consciously took a carefully scripted set of steps to corrupt the bidding process in order to handpick LSRO as a compliant consultant. As government officials at agencies that regulate or study the potential benefit or harm of a variety of products, these officials abused their responsibilities by sabotaging the order of FDA Center Director Feigal to conduct an independent study of the literature on health risks associated with mercury in amalgam fillings. They embarked on a conspiracy to (1) handpick a tobacco industry consultant experienced in using scientific verbiage to create a veneer of authenticity, (2) enlist an existing contractor as straw person to hire that consultant as subcontractor; and (3) erect a faade of paper legality in an effort to cover their tracks in the first and second steps. Meanwhile, (4) they worked to keep their activities secret from the public and from consumer advocates. Phase Four: LSRO proceeded, predictably, toward the delivery of a biased, unscientific product The study or what the BETAH contract with NIDCR defined as a conference proceeded predictably. It turned out to be neither a study nor a conference. LSRO conducted its independent study from start to finish in the most unscientific manner imaginable. Not one panelist had expertise or even substantial experience in researching mercury-based dental amalgam products. From the outset, one participant was openly dismissive of risks related to mercury. He went so far as to air his views in a published article and sat for a major newspaper interview.[4] In June 2004, LSRO sent the draft to outside reviewers, one of whom had appeared as its chief witness in favor of amalgam fillings. At this point, another reviewer who recognized the need to play the role of whistleblower, alerted Consumers for Dental Choice about a host of irregularities and omissions in LSROs conduct of its independent study: no mention of major international studies on new evidence of health risks associated with amalgam, deceptions and mischaracterizations of the literature, an unscientific report with results plainly predetermined in short, findings that simply echo the positions advocated by organizations that have a financial stake and/or a vested interest in amalgam. For example, the report claims that the government of Canada has no problems with mercury amalgam fillings, when the opposite is true. That government advised every dentist in the country in 1996, via a personal letter, not to place mercury-based fillings in children, pregnant women, or people with kidney problems. But the question remained: how did they reach the opposite conclusion (i.e., explaining away literature on the health risks of mercury amalgam) when all other national literature reviews were the opposite i.e., Swedens, Norways, and Germanys national studies say to ban mercury fillings, while Canadas says to stop its use for children, pregnant women, and adults with kidney disorders. We explained that Braveman gave Falk a blueprint of the desired result, but another step was needed to produce the veneer of a scientific report. Via comparing the contract with the final report, we have discovered how it happened. LSRO accomplished this task by violating the terms of the contract. How? Falk and Brownawell shifted the purpose of the study from what was mandated in the contract to one that would produce the opposite result. Compare the contract between LSRO and BETAH, Description/Specifications/Statement of Work (SOW), page 1 (Attachment CC); and the LSRO report, Executive Summary, page 1, Attachment DD. The contract: Here is the mission of LSRO, as stated in the contract: Provide and enforce the following charge to the Panel: Is there any evidence in the scientific literature that you have reviewed that would indicate that dental amalgam poses a health risk of humans? (Emphases added.) The report: Here is what LSRO claimed in the executive summary is its mission: Unlike other recent reviews of the dental amalgam literature (Berlin 2002), LSRO was not asked to provide policy recommendations or perform risk assessment or risk-benefit analysis. LSRO was simply asked to review the literature to determine if it supported hypotheses relating to adverse health effects. (Emphases added.) [(Berlin 2002) = The Swedish report condemning mercury amalgam and calling for a ban.] LSRO flipped the question, to one that would certainly have to be answered yes, to one that can be answered no. a.. The answer to the question of the existence of ANY EVIDENCE that amalgam poses a HEALTH RISK TO HUMANS is patent in the scientific literature! Reports from Sweden, Germany, Canada, and American studies say yes, such evidence exists; no legitimate scientist could deny it. And this is the very question LSRO was required to answer in its contract. b.. But LSRO did not answer the question mandated in the contract. It switched the question to an entirely different one. First, it changed the literature to a singular composite, it, so the question no longer was based on any literature, but the weight of the literature. Second, it changed the issue from risks to adverse health effects, which any scientist would know is a wholly different analysis. Third, it inserted the term HYPOTHESES, then creating a series of them written in a manner so the answer mirrored the initial FDA/NIDCR blueprint (amalgam is safe.). Intellectual dishonesty reigns -- a cruel hoax on the American people, an approach that dodges the risk question, collectivizes the literature into a single answer, and poses hypotheses that needed only a 51% likelihood. Risk, unlike a hypothesis, does not need a 51% likelihood to be a problem. Employment of this deceptive move of changing the question in the report to get the opposite answer is consistent with the sleaze that marked this deal from start to finish. The sequence unmasks LSRO as a Jeopardy game show consultant The funding agency provides the answer first, then LSRO figures out the question to match it. But LSRO could never have done this report had not Tabak, Runner, and associates used a backdoor method to bring in this consultant -- receiving in return a document reflecting their agenda and those of pro-amalgam interests while ignoring or mischaracterizing the scientific evidence on health risks related to mercury-based dental fillings. In their efforts to engineer a pre-determined result, these government officials have shown contempt both for the American public, whose health concerns should be foremost in a study of this type, and for the legal process. The motivation is clear: as committed defenders of pro-amalgam interests, they are opposed to any study that might consider the full extent of peer-reviewed research on health risks related to mercury-based amalgam fillings. 1. NIDCR Director Tabaks assistant Braveman and FDAs Runner violated the FAR by handpicking tobacco consultant LSRO without competitive bidding, RFPs, and publicizing the opportunity to participate. The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), 41 USC 1 et seq., governing virtually all federal agencies purchasing decisions, mandates an open and competitive system. It has an extensive set of implementing regulations: 48 CFR 5.002 requires contracting officers to publicize contract actions; 48 CFR 5.102 requires solicitations be made available to the public; 48 CFR 6.000 states that the fundamental policy is one of full and open competition; 48 CFR 6.102 states that this system covers basic and applied research, and specifically includes a peer of scientific review; 48 CFR 6.303 states that no agency may depart from this basic requirement without a written justification for other than full and open competition, with mandated criteria. 41 USC 253 (c) and (f). Contract by negotiation (Braveman uses the term negotiating to describe his activities) plainly does not permit a choose your favorite contractor potion. Contract by negotiation requires conducting negotiations with a range of qualified applicants, because factors other than fees matter. Contract by negotiation is a process designed to foster an impartial and comprehensive evaluation of offerors proposals (emphases on s and s added to indicate that negotiating means more than one proposal is being evaluated). 48 CFR 15.002. By definition, negotiating mandates a tradeoff process to reach the best value. 48 CFR 15.101-1 and 2. Written information or, in lieu thereof, oral presentations, are required. 48 CFR 15.102. Requests for Proposal (RFPs) communicate government requirements to prospective contractors. 48 CFR 15.203. Like competitive bidding, contract by negotiation is an open process that involves choosing among qualified prospects. Instead of following these clearly defined steps, NIDCR and FDA officials chose to proceed along a more tortuous path. 2. Their approach of choosing the consultant then finding a contractor doing unrelated work to write a subcontract and deceptively calling the work a conference also violated the FAR. Subcontracting, too, must be a transparent, above-board process. The agency must review requests for subcontracting and consider the following factors: Was adequate price competition obtained or its absence properly justified? Were price comparisons made? Was there a sound basis for the contractor to pick the subcontractor? 48 CFR 44.202. Consumers for Dental Choice repeated requests FOIA for documents related to these criteria went unanswered. Agencies must not consent to contracts when the contracting officer must deal directly with the subcontractor. 48 CFR 44.203. But that is exactly what happened here. NIDCR and FDA officials chose the subcontractor (LSRO) first, then dealt directly with the subcontractor, start to finish. After choosing the consultant, NIDCR/FDA officials brought in an existing contractor (BETAH), but gave the latter only one peripheral assignment (modified slightly in the final contract). Plainly, BETAH, the so-called contractor, acted as a straw person whose chief advantage was availability. Since contractor BETAHs agreement with NIDCR was to do conferences, not scientific studies, the contract falsely characterized the study as a conference. By making it appear as if BETAH had simply been given a new responsibility, NIDCR/FDA collectively attempted to circumvent the bidding laws. Allowing this legerdemain to stand would render Federal bidding regulations meaningless. 3. NIDCR and FDAs Center on Devices may have authorized a violation of the Anti-Kickback statute. The Anti-Kickback Act of 1986, 41 USC 51-58, prohibits compensation to prime contractor from subcontractor, as does 48 CFR 3.502-2, the Code of Federal Regulation implementing language. These government officials may have directed a violation of the Anti-Kickback Statute, in that BETAH is getting paid for being an existing contractor through the deal made with LSRO, instead of for actual work consistent with the payment made. NIDCRs Braveman was involved in every step of this contract, as was a high-ranking official of the Center on Devices, who was ccd on every key memorandum we have been allowed to see. Braveman wrote the FDA official and others that he was going to dot all the is and cross all the ts of the LSRO/BETAH contract. In his own words, he put pressure on the two parties to sign off on the deal. He was aware, indeed he directed, that LSRO would do the actual work, while BETAH would collect a tidy sum for agreeing to act as a contractual middleman. Such dealmaking, with money changing hands between contractor and subcontractor, is precisely what the anti-kickback statute prohibits. Here are government officials, sworn to serve and protect the public, engaging in an illegal scheme to hire a private consultant whose job is to conduct a sham study that reflects the views of those officials and to misrepresent those views as independent scientific research. II - Because of major conflicts of interest, NIHs top dental official, Dr Tabak, and FDAs top regulator of dental amalgam, Dr Runner, should have no involvement in evaluating the health risks related to mercury-based fillings. Long considered a sacred cow in its ability to conduct research and publish studies without arousing Congressional or media attention to conflicts of interest, NIH is now facing scrutiny for allowing health professionals to make decisions that benefit products and/or organizations with which they are affiliated. A Science magazine article detailed the disturbing reality that NIH is rife with health professionals who wear two hats: they have close ties to the products or organizations they are supposed to regulate. (Feeling the Heat, NIH Tightens Conflict of Interest Rules,July 2, 2004). In The Washington Post, Jerome P. Kassirer, editor-in-chief emeritus of the New England Journal of Medicine and professor at the Tufts University School of Medicine, explained why professionals with such conflicts should not be involved in any way with conducting studies or issuing guidelines. (Why Should We Swallow What These Studies Say, August 1, 2004.) The Los Angeles Times reported in a front-page story (August 6, 2004) that Marilyn Glynn, head of the Office of Government Ethics, described NIH as beset with a permissive culture and that firm, across-the-board restrictions were needed to restore public confidence. Without tougher standards, she said, NIH could give the appearance that some level of misuse of office is tolerable. (Emphases added.) 1) Long-standing ties exist between NIDCR/FDA officials and organizations with pro-amalgam agendas. Tabak and Runner the top people on dental issues at their respective agencies have long-standing ties to organizations that are outspoken in their support for the continued use of mercury-based amalgam fillings: the American Association of Dental Research (AADR) and the American Dental Association (ADA). The AADR, according to its policy statement, claims amalgam has a well documented history of safety and efficacy, and it endorses the use of best management practices for the use of amalgam restorations . . .. (emphasis added). www.dentalresearch.org/about/aadr/policy.html. Dental research activities at NIDCR have long been influenced, if not controlled, by personnel with strong ties to the ADA, which has been the leading advocate of mercury amalgam products in the United States since its founding more than 150 years ago, and by the AADR. Unlike the American Medical Association, the ADA has long been in the business of promoting commercial products, the most prominent of which is mercury-based amalgam. (By contrast, the American Medical Associations position on promoting commercial products is unequivocal: The AMA does not have a mechanism or procedure to approve medical or surgical procedures, treatments, or products. The AMA does not sanction, endorse, approve, or disapprove products, procedures, hospitals, or clinics.) The ADA came into being in the 19th century for the specific purpose of advocating silver amalgam-mercury use in dentistry. Consumer Cause v. Smilecare (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 454, 458 (emphasis added) quoting Miller, Mercury Amalgam Fillings: Human and Environmental Issues Facing the Dental Profession (1996) 1 DePaul J. Health Care L. 355, 355-359. Amalgam was cheap and profitable, and the public then as now naively accepted organized dentistrys claim that they were getting silver fillings. Every amalgam patent that has been awarded for decades has been produced according to ADA specifications a simple search of the U.S. Patent Office will confirm this fact and since the 1930s, the ADA has continuously promoted the safety and effectiveness of amalgam products through its Seal of Acceptance, paid for by mercury producers and amalgam manufacturers. an arrangement in which the companies pay ADA for attesting to the safety and effectiveness of their products. www.ada.org/seal/index.asp. Currently, more than 50 mercury-based amalgam products are promoted through these ADA Seal contracts. ADA Seal Product Search -- Keywords: AMALGAM: Becker-Parkin Dental Supply: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: DFL Alloy Capsules. Darby Dental Supply Co.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Formula T, Capsules, Non-Zinc; Superdent Dispersed Phase Alloy, Capsules, Non-Zinc; Superdent Dispersed Phase Alloy, Capsules, Zinc; Ternalloy Alloy Capsules. Dentsply L.D. Caulk Division: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated; Dispersalloy Self-Activating Capsules, Fast Set; Dispersalloy Self-Activating Capsules, Regular Set; Optaloy II Sure-Caps; Unison Spherical Alloy Self-Activating Capsules. Fen Dental Manufacturing, Inc.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Epsilon Capsules. Foremost Dental Mfg. Co.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Zenith Premium Dispersed Phase Alloy Capsules, Fast Set; Zenith Premium Dispersed Phase Alloy Capsules, Regular Set; Zenith Royale Dispersed Phase High Copper Alloy, Capsules; Zenith Type-T Spherical Alloy, Capsules. Goldsmith & Revere: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Aristaloy 21 Dispersed Phase Amalgam Alloy Capsules; Aristaloy CR High Copper Spherical Amalgam Alloy Capsules; Ultra Dispersed Phase Alloy, Capsules, Regular Set; Ultra Dispersed Phase Dental Amalgam Alloy Capsules, Fast Set; ltra Dispersed Phase High Copper Alloy, Capsules; Ultra High Copper Spherical Alloy, Capsules; Veraloy Disperesed Phase High Copper Amalgam Alloy Capsules. Ivoclar-Vivadent, Inc.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Valiant, Capsules, Non-Zinc; Valiant PhD, Capsules, Non-Zinc. Network Sales Co., Inc.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Etal Aristalloy 21; Etalloy Cr. Schein, Inc., Henry: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Henry Schein Ionosphere High Copper Ternary Alloy; Henry Schein Stratosphere, Fast Set, Capsules; Henry Schein Stratosphere, Regular Set, Capsules; Henry Schein Troposphere Spherical Alloy, Capsules. Silmet USA Corp.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Nogama-2, Capsules; Spherodon, Capsules; Spherodon-M, Capsules. Southern Dental Industries, Inc.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: GS-80, Fast Set, Capsules, Non-Zinc; GS-80, Regular Set, Capsules, Non-Zinc; GS-80, Slow Set, Capsules, Non-Zinc; Logic Plus, Fast Set, Capsules, Non-Zinc; Logic Plus, Regular Set, Capsules, Non-Zinc; Logic Plus, Slow Set, Capsules, Non-Zinc; Lojic, Slow Set, Capsules; Patterson Dental Admix Alloy Capsules, Fast Set; Patterson Dental Admix Alloy Capsules, Regular Set; Patterson Dental Spherical Alloy Capsules, Fast Set; Patterson Dental Spherical Alloy Capsules, Regular Set; Permite C, Fast Set, Capsules; Permite C, Regular Set, Capsules; Permite C, Slow Set, Capsules. Wykle Research, Inc.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Original D, Extra Fast Set Capsules; Original D, Fast Set Capsules; Original D, Regular Set Capsules; Phasealloy Zinc, Extra Fast Set Capsules; Phasealloy Zinc, Fast Set Capsules; Phasealloy Zinc, Regular Set Capsules. It is generally acknowledged that the ADAs Seal gives substantial financial advantages to [c]ompanies competing for their share of the $2 billion market in dental products . . . (The Complete Guide to Better Dental Care, Taintor, Jerry F. and Mary Jane, Facts on File, 1997.) During World War I, ADA researchers went to work for the Bureau of Standards. Over time, the ADA also developed a close relationship with the dental research arm of the National Institutes of Health (formerly the National Institute of Dental Research, now the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research). By the 1960s, research in restorative materials benefited from increased Institute support through workshops, grants, and a closer working relationship between the bureau and the ADA (Dental Science in a New Age: The History of the National Institute of Dental Research, Ruth Roy Harris, Blackwell, 1992). The close ties in the dental materials activities involving the ADA, AADR, and government organizations continue to this day. The professional reputation of the ADA and the AADR (perhaps their very existence) has depended on suppressing any suggestion that there might be health risks associated with implanting mercury in the mouths of patients. To the extent that people with ties to the ADA or other avowedly pro-amalgam organizations, such as the AADR, are involved in any way with amalgam research at NIDCR, this would clearly represent a conflict of interest in overseeing an independent scientific study. Reflecting the a priori position of organized dentistry and against the weight of the latest scientific evidence Tabak, Runner, and associates could not, and did not, attempt to undertake a truly objective study on amalgam. Their conflicting interests made objectivity on the amalgam issue a virtual impossibility, and as Kassirer pointed out in his Washington Post article, they should have recused themselves. But they did not. Instead, they acted deceptively when directed to commission an outside, independent study of the literature on amalgam as manifested by their actions to handpick a pliant consultant and Tabaks attempted cover-up in his July 23 letter to Reps. Burton and Watson (see pages 15-17). These government regulators have marched in lockstep with the pro-amalgam interests of organized dentistry. They have taken public pro-amalgam positions and dismissed the plethora of studies showing the health risks of mercury in dental fillings. They have published, or caused to be published, false information claiming that other nations and/or international organizations have said mercury fillings have no health risks, and have put forth this false information as a basis for conducting their independent study.[5] By coordinating their efforts with their ADA/AADR allies and exercising their power as key officials in the agencies studying (NIDCR) and regulating (FDA) amalgam, Tabak, Runner, and associates have been able to stop disclosures of evidence on the potential risks of mercury-based amalgam that are now given for virtually every other use of mercury in health care. Runner, who oversees the regulation of dental amalgam, has protected its use. Likewise, Tabak has ensured that only supporters of the ADA/AADR position on amalgam are given grants to study the health effects of these fillings, and has maintained such minimal oversight that the grantees almost never publish anything.[6] Both Tabak and Runner maintain the fiction that there is no scientific evidence of health risks related to mercury amalgam fillings, and that they are engaged in independent research.[7] 2) Pregnant women and the parents of young children will accept the results of this independent scientific study as truthful, to their potential detriment. Based on past performance, these government officials and pro-amalgam forces within organized dentistry are poised to trumpet the results of this independent study. How do we know? That is exactly how they and their ADA allies responded after the publication of the now discredited March 2002 FDA Consumer Update on amalgam a report attributed to none other than Mary Susan Runner. That update contained the false statement that the government of Canada supported the use of amalgam fillings and went so far as to encourage the continued use of mercury-based dental materials. Most damaging of all, it gave the impression that FDA had already made up its mind, before the public comment period on its proposed rule began. Dr. Feigal and Dr. Joseph noted the error, stating in the December 2002 letter: We are currently in the process of revising the Update and have redrafted our statement about the proposed rule to remove any perception that we have already made a decision prior to reading the comments. From March 2002 until the FDA revoked it on December 31, 2002, this Consumer Update was the most widely quoted document cited by the ADA at every hearing on amalgam before state legislatures, federal and state regulatory agencies, and private sector organizations. Its impact was so great that, even two years later, consumer groups and public health organizations have to contend with the aftershock. The fact that an official published document containing misleading information and demonstrating agency bias was used to influence the public debate and affect governmental decision-making is outrageous. The publication of this independent study would have an even more dramatic effect. The ADA would make sure that it goes to every policy maker considering restrictions on the use of mercury-based dental products. 3) Runner and the Dental Devices Branch may use this independent study to achieve a federal regulation to conceal the risks of mercury-based amalgam fillings. Through their professional affiliations, Tabak, as head of NIDCR, and Runner, still in charge of amalgam regulatory decisions at FDA, are committed to protect amalgam via a federal regulation, one proposed in 2002 but put on hold by Dr. Feigal, who has since retired. LSRO s independent study would act as a major step toward securing such a regulation. The appearance of governmental approval of this sham study would allow these government officials to advance their agenda. The stakes are enormous. While all other uses of mercury are being banned or restricted, these allies of elements within organized dentistry with long-standing ties to amalgam have conspired to stop public disclosure of the potential health effects of mercury-based fillings. Relying upon a sham study will deny the right of informed consent to our most vulnerable populations, pregnant women and young children, who will continue to endure the needless risk of mercury exposure when alternative dental materials are readily available. III - Braveman and Runner defied the Freedom of Information Act and the transparency mandated in FAR to put together a secret contract and an unqualified panel. When the Director of FDAs Center on Devices, David Feigal, M.D., met with representatives of Consumers for Dental Choice in October 2002, he stated that he was authorizing an outside, independent review of the literature on mercury amalgam fillings. This promise was reaffirmed in a letter dated December 12, 2002, from the late Lireka Joseph, written (the letter states) on Dr. Feigals behalf (Exhibit D). At a very early stage, Tabak, Runner, and associates gained control of the process and made it clear that they had no intention of conveying information to consumer organizations or other members of the public. NIDCRs contract with LSRO/BETAH gave all power of appointment of panelists to handpicked consultant LSRO, shutting consumer groups out of a process where they generally have a role. None of the members of the panel have expertise or even substantial experience in researching mercury-based amalgam products. Although LSROs Falk promised an independent-minded panel, such was not the case. In June 2004, the New York Times disclosed that panelist Robert Brent had written an article saying exposure to environmental toxins should be of minimal concern for parents. In addition, Falk played a central role in testimony to an acknowledged supporter of mercury-based fillings, Thomas Clarkson. Incredibly, Falk then named Clarkson as an outside reviewer for the LSRO study. LSROs modus operendi was to shut the public out. After a perfunctory half-day hearing, in which panelists were not involved in any discussions whatsoever, LSRO closed its doors to public participation. The promised transparency rang hollow, as LSRO posted after the fact and withheld meaningful information. For three years (2002-2005), Runner and the Center on Devices stonewalled our FOIA requests, only complying on the workday preceding a meeting we had with two Associate Commissioners. Whether we have all records we cannot determine. ----------------------------------------- Despite limitations based on the stonewalling of our requests, this letter presents prima facie evidence of a secret conspiracy to: circumvent competitive bidding regulations to favor pro-amalgam interests; handpick a favored consultant; give the consultant a virtual blueprint of what to consider and what conclusions to reach; corral an existing contractor to act as straw person; and mischaracterize the contract to create a faade of legality. produce a work product with biased and ill-prepared panelists asking not the question posed in the contract but one inverted so LSRO could respond in a way to conceal the health risks of mercury exposure from amalgam. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] The evidence presented here is taken from but a fraction of available materials. Despite multiple efforts for public records, Consumers for Dental Choice received only the e-mails from and to Tabaks assistant, Braveman without attachments and with numerous parts deleted. With discovery, or with compliance with the Freedom of Information Act by FDA and NIDCR, there are likely substantially more documents to review and, potentially, evidence to present to the Court. [2] Feigal: FDA Planning Another Review of Mercury in Dental Amalgams, FDA Week, Nov. 22, 2003. Exhibit E. [3] LSRO Inc.s principal is never identified. In an artful decision of dubious legality, his name was redacted every time, but since his direct line telephone number was sometimes not redacted, the person can be identified as Michael Falk, reportedly the CEO. [4] Dr. Robert Brent, a member of the panel, told The New York Times on July 13, 2004, that parents should stop worrying about environmental toxins like mercury. [5] The Background section of NIDCRs July 2. 2002, draft includes the false claim that the World Health Organization reaffirmed the safety of amalgam fillings, when it was only a dental committee with no authority that made such claim; the WHO says, in fact, that there is no safe level of mercury for human beings. Runner caused to be published an FDA Consumer Update claiming the government of Canada found amalgam safe when in fact it has disapproved of amalgam since 1996 for children, pregnant women, and people with kidney problems. The Consumer Update was so riddled with erroneous puffery on mercury fillings that her superiors announced on December 12, 2002, that it would be withdrawn. Exhibit D. [6] In NICDRs most expensive and most controversial study, that of Portuguese orphans who became subjects of toxicity experiments without informed consent, the dentist leading the research announced at a public hearing in Seattle before the review of the data began that mercury fillings are safe. Braveman sees no conflict in continuing to authorize millions of dollars for a pre-determined result. [7] Runner styles herself as a spokesperson on mercury fillings for FDA, and has speciously claimed in public forums that the benefits outweigh the risks (!). Since mercury fillings are interchangeable with non-mercury fillings, there are no benefits except to the dentist. For the assembly-line dental practice, the dentist maximizes his/her income by getting the low-income consumer or the child out of the chair faster by implanting mercury and moving on to the next patient, maximizing income per chair per day.	en
converted_docs	044482	IMPORTANCE OF TIME SERIES TRENDS ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Iraq ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Polls listed chronologically. Data are from nationwide surveys of Americans 18 & older. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- --------------- --------------- ------------- ------------ CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll. Jan. 6-8, 2006. Adults nationwide. . \"How important will each of the following issues be to your vote for Congress this year? Will it be extremely important, very important, moderately important, or not that important? How about the situation in Iraq?\" N=1,003, MoE ± 3 . Extremely\ Very\ Moderately\ Not That\ Unsure Important Important Important Important \% \% \% \% \% 1/6-8/06 45 40 11 3 1 10/21-23/05 44 37 13 4 2 . \"Next, we\'d like to ask you some questions about Iraq. First: In view of the developments since we first sent our troops to Iraq, do you think the United States made a mistake in sending troops to Iraq, or not?\" N=498, MoE ± 5 (Form A) . Made a\ Did Not Make\ Unsure Mistake a Mistake \% \% \% 1/6-8/06 50 47 3 12/16-18/05 52 46 2 12/9-11/05 48 50 2 11/11-13/05 54 45 1 10/28-30/05 54 45 1 10/21-23/05 49 49 2 9/16-18/05 59 39 2 9/8-11/05 53 46 1 8/28-30/05 53 46 1 8/5-7/05 54 44 2 7/22-24/05 46 53 1 6/24-26/05 53 46 1 4/29 - 5/1/05 49 48 3 3/18-20/05 46 51 3 2/25-27/05 47 51 2 2/4-6/05 45 55 \- 1/14-16/05 52 47 1 1/7-9/05 50 48 2 11/19-21/04 47 51 2 10/29-31/04 44 52 4 10/22-24/04 47 51 2 10/14-16/04 47 52 1 10/9-10/04 46 53 1 10/1-3/04 48 51 1 9/24-26/04 42 55 3 9/3-5/04 38 57 5 8/23-25/04 48 50 2 7/30 - 8/1/04 47 51 2 7/19-21/04 50 47 3 7/8-11/04 54 45 1 6/21-23/04 54 44 2 6/3-6/04 41 58 1 5/7-9/04 44 54 2 4/16-18/04 42 57 1 1/12-15/04 42 56 2 11/3-5/03 39 60 1 10/6-8/03 40 59 1 7/7-9/03 27 72 1 3/24-25/03 23 75 2 . \"All in all, do you think it was worth going to war in Iraq, or not?\" N=505, MoE ± 5 (Form B)\ Wording, 6/03-12/03: \"All in all, do you think the situation in Iraq was worth going to war over, or not?\"\ Wording prior to 6/03: \"All in all, do you think the current situation in Iraq is worth going to war over, or not?\" . Worth\ Not Worth\ Unsure Going\ Going\ To War To War \% \% \% 1/6-8/06 46 52 3 11/11-13/05 38 60 2 9/12-15/05 45 53 2 8/5-7/05 44 54 2 7/7-10/05 44 53 3 6/29-30/05 46 52 2 6/6-8/05 42 56 2 4/29 - 5/1/05 41 57 2 4/1-2/05 45 53 2 2/7-10/05 48 50 2 1/3-5/05 46 52 2 10/9-10/04 44 54 2 9/3-5/04 49 48 3 8/23-25/04 51 46 3 8/9-11/04 49 48 3 7/8-11/04 47 50 3 6/21-23/04 46 51 3 6/3-6/04 46 52 2 5/21-23/04 45 52 3 5/7-9/04 44 54 2 5/2-4/04 50 47 3 4/16-18/04 52 46 2 4/5-8/04 50 47 3 3/26-28/04 56 41 3 3/5-7/04 55 43 2 1/29 - 2/1/04 49 49 2 1/9-11/04 59 38 3 12/15-16/03 65 33 2 12/5-7/03 59 39 2 11/14-16/03 56 42 2 11/3-5/03 54 44 2 10/24-26/03 54 44 2 10/6-8/03 55 44 1 9/19-21/03 50 48 2 9/8-10/03 58 40 2 8/25-26/03 63 35 2 7/25-27/03 63 34 3 7/18-20/03 63 35 2 6/27-29/03 56 42 2 4/14-16/03 73 23 4 4/9/03 76 19 5 4/7-8/03 67 30 3 3/24-25/03 68 29 3 1/3-5/03 53 42 5 . \"In general, how would you say things are going for the U.S. in Iraq: very well, moderately well, moderately badly, or very badly?\" Options rotated. N=1,003, MoE ± 3.\ Wording prior to 3/04: \"How would you say things are going for the U.S. in Iraq now that the major fighting has ended: very well, moderately well, moderately badly, or very badly?\" . Very Well Moderately\ Moderately\ Very Unsure Well Badly Badly \% \% \% \% \% 1/6-8/06 8 38 32 21 1 10/21-23/05 7 35 29 28 1 8/5-7/05 5 38 28 28 1 4/29 - 5/1/05 6 36 31 25 2 3/18-20/05 8 44 24 21 3 2/4-6/05 13 40 28 18 1 1/7-9/05 5 35 29 30 1 12/5-8/04 6 34 26 33 1 9/24-26/04 4 42 27 25 2 8/9-11/04 5 40 28 25 2 7/8-11/04 5 35 30 29 1 6/3-6/04 6 34 35 25 \- 5/21-23/04 7 35 26 31 1 5/2-4/04 4 33 32 30 1 4/5-8/04 5 30 31 33 1 3/5-7/04 9 46 28 15 2 11/3-5/03 4 34 34 27 1 10/6-8/03 6 36 34 24 \- 9/8-10/03 6 41 31 21 1 8/25-26/03 6 44 30 19 1 7/25-27/03 10 46 28 15 1 7/18-20/03 6 48 30 15 1 6/27-29/03 5 51 29 13 2 5/30 - 6/1/03 11 59 22 7 1 . \"If you had to choose, which do you think is better for the U.S. \-- to set a timetable for removing troops from Iraq and remove them regardless of whether the U.S. goals are achieved by that time, or to keep a significant number of troops in Iraq until the U.S. achieves its goals there, regardless of how long that takes?\" Options rotated. N=1,003, MoE ± 3. . Set\ Stay Until\ Unsure Timetable Achieve Goals \% \% \% 1/6-8/06 49 47 4 . \"Do you think that, within the next 12 months, there will or will not be a stable democratic government in Iraq that can maintain order in the country without assistance from U.S. troops?\" N=498, MoE ± 5 (Form A) . Will Will Not Unsure \% \% \% 1/6-8/06 19 75 6 . \"Do you think that, eventually, there will or will not be a stable democratic government in Iraq that can maintain order in the country without assistance from U.S. troops?\" N=505, MoE ± 5 (Form B) . Will Will Not Unsure \% \% \% 1/6-8/06 46 46 7 -------------- ------------- -------------- --------------- --------------- ------------- ------------ ----------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ CBS News Poll. Jan. 5-8, 2006. N=1,151 adults nationwide. MoE ± 3 (for all adults). RV = registered voters . \"Do you approve or disapprove of the way George W. Bush is handling the situation with Iraq?\" . Approve Disap-\ Unsure prove \% \% \% ALL adults 37 58 5 Republicans 75 21 4 Democrats 16 81 3 Independents 28 65 7 . Trend: 12/2-6/05 36 59 5 10/30 - 11/1/05 32 62 6 10/3-5/05 32 64 4 9/9-13/05 36 59 5 9/6-7/05 35 60 5 8/29-31/05 38 57 5 7/29 - 8/2/05 41 55 4 6/10-15/05 37 59 4 5/20-24/05 38 57 5 4/13-16/05 39 56 6 3/21-22/05 39 53 8 2/24-28/05 45 50 5 1/14-18/05 40 55 5 11/18-21/04 40 55 5 10/28-30/04 45 50 5 10/14-17/04 42 54 4 7/11-15/04 37 58 5 6/23-27/04 36 58 6 5/20-23/04 34 61 5 5/11/04 39 58 3 4/23-27/04 41 52 7 3/30 - 4/1/04 44 49 7 3/10-14/04 49 43 8 2/24-27/04 46 47 7 2/12-15/04 49 45 6 1/12-15/04 48 46 6 12/21-22/03 57 36 7 12/14-15/03 59 35 6 11/10-12/03 48 48 4 10/20-21/03 49 45 6 9/28 - 10/1/03 47 48 5 9/15-16/03 46 47 7 8/11-12/03 57 33 10 7/03 58 32 10 5/03 72 20 8 3/26-27/03 69 27 4 3/24/03 71 24 5 3/23/03 75 22 3 3/22/03 72 23 5 3/20-21/03 69 25 6 3/15-16/03 55 41 4 3/7-9/03 51 42 7 3/4-5/03 54 39 7 2/24-25/03 52 44 4 2/10-12/03 53 42 5 . \"Regardless of how you usually vote, do you think the Republican Party or the Democratic Party is more likely to make the right decisions about the war in Iraq?\" . Republican\ Democratic\ Both Neither Unsure Party Party (vol.) (vol.) \% \% \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 36 39 2 9 14 12/2-6/05 35 40 2 8 15 7/11-15/04 41 45 2 4 8 . \"Looking back, do you think the United States did the right thing in taking military action against Iraq, or should the U.S. have stayed out?\" . Did Right\ Should Have\ Unsure Thing Stayed Out \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 47 49 4 12/2-6/05 48 48 4 10/30 - 11/1/05 42 50 8 10/3-5/05 41 55 4 9/9-13/05 44 50 6 8/29-31/05 45 49 6 7/29 - 8/2/05 48 46 6 6/10-15/05 45 51 4 5/20-24/05 47 49 4 4/13-16/05 47 48 5 2/24-28/05 46 50 4 1/14-18/05 45 49 6 11/18-21/04 46 48 6 10/28-30/04 RV 52 44 4 10/14-17/04 RV 50 46 4 7/11-15/04 45 51 4 6/23-27/04 48 46 6 5/20-23/04 49 46 5 5/11/04 49 45 6 4/23-27/04 47 46 7 3/30 - 4/1/04 55 39 6 3/10-14/04 58 37 5 2/24-27/04 54 39 7 2/12-15/04 58 37 5 12/21-22/03 62 34 4 12/14-15/03 63 31 6 . \"How would you say things are going for the U.S. in its efforts to bring stability and order to Iraq? Would you say things are going very well, somewhat well, somewhat badly, or very badly?\" . Very Well Somewhat\ Somewhat\ Very Unsure Well Badly Badly \% \% \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 8 41 28 21 2 12/2-6/05 6 40 28 24 2 10/30 - 11/1/05 4 36 31 26 3 10/3-5/05 4 39 27 28 2 8/29-31/05 5 35 29 28 3 7/29 - 8/2/05 7 41 29 21 2 6/10-15/05 7 33 34 26 0 5/20-24/05 5 36 31 26 2 4/13-16/05 7 41 32 18 2 2/24-28/05 10 43 29 18 0 1/14-18/05 5 36 28 29 2 11/18-21/04 5 40 26 27 2 10/28-30/04 RV 7 40 25 25 2 10/14-17/04 RV 5 38 27 28 2 7/11-15/04 4 39 28 28 1 6/23-27/04 2 38 31 26 3 5/20-23/04 3 34 38 22 3 4/23-27/04 4 34 31 29 2 12/21-22/03 8 57 24 9 2 12/14-15/03 12 53 21 10 4 11/10-12/03 5 42 28 22 3 10/20-21/03 5 49 31 12 3 9/15-16/03 5 44 29 18 4 8/26-28/03 5 46 31 16 2 8/11-12/03 6 47 28 13 6 7/03 6 54 25 11 4 5/03 11 61 19 5 4 . \"Should the United States troops stay in Iraq as long as it takes to make sure Iraq is a stable democracy, even if it takes a long time, or should U.S. troops leave Iraq as soon as possible, even if Iraq is not completely stable?\"\ Prior to 6/04: \"Should the United States troops stay in Iraq as long as it takes to make sure Iraq is a stable democracy, even if that takes a long time, or should U.S. troops turn over control to Iraqis as soon as possible, even if Iraq is not completely stable?\" . Stay as\ Leave\ Unsure Long as\ ASAP It Takes \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 49 44 7 10/30 - 11/1/05 43 50 7 10/3-5/05 36 59 5 9/9-13/05 42 52 6 2/24-28/05 55 40 5 1/14-18/05 51 42 7 9/04 54 39 7 6/23-27/04 54 40 6 5/20-23/04 45 49 6 5/11/04 38 55 7 4/23-27/04 46 46 8 12/14-15/03 56 35 9 11/10-12/03 49 43 8 . \"Which of these do you think is most likely? (1) Iraq will become a stable democracy in the next year or two. (2) Iraq will become a stable democracy, but it will take longer than a year or two. Or, (3) Iraq will probably never become a stable democracy.\" . Next Year\ Longer Never Unsure Or Two \% \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 6 52 39 3 12/2-6/05 7 44 47 2 10/30 - 11/1/05 3 46 48 3 10/3-5/05 4 45 49 2 9/9-13/05 4 43 50 3 8/29-31/05 6 43 48 3 12/21-22/03 7 59 31 3 . \"If the Iraqi people choose to elect an Islamic fundamentalist government that might not cooperate with the United States, should the United States support that choice, or should the United States take action to prevent that kind of government in Iraq?\" . Support\ Prevent Unsure Choice \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 59 26 15 1/14-18/05 66 20 14 . \"As a result of the United States\' military action against Iraq, do you think the United States is more safe from terrorism, less safe from terrorism, or hasn\'t it made any difference?\" . More Safe Less Safe No\ Unsure Difference \% \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 36 19 41 4 12/2-6/05 35 22 41 2 10/3-5/05 32 24 42 1 9/9-13/05 30 23 46 1 . \"Who do you think is currently winning the war in Iraq: the United States, or the Iraqi resistance and insurgents, or neither side?\" . U.S. Resistance Neither\ Unsure Side \% \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 36 9 48 7 5/11/04 31 10 54 5 . \"Do you think the United States should or should not set a time-table for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq?\" . Should Should Not Unsure \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 54 40 6 12/2-6/05 58 39 3 ----------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ Pew Research Center for the People & the Press survey conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates International. Jan. 4-8, 2006. N=1,503 adults nationwide. MoE ± 3. . \"Do you think the U.S. made the right decision or the wrong decision in using military force against Iraq?\" . Right\ Wrong\ Unsure Decision Decision \% \% \% 1/4-8/06 45 47 8 12/7-11/05 47 48 5 10/6-10/05 44 50 6 9/8-11/05 49 44 7 7/13-17/05 49 44 7 6/8-12/05 47 45 8 2/16-21/05 47 47 6 1/5-9/05 51 44 5 12/1-16/04 49 44 7 . Trend, among registered voters: 10/27-30/04 48 41 11 . Among ALL adults: 10/15-19/04 46 42 12 10/1-3/04 50 39 11 9/8-13/04 53 39 8 8/5-10/04 53 41 6 7/8-18/04 52 43 5 6/3-13/04 55 38 7 5/3-9/04 51 42 7 4/21-25/04 54 37 9 4/1-4/04 57 35 8 3/17-21/04 55 39 6 2/24-29/04 60 32 8 2/11-16/04 56 39 5 1/6-11/04 65 30 5 12/19/03 - 62 28 10 1/4/04 12/15-17/03 67 26 7 10/03 60 33 7 9/03 63 31 6 7/14 - 8/5/03 63 30 7 6/20 - 7/2/03 67 24 9 4/10-16/03 74 19 7 4/8-9/03 74 19 7 4/2-7/03 72 20 8 3/28 - 4/1/03 69 25 6 3/25-27/03 74 21 5 3/23-24/03 74 21 5 3/20-22/03 71 22 7 . \"How well is the U.S. military effort in Iraq going . . . ?\" . Very\ Fairly\ Not Too\ Not At\ Unsure Well Well Well All Well \% \% \% \% \% 1/4-8/06 12 39 27 17 5 12/7-11/05 14 37 29 17 3 10/6-10/05 9 35 31 22 3 9/8-11/05 12 41 26 18 3 7/13-17/05 14 38 27 17 4 6/8-12/05 9 41 27 19 4 2/16-21/05 14 40 25 17 4 1/5-9/05 9 39 29 20 3 12/1-16/04 10 40 28 18 4 10/15-19/04 13 38 26 17 6 9/8-13/04 12 40 26 18 4 8/5-10/04 12 41 28 16 3 7/8-18/04 13 42 26 16 3 6/3-13/04 16 41 25 14 4 5/3-9/04 10 36 32 19 3 4/21-25/04 12 43 26 15 4 4/1-4/04 14 43 26 13 4 3/17-21/04 16 45 26 11 2 2/11-16/04 17 46 23 11 3 1/6-11/04 22 51 18 6 3 12/19/03 - 23 47 18 7 5 1/4/04 12/15-17/03 28 47 16 6 3 10/03 16 44 25 11 4 9/03 15 47 26 9 3 7/14 - 8/5/03 19 43 24 11 3 6/20 - 7/2/03 23 52 16 5 4 4/10-16/03 61 32 3 1 3 4/8-9/03 60 32 3 3 2 4/2-7/03 55 37 3 2 3 3/25 - 4/1/03 39 46 8 2 5 . \"Do you think the U.S. should keep military troops in Iraq until the situation has stabilized, or do you think the U.S. should bring its troops home as soon as possible?\" . Keep\ Bring\ Unsure Troops Home \% \% \% 1/4-8/06 48 48 4 12/7-11/05 49 46 5 10/6-10/05 47 48 5 9/8-11/05 51 45 4 7/13-17/05 52 43 5 6/8-12/05 50 46 4 2/16-21/05 55 42 3 1/5-9/05 54 41 5 12/1-16/04 56 40 4 10/15-19/04 57 36 7 9/8-13/04 54 40 6 8/5-10/04 54 42 4 7/8-18/04 53 43 4 . \"Do you think the U.S. should or should not set a timetable for when troops will be withdrawn from Iraq?\" . Should Should\ Should Unsure Not Get\ Out Now\ (vol.) \% \% \% \% 1/4-8/06 50 42 2 6 12/7-11/05 56 38 1 5 10/6-10/05 52 43 1 4 9/8-11/05 57 37 1 5 7/13-17/05 49 45 \- 6 ---------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ----------------- --------------- ------------- ----------- ------------ ------------ -------- Associated Press/Ipsos poll conducted by Ipsos-Public Affairs. Jan. 3-5, 2006. N=1,001 adults nationwide. MoE ± 3.1. . \"When it comes to the situation in Iraq, do you approve or disapprove or have mixed feelings about the way George W. Bush is handling that issue?\" If \"mixed feelings\" or not sure: \"If you had to choose, do you lean more toward approve or disapprove?\" . Approve Disap-\ Mixed\ Unsure prove Feelings \% \% \% \% 1/3-5/06 39 58 2 \- 12/5-7/05 41 58 1 \- 11/7-9/05 37 62 1 1 10/3-5/05 37 61 2 \- 9/6-8/05 37 62 1 \- 8/1-3/05 38 59 2 1 7/11-13/05 40 59 1 \- 6/6-8/05 41 56 2 1 5/2-4/05 43 55 2 \- 4/4-6/05 43 56 1 \- 3/7-9/05 45 53 2 \- 2/7-9/05 42 57 1 \- 1/3-5/05 44 54 2 \- . Among registered voters: 12/6-8/04 48 50 1 \- 11/3-5/04 48 51 1 \- ----------------- --------------- ------------- ----------- ------------ ------------ --------	en
all-txt-docs	235358	================================================================================ Item ID --- 5553 Location --- Area L, metal shelves, Rm. M1205A in Bldg. 15 at 345 Middlefield Rd., column 01, row 04 Activity ID --- ____CP Scientist --- Paula Quinterno Contents --- Notes and slides in box Comments --- Horizon Guyot ================================================================================ Item ID --- 5553 Location --- Area L, metal shelves, Rm. M1205A in Bldg. 15 at 345 Middlefield Rd., column 01, row 04 Activity ID --- ____CP Scientist --- Paula Quinterno Contents --- Negatives in box Comments --- "Climate" Horizon Guyot ================================================================================ Item ID --- 5577 Location --- Area P, storage cabinets, Rm. M1205A in Bldg. 15 at 345 Middlefield Rd., column 01, row 01 Activity ID --- ____CP Scientist --- Contents --- Picked and unpicked samples Comments --- Horizon Guyot Alvin dives 1807, 1809, 1810, 1814	en
markdown	181807	# Presentation: 181807 ## NOAA Planning Update - NOAA Program Planning and Integration - Science Advisory Board - November 3, 2004 - NOAA Planning Update ## Outline - NOAA Strategic Plan for 2005-2010 - NOAA Program Structure – linking Programs to the Strategic Plan - Annual Guidance Memorandum - Associated Planning Documents - NOAA’s Strategic Organization and PPBES - FY08 Planning Process – A Look Ahead ## An informed society that uses a comprehensive understanding of the role of the oceans, coasts, and atmosphere in the global ecosystem to make the best social and economic decisions - NOAA Strategic Plan for 2005 – 2010 NOAA Envisions... ## To Meet the Challenges... NOAA’s Strategic Plan for 2005 – 2010 *Vision* *An informed society that uses a comprehensive understanding of the role of the oceans, coasts, and atmosphere to make the best social and economic decisions* _Ecosystems_ - Protect, restore & manage the use of coastal and ocean resources through an ecosystems approach to management _Climate_ - Understand climate variability and change to enhance society’s ability to plan and respond _Weather and Water_ - Serve society’s needs for weather and water information _Commerce and Transportation_ - Support the Nation’s commerce with info for safe, efficient & environmentally sound transportation - Ensuring Sound, State-of-the-Art Research - Promoting Environmental Literacy Drivers - Leading International Activities _Supporting NOAA’s_ _Mission_ - Provide Critical Support - for NOAA’s - Mission - Developing, Valuing, and Sustaining a World-Class Workforce *Mission* *To understand and predict changes in the Earth’s environment and conserve and manage coastal and marine resources to meet our Nation's economic, social, and environmental needs* Strategic Goals Cross-Cutting Priorities - Integrating Global Environmental Observation and Data Management ## We’ve Set TheseFive NOAA Goals: - Protect, restore, and manage the use of coastal and ocean resources through an ecosystem approach to management - Understand climate variability and change to enhance society’s ability to plan and respond - Serve society’s needs for weather and water information - Support the nation’s commerce with information for safe, efficient, and environmentally sound transportation - Provide critical support for NOAA’s mission ## Slide 6 ## Protect, Restore, and Manage the Use of Coastal and Ocean Resources through an Ecosystem Approach to Management - Programs ## Understand Climate Variability and Changeto Enhance Society’s Ability to Plan and Respond - Understand Climate Variability and Changeto Enhance Society’s Ability to Plan and Respond - Programs ## Serve Society’s Needs for Weather and Water Information Local Forecasts & Warnings - Serve Society’s Needs for Weather and Water Information Hydrology Air Quality Environmental Modeling Coasts, Estuaries, Ocean Science, Tech., & Infusion Space Weather - Programs ## Support the Nation’s Commerce withInformation for Safe, Efficient, and Environmentally Sound Transportation Marine Transp. Systems Commercial & Remote Sensing Licensing Geodesy - Support the Nation’s Commerce withInformation for Safe, Efficient, and Environmentally Sound Transportation NOAA Emergency Response Surface Weather Marine Weather Aviation Weather - Programs ## Supporting NOAA’s Mission STRATEGIES 1. Provide timely and effective acquisition and delivery of satellite-derived information 2. Use effective and efficient approaches to meet NOAA requirements for ship and aircraft support 3. Formulate and maintain policies, procedures, plans, and processes 4. Coordinate NOAA’s homeland security-related plans, programs, and policies 5. Plan for, construct, and maintain facilities 6. Lead agency-wide efforts in education and outreach, public affairs, legislative affairs, international affairs, and legal affairs 7. Develop and maintain an Information Technology Enterprise 8. Employ a planning, programming, budgeting, and execution system to enhance NOAA’s capabilities ... - Programs ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum - The AGM - Guides the transformation of our plans into programs - Provides the means for setting fiscal priorities - Assists the decision-making as to where our resources are best spent to achieve our goals - Addresses significant capability gaps - The AGM does not - Provide solutions to “fix” gaps - Provide assurance that critical gaps will be met - Provide specific programming direction - Provide fiscal guidance ## AGM Future DirectionsMeeting our Priorities Through Effective Partnerships - Taking the Pulse of the Planet – Integrate Global Observations - Advance NOAA’s Modeling Capability - Provide Leadership for Our Oceans - Increase Climate Information, Services, and Products - Provide Critical Information for Water Resources - Support the US Transportation Systems - Enhance Environmental Literacy - Deliver Effective, Efficient Decision-Support Information - _[Link](slide21.xml)__ to More Detail_ ## AGM EnablersMeeting our Priorities Through Effective Partnerships - Enhance Skills and Capabilities of NOAA’s Workforce - Improve Administrative Programs - Maintain and Provide Necessary Platforms - Improve Critical Infrastructure and Services - Advance the Use of Technology ## Strategic Plans - DOC Strategic Plan - NOAA Strategic Plan - Council Strategic Plans - Line & Staff Office - Goal 3: Observe, protect, and manage the Earth’s resources to promote environmental stewardship - Goals and Strategies - Cross-cut priorities - Human Capital Council - Observing Systems Council - Research Council - Education Council - International Affairs Council Notes: First start with the long term outcomes - these are the results to be achieved in 5 to 10 years. These may be your program’s 100% requirement. To make it more understandable and real most suggest creating mid-term outcomes to describe results for 1 to 5 years. If you can we suggest creating some mid-term outcomes. Last the Short-term Outcomes are the results to be achieved within one year. These may only be milestones and are very dependent on funding and other resources. PART requires these and so does the DUS for the monthly and quarterly reviews. ## NOAA’s Strategic Organization ## PPBES - Planning - Programming - Budgeting - Execution - Closeout Adjust goal & strategies as necessary Assess baseline compared to goals Set priorities NOAA Strategic Plan Annual Guidance Memorandum Determine optimal use of resources Request resources and adjust plan as necessary Execute, assess, adjust, and report Annual Review NOAA Program Plan NOAA Budget DOC Budget President’s Budget Appropriation Program Annual Operating Plans (AOPs) Line & Staff Office AOPs Employee Performance Plans Audit Business report Program reports Employee appraisals Functions Products - 2.5 years prior to Execution Year Notes: First start with the long term outcomes - these are the results to be achieved in 5 to 10 years. These may be your program’s 100% requirement. To make it more understandable and real most suggest creating mid-term outcomes to describe results for 1 to 5 years. If you can we suggest creating some mid-term outcomes. Last the Short-term Outcomes are the results to be achieved within one year. These may only be milestones and are very dependent on funding and other resources. PART requires these and so does the DUS for the monthly and quarterly reviews. ## FY08 Planning – A Look Ahead - Planning Phase to run March – August 2005 - Priorities for Planning: - More effective coordination with external partners - More time for external review of AGM ## Summary - Summary - NOAA Planning Phase effectively linking through to Execution Phase - Draft Line Office Strategic Plans out for review until November 30 (http://www.spo.noaa.gov/losps.htm) - FY08 planning goal – target more partner participation ## Backup slides ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Taking the pulse of the planet – Integrate Global Observations - Provide leadership to develop and implement national interagency systems - Develop IOOS as a major component of the US contribution to GEOSS - Focus on connecting and strengthening existing observations systems - Ensure continuity of observations - Develop new techniques and measurements - Use analysis capabilities to ensure collected data are optimal - Employ consistent data management strategy that handle large data volumes expected from GEOSS - Move proven systems into operations - Direct resources and research toward exploring new technologies - Form ecosystem component of GEOSS - Diversify observations to make efficient use of vessels and other platforms - Leverage platforms for multi-purpose observations - Implement an observing and data management system that ensures data flow to our customers ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Advance NOAA’s Modeling Capability - Develop a world-class environmental modeling capability with required high-performance computing infrastructure - Support research to operations - Develop and apply advance data assimilation techniques - Adopt a modeling framework that supports estuaries, oceans, weather, and climate change and extends to ecosystems as the science matures - Support increasing data inputs from GEOSS - Enhance model resolution ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Provide Leadership for the Oceans - Develop and implement an ecosystems approach to management - Strengthen partnerships at local and regional levels - Improve existing regional coordination across NOAA and with other agencies - Invest in research and development to understand ecosystem function - Continue to meet our mandates to rebuild and sustain fishery stocks - Continue lead role in monitoring, managing, and conservation of known population and protected areas - Strengthen recovery planning for protected species - Conduct ecological and socioeconomic risk-benefit assessments - Advance decision-support tools - Perform a systems analysis to guide our efforts - Create environmental standards and evaluation protocols for aquaculture ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Increase Climate Information, Services, and Products - Support Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) synthesis product generation - Support the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments - Provide long-term and process oriented research to support CCSP and IPCC - Build on established climate prediction capabilities by focusing on specific regional and local services - Deliver climate-relevant information, service, and products on long- and short-term scales - Promote the transition of research findings to products and services - Provide an early warning capability for climate extremes - Develop test-bed concept to support the transition of research into operations - Actively Participate in the International Polar Year ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Provide Critical Information for Water Resources - Deliver observations and forecast products on the quality of water in the coastal zone - Provide leadership in order to develop a comprehensive framework for the delivery of water resource information - Develop and implement a comprehensive framework for water resource information and prediction delivery - Improve short-term stream flow and long-term water supply predictions ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Support the US Transportation Systems - Identify valid user needs that cannot be met with existing information - Increase and improve products and services that support transportation systems - Work with partners to conduct research and development in weather and geo-positioning - Improve the translation of research into operational value ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Enhance Environmental Literacy - Develop sustainable education activities - Enhance partnerships with informal education entities - Increase participation by underrepresented groups - Evaluate existing NOAA education materials - Expand teacher professional development efforts - Increase learning opportunities for students - Improve collaboration researchers - Increase fellowship and internship opportunities - Increase coordination with other federal agencies ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Deliver Effective, Efficient Decision-Support Information - Maximize the contribution of science and technology - Investigate, develop, and expand use of new technologies - Integrate information across disciplines and organizational elements as driven by customer needs - Deliver effective products and services to support decision makers - Review operational concepts and identify opportunities for efficiencies - _[Back](slide13.xml)__ to AGM_	en
log-files	643340	Package build of bug-buddy started. (Wednesday, 05 October 2005 07:59:11 EDT) [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting buildroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "buildroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750" [buildtool/379/build_single_package()] Building bug-buddy in /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy. [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting name [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "name" -> "bug-buddy" [PkgVars.pm/265/pkgvar_filename()] /home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/bug-buddy [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(REBUILD): 0 [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDDIR): /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDDIR with value /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDROOT): <undef> [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDROOT with value <undef>. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDTREE_LAYOUT): orc [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDTREE_LAYOUT with value orc. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDUSER): nobody [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDUSER with value nobody. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(CFLAGS): -O2 -march=pentium [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key CFLAGS with value -O2 -march=pentium. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(CLEAN): orc [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key CLEAN with value orc. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(DEBUG): 1 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key DEBUG with value 1. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(HINTS =): <undef> [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key HINTS = with value <undef>. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(DEP_INSTALLER): /usr/bin/yum -ty install [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key DEP_INSTALLER with value /usr/bin/yum -ty install. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT): /caos/buildroot-2-ia32 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT with value /caos/buildroot-2-ia32. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_COPY): rsync -Ha --delete --delete-after [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_COPY with value rsync -Ha --delete --delete-after. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_INIT): rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/ [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_INIT with value rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_RESET): rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/ [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_RESET with value rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_SOURCE_RSYNC): /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/ [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_SOURCE_RSYNC with value /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(LOCATIONS): /src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS,/rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key LOCATIONS with value /src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS,/rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(LOGFILE): /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/build.log [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key LOGFILE with value /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/build.log. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(MAKE): make [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key MAKE with value make. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(PARALLELIZE): x1 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key PARALLELIZE with value x1. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(PATH): /usr/build/bin:/usr/local/build/bin:/usr/lib/qt-1.45/bin:/usr/lib/qt-2.1.0/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:. [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key PATH with value /usr/build/bin:/usr/local/build/bin:/usr/lib/qt-1.45/bin:/usr/lib/qt-2.1.0/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:.. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(TARGET): rpms [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key TARGET with value rpms. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(VERBOSITY): 2 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key VERBOSITY with value 2. [PkgVars.pm/265/pkgvar_filename()] /home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/bug-buddy [Util.pm/1079/newest_file()] Args: "/home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/bug-buddy" [Util.pm/1104/Util::newest_file] "/home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/bug-buddy/ChangeLog" is newest with mtime of 2004-10-21 22:48:43. [buildtool/227/is_build_needed()] SRPM directory /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS does not exist. /bin/ls: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS/../: No such file or directory [buildtool/228/is_build_needed()] Listing: ---- [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750" Resetting chroot jail, please wait. [Util.pm/1155/run_cmd()] About to run true /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 [Util.pm/1192/run_cmd()] "true /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750" returned 0 [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting builduser [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [buildtool/416/build_single_package()] Building as nobody (99:99) [buildtool/426/build_single_package()] Build tree layout style: orc [Build.pm/995/build_package()] Args: "" [PkgVars.pm/265/pkgvar_filename()] /home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/bug-buddy [PkgVars.pm/232/pkgvar_type()] SPM [Build.pm/604/build_spm()] Args: "" [Build.pm/185/prepare_build_tree()] bug-buddy \| /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy \| /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 \| /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 \| [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting name [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "name" -> "bug-buddy" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting topdir [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "topdir" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting buildroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "buildroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408" [Build.pm/202/prepare_build_tree()] Creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy with mkdirhier(). [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES. [Build.pm/244/prepare_build_tree()] Creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 with mkdirhier(). [Build.pm/251/prepare_build_tree()] I created: /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "hints" -> "yum -Cty install" buildtool: Warning: Hint installation failed: Unable to open hint file yum -Cty install -- No such file or directory [Util.pm/974/find_spec_file()] Found single spec file for bug-buddy in F: F/bug-buddy.spec [Util.pm/691/copy_files()] Copying F/bug-buddy.spec to /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS/. [Util.pm/691/copy_files()] Copying F/bug-buddy.spec to /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS/. [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instructions [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instructions" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS/bug-buddy.spec" [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: summary -> Utility to ease the reporting of bugs within the GNOME Desktop Environment. [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: name -> bug-buddy [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: version -> 2.6.1 [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: release -> 3.caos [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: license -> GPL [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: group -> Applications/System [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: url -> http://www.gnome.org/ [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: vendor -> cAos <http://www.caosity.org/> [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: source0 -> ftp://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/desktop/2.6/2.6.0/sources/bug-buddy-2.6.1.tar.bz2 [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildroot -> /var/tmp/bug-buddy-2.6.1-root [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: prereq -> /usr/bin/gconftool-2 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep /usr/bin/gconftool-2 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: /usr/bin/gconftool-2 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: /usr/bin/gconftool-2 [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: prereq -> /usr/bin/wget [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep /usr/bin/wget [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: /usr/bin/wget [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: /usr/bin/wget [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: prereq -> /usr/bin/scrollkeeper-update [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep /usr/bin/scrollkeeper-update [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: /usr/bin/scrollkeeper-update [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: /usr/bin/scrollkeeper-update [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> glib2 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep glib2 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: glib2 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: glib2 [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> gtk [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep gtk [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: gtk [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: gtk [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> libxml2 >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep libxml2 >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libxml2 >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libxml2 [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> libgnome >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep libgnome >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libgnome >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libgnome [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> libgnomecanvas >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep libgnomecanvas >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libgnomecanvas >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libgnomecanvas [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> libgnomeui >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep libgnomeui >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libgnomeui >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libgnomeui [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> libbonobo >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep libbonobo >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libbonobo >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libbonobo [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> gnome-vfs >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep gnome-vfs >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: gnome-vfs >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: gnome-vfs [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> libglade >= 2.3.6 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep libglade >= 2.3.6 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libglade >= 2.3.6 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libglade [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> gnome-desktop >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep gnome-desktop >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: gnome-desktop >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: gnome-desktop [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> GConf [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep GConf [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: GConf [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: GConf [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> wget [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep wget [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: wget [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: wget [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> glib2-devel [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep glib2-devel [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: glib2-devel [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: glib2-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> gtk-devel [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep gtk-devel [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: gtk-devel [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: gtk-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> libxml2-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep libxml2-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libxml2-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libxml2-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> libgnome-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep libgnome-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libgnome-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libgnome-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> libgnomecanvas-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep libgnomecanvas-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libgnomecanvas-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libgnomecanvas-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> libgnomeui-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep libgnomeui-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libgnomeui-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libgnomeui-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> libbonobo-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep libbonobo-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libbonobo-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libbonobo-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> gnome-vfs-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep gnome-vfs-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: gnome-vfs-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: gnome-vfs-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> libglade-devel >= 2.3.6 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep libglade-devel >= 2.3.6 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libglade-devel >= 2.3.6 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libglade-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> gnome-desktop-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep gnome-desktop-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: gnome-desktop-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: gnome-desktop-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> intltool >= 0.30 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep intltool >= 0.30 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: intltool >= 0.30 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: intltool [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> GConf [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep GConf [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: GConf [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: GConf [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> scrollkeeper [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep scrollkeeper [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: scrollkeeper [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: scrollkeeper [RPM.pm/305/parse_spec_file()] Got the following sources: [RPM.pm/307/parse_spec_file()] Source 0 -> bug-buddy-2.6.1.tar.bz2 [RPM.pm/309/parse_spec_file()] Got the following patches: [RPM.pm/313/parse_spec_file()] Got the following header info: [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] buildrequires -> scrollkeeper [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] buildroot -> /var/tmp/bug-buddy-2.6.1-root [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] group -> Applications/System [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] license -> GPL [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] prereq -> /usr/bin/scrollkeeper-update [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] release -> 3.caos [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] requires -> wget [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] summary -> Utility to ease the reporting of bugs within the GNOME Desktop Environment. [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] url -> http://www.gnome.org/ [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] vendor -> cAos <http://www.caosity.org/> [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] version -> 2.6.1 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "allow_epoch" -> "0" [Build.pm/317/install_deps()] Installing the following: glib2-devel gtk-devel libxml2-devel libgnome-devel libgnomecanvas-devel libgnomeui-devel libbonobo-devel gnome-vfs-devel libglade-devel gnome-desktop-devel intltool GConf scrollkeeper [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "dep_installer" -> "/usr/bin/yum -ty install" [Util.pm/1155/run_cmd()] About to run chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /usr/bin/yum -ty install glib2-devel gtk-devel libxml2-devel libgnome-devel libgnomecanvas-devel libgnomeui-devel libbonobo-devel gnome-vfs-devel libglade-devel gnome-desktop-devel intltool GConf scrollkeeper pkg-installer: No Match for argument: libxml2-devel pkg-installer: Setting up Install Process pkg-installer: Setting up Repos pkg-installer: Reading repository metadata in from local files pkg-installer: Parsing package install arguments pkg-installer: Resolving Dependencies pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for intltool to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package intltool.noarch 0:0.31-2.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for GConf to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package GConf.i386 0:2.6.4-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libgnomecanvas-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libgnomecanvas-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.1-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gnome-vfs-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gnome-vfs-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-2.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for scrollkeeper to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package scrollkeeper.i386 0:0.3.14-3.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libglade-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libglade-devel.i386 0:2.4.0-6.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libbonobo-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libbonobo-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gnome-desktop-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gnome-desktop-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-7.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libgnome-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libgnome-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.2-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gtk-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gtk-devel.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libgnomeui-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libgnomeui-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.1-3.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for glib2-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package glib2-devel.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgobject-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgnome = 2.6.1.2 for package: libgnome-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: ORBit2-devel >= 2.10.2 for package: libgnome-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: esound-devel >= 0.2.34 for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: ORBit2-devel >= 2.10.0 for package: libbonobo-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: pango-devel >= 1.4.0 for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libglib-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgnomeui >= 2.6.1.1 for package: gnome-desktop-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: startup-notification-devel >= 0.5 for package: gnome-desktop-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: esound-devel for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgobject-2.0.so.0 for package: glib2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libxslt.so.1 for package: scrollkeeper pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gnome-desktop = 2.6.2 for package: gnome-desktop-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: atk-devel >= 1.6.0-1 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: perl-XML-Parser >= 2.31 for package: intltool pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libatk-1.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgnomecanvas >= 2.6.1.1 for package: gnome-desktop-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libbonobo = 2.6.2 for package: libbonobo-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: ORBit2-devel >= 2.10.2 for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl-devel >= 2.3.16 for package: libgnomecanvas-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgdk_pixbuf-2.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libglib-2.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgnomeui = 2.6.1.1 for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: startup-notification >= 0.5 for package: gnome-desktop-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: pango-devel >= 1.4.0-1 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: glib2 = 2.4.7-1.caos for package: glib2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: esound-devel for package: libgnome-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgmodule-2.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgdk_pixbuf-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: GConf-devel >= 2.6.2 for package: libgnome-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgnomecanvas = 2.6.1.1 for package: libgnomecanvas-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgobject-2.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: pango for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libORBit-2.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libglade = 2.4.0 for package: libglade-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gtk for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libbonoboui-devel >= 2.6.1 for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgdk-x11-2.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gnome-vfs >= 2.6.1.1 for package: gnome-desktop-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-devel for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gnome-vfs = 2.6.2 for package: gnome-vfs-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libxslt-devel >= 1.1.6 for package: libgnome-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gtk = 2.4.13 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gtk-doc >= 1.2 for package: glib2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: docbook-dtds for package: scrollkeeper pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl-devel >= 2.3.16 for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libglib-2.0.so.0 for package: glib2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgthread-2.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgmodule-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gtk >= 2.4.3 for package: gnome-desktop-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libpango-1.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libpangox-1.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: openjade for package: scrollkeeper pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: GConf-devel >= 2.6.2 for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libpangoxft-1.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: atk for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gtk to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gtk.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gnome-desktop to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gnome-desktop.i386 0:2.6.2-7.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for startup-notification to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package startup-notification.i386 0:0.7-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for pango to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package pango.i386 0:1.6.0-8 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libbonobo to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libbonobo.i386 0:2.6.2-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gtk-doc to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gtk-doc.noarch 0:1.2-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for startup-notification-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package startup-notification-devel.i386 0:0.7-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libbonoboui-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libbonoboui-devel.i386 0:2.6.1-2.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for esound-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package esound-devel.i386 0:0.2.35-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libgnomecanvas to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libgnomecanvas.i386 0:2.6.1.1-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libxslt to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libxslt.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-devel.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libgnomeui to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libgnomeui.i386 0:2.6.1.1-3.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for GConf-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package GConf-devel.i386 0:2.6.4-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libart_lgpl-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libart_lgpl-devel.i386 0:2.3.16-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for ORBit2-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package ORBit2-devel.i386 0:2.10.5-2.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libxslt-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libxslt-devel.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for docbook-dtds to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package docbook-dtds.noarch 0:1.0-25 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for openjade to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package openjade.i386 0:1.3.2-12 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for atk-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package atk-devel.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for atk to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package atk.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libglade to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libglade.i386 0:2.4.0-6.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for perl-XML-Parser to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package perl-XML-Parser.i386 0:2.34-3.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for pango-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package pango-devel.i386 0:1.6.0-8 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libgnome to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libgnome.i386 0:2.6.1.2-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for ORBit2 to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package ORBit2.i386 0:2.10.5-2.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for glib2 to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package glib2.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gnome-vfs to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gnome-vfs.i386 0:2.6.2-2.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU = 6.8.2-4.caos for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libaudiofile.so.0 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libbonoboui-2.so.0 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: sgml-common >= 0.5 for package: openjade pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-libs for package: pango pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl_2.so.2 for package: libgnomecanvas pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXrandr.so.2 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libICE.so.6 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xml-common >= 0.6.3-8 for package: docbook-dtds pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXi.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: freetype-devel >= 2.1.3-3 for package: pango-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl = 2.3.16 for package: libart_lgpl-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libIDL-2.so.0 for package: ORBit2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgnome-keyring.so.0 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: audiofile for package: libgnome pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libICE.so.6 for package: startup-notification pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libbonoboui-2.so.0 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: perl-libwww-perl for package: perl-XML-Parser pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libIDL-devel >= 0.8.3 for package: ORBit2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libtiff.so.3 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: docbook-style-xsl for package: gtk-doc pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL = 6.8.2-4.caos for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: indent for package: ORBit2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: fontconfig-devel >= 2.1 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXrender.so.1 for package: pango pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libaudiofile.so.0 for package: libgnome pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libIDL >= 0.8.3 for package: ORBit2 pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libbonoboui >= 2.6.1 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXt.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: pango pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgnome-keyring.so.0 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: startup-notification pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: esound >= 0.2.34 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libIDL >= 0.8.3 for package: ORBit2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gamin >= 0.0.16 for package: gnome-vfs pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libfam.so.0 for package: gnome-vfs pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXext.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libSM.so.6 for package: startup-notification pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libaudiofile.so.0 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXrender.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libSM.so.6 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXcursor.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXft.so.2 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libICE.so.6 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libbonoboui = 2.6.1 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libICE.so.6 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libfreetype.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gnome-keyring >= 0.2.1 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: perl-URI for package: perl-XML-Parser pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libSM.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-libs = 6.8.2-4.caos for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl_2.so.2 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: sgml-common >= 0.6.3-4 for package: docbook-dtds pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libICE.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-libs for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: esound for package: libgnome pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl_2.so.2 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libjpeg.so.62 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXinerama.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libbonoboui-2.so.0 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXext.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: esound = 0.2.35 for package: esound-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libSM.so.6 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libfontconfig.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libesd.so.0 for package: libgnome pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libIDL-2.so.0 for package: ORBit2 pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libesd.so.0 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libSM.so.6 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libfontconfig.so.1 for package: pango pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xml-common for package: docbook-dtds pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gnome-keyring for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: fontconfig-devel >= 2.0 for package: pango-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libfreetype.so.6 for package: pango pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: audiofile-devel >= 0.2.3 for package: esound-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl_2.so.2 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXft.so.2 for package: pango pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: utempter for package: libgnome pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libesd.so.0 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl >= 2.3.16 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXpm.so.4 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libaudiofile.so.0 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: freetype >= 2.1.3-3 for package: pango pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libesd.so.0 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: fontconfig for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libIDL-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libIDL-devel.i386 0:0.8.4-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for perl-URI to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package perl-URI.noarch 0:1.35-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libtiff to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libtiff.i386 0:3.5.7-18.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for perl-libwww-perl to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package perl-libwww-perl.noarch 0:5.79-3.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for docbook-style-xsl to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package docbook-style-xsl.noarch 0:1.65.1-2 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for audiofile-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package audiofile-devel.i386 0:0.2.6-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for fontconfig-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package fontconfig-devel.i386 0:2.2.96-2 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for freetype-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package freetype-devel.i386 0:2.1.8-1 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xml-common to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for audiofile to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package audiofile.i386 0:0.2.6-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libbonoboui to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libbonoboui.i386 0:2.6.1-2.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libIDL to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libIDL.i386 0:0.8.4-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libjpeg to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libjpeg.i386 0:6b-31.1 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gnome-keyring to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gnome-keyring.i386 0:0.4.0-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for freetype to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package freetype.i386 0:2.1.8-1 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for esound to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package esound.i386 0:0.2.35-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gamin to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gamin.i386 0:0.1.1-2 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for indent to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package indent.i386 0:2.2.9-6 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for utempter to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package utempter.i386 0:0.5.5-4 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libart_lgpl to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libart_lgpl.i386 0:2.3.16-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for fontconfig to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package fontconfig.i386 0:2.2.96-2 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for sgml-common to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package sgml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-libs to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-libs.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: perl(HTML::Entities) for package: perl-libwww-perl pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: perl(HTML::Parser) for package: perl-libwww-perl pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for perl-HTML-Parser to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package perl-HTML-Parser.i386 0:3.35-5 set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: perl-HTML-Tagset >= 3.03 for package: perl-HTML-Parser pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: perl(HTML::Tagset) for package: perl-HTML-Parser pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for perl-HTML-Tagset to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package perl-HTML-Tagset.noarch 0:3.03-30.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: pkg-installer: Dependencies Resolved pkg-installer: Transaction Listing: pkg-installer: Install: GConf.i386 0:2.6.4-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: glib2-devel.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gnome-desktop-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-7.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gnome-vfs-devel.i386 0:error: failed to open /etc/mtab: No such file or directory pkg-installer: error: failed to open /etc/mtab: No such file or directory pkg-installer: 2.6.2-2.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gtk-devel.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: intltool.noarch 0:0.31-2.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libbonobo-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libglade-devel.i386 0:2.4.0-6.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libgnome-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.2-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libgnomecanvas-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.1-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libgnomeui-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.1-3.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: scrollkeeper.i386 0:0.3.14-3.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: pkg-installer: Performing the following to resolve dependencies: pkg-installer: Install: GConf-devel.i386 0:2.6.4-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: ORBit2.i386 0:2.10.5-2.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: ORBit2-devel.i386 0:2.10.5-2.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: atk.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: atk-devel.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: audiofile.i386 0:0.2.6-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: audiofile-devel.i386 0:0.2.6-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: docbook-dtds.noarch 0:1.0-25 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: docbook-style-xsl.noarch 0:1.65.1-2 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: esound.i386 0:0.2.35-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: esound-devel.i386 0:0.2.35-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: fontconfig.i386 0:2.2.96-2 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: fontconfig-devel.i386 0:2.2.96-2 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: freetype.i386 0:2.1.8-1 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: freetype-devel.i386 0:2.1.8-1 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gamin.i386 0:0.1.1-2 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: glib2.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gnome-desktop.i386 0:2.6.2-7.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gnome-keyring.i386 0:0.4.0-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gnome-vfs.i386 0:2.6.2-2.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gtk.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gtk-doc.noarch 0:1.2-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: indent.i386 0:2.2.9-6 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libIDL.i386 0:0.8.4-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libIDL-devel.i386 0:0.8.4-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libart_lgpl.i386 0:2.3.16-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libart_lgpl-devel.i386 0:2.3.16-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libbonobo.i386 0:2.6.2-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libbonoboui.i386 0:2.6.1-2.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libbonoboui-devel.i386 0:2.6.1-2.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libglade.i386 0:2.4.0-6.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libgnome.i386 0:2.6.1.2-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libgnomecanvas.i386 0:2.6.1.1-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libgnomeui.i386 0:2.6.1.1-3.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libjpeg.i386 0:6b-31.1 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libtiff.i386 0:3.5.7-18.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libxslt.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libxslt-devel.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: openjade.i386 0:1.3.2-12 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: pango.i386 0:1.6.0-8 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: pango-devel.i386 0:1.6.0-8 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: perl-HTML-Parser.i386 0:3.35-5 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: perl-HTML-Tagset.noarch 0:3.03-30.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: perl-URI.noarch 0:1.35-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: perl-XML-Parser.i386 0:2.34-3.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: perl-libwww-perl.noarch 0:5.79-3.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: sgml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: startup-notification.i386 0:0.7-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: startup-notification-devel.i386 0:0.7-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: utempter.i386 0:0.5.5-4 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-devel.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-libs.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Total download size: 35 M pkg-installer: Downloading Packages: pkg-installer: Running Transaction Test pkg-installer: Finished Transaction Test pkg-installer: Transaction Test Succeeded pkg-installer: Running Transaction pkg-installer: pkg-installer: Installed: GConf.i386 0:2.6.4-1.caos glib2-devel.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos gnome-desktop-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-7.caos gnome-vfs-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-2.caos gtk-devel.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos intltool.noarch 0:0.31-2.caos libbonobo-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-1.caos libglade-devel.i386 0:2.4.0-6.caos libgnome-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.2-1.caos libgnomecanvas-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.1-1.caos libgnomeui-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.1-3.caos scrollkeeper.i386 0:0.3.14-3.caos pkg-installer: Dependency Installed: GConf-devel.i386 0:2.6.4-1.caos ORBit2.i386 0:2.10.5-2.caos ORBit2-devel.i386 0:2.10.5-2.caos atk.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos atk-devel.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos audiofile.i386 0:0.2.6-1.caos audiofile-devel.i386 0:0.2.6-1.caos docbook-dtds.noarch 0:1.0-25 docbook-style-xsl.noarch 0:1.65.1-2 esound.i386 0:0.2.35-1.caos esound-devel.i386 0:0.2.35-1.caos fontconfig.i386 0:2.2.96-2 fontconfig-devel.i386 0:2.2.96-2 freetype.i386 0:2.1.8-1 freetype-devel.i386 0:2.1.8-1 gamin.i386 0:0.1.1-2 glib2.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos gnome-desktop.i386 0:2.6.2-7.caos gnome-keyring.i386 0:0.4.0-1.caos gnome-vfs.i386 0:2.6.2-2.caos gtk.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos gtk-doc.noarch 0:1.2-1.caos indent.i386 0:2.2.9-6 libIDL.i386 0:0.8.4-1.caos libIDL-devel.i386 0:0.8.4-1.caos libart_lgpl.i386 0:2.3.16-4.caos libart_lgpl-devel.i386 0:2.3.16-4.caos libbonobo.i386 0:2.6.2-1.caos libbonoboui.i386 0:2.6.1-2.caos libbonoboui-devel.i386 0:2.6.1-2.caos libglade.i386 0:2.4.0-6.caos libgnome.i386 0:2.6.1.2-1.caos libgnomecanvas.i386 0:2.6.1.1-1.caos libgnomeui.i386 0:2.6.1.1-3.caos libjpeg.i386 0:6b-31.1 libtiff.i386 0:3.5.7-18.caos libxslt.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos libxslt-devel.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos openjade.i386 0:1.3.2-12 pango.i386 0:1.6.0-8 pango-devel.i386 0:1.6.0-8 perl-HTML-Parser.i386 0:3.35-5 perl-HTML-Tagset.noarch 0:3.03-30.caos perl-URI.noarch 0:1.35-1.caos perl-XML-Parser.i386 0:2.34-3.caos perl-libwww-perl.noarch 0:5.79-3.caos sgml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 startup-notification.i386 0:0.7-1.caos startup-notification-devel.i386 0:0.7-1.caos utempter.i386 0:0.5.5-4 xml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos xorg-x11-devel.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos xorg-x11-libs.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos pkg-installer: Complete! [Util.pm/1192/run_cmd()] "chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /usr/bin/yum -ty install glib2-devel gtk-devel libxml2-devel libgnome-devel libgnomecanvas-devel libgnomeui-devel libbonobo-devel gnome-vfs-devel libglade-devel gnome-desktop-devel intltool GConf scrollkeeper" returned 0 [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instructions [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instructions" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS/bug-buddy.spec" [Util.pm/691/copy_files()] Copying S/bug-buddy-2.6.1.tar.bz2 0 to /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES/. [Prod.pm/482/parse_prod_file()] Args: "" [Prod.pm/166/find_product_file()] Args: "<undef>", "<undef>" [Prod.pm/484/parse_prod_file()] find_product_file() failed. Returning 0. [Build.pm/572/build_topdir()] Args: "" [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "buildpkglist_filename" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/bug-buddy.pkglist" [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "buildpkglist_filename" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/bug-buddy.pkglist" [RPM.pm/498/rpm_build()] Saving package list to /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/bug-buddy.pkglist. [Util.pm/269/file_user()] UID: 99 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting command [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "command" -> "/bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/bin/rpm" [RPM.pm/172/rpm_form_command()] Command: /bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/bin/rpm --define '_topdir /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy' --root='/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750' -qa --qf '%25{NAME} %10{EPOCH} %15{VERSION} %15{RELEASE} ' \| sort -bf" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting command [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "command" -> "" [Util.pm/269/file_user()] UID: 99 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting command [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "command" -> "chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/usr/bin/rpmbuild" [RPM.pm/172/rpm_form_command()] Command: chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/usr/bin/rpmbuild --define '_topdir /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy' --define 'optflags -O2 -march=pentium' --buildroot='/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408' -ba /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS/bug-buddy.spec" Executing(%prep): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.70051 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD sh-trace: LANG=C sh-trace: export LANG sh-trace: unset DISPLAY sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD sh-trace: rm -rf bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: /usr/bin/bzip2 -dc /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES/bug-buddy-2.6.1.tar.bz2 sh-trace: tar -xf - sh-trace: STATUS=0 sh-trace: '[' 0 -ne 0 ']' sh-trace: cd bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: CFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: export CFLAGS sh-trace: CXXFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: export CXXFLAGS sh-trace: FFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: export FFLAGS ssh-trace: find . -name config.guess -o -name config.sub sh-trace: ./configure --host=i686-caos-linux-gnu --build=i686-caos-linux-gnu --target=i386-caos-linux-gnu --program-prefix= --prefix=/usr --exec-prefix=/usr --bindir=/usr/bin --sbindir=/usr/sbin --sysconfdir=/etc --datadir=/usr/share --includedir=/usr/include --libdir=/usr/lib --libexecdir=/usr/libexec --localstatedir=/var --sharedstatedir=/usr/com --mandir=/usr/share/man --infodir=/usr/share/info checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking for working aclocal-1.4... missing checking for working autoconf... found checking for working automake-1.4... missing checking for working autoheader... found checking for working makeinfo... found checking whether to enable maintainer-specific portions of Makefiles... no checking for intltool >= 0.29... 0.30 found checking for perl... /usr/bin/perl checking for gconftool-2... /usr/bin/gconftool-2 Using config source xml::/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults for schema installation Using $(sysconfdir)/gconf/schemas/ as install directory for schema files checking for scrollkeeper-config... /usr/bin/scrollkeeper-config checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-gcc... no checking for gcc... gcc checking for C compiler default output... a.out checking whether the C compiler works... yes checking whether we are cross compiling... no checking for suffix of executables... checking for suffix of object files... o checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes checking for gcc option to accept ANSI C... none needed checking for strerror in -lcposix... no checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E checking for egrep... grep -E checking for ANSI C header files... yes checking for pkg-config... /usr/bin/pkg-config checking for bonobo-activation-2.0 >= 1.0.0 gdk-pixbuf-2.0 >= 2.0.0 gmodule-2.0 >= 2.0.0 gnome-desktop-2.0 >= 2.0.0 gnome-vfs-2.0 >= 2.0.0 libbonobo-2.0 >= 2.0.0 libgnome-2.0 >= 2.0.0 libgnomecanvas-2.0 >= 2.0.0 libgnomeui-2.0 >= 2.5.92 libglade-2.0 >= 2.0.0 libxml-2.0 >= 2.4.6 gtk+-2.0 >= 2.3.6 ... yes checking BUG_BUDDY_CFLAGS... -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 checking BUG_BUDDY_LIBS... -Wl,--export-dynamic -pthread -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lgnome-desktop-2 -lstartup-notification-1 -lgnomeui-2 -lSM -lICE -lbonoboui-2 -lgnomecanvas-2 -lgnome-2 -lpopt -lart_lgpl_2 -lpangoft2-1.0 -lbonobo-2 -lgconf-2 -lgnomevfs-2 -lbonobo-activation -lORBit-2 -lgthread-2.0 -lglade-2.0 -lxml2 -lpthread -lz -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lm -lpangoxft-1.0 -lpangox-1.0 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lgmodule-2.0 -ldl -lglib-2.0 checking for libgnomeui-2.0 >= 2.5.92... yes checking GNOME_CRASH_CFLAGS... -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 checking GNOME_CRASH_LIBS... -pthread -Wl,--export-dynamic -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lgnomeui-2 -lSM -lICE -lbonoboui-2 -lxml2 -lpthread -lz -lgnomecanvas-2 -lgnome-2 -lpopt -lart_lgpl_2 -lpangoft2-1.0 -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lpangoxft-1.0 -lpangox-1.0 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lbonobo-2 -lgconf-2 -lgnomevfs-2 -lbonobo-activation -lORBit-2 -lm -lgmodule-2.0 -ldl -lgthread-2.0 -lglib-2.0 checking for sys/types.h... yes checking for sys/stat.h... yes checking for stdlib.h... yes checking for string.h... yes checking for memory.h... yes checking for strings.h... yes checking for inttypes.h... yes checking for stdint.h... yes checking for unistd.h... yes checking locale.h usability... yes checking locale.h presence... yes checking for locale.h... yes checking for LC_MESSAGES... yes checking libintl.h usability... yes checking libintl.h presence... yes checking for libintl.h... yes checking for dgettext in libc... yes checking for bind_textdomain_codeset... yes checking for msgfmt... /usr/bin/msgfmt checking for dcgettext... yes checking for gmsgfmt... /usr/bin/msgfmt checking for xgettext... /usr/bin/xgettext checking for catalogs to be installed... am ar az be bg bn ca cs cy da de el en_CA en_GB es et eu fa fi fr ga gl gu he hi hr hu id is it ja ko lt lv mk ml mn ms nl nn no pa pl pt pt_BR ro ru sk sl sq sr sr@Latn sv ta th tr uk vi wa zh_CN zh_TW checking for glib-genmarshal... /usr/bin/glib-genmarshal configure: creating ./config.status config.status: creating bug-buddy.spec config.status: creating bug-buddy.schemas config.status: creating Makefile config.status: creating bugzilla/Makefile config.status: creating bugzilla/gnome/Makefile config.status: creating bugzilla/ximian/Makefile config.status: creating docs/Makefile config.status: creating docs/C/Makefile config.status: creating docs/de/Makefile config.status: creating docs/es/Makefile config.status: creating docs/fr/Makefile config.status: creating docs/it/Makefile config.status: creating docs/ja/Makefile config.status: creating docs/ko/Makefile config.status: creating docs/sv/Makefile config.status: creating docs/zh_CN/Makefile config.status: creating docs/zh_HK/Makefile config.status: creating docs/zh_TW/Makefile config.status: creating pixmaps/Makefile config.status: creating po/Makefile.in config.status: creating src/Makefile config.status: creating src/bug-buddy.desktop.in config.status: creating config.h config.status: executing default-1 commands config.status: executing default-2 commands config.status: executing default-3 commands Configuration: CFLAGS: -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 LIBS: -Wl,--export-dynamic -pthread -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lgnome-desktop-2 -lstartup-notification-1 -lgnomeui-2 -lSM -lICE -lbonoboui-2 -lgnomecanvas-2 -lgnome-2 -lpopt -lart_lgpl_2 -lpangoft2-1.0 -lbonobo-2 -lgconf-2 -lgnomevfs-2 -lbonobo-activation -lORBit-2 -lgthread-2.0 -lglade-2.0 -lxml2 -lpthread -lz -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lm -lpangoxft-1.0 -lpangox-1.0 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lgmodule-2.0 -ldl -lglib-2.0 sh-trace: exit 0 Executing(%build): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.26291 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD sh-trace: cd bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: LANG=C sh-trace: export LANG sh-trace: unset DISPLAY sh-trace: '[' '' '!=' '' ']' sh-trace: make make all-recursive make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' Making all in po make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/po' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/po' Making all in pixmaps make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/pixmaps' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/pixmaps' Making all in src make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/src' /usr/bin/glib-genmarshal --prefix=_bb_marshal ./bb-marshal.list --body >> xgen-bmc \ && (cmp -s xgen-bmc bb-marshal.c \|\| cp xgen-bmc bb-marshal.c) \ && rm -f xgen-bmc /usr/bin/glib-genmarshal --prefix=_bb_marshal ./bb-marshal.list --header >> xgen-bmh \ && (cmp -s xgen-bmh bb-marshal.h \|\| cp xgen-bmh bb-marshal.h) \ && rm -f xgen-bmh gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c bb-marshal.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c bug-buddy.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c md5-utils.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c bugzilla.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c cell-renderer-uri.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c config.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c gdb-buddy.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c distribution.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c save-buddy.c save-buddy.c: In function `bb_write_buffer_to_fd': save-buddy.c:345: warning: passing arg 3 of `waitpid' makes integer from pointer without a cast gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c signal-buddy.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c united-states-of-bug-buddy.c gcc -O2 -march=pentium -o bug-buddy --export-dynamic bb-marshal.o bug-buddy.o md5-utils.o bugzilla.o cell-renderer-uri.o config.o gdb-buddy.o distribution.o save-buddy.o signal-buddy.o united-states-of-bug-buddy.o -Wl,--export-dynamic -pthread -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lgnome-desktop-2 -lstartup-notification-1 -lgnomeui-2 -lSM -lICE -lbonoboui-2 -lgnomecanvas-2 -lgnome-2 -lpopt -lart_lgpl_2 -lpangoft2-1.0 -lbonobo-2 -lgconf-2 -lgnomevfs-2 -lbonobo-activation -lORBit-2 -lgthread-2.0 -lglade-2.0 -lxml2 -lpthread -lz -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lm -lpangoxft-1.0 -lpangox-1.0 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lgmodule-2.0 -ldl -lglib-2.0 gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c gnome-crash.c gcc -O2 -march=pentium -o gnome-crash gnome-crash.o -pthread -Wl,--export-dynamic -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lgnomeui-2 -lSM -lICE -lbonoboui-2 -lxml2 -lpthread -lz -lgnomecanvas-2 -lgnome-2 -lpopt -lart_lgpl_2 -lpangoft2-1.0 -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lpangoxft-1.0 -lpangox-1.0 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lbonobo-2 -lgconf-2 -lgnomevfs-2 -lbonobo-activation -lORBit-2 -lm -lgmodule-2.0 -ldl -lgthread-2.0 -lglib-2.0 sed -e 's^\@icondir\@^/usr/share/pixmaps^g' < ./bug-buddy.keys.in > bug-buddy.keys.tmp \ && mv bug-buddy.keys.tmp bug-buddy.keys LC_ALL=C ../intltool-merge ../po bug-buddy.desktop.in bug-buddy.desktop -d -u -c ../po/.intltool-merge-cache Generating and caching the translation database Merging translations into bug-buddy.desktop. make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/src' Making all in bugzilla make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' Making all in gnome make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/gnome' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/gnome' Making all in ximian make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/ximian' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/ximian' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' Making all in docs make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' Making all in C make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' for file in bug-buddy-C.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/C/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' Making all in de make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' for file in bug-buddy-de.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/de/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' Making all in es make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' for file in bug-buddy-es.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/es/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' Making all in fr make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' for file in bug-buddy-fr.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/fr/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' Making all in it make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' for file in bug-buddy-it.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/it/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' Making all in ja make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' for file in bug-buddy-ja.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ja/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' Making all in ko make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' for file in bug-buddy-ko.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ko/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' Making all in sv make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' for file in bug-buddy-sv.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/sv/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' Making all in zh_CN make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' for file in bug-buddy-zh_CN.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_CN/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' Making all in zh_HK make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' for file in bug-buddy-zh_HK.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_HK/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' Making all in zh_TW make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' for file in bug-buddy-zh_TW.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_TW/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' sh-trace: exit 0 Executing(%install): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.29693 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD sh-trace: cd bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: LANG=C sh-trace: export LANG sh-trace: unset DISPLAY sh-trace: rm -rf /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 sh-trace: GCONF_DISABLE_MAKEFILE_SCHEMA_INSTALL=1 sh-trace: export GCONF_DISABLE_MAKEFILE_SCHEMA_INSTALL sh-trace: make DESTDIR=/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 install Making install in po make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/po' if test -r ".././mkinstalldirs"; then \ .././mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share; \ else \ /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share; \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/am mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/am/LC_MESSAGES installing am.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/am/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ar mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ar/LC_MESSAGES installing ar.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ar/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/az mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/az/LC_MESSAGES installing az.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/az/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/be mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/be/LC_MESSAGES installing be.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/be/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/bg mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/bg/LC_MESSAGES installing bg.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/bg/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/bn mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/bn/LC_MESSAGES installing bn.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/bn/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ca mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES installing ca.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/cs mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/cs/LC_MESSAGES installing cs.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/cs/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/cy mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/cy/LC_MESSAGES installing cy.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/cy/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/da mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES installing da.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/de mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES installing de.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/el mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES installing el.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/en_CA mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/en_CA/LC_MESSAGES installing en_CA.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/en_CA/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/en_GB mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/en_GB/LC_MESSAGES installing en_GB.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/en_GB/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/es mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES installing es.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/et mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES installing et.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/eu mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/eu/LC_MESSAGES installing eu.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/eu/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fa mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fa/LC_MESSAGES installing fa.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fa/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES installing fi.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fr mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES installing fr.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ga mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ga/LC_MESSAGES installing ga.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ga/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/gl mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES installing gl.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/gu mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/gu/LC_MESSAGES installing gu.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/gu/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/he mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES installing he.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hi/LC_MESSAGES installing hi.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hi/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hr mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES installing hr.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hu mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES installing hu.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/id mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES installing id.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/is mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/is/LC_MESSAGES installing is.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/is/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/it mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES installing it.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ja mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES installing ja.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ko mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES installing ko.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/lt mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/lt/LC_MESSAGES installing lt.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/lt/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/lv mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/lv/LC_MESSAGES installing lv.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/lv/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/mk mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/mk/LC_MESSAGES installing mk.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/mk/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ml mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ml/LC_MESSAGES installing ml.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ml/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/mn mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/mn/LC_MESSAGES installing mn.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/mn/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ms mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ms/LC_MESSAGES installing ms.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ms/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/nl mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES installing nl.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/nn mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/nn/LC_MESSAGES installing nn.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/nn/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/no mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/no/LC_MESSAGES installing no.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/no/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pa mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pa/LC_MESSAGES installing pa.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pa/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pl mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES installing pl.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pt mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES installing pt.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pt_BR mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES installing pt_BR.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ro mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ro/LC_MESSAGES installing ro.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ro/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ru mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES installing ru.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sk mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES installing sk.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sl mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES installing sl.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sq mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sq/LC_MESSAGES installing sq.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sq/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sr mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sr/LC_MESSAGES installing sr.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sr/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sr@Latn mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sr@Latn/LC_MESSAGES installing sr@Latn.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sr@Latn/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sv mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES installing sv.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ta mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ta/LC_MESSAGES installing ta.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ta/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/th mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/th/LC_MESSAGES installing th.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/th/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/tr mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES installing tr.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/uk mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES installing uk.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/vi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/vi/LC_MESSAGES installing vi.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/vi/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/wa mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/wa/LC_MESSAGES installing wa.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/wa/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/zh_CN mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES installing zh_CN.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/zh_TW mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES installing zh_TW.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo if test "bug-buddy" = "glib"; then \ if test -r ".././mkinstalldirs"; then \ .././mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/glib-2.0/gettext/po; \ else \ /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/glib-2.0/gettext/po; \ fi; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./Makefile.in.in \ /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/glib-2.0/gettext/po/Makefile.in.in; \ else \ : ; \ fi make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/po' Making install in pixmaps make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/pixmaps' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/pixmaps' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/pixmaps mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/pixmaps /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.png /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/pixmaps/bug-buddy.png /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.png /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bug-buddy.png /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./gnome.png /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/gnome.png /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./ximian.png /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/ximian.png make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/pixmaps' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/pixmaps' Making install in src make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/src' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/src' /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/bin mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/bin /usr/bin/install -c bug-buddy /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/bin/bug-buddy /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/application-registry mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/application-registry /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.applications /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/application-registry/bug-buddy.applications /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.glade /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bug-buddy.glade /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./gdb-cmd /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/gdb-cmd /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/mime-info mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/mime-info /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.keys /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/mime-info/bug-buddy.keys /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/applications mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/applications /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.desktop /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/applications/bug-buddy.desktop make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/src' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/src' Making install in bugzilla make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' Making install in gnome make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/gnome' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/gnome' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/gnome mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/gnome /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./config /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/gnome/config /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./products /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/gnome/products /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./mostfreq /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/gnome/mostfreq make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/gnome' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/gnome' Making install in ximian make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/ximian' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/ximian' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/ximian mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/ximian /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./config /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/ximian/config /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./products /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/ximian/products /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./mostfreq /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/ximian/mostfreq make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/ximian' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/ximian' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./gnome.bugzilla /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/gnome.bugzilla /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./ximian.bugzilla /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/ximian.bugzilla make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' Making install in docs make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' Making install in C make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/C mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/C for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/C; \ done if test ""; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/C/; \ for file in .//.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file \| sed -e 's,^./,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/C//$basefile; \ done \ fi make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-C.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' Making install in de make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/de mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/de for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/de; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/de/figures; \ for file in ./figures/.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file \| sed -e 's,^./,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/de/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/de/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-de.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' Making install in es make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/es mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/es for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/es; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/es/figures; \ for file in ./figures/.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file \| sed -e 's,^./,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/es/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/es/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-es.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' Making install in fr make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/fr mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/fr for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/fr; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/fr/figures; \ for file in ./figures/.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file \| sed -e 's,^./,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/fr/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/fr/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-fr.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' Making install in it make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/it mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/it for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/it; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/it/figures; \ for file in ./figures/.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file \| sed -e 's,^./,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/it/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/it/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-it.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' Making install in ja make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ja mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ja for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ja; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ja/figures; \ for file in ./figures/.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file \| sed -e 's,^./,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ja/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ja/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-ja.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' Making install in ko make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ko mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ko for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ko; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ko/figures; \ for file in ./figures/.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file \| sed -e 's,^./,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ko/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ko/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-ko.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' Making install in sv make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/sv mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/sv for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/sv; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/sv/figures; \ for file in ./figures/.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file \| sed -e 's,^./,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/sv/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/sv/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-sv.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' Making install in zh_CN make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_CN mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_CN for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_CN; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_CN/figures; \ for file in ./figures/.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file \| sed -e 's,^./,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_CN/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_CN/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-zh_CN.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' Making install in zh_HK make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_HK mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_HK for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_HK; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_HK/figures; \ for file in ./figures/.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file \| sed -e 's,^./,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_HK/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_HK/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-zh_HK.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' Making install in zh_TW make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_TW mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_TW for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_TW; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_TW/figures; \ for file in ./figures/.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file \| sed -e 's,^./,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_TW/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_TW/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-zh_TW.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make install-man1 make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/man/man1 mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/man mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/man/man1 /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.1 /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/man/man1/bug-buddy.1 make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ./mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/etc/gconf/schemas/ mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/etc mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/etc/gconf mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/etc/gconf/schemas /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.schemas /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/etc/gconf/schemas//bug-buddy.schemas if test -z "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408" ; then \ for p in bug-buddy.schemas ; do \ GCONF_CONFIG_SOURCE=xml::/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults /usr/bin/gconftool-2 --makefile-install-rule $p ; \ done \ fi make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' sh-trace: unset GCONF_DISABLE_MAKEFILE_SCHEMA_INSTALL sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/find-lang.sh /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 bug-buddy sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-compress sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-strip /usr/bin/strip sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-strip-static-archive /usr/bin/strip sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-strip-comment-note /usr/bin/strip /usr/bin/objdump Processing files: bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos Executing(%doc): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.10080 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD sh-trace: cd bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: DOCDIR=/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/doc/bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: export DOCDIR sh-trace: rm -rf /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/doc/bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: /bin/mkdir -p /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/doc/bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: cp -pr AUTHORS ChangeLog COPYING COPYING.ximian-logos NEWS README TODO /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/doc/bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: exit 0 Requires(interp): /bin/sh /bin/sh Requires(rpmlib): rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) <= 3.0.4-1 rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) <= 4.0-1 Requires(post): /bin/sh Requires(postun): /bin/sh Checking for unpackaged file(s): /usr/lib/rpm/check-files /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 Wrote: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.src.rpm Wrote: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS/i386/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.i386.rpm Executing(%clean): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.69300 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD sh-trace: cd bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: rm -rf /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 sh-trace: exit 0 [buildtool/675/place_package_files()] Output files for bug-buddy: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.src.rpm /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS/i386/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.i386.rpm [buildtool/694/place_package_files()] Testing location "/src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS" [buildtool/707/place_package_files()] Match found for /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.src.rpm: =src.rpm$ (/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS). [buildtool/721/place_package_files()] /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.src.rpm exists; removing. [buildtool/725/place_package_files()] ln -f /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.src.rpm /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.src.rpm [buildtool/694/place_package_files()] Testing location "/src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS" [buildtool/694/place_package_files()] Testing location "/rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386" [buildtool/707/place_package_files()] Match found for /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS/i386/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.i386.rpm: =rpm$ (/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386). [buildtool/721/place_package_files()] /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.i386.rpm exists; removing. [buildtool/725/place_package_files()] ln -f /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS/i386/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.i386.rpm /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.i386.rpm Package build for bug-buddy completed successfully. (Wednesday, 05 October 2005 08:01:17 EDT) [Build.pm/462/cleanup_build_tree()] /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy \| /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 \| /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 \| orc [Build.pm/463/cleanup_build_tree()] Only allowing cleaning in: /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD? [Build.pm/507/cleanup_build_tree()] Yes. [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES? [Build.pm/507/cleanup_build_tree()] Yes. [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD? [Build.pm/507/cleanup_build_tree()] Yes. [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES? [Build.pm/507/cleanup_build_tree()] Yes. [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408? [Build.pm/507/cleanup_build_tree()] Yes.	en
converted_docs	656142	Archived Information # Competitive Sourcing Methodology This guide provides a process for the Department of Education (Department) to follow in determining a best value solution to performing the activities necessary for the Department to fulfill its mission. We will make maximum use of competitive procedures to obtain best value and promote fairness. This approach is consistent with the government-wide principles for competition between employees and industry. In identifying competitive sourcing activities, we will use a Strategic Investment Process that includes developing a business case, assessing the commercial marketplace potential and deciding whether reengineering and/or competition will improve performance. (See the Strategic Investment Process Flow Chart on page 7.) # Identify Function(s) for Strategic Investment Analysis and Potential Reengineering and/or Competition As required by the FAIR Act, within a reasonable time after the publication of an annual Commercial Activities Inventory, the Department's Executive Management Team (EMT) will examine the listed activities to identify business functions to compete. For each activity, we will review the following attributes: - Core/Non-Core - Value Added/Non-Value Added - Funding Source/Type - Combination Activities - Underutilized Assets - Unstable Workload - Workforce Issues - Specialized Skills # Establish Strategic Investment Team The EMT and the Strategic Investment Office (SIO) will organize a Strategic Investment Team (the team) for each business function undergoing the Strategic Investment Process. Teams may include individuals from the program area affected, as well as procurement, human resources, legal, and finance personnel. Teams will document mission requirements and seek new and innovative ways to provide the required products or services. Team members will receive training and guidance about appropriate analysis performance and any subsequent competitive sourcing requirement. Communication The team and the SIO will prepare a Communication Plan to educate the workforce about the strategic investment process. It will inform all affected employees and their union representatives, in writing, that the Department will conduct a strategic investment review of their business function, and that a business case will be completed to determine whether the function will be reengineered and/or competitively sourced. If workload currently contracted out is also included in the analysis, we will notify the incumbent contractors. Review dates will be provided. Labor Relations staff will ensure that all communications comply with applicable collective bargaining agreements. # Establish Baseline Through a Business Case (Costs and Performance) The team will perform a strategic investment analysis of the business activities to determine baseline costs and performance. Data reviewed will include, but not be limited to: mission and function statements; organization charts; current staffing; position descriptions; inherently governmental positions; outputs; historical workload; special activities/services; sample reports from management information systems; existing contracts; operating procedures; performance standards; union agreements; relevant statutes, regulations and directives; equipment and facility inventories; customers; security requirements; and any identified problem areas. The team will develop the business case in accordance with the prescribed Department business case template and must include all requested data. The team will prepare the business case with assistance from the Strategic Investment Office and the Principal Office that owns the function. The Department will use the business case to quantify any cost savings and performance improvements between the \"As-Is\" organization and any reengineered or restructured organization. # Making the Decision to Maintain Status Quo, Reengineer, or Reengineer and Compete a Business Function After the team completes the business case, the Principal Office and Strategic Investment Office will submit it, along with a recommendation on reengineering/competition to the EMT. The EMT will then decide whether to maintain the existing organization, reengineer the function, or reengineer and compete the function between employees and industry to obtain the best value solution. Develop Performance Work Statement/Quality Assurance Survey Plan/Independent Government Cost Estimate If the EMT decides to reengineer and compete the business function, the team will develop a Performance Work Statement (PWS). The PWS will define need, performance standards and measures, and timeframes required. The PWS will be performance-oriented, specifying outputs or measures without dictating [how]{.underline} the work must be performed. The team will develop a Quality Assurance Surveillance Plan (QASP) that describes inspection methods, the required reports and necessary resources with estimated work-hours. Through market research, the team will prepare an Independent Government Cost Estimate (IGCE) based on PWS requirements. Used during the solicitation phase of the process, it will provide an estimate of contractor costs to perform the activities being competed. The PWS, QASP, IGCE, and solicitation package developers will not be allowed to develop the Education employees\' proposal. All team members must sign nondisclosure and conflict of interest statements. # Develop Employee Proposal A Most Efficient Organization Team \-- consisting of employees \-- will be organized to prepare an Employee Proposal to perform the PWS requirements. It will describe the Most Efficient Organization (MEO) of federal employees and resources to do the work. The employees\' proposal should identify the organizational structures, staffing and operating procedures, equipment, and transition and inspection plans necessary to ensure that the government can perform the activity in an efficient and cost effective manner. The proposal will include a Technical Performance Plan (TPP), a Cost Proposal and a Transition Plan (TP). The TPP represents the Government\'s technical proposal to accomplish the PWS requirements. The cost proposal is the employees' estimated costs to perform the relevant business functions. The in-house cost estimate should be based upon the following: - Personnel Costs - Materials and Supply Costs - Other Specifically Attributable Costs - Depreciation - Cost of Capital - Rent - Maintenance and Repair - Utilities - Insurance ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Travel - MEO Subcontracts - Other Costs (i.e., transportation) ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Overhead Costs - Additional Costs (i.e., employee recruitment, relocation) The TP will outline how the Government will transition from the current organization to the MEO or contractor/ISSA performance. Employee proposal information is procurement sensitive -- all necessary steps to protect it must be followed. # Independent Review of MEO The Department will assign an Independent Review Officer (IRO) to review the PWS, and QASP and employees' proposal. The IRO will certify in writing that Government\'s cost estimates are consistent and reasonable. The IRO will also certify in writing that the employee proposal reasonably establishes the government\'s ability to perform the PWS within the resources provided by the MEO, and that all employee proposal costs are fully justified. After certifying, the IRO returns the approved employee proposal documentation to the Contracting Officer. The IRO must be a qualified employee whose work and place in the organization is independent of both the activity being studied and the relevant competitive sourcing activity. # Solicitation The Contracts and Purchasing Operations (CPO) will prepare and issue a solicitation to request proposals or quotes from commercial vendors. During this step, the Contracting Officer (CO), in conjunction with the Strategic Improvement Office, determines which type of solicitation contract to use. The CO reviews the PWS for sufficiency and incorporates it, along with other required contract clauses, into the solicitation. The FAR requires that the Right of First Refusal of Employment clause be included in the solicitation. This clause ensures that federal employees whose positions are eliminated if an activity is outsourced will be given employment priority with the winning contractor. The Contracting Officer will announce the solicitation in accordance with FAR requirements. The Contracting Officer and the team should work together in developing the proposal evaluation criteria. Using negotiated procurement award procedures, all industry offerors, as well as the employee proposal, will be evaluated in accordance with the stated evaluation criteria. The CO will receive and evaluate proposals from outside offerors, i.e., the private sector or other government agencies (Interservice Support Agreement \-- ISSA). The CO will evaluate all proposals, determine which ones are within the competitive range, and begin negotiations. The CO\'s objective is to obtain the best value for the Government. The CO will negotiate with each offeror until a final proposal revision is submitted that provides the best value based on the offeror's proposal, the solicitation evaluation criteria, and the conditions affecting the offeror's operations. The best value is a contract with a responsible source that will satisfy ED requirements in terms of product quality and timely delivery, and includes a fair and reasonable price. After negotiations and receipt of final proposal revisions, the CO will select a best-value industry/ISSA proposal. Once the best-value contractor/ISSA proposal is selected, the Contracting Officer reviews the employee proposal, which must comply with the technical proposal requirements of the solicitation. The CO will assesses the level of performance and performance quality to be achieved. If necessary, the CO will negotiate with the MEO Team. The MEO Team will make all changes necessary to maximize performance standards. If necessary, the MEO will recalculate the employee-based cost proposal. The IRO must certify the revised employee proposal. The CO forwards the best value industry proposal and the best value employee proposal, along with a recommended award decision, to the EMT. # Best Value Decision During this step, the EMT compares the best value contract/ISSA offer with the in-house offer prepared by the MEO Team and makes a tentative award decision. The CO announces the tentative decision. # Debriefing and Protest Process Before a final-award decision is made and a transition to the \"winning\" proposal, unsuccessful offerors are entitled to a full debriefing. At a minimum, the debriefing information shall include: ED\'s evaluation of the significant weaknesses or deficiencies in the offeror\'s proposal, if applicable; the overall evaluated cost or price and technical rating, if applicable, of the successful offeror and the debriefed offeror; and past performance information on the debriefed offeror; the overall ranking of all offerors when any ranking was developed by the agency during the source selection; a summary of the award rationale; and reasonable responses to relevant questions about whether source selection procedures contained in the solicitation, applicable regulations, and other applicable authorities were followed. Unsuccessful offerors have the right to file a protest at the contracting agency or GAO. Eligible protestors include only those individuals or organizations that could be affected by the tentative best value award decision to convert to or from in-house, contract, or ISSA performance as a result of the cost comparison. Such individuals include the following: - The affected in-house employees (i.e., appropriated or non-appropriated fund civilian employees being cost-compared whose work is being competed) or their representative(s); - Contractors who have submitted formal offers; - An agency that has submitted a formal offer via an Interservice Support Agreement (ISSA); and - A non-selected contractor. A non-selected contractor is permitted to appeal in case the contractor originally selected to compete against the in-house offer is reversed via GAO protest. # Implement MEO or Contract After the end of the debriefing and protest process the EMT makes a final award decision. If the MEO is chosen, the solicitation is cancelled and the Most Efficient Organization (MEO) is implemented in accordance with the employee proposal. If the final best-value decision favors contract/ISSA performance, the contractor is awarded the contract and CPO will administer it. The Strategic Investment Office implements human resources options and oversees the transition. The Department's human resources staff will begin processing appropriate personnel actions such as: voluntary early retirement authority, voluntary separation incentive pay, priority placement programs, transition assistance reduction in force, etc. The Transition Plan from the winning proposal is implemented. # # Post MEO Performance Review After the winner of the competitive sourcing activity completes the transition period, the new organization begins full performance duties. The Government then, regardless of the outcome of the strategic improvement process, implements the Quality Assurance Surveillance Plan (QASP). This plan should be reviewed periodically and updated because over the life of the contract current performance measures may no longer be accurate indicators of performance, and/or performance standards may no longer be valid.\ \ If the employee proposal won the competition, the government will conduct a Post-MEO Performance Review to ensure that the government MEO has been implemented as proposed. The Post MEO Performance Review ensures that the government MEO is meeting the same requirements expected of a contractor or ISSA provider, and that any documentation to support a change in scope of effort has been provided. # # Re-compete The end of the competitive sourcing process is to re-compete the business function at the end of the \"contract\" performance period. All award decisions can be re-competed at the end of the \"contract\" regardless of MEO or contract performance; the same process is followed in the re-competition as in the original strategic investment process. The awardee of the first competition will be required to provide all information necessary for future strategic investment analyses, and any workload data necessary for future solicitation.	en
converted_docs	819816	HQ 960815 July 1, 1998 CLA-2 RR:CR:GC 960815 DWS CATEGORY: Classification TARIFF NO.: 8541.40.20 Port Director of Customs 1624 E. 7th Avenue, Suite 101 Tampa, FL 33605 RE: 1801-97-100022; Laser Diode Modules; NEC v. U.S. Dear Port Director: The following is our decision regarding Protest 1801-97-100022 concerning your action in classifying and assessing duty on laser diode modules under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS). FACTS: Based upon the information provided, the merchandise consists of laser diode modules (LDMs), each of which is comprised of a laser diode component, a built-in coaxial optical isolator and 25 ohm impedance matching circuit, a photodiode for optical monitoring, and, in some cases, a fiber pigtail allowing coupling to a fiber optic cable. The LDMs are used in an Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexer (an optical networking system) to convert electronic signals into laser light. The merchandise was entered on September, 10, 18, 25, 30, October, 2, 9, June 6, 20, 25, July 3, 11, 15, 17, 30, 31, August 6, and December 30, 1996, under subheading 9013.20.00, HTSUS, as lasers, other than laser diodes. However, the protestant now claims classification of the LDMs under subheading 8541.40.95, HTSUS, as other photosensitive semiconductor devices. The entries were liquidated on January 24, 31, and February 14, 1997, under subheading 9013.80.60, HTSUS, as other optical instruments, not specified or included elsewhere in chapter 90, HTSUS. The protest was timely filed on February 22, 1997. ISSUE: Whether the LDMs are classifiable under subheading 8541.40.20, HTSUS, as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), under subheading 8541.40.95, HTSUS, as other photosensitive semiconductor devices, or under subheading 9013.80.60, HTSUS, as other optical instruments, not specified or included elsewhere in chapter 90, HTSUS. LAW AND ANALYSIS: Classification of merchandise under the HTSUS is in accordance with the General Rules of Interpretation (GRI\'s). GRI 1 provides that classification is determined according to the terms of the headings and any relative section or chapter notes. The 1996 HTSUS provisions under consideration are as follows: 8541 Diodes, transistors and similar semiconductor devices; photosensitive semiconductor devices, including photovoltaic cells whether or not assembled in modules or made up into panels; light-emitting diodes; mounted piezoelectric crystals; parts thereof: 8541.40 Photosensitive semiconductor devices, including photovoltaic cells whether or not assembled in modules or made up into panels; light- emitting diodes: 8541.40.20 Light-emitting diodes (LED\'s). Other: 8541.40.95 Other. \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* 9013 Liquid crystal devices not constituting articles provided for more specifically in other headings; lasers, other than laser diodes; other optical appliances and instruments, not specified or included elsewhere in this chapter; parts and accessories thereof: 9013.80 Other devices, appliances and instruments: 9013.80.60 Other. \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* NEC v. U.S., Slip Op. 97-38, March 28, 1997 (CIT), aff\'d Slip Op. 97-1403, May 19, 1998 (CAFC), dealt with the classification of a LDM under the HTSUS similar to the subject merchandise, consisting of a laser diode, a photodiode detector, a columnating lens, and/or an optical fiber attachment or connector. In NEC, the Court held that laser diodes are classifiable with LEDs under subheading 8541.40.20, HTSUS. It also stated that: \[t\]he Court makes a similar finding with respect to laser diode modules. According to General Rule of Interpretation 3(b), goods comprised of different components must be classified as though they were wholly made of the material or component which gives their essential character. Because the Court finds that the laser diode component gives the laser diode module its essential character, the Court\'s finding with respect to laser diodes controls the classification of laser diode modules. Based upon the holding in NEC, because the subjects LDMs are similar in kind to the LDM in NEC, we find that they belong to the class or kind of merchandise classifiable under subheading 8541.40.20, HTSUS. The protestant cites HQ 088628, dated August 20, 1991, as precedent for the classification of the LDMs under subheading 8541.40.95, HTSUS. In HQ 088628, which dealt with the classification of a LDM similar to the subject merchandise, we held that the LDM, was classifiable under subheading 8541.40.95, HTSUS, because it consisted of both a laser diode and a photodiode. However, the holding in NEC states that, in such a situation, the laser diode imparts the essential character of the module and the LDM is classifiable under subheading 8541.40.20, HTSUS. Therefore, the holding in NEC effectively revokes the holding in HQ 088628. Your office claims that, because the subject LDMs include optical components, they are classifiable in heading 9013, HTSUS. Chapter 90, additional U.S. note 3, HTSUS, states that: \[f\]or the purposes of this chapter the terms \"optical appliances\" and \"optical instruments\" refer only to those appliances and instruments which incorporate one or more optical elements, but do not include any appliances or instruments in which the incorporated optical element or elements are solely for viewing a scale or for some other subsidiary purpose. The LDM in NEC also contained optical components. However, because the Court did not entertain classification of the LDM in heading 9013, HTSUS, we must infer that the optical components for this class of merchandise are subsidiary to the function of the laser diode. Therefore, based upon chapter 90, additional U.S. note 3, HTSUS, the subject LDMs do not meet the terms of \"optical instruments\" and are precluded from classification in heading 9013, HTSUS. HOLDING: The LDMs are classifiable under subheading 8541.40.20, HTSUS, as LEDs. You should DENY the protest, except to the extent reclassification of the merchandise as indicated above results in a partial allowance. In accordance with Section 3A(11)(b) of Customs Directive 099 3550-065, dated August 4, 1993, Subject: Revised Protest Directive, this decision, together with the Customs Form 19, should be mailed by your office to the protestant no later than 60 days from the date of this letter. Any reliquidation of the entry in accordance with the decision must be accomplished prior to mailing of this decision. Sixty days from the date of the decision the Office of Regulations and Rulings will take steps to make the decision available to Customs personnel via the Customs Rulings Module in ACS and the public via the Diskette Subscription Service, Freedom of Information Act, and other public access channels. Sincerely, John Durant, Director Commercial Rulings Division	en
all-txt-docs	441994	22003916.fts 1.002921 498.6 960815 2718.80 Orange Clear 0 10 1.17e-03 22003917.fts 1.002466 498.6 960815 9043.69 Orange Clear 0 10 1.75e-03 22003918.fts 0.999086 498.6 960815 12469.30 Orange Clear 0 10 1.20e-03 22003919.fts 0.999440 498.6 960815 15318.30 Orange Clear 0 10 9.34e-04 22003920.fts 1.000568 498.6 960815 22274.20 Orange Clear 0 10 8.06e-04 22003921.fts 0.998963 498.6 960815 27918.10 Orange Clear 0 10 1.08e-03 22003922.fts 0.998259 498.6 960815 34219.20 Orange Clear 0 10 1.06e-03 22003923.fts 0.998633 498.6 960815 40518.50 Orange Clear 0 10 1.14e-03 22003924.fts 1.001487 498.6 960815 43818.00 Orange Clear 0 10 1.61e-03 22003925.fts 0.997497 498.6 960815 54711.60 Orange Clear 0 10 1.12e-03 22003926.fts 1.000354 498.6 960815 59433.30 Orange Clear 0 10 1.17e-03 22003927.fts 1.005778 498.6 960815 61209.50 Orange Clear 0 10 1.47e-03 22003931.fts 1.001296 498.6 960815 71122.20 Orange Clear 0 10 1.22e-03 22003932.fts 1.000247 498.6 960815 75618.20 Orange Clear 0 10 1.93e-03 22005023.fts 0.996258 498.6 960815 84017.90 Orange Clear 0 10 1.47e-03	en

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218809

**EROS LABORERS NO.1 UNION** **NATIONAL AGREEMENT** **COVERING** **SERVICE AND SUPPLY CONTRACT** **THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT** [INDEX]{.underline} ARTICLE I PARTIES 1 ARTICLE II RECOGNTTION 1 ARTICLE III MANAGEMENT RIGHTS 1 ARTICLE IV UNION REPRESENTATION 2 ARTICLE V HOURS AND OVERTIME RATES 2 ARTICLE VI WAGES, FRINGE BENEFITS, VACATIONS AND 3 SHIFT SCHEDULES ARTICLE VII HOLIDAYS 4 ARTICLE VIII BEREAVEMENT LEAVE 5 ARTICLE IX SENIORITY AND REDUCTION IN FORCES 5 ARTICLE X PROMOTIONS 6 ARTICLE XI SAFETY 7 ARTICLE XII MAINTENANCE OF STANDARDS AND PROTECTION 7 OF RIGHTS ARTICLE XIII DISCHARGE OR SUSPENSION 8 ARTICLE XIV NO STRIKES, NO LOCKOUTS 9 ARTICLE XV GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE AND ARBITRATION 10 ARTICLE XVI EXTRA CONTRACT AGREEMENT 11 ARTICLE XVII SEPARABILITY AND SAVINGS CLAUSE 12 ARTICLE XVIII EFFECTIVE DATE AND DURATION 13 SCHEDULE A EMPLOYER'S JOB AND LOCATIONS SCHEDULE B WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS, WORKING CONDITIONS > **ARTICLE I** **[Parties]{.underline}** **This Agreement has been entered into by, and is binding upon, [PLEASANT VALLEY CLEANING]{.underline} (hereinafter referred to as the "Employer"), and the EROS Laborers #1 Union and it's affiliated Unions and/or District Councils having jurisdiction over the Employer's locations and operations covered by this Agreement (hereinafter referred to as the "Union").** **ARTICLE II** **[Recognition]{.underline}** **[Section 1.]{.underline} The Employer agrees to recognize the Union as the sole and exclusive bargaining representative with respect to wages, hours, and all other terms and conditions of employment of its employees employed at the EROS Data Center.** **[Section 2.]{.underline} "Employees", within the meaning of this Agreement, shall include all employees of the Employer working at the job locations presently or hereafter covered under Article I of this Agreement who are defined as employees under the Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947, as amended.** **[Section 3.]{.underline} The employees covered under this Agreement shall constitute custodial employees.** **ARTICLE III** **[Management Rights]{.underline}** **The Employer shall at all times have full control of matters relative to the management and conduct of its business and shall control its operations, the direction of its working force, the methods of production, the management of its plants and buildings, the care and use of its machinery and materials, and the right to hire, promote, and transfer employees, subject to the provisions of this Agreements.** **ARTICLE IV** **[Union Representation]{.underline}** **[Section 1.]{.underline} The Union shall have the right to appoint as many shop stewards as it deems necessary. The Union shall supply the Employer, in writing and shall maintain with the Employer on a current basis, a complete list of all authorized stewards, together with the designation of the group of employees each is authorized to represent.** **[Section 2.]{.underline} A chief steward shall be permitted to furnish information and/or process grievances relating to matters of mutual concern to the Employer and the employee.** **[Section 3.]{.underline} The Employer agrees that in the event it is planned to transfer a steward, officer, or representative from one work shift and/or shop to another, it will inform the Union five (5) days prior to taking such action.** **ARTICLE V** **[Hours and Overtime Rates]{.underline}** **[Section 1]{.underline}. The regular schedule of hours shall be eight (8) hours in one day, excluding the lunch period, and forty (40) hours per week. All overtime hours worked in excess of the employee's regular work day or in excess of forty (40) hours in the employee's regular work week shall be paid for at time-and-a-half, including any applicable shift differential or premium. There shall be no pyramiding of overtime.** **[Section 2.]{.underline} The hours of work shall be established to meet the requirements of the Employer's contract with the applicable Government agency.** **[Section 3.]{.underline} Any employee scheduled to work or called in to work by the Employer shall receive at least two (2) hours pay if he reports for work at the required time and no work is available, unless the Employer shall have taken reasonable steps to notify such employee that there will be no work.** **[Section 4.]{.underline} No employee scheduled to work or called in to work by the Employer shall be required to stand by for an assignment unless he is paid his regular straight-time rate during such waiting period, unless the Employer has taken reasonable steps to notify such employee that there will be no work or that his starting time has been changed.** **[Section 5.]{.underline} Lunch period shall be not less than one-half (1/2) hour and not more than one (1) hour.** **ARTICLE VI** **[Wages, Fringe Benefits, Vacations and Shift Schedules]{.underline}** **[Section 1.]{.underline} The employees shall receive wages, be provided with health and welfare coverage, and be subject to shift schedules and vacation rights as set forth in Schedule B, attached hereto. Unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties, the Employer agrees to make pension contributions to the IRA Pension Fund on behalf of each employee covered in this Agreement. The amounts and frequency of such contributions are set forth in Schedule B, attached hereto.** **[Section 2.]{.underline} Unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties, the terms and conditions set forth in Schedule B are to be separately negotiated between the Employer and the Union having jurisdiction over such Employer operation.** **[Section 3.]{.underline} Unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties, the terms and conditions set forth in Schedule B shall be reopened on each anniversary date of this Agreement, and all terms and conditions set forth therein shall be the subject of renegotiation. If the parties are unable to reach agreement upon changes in the aforementioned terms and conditions by such anniversary date, they shall be free to resort to economic recourse and the no-strike, no-lockout provisions of Article XVI herein shall be inapplicable thereto.** **ARTICLE VII** **[Holidays]{.underline}** **[Section 1.]{.underline} All employees shall be entitled to the following ten holidays with pay: New Year's Day, Martin Luther King Jr.'s Birthday, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Veterans Day, Columbus Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day; provided, however, that any employee who is absent without an acceptable excuse on the work day immediately preceding or the work day immediately following a holiday shall forfeit his right to be paid for such holiday. If an employee is prevented from working on the work day immediately preceding or the work day immediately following a holiday because of illness attested to by a physician, or death in his immediate family, such fact shall constitute an acceptable excuse. (The immediate family shall include spouse, parent, child, grandchild, mother-in-law, father-in-law, brother, and sister.)** **[Section 2.]{.underline} The Employer may substitute for any of the named holidays another day off with pay, in accordance with a plan communicated to the employees involved and agreed to by the Union.** **[Section 3.]{.underline} Holidays, as determined above, will be observed as non-work days. Whenever such holidays fall on Saturday or Sunday, and the Employer's operation is closed on the preceding Friday or the succeeding Monday, then such Friday or Monday shall be deemed to be such holiday.** **ARTICLE VIII** **[Bereavement Leave]{.underline}** **In the event of a death in the family (spouse, parent, child, brother, sister, grandchild, mother-in-law, father-in-law), a regular employee shall be entitled to three (3) days off as bereavement leave. The compensable days must fall within the employee's regularly scheduled work week.** **ARTICLE IX** **[Seniority and Reduction in Force]{.underline}** **[Section 1.]{.underline} Seniority rights of employees covered by this Agreement are hereby fully recognized by the Employer. Such seniority rights shall exist on a job-location-wide basis. In the event of a reduction in force by the Employer, the employee last hired, by classification, shall be the first laid off.** **[Section 2]{.underline}. The Employer agrees to notify the Union as promptly as possible concerning pending reductions in force and provide probably impact information.** **[Section 3.]{.underline} When an employee is discharged for cause, or laid off, he shall be paid, to date, after he has turned in his keys, government identification card, and government driver's license. When an employee terminates his employment voluntarily, he shall be paid at the conclusion of the current pay period. A person absent for three (3) days without notifying his Employer is considered to have voluntarily terminated.** **[Section 4.]{.underline} In recalling employees, the Employer shall contact each employee by telephone, or telegram, at his last known address. The employee shall be required to respond and to be available for work within seventy-two (72) hours. Seniority rights apply only to full-time permanent employees.** **ARTICLE X** **[Promotions]{.underline}** **In affecting a promotion, the employer shall give first consideration to employees presently employed at the job location involved. All jobs and the minimum requirements for each shall be posted with a time limit for those candidates meeting the requirements to respond. If there are no bidders, or those who did bid cannot meet the requirements, outside applicants will be considered. The applications of all candidates will be reviewed by the employer with full regard given to each candidate's skills, abilities, and experience.** **ARTICLE XI** **[Safety]{.underline}** **In order to provide safety controls for protection to the life and health of the employees, for prevention of damage to property, materials, supplies, and equipment, and for avoidance of work interruptions under this agreement, the Employer shall comply with the pertinent provisions of the Government Manual entitled, "General Safety Requirements", FM 385-1-1, as revised.** **ARTICLE XII** **[Maintenance of Standards and Protection of Rights]{.underline}** **[Section 1.]{.underline} The Employer agrees that all conditions of employment relating to wages, hours of work, overtime differentials, and general working conditions shall be maintained at not less than the highest standards in effect at the time of the execution of this Agreement; and the conditions of employment shall be improved wherever specific provisions for improvement are made elsewhere in this Agreement.** **[Section 2.]{.underline} It shall not be a violation of this Agreement, and it shall not be cause for discharge or disciplinary action, in the event an employee refuses to enter upon any property involved in primary labor dispute, or refuses to through or work behind any primary picket line, including the primary picket line of the Union party to this Agreement and including primary picket lines at the Employer's places of business.** **[Section 3.]{.underline} It shall not be a violation of this Agreement, and it shall not be cause for discharge or disciplinary action, if any employee refuses to perform any service which the Employer undertakes to perform as an ally of an employer or person whose employees are on strike, and which service, but for such strike, would be performed by the employees of the employer or person on strike.** **ARTICLE XIII** **[Discharge or Suspension]{.underline}** **[Section 1.]{.underline} The employer shall not discharge or suspend any employee without just cause; and with respect to any discharge or suspension, the Employer shall give at least two (2) warning notices to the employee of the complaint against such employee, in writing and a copy of the same to the Union and job steward affected.** **On receiving the second warning notice (reprimand) in a six month period, that employee will be subject to a three (3) day suspension. However, no warning notice need be given to an employee before his is discharged if the cause of such discharge is one of the following: (1) Failure to observe safety rules and regulations (2) Failure to maintain Company property in a safe and operational manner; (3) Gambling on Company or Government property; (4) Drinking or possessing intoxication liquor on Company or Government property; (5) Fighting on Company or Government property; (6) Acts of indecent or immoral conduct on Company or Government propery; (7) Willful damage or unauthorized removal of property belonging to the Company or Government; (8) Deliberately falsifying or punching another person's time sheet or card; (9) Insubordination; (10) Sleeping during duty hours. However, when an employee is guilty of one of the above mentioned infractions, he or she can be discharged or receive a three (3) day suspension. The warning notice as herein provided shall not remain in effect for a period of more than six (6) months from the date of said warning notice. Discharge must be by proper written notice to the employee and the Union affected.** **[Section 2.]{.underline} No employee shall be discriminated against, suspended, or discharged on the basis of sex, race, religion, national origin, creed, union affiliation, or political belief. Nor shall any employee be discriminated against, suspended, or discharged for exercising rights under the National Labor Relations Act as amended, the Equal Employment Opportunities Act, or any other federal or state law regulation.** **ARTICLE XIV** **[No Strikes, No Lockouts]{.underline}** **[Section 1.]{.underline} It is the intent and purpose of the parties hereto to set forth herein the basic agreement covering wages, hours of work and other terms and conditions of employment to be observed by the parties, and to provide a procedure for the prompt and equitable resolution of disputes and grievances arising between the parties. Accordingly, it is agreed that there shall be no interruptions in or impediments to Employer's operations, or any stoppages, strikes, or lockouts during the life of this Agreement arising out of usual disputes and grievances. Instead, such disputes and grievances shall be peacefully resolved under the grievance procedure provided for herein.** **[Section 2.]{.underline} It is agreed that in all cases of any unauthorized strikes, slowdown, walkout, or any other unauthorized cessation of work, the Union shall not be liable for damages resulting there from. The Union shall undertake to encourage employees to return to their jobs during any unauthorized stoppage of work mentioned above. The Employer has the right to permanently replace economic and sympathetic strikers.** **ARTICLE XV** **[Grievance Procedure and Arbitration]{.underline}** **All disputes or grievances involving the interpretation or application of this Agreement shall be settled in the following manner.** **[Step 1.]{.underline} The first attempt to settle any such dispute or grievance shall be made at the job level between the representatives of the Union involved in such dispute and the Employer's representative.** **[Step 2]{.underline}. If such dispute or grievance is not settled at the job level within one week, it shall then be referred to the Employer or his designated representative and the Labor Relations Director of the Employer or his designated representative. If the dispute or grievance is not settled on this level within five (5) days, the parties to the dispute may extend the period for the settlement to another fixed date, mutually agreed upon; and if a settlement is not affected by such date, the dispute or grievance may be submitted for arbitration under the provisions of Step 3 hereinafter set forth.** **[Step 3]{.underline}. If after referral to Step 2, the dispute or grievance remains unresolved, the mater may then be referred to arbitration by either party upon written notice to the other. After service of such notification, in the event the parties are unable to agree upon an arbitrator, application shall be made to the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service for a panel of five arbitrators from which list both parties shall alternately strike names until the last name remains, which person shall be designated as the arbitrator. The procedure for soliciting the arbitrator shall be completed within two (2) weeks of receipt by the parties of the list of names from the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. The decision of the arbitrator shall be final and binding on the Employer and on the Union and its members.** **With respect to any dispute, complaint, or grievance arising out of the interpretation or application of Article II, S-2 of this Agreement, the Employer here acknowledges that the Union may, at its option, by-pass Steps 1 and 2 of this grievance procedure and proceed immediately to Step 3.** **Employee and the Employer shall bear their respective costs of the arbitration procedure separately. The fees of the arbitrator shall be shared equally between the Employee and the Employer.** **In the event that either party fails to comply with the decision of the arbitrator, the terms and conditions of Article XIV shall not apply.** **ARTICLE XVI** **[Extra Contract Agreement]{.underline}** **The Employer agrees not to enter into any agreement or contract with its employees, individually or collectively, which in any way conflicts with the terms or provisions of this Agreement, or which in any way affects wages, hours, or other working conditions of said employees, or any individual employee, or which in any way may be considered a proper subject for collective bargaining. Any such agreement shall be null and void.** **ARTICLE XVII** **[Separability and Savings Clause]{.underline}** **[Section 1.]{.underline} If any Article or Section of this Agreement is held invalid by operation of law or by any tribunal of competent jurisdiction, or if compliance with or enforcement of any Article or Section should be restrained by such tribunal pending a final determination as to its validity, the remainder of this Agreement, or the application of such Article or Section to persons or circumstances other than those as to which it has been held invalid or as to which compliance with or enforcement of has been restrained, shall not be affected thereby.** **[Section 2.]{.underline} In the event that any Article or Section of this Agreement is held invalid or enforcement of or compliance therewith has been restrained, as set forth above, the parties affected thereby shall enter into immediate collective bargaining negotiations for the purpose of arriving at a mutually satisfactory replacement provision. In such event, the parties shall be permitted all legal or economic recourse in support of their demand, not withstanding the provisions of Article XIV of this Agreement.** **ARTICLE XVIII** **[Effective Date and Duration]{.underline}** **This Agreement, entered into this day of April 1, 2006 shall be binding upon the parties hereto, their successors in the employing industry, and their administrators, executors, and assigns, and shall remain in full force and effect until and through September 30, 2010, and from year to year thereafter unless written notice is given by the Union or the Employer ninety (90) days prior to the expiration date of its desire to modify, amend, or terminate this Agreement. The parties shall commence good faith bargaining negotiations within fifteen (15) days after receipt of such notice.** **Employer** **Company[: PLEASANT VALLEY CLEANING]{.underline}** **Name and Title[: ]{.underline}** **Address:** **Date Signed: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **This Agreement is applicable with respect to the following employer job location(s) and operation(s).** **EROS Data Center, Custodial Employees.** **ADDRESS:** **PLEASANT VALLEY CLEANING** **47420 271 STREET** **SIOUX FALLS, SD 57108** **[CLASSIFICATION AND WAGES]{.underline} \[Schedule B\]** **[Classification]{.underline} 4-1-06 10-1-06 10-1-07 10-1-08 10-1-09 10-1-10** **[Students]{.underline}** **A student shall be anyone who is returning to school at the beginning of the fall term of school. Employment is not to exceed ninety (90) calendar days.** **[FOREMAN AND LEADMEN]{.underline}** **If the Employer assigns any employee as foreman or leadsman of any employees on any project, he shall receive \$1.25 per hour above the highest rate being paid to any employee under his supervision, regardless of his or her craft. No Foreman or Leadsman shall supervise over more than ten (10) employees.** **[SHIFTS]{.underline}** **[First Shift:]{.underline} 6:45 A.M. through 3:15 P.M. 8 hours work for 8 hours pay** **[Second Shift:]{.underline} 4:00 P.M. through 12:00 A.M. 7-1/2 hours work for 8 hours pay** **[Third Shift:]{.underline} 11:30 P.M. through 7:00 A.M. 7 hours work for 8 hours pay** **Straight time shift work will run from 0.0 Hr. Monday to 0.0 Hr. Saturday.** **Employees shall be entitled to overtime for any time worked in excess of eight (8) hours per day or forty (40) hours in any week; provided however, that there shall be no pyramiding of overtime. There shall be no split shifts. For all hours worked on Saturdays, employees shall be paid time and one half. Sundays and Holidays shall be paid at double time. If the holidays fall between Monday and Friday, overtime shall be computed after thirty-two (32) hours of straight time pay. Where two or more shifts are employed, the first shift shall work seven and one half (7-1/2) hours and receive eight (8) hours pay, and the third shift shall work seven (7) hours and receive eight (8) hours pay. All work performed on the sixth shift day of the work week shall be paid for at time and one half of the regular straight time hourly rates, and work on the seventh shift day shall be paid for at double time. A shift shall be defined as one crew of workmen replacing another crew.** **[WAGE PAYMENTS]{.underline}** **All employees covered by this Agreement shall be paid before the end of their shift every other Thursday, the week following the two weeks for which the pay has been earned. When an employee quits, he or she shall be paid the next pay day in full. When an employee is discharged, or laid off, he or she shall be paid in full immediately after turning in keys, government identification card, and government driver's license.** **[SICK LEAVE]{.underline}** **Each full-time employee shall be granted up to 9 days (72 hours) sick leave for each year of continuous employment. Payment will be paid upon notice of an absence if notice is given two hours after shift starting time. Telephoning is acceptable. Sick leave in excess of three consecutive working days will require a medical certificate. Payment shall be made for unused sick leave, and paid at the close of the contract year. Accrued sick leave may be applied for as personal business.** **[SHORT TERM DISABILITY SICK LEAVE]{.underline}** **Each full-time employee shall be granted up to 10 days (80) hours short term disability sick leave for each year of continuous employment. Payments will be paid upon notice of an absence of three or more consecutive working days and the presentation of a medical certificate. Any short term disability sick leave not used during the year will accrue each year thereafter, and be transferred to the succeeding contract. Short term disability sick leave will not be paid off at the end of the contract year, nor upon termination of employment. Accrued short term disability sick leave may not be applied for as personal business. Short term disability sick leave has been in effect since October 1, 1988 and shall be transferred from contractor to contractor.** **[JURY DUTY]{.underline}** **The Employer will reimburse an employee who has worked for the employer for one year or more for the difference between his normal earnings for the time absent on jury service and the amount received for such jury duty, on a showing that the employee has returned to work everyday of said period when employee was excused form jury duty for two (2) hours or more during the regular working hours thereof, and upon a showing of satisfactory evidence of the amount received for jury service. For those employees working shifts other than day time, said employees will be required to work their assigned shift if they have a 10-hour rest period prior to or immediately following jury service. Employer must be notified immediately following employee's receipt of notification of jury duty selection.** **[HOLIDAYS]{.underline}** **The following ten (10) paid holidays shall be observed: [New Year's Day, Martin Luther King Jr.'s Birthday, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veteran's Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day.]{.underline} The Employer may substitute for any of the above holidays, another day off with pay, acceptable to employees involved, at double time rate. No work shall be performed on Labor Day except in case of any emergency. If the Federal Government recognizes more holidays than the ones listed, they shall apply.** **[VACATION]{.underline}** **(7 days) of vacation with pay (56 hours) shall be given each employee upon completion of one year's continuous employment. (12 days) vacation with pay (96 hours) shall be given each employee upon completion of two, three, and four year's continuous employment. (17 days) vacation with pay (136 hours) shall be given to each employee after five, six, seven, eight, and nine years continuous employment. (20 days) vacation with pay (160 hours) shall be given to each employee after 10 or more consecutive years of continuous employment. (22 days) of vacation with pay (176 hours) shall be given to each employee after 15 years of continuous employment, thereafter.** **[GROUP INSURANCE]{.underline}** **The contractor will provide a group health insurance plan for all permanent full time employees and any eligible dependents, upon acceptance by the contractor's insurance carrier. The contractor will pay \$.90 per hour for health insurance. Should actual cost of health insurance be more than \$.90 per hour, the additional cost shall be incurred by the employee. Should the actual cost of health insurance be less than \$.90 per hour, the difference will be paid to the employee. However, if an employee wishes not to be on the contractor's health insurance plan, he or she may, upon proof of coverage under another health insurance plan, receive \$.90 per hour on their paycheck labeled H&W (Health and Welfare). Social Security tax and income tax will be deducted as for regular pay. However starting October 1, 2006, employees will be paid \$1.50 per hour by the contractor for group health insurance. Employees will not be without coverage due to a change in insurance carrier. Insurance carrier cannot be changed without all employees who want to receive coverage are accepted by the insurance carrier. In the event of a change in contractor, the contractor will give the successor contractor the option of retaining employee's current group health insurance plan.** **[INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNT]{.underline}** **The Employer agrees to make contributions to the IRA in accordance with the requirements of Article XIV, Section 1 of this Agreement. After three (3) months of employment the Employer will contribute 15 percent of each employee's Regular Wages (excluding wages paid for Health and Welfare) to the IRA. Only permanent employees are eligible for IRA benefits.** **[NONDISCRIMINATION CLAUSE]{.underline}** **The Employer and the Union agree not to discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, color, creed, age, sex or national origin. This includes, but is not limited to hiring, placement, upgrading, transfer, demotion, layoff, or termination.** **[DISCHARGE]{.underline}** **Each employee shall be issued a list of rules on minor and major offenses for disciplinary action or dismissal. Minor offenses shall have two warning notices in writing. Major offenses can be reason for dismissal. The warning notices shall be issued in writing to the employee and to the Union; except that no warning notice need be given to any employee before he is discharged, if the cause of discharge is major. This Article shall apply to the grievance procedure. Minor offense notices shall be removed from the file after six (6) months from the date the notice was issued.** **[ADMINISTRATIVE LEAVE]{.underline}** **All approved administrative leave by the Federal Government shall be paid to employees by the contractor, subject to approval by the Contracting Officer Representative (COR).** **[SEVERANCE PAY]{.underline}** **Two weeks severance pay will be paid to an employee if not notified two weeks in advance of a layoff. Excluding current contractor losing bid for contract.** > **[REOPENER CLAUSE]{.underline} \[Schedule A\]** **This agreement is to become effective [APRIL 27, 2006]{.underline} and to continue in effect until [SEPTEMBER 30, 2010]{.underline} and each year thereafter it shall be reopened for wage rates set out hereinbefore. Notwithstanding any other language in the Contract, the Union specifically reserves the right to strike if no agreement is reached on reopening of wages.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **Name and Title Date** **LABORERS #1 UNION** **EROS Data Center** **Sioux Falls, SD** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **Name and Title Date** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **Name and Title Date**

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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Folklife Center News American Folklife Center The Library of Congress Spring 1998 Volume XX, Number 2 ISSN 0149-6840 Catalog Card No. 77-649628 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The American Folklife Center was created in 1976 by the U.S. Congress to "preserve and present American folklife" through programs of research, documentation, archival preservation, reference service, live performance, exhibition, publication, and training. The Center incorporates the Archive of Folk Culture, which was established in the Music Division of the Library of Congress in 1928 and is now one of the largest collections of ethnographic material from the United States and around the world. Administration Alan Jabbour, Director Doris Craig, Administrative Assistant Camila Bryce-Laporte, Program Coordinator Acquisitions Joseph C. Hickerson, Head Processing Stephanie A. Hall, Archivist Coordinator Catherine Hiebert Kerst, Archivist Nora Yeh, Archivist Programs Peter T. Bartis, Folklife Specialist Mary Hufford, Folklife Specialist David A. Taylor, Folklife Specialist Publications James Hardin, Editor Public Events Theadocia Austen, Coordinator Reference Jennifer A. Cutting, Folklife Specialist Judith A. Gray, Folklife Specialist, Coordinator Ann Hoog, Folklife Specialist Administrative Office Fax: 202 707-2076 Reference Service Tel: 202 707-5510 Board of Trustees Congressional Appointees William L. Kinney Jr., Chair, South Carolina James F. Hoy, Vice-chair, Kansas Judith McCulloh, Illinois Carolyn Hecker, Maine Nina Archabal, Minnesota Charles E. Trimble, Nebraska Juris Ubans, Maine Presidential Appointees Joseph D. Duffey, Director of the United States Information Agency Ex Officio Members James H. Billington, Librarian of Congress I. Michael Heyman, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution Chairman, National Endowment for the Arts William Ferris, Chairman, National Endowment for the Humanities Alan Jabbour, Director, American Folklife Center FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS James Hardin, Editor David A. Taylor, Editorial Advisor John Biggs, Library of Congress Graphics Unit, Designer FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS publishes articles on the programs and activities of the American Folklife Center, as well as other articles on traditional expressive culture. It is available free of charge from the Library of Congress, American Folklife Center, Washington, D.C. 20540-4610. FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS does not publish announcements from other institutions or reviews of books from publishers other than the Library of Congress. Readers who would like to comment on Center activities or newsletter articles may address their remarks to the editor. TELEPHONE AND ONLINE INFORMATION RESOURCES American Folklife Center publications (including FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS), a calendar of events, collection guides, general information, and connections to a selection of other Internet services related to folklife are available on the Internet. LC Web is available through your local World Wide Web service. The Center's home page can be accessed from the Library's main menu. The direct URL for the Center's home page is: http://lcweb.loc.gov/folklife/ Folkline, an information service providing timely information on the field of folklore and folklife, including training and professional opportunities and news items of national interest, is available through the above Internet servers. For telephone service, call the Folklife Reading Room: 202 707-5510. EDITOR'S NOTES Teachers who use John Steinbeck's novel THE GRAPES OF WRATH in the classroom will be particularly interested in the Center's new online presentation "Voices from the Dust Bowl: The Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection, 1940-1941." There are many parallels between the collection material and the novel, and students may find that pictures and music greatly enhance their understanding of the period depicted. Charles L. Todd, one of the creators of the Todd/Sonkin Collection, lives in Florida, and was happy to learn that his work of sixty years ago is having a new life on the Internet. He writes as follows: "I have just spent an hour watching "Voices from the Dust Bowl" on a friend's computer set up. It brought back many memories of those "Okie" days out in California, and many of those old voices brought tears to these old eyes of mine. . . . "When I remember that bulky old Presto recorder which young Jerry Wiesner taught me how to use, I am amazed at the quality of the sound after all these years. I could almost hear the toilets flushing as those tow-haired little Okies sailed little toothpick boats round and round in them--having never seen such miracles before back in the Ozarks." The Jerome Wiesner Todd mentions was the first chief engineer at the Library's newly created Recording Laboratory. Wiesner went on to become President Kennedy's science advisor and then president of M.I.T. Senate Committee Hearings On March 4, the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration met to hear testimony from the Librarian of Congress, James H. Billington; the Deputy Librarian, Thomas Scott; and the chairman of the Board of Trustees of the American Folklife Center, William L. Kinney, on a number of proposals involving the Library of Congress, including permanent authorization for the Center. Kinney made an eloquent statement on behalf of the Center, mentioning his own experience with grassroots cultural traditions as a newspaper publisher in Bennettsville, South Carolina, and the many undertakings of the Center, including a favorite of his, the Federal Cylinder Project. Committee chairman John Warner (Virginia) praised Kinney for his testimony, and Sen. Thad Cochran (Mississippi) spoke in support of permanent authorization. Other members of the committee present were Sen. Wendell Ford (Kentucky) and Sen. Ted Stevens (Alaska). Sonneck Society Bulletin Belated acknowledgement to the Sonneck Society for American Music. An earlier version of Catherine Kerst's article "Outsinging the Gas Tank: Sidney Robertson and the California Folk Music Project" (FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS, Winter 1998) appeared in the SONNECK SOCIETY BULLETIN (Fall 1994). Cover: Mr. and Mrs. Frank Pipkin being recorded by Charles Todd (left) at the Shafter Migratory Labor Camp, Shafter, California, 1940. Todd wrote that Mrs. Pipkin was a gold mine of old English ballads, and that many thought of her as the prototype for "Ma Joad" in THE GRAPES OF WRATH. Photo by Robert Hemmig, Ventura, California ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Voices From the Dust Bowl: The Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Collection By Robin Fanslow ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection, documentary materials gathered in California in the 1940s at Farm Security Administration workers communities, is now available online. Called "Voices from the Dust Bowl," it is the second American Folklife Center collection in the Library's ongoing National Digital Library Program. A complex set of interacting forces, both economic and ecological, brought the migrant workers documented in this ethnographic collection to California. During the recession that followed World War I, the drop in the market prices for farm crops led Great Plains farmers to compensate for lost revenues by increasing productivity--which they accomplished through greater mechanization and by cultivating more land. But these methods were dependent upon increased borrowing and spending, and many farmers found themselves financially overextended. The stock market crash in 1929 exacerbated an already tenuous economic situation. Many independent farmers lost their farms when banks came to collect on their notes; and tenant farmers were put off the land by large landholders shifting to more efficient means of production. There was a 30 percent unemployment rate at the time, and the attempts of displaced agricultural workers to find other work often met with frustration. Furthermore, increased cultivation placed a greater strain on the land--the grasslands of the southern Great Plains. The rich soil lost its ability to retain moisture and nutrients and began to erode. Soil conservation practices were not widely employed by farmers during this era, and a seven-year drought began in 1931. In the dust storms of the following years, many of the farms literally dried up and blew away, creating what became known as the "Dust Bowl." For many refugees of the Dust Bowl, people whose lives had revolved around farming, California seemed like an ideal place to look for work. California's mild climate allowed for a long growing season and a diversity of crops with staggered planting and harvesting cycles. Popular songs and stories, circulating for decades in oral tradition, exaggerated these attributes, depicting California as a veritable Promised Land. And flyers advertising a need for farm workers in the Southwest were distributed in areas hard hit by unemployment. The country's major east-west thoroughfare, U.S. Highway 66- -also known as "Route 66," "The Mother Road," "The Main Street of America," and "Will Rogers Highway"--abetted the westward flight of the migrants. A trip of such length was not undertaken lightly in this pre-interstate era, and Highway 66 provided a direct route from the Dust Bowl region to an area just south of the Central Valley of California. Although the Dust Bowl included many Great Plains states, the migrants were generically known as "Okies," referring to the approximately 20 percent who were from Oklahoma. California was emphatically not the promised land of the migrants' dreams. Although the weather was comparatively mild and farmers' fields were bountiful with produce, California also felt the effects of the Depression. Local and state infrastructures were already overburdened, and the steady stream of newly arriving migrants was more than the system could bear. After struggling to make it to the state, many found themselves turned away at its borders. Migrants who did cross over found that the available labor pool was vastly disproportionate to the number of job openings that could be filled. And those who found employment soon learned that this surfeit of workers caused a reduction in the going wage rate. Even with an entire family working, migrants could not support themselves on these low wages. Many set up camps along irrigation ditches in the farmers' fields. These "ditchbank" camps fostered poor sanitary conditions and created a public health problem. Migrants were drawn to California's agricultural centers, but arrival in the state did not put an end to the migrants' travels. In an attempt to maintain a steady income, workers had to follow the harvests. When potatoes were ready to be picked, the migrants traveled to where the potatoes were--or the cotton, lemons, oranges, or peas. The ethnographic collection created by Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin provides a glimpse of the everyday life and cultural expression of people living through the Great Depression and Dust Bowl era. The migrants represented in the online presentation of the collection, "Voices from the Dust Bowl," came primarily from Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri. Most were of Anglo- American descent with family and cultural roots in the rural South. In the homes they left, few had been accustomed to living with modern conveniences such as electricity and indoor plumbing. The Arvin Migratory Labor Camp, which opened in 1937 near Arvin, California, was the first Farm Security Administration (FSA) camp. It was also the starting point of the Todd/Sonkin expedition. The FSA camps were intended to resolve poor sanitation and public health problems, as well as to help relieve the burden placed on state and local infrastructures by the influx of workers. The camps also furnished the migrants with a safe space in which to escape from discrimination and rekindle a sense of community. Although each camp had a small staff of administrators, much of the responsibility for daily operations and governance devolved to the campers themselves. Civil activities were carried out through camp councils and camp courts. The motivation for Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin to document life in the migrant camps of California arose from a combination of circumstances. Todd held a longstanding interest in balladry, acquired during his undergraduate studies of English literature. He also had a more general interest in folk music. Todd held firmly to the premise that folksong was a form of journalism carried out orally. Ultimately, however, it was John Steinbeck's portrayal of the San Joaquin Valley migrant camps in a pamphlet entitled "Their Blood is Strong" that inspired him to investigate the camps firsthand. In 1938, Charles Todd planned a trip to visit his mother and stepfather, an avocado rancher, at their home in California. Todd was a graduate student in the Department of Public Speaking at the City College of New York at the time, and he decided to do a little work to underwrite the expenses of his summer vacation. He procured a freelance assignment to write an article for the magazine COMMON SENSE (precursor of THE NEW REPUBLIC). His subsequent article gives an overview of the historical, economic, and social context in which this collection was created ("Trampling Out the Vintage: Farm Security Adminstration Camps Provide the Imperial Valley Migrants with a Home and a Hoe," COMMON SENSE, July 1939). It was also during this period that Charles Todd met Robert Sonkin, while they were both working in CCNY's Department of Public Speaking. Sonkin approached the project from a different perspective. According to Todd, "[Sonkin] had this passion for Americana. He was a great linguistics man, fascinated by American speech." To facilitate their documentary project, Todd contacted Alan Lomax, then assistant in charge of the Archive of American Folk Song at the Library of Congress, to arrange support for a recording expedition to the camps. The two had met earlier in New York City at the Village Vanguard, a Greenwich Village nightclub frequented by such notables of the folk revival movement as Woody Guthrie, Huddie Ledbetter, Burl Ives, John Jacob Niles, and Frank Warner. In 1940 and 1941, the Archive provided Todd and Sonkin with a Presto disc recording machine, recording discs, and batteries. In return the researchers agreed to place their collection at the Library of Congress. At first the team used acetate-on-aluminum recording discs, but as the war effort got underway and aluminum became scarce, they were forced to switch to heavier, more fragile acetate-on-glass discs. The recording equipment used by Todd and Sonkin was the latest technology at the time, yet at a weight of approximately eighty pounds, the Presto disc recorder was hardly what we would consider portable today. The recorder worked by engraving tracks into the acetate coating of the discs with a stylus. Due to the fragility of the glass discs, some of the recordings did not survive. Along with the equipment, the Archive provided the team with instructions on how to document ethnographic material. In a letter dated July 20, 1940, Alan Lomax outlined a methodology. In addition, Todd and Sonkin received the "W.P.A. Folksong Questionnaire" and training by the Library's chief engineer, Jerome Wiesner, in the use of the recording equipment. Thus armed with equipment and trained in collecting techniques, Todd and Sonkin set off on the first leg of their expedition. In July and August of 1940, they visited the Arvin, Shafter, Visalia, Firebaugh, Westley, Thornton, and Yuba City Farm Security Administration camps. Due to the constraints of the school calendar, Todd and Sonkin were forced to return to New York at summer's end to resume their duties at the City College of New York. In August and September of 1941, the pair returned to California to visit the Shafter, Arvin, Visalia, Porterville, and El Rio FSA Camps. Their first stop, the Arvin Migratory Labor Camp, is notable both as the first camp of its kind in California and as the camp where John Steinbeck did research for THE GRAPES OF WRATH. The territory Todd and Sonkin covered during their field project ranged as far south as El Rio, just north of Oxnard, and as far north as Yuba City, north of Sacramento. Much of the documentation work was concentrated in the San Joaquin Valley. While visiting the camps, Todd became aware of the important possession the migrants had brought with them: their cultural heritage and, in particular, the ballads and other folksongs they performed and enjoyed. When they were not working, looking for work, or tending to the civil and domestic operations of the camp, the migrants engaged in recreational activities including singing and other music making, which took place both in private living quarters and in public spaces. The music performed by the migrants derives from a number of sources. The majority of songs belong to the Anglo-Celtic ballad tradition, such as "Barbara Allen," "The Brown Girl," "Nine Little Devils," "Father Rumble," "Lloyd Bateman," "Pretty Molly," and "Little Mohee." But other sources were evident as well: gospel and popular music, the minstrel stage, tin pan alley, early country music, and cowboy music. The works of the Carter Family, Jimmy Rodgers, and Gene Autry appear to have been particular favorites of the migrants. Also included in the online presentation are square dance calls, such as "Soldier's Joy" and "Sally Goodin," and play-party rhymes such as "Skip to My Lou" and "Old Joe Clark." Some songs reflect the migrant experience, including Jack Bryant's "Sunny Cal" and Mary Sullivan's ballads "A Traveler's Line" and "Sunny California." These songs all speak of hardship, disappointment, and a deeply cherished wish to return home. One difficulty Todd and Sonkin encountered was that of oral communication. Although both worked in the City College Speech Clinic at the time, they were frequently perplexed by turns of phrase employed by the migrants. For example, the performers referred to the songs they had created to tell the stories of their displacement and subsequent experiences as "migracious" songs. Charles Todd relates that he thought the performers were identifying these numbers as "My gracious!" songs, but he later realized that they were referring to their migratory, or "migracious," experiences. The recordings were made at various events, including "literary" evenings at Visalia; social gatherings in people's homes; Saturday night dances; camp council meetings; camp court proceedings; and two "folk festivals," multi-camp events arranged for the benefit of the researchers. Throughout the recordings we hear children playing, doors slamming, trains passing by, and the hum of "desert coolers"--described by Sonkin as electric fans covered with wet burlap--that operated at public gatherings for the comfort of participants and spectators. Todd and Sonkin were not the only ones drawn to document the plight of the Dust Bowl refugees. According to Todd, the camps were "full of Ph.D. scholars and do-gooders studying the real people." Much to his dismay, he learned that some of the songs they recorded that chronicled the plight of the Dust Bowl migrants had been composed by an unidentified "Ph.D. from Vassar." "Voices from the Dust Bowl" illustrates certain themes common to human experience: the trauma resulting from dislocation; the tenacity of a community's shared culture; and the solidarity within and friction among groups. Intergroup tension is further illustrated in this presentation by contemporaneous urban journalists' portrayals of rural life, California farmers' attitudes toward both Mexican and "Okie" workers, and discriminatory attitudes toward migrant workers in general. Todd and Sonkin also held recording sessions with a few Mexican migrants living in the El Rio Farm Security Administration camp. Unfortunately, the glass-based acetate discs on which the Spanish-language musical performances were recorded did not survive. However, photos from El Rio and interviews with Jos Flores and Augustus Martinez provide at least a glimpse into the lives and culture of non-Anglo farm workers, who represented the majority of migrant farm laborers in California. We know that the Todd/Sonkin collecting expedition achieved a degree of notoriety because the researchers were invited to the White House to play some of their recordings for President and Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt in September 1941. From the correspondence we may surmise that Robert Sonkin returned to his teaching post at the City College of New York. We know that Charles L. Todd returned to California in 1942, and worked as associate manager of the Tulare Migrant Camp in Visalia. As World War II wore on, Todd, Sonkin, Alan Lomax, and many of the migrant workers were subsumed by the war effort, either through conscription or through work in the defense industry. The state of the economy, both in California and across the nation, improved dramatically as the defense industry geared up to meet the needs of the war effort. Many of the migrants went off to fight in the war. Those who were left behind took advantage of the job opportunities that had become available in West Coast shipyards and defense plants. As a result of this more stable life, numerous Dust Bowl refugees put down new roots in California soil, where their descendants reside to this day. ............................................................. Folklorist Robin Fanslow is working at the American Folklife Center, digitizing collections for the Library's National Digital Library Program. Selected Bibliography Baldwin, Sidney. POVERTY AND POLITICS: THE RISE AND DECLINE OF THE FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1968. Bonnifield, Paul. THE DUST BOWL: MEN, DIRT, AND DEPRESSION. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1979. Farris, John. THE DUST BOWL. San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc., 1989. Gregory, James N. AMERICAN EXODUS: THE DUST BOWL MIGRATION AND OKIE CULTURE IN CALIFORNIA. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hurt, R. Douglas. THE DUST BOWL: AN AGRICULTURAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1981. McWilliams, Carey. ILL FARES THE LAND: MIGRANTS AND MIGRATORY LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1941. Riney-Kehrberg, Pamela. ROOTED IN DUST: SURVIVING DROUGHT AND DEPRESSION IN SOUTHWESTERN KANSAS. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1994. Shindo, Charles J. DUST BOWL MIGRANTS IN THE AMERICAN IMAGINATION. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1997. Stanley, Jerry. CHILDREN OF THE DUST BOWL: THE TRUE STORY OF THE SCHOOL AT WEEDPATCH CAMP. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1992. Photo captions: Baseball game, Tulare Migratory Labor Camp, Visalia, California, March 1940. (LC-USF34-24123-D) Prints and Photographs Division. Photo by Arthur Rothstein A man has his shoes shined at a social hour in Shafter Camp. This is Charles Todd's favorite picture of an "Okie Family." Photo by Robert Hemmig, Ventura, California Charles Todd at the recording machine, surrounded by Mexican men and boys, El Rio Camp, 1941. Photo by Robert Hemmig, Ventura, California The King Family Singers, with Syd Thompson playing the fiddle. Location and date unknown. The King family came to California from Arkansas as migratory farm workers. They brought their instruments and songs with them, and entertained their fellow "Okies" as they traveled from farm to farm, following the crops. Photo by Robert Hemmig, Ventura, California Dance at the Arvin Camp. Date unknown. Photograph by Robert Hemmig, Ventura, California, courtesy of Charles Todd Will Neal playing fiddle for Robert Sonkin (behind microphone) and Charles Todd (right), Arvin Camp, 1940. Photograph by Robert Hemmig, Ventura, California Back cover: Band playing at a Saturday night dance, Farm Security Administration Tulare Migratory Labor Camp, Tulare, California, 1940s. Photo by Arthur Rothstein, courtesy of Charles Todd. A new online collection from the Archive of Folk Culture features "Voices from the Dust Bowl." See page 3. In Boxes: And perhaps a man brought out his guitar to the front of his tent. And he sat on a box to play, and everyone in the camp moved slowly in toward him, drawn in toward him. Many men can chord a guitar, but perhaps this man was a picker. There you have something--the deep chords beating, beating, while the melody runs on the strings like little foot-steps. Heavy hard fingers marching on the frets. The man played and the people moved slowly in on him until the circle was closed and tight, and then he sang "Ten-Cent Cotton and Forty-Cent Meat." And the circle sang softly with him. And he sang "Why Do You Cut Your Hair, Girls?" And the circle sang. He wailed the song, "I'm Leaving Old Texas," that eerie song that was sung before the Spaniards came, only the words were Indian then. (John Steinbeck, THE GRAPES OF WRATH) The migrant people, scuttling for work, scrabbling to live, looked always for pleasure, dug for pleasure, manufactured pleasure, and they were hungry for amusement. Sometimes amusement lay in speech, and they climbed up their lives with jokes. And it came about in the camps along the roads, on the ditch bands beside the streams, under the sycamores, that the story teller grew into being, so that the people gathered in the low firelight to hear the gifted ones. And they listened while the tales were told, and their participation made the stories great. (John Steinbeck, THE GRAPES OF WRATH) These three in the evening, harmonica and fiddle and guitar. Playing a reel and tapping out the tune, and the big deep strings of the guitar beating like a heart, and the harmonica's sharp chords and the skirl and squeal of the fiddle. People have to move close. They can't help it. "Chicken Reel" now, and the feet tap and a young lean buck takes three quick steps, and his arms hand limp. The square closes up and the dancing starts, feet on the bare ground, beating dull, strike with your heels. Hands 'round and swing. Hair falls down, and panting breaths. Lean to the side now. (John Steinbeck, THE GRAPES OF WRATH) New Online: "Voices from the Dust Bowl" "Voices from the Dust Bowl: The Charles T. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection" has just been made available online through the National Digital Library Program of the Library of Congress (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tshome.html). The collection consists of approximately 18 hours of audio recordings (436 titles on 122 recording discs), 28 graphic images (prints and negatives), and 1.5 linear feet of print materials, including administrative correspondence, field notes, recording logs, song text transcriptions, dust jackets from the recording discs with handwritten notes, news clippings, publications, and ephemera. The online presentation provides access to 371 audio titles, 23 graphic images, a sampling of the dust jackets, and all the print material in the collection. Covering the period between 1940 and 1941, this collection documents the lives of Dust Bowl migrants living in Farm Security Administration camps in California. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Tradition of Yue Ju Cantonese Opera By Nora Yeh ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ............................................................. This article is based on a lecture and Chinese opera demonstration, sponsored by the American Folklife Center and the Asian Division, presented by Nora Yeh at the Library of Congress, November 3, 1997, to celebrate the opening of the Asian Reading Room in the Library's newly renovated Jefferson Building. .............................................................. Chinese opera is the musical and theatrical culmination of many artistic elements: face painting, costume, implements, and recently, backdrops; melodic and percussive instruments, singing, monologue, dialogue, and numerous combinations of these; and stylized movement, dancing, pantomime, acting, facial expressions, hand gestures, and acrobatics. As local operas evolved in different regions of China, some of these elements were emphasized over others. Yue ju, the dominant tradition in Cantonese opera today, is only one of the 365 types of Chinese opera. Cantonese opera originated in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 A.D.) under the reign of the emperor Jiajing (1522-64 A.D.). It derived from three main sources: (1) a very popular folk singing style known as yi yang qiang, from the interior mainland; (2) an elegant theatrical and classical genre enjoyed by the literati known as kun qu, from the coastal area; and, (3) during the next 150 years, the development of standard repertoire and tunes, which combined xi pi melodic tunes from Hunan province with the er huang melodic tunes from Anhui province. Cantonese opera evolved from its infancy in the mid-1500s to its maturity in the 1720s. Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism have all influenced Chinese opera. The social hierarchy and class distinction, as defined by Confucian morality, demanded segregation between the male and the female performers, making it necessary to present entire programs with either an all-male or all-female cast. Thus, men impersonated female characters in the all-male casts and women impersonated men in the all-female casts. Although mixed companies are now acceptable, fan chuan or the "reversal of roles" still exists. Most Chinese theaters follow this custom, and yue ju Cantonese opera is no exception. Formerly the music of yue ju Cantonese opera was almost identical to that used for older and more established operatic forms. But, since the beginning of this century, yue ju has become a blend of conventional tunes and fragments from Cantonese folk melodies, popular songs, modern Cantonese instrumental compositions, and even Western tunes. Two extreme cases involve the use of jazz and experimentation with the tune of Strauss's famous "Merry Widow Waltz." Often the opera melodies have changed so much from their prototypes that the only recognizable trace is in the first few words or syllables of the title of the original tune. The repertoire varies from two thousand to three thousand pieces. But all in all, the yue ju opera music has developed into a style with unique yue ju characteristics. Unlike arias in Western opera, no musical pieces are composed specifically for a particular Chinese opera. The music is often borrowed and adapted, either in part or whole, from all kinds of music. Being essentially monophonic, the instrumental accompaniment follows the same principles in the orchestral arrangement. Thus, so long as the leading melodic instruments play the main tunes, secondary instruments can be varied in number, and become dispensable. The secondary instrumentalists can perform, even improvise, to provide variegated melodies for heterophonic textures according to the performer's ability and knowledge. Every instrumentalist uses the same notation, unlike the Western orchestra, in which each section reads from its own instrumental score. After years of evolution, the singers have developed three types of vocal productions. The first is the trained natural voice, used by males. The second is the high-pitched, "squeaky" falsetto voice, used only by refined female characters. The third, sung by young male characters only, is nasal and produced from the back of the mouth chamber. It does not sound high- pitched and is not a head tone. This range of stylized vocal textures matches the various characterizations for the many roles. Because in the past performances took place outdoors, where it was necessary to attract the attention of the audience, singers were trained to use their diaphragms to enhance sound projection. Today, although most shows are indoors and microphones are used, singers are still trained to project their voices. Members of the audience who are unaccustomed to Chinese opera may find the sound surprisingly or even unpleasantly loud. The costumes of Cantonese opera provide socio-historical and even geographical resonance for the performances, and are designed for symbolic and aesthetic effect. Costumes (along with makeup and props) help to portray the status and personality of the different characters. Six distinct roles make up the cast: (1) wen wu sheng or young fighting general; (2) xiao sheng or young scholar; (3) hua dan or young female; (4) er hua or supporting female; (5) chou sheng or clown; and (6) wu sheng or acrobatic performer. If a man or woman wears long white "water sleeves" and carries a fan, he or she is from an imperial family, and, if a man, he would be a high official or scholar. The sleeves signify that the character belongs to a class that does not do manual work, and in performances the sleeves are used to magnify gestures and movements. Pheasant feathers, fur, and boots are usually worn by male or female military commanders. (Because most battles in history occurred in the north and west frontiers of China, one can logically assume that the dramas with such characters originate from northern or western China.) A hard round belt (about the size of a hula hoop) worn around the waist shows a person of high rank in a civil court. Elevated shoes worn by a male character indicate moral stature and physically enhance his height. Elevated shoes worn by a female character, which are tiny and elaborately decorated, underscore the dainty walk of women from the upper class who have bound feet. Light-colored floor-length gowns with elaborate embroidery are usually worn by people of the leisure classes; whereas, black, blue, or brown, less highly decorated shirt-and- pants outfits are worn by servants. Symbolism is prevalent in every aspect of yue ju. Four soldiers onstage may symbolize an army of ten thousand. When a character enters and exits the stage several times, it may mean that he has traveled hundreds or thousands of miles and for many years. Pantomime involving a stylized "horse whip" conveys working a horse--exercising, mounting, riding, or dismounting it. A table may stand for a table, a bed, a mountain, the top of a castle wall, or a balcony. Manipulating an oar indicates rowing a boat or raft. The rich cultural and historical heritage, the vast geographical regions, the diverse ethnicities, and the eventful encounters of China with its neighbors offer a tremendous variety of material to Chinese opera dramatists. Stories are based on a wide range of subjects, including romantic encounters, historical events, ghost tales, patriotic episodes, moral teachings, famous classics, pseudo-religious tales, and heroic epics. In addition to providing entertainment, the operas also serve to educate people about Chinese language, belief systems, society, arts, history, and even etiquette. This function was especially true when most of the population was illiterate and the opera was probably one of the few means of transferring such information to certain social classes such as farmers, laborers, and merchants. Precisely because Chinese opera was a powerful tool for mass communication, rulers often carefully scrutinized the presenters and their presentations in order to prevent uprisings that might result from possible anti-government themes. One typically Cantonese opera is based on a semi-fictitious story about the Lady Flower Blossom (Hua Ray Fu Ren), a beautiful consort to King Meng Chang: In the year of 965 A.D., King Meng Chang of the Kingdom Hou Shu, located in today's Sichuan Province, was defeated by the first emperor of the Song Dynasty, Tai Zu. Barely escaping from the pursuit of the Song army, King Meng Chang left his beloved Lady Flower Blossom behind. Subsequently Lady Flower Blossom was captured by Tai Zu. Enchanted by her beauty and talents, the emperor kept her as his concubine. Although many years passed, she could not forget King Meng Chang. Therefore, when she found out that Meng Chang had become a Buddhist monk and exiled himself to a remote Sichuan temple, she asked Tai Zu to grant her permission to go on a pilgrimage to her homeland's temple, with the hidden purpose of meeting her former husband. At the temple, the reunion between the former king and the lady was very emotional. To express her love for him, she drew his portrait. Then they parted in tears. Upon her return, she displayed the portrait on the palace wall, which eased the pain of her unending love. One day Tai Zu saw the portrait and asked her who it was. She responded that this was a deity by the name of Zhang Xian, and that whoever wished a son could pray to him for one. Tai Zu prayed, and a son was born. Ever since then, Zhang Xian became a popular deity for anyone who wants a son. This drama contains many typically Chinese cultural subjects. It involves history, romance, and patriotism; the trilogy of Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism; a beautiful woman, royalty, political intrigue, and revenge; and folktales and folk belief. The heyday for Chinese opera has passed and the tradition has declined rapidly. What used to be an outdoor event, performed at the temple yard, market place, at a wealthy clans' inner courtyard, or a tea house, is now performed mostly indoors at an auditorium. Chinese opera was once popular among all social classes. Although it was supported by the rich and upper classes, it was for the enjoyment of people from all walks of life. During the Communist takeover, especially at the time of the Cultural Revolution (about 1967 to 1977), this artistic product from the time of feudalism, together with many other classical performing traditions, was completely destroyed. The performers were put into exile and "brainwashed." Costumes, handbooks, artifacts, and stage props were burnt. The instrumentalists were retrained and reassigned to the state supported model operas, the yang ban xi. Today, few artists dedicate themselves to Cantonese opera. In China, there is still a school where some very talented children are being trained in this theatrical tradition. In the United States, there are Cantonese opera associations in New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C. Because of time and budget constraints, productions may consist of several highlights of one long opera or excerpts from several different operas. In recent years there has been a revival of Chinese opera, but its comeback has been slow. Competing forms of entertainment, the time required to learn to perform or even appreciate this art, the disintegration of communities and clans, the lack of interest among the younger generations, limited funding, and an increase in Western-style education, all contribute to the diminishing social significance of the Chinese opera. Despite these social and cultural changes, yue ju deserves to be preserved for its unique aesthetic and cultural values. Photo captions: The Shing Ping Music Club ensemble, performing at the Library of Congress, November 3, 1997. Jennifer Lee sings the excerpt "Miao Rong," from the opera LADY FLOWER BLOSSOM, which tells of the tragic feelings that followed the demise of the country Shu. This is the moment in the opera when Lady Flower Blossom visits her beloved husband, played here by James Peng (right), who exiled himself in order to lead a monastic life. Photo by James Hardin Paul Hahn of the Regional and Cooperative Cataloging Division models the costume of a Chinese emperor's yellow hunting outfit. The tasseled baton he holds represents his riding crop. Photo by James Hardin Julia Leggett of the Asian Division models the traditional red wedding dress worn by an empress. The headdress, called feng-guan (phoenix crown), is decorated with designs representing the phoenix, butterflies, coins, wings, and pearls, all of which symbolize good fortune. On the wedding night, a red cloth covers the bride's head until the newlyweds enter their bedroom. Photo by James Hardin Jennifer Lee sings the part of Lady Blossom Flower in the opera of the same name. Her role type, called zheng ying hua dan, is the leading female role, which demands vocal production of bright head tones. Photo by James Hardin ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Two New Library of Congress Folk Music Records Reissued on Compact Disc ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The American Folklife Center and Rounder Records have released two new compact disc publications of American folk music, reissued from the legendary Library of Congress albums FOLK MUSIC OF THE UNITED STATES. The series of reissues, produced by Bob Carlin, will number at least twenty over the next few years. SACRED HARP SINGING (Rounder CD 1503), which features a form of sacred group singing found in the American South, was originally recorded by Alan Lomax and George Pullen Jackson at the thirty-seventh annual session of the Alabama Sacred Harp Singing Convention at Birmingham, Alabama, August 1942. THE HAMMONS FAMILY: THE TRADITIONS OF A WEST VIRGINIA FAMILY AND THEIR FRIENDS (Rounder CD 1504/05), a double-CD set, combines two recorded publications originally issued in 1973: THE HAMMONS FAMILY: A STUDY OF A WEST VIRGINIA FAMILY'S TRADITIONS (a two LP box set) and SHAKING DOWN THE ACORNS: TRADITIONAL MUSIC AND STORIES FROM POCAHANTAS AND GREENBRIER COUNTIES, WEST VIRGINIA (a single LP). Both Hammons family recordings were drawn from a documentary project conducted by Carl Fleischhauer and Alan Jabbour from 1970 to 1972. THE SACRED HARP is the title of a collection of sacred songs compiled by B.F. White and E.J. King and published by J. L. White at Atlanta, Georgia, in 1844. The book has given its name to a particular network of singing gatherings, where one or another form or edition of the book is used. In the case of this documentary recording, the songs are from ORIGINAL SACRED HARP (Denson Revision), 1936. While the singing is sacred, it does not occur as part of a church service; rather, people gather especially for a Sacred Harp sing, often at all-day sessions. This album of Sacred Harp songs represents a cross section of the tradition, which was born centuries ago in the British Isles, crossed the Atlantic with the early colonists, took on the colors of the eighteenth-century singing school, and, after the Revolution, spread to the Southeast. Both original Hammons family albums featured Burl Hammons, Maggie Hammons Parker, Sherman Hammons, and their family, but SHAKING DOWN THE ACORNS also includes selections by two friends of the family, Lee Hammons (no known relation) and Moss Coffman. The ancestors of the Hammons family were among the pioneer settlers who made their homes in the woodlands of Eastern Kentucky and West Virginia, gaining their sustenance from hunting, gathering, and simple gardening and animal husbandry, and entering the cash economy only marginally through the occasional piecemeal sale of pelts, logs, and ginseng. Fleischhauer and Jabbour met the Hammonses in 1970 and set about a full-length study that brought together recordings, printed material, and photography, and combined music, lore, oral history, documentary research, and general cultural reflections, as a way of conveying publicly the interconnections between art and life in the traditions of a single family. Rounder Records, a company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, has specialized in American folk music recordings since the early 1970s. Over the years Rounder has released a number of LPs and CDs drawn from the collections of the Archive of Folk Culture, including recordings of Leadbelly, Woody Guthrie, Jelly Roll Morton, Aunt Molly Jackson, and many others. The present series represents a collaboration between Rounder and two Library of Congress divisions: the American Folklife Center, which includes the Archive of Folk Culture, and the Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division, which includes the Library's Recording Laboratory. The original recordings were released through the Recording Laboratory Revolving Fund. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Texaco Foundation Funds Internet Presentations of Traditional Music By Alan Jabbour ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Texaco Foundation, as part of its new focus on broadening the use of music in education, has presented the first installment of a $300,000 pledge to the National Digital Library Program of the Library of Congress. The foundation's new signature program in music education explores the potential of music to improve academic achievement. The emphasis is on serious curricular reform, which will be aided by the Library's program to make original music source material available for student and teacher use on the Internet. The Texaco donation will be used for online presentations of four collections from the Archive of Folk Culture featuring rural Southern, African American, Hispanic, and American Indian musical traditions. They include sound recordings, photographs, and manuscript materials. "The Texaco Foundation is proud to be part of the National Digital Library Program," said Anne T. Dowling, president of the Texaco Foundation in White Plains, New York. "These collections from the American Folklife Center celebrate the many remarkable, unique voices that have shaped America." The four collections proposed for online presentation are: The John and Ruby Lomax Southern States Collection, 1939. Using the Library's sound recording apparatus, John Lomax and his wife, Ruby, documented Southern traditional material on a three- month trip through nine states: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia. They recorded religious songs, spirituals, field hollers, blues, rags, Civil War songs, work songs, ballads, dance tunes, Spanish-language folk dramas, children's games, lullabies, prayers, narratives, and oral history interviews. The Lomax/Hurston/Barnicle Expedition, 1935. Alan Lomax, John Lomax's son and the new assistant in charge of the Folk Archive, collaborated with Zora Neale Hurston and Mary Elizabeth Barnicle on an expedition to document African American music and lore from Georgia, Florida, and the Bahamas. The expedition included a visit to Eatonville, Florida, the black township where Hurston had grown up, and the recordings include not only members of her community but herself in the dual roles as collector and informant. Hurston has become almost legendary today as a pioneering African American woman whose novels, plays, and folkloristic writings are widely studied and appreciated. The collection contains children's game songs, ring shouts, spirituals, dance tunes, ballads, and stories. The Juan Rael Collection. The upper valley of the Rio Grande is home to descendants of early Spanish settlers who have conserved some of the oldest European traditions in America. In 1940, with support from the Library of Congress, Juan Rael traveled through the upper Rio Grande communities of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico recording their traditions. His field recordings include coplas (couplet songs), decimas (a sung verse form), alabados (religious songs), valses de cadena (traditional Spanish waltzes) and other dance tunes, marches, and religious folk drama. Omaha Indian Music, Past and Present. A major collection of wax cylinder recordings made in 1896 by ethnologists Alice Fletcher and Francis LaFlesche (himself an Omaha) explores the traditions of the Omaha tribe of northeastern Nebraska and highlights the pioneering research done by one of the first Native Americans to document his own tribal traditions as a scientific undertaking. A modern recording session by the American Folklife Center documents the encounter with these early recordings by a contemporary Omaha elder, John Turner. And the Center's extensive documentation of several annual Omaha powwows in the 1980s, in both recorded and photographic form, not only captures the cultural energy of the modern powwow movement but also features contemporary renditions of some songs found on the early cylinder recordings. The four new collections from the Archive of Folk Culture will join "California Gold" and "Voices from the Dust Bowl," already online, as well as presentations in preparation on quilts and quilting and on Nevada ranching traditions. There are more that two dozen American history collections available from the Library of Congress, including "African American Perspectives," "Selected Civil War Photographs," early short films, and panoramic maps. Photo caption: Anne T. Dowling (right), president of the Texaco Foundation, presents a check to Jo Ann Jenkins, the Library's chief of staff, in the Librarian's Office. Also pictured are (from the left) Norma Baker, director of the Development Office, and Susan Siegel, executive assistant to the director, January 14, 1998. Photo by James Hardin

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------------------ ------------- ---------------- ------------ ------------------------ Normative Text for QoS Date: 2006-December-22 Author(s): Name Company Address Phone email Nada Golmie NIST 100 Bureau Dr, +1 301 nada.golmie@nist.gov Stop 8920 975-4190 Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA Richard Rouil NIST 100 Bureau Dr, +1 301 richard.rouil@nist.gov Stop 8920 975-3387 Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA ------------------ ------------- ---------------- ------------ ------------------------ Abstract This document contains normative text changes related to the support of the Media Independent Handover Quality of Service model currently defined in IEEE 802.21 draft D3.0. Content Section 5.1.3 Quality of Service Section 5.2.2 QoS Design Principles Table 6 - Information Elements Section 6.4.5.2.6 QoS in Network (for Access Network + Operator) Section 7.5.4 Link_Configure_Thresholds Section 7.5.10 Link_Parameters_Report.indication Section 7.5.15 Link_Get_Parameters Section 7.6.11 MIH_Link_Parameters_Report Section 7.6.15 MIH_Get_Status Section 7.6.17 MIH_Configure Section 8.4.1.23 Link Quality Parameter Type Section 8.4.1.26 Link Status Parameters Type Section 8.4.1.29 Link Configure Parameters Type Section 8.4.1.31 Link Parameter Threshold Section 8.4.1.36 Link Status Parameters Response Section 8.4.1.37 Link Configure Parameter Value Annex 4 -- QoS Examples 5.1.3 Quality of Service *(page 13)* The quality of the service (QoS) experienced by an application depends on the accuracy, speed and dependability of the information transfer of the communication channel. The IEEE 802.21 standard provides support for fulfilling application QoS requirements in the presence of a communication handover. ~~The MIH QoS model defines parameters that may be used in specifying and assessing characteristics of packet transfers between a source and its destinations. The communication channel is considered to be composed of several connected segments, each under a possibly different but cooperative administrative authority. Examples for such channels, such as for IP traffic have been detailed in \[34\].~~ There are two aspects of QoS to consider in the context of 802.21. Firstly, there is the QoS experienced by an application during a handover. Secondly, there is the QoS considered as part of a handover decision. The IEEE 802.21 specifications includes mechanisms that support both aspects of QoS towards enabling seamless mobility; however the MIHF alone cannot guarantee seamless mobility. Depending on the QoS requirements of the end-to-end application, seamless mobility implies minimizing the latency, and potential packet loss incurred during a handover so as to minimize the end-to-end delay and loss perceived by the application. Seamless mobility also implies the timely assessment of network conditions, such as the monitoring of packet loss on the link of current network and of signal strength on the link on both current and target networks in order to optimize the handover decision and its execution. The MIH services defined by the IEEE 802.21, including event, command, and information service, need to consider network traffic performance objectives and how well they meet the application quality of service requirements. The MIH QoS model defines parameters that are used to set the requirements and assess the performance of packet transfers between a source and its destinations. When used in threshold setting commands (such as MIH_Configure), these parameters describe the QoS requirements of the MIH user. On the other hand, when used in parameter reporting events (such as MIH_Link_Paramerters_Report) and parameter extraction commands (such as MIH_Get_Status), they characterize current network conditions. Therefore, depending on their usage these parameters can represent either static QoS requirements or dynamic network measurements. ~~The communication channel is considered to be composed of several connected segments, each under a possibly different but cooperative administrative authority. Examples for such channels, such as for IP traffic have been detailed in \[34\].~~ 5.2.2 QoS Design Principles *(page 16)* In the context of the 802.21 specifications it is assumed that applications communicate via a packetized communication channel ~~over which a transmitted packet can experience the following outcomes~~ that is considered to be composed of several connected segments, each under a possibly different but cooperative administrative authority. Examples of such channels, such as for IP traffic have been detailed in \[34\]. A transmitted packet over a communication channel can experience the following outcomes: 1. Be received with no errors at its intended destination 2. Be received with errors at its intended destination 3. Not be received in which case it is said that the packet is lost. The maximum attainable speed of information transfer over a given communication channel can be constant, as it is usually the case with network segments involving only wired links, or it can be time varying at different scales, at is the case for segments involving wireless links. This measure will be called channel ~~capacity~~ throughput, for the purposes of this document. The ability of the channel to provide accurate information transfer can be described via a statistical model characterized by the following parameters: 1. Minimum Packet Transfer Delay: is defined as the minimum delay over a population of interest ```{=html}  ``` 2. Average Packet Transfer Delay: is defined as the arithmetic mean of the delay over a population of interest 3. Maximum Packet Transfer Delay: is defined as the maximum delay over a population of interest 4. Jitter: is defined as the standard deviation of the delay over a population of interest 5. Packet loss rate: is defined as the ratio between the number of frames that are transmitted but not received and the total number of frames transmitted over a population of interest. 6. Packet error rate: is defined as the ratio between the number of packets that have been received with errors and the total number of packets present in a population of interest. It is generally accepted that based on the required accuracy of information transfer applications can be grouped into a small number of behavioral sets \[Y.1541\] called Classes of Service (CoS). Support for differentiation via Classes of Service is pervasive in many of the IEEE 802 based standards (802.11, 802.1q, 802.16, etc.). For a link that supports CoS differentiation, per CoS traffic accuracy parameters need to be maintained in order to provide insights on how individual traffic classes are faring. In summary, the following set of parameters characterize the speed and accuracy of the information transfer a multi-CoS traffic link supports: 1. Link ~~capacity~~ Throughput, representing the maximum information transfer rate achievable. This value is determined by the physical characteristics of the link. While for wired links ~~is~~ it is usually a constant, for wireless links it is time varying due to the sharing of the medium ```{=html}  ``` 2. Link Packet Error Rate: representing the ratio between the number of frames received in error and the total number of frames transmitted in a link population of interest 3. Supported classes of service: represents the maximum number of differentiable classes of service supported by this link. 4. Class of Service Parameters List. For each of the supported classes of service the following parameters are defined: ```{=html}  ``` a. Class Minimum Packet Transfer Delay: is defined as the minimum delay over a class population of interest ```{=html}  ``` b. Class Average Packet Transfer Delay: is defined as the arithmetic mean of the delay over a class population of interest c. Class Maximum Packet Transfer Delay: is defined as the maximum delay over a class population of interest d. Class Packet Delay Jitter: is defined as the standard deviation of the delay over a class population of interest e. Class Packet loss rate: is defined as the ratio between the number of frames that are transmitted but not received and the total number of frames transmitted over a class population of interest. It is assumed that the classes of service definitions used within IEEE 802.21 conform to \[Y.1541\]. ~~The performance implications to consider from the MIH perspective include both the transient network performance achieved during a handover as well as the continuous monitoring of current network conditions.~~ ~~The 802.21 specifications provide mechanisms to support seamless mobility as an enabler; however the MIHF alone cannot guarantee seamless mobility. Depending on the QoS requirements of the end-to-end application, seamless mobility implies minimizing the latency, and potential loss incurred during a handover so as to minimize the end-to-end delay and loss perceived by the application. Seamless mobility also implies the timely assessment of network conditions, such as the monitoring of packet loss on the link on current network and of signal strength on the link on both current and target networks in order to optimize the handover decision and its execution.~~ ~~The MIH services defined by the IEEE 802.21, including event, command, and information service, need to consider network traffic performance objectives and how well they meet the application quality of service requirements.~~ 6.4.3 Information Service Elements *(page 50)* Table 6 - Information Elements +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | No | Name of Information | Description | Repr | | | Element | | esentation | | | | | in Section | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | G | | | | | en | | | | | er | | | | | al | | | | | I | | | | | nf | | | | | or | | | | | ma | | | | | ti | | | | | on | | | | | El | | | | | em | | | | | en | | | | | ts | | | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 1 | TYPE_IE_NETWORK_TYPE | Link types of the | | | .1 | | networks that are | | | | | available in a given | | | | | geographical area | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 1 | TYPE_I | The operator identifier | | | .2 | E_OPERATOR_IDENTIFIER | of the access net | | | | | work/core network . | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 1 | TYPE_ | Identifier for the | | | .3 | IE_SERVICE_PROVIDER_I | service provider. | | | | DENTIFIER | | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | Ac | | | | | ce | | | | | ss | | | | | N | | | | | et | | | | | wo | | | | | rk | | | | | sp | | | | | ec | | | | | if | | | | | ic | | | | | i | | | | | nf | | | | | or | | | | | ma | | | | | ti | | | | | on | | | | | | | | | | F | | | | | or | | | | | ea | | | | | ch | | | | | ( | | | | | Li | | | | | nk | | | | | Ty | | | | | pe | | | | | a | | | | | nd | | | | | O | | | | | pe | | | | | ra | | | | | to | | | | | r) | | | | | c | | | | | om | | | | | bi | | | | | na | | | | | ti | | | | | on | | | | | f | | | | | ol | | | | | lo | | | | | wi | | | | | ng | | | | | i | | | | | nf | | | | | or | | | | | ma | | | | | ti | | | | | on | | | | | m | | | | | ay | | | | | be | | | | | pr | | | | | ov | | | | | id | | | | | ed | | | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 2 | TYP | Identifier for the access | | | .1 | E_IE_ACCESS_NETWORK_I | network. | | | | DENTIFIER | | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 2 | TYP | Roaming Partners. | | | .2 | E_IE_ROAMING_PARTNERS | | | | | | Access Network Operators | | | | | with which the current | | | | | access network operator | | | | | has direct roaming | | | | | agreements. | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 2 | TYPE_IE_COST | Cost. | | | .3 | | | | | | | Indication of cost for | | | | | service or network usage | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 2 | TY | Access Network specific | | | .4 | PE_IE_NETWORK_STANDAR | applicable revisions to | | | | DS | the base access network | | | | | standard | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 2 | TYP | Security characteristics | | | .5 | E_IE_NETWORK_SECURITY | of the link layer | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 2 | TYPE_IE_NETWORK_QOS | QoS characteristics of | | | .6 | | the link layer | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | P | | | | | oA | | | | | sp | | | | | ec | | | | | if | | | | | ic | | | | | i | | | | | nf | | | | | or | | | | | ma | | | | | ti | | | | | on | | | | | | | | | | F | | | | | or | | | | | ea | | | | | ch | | | | | P | | | | | oA | | | | | of | | | | | ea | | | | | ch | | | | | ( | | | | | Li | | | | | nk | | | | | Ty | | | | | pe | | | | | + | | | | | O | | | | | pe | | | | | ra | | | | | to | | | | | r) | | | | | f | | | | | ol | | | | | lo | | | | | wi | | | | | ng | | | | | I | | | | | Es | | | | | m | | | | | ay | | | | | be | | | | | pr | | | | | ov | | | | | id | | | | | ed | | | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 3 | TYPE_IE_POA\_ ADDRESS | MAC Address of PoA | | | .1 | | | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 3 | TYPE_IE_POA_L OCATION | Location of PoA. | | | .2 | | Geographical location of | | | | | a given PoA. Multiple | | | | | location types are | | | | | supported includ ing | | | | | coordinate-based location | | | | | information and civic | | | | | address | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 3 | TYPE_IE_POA_DATA_RATE | Data Rate. The minimum | | | .3 | | and maximum value of data | | | | | | | | | | rate supported by the | | | | | link layer of a given PoA | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 3 | TY | Channel Range/Parameters. | | | .4 | PE_IE_POA_CHANNEL_RAN | | | | | GE | Spectrum range supported | | | | | by the Channel for that | | | | | PoA | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | Hi | | | | | gh | | | | | er | | | | | l | | | | | ay | | | | | er | | | | | se | | | | | rv | | | | | ic | | | | | es | | | | | /i | | | | | nf | | | | | or | | | | | ma | | | | | ti | | | | | on | | | | | p | | | | | er | | | | | P | | | | | oA | | | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 4 | TYP | Information about subnets | | | .1 | E_IE_POA_SUBNET_INFOR | supported by a typical | | | | MATION | PoA | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 4 | TYPE | IP Configuration Methods | | | .2 | _IE_POA_IP_CONFIG_MET | supported by a typical | | | | HODS | PoA | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 4 | TYPE_IE_POA\_ | Bitmap of PoA | | | .3 | CAPABILITIES | capabilities | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 4 | T | IP Address of PoA. | | | .4 | YPE_IE_POA_IP_ADDRESS | | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | O | | | | | th | | | | | er | | | | | I | | | | | nf | | | | | or | | | | | ma | | | | | ti | | | | | on | | | | | El | | | | | em | | | | | en | | | | | ts | | | | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ | 5 | Vendor Specific IEs | Vendor Specific Services | defined by | | .1 | | | individ | | | | | ual | | | | | vendors. | +----+-----------------------+---------------------------+------------+ 6. QoS in Network (for Access Network + Operator) *(page 58)* --------------------- ----------------- ---------- ---------------------------- Type Description Length Value TYPE_IE_NETWORK_QOS Network QOS Variable QoS classes and Traffic Characteristics Specifications. The length, format and semantics of this field are defined in Table 12. --------------------- ----------------- ---------- ---------------------------- Table 12 - QoS Parameter Encoding ---------------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------- ~~Syntax~~ ~~Length ~~Notes~~ (octets)~~ ~~Throughput~~ ~~4~~ ~~The maximum information transfer rate achievable. It is measured in kbps~~ ~~Link Packet ~~2~~ ~~A value equal to integer part of the result Error Rate~~ of multiplying -100 times the log10 of the ratio between the number of packets received in error and the total number of packets transmitted in a link popula tion of interest.~~ ~~Supported ~~2~~ ~~The maximum number of differentiable classes number of COS~~ of service sup ported.~~ ~~CoS Minimum ~~4~~ ~~This is an encoded value which contains the Packet Transfer class of service identi fier in the 2 most Delay~~ significant octets and the minimum packet transfer delay for the class in ms in the two least significant octets. Valid range for minimum packet transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~CoS Average ~~4~~ ~~This is an encoded value which contains the Packet Transfer class of service identi fier in the 2 most Delay~~ significant octets and the average packet transfer delay for the class in ms in the two least significant octets. Valid range for average packet transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~CoS Maximum ~~4~~ ~~This is an encoded value which contains the Packet Transfer class of service identi fier in the 2 most Delay~~ significant octets and the maximum packet trans fer delay for the class in ms in the two least significant octets. Valid range for maximum packet transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~CoS Packet ~~4~~ ~~This is an encoded value which contains the Transfer Delay class of service identi fier in the 2 most Jitter~~ significant octets and the packet transfer delay jit ter for the class in ms in the two least significant octets. Valid range for packet transfer delay jitter: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~CoS Packet ~~4~~ ~~This is an encoded value which contains the Loss rate~~ class of service identi fier in the 2 most significant octets and a value equal to integer part of the result of multiplying -100 times the log10 of the ratio between the number of packets lost and the total number of packets transmitted in the class population of interest~~ ---------------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------- +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | Syntax | Le | Notes | | | ngth | | | | (oct | | | | ets) | | +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | QoS Parameter | 2 | The type of QoS parameter as defined in | | Type | | Table T0 | +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | QoS Parameter | Vari | The parameter value is dependent on the | | Value | able | parameter type. | | | | | | | | For generic QoS parameters, the encoding is | | | | defined in Table T1 | +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ Table T0 -- QoS Parameter Type Encoding +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | Syntax | Le | Notes | | | ngth | | | | (oct | | | | ets) | | +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | QoS Link | 1 | The type of link for the QoS Parameter. | | Family | | Values for these types are defined in Table | | | | 8. | | | | | | | | Type 0 indicates Generic link type. | +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | QoS Parameter | 1 | The subtype of QoS parameter. | | Subtype | | | | | | The QoS parameters for the Generic link | | | | type: | | | | | | | | 0: Number of supported CoS | | | | | | | | 1: Throughput (kb/s) | | | | | | | | 2: Packet Error Rate | | | | | | | | 3: CoS Minimum Packet Transfer Delay (ms) | | | | | | | | 4: CoS Average Packet Transfer Delay (ms) | | | | | | | | 5: CoS Maximum Packet Transfer Delay (ms) | | | | | | | | 6: CoS Packet Transfer Delay Jitter (ms) | | | | | | | | 7: CoS Packet Loss Rate | | | | | | | | 8\~255: Reserved | | | | | | | | \[Editor's note: The QoS parameters for link | | | | specific types are TBD.\] | +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ [Table T1 - QoS Parameter Value Encoding]{.underline} +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | Syntax | Le | Notes | | | ngth | | | | (oct | | | | ets) | | +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | Number of | 1 | The maximum number of differentiable classes | | Supported CoS | | of service supported. | | | | | | | | Valid range: \[0..255\] | +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | Throughput | 4 | The maximum information transfer rate | | | | achievable. It is measured in kb/s. | +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | Packet Error | 2 | A value equal to the integer part of the | | Rate | | result of multiplying -100 times the log10 | | | | of the ratio between the number of packets | | | | received in error and the total number of | | | | packets transmitted in a link population of | | | | interest. | +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | CoS Minimum | 4 | This is an encoded value which contains the | | Packet | | class of service identifier in the 2 most | | Transfer | | significant octets (valid range: \[0..255\]) | | Delay | | and the minimum packet transfer delay for | | | | the class in ms in the two least significant | | | | octets. Valid range for minimum packet | | | | transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms. | +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | CoS Average | 4 | This is an encoded value which contains the | | Packet | | class of service identifier in the 2 most | | Transfer | | significant octets (valid range: \[0..255\]) | | Delay | | and the average packet transfer delay for | | | | the class in ms in the two least significant | | | | octets. Valid range for average packet | | | | transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms | +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | CoS Maximum | 4 | This is an encoded value which contains the | | Packet | | class of service identifier in the 2 most | | Transfer | | significant octets (valid range: \[0..255\]) | | Delay | | and the maximum packet transfer delay for | | | | the class in ms in the two least significant | | | | octets. Valid range for maximum packet | | | | transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms. | +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | CoS Packet | 4 | This is an encoded value which contains the | | Transfer | | class of service identifier in the 2 most | | Delay Jitter | | significant octets (valid range: \[0..255\]) | | | | and the packet transfer delay jitter for the | | | | class in ms in the two least significant | | | | octets. Valid range for packet transfer | | | | delay jitter: \[0..65535\] ms. | +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | CoS Packet | 4 | This is an encoded value which contains the | | Loss rate | | class of service identifier in the 2 most | | | | significant octets (valid range: \[0..255\]) | | | | and the value equal to the integer part of | | | | the result of multiplying -100 times the | | | | log10 of the ratio between the number of | | | | packets lost and the total number of packets | | | | transmitted in the class population of | | | | interest in the two least significant | | | | octets. | +---------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ 7.5.4 Link_Configure_Thresholds *(page 84)* 1. Link_Configure_Thresholds.request *(page 84)* 7.5.4.1.1 Function This primitive is used by MIHF to configure thresholds for Link_Parameters_Report indication. 7.5.4.1.2 Semantics of service primitive The primitive parameter is as follows: Link_Configure_Thresholds.request( ~~LinkParameterList~~ LinkConfigureParameterList ) +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ | ~~Name~~ | ~~Type~~ | ~~ | ~~Description~~ | | | | Valid | | | | | Ra | | | | | nge~~ | | +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ | ~~LinkPar | ~~List~~ | ~~ | ~~A list of following | | ameterList~~ | | N/A~~ | set of parameters:~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~LinkParameterType,~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~Init | | | | | iateActionThreshold,~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~Roll | | | | | backActionThreshold,~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~Ex | | | | | ecuteActionThreshold~~ | +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ | ~~LinkPar | ~~A pair of | ~~ | ~~Parameters for which | | ameterType~~ | {Lin | N/A~~ | thresholds may be | | | kType:ParamType}.~~ | | set~~ | | | | | | | | ~~Examples:~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~{Generic:Link | | | | | Speed},~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~{Generic:Link Bit | | | | | Error Rate},~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~{Generic:Link | | | | | Frame Loss Rate | | | | | before | | | | | retransmission},~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~{Generic:Link | | | | | Signal Strength},~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~{Generic:Link | | | | | SINR},~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~{GPRS:BLER},~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~ | | | | | {GPRS:RxLevNCell}~~ | | | +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ | ~~I | ~~Threshold values | ~~ | ~~Threshold value | | nitiateActio | are dependent on | N/A~~ | which may cause MIH | | nThreshold~~ | parameter for which | | Users to start "setup" | | | they are being | | type activities in | | | set.~~ | | response to actual | | | | | parameter values | | | | | crossing this | | | | | threshold.~~ | +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ | ~~R | ~~Threshold values | ~~ | ~~Threshold value | | ollbackActio | are dependent on | N/A~~ | which may cause MIH | | nThreshold~~ | parameter for which | | Users to cancel or | | | they are being | | rollback the above | | | set.~~ | | setup type operation | | | | | if the actual | | | | | parameter values | | | | | retreat to this | | | | | threshold.~~ | +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ | ~~ | ~~Threshold values | ~~ | ~~Threshold value | | ExecuteActio | are dependent on | N/A~~ | which may cause MIH | | nThreshold~~ | parameter for which | | Users to execute | | | they are being | | taking appropriate | | | set.~~ | | action if the actual | | | | | parameter values cross | | | | | this threshold.~~ | +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ ---------------------------- ---------------------- -------- ------------------------- Name Type Valid Description Range LinkConfigureParameterList List N/A A list of LinkConfigureParameter: ---------------------------- ---------------------- -------- ------------------------- Elements of LinkConfigureParameter +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid | Description | | | | Range | | +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ | QoSP | INTEGER | ~~ | Parameter for which | | arameterType | | 1-255 | thresholds may be set | | | | ~~N/A | as defined in Table | | | | | 12. | | | | | | | | | | Note~~: Type 0 is | | | | | reserved~~Subtype 0 | | | | | for Generic link type | | | | | is reserved. | +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ | InitiateAct | Threshold values | N/A | Threshold value which | | ionThreshold | are dependent on | | may cause MIH Users to | | | parameter for which | | start "setup" type | | | they are being set. | | activities in response | | | | | to actual parameter | | | | | values crossing this | | | | | threshold. | +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ | RollbackAct | Threshold values | N/A | Threshold value which | | ionThreshold | are dependent on | | may cause MIH Users to | | | parameter for which | | cancel or rollback the | | | they are being set. | | above setup type | | | | | operation if the | | | | | actual parameter | | | | | values retreat to this | | | | | threshold. | +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ | ExecuteAct | Threshold values | N/A | Threshold value which | | ionThreshold | are dependent on | | may cause MIH Users to | | | parameter for which | | execute taking | | | they are being set. | | appropriate action if | | | | | the actual parameter | | | | | values cross this | | | | | threshold. | +--------------+---------------------+-------+------------------------+ 7.5.4.1.3 When generated This primitive is generated by an MIHF that may need to set threshold values for different link parameters. 7.5.4.1.4 Effect on receipt The recipient responds immediately with Link_Configure_Threshold.confirm primitive. 7.5.4.2 Link_Configure_Thresholds.confirm *(page 85)* 7.5.4.2.1 Function This primitive is sent in response to the Link_Configure_Threshold.request primitive. This primitive specifies the status of threshold configuration operation. 7.5.4.2.2 Semantics of service primitive The primitive parameters are as follows: Link_Configure_Thresholds.confirm ( ~~LinkParameterStatusList~~ LinkConfigureStatusList, Status ) +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ | ~~Name~~ | ~~Type~~ | ~~ | ~~Description~~ | | | | Valid | | | | | Ra | | | | | nge~~ | | +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ | ~~LinkPar | ~~List~~ | ~~ | ~~A list of following | | ameterSta | | N/A~~ | set of parameters:~~ | | tusList~~ | | | | | | | | ~~LinkParameterType~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~Status~~ | +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ | ~~L | ~~A pair of | ~~ | ~~Parameters for which | | inkParame | {Li | N/A~~ | thresholds may be set~~ | | terType~~ | nkType:ParamType}.~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~Examples:~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~{Generic:Link | | | | | Speed},~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~{Generic:Link Bit | | | | | Error Rate},~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~{Generic:Link | | | | | Frame Loss Rate | | | | | before | | | | | retransmission},~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~{Generic:Link | | | | | Signal Strength},~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~{Generic:Link | | | | | SINR},~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~{GPRS:BLER},~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~ | | | | | ~{GPRS:RxLevNCell}~~ | | | +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ | ~ | ~~Enumerated~~ | ~ | ~~Status of operation~~ | | ~Status~~ | | ~Succ | | | | | ess~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~Er | | | | | ror~~ | | +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid | Description | | | | Range | | +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ | LinkC | List | N/A | A list of | | onfigureS | | | LinkConfigureStatus | | tatusList | | | | +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ | Status | Enumerated | Su | Status of operation | | | | ccess | | | | | | | | | | Error | | +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ Elements of LinkConfigureStatus +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid | Description | | | | Range | | +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ | QoSPara | INTEGER | N/A | Parameter for which | | meterType | | | thresholds configuration | | | | | was requested. Table 12 | | | | | for encoding. | | | | | | | | | | Note: Subtype 0 for | | | | | Generic link type is | | | | | reserved. | +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ | Status | Enumerated | Su | Status of operation | | | | ccess | | | | | | | | | | Error | | +-----------+----------------------+-------+--------------------------+ 7.5.4.2.3 When generated This primitive is generated in response to the Link_Configure_Thresholds.request operation 7.5.4.2.4 Effect on receipt The recipient prepares to receive Link Parameter Change notifications on successful execution of this primitive. However, if Status indicates an error, the recipient shall ignore any other returned values and, instead, shall perform appropriate error handling. 7.5.10 Link_Parameters_Report.indication *(page 91)* 7.5.10.1 Function Link_Parameters_Report indicates changes in link parameters have crossed specified threshold levels. This may include link layer parameters such as throughput, delay, etc. The threshold level for each such parameter may have to be configured through a separate command to link layer. Event Type: State Change 7.5.10.2 Semantics of service primitive Link_Parameters_Report.indication (\ LinkIdentifier,\ LinkParametersReportList\ ) Parameters +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid | Description | | | | Range | | +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ | LinkIdentifier | Link ID | N/A | Identifier of the link | | | | | associated with the event | +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ | ~~Num | ~~INTEGER~~ | ~ | ~~Number of parameters in | | Li | | ~0-65 | LinkParameterList~~ | | nkParameters~~ | | 535~~ | | +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ | ~~LinkP | List | N/A | ~~A list of triplets of | | arameterList~~ | | | {LinkParameterType, | | | | | oldValueofLinkParameter, | | LinkParame | | | newValueOfLinkParameter)~~ | | tersReportList | | | | | | | | A list of | | | | | LinkParameterReport | +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ Elements for LinkParameterReport +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid | Description | | | | Range | | +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ | Qo | INTEGER | N/A | Parameter for which | | SParameterType | | | threshold has been crossed | | | | | | | | | | Note: Subtype 0 for Generic | | | | | link type is reserved. | +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ | oldValueo | Threshold | N/A | Old parameter value | | fLinkParameter | values are | | | | | dependent | | | | | on | | | | | parameter | | | | | for which | | | | | they are | | | | | being set. | | | +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ | newValueO | Threshold | N/A | New parameter value | | fLinkParameter | values are | | | | | dependent | | | | | on | | | | | parameter | | | | | for which | | | | | they are | | | | | being set. | | | +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ 7.5.10.~~2~~3 When generated 7.5.15.1 Link_Get_Parameters 7.5.15.1 Link_Get_Parameters.request 7.5.15.1.1 Function This primitive is used by MIH Function to obtain Link Parameters. 7.5.15.1.2 Semantics of service primitive The primitive parameter is as follows: Link_Get_Parameters.request (\ ~~LinkParameterList~~ LinkParametersRequest\ ) +--------------+------------+-----------+------------------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid | Description | | | | Range | | +--------------+------------+-----------+------------------------------+ | ~~LinkPa | ~~List~~ | ~~NA~~ | ~~A list of link | | ramterList~~ | | | parameters.~~ | | | BITMAP | N/A | | | LinkParam | | | BITMAP representing the list | | etersRequest | | | of QoS Parameters for which | | | | | status is requested. The bit | | | | | position represents the QoS | | | | | Parameter Type. For example | | | | | if bit 0 is set, the MIHF is | | | | | requesting the maximum | | | | | number of CoS supported by | | | | | the link. | +--------------+------------+-----------+------------------------------+ 7.5.15.1.3 When generated This primitive is generated by an upper layer entity that may need to immediately obtain present values of different link parameters. 7.5.15.1.4 Effect on receipt The recipient responds immediately with Link_Get_Parameters.confirm primitive. 7.5.15.2 Link_Get_Parameters.confirm *(page 93)* 7.5.15.2.1 Function This primitive is sent in response to the Link_Get_Parameters.request primitive. This primitive provides present value conditions of the link, which may reflect an on going average measurement. 7.5.15.2.2 Semantics of service primitive The primitive parameters are as follows: Link_Get_Parameters.confirm (\ ~~LinkParameterList,~~ LinkParametersStatusList,\ Status\ ) +-------------+---------+---------------+-----------------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid Range | Description | +-------------+---------+---------------+-----------------------------+ | ~~LinkPar | List | N/A | ~~A list of link | | amterList~~ | | | parameters.~~ | | | | | | | Li | | | A list of QoS Parameter as | | nkParameter | | | defined in Table 12 | | sStatusList | | | | +-------------+---------+---------------+-----------------------------+ | Status | Enu | Success | Status of operation | | | merated | | | | | | Error | | +-------------+---------+---------------+-----------------------------+ ~~Table 29 - Valid Range of Link Parameters~~ --------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ~~Name~~ ~~Valid Range~~ ~~RSSI~~ ~~0-90dB~~ ~~SNR~~ ~~-30-60dB~~ ~~C/I~~ ~~-20-50dB~~ ~~BER~~ ~~10e-1 to 10-e-6~~ ~~Data Rate~~ ~~In Mbps~~ --------------------------------- ------------------------------------- 7.6.11 MIH_Link_Parameters_Report 7.6.11.1 MIH_Link_Parameters_Report.indication *(page 106)* 7.6.11.1.1 Function MIH_Link_Parameters_Report notification is sent by the MIHF to MIH Users to indicate various values of link parameters. The event may be local or remote. Parameters +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid | Description | | | | Range | | +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ | LinkIdentifer | Link ID | N/A | Identifier of the link | | | | | associated with the event | +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ | ~~L | List | N/A | A list of QoS Parameter for | | INK_QOS_PARAME | | | which threshold has been | | TER_LIST~~ | | | crossed ~~as specified in | | | | | Table~~ | | LinkParame | | | | | tersStatusList | | | Note: | | | | | | | | | | Subtype 0 for Generic link | | | | | type is reserved. | +----------------+-------------+-------+------------------------------+ 7.6.15 MIH_Get_Status *(page 108)* An MIH_Get_Status command is issued by upper layer entities to discover and monitor the status of the currently connected and potentially available links. An MIH_Get_Status command may be local or remote. For example, a local get status may help the policy function that resides out of MIH to make optimal handover decisions for different applications when multiple links are available in a mobile node. A remote initiated MIH_Get_Status from the network side may enable the network to collect the status information on multiple links in a mobile node through the currently connected link. Upper layer entities may query the lower layers periodically in a specified interval or based on the preferences in a policy engine, which is out of the scope of the standard. 7.6.15.1 MIH_Get_Status.request 7.6.15.1.1 Function This primitive is issued by MIH Users to discover the status of the currently connected and potentially available links. 7.6.15.1.2 Semantics of the service primitive The parameters of the primitive are as follows: MIH_Get_Status.request ( SourceIdentifier, DestinationIdentifier, LinkIdentifierList, GetStatusRequestSet ) +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid Range | Description | +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ | Source | Identifier | Any valid | The identifier of | | Identifier | | individual or | entity where the | | | | group | request is initiated. | | | | identifier | This field may be | | | | | optionally left empty | | | | | if the command is | | | | | local. | +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ | Destination | Identifier | Valid MIHF | The destination | | Identifier | | identifier | identifier of request | | | | | or response. This is | | | | | the identifier of local | | | | | or peer MIHF. | +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ | LinkId | LIST | N/A | List of link | | entifierList | | | identifiers for which | | | | | status is requested. If | | | | | the list of empty, | | | | | return the status of | | | | | all available links. | +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ | Get Status | ~~Set of | ~~Set of | ~~Containing a set of | | Request Set | status | status | interested status | | | requests~~ | requests~~ | information.~~ | | | | | | | | Integer | N/A | List of StatusRequest. | | | | | The encoding uses a | | | | | bitmap as follows: | | | | | | | | | | Bit #0: DEVICE_INFO | | | | | | | | | | Bit# 1: OPERATION_MODE | | | | | | | | | | Bit# 2:CHANNEL_ID | | | | | | | | | | Bit# 3:BATTERY_LEVEL | | | | | | | | | | Bit# 4: | | | | | LINK_Q | | | | | OS_PARAMETERS_TYPE_LIST | | | | | | | | | | Bit# 5-255: reserved | +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ 7.6.15.1.3 When generated This primitive is generated when MIH Users request the status information from lower layer links. 7.6.15.1.4 Effect of receipt An MIH_Get_Status command is issued by the local MIH Function to get information on the status of the links. A remote MIH_Get_Status command causes the peer MIH entity to issue the local MIH_Get_Status command. 7.6.15.2 MIH_Get_Status.confirm 7.6.15.2.1 Function This primitive is issued by the MIHF entity to report the status of the links in response to the requests of MIH Users. 7.6.15.2.2 Semantics of the service primitive The parameters of the primitive are as follows: MIH_Get_Status.confirm ( SourceIdentifier, DestinationIdentifier, GetStatusResponse~~Set~~List, Status ) +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid Range | Description | +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ | Source | Identifier | Any valid | The identifier of | | Identifier | | individual or | entity where the | | | | group | request is initiated. | | | | identifier | This field may be | | | | | optionally left empty | | | | | if the command is | | | | | local. | +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ | Destination | Identifier | Valid MIHF | The destination | | Identifier | | identifier | identifier of request | | | | | or response. This is | | | | | the identifier of local | | | | | or peer MIHF. | +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ | GetS | ~~Response | ~~Set of | ~~Contains status | | tatusRespons | for | status | response for set of | | e~~Set~~List | requests~~ | response~~ | requested items~~ | | | | | | | | LIST | N/A | List of StatusResponse | +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ | Status | Enumerated | Success | Status of operation | | | | | | | | | Error | | +--------------+------------+---------------+-------------------------+ Elements of StatusResponse ---------------- --------------- ------------------ ------------------------ Name Type Valid Range Description LinkIdentifier INTEGER N/A The link identifier for which status has been requested LinkStatusList LIST N/A List of LinkStatusResponse ---------------- --------------- ------------------ ------------------------ Elements of LinkStatusResponse +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid Range | Description | +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ | S | INTEGER | 0-255 | Type of parameter to | | tatusPara | | | be configured: | | meterType | | | | | | | | 0: DEVICE_INFO | | | | | | | | | | 1: OPERATION_MODE | | | | | | | | | | 2:CHANNEL_ID | | | | | | | | | | 3:BATTERY_LEVEL | | | | | | | | | | 4: | | | | | LIN | | | | | K_QOS_PARAMETERS_LIST | | | | | | | | | | 5-255: reserved | +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ | Configura | Values are | N/A | Value of the | | tionParam | dependent on | | parameter being set | | eterValue | parameter | | | | | for which | | | | | they are | | | | | being set. | | | +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ LinkStatusType values +---------------+---------+-----------------+--------------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid Range | Description | +---------------+---------+-----------------+--------------------------+ | DEVICE_INFO | STRING | N/A | Information on | | | | | manufacturer, model | | | | | number, revision number | | | | | of the software/firmware | | | | | and serial num ber in | | | | | displayable text are | | | | | returned. | +---------------+---------+-----------------+--------------------------+ | O | INTEGER | 0x00 Normal | Returns the link's | | PERATION_MODE | | Mode | current power mode. | | | | | | | | | 0x01 Power | | | | | Saving Mode | | | | | | | | | | 0x02 Power Down | | +---------------+---------+-----------------+--------------------------+ | CHANNEL_ID | INTEGER | N/A | The ID of the channel | | | | | currently in use | +---------------+---------+-----------------+--------------------------+ | BATTERY_LEVEL | INTEGER | 0-100; -1; | Battery level in | | | | unknown bat | percentage; | | | | tery level | | +---------------+---------+-----------------+--------------------------+ | LIN | LIST | N/A | List of QoSParameterType | | K_QOS_PARAMET | | | as defined in Table 12. | | ERS_TYPE_LIST | | | | +---------------+---------+-----------------+--------------------------+ 7.6.15.2.3 When generated This primitive is generated when MIHF receive the status information and report to MIH Users. 7.6.15.2.4 Effect of receipt Upon receipt of the link status information, the MIH Users make decisions and take actions. +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ | ~~Name (Get | ~~Type~~ | ~~Valid | ~~Description~~ | | Status | | Range~~ | | | Requests)~~ | | | | +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ | ~~DEVICE_INFO~~ | ~ | ~~N/A~~ | ~~Information on | | | ~STRING~~ | | manufacturer, model | | | | | number, revision | | | | | number of the | | | | | software/firmware | | | | | and serial num ber | | | | | in displayable text | | | | | are returned.~~ | +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ | ~~O | ~~ | ~~0x00 Normal | ~~Returns the link's | | PERATION_MODE~~ | INTEGER~~ | Mode~~ | current power | | | | | mode.~~ | | | | ~~0x01 Power | | | | | Saving Mode~~ | | | | | | | | | | ~~0x02 Power | | | | | Down~~ | | +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ | ~~LINK_ID~~ | ~~Link | ~~N/A~~ | ~~Return the ID of | | | ID~~ | | the link currently | | | | | configured to | | | | | communicate with.~~ | +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ | ~~CHANNEL_ID~~ | ~~ | ~~N/A~~ | ~~The ID of the | | | INTEGER~~ | | channel currently in | | | | | use~~ | +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ | ~~ | ~~ | ~~0-100; -1; | ~~Battery level in | | BATTERY_LEVEL~~ | INTEGER~~ | unknown bat | percentage;~~ | | | | tery level~~ | | +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ | ~~LI | ~~LIST~~ | ~~N/A~~ | ~~A list of QoS | | NK_QoS_PARAMETE | | | Parameters and their | | R_LIST~~ | | | corresponding values | | | | | as specified in | | | | | Table .~~ | +-----------------+-----------+----------------+----------------------+ 7.6.17 MIH_Configure *(page 112)* MIH_Configure may be issued by upper layer entities to control the behavior of lower layers, for example, to set some feature of the driver of a specific link. MIH_Configure may contain the configuration commands for multiple lower layer links. When MIH receives MIH_Configure, it issues the Link_Configure_Thresholds commands to corresponding links. The configuration parameter are passed on to Link_Configure_Thresholds commands. 7.6.17.1 MIH_Configure.request 7.6.17.1.1 Function This primitive is issued by MIH Users to control the behavior of a lower layer link. 7.6.17.1.2 Semantics of the service primitive The parameters of the primitive are as follows: MIH_Configure.request ( SourceIdentifier, DestinationIdentifier, LinkIdentifier, ConfigurationRequests~~Sets~~List ) +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid Range | Description | +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ | Sou | Identifier | Any valid | The identifier of | | rceIdenti | | individual or | entity where the | | fier | | group | request is initiated. | | | | identifier | This field may be | | | | | optionally left empty | | | | | if the com mand is | | | | | local. | +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ | De | Identifier | Valid MIHF | The destination | | stination | | identifier | identifier of request | | I | | | or response. This is | | dentifier | | | the identifier of | | | | | local or peer MIHF. | +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ | LinkI | Link ID | N/A | Identifier of the | | dentifier | | | link to configure. | +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ | Conf | ~~Set of | N/A | ~~Containing a set of | | iguration | c | | configuration | | Re | onfiguration | | parameters. See | | quests~~S | parameters | | Table below.~~ | | ets~~List | for corre | | | | | sponding | | List of | | | interfaces~~ | | ConfigurationRequest | | | LIST | | | +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ 7.6.17.1.3 When generated This primitive is generated when MIH Users attempt to control the behaviors of lower layer links, for example, set some features in the drivers. 7.6.17.1.4 Effect of receipt A local configure command causes the MIH to issue a Link Configure Threshold command to set the thresholds for lower layers according to the specified configuration parameters. A remote configure command causes the MIH in the peer entity to issue a Link Configure Threshold command. If multiple links need to be configured then Link Configure Threshold command should be sent to each of the links. Elements of ConfigurationRequest +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid Range | Description | +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ | Configur | INTEGER | 0-255 | Type of parameter to | | ationPara | | | be configured: | | meterType | | | | | | | | 0: OPERATION_MODE | | | | | | | | | | 1: | | | | | DISABLE_TRANSMITTER | | | | | | | | | | 2:LINK_ID | | | | | | | | | | 3:CURRENT_ADDRESS | | | | | | | | | | 4: SUSPEND_DRIVER | | | | | | | | | | 5:LIN | | | | | K_QOS_PARAMETERS_LIST | | | | | | | | | | 6-255: reserved | +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ | Configura | Values are | N/A | Value of the | | tionParam | dependent on | | parameter being set | | eterValue | parameter | | as defined in Table | | | for which | | 30. | | | they are | | | | | being set. | | | +-----------+--------------+-----------------+-----------------------+ Table 30 -- Link Configuration Parameter Values +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ | Name | Type | Valid Range | Description | +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ | OPERATION_MODE | INTEGER | 0x00 Normal Mode | Change the | | | | | device's | | | | 0x01 Power | power mode | | | | Saving Mode | | | | | | | | | | 0x02 Power Down | | +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ | DISABLE_TRANSMITTER | Boolean | N/A | E | | | | | nable/disable | | | | | the | | | | | transmitter | | | | | of the inter | | | | | face. | +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ | LINK_ID | Link ID | N/A | Change to the | | | | | specified | | | | | link | +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ | CURRENT_ADDRESS | STRING | N/A | Change the | | | | | current | | | | | address to | | | | | the value | | | | | specified | +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ | SUSPEND_DRIVER | Boolean | N/A | Suspend or | | | | | resume of the | | | | | specified | | | | | interface. | +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ | LIN | LIST | N/A | A list of | | K_QOS_PARAMETERS_LIST | | | QoSParameter | | | | | and their | | | | | corresponding | | | | | values as | | | | | specified in | | | | | Table 12 . | +-----------------------+---------+------------------+---------------+ ~~Table 31 - LinkQoSParameterType values~~ ----------- ---------------- ------------ ------------- ------------------------------- ~~Value~~ ~~Name~~ ~~Value Size ~~Valid ~~Description~~ (octets)~~ Range~~ ~~0~~ ~~Throughput~~ ~~4~~ ~~0-2\^32~~ ~~The maximum information transfer rate achiev able. This value is determined by the physical characteristics of the link. It is measured in kbps~~ ~~1~~ ~~Link Packet ~~2~~ ~~0-65535~~ ~~A value equal to integer part Error Rate~~ of the result of mul tiplying -100 times the log10 of the ratio between the number of packets received in error and the total number of packets transmitted in a link population of interest.~~ ~~2~~ ~~Supported ~~2~~ ~~0-65535~~ ~~The maximum number of number of COS~~ differentiable classes of service supported by this link~~ ~~3~~ ~~CoS Minimum ~~2~~ ~~0-65535~~ ~~This is an encoded value Packet Transfer which contains the class of Delay~~ service identifier in the 2 most signifi cant octets and the minimum packet transfer delay for the class in ms in the two least signifi cant octets. Valid range for minimum packet transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~4~~ ~~CoS Average ~~2~~ ~~0-65535~~ ~~This is an encoded value Packet Transfer which contains the class of Delay~~ service identifier in the 2 most signifi cant octets and the average packet transfer delay for the class in ms in the two least significant octets. Valid range for average packet transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~5~~ ~~CoS Maximum ~~2~~ ~~0-65535~~ ~~This is an encoded value Packet Transfer which contains the class of Delay~~ service identifier in the 2 most signifi cant octets and the maximum packet transfer delay for the class in ms in the two least signifi cant octets. Valid range for maximum packet transfer delay: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~6~~ ~~CoS Packet ~~2~~ ~~0-65535~~ ~~This is an encoded value Transfer Delay which contains the class of Jitter~~ service identifier in the 2 most signifi cant octets and the packet transfer delay jitter for the class in ms in the two least significant octets. Valid range for packet transfer delay jitter: \[0..65535\] ms~~ ~~7~~ ~~CoS Packet ~~4~~ ~~0-2\^32~~ ~~This is an encoded value Loss rate~~ which contains the class of service identifier in the 2 most signifi cant octets and a value equal to integer part of the result of multiplying -100 times the log10 of the ratio between the number of packets lost and the total number of packets transmitted in the class population of interest~~ ~~8-255~~ ~~Reserved~~ ~~N/A~~ ~~N/A~~ ~~Reserved for future use.~~ ----------- ---------------- ------------ ------------- ------------------------------- 7.6.17.2 MIH_Configure.confirm *(page 115)* 7.6.17.2.1 Function This primitive is issued by the MIH entity to report the result of the MIH_Configure command. 7.6.17.2.2 Semantics of the service primitive The parameters of the primitive are as follows: MIH_Configure.confirm ( SourceIdentifier, DestinationIdentifier, LinkIdentifier, ~~ConfigurationResponseSets~~ ConfigurationResponseList, Status ) +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid Range | Description | +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ | Source | Id | Any valid | The identifier of entity | | I | entifier | individual or | where the request is | | dentifier | | group | initiated. This field may | | | | identifier | be optionally left empty | | | | | if the command is local. | +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ | De | Id | Valid MIHF | The destination identifier | | stination | entifier | identifier | of request or response. | | I | | | This is the identifier of | | dentifier | | | local or peer MIHF. | +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ | Link | Link ID | N/A | Identifier of the link | | Identifer | | | configured. | +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ | ~~Conf | ~~Set of | N/A | ~~Containing a set of | | iguration | configu | | configuration parameters | | Respo | ration | | and their corresponding | | nseSets~~ | parame | | configuration results:~~ | | | ters and | | | | Conf | their | | ~~ConfigurationParameter~~ | | iguration | confi | | | | Res | guration | | ~~ResultCode~~ | | ponseList | r | | | | | esults~~ | | List of | | | | | ConfigurationResponse | | | LIST | | | +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ | Status | En | Success | Status of operation | | | umerated | | | | | | Error | | +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ Elements of ConfigurationResponse +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ | Name | Type | Valid Range | Description | +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ | Configur | INTEGER | 0-255 | Parameter for which | | ationPara | | | configuration has been | | meterType | | | requested. | +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ | Status | En | Success | Status of operation | | | umerated | | | | | | Error | | +-----------+----------+-----------------+----------------------------+ 7.6.17.2.3 When generated This primitive is generated when MIH receive the results of the Link Commands. 7.6.17.2.4 Effect of receipt Upon receipt of the result code, the MIH Users make evaluations and take actions. 8.4.1.23 Link Quality Parameter Type This specifies the type of link parameter. +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Type | Length | Value | +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 23 | ~~2~~ | ~~First Octet: Type of link.~~ | | | | | | | 2 | ~~0: Generic~~ | | | | | | | | ~~Other valid values are defined in Table 8.~~ | | | | | | | | ~~Second Octet: Type of Parameter~~ | | | | | | | | ~~(definition is specific to the Type of Link)~~ | | | | | | | | ~~For Generic Link:~~ | | | | | | | | First Octet: Type of link. | | | | | | | | 0: Generic link type | | | | | | | | 1-255: Link specific types as defined in Table 8. | | | | | | | | Second Octet: Subtype of Parameter | | | | | | | | Generic Link Parameters: | | | | | | | | ~~0: Speed~~ | | | | | | | | ~~1: Signal Strength~~ | | | | | | | | ~~2: Bit Error Rate~~ | | | | | | | | ~~3: Frame Loss Rate before Retransmission~~ | | | | | | | | ~~4-255: Reserved~~ | | | | | | | | 0: Number of supported CoS | | | | | | | | 1: Throughput | | | | | | | | 2: Packet Error Rate | | | | | | | | 3: Minimum Packet Transfer Delay | | | | | | | | 4: Average Packet Transfer Delay | | | | | | | | 5: Maximum Packet Transfer Delay | | | | | | | | 6: Packet Transfer Delay Jitter | | | | | | | | 7: Packet Loss Rate | | | | | | | | 8-255: Reserved | | | | | | | | \[Editor's note: specific link parameter types | | | | TBD\] | +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ 8.4.1.26 Link Status Parameters Type This parameter specifies the set of link layer parameters for which status may be requested or reported. +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Type | Length | Value | +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 26 | 4 | Set of link parameters for which status is | | | | requested or the value is reported | | | | | | | | ~~Bit #0: Network Types~~ | | | | | | | | ~~Bit #1: Device Information~~ | | | | | | | | ~~Bit #2: Operation Mode~~ | | | | | | | | ~~Bit #3: Channel Identifier~~ | | | | | | | | ~~Bit #4: Channel Quality~~ | | | | | | | | ~~Bit #5: Link Speed~~ | | | | | | | | ~~Bit #6: Battery Level~~ | | | | | | | | ~~Bit #7\~31: Reserved~~ | | | | | | | | Bit #0: Device Information | | | | | | | | Bit #1: Operation Mode | | | | | | | | Bit #2: Channel Identifier | | | | | | | | Bit #3: Link Speed | | | | | | | | Bit #4: Battery Level | | | | | | | | Bit #5: Link QoS Parameters Type List | | | | | | | | Bit #6\~31: Reserved | +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ 8.4.1.29 Link Configure Parameters Type This specifies the set of link parameters that may be configured for handover. +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Type | Length | Value | +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 29 | 1 | Set of link parameters which may be used to | | | | configure the link | | | | | | | | ~~Bit #0: Operation Mode~~ | | | | | | | | ~~Bit #1: Transmitter Status~~ | | | | | | | | ~~Bit #2: Current Address~~ | | | | | | | | ~~Bit #3\~31: *Reserved*~~ | | | | | | | | Bit #0: Operation Mode | | | | | | | | Bit #1: Transmitter Status | | | | | | | | Bit #2: Link ID | | | | | | | | Bit #3: Current Address | | | | | | | | Bit #4: Driver Status | | | | | | | | Bit #5: Link QoS Parameter List | | | | | | | | Bit #5\~31: *Reserved* | +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ 8.4.1.31 Link Parameter Threshold This specifies the threshold value of a link layer parameter. +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Type | Length | Value | +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 31 | V | Specifies the threshold value of a link layer | | | ariable | parameter. The value | | | | | | | | depends on the parameter under consideration. | +--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+ 8.4.1.36 Link Status Parameters Response This parameter specifies the response to request to get the status of link layer parameters, see Section 7.6.15.2.4 for details of link status parameter definition. --------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------- Type Length Value 36 Variable Status of different link layer parameters --------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------- 8.4.1.37 Link Configure Parameter Value This specifies the type of link parameter. --------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------- Type Length Value 37 Variable Values for a set of link parameters that need to be configured --------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------- **Annex A4 - QoS Examples** (informative) Table 42 below gives an example mapping between the QOS parameters defined by the MIHF and the measurements available on the link. This mapping is media specific and implementation dependent. Table 42 -- An example of a QoS Parameter Mapping Table. -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- ------------------------- 802.21 802.11 802.16 3GPP 3GPP2 Throughput Peak Data Maximum Maximum Peak_Rate Rate Sustained Bitrate Traffic Rate ~~Guaranteed ~~Minimum Data ~~Minimum ~~Guaranteed (Min) Rate~~ Reserved Bitrate~~ Bitrate~~ Traffic Rate~~ ~~Peak Rate~~ ~~Peak Data ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~Peak_Rate~~ Rate~~ Packet Loss Max_IP_Packet_Loss_Rate Rate ~~Before Retransm~~. Packet Error Packet Error SDU Error Rate Rate Ratio ~~Max Packet ~~Maximum MSDU ~~ ~~ ~~Maximum SDU ~~Packet_Size~~ Size~~ Size~~ Size~~ CoS Minimum Packet Transfer Delay CoS Average Transfer Delay Packet Transfer Delay CoS Maximum Delay Bound Maximum Max_Latency Packet Latency Transfer Delay CoS Packet Tolerated Delay_Var_Sensitive Transfer Delay Jitter Jitter -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- ------------------------- Figure 36 represents an example flow diagram for using the QoS framework defined by the MIHF. The MIH configure primitive is used to set the application quality of service requirements and make it available to the MIHF. These parameters are mapped into media specific measurements at the MIH layer and then used to configure the link parameter thresholds. While this mapping is not defined by these specifications, Table 42 provides an example of such mapping. The primitive MIH_Link_Parameter_Report is used to relay link specific measurements back to the MIH User.

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Assessing State Progress in Meeting the Highly Qualified Teacher (HQT) Goals Protocol for Department of Education (ED) Review to Determine Which States Must Submit Revised HQT Plans State: FLORIDA Date of Review: 5/3/06 Overall Recommendation: \_\_\_\_\_ Revised Plan Not Required: The State is making substantial progress and is not required to submit a revised HQT plan \_\_X\_\_ Revised Plan Required: The State has shown good-faith effort in meeting the HQT goal but a revised HQT plan is required \_\_\_\_\_ Revised Plan Required, Possible Sanctions: The State has not shown good-faith effort in meeting the HQT goal. A revised HQT plan is required and the Department will consider appropriate administrative actions or sanctions Comments to support recommendation: - Florida has made significant progress on implementing its HQT definitions and procedures. - The State has reported complete and accurate data in both its annual report cards and the CSPR. - Florida has a variety of strategies that address staffing inequities between high- and low-poverty schools. The State, however, lacks a comprehensive equity plan that would provide a blueprint statewide to ensure that all children have access to a high-quality teacher. - While the State has made substantial gains in meeting the HQT goal, it still faces challenges at the secondary level, especially within high-poverty schools. Decision Approve \_\_\_\_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Signature [Elizabeth A. Witt /s/]{.underline} Date [5/10/2006]{.underline} Disapprove \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Signature \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Requirement 1: [Appropriate HQT Definitions]{.underline}---A State must have a definition of a "highly qualified teacher" that is consistent with the law, and it must use this definition to determine the status of all teachers, including special education teachers, who teach core academic subjects \[ESEA §9101(23); IDEA §602(10)\]. ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y/N/U Evidence Y Does the State have an appropriate HQT definition in place? Y Do the definitions apply to all teachers of core academic subjects, including special education teachers? Y Has the State used these definitions to determine the HQ status of all teachers? N If the State has established HOUSSE procedures, has it completed its review of teachers who are not new to the profession? ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y=Yes; N=No; U=Undecided [Finding]{.underline}: \_\_\_ Requirement 1 has been met \_X\_ Requirement 1 has been partially met \_\_\_ Requirement 1 has not been met \_\_\_ Additional information needed to make determination \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date Requested \_\_\_\_\_\_ Submission Deadline[^1] [Supporting Narrative]{.underline}: - The U.S. Department of Education (ED) conducted an NCLB Title II, Part A monitoring review of Florida and is satisfied that the State has implemented the correct HQT definitions and procedures. Florida was issued a finding with regard to determining the HQT status of new and veteran elementary special education teachers, but has provided an acceptable corrective action plan to ED to address the issue. - Florida has a corrective action plan detailing how it will be applying the HQT requirements to new and veteran elementary teachers by June 30, 2006. - Florida is in the process of conducting its final HOUSSE review of its veteran teachers. Source: SEA Monitoring Protocol; Florida Monitoring Report for the October 26-28, 2006 visit; Florida State Response (4/6/2006); ED Resolution Letter (4/28/06). Requirement 2: [Public Reporting of HQT Data]{.underline}---A State must provide parents and the public with accurate, complete reports on the number and percentage of classes in core academic subjects taught by highly qualified teachers. States and districts must provide these data to parents through school, district, and State report cards. Parents of students in schools receiving Title I funds must be notified that they may request information regarding the professional qualifications of their children's teachers, and they must be notified if their children have been assigned to or taught for four or more consecutive weeks by a teacher who is not highly qualified \[ESEA §1111(h)(6) and §1119(i)\]. ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y/N/U Evidence Y Does the State have an Annual State Report Card that contains required information on the qualifications of teachers, including the percentage of classes not taught by highly qualified teachers? Y Does the State have annual report cards for all of its LEAs and schools that contain required information on the qualifications of teachers, including the percentage of classes not taught by highly qualified teachers? Y Does the State assure that all report cards are available to the public? Y Does the SEA assure that principals in all Title I schools send the required notification to parents when children are taught by teachers who are not HQ? Does the SEA have evidence that notification occurs in a timely way? Y Does the SEA ensure that parents of students in Title I districts are notified that they may request information regarding the professional qualifications of their children's teachers? ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y=Yes; N=No; U=Undecided [Finding]{.underline}: \_\_\_ Requirement 2 has been met \_\_\_ Requirement 2 has been partially met \_\_\_ Requirement 2 has not been met \_\_\_ Additional information needed to make determination \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date Requested \_\_\_\_\_\_ Submission Deadline [Supporting Narrative]{.underline}: Website link to report cards: http://doeweb-prd.doe.state.fl.us/eds/nclbspar/nclb0405.cfm?dist_schl=29_41#teacher The most recent report card data are for the 2004-2005 school year. Were HQT data included in the report cards? Yes Other information (if available): - The State publishes an annual report card with the required HQT information and makes it available to the public. - As part of its Title II, Part A, monitoring review of Florida, ED determined that the State was in compliance with Title I hiring and parental notification issues. Source: SEA Monitoring Protocol; Florida Monitoring Report for the October 26-28, 2006 visit; Florida State Response (4/6/2006); ED Resolution Letter (4/28/06). Requirement 3: [Data Reporting to ED]{.underline}---States must submit complete and accurate data to the U.S. Secretary of Education on their implementation of the HQT requirements as part of their Consolidated State Performance Report (CSPR). In addition to reporting the number and percentage of core academic classes being taught by highly qualified teachers in all schools, States must report on the number and percentage of core academic classes being taught in "high-" and "low-poverty" schools \[ESEA §1111(h)(4)(G) and §9101(23)\]. States must also provide additional information in the CSPR that describes, for classes taught by non-HQ teachers, the reasons why the teachers are not highly qualified. ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y/N/U Evidence Y Did the State submit complete HQT data in the 2004-05 CSPR? Y Are the submitted HQT data reported at the classroom level? Y Were data disaggregated for elementary and secondary schools? Y Were data disaggregated by high- and low-poverty elementary schools and high- and low-poverty secondary schools? Y Did the State provide specific information describing the reasons why teachers are not highly qualified? ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y=Yes; N=No; U=Undecided [Finding]{.underline}: \_X\_ Requirement 3 has been met \_\_\_ Requirement 3 has been partially met \_\_\_ Requirement 3 has not been met \_\_\_ Additional information needed to make determination \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date Requested \_\_\_\_\_\_ Submission Deadline [Supporting Narrative]{.underline}: - Florida reported complete 2004-05 HQT data in its 2006 CSPR by the required disaggregated categories. Florida corrected the 2004-05 CSPR data as a result of its finding on special educators (see above). - The State reported its greatest challenge in meeting the HQT goal is secondary classes taught by certified general education teachers who have not demonstrated subject-matter competence in those subjects (66 percent of the classes not taught by HQT). Source: Consolidated State Performance Report, March 2006; Followup of 2004-05 CSPR data verification (4/14/06). Requirement 4: [Equity Plans]{.underline}---States must have a plan in place to ensure that poor or minority children are not taught by inexperienced, unqualified, or out-of-field teachers at higher rates than are other children \[ESEA §1111(b)(8)(C)\]. ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y/N/U Evidence Y Does the State have a plan in place to ensure that poor or minority children are not taught by inexperienced, unqualified, or out-of-field teachers at higher rates than are other children? Y Does the plan include specific strategies for addressing inequities in teacher assignment? ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y=Yes; N=No; U=Undecided [Finding]{.underline}: \_\_\_ Requirement 4 has been met \_X\_ Requirement 4 has been partially met \_\_\_ Requirement 4 has not been met \_\_\_ Additional information needed to make determination \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date Requested \_\_\_\_\_\_ Submission Deadline [Supporting Narrative]{.underline}: - Florida received a finding on its lack of an equity plan during its monitoring review. ED received and accepted a corrective action plan that described the State's strategies to eliminating staffing inequities between high- and low-poverty schools. The approach described in the State's response did not provide enough detail to determine whether the plan adequately addresses all of ED's equity concerns. Source: SEA Monitoring Protocol; Florida Monitoring Report for the October 26-28, 2006 visit; Florida State Response (4/6/2006); ED Resolution Letter (4/28/06); Follow-up of 2004-05 CSPR data verification (4/14/06). [Analysis of the State's Progress Toward Meeting the HQT Goal:]{.underline} Has the State made annual progress in increasing the percent of classes taught by highly qualified teachers? [2002-03 data (from 2004 CSPR):]{.underline} +---------------------+-----------+----------------+------------------+ | **School Type** | **Total | **Number of | **Percentage of | | | Number of | Core Academic | Core Academic | | | Core | Classes Taught | Classes Taught | | | Academic | by Highly | by Highly | | | Classes** | Qualified | Qualified | | | | Teachers** | Teachers** | +---------------------+-----------+----------------+------------------+ | ####### A | **NA** | **NA** | **91** | | ll Schools in State | | | | +---------------------+-----------+----------------+------------------+ | > **All Elementary | **NA** | **NA** | **NA** | | > Schools** | | | | +---------------------+-----------+----------------+------------------+ | **All Secondary | **NA** | **NA** | **NA** | | Schools** | | | | +---------------------+-----------+----------------+------------------+ | **High-Poverty | **NA** | **NA** | **93** | | Schools** | | | | +---------------------+-----------+----------------+------------------+ | **Low-Poverty | **NA** | **NA** | **NA** | | Schools** | | | | +---------------------+-----------+----------------+------------------+ [2003-04 data (from 2005 CSPR):]{.underline} +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | **School Type** | **Total | **Number of | **Percentage of | | | Number | Core Academic | Core Academic | | | of Core | Classes Taught | Classes Taught | | | Academic | by Highly | by Highly | | | C | Qualified | Qualified | | | lasses** | Teachers** | Teachers** | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | ####### A | **5 | **511,055** | **89.0** | | ll Schools in State | 74,476** | | | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | > **All Elementary | **2 | **226,357** | **93.9** | | > Schools** | 41,136** | | | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | **All Secondary | **3 | **284,698** | **85.4** | | Schools** | 33,340** | | | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | **High-Poverty | **1 | **93,978** | **87.2** | | Schools** | 07,790** | | | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | **Low-Poverty | **1 | **134,848** | **91.0** | | Schools** | 48,106** | | | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ [2004-05 data (from 2006 CSPR):]{.underline} +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | **School Type** | **Total | **Number of | **Percentage of | | | Number | Core Academic | Core Academic | | | of Core | Classes Taught | Classes Taught | | | Academic | by Highly | by Highly | | | C | Qualified | Qualified | | | lasses** | Teachers** | Teachers** | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | ####### A | **6 | **604,781** | **92.4** | | ll Schools in State | 54,760** | | | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | ##### | | | | | ## Elementary Level | | | | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | **High-Poverty | ** | **56,667** | **93.9** | | Schools** | 60,368** | | | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | **Low-Poverty | ** | **77,564** | **95.5** | | Schools** | 81,162** | | | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | > **All Elementary | **2 | **275,486** | **94.8** | | > Schools** | 90,601** | | | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | # Secondary Level | | | | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | **High-Poverty | ** | **58,132** | **87.7** | | Schools** | 66,289** | | | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | **Low-Poverty | ** | **81,352** | **93.1** | | Schools** | 87,379** | | | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ | **All Secondary | **3 | **329,295** | **90.4** | | Schools** | 64,159** | | | +---------------------+----------+-----------------+------------------+ [Finding]{.underline}: \_X\_ The State is making annual progress in increasing the percentage of classes taught by highly qualified teachers \_\_\_ The State is not making annual progress in increasing the percentage of classes taught by highly qualified teachers \_\_\_ Additional information needed to make determination \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date Requested \_\_\_\_\_\_ Submission Deadline [Supporting Narrative]{.underline}: - Florida reported that the percentage of classes taught by HQTs has increased from 89 percent in 2002-03 to 92 percent in 2004-05. However, given the State's compliance issue with special education teachers (see above) it is not clear if the data prior to 2004-05 accurately captured the HQT status of special education teachers. Source: Consolidated State Performance Reports; Follow-up of 2004-05 CSPR data verification (4/14/06). The 2004-05 CSPR data must show that the State has made substantial progress in reaching the goal that, after the 2005-06 school year, 100 percent of all core academic classes will be taught by a highly qualified teacher. ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y/N/U/NA Evidence Y Is the percentage of classes taught by highly qualified teachers in high-poverty elementary schools reasonably close to (e.g., within 5 points) the percentage of classes taught by highly qualified teachers in low-poverty elementary schools? N Is the percentage of classes taught by highly qualified teachers in high-poverty secondary schools reasonably close to (e.g., within 5 points) the percentage of classes taught by highly qualified teachers in low-poverty secondary schools? U Has the State made substantial progress since 2002-03 in reaching the goal of 100 percent of classes taught by highly qualified teachers? Y Are at least 90 percent of classes, in total, taught by highly qualified teachers? Y Are at least 90 percent of elementary school classes taught by highly qualified teachers? Y Are at least 90 percent of secondary school classes taught by highly qualified teachers? Y If more than 90 percent of classes are taught by highly qualified teachers, do the data on teachers who remain non-HQT suggest special cases that may make it difficult for the State to meet the HQT goal? ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y=Yes; N=No; U=Undecided; NA=Not Applicable [Finding]{.underline}: \_X\_ The State has made substantial progress in meeting the HQT goal \_\_\_ The State has not made substantial progress in meeting the HQT goal \_\_\_ Additional information needed to make determination \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date Requested \_\_\_\_\_\_ Submission Deadline [Supporting Narrative]{.underline}: - The percentage of classes taught by HQTs is above 90 percent in all categories except high-poverty secondary schools. At the secondary level, there is a six percentage point gap between high- and low-poverty schools. - Due to significant changes in data collection procedures from the baseline year trends from 2002-03 to 2004-05 cannot be determined. Source: Consolidated State Performance Reports; Follow-up of 2004-05 CSPR data verification (4/14/06). How does the State's progress in meeting the HQT goal align with its progress in ensuring that all schools make adequate yearly progress toward the goal of improvement in student achievement in reading and mathematics? ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Y/N/U/NA Evidence N Does improved and exemplary statewide student achievement on NAEP or on the State assessment indicate that significant revision to the State's HQT plan is not required, even if more than 10 percent of classes are taught by teachers who are not HQ? Do districts or schools that are in need of improvement or in corrective action status have higher percentages of teachers who are not highly qualified than do other schools? ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ [Finding]{.underline}: \_\_\_ The State is making adequate yearly progress in student achievement in nearly all of its districts and schools \_\_\_ The State is not making adequate yearly progress in student achievement in a substantial number of its schools or districts \_\_\_ The State is not making substantial progress in meeting the HQT goal in many of the schools and districts that are not making AYP \_\_\_ Additional information needed to make determination \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date Requested \_\_\_\_\_\_ Submission Deadline [Supporting Narrative]{.underline}: [^1]: ^\*^ In general, the submission deadline for additional information will be 30 business days after the date of the request.

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! Started logfile: difmap.log on Wed Apr 9 12:54:53 2008 observe 1417+273_X.edt ! Reading UV FITS file: 1417+273_X.edt ! AN table 1: 99 integrations on 136 of 136 possible baselines. ! AN table 2: 51 integrations on 136 of 136 possible baselines. ! AN table 3: 179 integrations on 136 of 136 possible baselines. ! AN table 4: 40 integrations on 136 of 136 possible baselines. ! Apparent sampling: 0.0590427 visibilities/baseline/integration-bin. ! *** This seems a bit low - see "help observe" on the binwid argument. ! Found source: 1417+273 ! ! There are 4 IFs, and a total of 4 channels: ! ! IF Channel Frequency Freq offset Number of Overall IF ! origin at origin per channel channels bandwidth ! ------------------------------------------------------------- (Hz) ! 01 1 8.40997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 02 2 8.47997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 03 3 8.79497e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 04 4 8.89997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! ! Polarization(s): RR ! ! Read 1111 lines of history. ! ! Reading 11852 visibilities. select rr ! Selecting polarization: RR, channels: 1..4 ! Reading IF 1 channels: 1..1 ! Reading IF 2 channels: 2..2 ! Reading IF 3 channels: 3..3 ! Reading IF 4 channels: 4..4 rmod 1417+273_X.mod ! A total of 38 model components were read from file 1417+273_X.mod gscale true ! Performing overall amplitude self-cal ! Adding 38 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 38 components and 0.360001 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! A total of 1345 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 1.23 FD 0.90 HN 0.97 KB 3.39 ! KK 1.03 KP 0.87 LA 0.97 MK 0.93 ! NL 1.20 NY 1.00* OV 0.56 PT 1.02 ! SC 1.00* TS 1.01 WF 0.93 WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.24 ! ! A total of 618 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 1.11 FD 0.92 HN 1.09 KB 0.61 ! KK 1.13 KP 0.91 LA 0.94 MK 1.10 ! NL 1.21 NY 1.00* OV 1.05 PT 0.92 ! SC 1.03 TS 0.96 WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.19 ! ! A total of 2641 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.14 FD 0.94 HN 1.08 KB 0.60 ! KK 1.25 KP 0.92 LA 0.98 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.18 NY 1.00* OV 1.35 PT 0.95 ! SC 0.92 TS 0.92 WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.24 ! ! A total of 680 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* HN 0.00* KB 0.00* ! KK 0.00* KP 0.00* LA 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ZC 0.00* ! ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! A total of 1345 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 1.22 FD 0.95 HN 1.01 KB 3.02 ! KK 1.09 KP 0.91 LA 0.94 MK 0.89 ! NL 1.14 NY 1.00* OV 0.53 PT 1.00 ! SC 1.00* TS 1.05 WF 0.90 WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.12 ! ! A total of 618 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 1.14 FD 0.94 HN 1.13 KB 0.61 ! KK 1.13 KP 0.87 LA 0.94 MK 1.11 ! NL 1.15 NY 1.00* OV 1.01 PT 0.97 ! SC 1.01 TS 0.93 WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.10 ! ! A total of 2709 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.12 FD 0.95 HN 1.09 KB 0.58 ! KK 1.31 KP 0.89 LA 0.97 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.15 NY 1.00* OV 1.41 PT 0.99 ! SC 0.88 TS 0.96 WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.09 ! ! A total of 680 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* HN 0.00* KB 0.00* ! KK 0.00* KP 0.00* LA 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ZC 0.00* ! ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! A total of 1365 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 1.08 FD 0.93 HN 1.02 KB 2.88 ! KK 1.13 KP 0.80 LA 1.03 MK 0.98 ! NL 1.16 NY 1.00* OV 0.56 PT 1.03 ! SC 1.00* TS 1.09 WF 0.98 WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.00* ! ! A total of 650 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 1.17 FD 0.94 HN 1.09 KB 0.67 ! KK 1.25 KP 0.79 LA 0.97 MK 1.13 ! NL 1.18 NY 1.00* OV 1.10 PT 0.97 ! SC 1.02 TS 0.90 WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.00* ! ! A total of 2709 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.18 FD 0.94 HN 1.12 KB 0.65 ! KK 1.37 KP 0.81 LA 0.99 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.15 NY 1.00* OV 1.47 PT 1.00 ! SC 0.89 TS 0.93 WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.42 ! ! A total of 680 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* HN 0.00* KB 0.00* ! KK 0.00* KP 0.00* LA 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ZC 0.00* ! ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! A total of 1365 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 1.09 FD 0.92 HN 1.06 KB 2.45 ! KK 1.02 KP 0.78 LA 1.01 MK 0.94 ! NL 1.14 NY 1.00* OV 0.58 PT 1.02 ! SC 1.00* TS 1.19 WF 1.03 WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.00* ! ! A total of 650 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 1.18 FD 0.94 HN 1.14 KB 0.64 ! KK 1.01 KP 0.83 LA 1.00 MK 1.12 ! NL 1.20 NY 1.00* OV 1.04 PT 0.95 ! SC 1.06 TS 0.96 WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.00* ! ! A total of 2785 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.13 FD 0.98 HN 1.16 KB 1.00* ! KK 1.00* KP 0.84 LA 0.97 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.17 NY 1.00* OV 1.44 PT 0.99 ! SC 0.94 TS 1.00* WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* ! ZC 1.00* ! ! A total of 680 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* HN 0.00* KB 0.00* ! KK 0.00* KP 0.00* LA 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ZC 0.00* ! ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.133045Jy sigma=0.001665 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.127819Jy sigma=0.001175 quit ! Quitting program ! Log file difmap.log closed on Wed Apr 9 12:55:13 2008

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converted_docs

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**SAMPLE NONDISCLOSURE STATEMENT** **ACQUISITION SUPPORT SERVICES** I understand that in connection with my participation in this task order \[INSERT TASK ORDER SERVICES HERE\], I may acquire or have access to information relating to any and all aspects of the acquisition. I hereby agree that I will not discuss with or reveal to any representative of any governmental entity, business organization, other entity, or any individual person (except persons specifically authorized by the Procuring Contracting Officer (PCO)), either within or outside the U.S. Government, any aspect of the acquisition. The term "any aspect of the acquisition" includes, but is not limited to, information contained (or to be contained) in any acquisition documentation created by or on behalf of the United States Government pursuant to FAR Subpart 7.1, requests for quotations/proposals, requests for quotation (RFQ), source selection information (as that term is defined in FAR § 2.101), trade secrets and other proprietary information (18 U.S.C. §§ 1832, 1905), the number and identity of Government personnel involved, and the schedule of key technical and acquisition events in the acquisition process. Except as specifically authorized by the PCO, release of such information is not authorized. I agree that this obligation shall continue both during the period of my current participation and thereafter. I recognize that a significant factor in the successful and proper completion of the acquisition is the strict confidentiality observed by all participants in the various evaluations, review, and discussion groups concerning all of the activities and procedures involved in acquisition development, and that failure to comply with these requirements may compromise the award decision. I acknowledge that the unauthorized release of acquisition information may result in the termination of my participation in this acquisition. Furthermore, I am aware that the unauthorized release of such information may subject me to criminal and civil penalties. In the event that I release any information described above or become aware that such information has been released by someone else, I agree to so advise the PCO. When so advising the PCO, I will provide the PCO with the following information: (1) the business organization or other entity, or individual person, to whom the information in question was divulged, (2) the identity of the person that disclosed the information, and (3) the content of the information. I further affirm that if I am notified of the identity of offerors, their subcontractors, joint venture partners, and team members by whatever means, I will (1) disclose to the PCO and to \[insert the ordering agency's\] Office of Counsel whether I or any member of my immediate family\* have any holdings or interest whatsoever in any offeror, their subcontractors, joint venture partners, or team members, and (2) if I or a member of my immediate family\* acquire holdings or interest in any offeror, their subcontractors, joint venture partners, or team members, notify the PCO and will not participate in any aspect of the acquisition unless authorized to do so by the PCO and Office of Counsel. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Signature and Date \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Printed Name Phone Number & e-mail \* The interest of a spouse, minor child, or other member of the employee's immediate household is reported in the same manner as an interest of the employee.

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converted_docs

303103

**M E M O R A N D U M** DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research **DATE:** 7 August 2004 **FROM:** David Orloff, MD Eric G. Colman, MD Division of Metabolic and Endocrine Drug Products (DMEDP) Office of Drug Evaluation 2 (ODE 2) Center for Drug Evaluation & Research (CDER) Food & Drug Administration (FDA) **TO:** Members and Consultants, Endocrinologic & Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee **SUBJECT:** 8 September 2004, Advisory Committee meeting on the draft guidance: *Clinical Evaluation of Weight-Control Drugs* On 8 September 2004, key personnel from the Division of Metabolic and Endocrine Drug Products will meet with its Advisory Committee members and consultants to discuss the FDA draft guidance document entitled, *Clinical Evaluation of Weigh-Control Drugs* (hereafter, Obesity Drug Guidance) (**enclosed**). The meeting agenda includes five oral presentations during the morning session, with open discussion in the afternoon (**enclosed**). Broadly speaking, drugs that are FDA approved for the treatment of obesity fall into two categories: those approved for short-term use (i.e., a few weeks) and those approved for long-term use (Table enclosed). All of the drugs indicated for short-term use were approved prior to 1974. In general, the pre-approval trials for these drugs included fewer than 100 patients and were no more than 12 weeks in duration. In the spring of 1996 the Agency approved dexfenfluramine for the long-term treatment of obesity. Pre-approval trials for this drug included hundreds of subjects exposed to drug for as long as 52 weeks. As you know, dexfenfluramine (and fenfluramine) were withdrawn from the market due to reports linking their use to left-sided cardiac valvulopathy. In the fall of 1996, following input from its advisory committee, the Division of Metabolic and Endocrine Drug Products issued the Obesity Drug Guidance. Among other things, the guidance recommended the following: - The study population include those with a body mass index (BMI) of 27 kg/m^2^ to \< 30 kg/m^2^ when accompanied by comorbid conditions (i.e., hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus) and those with a BMI of [\>]{.underline} 30 kg/m^2^, with or without comorbidities; - Efficacy be based on weight loss following at least one year of double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment; - Safety be based on one year of double-blind treatment and a second year of open-label therapy; - That approximately 1500 subjects complete 12 months of therapy, with 200-500 of those completing a second year of study. The FDA approved sibutramine in 1997 and orlistat in 1999, both for the long-term treatment of obesity. Like dexfenfluramine, the pre-approval trials for these two compounds involved hundreds of patients exposed to drug for a minimum of one year. Recent estimates indicate that phentermine, approved in 1959 for the short-term treatment of obesity, is still the most widely-used weight-loss drug, followed by orlistat and sibutramine (paper by Stafford and Radley, **enclosed**). While it has been more than five years since the Agency approved an obesity drug, a large number of weight-loss agents, with a variety of mechanisms of action, are currently being studied under Investigational New Drug applications. Given the increasing magnitude of the obesity problem, the Division anticipates that development of drugs in this therapeutic class will greatly expand in the coming years. The Obesity Drug Guidance will therefore continue to be an important source of direction for pharmaceutical sponsors of weight-loss drugs. To ensure that the Obesity Drug Guidance reflects up-to-date scientific information and advice, the FDA requested public comment on the document in the 26 January 2004, issue of the Federal Register. Seventeen responses, mostly from the pharmaceutical industry, were received by the closing date of 26 April 2004 **(enclosed)**. Comments and suggested revisions related to all aspects of the guidance were submitted, but several areas received considerable attention. These included: - Broadening the inclusion criteria for trial participation to include subjects who are overweight (extending the lower bounds of the entry criterion to a BMI [\>]{.underline} 25 kg/m^2^); - Eliminating the need for a second year of open-label study; - Reducing the number of subjects required to evaluate a drug's safety profile from 1500 studied for one year to approximately 300-600 patients exposed for 6 months and 100 patients for one year. These latter numbers reflect the International Committee on Harmonization's general recommendations for assessing clinical safety of a new drug (**enclosed**). We anticipate that these topics, among others, will be discussed in great detail at the September 8^th^ meeting and ask that you keep them in mind as you read the enclosed briefing material. We sincerely appreciate your willingness to participate in the advisory committee process and look forward to a productive meeting in September.

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868090

# Presentation: 868090 ## IMPLEMENTING DOE ORDER 450.1ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS - U.S. Department of Energy - Richland Operations Office ## P2 EXPECTATIONS: Close Gap Between Current Performance and DOE Goals; Reduce Estimated Wastes by 10% Annually; Meet goals within current funding baselines; Contractors are to Incorporate P2 and Toxic Chemical Goals. - Close Gap Between Current Performance and DOE Goals; - Reduce Estimated Wastes by 10% Annually; - Meet goals within current funding baselines; - Contractors are to Incorporate P2 and Toxic Chemical Goals. **APRIL 28, 2003 LETTER FROM J. ROBERSON TO FIELD OFFICES*****“ACHIEVING DEPARTMENTAL P2 GOALS”*** ## APRIL 28, 2003 LETTER FROM J. ROBERSON TO FIELD OFFICES“ACHIEVING DEPARTMENTAL P2 GOALS” **DOE O 450.1 EXPECTATIONS:** **Incorporate EMS Into ISMS through****;** - Systematic Planning, - Integrated Execution, and - Evaluation of Programs **EMS Applicability****;** - Public Health; - Environmental Protection - Pollution Prevention (P2) - Compliance with Environmental Regulations ## Commitment by K. Klein to J. Roberson to complete by 12/31/2005 via letter 03-SSD-0133 June 5, 2003; ROD was approved in November, 2003; P2 reporting has been initiated by FHI and BHI; RL has good start for compliant EMS within RIMS (EMS as part of ISMS); Preliminary Gap Analysis (broad overview) completed September, 2003. Contractor feedback indicates already compliant or no impact from CRD **ROD**** was approved in November, 2003;** **P2 reporting**** has been initiated by FHI and BHI;** **RL has good start for compliant**** EMS within RIMS**** (EMS as part of ISMS);** **Preliminary Gap Analysis**** (broad overview) completed September, 2003. ** **Contractor feedback indicates already compliant or no impact from CRD** **WHERE WE ARE TODAY** ## FY 2003 FEDERAL SCORECARD Site EMS Policy Statement Issued; EMS Implementation Training Developed and Provided; Significant Environmental Aspects Identified; FY 2004 FEDERAL SCORECARD Measurable Environmental Objectives and Targets Established; EMS Awareness Training Program Established; FY 2005 FEDERAL SCORECARD All EMS Procedures Established; Self-Declaration or Third Party Certification Obtained. - Site EMS Policy Statement Issued; - EMS Implementation Training Developed and Provided; - Significant Environmental Aspects Identified; **FY 2004**** FEDERAL SCORECARD** - Measurable Environmental Objectives and Targets Established; - EMS Awareness Training Program Established; **FY 2005**** FEDERAL SCORECARD** - All EMS Procedures Established; - Self-Declaration or Third Party Certification Obtained. **EM CEQ METRIC SURVEY AND IMPLEMENTATION STATUS** **EM requires continuous updates on O 450.1 implementation as follows:** ## Obtain approval of Environmental Policy for RL; Incorporate CRD into FHI and BHI contract; Complete Gap Analysis (detailed analysis); Finalize RL EMS Program; Continuous updating of status to EM; Self-declaration. **Incorporate CRD**** into FHI and BHI contract;** **Complete ****Gap Analysis ****(detailed analysis);** **Finalize**** RL EMS Program;** **Continuous ****updating of status**** to EM;** **Self-declaration.** **ACTIONS REMAINING TO COMPLETE** ## Implementation of O 450.1 is a sustainable part of doing business; RL will meet 12/31/05 deadline by: Completing required EMS processes (procedures); Integrating of processes into project planning; Planning and implementing regulatory oversight; Completing Final Gap Analysis (validation); Self-Declaration or 3rd Party Certification. **RL will meet ****12/31/05**** deadline by:** - Completing required EMS processes (procedures); - Integrating of processes into project planning; - Planning and implementing regulatory oversight; - Completing Final Gap Analysis (validation); - Self-Declaration or 3rd Party Certification. **CONCLUSION** ## Contractor Response - Contractor Feedback indicates already compliant or no impact from CRD

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382746

# Presentation: 382746 ## One Year Post Exclusivity Adverse Event Review as Mandated by the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act Presented at the Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee& Pediatric Subcommittee of the Anti-Infective Drugs Advisory Committee MeetingFebruary 2, 2004 **Solomon Iyasu, MD, MPH** **Hari Cheryl Sachs, MD, FAAP** **Division of Pediatric Drug Development****Center for Drug Evaluation and Research ** **Food and Drug Administration** ## Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA) Jan 4, 2003 **Section 17: Adverse Event (AE) Reporting** **review all AEs for one year after granting pediatric exclusivity** **report to the Pediatric Advisory Sub-Committee for review**** **** ** ## Data Source for Drug Adverse Events - FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) - spontaneous and voluntary reporting system - electronic database of postmarketing reports of adverse drug reactions - reporters include health care providers, pharmacies, consumers, and pharmaceutical manufacturers ## Paroxetine Pediatric Psychiatric Adverse Events ## Background Drug Information **Moiety: Paxil****®****, Paxil **CR**®**** (paroxetine)** **Therapeutic Category: Antidepressant** **Sponsor: GlaxoSmithKline** **Adult Indications: Major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder ** **adult dose range: 20-60 mg/day** **There are NO approved pediatric indications** **Original market approval: December 1992** **Pediatric exclusivity granted: June 27, 2002** **Pregnancy Category C** **Precautions: ** **Suicide risk inherent in MDD** **Suicide risk present in co-morbid conditions** **Activation of mania** **Seizures** **Adverse events with abrupt discontinuation ** **agitation, anxiety, dizziness, sensory disturbance, nausea and sweating** **Relevant Safety Labeling** ## Drug use trends: paroxetine **Second most commonly used SSRI in children.****1**** ** **Both pediatric & adult prescriptions have increased steadily between 1999 and 2003. ****1***** *** **Pediatric Diagnosis (off label): depression, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders ****2**** ** **Pediatric patients account for approximately 3.5 % of total U.S. prescriptions of Paxil****®**** between Jul 2002 – Jun 2003 (1.1 million)*****.*****1,3*** ** ****1**IMS Health, National Prescription Audit *Plus*, On-Line Source Year Aug 1999 – Jul 2003, Data Extracted Aug 2003 - 2IMS Health, National Disease and Therapeutic Index, CD-Rom, Source 3 Year Jul 2000 – Jun 2003*** *** *** *****3**AdvancePCS Dimension Rx, On-Line - *Calculation based on application of proportions of pediatric paroxetine prescriptions in AdvancePCS to IMS Health, - National Prescription Audit *Plus* to estimate number of paroxetine prescriptions dispensed nationwide to pediatric population ## Adverse Events 1992-2003: General Overview (raw counts) **Total: over 17,000 adult and pediatric reports (68 % domestic)** **< 5 % of total are pediatric** **Top 20 pediatric AEs ** **similar to those reported in adults ** **majority labeled** **unlabeled events related to maternal***** *****exposure** **Number of pediatric adverse event reports increased in 2002 compared with prior years** ## Raw Counts* of Pediatric Adverse Event Reports by Year (Dec 1992 to Jul 2003) - * **includes duplicate reports** ## BBC show “The Secret of Seroxat,” **BBC show “The Secret of Seroxat,” ** **aired October 13, 2002** **British government warning issued on June 10, 2003** **FDA Talk Paper issued on June 19, 2003** **FDA PUBLIC ADVISORY for antidepressants and suicide issued on Oct 27, 2003** - Exclusivity Period ## Pediatric Adverse Events in the One-year Post-exclusivity Period **Total unduplicated reports (N= 127) ** _**Gender**_**: Female - 61, Male - 59, Unknown - 7 ** _**Age**_**: ** ** **** ****0-<2 yrs (n=32), 2-5 yrs (n=6), 6-11 yrs (n=33),** ** **** ****12-16 yrs (n= 55) & unknown (n=1) ** _**Outcomes**_**: ** **10 % of reports were deaths (n = 13)** **Approximately 1/3 hospitalizations/ER visit (n= 43)** ## Pediatric Adverse Events by Gender, Age & Exposure to Paroxetine (N=127) | | | --- | | Gender: Female Male Unknown | | Age: 0-2 yrs | | 2-5yrs | | 6-11yrs | | 12-16yrs | | Unknown | | Maternal/Breastfeeding (n=33) | | --- | | 7 | | 19 | | 7 | | 32 | | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | | 1 | | Direct Pediatric Exposure (n=94) | | --- | | 54 | | 40 | | 0 | | 0 | | 6 | | 33 | | 55 | | 0 | ## Pediatric Adverse Events: Reasons for Exposure to Paroxetine (N=127) **Prenatal Exposure/Breastfeeding (n= 33)** **Direct Pediatric Exposure (n=94)** **Depression/dysthymia - 28** **Anxiety/Panic/PTSD- 15** **ADHD- 2** **OCD- 1** **Multiple Psychiatric diagnosis- 18** **Other- 9** **Unknown - 21** ## Paroxetine: Pediatric Adverse Events **Concomitant medications (n =55), exclusively paroxetine (n=5), most unknown (n= 67)** **Reporters: only 1/3 health professional; 2/3 consumer, media, litigation, etc. ** **Dose range 5-60 mg/day (n=65, excludes maternal/breastfeeding exposure)** ## Pediatric Adverse Events: Predominant Events **Psychiatric adverse events (68)** **Discontinuation Syndrome/decrease in dose (7)** **Maternal exposure (33) ** **Neurologic events (8)** **Accidental ingestion (2)** **Other (9)** ## Psychiatric Adverse Events by Labeling Status (n=68 ) _**Labeled**_ **Completed suicide - 9** **Suicidal attempts -17** **Suicidal ideation - 11** **Occurrence of other psychiatric symptoms - 9 ** _**Unlabeled **_ **Self-injurious behavior - 10 ** **Completed homicide - 4 ** **Aggression/Hostility/ Homicidal ideation - 8** ## Psychiatric Adverse Events (n=68) - Demographics: - Gender: 57% Female - Age: 2-5 yrs. (5%), 6-11 yrs. (35%), 12-16 yrs. (60%) - Concomitant medications described in only 24 patients - 20 of the 24 on other psychotherapeutic agent - discontinuation or decrease in dose noted in 11 of the 68 patients with psychiatric events ## Psychiatric Events with Discontinuation or Decrease in Dose **Completed suicide (1 out of 9 )** **Suicidal attempts (5 out of 17)** **Homicide (2 out of 4)** **Aggression/Hostility/Homicidal ideation (3 out of 8)** ## Suicide Attempts(n=17) **Diagnosis: Majority MDD, Bipolar Disorder** **Concomitant medications in approximately one third** **discontinuation or decrease in dose in approximately one fourth** ## Pediatric Deaths (n=13) - 10 deaths involving direct pediatric exposures - 9 completed suicides - 1 case of Stevens Johnson Syndrome; patient also received valproic acid - 3 deaths among patients with prenatal exposure ## Pediatric Deaths: Completed Suicides (n=9) **Ages 12-16 years** **Gender Female (5) Male (4)** **Initial Diagnosis: MDD (5) Explosive Disorder (1) Unknown (3)** **Duration of treatment- 14 days to 1 year** **Discontinuation or decrease in dose (2)** **Concomitant medication (4)** **Possible substance abuse (4)** **History of prior attempts (3)** ## Factors Contributing to Difficulty in Assessing Causality - Patient Factors - severity of illness/ underlying disease - prior history of suicide attempts - concomitant medication - substance abuse - Reporting factors - inadequate detail in describing event - timing of event in relationship to medication - ascertainment of reported events - lack of follow-up ## Limitations of AERS - Spontaneous and voluntary system - Underreporting - Reporting bias (media publicity, length of time in market) - Report quality may vary (missing details e.g. concomitant medications) - Cannot estimate true incidence rate of events or exposure risk ## Closing Observations - The psychiatric events described in the adverse event reports may reflect: - underlying disease - drug adverse effect - lack of drug effect - Evaluation of controlled trials necessary to sort out ## Acknowledgements - ODS reviews prepared by: - Mark Avigan, MD, C. M. - Susan Lu, R. Ph - Carol Pamer, R. Ph - Toni Piazza-Hepp, Pharm.D. - Gianna Rigoni, Pharm.D. ## Citalopram: Pediatric Psychiatric Adverse Events **Solomon Iyasu, MD, MPH** **Hari Cheryl Sachs, MD, FAAP** **Division of Pediatric Drug Development** ## Citalopram: Background Drug Information **Moiety: Celexa****®**** (****citalopram)** **Therapeutic Category: Antidepressant** **Sponsor: Forest Pharmaceuticals** **Adult Indication: Major Depressive Disorder ** **Adult dose range: 20-40 mg/day** **There are NO approved pediatric indications** **Original market approval: July 17, 1998** **Pediatric exclusivity granted: July 9, 2002** ## Relevant Safety Labeling **Pregnancy Category C** **Excreted in human breast milk** **Precautions:** **Suicide risk inherent in depression** **Activation of mania/hypomania** **Any psychoactive agent may impair intellectual or psychomotor functions** **Seizures: introduce citalopram with care** ## Relevant Safety Labeling(cont.) **Adverse Reactions** **Agitation** **Pre marketing reports** **Frequent: impaired concentration, depression, suicide attempt, confusion** **Infrequent: aggressive reaction, psychotic reaction, delusion, paranoid reaction, emotional lability, panic reaction** ## Drug use trends: Citalopram **4th most commonly used SSRI in children****1** **Both pediatric and adult prescriptions have increased between 1999 and 2003****1**** ** **Pediatric patients account for approximately 3.3% (665, 000) of the total U.S. prescriptions of Celexa****®**** during Jul 2002- Jul 2003****1,2** **Pediatric Diagnosis (off label): depressive disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention deficit disorder****3** - 1IMS Health, National Prescription Audit *Plus*, On-Line Source Year Aug 1999 – Jul 2003, Data Extracted Aug 2003 - 2AdvancePCS Dimension Rx, On-Line, Jul 2001 – Jun 2003 - 3IMS Health, National Disease and Therapeutic Index, CD-Rom, Source 3 Year Jul 2000 – Jun 2003 - *Calculation based on application of proportions of pediatric citalopram prescriptions in AdvancePCS to IMS Health, National Prescription Audit *Plus* to estimate number of citalopram prescriptions dispensed nationwide to pediatric population ## Overview of Adverse Event Reports Since Marketing Approval **Total: over 6,000 reports (79% domestic) ** **<5 % of total are pediatric** **Top 20 AE** **All adverse events related to *****in utero***** exposure were unlabeled** **Adverse event reports for children involving direct exposure were generally similar to those reported for adults** ## Pediatric Adverse Events in the One-Year Post-exclusivity Period **Total unduplicated reports (n=42)** **16***** in utero *****exposures; resulted in unlabeled events and one death** **26 children involving direct exposure, 8 unlabeled events, no deaths** **16 serious AEs (10 hospitalization, 4 life-threatening, 2 with disability)** **dose 5-60 mg/day, median dose 20 mg/day** ## Pediatric Adverse Events byGender, Age and Exposure | GENDER | In Utero Exposure (n=16) | Direct Exposure (n=26) | | --- | --- | --- | | Female | 11 | 17 | | Male | 2 | 9 | | Unknown | 3 | 0 | | AGE | | | | 0-2 yrs | 15 | 1 | | 2-5 yrs | 1 | 1 | | 6-11 yrs | 0 | 9 | | 12-16 yrs | 0 | 15 | ## Pediatric Adverse Events:Reasons for Exposure to Citalopram **In utero exposures – 16** **Direct Pediatric Exposure – 26** **Depression – 13** **Ingestion of another person’s prescription – 2** **Other – 5** **Unknown - 6** ## Citalopram adverse events- Psychiatric (n= 5) _**Labeled**_ **Cognitive impairment** **Aggression** **Agitation, mania, and delusions** **Suicidality** **Psychotic reaction** _**Unlabeled **_ **Violent/homicidal behavior ** ## Citalopram Adverse Events- Psychiatric (cont.) **Gender: 4 males, 1 female** **Age: 6-11 yrs (2), 11-16 yrs (3)** **Diagnosis: MDD (4), ODD(1)** **Concomitant medications – 2** ** ****Prozac®; Keppra®, clonazepam** **Symptoms resolved when citalopram discontinued - 4** ## Closing observations **Few psychiatric events were reported** **Unable to determine causality due to limitations of AERS ** **FDA will continue monitoring these adverse events in children** ## Acknowledgements **ODS reviews prepared by: ** **Mark Avigan, MD** **Toni Piazza-Hepp, Pharm.D.** **Kathleen Phelan, R. Ph ** **Gianna Rigoni, Pharm.D.**

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248138

# Presentation: 248138 ## Direct Photons from RHIC to the LHC **Stefan ****Bathe** **RBRC** **Nuclear Physics Seminar** **BNL, August 19, 2008** **Notes:** Changed title ## What I will do in this talk- a disclaimer - - I’ll talk little about RHIC physics - I’ll talk some about LHC physics - I’ll talk much about LHC calorimeters - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## RHIC Key Physics Result - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe **Nucl.Phys.A757:184-283,2005** - High-pT hadron suppression - E loss of partons in medium **PRL91(2003)072304** - p0 ## Surface Bias - Strong suppression (factor 5) - Dominated by surface emission (black probe) - Difficult to learn about suppression mechanism - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Dainese et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 38, 461 (2005) - Origin of partons that produce 5 GeV hadrons in central Au+Au ## How can we learn more? **“[Almost]** everything you want to know about jets can be found in 2-particle correlations.” Mike Tannenbaum - “**Almost**”: Shape of xE distribution not sensitive to FF - Reason: trigger bias - Trigger bias can be overcome by - g-h correlations (also overcomes surface bias!) - Full jet reconstruction (difficult, but higher rate) - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe **** - So what does g-jet help vs. g-h? - Jet angle easy to measure - Expect multiple scattering in medium even w/o E loss ## Jet Measurements in HI Collisions - In cone of - there is - *dE**T**/d**h* in central Au+Au at RHIC is 600 GeV* - →E= 300 GeV in cone with R=1 - 75 GeV in cone with R=0.5 - Compare to maximum jet energy: 100 GeV - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe *** Phys. Rev. C 71, 034908 (2005) ** **Jet measurement**** in HI**** at**** RHIC difficult!** ## Jet Measurements at LHC - *dE**T**/d**h* in central Pb+Pb at LHC ≈ 1200 GeV* - →E= 600 GeV in cone with R=1 - 150 GeV in cone with R=0.5 - Compare to: - maximum jet energy: 2750 GeV - - typical jet energy: 100-200 GeV - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ***Logarithmic extrapolation of √s dependence** **of (*****dE******T******/d******h) /(*****N****part****/2) from SIS to LHC** **S. ****Milov****, ****Jour.Phy****.: ****Conf.Ser****. 5 (2005) 17** **Jet measurement in HI at LHC still challenging** **eliminate b fluctuations (large acceptance)** ## RHIC to LHC - √s: 0.2 TeV → 5.5 TeV (x 27.5) - Relative rates (e.g. g/p0) ~ scale with xT - e.g. g fraction = 10%: 3 GeV at RHIC - 90 GeV at LHC - hard increases by orders of magnitude - Accessible pT range ~ 20-200 GeV (x10) - New probes available - Jets, direct g-jet correlations - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Detailed study of hard scattering - G. Roland, Hard Probes 2008 - Experimental limit at RHIC **Pb+Pb**** design ****lumi****:** **One Jet with ****150 ****GeV****/s** ## Caveat - “If energy loss is low-pT phenomenon, LHC will have nothing to measure.” (Mike Tannenbaum) - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe **Direct ****g**** R****AA**** with measured ** **p+p reference data** **h**** **** ****p****0** **g** ## Experiments at the LHC - ATLAS - CMS - ALICE - Stefan Bathe ## The ALICE Detector: dedicated to HI **Capabilities** - Hadrons: 2p * 1.8 units h (dE/dx + ToF) - Leptons (dE/dx, TOF, transition radiation) - Photons (high resolution EM calorimetry, conversions) - Tracking and PID pT range: 100 MeV/c -100 GeV/c ## The ATLAS Detector **The ATLAS Detector** - Inner tracking - EM and Hadronic calorimeters - External muon spectrometers - Full azimuthal acceptance in all detectors - Large pseudorapidity coverage - 2 -  = 10 for Calorimetry -  = 5 for tracking **Capabilities** - High-precision tracking < 2.5 - Muon identification  < 2.5 - Highly segmented calorimetry < 5 - Forward coverage - Large bandwidth: DAQ + Trigger - Stefan Bathe ## The CMS Detector - Large (mid-rapidity) acceptance (tracker and calorimetry)‏ - DAQ+HLT will inspect every single Pb+Pb event - Large statistics for rare probes - 2 -  = 5 for Si tracker -  = 10 for Calorimetry **Capabilities** - High-precision tracking over < 2.5 - Muon identification over  < 2.5 - High resolution calorimetry over < 5 - Forward coverage - Large bandwidth: DAQ + Trigger - J.Phys.G34:2307-2455,2007 - Very well suited for HI environment - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## Measuring -Jet Correlations - q,g **Hadrons** **Jet** - q,g - q,g **Photon** **3) Jet axis ****provides ****parton**** direction** **2) Photon energy ****tags ****parton**** energy E****T** **4) Charged ****hadron**** tracks ****used to calculate ** **z = ****p****T****(track)****/E****T****** **1) Multiplicity, <****p****T****> and flow measurements ****characterize density, path length** - Measuring -Jet Correlations - Collisional/non-perturbative - vs. radiative E loss - Lokhtin et al. - BNL NuclPhysSeminar **Radiation outside jet cone** **Radiation inside jet cone** ## Photon Energy Tag ** **Use photon to tag parton energy - Goal: Best correlation of photon and parton energy - Ideal: Use leading order photons - In practice: **Isolated** photons to select events with - good correlation of photon and parton energy - Background photons usually associated with jets - Remove using isolation cuts in data analysis **and **calculations - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## RHIC Calorimeters - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## STAR Calorimeter - Similar to LHC calorimeters - large coverage - high resolution in Shower Max for neutral hadron rejection - lower resolution in Towers for p0 measurement - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## PHENIX Calorimeter - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Two calorimeters: PbSc (sampling); PbGl (homogenous) - Spatial resolution: DhxDj = 0.01x0.01 - Energy resolution: s(E)/E = [1-2]%  [6-8]%/√E - Virtually complete background rejection for pT< 25 GeV through reconstruction of neutral hadrons ## PHENIX Isolation Cut in p+p - Why does isolation cut only suppresses background by factor 5 at 10 GeV? - Small acceptance?---Small effect. - More likely due to underlying event - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Signal fraction - pT - Uncorrected for cluster merging - bckgrd fraction - w/ iso - w/o iso ## The Higgs: driving the design of LHC calorimetry - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Higgs capabilities depend on - Rejection (ATLAS: lateral, longitudinal segmentation) - E Resolution (CMS: crystal) ## Coverage and Other Differences - ALICE: 1000 scientists, 1000 HI - ATLAS: 2500 scientists, ~35+ HI (11 inst.), photon experts - CMS: 2600 scientists, ~100 HI (25 inst.) - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe **From 2010** ## Photon Detectors at LHC | Exp. | ATLAS | | CMS | | ALICE | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Name | LAr Barrel | LArEndCap | ECAL(EB) | ECAL(EE) | PHOS | EMCal | Barrel | | Structure | Liquid Argon | | PWO+APD | | PWO+APD | Pb+APD | TPC+ITS+ TRD+TOF | | Coverage | 0<|h|<1.4 2p | 1.4<|h|<3.2 2p | 0<|h|<1.5 2p | 1.5<|h|<3. 2p | 0<|h|<0.12 0.6p | 0<|h|<0.7 0.6p | (0<|h|<0.9 2p)* 7% X/X0 | | Granularity Dh xDf | 0.003x0.100 0.025x0.025 0.025x0.050 | 0.003x0.100 0.025x0.025 0.025x0.050 | 0.017x0.017 | 0.017x0.017 to 0.05x0.05 | 0.004x0.004 | 0.014x0.014 | 3.10-4x 2.10-4 (resolution) | | Resolution | 10%/√E  0.5% | 10%/√E  0.5% | 2.7%/√E  0.55% | 5.7%/√E  0.55% | 3.3%/√E  1.1% | 7%/√E  1.5% | 2% low p T 5% high p T | - A. Marin, Hard Probes 2008 ## ALICE ## Identifying prompt g in ALICE (PHOS) - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Identifying prompt g in ALICE (PHOS) - p+p *R* = 0.3, S*p*T < 2 GeV/*c* - Efficiency: 69% - Background rejection: 1/170 - First year (10 pb-1) - 3000 g (*E*g > 20 GeV) - Pb+Pb *R* = 0.2, *p*Tthresh = 2 GeV/*c* - Efficiency: 50% - Background rejection: 1/14 - One month of running - 2000 g (*E*g > 20 GeV) - Y. Mao, Poster QM2008, - ALICE-INT-2007-021 - G. Conesa et al., NIM A 580(2007) 1446, - NIM A 585(2008) 28 - Stefan Bathe - Why S/B so good (100)? ## ALICE: Photon-Tag Jets Fragmentation Function - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - pp - PbPb - Y. Mao, Poster QM2008, ALICE-INT-2007-021 - Isolated photons and - background subtracted - Imbalance distribution - G. Conesa et al., NIM A 580(2007) 1446, - NIM A 585(2008) 28 - Pb+Pb - p+p - Stefan Bathe ## ALICE: g-tagged FF RAA - Charged + EM - ALICE: g-tagged FF RAA - Systematic errors due - to jet(p0)-jet background **Sensitive to medium modifications at low z ** **if larger than ~5%****.**** ** - G. Conesa et al., NIM A 580(2007) 1446, - NIM A 585(2008) 28 - Stefan Bathe ## ATLAS ## Lateral Segmentation - First EMCal layer has high separation in h - Low occupancy even in central Pb+Pb - p0 rejection for ET  70 GeV - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe **Central ****Pb+Pb** **Central ****Pb+Pb** **Single particle** **Single particle** ## Photon ID: Loose Cuts - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Relative rejection of 2 at 85% efficiency with loose photon ID cuts below ~ 50 GeV - unquenched ## Photon ID: Tight Cuts - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Relative rejection of 1.5-2.2 at ~50% efficiency with tight photon ID cuts - unquenched ## Isolation Cut - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - Relative rejection of 5 at ~60% efficiency in unquenched Pb+Pb ## Photon Spectrum - S/B > 1 for ET > 70 GeV in unquenched central Pb+Pb - Relative rejection factor ~ 15 - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## S/B - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe - S/B = 1 at ET = 70 GeV for unquenched Pb+Pb - S/B ~ 4 at ET = 70 GeV for quenched Pb+Pb ## Medium Photons - Photons are abundantly produced at LHC - Jet-photon conversion in the plasma dominates 8<pT<14 GeV - Prompt hard NN scattering dominant for p T>20GeV at LHC - ATLAS better suited than CMS - Turbide, Gale, Jeon, and Moore - PRC (2004) 014906 - Stefan Bathe ## CMS ## ECAL Response in p+p and Pb+Pb - ECAL Response in p+p and Pb+Pb **p+p** (selective readout) **p+p** after seed threshold (0.5/0.18 GeV) **Pb+Pb** - dN/d ~ 2400 **Pb+Pb** after seed threshold (0.5/0.18 GeV) - ECAL clusters - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## Photon Selection - Selection variables - Cluster shape in ECAL - HCAL/ECAL energy ratios - Track isolation - 21 variables total - Linear discriminant analysis to select optimal cuts - Large acceptance essential for effective cuts w/o loss of signal - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## Photon identification performance - Set working point to **60%** signal efficiency - Leads to **96.5%** background rejection - Training is done on unquenched samples only - WP - p+p - Pb+Pb - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe **Notes:** So here is the obtained photon id performance, given as signal efficiency vs background rejection. Obviously one would like to have 100% signal and 100% background rejection. For pp as you can see we get close to this. For Pb+Pb we set our working point to 60% sig eff, which corresponds to about 96.5% background rejection. ## Photon Selection Performance - Before cuts: - After cuts: **S/B=4.5** **S/B=0.3** ** ** **Photon ****isolation/shape cuts improve S/B by factor ~15** **(****at 60% signal acceptance, 97% background rejection)** - PYQUEN/quenched Pb+Pb - C. Loizides nucl-ex/0804.3679v1 - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## Photon Selection Performance - Before cuts: **S/B=0.3** ## Photon Selection Performance - Before cuts: **S/B=0.3** **p****0** - Main background: high-z neutral hadrons - Why g/p0 flat (and not rising)? ## Fragmentation function ratio - Medium modification of fragmentation functions can be measured - High significance for 0.2 < ξ < 5 for both, ET >70GeV and ET >100GeV - ET >70GeV - ET >100GeV - Reco quenched Pb+Pb / MC unquenched p+p - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe **Notes:** Still the overall systematic errors are small compared to the effect we are after. Here you see the ratio of the reconstructed fragmentation function in Pb+Pb quenched case to the MC truth unquenched case for gamma et cut of 70 GeV left and 100 GeV right. In comparison with the horizontal line indicating no modification, it is obvious that for xi between 0.2 and 5 modified fragmentation functions will be measurable. ## Discrepancy in p+p - CMS: factor 200 background rejection - S/B = 10 after cuts - ATLAS: factor 15 rejection - S/B = 1 after cuts at (70 GeV) - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## Summary - LHC gives access to new regime of HI physics - High rates for hard scattering - New observables: jets, direct photon-jet - One dedicated HI experiment (ALICE) - Two large-acceptance HEP experiments (ATLAS, CMS) with excellent HI capabilities - ATLAS and CMS calorimeters ideally suited for jet measurement - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## ATLAS Calorimeter I - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe ## ATLAS Calorimeter II - BNL NuclPhysSeminar - Stefan Bathe

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![](media/image1.png){width="6.5in" height="0.6in"}Natural Resources Conservation Service 6200 Jefferson NE Albuquerque, New Mexico 87109 **Phone**: (505) 761-4400 **Fax**: (505) 761-4462 **Web site**: [www.nm.nrcs.usda.gov]{.underline} [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} January 13, 2005 NEW MEXICO BULLETIN NO. 250-5-02 SUBJECT: FNM -- ALL SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM MANAGER TRAINING CONFERENCE TO: All Employees **[ACTION REQUIRED BY: January 18, 2005]{.underline}** [Purpose]{.underline}. To transmit information to all employees. [Expiration Date]{.underline}. September 30, 2005 The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) encourages attendance and participation by employees in career-related professional organizations that enhance career development and professionalism. The All Special Emphasis Program Managers Training Conference will be held in Reno, Nevada March 28 -- March 31, 2005. The theme of the training is: "Together...Embracing the future through diversity". Please note that the information and request deadline for this training was unfortunately not received until today. The following attendance categories will receive approval consideration on a "government time and expense" basis. - Receiving a scholarship - Member of Chief's staff - Training (providing or fulfilling a training need) - Receiving an award, citation, or commendation ```{=html}  ``` - Presenting a topical paper or poster Approval to attend on government time and expense will be in accordance with New Mexico policy in General Manual, Title 250, Part 406. Under that policy, the state conservationist will determine the number of employees that New Mexico can support financially to attend on government time and expense. Requests and justifications for meeting attendance should be submitted through proper channels to Financial Management (FNM) in the State Office. Request for attendance must be submitted in time to be received in FNM by January 18, 2005. Other employees may request to attend on a "government time only" basis if none of the above criteria are satisfied and the employee is a paid member of the Organization. /s/ ROSENDO TREVIÑO IIII ![](media/image2.png)State Conservationist

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# Presentation: 703427 ## CURRENT EMWIN OVERVIEW - April 27, 2004 - Santos Rodriguez, NWS EMWIN ## What is EMWIN? - The Emergency Managers Weather Information Network is a wireless, priority-driven computer weather data broadcast system that takes advantage of minimal wireless bandwidth. - EMWIN provides rapid Satellite, VHF Radio, and Internet dissemination of: - Alerts / Warnings < 1 minutes - Forecasts ~ 2- 5 minutes - Graphics ~ 10 – 15 minutes - Imagery ~ 10 – 15 minutes - Other (as time permits) - In severe weather non-warning products may take longer ## How it works - Data are collected from a variety of sources: - 1. Gateway - 2. Weather Wire - 3. FTP - 4. Internet - They are assembled at the EMWIN servers and : - 1. Prioritized into high , mid , and low priority products - 2. Split into 1k packets - 3. Assembled into a 9.6kbs serial data stream ## How it works cont. - The data stream is then sent to Wallops Command and Data Acquisition Station (WCDAS), NESDIS where it is Up linked to satellite (GOES 12 and GOES 10) - At Pacific Region HQ, it is received from GOES-10 and up linked to PSAT which relays the signal father west - EMWIN products can be retransmitted by other methods - Transmitted via radio frequency (local re-broadcast) - Sent on the Internet (Byte Blaster) ## NWS EMWIN Architecture - INTERNET CLOUD - NWS GATEWAY SYSTEM - WEATHERWIRE SYSTEM - A & C - B & D - BYTE BLASTER NETWORK **WALLOPS CDAS** **GOES SPACE CRAFT** - DEDICATED ANALOG **LINE** **EMWIN FEED**** ****SOURCES** **EMWIN PC NETWORK** - EMWIN INTERNET PUSH BITSTREAM - DEDICATED ANALOG LINE/T1 backup ## GOES FOOTPRINT - GOES 10 (WEST) - GOES 12 (EAST) ## EMWIN Users - National Weather Service Forecast Offices and Warning Coordination Meteorologists (WCM’s) - WCM’s use EMWIN as a tool to promote the NWS to the public and for training Skywarn members, storm spotters and Local and National Emergency managers - Canadian Met Service, South and Central American countries, Caribbean nations, Pacific Island nations, the NWS Pacific region - Schools , amateur meteorologists, EMT’s, hobbyists of all ages, storm spotters, storm chasers, Skywarn Network ## Many TV Stations in the mid-west, especially tornado alley Police Stations, Fire Stations, Emergency Centers, Emergency response personnel Re-broadcasters, paging networks Worldwide Internet Users via Byte Blaster network Weather Channel is known to use EMWIN U.S. Air force uses in remote areas - Police Stations, Fire Stations, Emergency Centers, Emergency response personnel - Re-broadcasters, paging networks - Worldwide Internet Users via Byte Blaster network - Weather Channel is known to use EMWIN - U.S. Air force uses in remote areas - EMWIN Users cont. ## EMWIN in the Pacific - Currently PSAT rebroadcasts an EMWIN data stream - Provides advance warning of Tsunami and Typhoons - We’ve received testimonials noting that after a severe event the only weather system still functioning is EMWIN - Many island nations already use EMWIN to save lives and property ## EMWIN VHF Re-transmission - The EMWIN signal is re-transmitted locally using NWS or National Guard VHF frequencies to local communities - Re-broadcasters can filter the national data stream and re-insert local emergency data or relay it in its’ entirety - Texas counties use EMWIN in Police cars - Florida’s network (FWIN) uses heavy filtering and employs 1200 baud as its’ retran data rate, it is a very effective network used statewide by Emergency Managers. ## Typical VHF Re-transmission System - Internet or Intranet cloud - EMWIN SERVER - VHF Transmitter - Receiver - Custom local EMWIN Data stream - To Paging Network - GOES EAST dish - GOES WEST dish - 153.950KHz - 1690.725MHz - 1690.725MHz ## Slide 12 ## Typical Radio Re-broadcast User - Standard Pentium PC - Internet access to Byte blaster network - Internet cloud - 0-100 mi from transmitter line of sight - EMWIN VHF Radio Receiver - 153.950KHz VHF EMWIN - Optional Alarm Controller - To Alarm Units ## Typical EMWIN Satellite User - Internet cloud - Standard Pentium PC - EMWIN SATELLITE Dish - Receiver - Internet access to Byte blaster network - Optional Alarm Controller - To Alarm Units ## Byte Blaster Server - Byte Blaster Server - Internet cloud - Standard Pentium PC - EMWIN SATELLITE Dish - Receiver - Internet access to Byte blaster network - Optional Alarm Controller - To Alarm Units ## Why EMWIN works so well - The equipment is inexpensive. - An entire turnkey system costs as little as $1k. - The System needs little to no infrastructure. - EMWIN runs on a laptop. - A Solar powered version exists. - Signal is “Weather Proof” due to L-Band transmission. - USER Equipment is relatively compact and is very rugged. - The Data-stream is free, repeatable and can be customized for local retransmission. - EMWIN is non-proprietary. - Multiple inexpensive software display packages are available. - A large and knowledgeable user community to help monitor performance and answer user questions (EMWIN user list). ## EMWIN Current Status - Frequency on GOES - 1690.725 MHz - Modulation – Dual Frequency Shift Keying (DFSK) - Speed - 9.6 kbps - Upcoming Changes: - 1. Power level of broadcast significantly reduced, therefore coding gains will be needed in order to keep current user - dish size the same. - 2. Frequency and Modulation will change.

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148362

# Presentation: 148362 ## Patient Safety ModuletteInpatient Transitions of Care:Improving Safety by Improving Handover - Rajesh S. Mangrulkar, MD - J. Michael Kramer, MD - Department of Internal Medicine - University of Michigan Health System ## Outline - Introduction to the problem - The proposed solution: structured signout - Discussion of cases and skill development - Summary ## Physician discontinuity ## Inpatient signout: scope of the problem of shift change - Cross-coverage is a way of life for most physicians, especially residents - Adverse effects of being cared for by a cross-covering physicians include: - more patients leaving AMA - higher rates of ordering labs - increased preventable adverse events ## Inpatient signout: targeted interventions - Information management crucial to caring for patients not your own - Residents have expressed desire to improve the signout process1 - Use of automated signout forms may reduce preventable adverse events2 - 1Parker J, et al. *JAMIA*. 2000; 7(5): 453-61 - 2Petersen LA, et al. *JCJQI*. 1998; 24(2): 77-87. ## Goals of signout: an intern’s perspective - Patient Care - Don’t burden - your co-intern - -Unnecessary work - -Sick patients, no info - -Inaccurate info ## Proposed solution: structured signout **DATA** **TASKS** **JUDGEMENT** ## Structured signout: data - Appropriate - relevant to the current clinical condition(s) - Accurate - recent and precise - Complete - Labs, X-rays, code status, allergies, relevant meds, recent important events - Include anticipated information ## Structured signout: tasks - Limits unnecessary work, yet promotes care for the sickest patients - Focus on minimizing the “to do” list to the necessary - Minimize procedures where possible (including blood draws, ABG’s) - Minimize information seeking as a “task”: anticipate the information needs ## Structured signout: judgement - Capitalize on the opportunity to guide your colleague’s DDx and plan for your patient: ***S I P S*** ***S***tatus: mention clinical condition ***I****nterpret**** P***otential events - Anticipate likely events - Give best judgement as to what is going on. - Suggest actions to take if these events occur. ***S***urveillance: encourage “checking” on the very ill ## Illustrative cases ## Case Discussion: Principles - For each case, reflect on the following: - Is the case description appropriately reflected in the signout document? If not, what are the big discrepancies? - What is missing information that should be present? - What is present in the document that should not be there? - What other aspects of the signout are inappropriate? ## Case 1 - On short call, the GI Liver team admits Ms. Williams, a 49 yo woman with end-stage liver disease and cirrhosis secondary to autoimmune hepatitis. At baseline, she is on spironolactone, lactulose, and lasix. She was placed on the transplant list and has had frequent bouts of hepatic encephalopathy. She presented to clinic today with worsened ascites, and was subsequently admitted to the short call team. She has had multiple paracentesis in the past in clinic, all successfully, but this time she is admitted to improve her status on the transplant list. On further questioning the patient’s family, it seems that the patient’s clinical status is truly at baseline, except for worsened ascites. Her mental status is fine. The short call team draws labs (shown below) without significant abnormality (including UA, CXR – all normal). Her aldactone dose is increased, and plans are made for a therapeutic paracentesis. The team elects to get an ultrasound-guided tap. However, the ultrasound is scheduled for 9:00 PM and the intern has the day off tomorrow. ## Case 2 - Mr. Paulette is a 60 yo man with a long standing history of type II DM, chronic renal failure secondary to DM and HTN (baseline Cr 3.0), currently he presents with a worsening diabetic foot ulcer. He was admitted from clinic yesterday. On presentation, he is afebrile, but he has a large right heel ulcer with surrounding erythema, probing through to bone. His foot is asensate and has poor distal pulses. WBC on admission was 8.6; his ESR was 63. His wound was debrided in clinic, and he was started on vancomycin and merepenem on the day of admission, because of a penicillin allergy. Blood cultures are negative, and he is scheduled to undergo an MRI of his foot. Unfortunately, Mr. Paulette loses his intravenous access the next day, and numerous attempts to place a peripheral line are unsuccessful. The PICC nurse is called who refers him to angio for placement, scheduled for tomorrow. Today, however, the team places a right subclavian line without event. The post-call intern placed the line at Noon, and orders the CXR. She’s quite tired and needs to leave the hospital by 1PM, as mandated by her schedule. ## Case 3 - Mrs. Jones is a 72yo woman with a history significant for CAD (2 vessel, s/p RCA stent 4 years ago, normal ejection fraction), osteoarthritis of both knees and left hip, and history of a TAHBSO. She presented to the hospital 1 day ago with a 1-week history of a fever, productive cough, worsening dyspnea on exertion, accompanied by pleuritic chest pain. On presenting physical examination, she was found to be febrile to 101.9F, tachycardic and tachypneic. Her O2 sat was 86% on RA. She was euvolemic, and had rhonchi and egophony at both lung bases. Her creatinine is elevated at 1.4 (baseline 1.1). ABG was 7.41/34/60/23 on RA. She was diagnosed with a LLL and RML pneumonia by CXR, and was also found to have a moderate left sided pleural effusion. The team attempted to drain this effusion without success. Post-procedural CXR showed no pneumothorax. Blood cultures are unrevealing. The team began her on ceftriaxone and azithromycin. She improves over the next day. ## Case 4 - Mr. Stevens is a 68 yo man with a history of smoking, COPD (FEV1 1.2 l), intermittent atrial fibrillation and osteoarthritis. He presented to the service 3 days ago with a 2 week history of progressive dyspnea, wheezing and a productive cough. He is admitted (as he has been several times in the past) with the diagnosis of a COPD exacerbation with probable bronchitis. His exam reveals wheezes, no egophony, some tachycardia and tachypnea. His O2sat is 90% on RA. His WBC is 15.2K, his CXR is clear on presentation. The team begins around-the-clock albuterol and atrovent nebulizer treatments, as well as solumedrol. On the admission day, the patient’s tachycardia progresses, with an irregular HR of 175. EKG reveals afib with RVR. At the same time he becomes hypotensive and thus receives DC cardioversion, resulting in a normal sinus rhythm and normal bp. On day 2, his hypoxia worsens and he develops a fever with a significant productive cough. CXR shows a new LLL infiltrate and he is begun on ceftriaxone and azithro. Today is day 3, and he is stable with regards to O2 requirements and dyspnea. His rate is better controlled and remains in normal sinus rhythm.

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ET 95-04 Publication of Final Nonprocurement Debarment and Suspension 07-21-95 Common Rule and Change to DI-2010 \[Certification Regarding Debarment, Suspension, and Other Responsibility Matters, Drug Free Workplace Requirements and Lobbying\] ET 95-05 Comprehensive Procurement Guideline and Recovered Materials 08-22-95 Advisory Notice \[designating new items that are or can be made with recovered materials. It further implements requirements prescribed in Section 6002 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and Executive Order 12873, \"Federal Acquisitions, Recycling, and Waste Prevention.\"\] ET 96-01.1 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 11-09-95 Parts remaining in effect: 1447 TOC & Text ET 96-01.2 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 01-12-96 Parts remaining in effect: 1402 TOC 1407 TOC & Text 1409 TOC 1424 TOC & Text ET 96-01.3 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 02-29-96 Parts remaining in effect: 1453.303-DI-1958 -1401-5, 5A ET 96-01.5 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 04-30-96 Parts remaining in effect: 1445 TOC & Text 1448 TOC 1453.303-1401-3 -1401-4 -1423-1 Source Selection Handbook, encl. 2 ET 96-01.6 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 04-30-96 Parts remaining in effect: 1408 TOC + appendices A-E 1453.303-7-711,711A, 2080 1453.303-1423-1 ET 96-01.7 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 07-31-96 Parts remaining in effect: 1405 TOC 1414 TOC ET 96-08 DIAPR 96-7 \-- Simplified Acquisition of Commercial Items 04-30-96 \[Deviations to FAR 52.212-1 and 5 to allow use of other than SF 1449 for simplified acquisition; allow use of OF 347.\] ET 97-01.2 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 11-08-96 Parts remaining in effect: 1439 TOC & Text WBR 1453.303-1406-1 ET 97-01.5 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 09-22-97 Parts remaining in effect: 1428 TOC & Text 1433 TOC WBR 1453.303-1401-1 WBR 1453.303-1401-2 ET 97-02 Environmental Contracting Initiatives 12-13-96 ET 97-04 Department of the Interior (DIAPR) 1997-4 - Revised Contracting 02-26-97 Officer=s Warrant Manual ET 97-05 COTR Training in PBSC and Past Performance 03-11-97 ET 97-07 DIAR 96-13, Amendment 1 (Multiagency Contracts Under the 03-26-97 Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996) ET 97-08 Department of the Interior Acquisition Policy Release (DIAPR) 04-04-97 1997-6 Year 2000 Contract Specification ET 98-01.3 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 02-20-98 Parts remaining in effect: 1416 TOC ET 98-01.4 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 04-06-98 Parts remaining in effect: 1442 TOC & Text 1446 TOC & Text ET 98-05 Surcharge on GSA FMSS Schedule Contracts 10-14-97 ET 98-07 Department of the Interior Policy release (DIAPR) 1998-3 - 10-30-97 Affirmative Action Requirements ET 98-08 Department of the Interior Procurement Data System (IPDS) 12-08-97 Information Letter, 98-01 FPDS Reporting Manual (September 1997) ET 98-08.1 Electronic Transmittal (ET) No. 98‑08, Supplement 1 ‑ Department 01-15-98 of the Interior Procurement Data System (IPDS) Information Letter, 98‑01 FPDS Reporting Manual (September 1997) ET 98-09 Interior Procurement Data System (IPDS) Procedures 01-15-98 ET 98-09.1 Interior Procurement Data System (IPDS) Procedures 02-09-98 ET 98-12 Semi-annual Enforcement Reports 02-26-98 ET 98-14 Applicability of Commercial Items Procedures to Construction 07-17-98 ET 98-16 Application of Labor Standards to Demolition Contracts 09-28-98 ET 98-17 Authority for Interagency Tri-part Agreements with GSA 09-29-98 ET 99-01.3 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 04-09-99 Parts remaining in effect: 1414 Text ET 99-01.4 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 08-30-99 Parts remaining in effect: 1412 TOC & Text WBR 1453.303-7-702 WBR 1453.303-1432-1 ET 99-04 Reminder Notice - Evaluation of Past Performance as a Source 10-20-98 Selection Factor ET 99-05.1 Directive on Performance-Based Service Contracting(PBSC) 12-21-98 ET 99-08 Instructions for Waivers to Electronic Fund Transfers (EFT) 12-30-98 Payment ET 99-09 Recission of DIAPR 93-9, \"Revised Operating Procedures for the 01-20-99 Acquisition of Motion Picture Productions and Videotape Productions ET 99-10 Changes in Federal Contractor Veterans Employment (VETS-100) 01-21-99 Reporting and Solicitation Requirements ET 99-11 Implementation of the Very Small Business Set-Aside Pilot Program 01-22-99 ET 99-11.1 Implementation of the Very Small Business (VSB) Set-Aside Pilot 04-08-99 Program ET 99-12 Integrated Charge Card - Purchase Business Line - Roles and 02-12-99 Responsibilities ET 99-13 Provision of Supplies/Services to State and Local Governments by 02-25-99 the Cooperative Administrative Support Program (CASU) ET 99-15 Deviations from Contracting Officers Warrant System - Training 03-08-99 SF-182 ET 99-17 Small Disadvantaged Business Certification 05-20-99 ET 99-17.1 Small Disadvantaged Business Certification 05-27-99 ET 99-19 Electronic Commerce 05-28-99 ET 99-20 Changes to FPDS Reporting Manual on Purchase Card Transactions 06-15-99 ET 99-24 Federal Procurement Data System Guidance on Schedule Contracts, 09-28-99 Governmentwide Acquisition Contracts (GWAC), Multi-Agency Contracts and Inter-Service Support Agreements (ISSA) ET 99-25 Prohibition on Contracting with MACA, inc., Its Owners and Owner- 09-25-99 Controlled Enterprises ET 00-01.1 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 03-08-00 Parts remaining in effect: 1409 Text 1449 TOC & Text WBR 1453.303-1415-3 ET 00-01.2 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 05-23-00 Parts remaining in effect: WBR 1453.303-1413-1 ET 00-01.3 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 09-20-00 Parts remaining in effect: 1408 Text 1411 TOC 1448 Text ET 00-03 Class Deviation to the Requirement to USE the Prescribed FAR 09-28-00 Solicitation Provision for Brand Name or Equal Purchase Descriptions in Construction Procurements Where Information for an Equal product can be Submitted After Award ET 00-04 Guidance on Use of the Charge Card Above the Micropurchase Dollar 10-05-99 Threshold ET 00-05 Legal Opinion on Making Personal Purchases Under BLM BPAs 10-27-99 ET 00-06.1 Amendment 4 to the FDPS Reporting Manual 06-12-00 ET-00-07 U.S. Department of the Interior Notice to Contractors, 01-18-00 Subcontractors, and Lessors ET 00-09 Approval to Enter into Multi-Year Contracts for Severable Services 02-03-00 ET 00-10 Streamlined Acquisition of Services from Small Businesses 02-03-00 ET 00-11 Suspension of Work Pursuant to Court Order 03-31-00 ET 00-11.1 Clarification of Suspension of Work Order 03-26-00 ET 00-13 Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Deviation 03-22-00 ET 00-14 U.S. Department of the Interior Acquisition Policy Release 04-05-00 (DIAPR) 2000-4, Termination of Surety ET 00-15 U.S. Department of the Interior Integrated Charge Card (ICC) 06-05-00 Program Guidelines ET 00-17 Blanket Purchase Agreements handbook 09-01-00 ET 01-01.1 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 01-08-01 Parts remaining in effect: 1404 TOC ET 01-01.3 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 08-01-01 Parts remaining in effect: 1405 Text 1419 TOC 1431 TOC & Text 1453 TOC & Text WBR 1452.301 1453.303-1419-1 ET 01-04 Subcontracts for Commercial Services 10-12-00 ET 01-06 Performance-Based Service Contract (PBSC) Reporting 01-19-01 ET 01-07 Class Deviation from Federal Acquisition Circular (FAC) 97-21, 02-12-01 Contractor Responsibility ET 01-09 Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility, FAC 97-27 05-04-01 ET 01-10 Departmentwide Legal Review Standards for Acquisition and 07029-01 Acquisition-Related Actions ET 01-11 IT Security and Awareness Training Requirements 09-27-01 ET 01-11.1 IT Security and Awareness Training Requirements 10-02-01 ET 01-12 Release of Interagency Acquisition Handbook for Use Throughout 10-19-01 the Bureau of Reclamation ET 02-01.1 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 11-29-01 Parts remaining in effect: WBR 1453.303-1419 ET 02-01.2 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 03-01-02 Parts remaining in effect: 1416 Text 1453.303-1412-1 1453.303-1415-1 ET 02-01.3 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 6-17-02 Parts remaining in effect: 1402 Text 1403 TOC & Text 1404 Text 1411 Text 1413 TOC & Text 1419 Text 1423 1433 Text ET 02-01.4 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 9-30-02 Parts remaining in effect: 1422 ET 02-03 Department Class Justification and Approval to Limit Competition 11-20-01 and Waiver of Publication Requirements for Acquisitions in Response to the National Emergency Declared as a Result of the Recent Terrorist Attacks ET 02-04 Obtaining Web-Based Service Contract Act Wage Determination Data 12-06-01 Base and the Davis-Bacon Act Wage Determinations ET 02-05 List of Current and Superceded/Deleted Electronic Transmittals as 12-06-01 of December 6, 2001 ET 03-01.1 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 12/01/02 Parts remaining in effect: 1417 1425 1443 ET 03-01.2 Reclamation Acquisition Regulation (RAR) Revision Project 04/17/03 Parts remaining in effect: 1401 1406 1415 1432 1436 1437 1452 WBR 1453.303-1415-2 WBR 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INSPECTION MEMORANDUM TO: William D. Hansen ## Deputy Secretary FROM: Mary Mitchelson ## Assistant Inspector General Analysis and Inspection Services ## SUBJECT: Review of Contracting Officer's Representative Training and Risk > Level Designations (ED-OIG/A&I 2001-03) This memorandum provides the results of our review of Contracts and Purchasing Operations' (CPO) training program for Contracting Officer's Representatives (COR) and the Department of Education's (the Department or ED) risk level designations for CORs.[^1] We conducted our inspection to determine whether: - CORs are receiving the necessary training, and ```{=html}  ``` - CORs have the proper position risk level designation. > We reviewed the Department's training courses and curriculum for COR > certification using the Office of Federal Procurement Policy's *A > Guide to Best Practices for Contract Administration,* October 1994 > (the Guide)*.* We also reviewed the Department's administration of the > COR training program to determine if CORs were being trained in the > timeframes specified by Department policy. We found the training > courses meet or exceed most best practices contained in the Guide, but > the data maintained by CPO is inaccurate and incomplete for purposes > of properly administering the training program. The risk-level designation review was conducted at our request by the Department's Security Office using the CPO listing of COR information.[^2] The Security Office found COR positions that should have been designated as high-risk public trust positions due to the high-dollar value of the contracts under their supervision. We recommend that the CPO update its COR records and include the COR appointment date in its training database so CPO can fulfill its responsibility to schedule and conduct the COR training curriculum and properly certify and recertify the Department's CORs in a timely manner. We also recommend that principal offices conduct periodic reviews of the position risk level designations of their CORs to determine if their risk levels are correct in relation to the value and complexity of their contracts. The CPO is aware of our COR training findings and is taking action to address these issues. # COR TRAINING # Contracts and Purchasing Operations CPO, within the Office of the Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for: 1) appointing CORs for specific contracts; 2) determining the training requirements for CORs; 3\) conducting COR training; 4) certifying CORs upon completion of training; and 5\) maintaining accurate COR training records. Once appointed, the COR acts as a liaison between the Department's contractors and the CPO for a specific contract. The responsibilities of the COR include, but are not limited to: 1) reviewing periodic progress reports; 2) offering possible solutions to problems; 3\) maintaining records; and 4) monitoring invoices and schedule deadlines. **COR Certification** The Federal Acquisition Regulations that govern government contracting do not specify standards for COR training. The CPO Director, based on his experience and benchmarking of other agencies, established the Department's training requirements. The Department requires all CORs to complete 80 hours of training to become certified. CORs are also required to take an eight-hour recertification course, also called a refresher course, every two years. As of 1990, CPO policy states that COR training must be completed before an individual may serve as a COR. The CPO Director said that due to a shortage of certified CORs, however, contracting officers have assigned non-certified CORs to contracts. The appointment letters for these CORs state that they have one year from the date of their appointments to complete the mandatory COR training program. The COR appointment date is an essential data element that should be in the CPO database to monitor COR progress in meeting the mandatory training requirements. The CPO, however, does not maintain this data on the 734 CORs in the CPO database. Further, the database does not reflect which CORs are actively administering a contract. Without this information, we could not determine from the CPO database whether CORs completed the necessary training prior to or within one year of their appointment dates. In the judgmental sample of 26 CORs we interviewed, we obtained their appointment dates from them and found that 62%, or 16, were appointed prior to certification. In addition, we found that 35%, or 9, of our sample group did not complete their training within one year of their appointments. The CPO database does contain a record of the courses CORs have taken, the dates CORs were certified as having completed training, and the dates CORs were recertified and/or due for recertification. According to the database, 50%, or 368, of the 734 CORs are certified. Of those certified, we found 8%, or 31, had not taken all of the courses required for certification. In addition, 73%, or 267, of the certified CORs are overdue for recertification. The CPO Director indicated that the current training database is to be replaced by an Oracle database. The Director stated that many deficiencies in the current database are to be addressed in the new database, including adding the appointment dates and the active/inactive status of CORs. In addition, all Department CORs are to receive training on the new database. **COR Training Curriculum** CPO established two training tracks for COR certification. Both tracks contain ten days (80 hours) of training, exceeding the suggested 40 hours presented in the Guide. One track includes a five-day course while the second track provides similar course material in two separate courses. The remaining 40 hours of training are the same for both tracks. In addition to these courses, Student Financial Assistance (SFA) developed its own five-day COR training course with an emphasis on performance-based contracting. We compared the Department's COR training with the training at 13 Federal agencies. While ED requires 10 days of training, we found that other agencies require approximately 3.6 days of training for certification. ED requires COR recertification every two years, while the average time for COR recertification in other agencies requiring recertification is three years. Some of the agencies surveyed do not have recertification requirements. We compared the number of classes offered by the other agencies and found that ED requires more classes than most agencies. While ED requires four or five classes (depending on the track selected), most agencies require only one basic class. A comparison of course curricula found that the Department's curriculum is more comprehensive than those of all but two of the other agencies. Most agencies cover basic contract administration, including the role of a COR, the contract modification process, and contract closeout responsibilities. ED is one of the few agencies to cover such topics as the payment process, writing task orders, and evaluating the technical aspects of contracts. **Training Improvement Initiatives** During our interviews some CORs and program managers suggested that training could be improved by: 1) offering priority enrollment to CORs who need specific courses to complete their certification; and 2) providing in-class examples that relate specifically to ED contracting work, such as examples involving intellectual property and research projects. Course announcements now state that preference will be given to CORs needing the course for certification. Additionally, the Director of CPO said the contract trainers are provided with examples of ED contracting situations and problems to incorporate into their training. The Director stated that improving the relevancy of training examples remains a challenge, however, due to the diversity of the Department's contracts and the backgrounds of the contractors conducting the training. Some CORs said they had seen improvements in the relevancy of the courses, which they attributed to the Director's class visits to solicit ideas to improve training. One program manager also stated that her office benefited by inviting CPO staff to give a brown bag presentation on the contracting issues in her principal office. **Best Practices** As a result of our review we found that the CPO's training program generally meets or exceeds the list of best practices set forth in the Office of Federal Procurement Policy's *A Guide to Best Practices for Contract Administration,* October 1994. There are a few best practices the CPO could incorporate to improve the contract process in the future (See Appendix B, Best Practices: A Comparison of ED to Selected Training Procedures Contained in the Office of Federal Procurement Policy's Guide). These best practices include: - Program managers and direct supervisors of CORs play an important role in the contracting process. It may be helpful to add a basic contracting class for program managers and direct supervisors so they have a better understanding of the contracting process. - Reviewing invoices and vouchers is an essential part of a COR's responsibility during the contracting process. Creating a checklist or voucher review form, which includes major cost categories, may be a useful tool to determine the reasonableness of contractor invoices. Also, maintaining an invoice/voucher payment log could help a COR track the contractor's claimed costs against the costs set forth in the contract. **POSITION RISK LEVEL DESIGNATION** **Position Description** Proper Position Descriptions (PD) are the foundation of an effective and consistent suitability program. The PD provides a description of the duties used to determine what type of background investigation is required and how closely an individual is screened for a position. Additionally, as the level of authority and responsibility for a position becomes greater, character and conduct become more significant in deciding whether initial or continued employment would protect the integrity and promote the efficiency of the Federal service. The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) has provided draft guidance to determine the appropriate public trust designation and background investigation for positions held by government employees.[^3] The designation of position risk level is the responsibility of principal offices and is reviewed by the Department's Security Office. The PD has been the primary source of information needed for a principal office to make the appropriate risk designation. One factor in the designation is the fiduciary responsibility associated with the position. In recent years, the Department has created more generic PDs. In our review of the PDs for the CORs we interviewed, we found some that did not include COR responsibilities even though the COR participated in large-dollar- value contracts. Principal offices must consider this factor in setting the risk designation level of the position, even if it is not in the PD, to make accurate determinations of risk. **Security Issues** The Security Office reviewed the dollar value of all the contracts the Department's CORs monitor and identified 23 CORs in positions with risk-level designations that are too low. All of these CORs were in positions at a moderate risk level, even though the dollar values of their contracts ranged from \$12 million to \$162 million.[^4] The Security Office asked all of the affected principal offices to review the risk-level designations of these positions. As a result of the COR risk-level findings, we asked the Security Office to review the risk level designations for the program managers associated with the 26 contracts we reviewed. The Security Office identified three program managers whose positions did not have the appropriate risk-level designations. The Security Office has contacted the appropriate principal offices and asked them to review these risk-level designations. **RECOMMENDATIONS** 1. The CPO should update its COR records and include the COR appointment date in its training database so CPO can fulfill its responsibility to schedule and conduct the COR training curriculum and properly certify and recertify the Department's CORs in a timely manner. 2. The principal offices should conduct periodic reviews of the position risk level designations of COR positions and program manager positions to determine if the risk level is correct in relation to the dollar value and complexity of applicable contracts. **Department Comments** The Office of the Deputy Secretary responded to our draft memorandum and provided no comments. The Management Improvement Team (MIT) also responded to our draft. The MIT's concerns were that: 1. Our first recommendation did not sufficiently address the findings associated with training deficiencies. 2. The sample methodology for selecting the CORs we interviewed was not identified. 3\. Some of the identified best practices should be offered as recommendations. The MIT's full response is included in Exhibit 1. **OIG's Response** In response to the MIT's first concern, we have modified our first recommendation. We have made no changes in response to the second, as we believe our sample methodology is appropriately described in the Objectives, Scope and Methodology section of the memorandum, Appendix A. We disagree with the third suggestion, believing that our recommendations should focus on the critical steps needed to improve the COR training process, while leaving the best practices as possible enhancements for management to consider. We appreciate the cooperation we received from the CPO staff, the CORs, and the program managers interviewed for this review. If you have any questions, please call me at 260-3556. Attachments > **Appendix A** **Objectives, Scope and Methodology** The objectives of our inspection were to determine whether: 1) CORs are receiving the necessary training; and 2) CORs have the proper position risk level designation. The CPO provided a copy of its COR data files containing the names and training data for 734 CORs. The data files were used to analyze the accuracy and completeness of CPO's monitoring of COR training. The CPO also provided us with a list of over 400 current contracts that included the names of the delegated CORs. We selected a judgmental sample of the contracts with the greatest dollar value. The sample consisted of the sixteen largest dollar contracts in the Department and the ten largest in SFA. We interviewed the CORs and the program managers for those contracts with questionnaires developed using the General Accounting Office's *Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government,* November 1999*.* We compared ED's training program to the best practices contained in the Office of Federal Procurement Policy's *A Guide to Best Practices for Contract Administration,* October 1994. The Guide provides useful examples of what constitutes an effective training program and has designated them as best practices. We also compared the Department's COR training with the training at 13 Federal agencies. We specifically looked at the number and availability of COR training classes, the certification requirements, and the refresher classes offered at each agency. The agencies and departments surveyed were: Department of Agriculture Department of the Interior Department of Commerce Department of Justice Department of Defense Department of Labor Department of Energy National Aeronautics and Space Administration Environmental Protection Agency Department of Transportation General Services Administration Department of Treasury Department of Health and Human Services We provided the Security Office with the CPO list of all Department CORs and their contracts, including the dollar value of the contracts. We asked that the Security Office make a determination, using OPM's *Suitability Processing Handbook* (*Draft)*, April 2001, if all of the risk levels were appropriate. We also asked the Security Office to evaluate the risk levels of the program managers for the contracts we reviewed. This review was performed in accordance with the President's Council on Integrity and Efficiency (PCIE) *Quality Standards for Inspections*, dated March 1993. **Appendix B** **Best Practices: A Comparison of ED to Selected Training Procedures Contained in the Office of Federal Procurement Policy's Guide** MEMORANDUM TO: Mary Mitchelson ## Assistant Inspector General ## Analysis and Inspection Services FROM: John P. Higgins, Jr., Team Leader ## Management Improvement Team DRAFT: Draft Inspection Memorandum > Review of Contracting Officer's Representative (COR) Training and > > Risk Level Desugnations (A & I 2001-03) I am writing to provide comments to the above mentioned draft report. I offer these comments for your consideration prior to your release of the final reports. I would like to express one primary concern, in addition to two other important points that I believe deserve your attention, as detailed below. - The recommendation intended to improve CPO's COR training deficiencies -- requiring CPO to update its COR records to more accurately track training records to ensure that proper certification and recertification occurs -does rot appear to sufficiently address this finding. While capturing more relevant data would allow CPO to more effectively monitor COR certification, it does not address the basic question of how CPO intends to ensure that all CORs actually complete the mandatory training necessary to become certified and recertified. Has CPO, for instance, worked with TDC to develop a training plan to address their needs in this area? - On page 2 reference is made to "...sample of 26 CORs we interviewed, ..." but the uthors do not identify sample type. You may find guidance in the audit manual useful. - On page 4 two "Best Practices" are identified -- adding a basic contracting class for managers and supervisors and creating a checklist for contractor invoices -- and the authors suggest that the Department implement them because "it may be helpful" and "may be a useful tool. Your other analytical narrative supporting the two is stronger and appears well-reason. If your opinion is that the Department will benefit from implementing these practices, why not offer them as recommendations? I hope that you find these comments helpful. If you have any questions please do not hesitate to contact me at 205-1738 Cc: Brent Weston [^1]: A position risk level designation is used to determine the level of security clearance required for Department employees. There are three levels of risk: low, moderate, and high. These levels are based upon the degree of public trust in a position, the fiduciary responsibility of the employee, the employee's importance to the program, the program authority level, and the level of supervision. Chapter II, Section A, Page 1, of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) *Suitability Processing Handbook (Draft)*, April 2001. [^2]: At the time of our review, the Security Office was a component of the Office of Inspector General (OIG). It now is a part of the Office of Management. [^3]: OPM *Suitability Processing Handbook (Draft)*, April 2001. [^4]: Job assignments involving disbursement of \$10 million or more per year are designated high risk. Chapter II, Appendix B, Page 10, of the OPM *Suitability Processing Handbook (Draft)*, April 2001.

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FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION \+ + + + + INTERNATIONAL AVIATION SAFETY FORUM \"SAFETY FROM TOP TO BOTTOM\" \+ + + + + BREAKOUT PANEL - SESSION B THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 2006 \+ + + + + Westfields Marriott 17450 Conference Center Drive Chantilly, Virginia 20151 JAMES A. WILDING Moderator, Retired President and Chief Executive Officer, Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority CHARLES BARCLAY President, American Association of Airport Executives CATHERINE M. LANG Acting Associate Administrator for Airports, Federal Aviation Administration GAO LiJIA Deputy General Manager of Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited LANNY RIDER Airport Manager, Teterboro Airport, Port Authority of New York & New Jersey AHMED M. AL HADDABI Deputy Director General, General Civil Aviation Authority, United Arab Emirates P-R-O-C-E-E-D-U-N-G-S 2:33 p.m.) MS. GILLIGAN: Good afternoon, everybody. I\'m just here to call you all to order. I\'m the Deputy Associated Administrator for Aviation Safety. We\'re so pleased that you all could be here and thank you for joining us for the Airport Safety Emerging Risk Panel. The panel is actually put together by the FAA Airports Organization and we appreciate Kate\'s support and help in this and I just wanted to call you to order and turn this over to an old friend of the FAA who has agreed to be our moderator for this session, Jim Wilding. Thank you. MR. WILDING: Thank you very much, Peggy. Good afternoon, all. This is a gathering of the true believers back here, those of you that navigated your way to this room around back here. It is a pleasure to have the opportunity to moderate this and to do so up here on a panel with some old friends and some new friends. So the process \-- we\'ve got two hours allotted to us from 2:30 to 4:30. We have decided to forego any formal presentations. What we would like to do instead is simply have a discussion initially between the panelists and then sort of reaching out and pulling you all into that discussion as well of the emerging risks in the airport sector of aviation. I will try to start that discussion in just a moment after I introduce the panelists, by asking each of the panelists to initially address themselves to the question what one or maybe two risks as you look down the road are the most troubling to you when you think of the subject of airport safety. And then once they do that with whatever elaboration they choose to add, we can just take off from there and hopefully the panelists will follow up with each other. I\'ll try to follow up with them and then as we move along, we\'ll feed a few other topics into the conversation that I think are relevant to the subject of airport safety. And we\'ll go for awhile, maybe an hour or so, if it takes that long. And then at that point, I would like to reach out and pull you all into exactly that same sort of discussion. So if you would be making notes and thinking as you go along. If something said up here sufficiently outrages you that can\'t wait, by all means put up your hand. We\'re a small group, we can make up our rules as we go along. Or if you are violently in support of something, so, too, just say \"Aye, aye,\" and we\'d love to hear from you on it. First let me introduce the panel and I\'ll move from your left to your right. Sitting down here on the end is my old friend Kate Lang, who is the Acting Associate Administrator for Airports of the Federal Aviation Administration. Kate has been in that spot since December of last year, having been the Deputy Associate since August of 2003. Kate has been with the FAA since 1992; most of that time, not quite all of it, but most of that time in the airports office. Prior to that she did do a stint as the Chief of Staff to the Deputy Administrator of the FAA and prior to joining the FAA was an airport person as well, with the Department of Airports, the City of Chicago, so, Kate, welcome. Great to see you. Next to Kate over here, is Chip Barclay, President of the American Association of Airport Executives, an old hand around Washington, well-known, well-respected. Been with AAAE since 1983 which I find absolutely amazing, because it seems like yesterday but has taken an organization that was always a fine one and made it even finer, made it a very powerful voice in Washington for aviation matters. Chip has participated in any number of commissions and committees and he\'s short of on that short list of people when you need to put a bunch of people to think something through, Chip\'s name sort of jumps out of the Rolodex at you. Prior to joining AAAE, Chip put in some time both with the Civil Aeronautics Board and on Capitol Hill with the Senate Aviation Subcommittee. So Chip, great to see you. Skipping over myself, we next have Ms. Gao LiJia, from Beijing. MS. LiJIA: Yes. MR. WILDING: She is the Deputy General \-- she said, yeah, because I\'ve been having trouble pronouncing her name all day. I think that means I\'ve got it almost right. MS. LiJIA: You pronounce it very well. MR. WILDING: Well, thank you, thank you. She is the Deputy General Manager of the Beijing Capital International Airport Company, Limited, of course, of Beijing, China. That\'s a position she\'s held since early 2004. She\'s been with the airport company since 1996. She\'s responsible for developing and managing strategic planning projects for the company and her background is a strong technical engineering background which she practiced both in academia in the private sector over in China and then more recently with the Airport Companies. So welcome. MS. LiJIA: Thank you. MR. WILDING: Moving on down the line there is Lanny Rider, the manager of Teterboro Airport. Lanny has been with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey that owns an operators Teterboro since 1977. He has moved through a lot of key aviation assignments with the Port Authority, including time, very senior time, at both Kennedy and LaGuardia Airports. His time with the Port Authority, a career unto itself, follows a 20-year stint as an Army aviator. He holds a commercial pilot\'s license with over 3,000 hours, so he lends about 14 different perspectives to our discussion today. Lanny, great to see you. MR. RIDER: Thank you, sir. MR. WILDING: And last but far from least, down here on the end, is Mr. Ahmed Al Haddabi, the Deputy Director General of the General Civil Aviation Authority of the United Arab Emirates. He\'s held that position since March of 2006, a position which his resume which you have in your book, points out he got by royal decree which, when you get a job is probably a pretty good way to get one. He\'s been with the Civil Aviation Authority since 1998. His background is in aircraft manufacture and maintenance, both on the airframe and power plant side and his professional activities have centered around airworthiness, safety and security which safety, of course is our principal topic today. So Ahmed, thanks for joining us. With that said, let me now turn to sort of the kickoff question and just for the heck of it, why don\'t we start in the same fashion, sort of from your left to your right and ask each of the panelists to tell us as they think about whole myriad of issues that can lead to safety difficulties on airports, which one or two sort of pop to the top of their mind when they look down the road to the years ahead. Kate? MS. LANG: Yes, Jim, I\'m going to take the liberty of being able to take one or two and take two because I think it\'s actually a long important list that has to be examined, but the first two that come to mind are issues that have been of great concern to the FAA over the last couple of years. The first one has to do with what we have to do to reduce the risk of runway incursions on airports. You know, it\'s interesting a few years ago MIT did some studies and they were looking at the existing data associated with runway incursions at airports and they were looking at projected growth, and between the two of those things, extrapolating forward. They came up with some really startling and disturbing data as the potential risk for probability of accidents associated with runway incursion. So the Agency has put an awful lot of work on that and if you look at the airport piece of that, a major part of it is really dealing with the issues of airport geometry. We\'ve got a lot of \-- especially in the United States, we have a challenge of a lot of older airfields, a lot of them 40, 50 years old with intersecting runways, intersecting taxiways, a lot of opportunities or requirements for aircraft and vehicles to cross over aircraft movement areas. So it\'s been a real challenge trying to figure out how to mitigate those surfaces. On the one hand, you know, we have had \-- you know, made, I think, some real progress but it\'s really required sending teams to each of these airports to look at the incidents that have occurred and look at ways in which we can clear up as best we can, the geometry. And I would just maybe make one other comment on at least this area. I mean, as much as we can do to clean up the geometry, ultimately, a lot of what we see are related to human factors and human errors. I mean, ultimately, we have to do everything we can to improve situational awareness on the part of everybody on the airfield. Now, that\'s been very challenging. There\'s no shortcuts on that and there\'s a real redundancy of requirement on training. You know, for our office, we look at vehicle and pedestrian deviations, or VPDs. This has been really hard work. Over the last four years, we\'ve been able to bring down that rate despite growth in traffic down 36 percent. If we elect to really focus on these things, we can defy the statistics and really make more progress in that area, but I think that\'s a challenge we face worldwide as traffic is going to continue to grow, what are we going to do to mitigate and manage the risk of incursions on the airfield. The other area, you know, taking the liberty of a second one, I\'d mention is in the broad area of airport standards, again back to airport layout and geometry. But I do want to talk for just a minute about runway safety areas. Those are the areas, sort of the surfaces surrounding the ends of runways and they\'re very useful. If you over-shoot, under-shoot, or have an excursion off the runway, it\'s an opportunity to provide a reduction in the risk to aircraft and to life. You know, I would say that recent accidents both in Toronto, Midway Airport, really illustrate why having a standard RSA or Runway Safety Area, is so critically important. You know, once again, though, in many parts of the world and especially true in the United States, this is very challenging because we have such old airfields and it\'s very hard and very expensive in land-locked urban markets to bring these RSAs up to standard. So there is something that we\'ve had to do and I think that it\'s an essential part of the safety discussion is, we\'ve had to think more creatively in some of our research areas and we do have a success story in that regard. I mean, we came up with the technology several years ago, Engineering Arresting Materials Systems or EMAS. It took a long time to figure out how to make it work but it\'s an arrester bed system. It\'s a crushable concrete surface and we\'ve at this point, I think all together we\'ve got like, I don\'t know 21 runway ends we\'ve now done in the country and it allows you to \-- if you can\'t do a standard RSA of 1,000 feet or 308 meters, to get to 600 feet with the standard EMAS or 183 meters with EMAS and get the same safety benefit as if you did the full EMAS or the full RSA. And the interesting thing, I think, we\'re discovering is we\'re really reporting saves. Last month alone we had two EMAS saves, you know, in other areas where we couldn\'t get to a standard RSA. So I think the challenge is really especially for a lot of older airports, is meeting international standards really does make big differences in terms of the safety envelope we\'re improving. MR. WILDING: Thank you. Chip? MR. BARCLAY: Well, I\'ll do two as well, a micro and a macro view of airport safety. If I put an issue in a micro analysis it would be runway incursions, as Kate has said, because that\'s where we have the greatest liability for real catastrophic kind of event with the loss of life. So you\'ve got to be concerned about that. Airports are \-- airports like Providence have seen a trend toward deviations and been proactive working with FAA on testing new signage and painting patterns at the airport and found that there are things we can do that have been very successful working on those, and I think we\'ve got to keep working. We can have a longer discussion, of course, about runway incursions but that would be number one on my list for a specific item. More generally, though, if you stand back and take a look at what could concern you these days about safety and the emphasis we\'re putting on it, the thing that concerns me is the way all the oxygen is being used up on airport security. If you\'re an airport director today in the US, all of \-- you know, your top three priority issues are in anywhere in this area are security, security and security. There\'s a new SD coming out, you\'ve got to get everybody vetted, you\'ve got to redo your access control system. Your money is all going there from your budget. So if you\'re somebody who would normally have been sitting back thinking, \"Gee, I wonder, there\'s some new technology I\'ve read about. I\'d like to put it on the vehicles on the ramp because I think I could track them better and avoid runway incursions maybe that way\", you A, don\'t have a whole lot of time to be thinking about that because all your attention is over on the security side, and B, your budget for doing those kinds of things has been used up because you\'re redoing your access control system for security. And in the security, a lot of what we\'re doing in the US is every time one of us or somebody else can think of a potential liability, we\'re going and chasing that problem. And whereas, we can think of real safety issues, those are getting put often in a place where it\'s not getting the priority you would get if you had a better balanced view of the playing field, all the ways you could spend your time and money to better improve the environment at the airport for overall safety, including security. So that\'s the one item that I don\'t know to address much further other than to say it\'s a worry that makes me wring my hands but there\'s a lot of specifics, obviously. MS. LiJIA: It\'s my time? MR. WILDING: All yours. MS. LiJIA: Good morning \-- no, not morning, good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. I think my interpreter\'s English is better than mine, yeah, so I want to speak Chinese. I think at the end of this time, just one may can understand Chinese so turn to 10 to your channel, yeah, okay. I worked in Beijing Airport about nine years, so I worked in airports. So different city from government, from \-- I say, Chinese, I\'m sorry, I forgot. (Speaking Chinese) (Through Interpreter) According to what I can \-- over 10 percent so you can tell that the entire traffic amount that we face in China is number 2 in the world. Our volume level is number 2 in the world, so safety is a very important issue to us. In the past few years safety to us has had very good statistic, three accidents out of 1,000 planes. And we hope that in the next five years we can reach the same level as you are here in the United States. For other takeoffs we have less than two. I, myself, are from this airport in China and right now there are two runways in the airport and last year, we served 41 million customers, and this year, I think that that number will reach 48 million. That would be the capacity of our service so that\'s about a 17 percent increase per year. In such a situation that we find ourselves in, safety is a very, very important thing. The two experts before myself were just talking about three issues. First they were talking about the runways and they were talking about the structure, the geometry of the runways. And they were talking also about investing in the safety of the airport operations. You work at an airport, so what is the greatest expenditure? I think we have three big challenges at our airport. We have to, first of all, continue to maintain the growth that we\'re experiencing, so we\'re under a lot of pressure in how to use the resources that we have, that was to achieve a very high safety record with the resources that we have. And everybody knows right now that Beijing right now if facing an excellent opportunity for us, that is in the year 2008 we will be putting on the Olympics. During the Olympics, we think that the volume will go up to 60 million. Under that \-- for that reason, we\'ll be building the third runway and the third terminal. So the issue here that we\'ll be facing is how to effectively and safely operate three terminals and three runways and who to try to prevent accidents or any other bad things happening in a situation where there is so much traffic. We want to operate effectively with the air traffic controllers. We want to also try to reduce risk as much as possible. The third challenge that we face is the management challenge. I think James Wilding just now was talking about a couple of things. Personally, myself, I am not in charge of safety every day. I\'m not in charge of the safety, the operations of the airport. Basically, I, myself, am in charge of future strategic plans. I think he was saying that and also I do the budgeting and I also do reform management, how to manage our reform and in talking about how to manage reform and change, change management, it\'s very important. It\'s something that we talked about this morning and that is the culture has changed and in the process, in the midst of change, trying to pay more attention to safety. In the process of trying to carry out change throughout the whole machinery of operations, we have to really attach importance to security and know that everybody is interesting in knowing some details and if you want to know that, please go ahead and ask me as many questions as you want, because there are so many topics to talk about in an airport. And everyday such a huge airport that we have, we might have some incidents, we might have some accidents in our airport and you might want to know of the investigation and how we share the information related to that. We are willing to talk about any of that if you ask those questions. Thank you very much. MR. WILDING: Thank you. Your turn, Lanny. MR. RIDER: Okay, I\'d like to take the group on a little different journey here. I really want to thank Marion Blakey and the FAA for inviting me to attend and specifically \-- and Jim, but they specifically wanted to incorporate an element of general aviation in today\'s proceedings. And I spent 20 some years of airport management working at the air carrier airports and I was asked if I\'d be interested in being manager at Teterboro Airport. First of all, how many people have ever heard of Teterboro Airport? Probably because we had so many \-- MALE PARTICIPANT: You\'re famous. MS. LANG: Probably because we\'ve had so many incidents, but I know when I got \-- first got to Teterboro about five years ago, a lot of people didn\'t know where Teterboro was at and what it was. And to tell you the truth, I thought I knew just about everything there was to know about airport management and pretty much about the aviation industry. And when I walked in the door at Teterboro Airport, I found out very quickly that I had to relearn just about everything I knew. I\'m not going to say anything new here. I think all of us, and we\'re all professionals and you all know about the general aviation industry but sometimes just saying it kind of really paints a picture and things that if you don\'t work with general aviation every day, might be a little surprising. So I call general aviation right now the sleeping giant. And it\'s a sleeping giant that\'s just beginning to wake up. Let\'s talk a little bit about what is general aviation, what\'s the definition of general aviation? General aviation is every flight operation that\'s not a scheduled service air carrier or a military flight. So for example, let\'s talk about operations. It could be government, public safety, law enforcement, charter operators, air taxi operators, sightseeing operations, corporate operators, fractional ownership fleets, recreational flight operators, you know, that\'s the type of operations we\'re talking about. Everything from the guy who goes out on the weekend and jumps in his Cessna 172 up to and including people who fly 747s and have every rating in the book. So talk a little bit about aircraft, were talking about just that, everything from a 747, BBJ, Airbus Business Jets, every category of heavy, medium and light jets, turboprops, small piston aircraft, experimental aircraft, renovated antique aircraft, gliders and ultra-lights. That\'s quite a spectrum of equipment to deal with at an airport. Pilots and crews, again, everything from the hundred hour VFR pilot, even less than 100 hours, up to the 10,000 hour plus pilot who has an ATP rating and every other multiple rating there is in the book, all of these people can all land at the same airports under the same general categories. Airports, you\'ve got everything from a grass strip on the family farm up through and including the largest most sophisticated airports in the world. Kennedy Airport has a general aviation facility. Newark Airport does. LaGuardia Airport does, my airport is totally generally general aviation. So it gives you a little bit of a perspective of the type of industry we\'re looking at. The issue here is for many, many, many years, general aviation was, pardon the pun, flying below the radar. It was a niche kind of industry. As long as it wasn\'t creating a big problem for the air carrier operations and the air carrier airports, it pretty much was allowed to just operate and it had regulatory oversight, has always had regulatory oversight but again, as long as it wasn\'t creating or drawing a huge amount of attention, it was able to operate and it operated pretty well, pretty safely when you consider all of these elements that we\'re talking about. So what\'s changing. Why all of a sudden has the FAA asked and made several comments so far in this conference and referred to general aviation and what\'s happening? And what\'s happening is that since 2001, we\'re seeing the general aviation industry begin to blossom and expand. And it\'s expanding faster than any other segment of the aviation industry right now. And it\'s not just in the United States. I was talking to some representatives of Gulfstream and Bombardier and Falcon Jet and for the first time, the very first time in history, they\'re actually selling more general aviation corporate jets overseas than they\'re selling here in this country. So it\'s booming, it\'s expanding and it\'s happening very rapidly. I think what\'s happening here is that the FAA is recognizing, as the regulatory body, that this is a potential problem. That they have to get a better handle on what\'s happening out there in the general aviation industry. They have to review their own regulations to make sure their regulations are appropriate and are extensive enough. We all know that the FAA has limited resources to inspect and enforce their own regulations and the general aviation industry, again, is the one that\'s been flying under the radar, and unfortunately, we\'ve discovered that up at Teterboro Airport with some of the incidents that we have encountered up there. I think there\'s a huge problem on the airport side. There are 5,000 airports in the US or approximately 5,000 airports in the US and about 500 of those 5,000 airports actually serve about 90 or 95 percent of the air traffic in this country. Unfortunately or fortunately, as general aviation begins to expand, it\'s going to start using a lot of that capacity that\'s sitting out there. In small airports or airports that basically have low traffic levels, just because of the nature of the business, corporate aviation especially, they need to move fast, they need to circumvent delays. They need to look for routes to get them to where they want to go, be as close to where their customer wants to go and not incur a lot of ATC problems or airport problems. So they\'re going to start, I think, expanding out, fanning out into these smaller airports, less used airports and by the way airports that have less regulation and airports that have less resources and ability to upgrade, modernize and get up to today\'s standard. Now, I say that from personal experience because when I walked in the door at Teterboro Airport five years ago, and I looked around, having been used to dealing with professional air carrier airports, I was totally appalled to tell you the truth, at the conditions of the airport. They had two intersecting runways with a very limited, barely adequate taxiway system. Most of the taxiways did not have centerline lights. Neither one of the two runways had centerline lights. They had one set of visual aid indicators at one of the runways. The terminal and ramp facilities were inadequate and substandard. Luckily, I work for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Because I work for New York and New Jersey, they had a huge amount of resources I could tap into and we began a rebuilding program five years ago at Teterboro which encompassed a \$100 million capital improvements program and it\'s taken me five years to get the taxiways straightened out and to get appropriate NAV aids in there and in many cases we\'ve actually partnered with the FAA because the FAA was not capable of expending the money and installing a lot of the NAV aids that needed to be put in, visual aids, that we did it for them on agreements with the FAA that we would purchase them, install them and then maintain and operate them. So there are ways of doing it, but again, I\'m the lucky one. I\'m the one that works for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. I\'m not sure if these other 4,500 airports have that resource. So I think it\'s something that needs to be looked at. Up until one year ago, if your airport didn\'t have scheduled airline service in and out of the airport, you were not required to hold a certificate from the FAA to operate that airport. The 139 airport certificate, which is your basic safety standards and safety and operating standards for airports was not required for any airport that didn\'t have scheduled service. Now, we\'re a little different, again, working for the Port Authority. We\'ve had a 139 certificate at Teterboro since the \`70s and we had it because we requested it from the FAA and then we help maintain and keep it active and up to date. Last year a new regulation was passed concerning 139 which created a new category of airports, a Category 4, which is a minimal standard but at least it\'s a standard and it does require airports the size of Teterboro who do not have scheduled service, to now comply with 139. So I think this is a good step in the right direction, but I\'m not sure it\'s enough given something called a VLJ. A VLJ is Very Light Jet which, coming into the industry, there\'s thousands of them on order right now, basically, looking to cover two segments of the market as far as I\'m concerned; one, to replace a lot of the turboprops and two, an air taxi kind of operations where corporations will be able to throw one or two people in an aircraft and get them to the West Coast in a pretty quick time. VLJs are going to be able to operate in and out of small airports with runways as short as 2600 feet. Those airports right now, I\'ll tell you, have minimal facilities to be operating the jets. So, that\'s kind of an overview of where we\'re at with general aviation activity right now and my concerns about the evolving industry and I\'ve got to tell you, the corporate aviation piece of the business is expanding tremendously. I\'m now running 200,000 operations a year. About 75 percent of that are jets, mostly the medium jets, some jets up to 100,000 pounds. That\'s about two-thirds the number of aircraft that land and take off at Kennedy Airport which is five times my size and has two more runways than I have. We also, on daily activity, many times will exceed Kennedy Airport\'s amount of traffic. So while Kennedy might run 800 operations a day, I have been known to run as many as 1100 operations in one day on an intersection runway operation. I\'m nowhere near close to LaGuardia by the way, LaGuardia Airport, which is also an intersecting runway operation, a very old airport, just puts us to shame. The other running joke and all of us airport operators or managers at the Port Authority constantly make fun of one another and so whenever I get the chance to, I give Al Graser, (phonetic) the General Manager of Kennedy a hard time, about me operating more aircraft than he does. He comes back and says, \"You know, I have flies at Kennedy that are bigger than some of the airplanes that fly into your airport\", and he\'s exactly right. But we\'re a different kind of operation. Again, Teterboro, I think is advantageous that we have the resources of the Port Authority, the experience of the Port Authority. So let me talk about my two worries about airport safety. And the first one I\'m going to say and given my experience over the last two years, is awareness and awareness and awareness, and then there\'s awareness. And it\'s not just the pilots and crews but it\'s ground crews, it\'s operations people, it\'s police, it\'s ARF (phonetic) crews, it doesn\'t make any difference. We have to somehow raise the level of awareness in our general aviation facilities especially. It\'s interesting, every accident is different, every incident is different, different set of circumstances, but a couple of things I have found and that is people are very routinized. We\'re creatures of habit. If you make changes, you somehow have to raise the level of awareness of your operators and your users and highlight the fact that you\'ve made a change because they tend to do things the same way over and over and over again. I\'ll point out just a quick example of that. I just recently put in an EMAS, an arrester bed at the end of runway \-- it\'s the departure end of Runway 6, and that was put in as a result of a Challenger action that we had a year ago. We installed the EMAS and finished it on a Saturday morning, Friday night into Saturday morning. On Wednesday evening, an aircraft landed on Runway 6, got his instructions from the tower, \"End of Runway 6, turn left on the taxiway to LIMA, (phonetic) back to the ramp. He said, fine. He was from St. Louis. He had been in and out of the airport a number of times, but he wasn\'t a tenant there. So he remembered that the taxiway was right at the end of the pavement. So he taxied down to the end of 6, and when he got to the end, he saw something out there in front of him that looked like pavement, so even though there were a big set of lights there and there was a big number 24 up side down that he had crossed, and there was these huge big hash marks, and there was a sign that say Taxiway Alpha and there was green lights going down there, he didn\'t think that he was at the end of the runway so he taxied right into the arrester bed. It had been in place three days. Now, he went in about 40 feet. We\'ll probably have to replace about 15 blocks of the arrester bed. That\'s probably going to cost him 800, 1,000 to a million dollars. The arrester bed cost me \$7 million to put in. So, you know, here was a real stupid error that you wouldn\'t think would happen. How could a pilot not know where the end of the runway is? The other thing that was a little scary and leads me into my next items was I went out and these two young fellows were standing there and one of them looked about half the age of my son and I realize I\'m really old and I\'ve been in this business a long time and I probably should have given it up, but he walked over and introduced himself as the chief pilot. And that was a little scary to me. I know that the pilots are young. I\'ve seen airline \-- air carrier pilots that look younger than my son as well, but the chief pilot walked up and he really was maybe in this twenties. Not to say he wasn\'t totally qualified and had experience, but it brings me into my next issue and that is the forecast for being able to place crews in the cockpits and I think it\'s an air carrier issue as well as a general aviation issue. Where are we going to get out qualified people from? Are we paying enough attention as to how we\'re getting the experience to these people they need and then we\'re promoting and moving qualified people up in the ranks that are aware, aware, and aware? A big issue. And one last issue and I won\'t hold anybody else up for a lot more time here; we talked about physical constraints at airports. There\'s two major problems, especially at old airports, antiquated airports, we are landlocked and we are handcuffed by environmental protection rules. I have had a nightmare of a time making improvements to Teterboro Airport that I\'ve had to fight for every inch that I have gained with the environmental protection agencies. Our laws are onerous to the airports, public safety takes a back seat and mitigation requirements are so onerous trying to make up for past transgressions that it almost makes it impossible sometimes to build another taxiway or to add some ramp space or do things on an airport to make it a safer, better, more efficient operation. And I\'m not even going to talk about the public resistance. That\'s where I\'m at. MR. WILDING: Environmental, you say. MR. RIDER: Yes, sir. MR. WILDING: There\'s a raw nerve or two there. I suspect we might circle back to that but let\'s finish this first round. Ahmed, all yours. MR. AL HADDABI: Thank you, Jim. First of all, I would like to thank the FAA for the invitation and I\'m really pleased to be here. I believe Lanny has told a lot of things and I think you covered more than general aviation. What I\'m going to talk about is our experience in the United Arab Emirates as I was asked to talk about here. I\'m going to talk about the rapid growth that we are facing in the United Arab Emirates. Of course, currently, the UAE like any other Middle East country is basically witnessing unprecedented growth in it civil aviation sector. In the United Arab Emirates alone we have international carriers and we have regional carriers that are operating a number of aircrafts from general aviation, medium, wide-body aircraft and to the medium wide-body aircraft such as the A380 which is expected to be delivered within the next on year. The UAE itself, I\'m not going to advertise here but I\'m just \-- I would be sharing with you the challenges that we are, of course, facing that we have \-- that there are almost more than A380 aircraft and almost 100 more aircraft from what is Boeing here or from the United States and we have almost more than 24 type of aircraft registered in the United Arab Emirates Civil Aircraft Register. That is on the aircraft side. On the airport limit and the airport side, we have \-- you all, I\'m sure have heard of Dubai International Airport which is now being expanded, redeveloped to cater for at least 50 million passengers per annum as of \-- within the next five years, as of next year. That is, by itself, or course put a little pressure on the regulators from all aspects. Another airport in the UAE is being reconstructed to cater for another 25 million passengers with two runways. And the biggest project that is now being constructed, the new Jebel Alley City Airport, which is the biggest airport in the entire world, a capacity of 120 million passengers. In 2015 that airport is expected to handle the biggest traffic or cargo traffic volume in the entire world. That is the changes that the \-- that we are going to face and we have to find the right solution for it. Again, of course, we have done a lot of things and I am ready to share with you what we have done based on your questions. However, we do believe in the United Arab Emirates that the rapid growth will definitely bring with is safety risks and challenges and that is the whole issue that we have to find the right way to overcome these difficulties. Another thing that we are also facing or the industry is, of course, facing is working in isolations. The airport develop the airport work in isolation to \-- for examining the area control centers. They work in isolation with other government entities. So again, and that was what we are going to end up with, we are going to end up with congestions. If you have congestion on the ground, you will definitely have congestion in the air. That is one of the things that we have to sort out by having an ATM, an Air Traffic Management, not only for the airport or not only for the Air Control Center but for the whole industries. So this is one of the issues that we really have and one of the things that I would like to share with you is the introduction of the A380 aircraft, the wide-bodied aircraft which we really have to cater for as of next year. The other issue that the whole industry is facing is English language proficiency. That is one of the \-- one of the evolving and emerging risks. I\'m not talking about pilots only but even the ground operations, the ground handlers, they lack English language proficiency and that is a big risk. I don\'t know whether you really have it in the United States, but I\'m sure in our region we are a multi-cultural society and, therefore, we have people speak Arabic, speak different languages and therefore, that could be a risk when dealing with civil aviation. One of the other, of course, issues that we are actually facing is the ground handling, it was mentioned this morning. The ground handling are not being regulated and that is one of the other issues that has to be addressed. The IATA has not addressed any ground handling and therefore, some countries they have incorporated into the airport certification program where they have said, it\'s part of the safety management system. It is not and that\'s why you have a lot of ground incidents and even sometimes accidents that would really cause delay. According to IATA, it varies between 4 billion to \$20 billion US dollar, that is the cost to the industry because of the ground handling, because of the English language proficiency also. So I\'m sure there are so many things that we are facing but I would like to basically limit it as far as I am concerned to these three issues; the aircraft introduction, the English language proficiency in the ground handling, but again, one of the most important issues as I said, industry working in isolation. This is not in our region but it\'s in the whole industry, whether in the United States or in another part of the world. That is a challenge that I believe, by working together, we will reach to \-- it\'s not a one-way situation. There is no one industry. Everybody has to address the concern of others. And I don\'t think I\'ll elaborate further but if you have any questions, I\'ll be more than happy to take them. Thank you. MR. WILDING: Thank you. Thank you all. There were a couple of things that, I think, I\'d like to see us follow up on in this first round and several of the panelists touched on one aspect or another of human factors and the fact that for an airport to have a safe environment on the airplane side, there needs to be a safety awareness, a safety consciousness and it seems to me that we start from a fairly good place, because if you go into any airport that I\'m familiar with, and look at what\'s happening on the street side of the airport, and then walk through and look at what\'s happening on the airfield side, you see a much more disciplined, a much more safety consciousness operation on the airfield side but at the same time, the very things we\'ve talked about, more traffic, bigger airplanes, linguistic difficulties, all those sorts of things are constant pressures that are pushing downward on that. So I\'d like to see if anybody on the panel would like to take on just talking for a minute about what are the key factors in really building and maintaining and improving safety awareness on the part of a workforce in an airport and whose responsibility is it to see that that happens? Anybody? Lanny? MR. RIDER: Well, I would say that one of the things that\'s really being proposed and you\'re starting to hear it a lot is Safety Management Systems. Safety Management Systems are basically global in nature and you\'re not talking about a pilot program, you\'re not talking about an airport program. You\'re talking about a total program of safety, aviation safety and at Teterboro we have partnered with the industry, the general aviation industry and with NATA and NBAA and GAMA and IOPA, all our major fixed base operators or service companies and our user\'s group which is called the Teterboro Users Group, outfits like NetJets, and Falcon Jet, we actually pulled them all together in one room and we started talking about safety and safety management programs and we\'re partnering with NATA, who is actually creating safety management systems for all of those elements and then our goal is to actually blend all of them together so that we\'re all part of the Safety Management System. Now, whose responsibility is it, it\'s really every manager\'s responsibility, it\'s every pilot\'s responsibility, it\'s every line service guy\'s responsibility. It\'s everybody\'s responsibility. But in order not to diffuse it, you do have to determine who is responsible for safety and one of the elements of the Safety Management System is to actually create a Safety Manager for those different elements who then meet regularly and compare notes and share information and work with their elements of the system to keep the awareness high. So I think it\'s a good thing. I think it will help. MR. WILDING: Gao, did you start to? MS. LiJIA: Yes. MR. WILDING: Please. MS. LiJIA: (Through interpreter) I want to share with you the safety system that we have established at our airport. Just now we mentioned the industry has been developing very rapidly and while we\'re developing rapidly, we have to reduce the rate of accidents or incidents within the industry. Everybody is trying to look for a very good solution for it. This morning, somebody mentioned SMS. And in 2004, the entire Chinese civilization system started to look for a solution to reduce accidents or incidents. At that time SMS was not a globally accepted solution. So at that time, our authority had to give certain safety indicators that for the airports or for the airlines and everybody which will be used for performance evaluation. That includes everybody; air traffic control, our suppliers, our service providers. We established a committee called Safety Management Committee and every month we sat together and had a meeting and every week, on Monday morning, we also meet to talk about incidents or accidents. So on that I think that organization is very important and within the organization you have to have goals and you have to designate different responsibilities to achieve those goals. We also have independent evaluation organization and every month the evaluator submits a report to the committee. The most important thing is that the high level attention given to aviation safety. We actually have medium to high level leaders who have to attend the meetings of this committee on a monthly basis, even though I myself, is not in charge of aviation safety but my mere presence here is really because of the reports given by \-- to this monthly committee meeting and we all know that you have to know who\'s in charge of operations, who\'s in charge of safety and we all sit together to discuss these issues. There is also a Deputy General Manager, who is in charge of aviation, rather safety who would discuss with me on these things. We believe that the practice that we used in the past is actually pretty valuable and now with the introduction of SMS, we have some changes. One is we\'re trying to predict incidents rather than try to diagnose things that have already happened. Another one is called Just Catch or Just Culture, rather. And we\'re trying to introduce this culture to the operation of the organization and I think changing culture is very difficult for us, and my thought is that maybe we can start from the operation of the administrators and step-by-step trying to introduce some changes and we\'re still confident about that. I think we have a three-year plan. We have a roadmap already in place. And I think if we have a better platform to communicate with airlines and airports in other parts of the world, it would be a good thing to do and I think \-- I hope that the cost would be limited, too. MR. WILDING: Thank you. MS. LANG: Jim, if I could maybe just bookend this discussion because I really do think that the whole discussion about how do we change or develop a greater culture of safety, the movement to SMS, all of these things really are very critical to the future. It\'s really interesting to me because so often in the airport community the big conversation is, how are we going to meet this great growth coming? I mean, these are wonderful problems to have but the real focus is how are you going to meet future demand, how are you going to pay for it? If you\'re running an airport, I mean, the questions you get all the time are, are you on time, under budget, are you meeting schedules, but it really takes a discipline. I mean, a culture of safety is about every aspect of what we do no the airport landscape; planning, design, financial, operations, administration. All of it has to ask the basic questions about in the performance of this task, what are we really doing to insure that we\'ve maximized safety? Now, ICAO has required all member states to adopt SMS and we are moving that way. In the United States, we are right now preparing to make it a mandatory requirement for all of our 600 airports. I mean, that is a challenging thing to do, but I think it\'s really important. I mean, we\'ve got a wonderful safety record with it comes to the airport piece of the equation but as we look at the growth and the complexity, we\'re going to have to continue to develop ever finer tools and to really make sure everyone involved in the operations are really aware of, you know, their safety responsibilities. It\'s everybody\'s job, everyday, day after day. I mean, that\'s got to be the focus. And I think that\'s why we\'re very excited about the potential for SMS because it takes the best of what we do and requires everybody to agree to disciplined protocols and systematic ways of approaching it. So today we do or don\'t have ramp management practices on an airport or we do or don\'t have wildlife hazard mitigation management, or we have ops management. It basically says you\'re going to develop a system that everybody knows, that\'s a visible architecture. Everybody knows what the rules are and you have a predictable, reliable proactive and reactive way of addressing the safety environment of the airport. I think especially for airports, it\'s really kind of a new area we\'re getting into but I think it\'s essentially critical. I think we all are agreeing and I was very excited to hear about it this morning. I think everybody after a lot of debate in the international community on the application of SMS to aerodromes, I think we\'ve all come around and said, you know, this is where we need to go. Now the trick is figuring out what it is and how do we develop it. And that will be I think very much the conversation we\'re going to be having both in the United States and with our colleagues abroad over the next three to five years as we try to really begin to embrace SMS and begin to stand up these systems around the world and to do it in an integrated basis with air traffic management, with aircraft operations. MR. WILDING: Kate, I have the sense that the safety management system, you know, I think is very, very promising but that it\'s coming on so strong that a lot of airports are saying yea, yeah, and then they\'re walking away and saying, \"What the heck are they talking about\", you know, \"What\'s it mean? How is that \-- I know what I do today. MS. LANG: Right. MR. WILDING: \"Does that sort of slide into SMS or does SMS sit on top of it or along side of it or what\"? Chip, you started to say something and I interrupted you. MR. BARCLAY: Well, let me come back to SMS but first go to your point on human factors because I do think more human factors research on airport issues would have a great ROI in terms of safety for the industry. And you\'ve got an FAA budget that the entire R&D budget is 135 million. None of that \-- that\'s way too small. None of it\'s going to human factors on airport and stuff, and you do \-- and it\'s hard to get that up because of our success. I mean, one of the \-- one of our big problems is we\'ve been so successful on aviation in terms of deaths. You know, in this country, we kill more people on highways \-- we don\'t kill them. More people die on highways every three months than have been killed since the Wright Brothers in the history of aviation. So when you tell people, \"Oh, we\'ve got this great need for limited resources, to put more into safety at airports\", you don\'t always get a lot of attention to it, but the truth is that in terms of injuries on a ramp and in the airport environment, airports are, you know, like number three on the list or something after fishing in Alaska and timber, or something like that, and so you have lots of injuries and people in the past, like DuPont, have proved who years ago had horrible injury rates at their plants, and went into safety management, have found you \-- they make money for you. You know, you save so much more money by not having the injuries than these programs cost you if you invest in them and get them done, that it winds up being a positive economic as well as a positive safety issue. And if you\'re not injuring people, you\'ve got a lot better chance that you\'re not going to go further than that and really be hurting people, so just a pitch for more human factors research that I think would be well spent. SMS is a difficult thing to get your arms around. I don\'t think anybody in our community would say, \"We don\'t want to do better planning, we don\'t want to do safety management in a way that it does improve things\". On the other hand, in our country, you know, we\'ve always pre-empted local governments that run airports from doing any safety regulation in aviation. All the aviation laws, one of the first things they say is Federal Government does all safety regulation in aviation, local governments don\'t do it. And so you\'re now trying to say whereas in other countries you have airports that run part of the air traffic control system. Some of them run \-- actually are the regulators as well, So you\'ve got a worldwide system that\'s very heterogeneous when it comes to the way you run airports. So we\'re trying to figure out together with FAA, okay, how do you take a KO good concept, put it into our system and have airports do the kind of logical planning across tenants who you\'ve got some control over? Some of them over others. You\'ve got a lot of control over your own employees but they\'re a very small portion of what you\'re dealing with there at the airport. And it\'s how do we make that fit into our legal authority system to make it something really effective rather than just a new slogan on something we\'ve already been trying to do? MR. AL HADDABI: Jim, if I may add something. MR. WILDING: Please. MR. AL HADDABI: See, Safety Management System is basically a culture of change, so people would have to believe in it. It is not something from the regulator, \"Here you are, take it,\" and then you have to comply, of course. We believe, and I certainly believe that we have to do a little awareness of trainings and there should be a transition program between the old and the current or the new safety management system. And I do believe if the top management \-- and here we talk from top to bottom, and therefore, if they don\'t really believe in it, I think it will be a documentation of no use because Safety Management System is not only to aerodrome, not only to air navigation or ATC. It will also involve aircraft operation. So we do believe it is a culture of change, not to the industry but to the whole country. It is something if it is really done with a transition, with actually a program, with others, I think we will get to the objectives by having a Safety Management System which is useable, which is easy to take, easy to have it within the industry and I believe from the regulator's perspective, if we can really have a transition program, not necessarily having the SMS as well or the ICAO requirements. For example, most of the civil aviation now are ISO certified and they have met a lot of safety records. The SMS is something that will basically promote additional safety but also reduce manpower, so there\'s a lot of things into it. It\'s not something that will drastically improve the safety for actually one day or actually one night. We do believe without having a transition program, we do have in the UAE a safety measurement system on the ATC and AO certification but it is not fully SMS. We have to take into consideration the culture and we have to ask people to believe in it. It is not something that we have to enforce it, I believe. We will have enforce it one day or another but without having a program, I think it is of no use. This is what I wanted to add, thank you. MR. WILDING: Thank you. I\'d like to go back and pick up on a point that Lanny made at the very end of his initial statement having to do with the environmental things, and just as Chip pointed out, that security tends to eclipse safety somewhat these days in people\'s prioritization and where you\'re sort of dragged off in that direction, so too the environmental processes that we have tend, I think, to in many people\'s minds, get in the way of other worthy objectives, safety, the one we\'re talking about here. Kate, is there any mechanism at the federal level or would there likely be one if people pushed hard enough on it, to get sort of an environmental shortcut on the environmental laws, more of the regulations than the laws, if there\'s a bonafide safety project and maybe even more importantly, my sense and I\'d very much appreciate your reaction to it, is it in many areas what was years ago FAA advocacy for certain projects, safety would be a primary one, get sort of pushed back into the shadows for fear that you get out front environmentally and favor something before it\'s gone through the environmental hoops? Can you just sort of walk us around that block a little bit? MS. LANG: Yeah, you know, from where I sit, we have a lot of competing public interest but they\'re all good. So I have to tell you truthfully, I don\'t have a quarrel with our obligations under the law to be balanced in our approach to aviation, whether it\'s safety, capacity, in meeting our environmental \-- in balancing those against environmental impacts. I think we have to do that. I think we have to be responsible neighbors in that regard. And I\'ll tell you, there\'s very few safety projects that at the same time, don\'t improve the efficiency of the airport or potentially improve or increase capacity. And we should responsibly evaluate those and be clear and honest and truthful about the potential other benefits that come from those. Now, that doesn\'t mean we can\'t do it smarter and we\'ve spent in the United States the better part of the last four or five years really looking at the environmental process and trying to get rid of our nightmare approaches. You know, we\'ve had some projects that would take you know, literally in some cases decades to advance because of, you know, either clumsy or uncoordinated efforts among both either the federal parties or local parties or everybody in advancing those projects. We have done a lot, I think to do a better job in terms of the environmental management. I think we\'ve also tried to do a better job in looking at really the things that have an impact and need to be mitigated and those that don\'t. And we\'ve expanded the list of projects that you know, generally speaking, don\'t have an environmental impact. We\'ve tried to do the shortcuts, but you know, frankly, I think they\'ve got to live together. If we found something because we lived through some of this after 9/11 on a security end, if we found something that we, before God and country could say fundamentally in the interest, you know, of public exigency, that was something we had to essentially do faster, the environmental laws in the United States give us the flexibility to do that. So I\'d like to say, Jim, we do have that but we\'ve got to be careful not to wrap a capacity project up around the safety flag or to, you know, use euphemisms for projects that actually, you know, do increase capacity and so I think you\'ve got to be truthful in that. I think we\'re making progress. It is hard. I think that\'s okay. I mean, I think we have an obligation to be good stewards of the environment. I don\'t know that they have to cancel each other out though, but it is hard and we have to do it intelligently. MR. RIDER: I\'d just like to say, and I\'ll be the devil\'s advocate here for a moment, and I think in the big picture, you\'re exactly right and I also believe in protecting our environment, preserving it for our next generations, but I ran into a situation in New Jersey which is not uncommon and I think different states have different laws and different attitudes about how they enforce those laws. But when we put the arrester bed in at the end of 6, as a result of a major accident, that\'s a 150-foot wide, 260-foot long bed that required a patch of pavement at the end of the runway to put that in. It so happened at the end of that runway is classified as wetlands, and in my opinion, it was a big dirty mud puddle that had very little use to the public given that it was right off the end of the runway. But I\'m being facetious. The project was held up for at least six months in trying to get the permit. The problem was downstream effects by adding pavement and we had to guarantee as an airport that there would be no downstream effect, zero effect by adding this small piece of pavement. So we went through a mechanism of studies and whatnot to show that there would be minimal downstream effect and they came back and said, \"No, you misunderstood. We want you to have zero, no downstream effect\". And we said, \"Okay, well, the only way we can do that is to give up other pavement\". So we found enough pavement somewhere else on the airport and we guaranteed that we would rip up that other pavement and that would offset this small patch of pavement we were creating. They said, \"Fine, we\'ll agree to that but before we issue you the permit, we want a deed restriction on the airport that you can never use that piece of property that you just tore up. And that basically kicked over to the water department because as a public agency, we can\'t do deed restrictions and meanwhile the arrester bed was held up. We couldn\'t actually build the arrester bed. Now, I don\'t know how many reporters are in here but I would like to say this is off the record and next week if anybody wants to write to me it might be to the county jail, but we went ahead and built the arrester bed and we\'re still waiting on a determination on the permit. So although I think in the big picture that Kate\'s exactly right, I think here are specific projects that we need some help, some governmental help on. MS. LANG: Well, can I just footnote that because I mean, I do think that there are individual nightmare stories but I\'m hoping they\'re becoming rare but, you know, I\'m going to look at a couple of things because to me the proof is in the pudding or what we ultimately are building in this country. Since we started the RSA initiative, we\'ve completed 300 runway ends and each one of those had to go through an environmental processing. We think we\'ll have 92 percent including all environmentals done by 2010. And you know, the balance, just because of just complexities in portions of the country, they\'re going to get done. The same with runways. It\'s hard. These are hard projects to do but we\'ve commissioned 12 in the last five, six years and a great robust pipeline ahead of us. I\'m not quarreling that it\'s difficult but I do want to say that I think we have to do balanced \-- you know, as airport operators, as airport administrators, we have to be balanced and not cancelling one public interest over the other. I think we can live with them, you know, co-exist with them and as long as we\'re making progress, I think it\'s hard to make a case for cancelling out some of those obligations. MR. BARCLAY: Kate, I\'d just argue \-- I mean, you\'re one of the problem solvers in this so this really isn\'t directed to you but what the government needs is somebody who can make a decision when you do have a conflict. Somebody needs to make the balance because what you have is two co-equal parts of government arguing with each other. I mean, it was in the old days before we had, you know, schools where we could go ahead and do all our firefighting testing at airports being told by FAA, \"If you don\'t do live fire drills, we\'ll fine you\", and EPA is saying, \"If you do have live fire drills we\'ll fine you\". And somebody needs to make that call in \-- MS. LANG: Right. MR. BARCLAY: \-- the government. In Morristown, right down the street from Lanny, they had a tree growing into the flight path and they told the airport manager, \"We\'re going to throw you in jail if you cut it down\", the local EPA did. You know, so there are some of these cases where you\'ve just got to get somebody \-- we need to figure out a system of governance so we say, \"Okay, somebody make that balance\". MR. WILDING: Good. You know, this might be a good time to sort of try to include you out there in this. There\'s lots of signs of a very heavy lunch and the hour clicking on. Yes, sir. MALE PARTICIPANT: (Inaudible) Kate, I have a question for you. This Safety Management System, do you see that coming under \[FAA regulation 14 CFR\] 139? MS. LANG: I do, and I want to go back to \-- because my colleague from UAE, I think, made a very, very important point. That we really do have to make incremental progress. I mean, SMS really is about a culture change, and it is going to take time at a lot of levels to have \-- you know, to really take root. Where we\'re going in the United States is we will \-- Chip and I were just talking about this, I hope before early in the new year, we will be issuing an advisory circular for airports that will lay out what we believe are the basic requirements associated with an SMS system. You know, the challenge in the US is, because I\'ve worked for many years in Chicago. I mean, you can\'t \-- we have 600 airports that are certificated and they to from the 70 or 80 that constituted 90 percent of the operations in this country to airports, you know, with 10,000 or less in plane passengers. So we\'re going to have to figure out SMS systems that are appropriately scaled to the operation of the airport. So that guidance will be out by the end of the year. Likewise, we\'re right now developing for all inspectors what they\'re going to need in order to work with airports and coming into compliance and moving toward SMS. We have already initiated a rulemaking process that will propose making, as an amendment to our 139 which is the ANEX 14 requirements, we will be making it. We\'re proposing to make it a mandatory part of an airport\'s 139 requirements and a feature of the ACM or the airport manual, operations manual. So we\'re moving there but I mean, it\'s \-- I would like to think about it this way; it\'s the beginning of what will be a very long conversation. Jim and I both serve on a board called the Airport Cooperative Research Program, ACRP, is that it? MR. WILDING: Right. MS. LANG: And this summer when we met, SMS was a very animated conversation we had. The ACRP has also commissioned some studies to be done that will make available both to airport operators and to the FAA increasing literature about how we do this right. I mean, all over the world, we\'re looking at member states of ICAO trying to stand it up, but I think the trick is we\'re going to try to all figure out how we\'re going grow this system together. But you can expect within the next three to five years, we will have it as a formal mandatory requirement under 139. MALE PARTICIPANT: And then a couple of questions; what about ramp safety? Do you see that coming under 139 as well? MS. LANG: You know, I do. I think ramp safety ought to be something that an airport works on anyway and I agree. I\'ve looked at a lot of the reports done by the Flight Safety Foundation and it is really staggering to see the amount of aircraft damage that results because of just reckless activities on the ramp, and it\'s \-- they have a nice way of putting it, it\'s very democratic. I mean, everybody who has access to the ramp is doing something that is totally avoidable to do damage to aircraft and in some cases, they have catastrophic results. I mean, safety management on the ramp is a perfect example of something that if organized in a disciplined manner all the parties on the airfield really lends itself to SMS. So I would expect that ramp management is going to be an increasingly important topic both in the US and in the international community and just in light of the cost to aviation annually. So we\'re going to have to figure that one out, how to it better as well. MALE PARTICIPANT: And one more question; it\'s for the representative from Beijing. You said that you meet on a monthly basis and then on a weekly basis and you review accidents and incidents. What kind of after action do you do and how is it formed and also how do you control vehicles? What type of system do you have for controlling vehicles and vehicular activity, that type of thing. MS. LiJIA: Thank you for your question. The ramp management, generally speaking on that, we have four types of issues. One is the safety of runways and taxiways, prevention of birds getting in their or wild animals from incursions. And the third issue is how to control vehicles and to make sure that they would run their efficiently, effectively, preventing them from running into aircraft and the other is how to effectively manage these issues. I think you were probably asking us technically how do we control the vehicles on the runways or ramp. We have two ways. One is through certification. We certify all the vehicles annually who are allowed access to the airport. The drivers and the vehicles themselves have to be managed effectively. There are certain speed limits which is 25 kilometers and technically we have two ways of managing that. We have signs and lines in the area next to runways and we also use more advanced radar technology to detect speeding of vehicles. You also care about our routine meetings. Our routine meetings will categorize our safety-related issues into four areas. One is runway safety issues. A second category because our \-- we\'re not only responsible for safety but also security, so we have responsibilities in that area, too. And the third is information system which is also very important, the safety of information system and information equipment. And the fourth area of concern is fire control. So whenever there is an incident, we will have a decode recording under these four main categories, and there also are a lot of subcategories under each of the four and you will record the reasons of any incident so that all the airport operators are aware of their own performance. Therefore, everybody else can take a lesson from that, from what has happened. So we have been doing that for about seven or eight years. So we believe that this approach is a very important way of establishing a culture of safety awareness. We also have a lot of details if you\'re interested, we can talk about it, too. MR. AL HADDABI: Just one comment on \-- around safety. Some airlines or some of the regulators, they leave it up to the airline to basically insure that the ground handling are part of their system. Some regulators, they leave it up to the \-- as part of the aerodrome certification, part of the safety measurement system. But I think it is now time to regulate them and they are right now. But the problem that people are not aware of that is what kind of regulation you are going to apply, what kind of qualification that this one might have? Are we going to treat them like pilots, like ATC, like land dispatchers, like engineers? These guys are paid less than anybody, so what kind of system that you are going to apply? This is an issue that these people are normally less qualified, those who actually drive on the ramps, the ground handler. They are really paid less than anybody else. That is an issue of concern. We can have the best of regulations, but it if these guys are not educated, then you will have an accident, regardless of the best safety measurement that you really have. That is an issue as far as I can see. This is what I wanted to add. Thank you, sir. MR. WILDING: Yes, sir. MR. PAEZ: Yes, my name is Luis Paez. I come from the Columbian Civil Aviation Authority. I would like to address this question to Mr. Rider, in order to be sure I understand correctly. Did you consider that the safety culture is right now inside the US airports and also is there any FAA policy regarding implement a program of safety culture that enforce airports to adopt or is it an individual airports. It depends, as you mentioned it, for the manager to do that job or you transfer this job to the air carriers or operators of the airport? Thank you. MR. RIDER: Okay, you asked a lot of questions. I\'m not sure I can remember all of them. Let me try it. As far as safety regulations in the United States and the regulations that cover the general aviation industry, do I \-- I think you\'re asking do I think they\'re adequate. Okay. I think that we have regulations that cover all aspects of safety in the industry right now. That\'s not the problem. Having the regulations is not the problem. I think enforcing the regulations and implementing the regulations and getting buy-in from all segments of the industry is or can be a problem in the general aviation sector. When I talk about awareness and the \-- and my concern about the level of awareness, that\'s part of what I\'m talking about. It can be spacial awareness of where you\'re at in your aircraft on an airport. It can be an awareness of what the regulations are it can be awareness of future safety issues but what I\'m concerned about is not the regulations. I think the regulations are fine. I think this country has addressed all of the safety issues and they probably have a regulation that would address each and every thing, but we still do have accidents and we still have problems. And in an emerging or rapidly expanding portion of the industry, my concern is how do we raise the level of awareness within the industry to know what those regulations are, know how they impact your operation specifically and to be on the edge all the time. You know, it\'s easy to become complacent. And I think things like Safety Management System where we\'re trying to work together to keep that awareness up there at that very high level is a good thing, and it\'s something that is needed in my segment of the aviation industry. Is it the airport manager\'s responsibility? Well, again, we kind of fall back, I think we talked about this a little bit before, I think we\'re a good place to draw the different various groups together at a specific facility and raise the level of awareness such as at Teterboro, but it has to be done across the industry. You can\'t rely on just the airport manager. It has to be your operations directors, the company owners, the aircraft operators, the FBOs and the ramp service people. A big service company, Signature Flight Support is a huge \-- probably the largest FBO operation in the world. They have operations all over this country and all over international countries as well. If they develop a good SMS program for ramp safety then that, obviously, should go throughout their system, but it should show up at Teterboro somewhere along the line, and them working with me as the airport manager, can spread that word to other FBOs and ramp operations and get us all kind of up to that level. So that\'s kind of where I\'m hoping this is going to go. What was your other questions? Did I miss anything? Go ahead I can hear you. MR. PAEZ: No, you didn\'t miss anything because you are mentioning is that across the industry. They put me in that scenario of the FAA that is responsible to do that across the industry. So in this case, what is concern to me is that how could we, as international community, assure that SMS would be implemented in airports in the whole world and spread into the system in a proper way? If it is an ICAO standard, this morning we were talking about that there are a lot of countries that don\'t fulfill the ICAO standards. So we are going to develop SMS for airport, for airlines, for operators, for authorities, ATC providers, that they don\'t mesh together. How we can be sure and that\'s the question for the panel, that we are not going to generate more inconsistence and err against the harmonization that this morning we were talking about? Thank you, that\'s the other question. MR. RIDER: Yeah, and I couldn\'t agree with you more and I\'ll let Kate talk a little bit about this as well, but as they were mentioning it this morning and they actually have identified problem areas around the world, in Africa, in Russia, and in South America, that is not different than what\'s happening with general aviation in this country where you have different levels of sophistication, different levels of training and different levels of resources to be able to comply with this myriad of regulations and requirements. I think ICAO is a huge step forward in bringing the world together but there\'s two elements here. There\'s one that is education and educating the people about what is required and then getting them to evaluate their own operations and come up to at least a minimum standard. That\'s one side of the house. The other side of the house is enforcement. And I think you do have to have an enforcement arm and we\'ve seen this with some incidents at Teterboro recently where the enforcement part wasn\'t there, where there were gross negligent violations of existing regulations. I think there has to be an enforcement arm there and you need the education but you also have to see if people are complying or not. Kate, maybe you have some ideas. MS. LANG: You know, I think it\'s a great question and it\'s one, that again, I think requires that we move thoughtfully forward. You know, I\'ve spent a lot of time talking to my colleagues, Nick Sabatini and Peggy Gilligan in our safety organization that have stood up SMS and are already moving there and one of the most important things just within the agency is going to be the challenge of having our systems grow together kind of seamlessly. So we\'re going to actively have to work that, but I mean, that\'s really the whole point of SMS is that we find integrated ways to do things together. It\'s not just about stovepipe communication; you know, air traffic does its thing, flight standards does its thing, aircraft certification does its thing. It is about safety being everybody\'s thing which means figuring out ways again, back to the protocols and the process and the understandings of how we\'re going to communicate all of that together. I mean, right now, you know, I agree with Jim. You know, you said SMS and everybody is like, all right. I go to conferences and say to people, you know, how many people know what SMS is? You know, we\'re talking to US airports about moving to SMS, and I might get two hands out of 300. So we\'ve got a really long ways to go and I think the most important thing that we\'re learning as we go is that we\'ve got to do it in open dialogue. I mean, that\'s the challenge we have within the FAA. That\'s why I think forums like this are so important. I mean, we\'re just going to have to keep having a conversation with each other about you know, not only SMS, it\'s about sharing data. It\'s about collecting data. It\'s about making sure we all have, you know, visible systems and structures that we can share with each other. I mean, that\'s really the challenge of SMS and I think, again, it\'s about taking those incremental steps and a commitment. Whether you\'re just looking at the airport. I love your description of what you do in Beijing. It isn\'t just the ops office, it\'s everybody all the time sitting down and figuring out how you do it. I mean, it\'s first and foremost that commitment to get everyone together. So I think we\'re just \-- we\'re really kind of at the beginning of making sure exactly what you describe is where we are emerging to. MR. WILDING: My sense is sort of borrowing a page from the security area. I think one of the great successes in security in the United States at airports is having made the sale to the workforce at an airport sort of from the managerial level right down to the unskilled labor level that their eyes and ears were the biggest asset in the system. And that no matter what your job was, security was now also a part of it and if you saw something out of the ordinary, tell somebody. And even if you were wrong and were embarrassed, the organization would protect you. Again, I think that\'s one of the successes they had. I think that same attitude needs to be more uniformly present in the safety area. That if you, you know, on a cold blustery day, where you\'re anxious to get inside and you\'re driving a baggage tug, that it\'s just wrong to cut that corner. It\'s just wrong. It\'s wrong hopefully because you did something really bad but even if you don\'t buy into that, it\'s wrong because if your employer sees you, if the airport sees you, if one of the local police officers see you, that the odds are against you because there\'s a lot of people that think of this as their job and you\'re liable not to get away with it. That \-- I hope it doesn\'t get to that in a person\'s thinking but if it has to and some people just, that\'s the way they live their lives. They\'ll drive 100 miles an hour up this road here if they think the police aren\'t watching. That attitude sometimes creeps onto your airport, so you have to deal with that reality. So again, that same sort of general it is my job attitude, for everybody that\'s out on that airfield in the safety area just as it is in the security area, that, it seems to me is a goal, and I think it is achievable but it\'s an awfully hard sell, an awfully hard sell. Bob, you had a \-- oh, I beg your pardon. I\'ll go over there and then to Bob. MR. COHEN: Mickey Cohen from AAR. I would like to spend a little bit of time talking about the human factor side that we briefly went over. I just retired after 35 years in the airline business on the other side of the fence and I\'ve been through the pilot\'s side, I\'ve been through the maintenance side, the operations in total and we evolved CRM into MRM, which is all human factors. And one of the things that we have to admit to ourselves is we, as leaders, we have good ideas, but the really good ideas are the people that are doing the job out there. And we have to extract it from them. So you have to have a just culture out there where people have no fear of reprisal by coming forward. They have to be awarded, if you will, not necessarily monetarily but certainly be recognized for their contributions and get those people to come forward and give us their ideas, not after the fact all the time but some of the time proactive and if we take that and we move forward with it, it is a great stepping stone to this SMS. SMS is s giant step and we can\'t get there in one leap. So we need to have a couple of steps to get there. And I have seen great successes on the ramp, all the ramp damage we talk about. Terrific successes with it. In the maintenance organization, it\'s quite obvious and in the cockpit as well. So those of you that don\'t have programs, it\'s very easy. Boeing puts out a great training program. You can have a one-day training program and you can implement it and when you go out and you sell it to your employees, and once they have trust in you that you\'re not going to come and whack them on the head for something they tell you, you\'d just be amazed at how much information you get and the corrective actions you can take going forward. So I really encourage any of you that have not explored that, to do it. MR. WILDING: I would add the observation that it\'s my experience that when you whack them on the head, you might forget it the next week, but 10 years later, they still remember it. So I mean, it\'s amazing how long people can remember things like that and react to it. AUDIENCE MEMBER: The most important thing is they know they\'re going to get whacked and they\'re not going to tell you. They\'re going to hide it. And what you want to do is to get the information out because this person may have the skills to handle a situation, the next person may not, so you want to get the corrective action in there so it doesn\'t happen to the next person. MR. WILDING: Bob. MALE PARTICIPANT: That\'s Dan Marino of ICAO, wonderful, wonderful human factors person at one point said, and I\'m sure he said it a number of times, \"Blame is the greatest enemy of safety\". Interesting statement. Kate, could we ask you to talk a little bit more about EMAS? It seems to me it\'s something that\'s spreading now. It spreads a little faster after there\'s a Midway or a Burbank or a Teterboro. And could you talk a little bit about where you see it going in this country because there are a lot of people in this room, I think that will be interested, international people, who will be interested in EMAS.. It\'s obviously not something unique to us. MS. LANG: Well, maybe just a couple of other comments on EMAS. I mean, it really is from the FAA\'s perspective, one of those real success stories in taking something that was a research idea and finding a way to successfully deploy it in the field and you know, frankly, Bob, the more experience we get with it, the less costly it\'s becoming, the cheaper it\'s becoming to maintain. That\'s been a real impediment to getting the airports to embrace it. I think the good news is we are seeing more deployment in the United States. I mean, if you can get a standard RSA and it\'s, you know, affordable, that\'s a great thing to do, but if you can\'t EMAS is a really viable alternative. And as you go around the world, a lot of people are facing those challenges. MALE PARTICIPANT: Excuse me, is that funded by you? MS. LANG: It is funded by the FAA. I mean, at eligible places in the United States, we are doing EMAS installations under the grant program. I mean, we\'re also very vigorously funding RSAs. We\'re putting our money where our mouth is. We\'re doing about \$300 million a year to assist local airports in getting that done. I am very encouraged. We have ongoing research. I mean, there\'s real challenges to EMAS in terms of, you know, what we can do to improve the performance of it, so we\'ve got research in very cold conditions. We\'re really doing what we can to improve the quality of the arrester bed material. I\'m delighted. Within the past year we\'re really beginning also to see worldwide acceptance. I think we\'ve got China is interested right now, Madrid, Italy. So we\'ve got three countries right now that are looking into it, and the more we talk about it, the more acceptance, I think, it\'s going to gain worldwide. I think the more we keep researching to, we\'re going to increasingly make it more cost affordable for various airports to find it a viable solution for improving, you know, runway safety. MR. BARCLAY: Let me add, I don\'t disagree with Kate, but you can\'t minimize the fact that once you get down away from the port authorities, there\'s a great deal of concern of the small and medium sized airports on the maintenance issue, and well, and as Kate said, it doesn\'t work currently in cold weather. You\'re not going to solve your Alaskan problems with EMAS, at least currently. But the maintenance of it and the issues as the example at Teterboro showed, when you have someone make a mistake, repairing that, keeping it up on an annual basis it\'s a ways off from being a good economic solution at the smaller airports. MR. WILDING: Also, I should add that the very research program that Kate mentioned a minute ago, the new cooperative research program, the airport cooperative research program up at TRB, has a project underway now, 400,000-ish dollars, to look for other things like EMAS that can serve that same purpose and to look at EMAS and EMAS like arrester beds which are today designed purposely not to damage the airplane. That\'s kind of a constraint that\'s put in there, and you have some situations where, you know, damaging the airplane is a heck of a lot better than letter the airplane scoot off the end of the EMAS or something that\'s not protected by an EMAS. So it\'s starting to put some gradations in this thing where if it gets all the way down the end and it\'s still going, you sort of say, \"Well, the heck with the landing gear, you know, I want that thing to stop before it hits that road out there\". So there\'s some fairly active research going on in that area right now that I think is hopeful. MS. LANG: Hey, Jim, could I put a plug in. We\'ve mentioned the Airport Cooperative Research Program but it\'s new for us. We\'re only really \-- I guess we\'ve only had two meetings so far but anyone in the world can propose a topic that can be considered by our board. Anyone in the world can propose a topic if it is related to what can help you do any portion of your job in running an airport. You can apply to this program. You can go \-- we can either get you the information but we have a website for the program. It\'s a resource to the entire international community and all the research that comes out of the products that we do commission are available for free to anyone in the world. So it\'s a new resource. We\'ve very excited about it and I think the topics that we\'re starting to undertake are extremely timely in terms of what we\'re trying to do to improve both airport efficiency and safety. MR. RIDER: Maybe I\'ll just put a plug in, too, especially to the FAA because I\'m very glib about saying that the Port Authority or me or we installed an EMAS. The FAA paid for that EMAS, 95 percent of it and there was no problem getting the funds. They made it extremely easy and worked with us on all of the issues. It\'s a wonderful program as far as I\'m concerned. I was at Kennedy when the very first one was installed in the country. We had it in less than a year when a 17-passenger aircraft ran into that EMAS and minimal damage to the aircraft, absolutely no injuries to the people and I\'m personally convinced that aircraft would have wound up in a body of water up side down had not the EMAS been there and we probably would have lost all of those people. So I\'m personally a big, big believer. I will say that EMAS is designed for runway overruns. If the aircraft is airborne or almost airborne, it probably won\'t have an effect on the aircraft. Obviously, if it\'s airborne, it won\'t. MR. WILDING: Other questions, comments? CAPT; ROBERTS: Thank you for the panel. Captain Bill Roberts from American Airlines. I\'m the Managing Director of Flight Operations and I would like of like to direct my question towards Ms. Lang regarding runway status lights. Originally, we talked a lot about some concerns about runway incursions and certainly that is something that is a big concern for us, especially large operators out of DFW, Chicago, and things of that sort. And at DFW on the west side of the runway right now we do have runway status lights that are in place, and I believe, if I\'m not correct, if I\'m correct, there\'s also one in San Diego that\'s being tested as well. I\'m curious as to what the long-term progress is of that because I will tell you I\'ve had an opportunity to demonstrate it a couple of times to some local media folks in Dallas and also for the Discovery Channel and I am a huge proponent of that system. It works extremely well and I think it\'s something that I hope to be able to hear some positive news from. So if you could maybe address that, I would appreciate that, thank you. MS. LANG: Well, you know, I\'m delighted by your comments. I mean there are a lot of things that we have research programs going on and when we get enough confidence, we start to do field deployments. So it\'s very gratifying to hear from someone in the user community saying, \"Boy, this is terrific and it\'s working well\". I think the more \-- you know, the FAA is a conservative institution and I think you know, changing the environment of the airport is something we should to with, you know, a preponderance of evidence that it\'s going to work. So I think the fact that we\'ve got some of these in-field deployment right now, is how we\'re building up a body of evidence to say under what conditions and at what kind of airports do changes, whether it\'s markings or lighting or signage, what are the things that actually do something to add to clarity and not confusion on what\'s going on in the airfield. I mean, a lot of airports you can go out there and there\'s all kinds of lights doing all kinds of things. So we really do want to make sure that when we\'re going out into already a complex environment, we\'re doing things that, you know, increase clarity. So I would say that as long as the data keeps coming in saying that it moves in that direction, you\'ll see us again, not only doing \-- advancing field deployment but we\'re also happy to pay for those systems to assist airports in moving forward with things that do advance it. I would urge you because I have had a chance to talk to a lot of pilots, if you are getting positive feedback from that, let us know, let our Tech Center know because that is exactly the kind of \-- it\'s the reason why we\'re doing these tests out in the field. And DFW, I have to tell you, Dallas is a wonderful place. We\'ve got a number of research initiatives we\'re doing up there. Right now we\'ve got a radar system for bird strikes. So I\'m very grateful to our partners in the airport community for everything they do to help us test these systems. So I think the outlook is good. You\'re going to continue to see a lot of activity in this area on the part of the agency. And if you think we\'re missing a beat, you always got the ACRP to toss in an idea and suggest we do something we\'re missing. MR. WILDING: Kate mentioned the FAA\'s own research program up at the Tech Center at Atlantic City, New Jersey, which is separate and distinct from the ACRP program we talked about earlier. And they\'re doing what Kate just referred to, use of radar to strike \-- to sort of be able to spot bird migration which is promising. They\'ve got a radar system up there for FOD which is absolutely amazing. I mean that thing can spot a bolt laying on a runway three-quarters of a mile away when the bolt is sort of turned away from you and just showing the head. And you know, there are some wrinkles to iron out but there is a bunch of people up there that are the most curious, the brightest and I mean, they\'re just amazing. But the point Kate just made, I had the pleasure to serve on a little advisory committee for them, is how difficult it is for them to connect to the users of the system. I mean, they\'re up there just ginning up these ideas and reacting to it but as you can imagine, when you\'ve got research in your name, and you call somebody and you want them to do something, you know, \"Come back next week, I\'m kind of busy this week.\" The more the user community can put aside a little time and energy to work with these people, the payoff, I think will just be enormous. Last call, anybody else? Yes, sir. MALE PARTICIPANT: I would like to address this question to Ms. LiJia, Gao. I\'m going to do it in Spanish in order that the interpretation could help me. (Through interpreter) The question is the following. You are in charge of the planning process at the airport and understanding that that process includes the mitigation of risks and removing the risk of incursions, are there other risks that result in the severe damages to the airlines from the economic point of view, such as bird strike, weather, bad information, FOD and other incidents that take place on the runways and on the taxiways? Within the overall risks that Beijing Airport handles, what are the most significant risks in your opinion? Thank you. MS. LiJIA: (Through interpreter) Your question seems to be long and I know you spoke in Spanish, so I don\'t know, going into English and then back into Chinese, if I got you \-- if I got what you\'re saying and I\'ll try to continue along the lines of what I heard because English translated Chinese is difficult. But basically speaking, overall, we\'re all just talking about birds, bird ingestion and how we could use new technology to try to prevent bird ingestion. So we have a lot of information in this area because in different months of the year there are different bird activities that are going on. We used to use three different types of methods. We used to shoot them with a gun, we used to also use a gas gun, a regular gun and then the third thing that we used to do was we used to use ultrasound to try to get them. They idea is in general to have 76 sorties and so in other words, we\'re hoping that in getting at these birds and the bird ingestion, we can reduce the problems that occur as a result of them. What we\'d like to do is out of a million sorties, what we\'d like to do is bring it down to two incidents. So if you include the bird ingestion that becomes quite a pain in the neck. If it\'s a loss for the airline companies then it\'s a loss also for the airport, economically speaking. So we started to use another type of method. We were looking at the \[FAA regulation 14 CFR\] 139 that is part of FAA that was your document, in FAA, and what we did was we thought of a related method. Every month we have different types of birds that we see, different types of species and we wanted to first find out if they were migratory or local birds and we wanted to find out what their size was in the food chain and then we looked at the grass and the rats and the mice and anything that was related, we did research along the whole chain, the whole food chain and then we also researched the surrounding areas and the people that lived there and we did some sort of teaching and education. Some pigeons were also something that were a hazard. So after all this research, we found out that what we wanted to do was we wanted to talk to the local government to study the migratory patterns of them and then we also wanted to charge \-- if we could change the food chain pattern and we thought maybe we could change the fact of whether they come here or they don\'t. Your other question was about risks, what\'s our biggest risk. Actually, airport safety we have, for Chinese safety we actually have two characters as a translation for the word \"safety\". One is on which is risk or any potential damage. And trend is like integrity without any damage so there are two layers of meanings to us the word, safety, so when we talk about one which is integrity safety is no risk, the other is no damage. So all kinds of incursions on the runway or any kinds of threat to aircrafts, we have a lot of statistical data and we have evaluated all the damages, and the government has an analysis on human damages and asset damages every year on all kinds of accidents and just now you mentioned that I\'m responsible for budgeting and for strategic development. We have all kinds of records and data like that on hand, so every year we can base our training plans on those information so that we can mitigate risks. That is included in our plans. We also have a lot of investment on safety. We\'ve done a lot of research behind these investments. I don\'t know if I was able to answer your Spanish question in Chinese. MR. WILDING: Folks, that wraps up our time. How about joining me in thanking the panel here? (Applause) MR. WILDING: And thank you very much for coming and for participating so actively. Many, many thanks and have a good evening. (Whereupon, at 4:33 p.m. the above-entitled matter concluded.)

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![](media/image1.png){width="5.96875in" height="0.41944444444444445in"} Top of Form ## Complete Summary #### GUIDELINE TITLE VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for screening and management of overweight and obesity. #### BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCE(S) Management of Overweight and Obesity Working Group. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for screening and management of overweight and obesity. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense; 2006. 117 p. #### GUIDELINE STATUS This is the current release of the guideline. ### COMPLETE SUMMARY CONTENT SCOPE\ METHODOLOGY - including Rating Scheme and Cost Analysis\ RECOMMENDATIONS\ EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS\ BENEFITS/HARMS OF IMPLEMENTING THE GUIDELINE RECOMMENDATIONS\ CONTRAINDICATIONS\ QUALIFYING STATEMENTS\ IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GUIDELINE\ INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE (IOM) NATIONAL HEALTHCARE QUALITY REPORT CATEGORIES\ IDENTIFYING INFORMATION AND AVAILABILITY\ DISCLAIMER ### SCOPE #### DISEASE/CONDITION(S) Overweight and Obesity #### GUIDELINE CATEGORY Counseling\ Diagnosis\ Evaluation\ Management\ Screening\ Treatment #### CLINICAL SPECIALTY Cardiology\ Endocrinology\ Family Practice\ Internal Medicine\ Nursing\ Nutrition\ Pharmacology\ Surgery #### INTENDED USERS Advanced Practice Nurses\ Nurses\ Physician Assistants\ Physicians #### GUIDELINE OBJECTIVE(S) - To describe the critical decision points in the management of obesity - To provide a clear and comprehensive guideline incorporating current information and evidence based practice recommendations for practitioners throughout the Department of Defense and Veterans Health Administration system - To improve local management of patients with obesity and improve patient outcome #### TARGET POPULATION Adults (age 18 years or older) with overweight or obesity who are eligible for care in the Veterans Affairs (VA) or Department of Defense (DoD) health care delivery system **Note**: This guideline is not directed to the treatment of children, adolescents (less than age 18) or pregnant/lactating women. #### INTERVENTIONS AND PRACTICES CONSIDERED **Screening** 1. Measurement of height and weight ; calculation of body mass index (BMI) 2. Measurement of waist circumference 3. Determination of presence of obesity-associated health conditions 4. Promotion of healthy lifestyles in low-risk and normal weight patients 5. Annual screenings **Assessment** 1. Medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests (fasting lipid profile, liver function tests \[LFTs\], fasting glucose) as indicated 2. Social and psychological assessment 3. Assessment of patient readiness to lose weight 4. Incorporation of patient preferences in the treatment goals and plan **Treatment/Management** 1. Initiation of interventions based on risk level and patient preference 2. Interventions that include diet therapy, increased exercise, and behavioral modification 3. Pharmacotherapy (orlistat, sibutramine) in combination with a reduced-calorie diet and exercise interventions 4. Bariatric surgery 5. Assessment of response to therapy and adjustment of therapy to meet treatment goals 6. Interventions for weight maintenance, relapse prevention (e. g. maintenance program, encouragement, medication), and follow-up 7. Motivation of overweight or obese patients who are not ready to undertake weight loss #### MAJOR OUTCOMES CONSIDERED - Incidence and severity of obesity-associated conditions - Obesity related morbidity and mortality - Quality of life ### METHODOLOGY #### METHODS USED TO COLLECT/SELECT EVIDENCE Hand-searches of Published Literature (Primary Sources)\ Hand-searches of Published Literature (Secondary Sources)\ Searches of Electronic Databases #### DESCRIPTION OF METHODS USED TO COLLECT/SELECT THE EVIDENCE **Formulating of Questions** The Working Group developed researchable questions and associated key terms after orientation to the scope of the guideline and to goals that had been identified by the Working Group. The questions specified (adapted from the Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) toolbox, Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, \[[http://www.cebm.net](http://www.cebm.net/)\]): - **P**opulation -- Characteristics of the target patient population - **I**ntervention -- Exposure, diagnostic, or prognosis - **C**omparison -- Intervention, exposure, or control used for comparison - **O**utcome -- Outcomes of interest These specifications served as the preliminary criteria for selecting studies. Research questions focused on the following areas of inquiry: screening; risk assessment; and treatment strategies for weight loss including diet, exercise and behavioral modification, drug therapy, and bariatric surgery. **Selection of Evidence** Published, peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were considered to constitute the strongest level of evidence in support of guideline recommendations. This decision was based on the judgment that RCTs provide the clearest, scientifically sound basis for judging comparative efficacy. The Working Group made this decision recognizing the limitations of RCTs, particularly considerations of generalizability with respect to patient selection and treatment quality. Evidence-based systematic reviews were considered to be the strongest level of evidence as well as meta-analyses that included randomized controlled studies. The evidence selection was designed to identify the best available evidence to address each key question and ensured maximum coverage of studies at the top of the hierarchy of study types: evidence-based guidelines, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. When available, the search sought out critical appraisals already performed by others that described explicit criteria for deciding what evidence was selected and how it was determined to be valid. The sources that have already undergone rigorous critical appraisal include Cochrane Reviews, Best Evidence, Technology Assessment, and Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) reports. The search was performed using the National Library of Medicine\'s (NLM) Medline database. The terms \"obesity\", \"weight gain\", \"body mass index\" and \"overweight\" were used together with the following Boolean expressions and terms: - Screening - Lifestyle - Caloric restriction, diet - Behavioral therapy - Anti-obesity agents - Gastric bypass - Patient education - Human, adults In addition to Medline/PubMed, the following databases were searched: Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CCTR). For Medline/PubMed searches, limits were set for language (English), date of publication (1995 through 2004) and type of research (RCT, systematic reviews and meta-analysis). Once definitive reviews or clinical studies that provided valid relevant answers to the question were identified, the search ended. The search was extended to studies/reports of lower quality (observational studies) only if there were no high-quality studies. Exclusion criteria included reviews that omitted clinical course or treatment. Some retrieved studies were rejected on the basis of published abstracts, and a few were rejected after the researchers scanned the retrieved citation for inclusion criteria. Typical exclusions included studies with physiological endpoints or studies of populations that were not comparable to the population of interest (e.g., studies of obesity in children). The bibliographies of the retrieved articles were hand-searched for articles that may have been missed by the computer search. Working Group members also contributed articles as part of the evidence gathering process. The results of the search were organized and evidence reports as well as copies of the original studies were provided to the Working Group for further analysis. **Literature Review and Inclusion Criteria** As a result of the original and updated literature reviews, articles were identified for possible inclusion. These articles formed the basis for formulating the guideline recommendations. The following inclusion criteria were used for selecting randomized controlled trial studies: - Articles published between 1995 and 2004, with some exceptions - English language only - Full articles only - Age limited to adults greater than 18 years - Randomized controlled trials only; no cross-over trials - Minimum 6 months of follow-up - Baseline body mass index (BMI) or body weight levels reported - Key outcomes cited (decrease in body weight, BMI) For some questions, special inclusion criteria (mostly related to minimum clinical trial size) were developed based upon research question content and available literature. The literature search for the guideline update was validated by: (1) comparing the results to a search conducted by the independent research and appraisal team, (2) a review of the database by the expert panel, and (3) requesting articles pertaining to special topics from the experts in the Working Group. #### NUMBER OF SOURCE DOCUMENTS Not stated #### METHODS USED TO ASSESS THE QUALITY AND STRENGTH OF THE EVIDENCE Weighting According to a Rating Scheme (Scheme Given) #### RATING SCHEME FOR THE STRENGTH OF THE EVIDENCE **Quality of Evidence (QE)** ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- **I** At least one properly done randomized controlled trial (RCT) **II-1** Well designed controlled trail without randomization **II-2** Well designed cohort or case-control analytic study, preferably from more than one source **II-3** Multiple time series evidence with/without intervention, dramatic results of uncontrolled experiment **III** Opinion of respected authorities, descriptive studies, case reports, and expert committees ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- **Overall Quality** ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- **Good** High grade evidence (I or II-1) directly linked to health outcome **Fair** High grade evidence (I or II-1) linked to intermediate outcome;\ \ *or*\ \ Moderate grade evidence (II-2 or II-3) directly linked to health outcome **Poor** Level III evidence or no linkage of evidence to health outcome ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- **Net Effect of the Intervention** ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- **Substantial:** More than a small relative impact on a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering;\ \ *or*\ \ A large impact on an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. **Moderate:** A small relative impact on a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering;\ \ *or*\ \ A moderate impact on an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. **Small:** A negligible relative impact on a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering;\ \ *or*\ \ A small impact on an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. **Zero or Negative impact on patients;\ Negative:** \ *or*\ \ No relative impact on either a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering, *or* an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- #### METHODS USED TO ANALYZE THE EVIDENCE Review of Published Meta-Analyses\ Systematic Review with Evidence Tables #### DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODS USED TO ANALYZE THE EVIDENCE **Preparation of Evidence Tables (Reports) and Evidence Rating** A group of research analysts with experience in evidence-based appraisal independently read and coded each article that met inclusion criteria. The articles have been assessed for methodological rigor and clinical importance using the following criteria: - Appropriateness of inclusion and exclusion criteria - Concealment of allocation - Blinding of patients, interventions and providers - Objective method of data collection - Valid method of data analysis - Completeness and length of follow-up - Appropriateness of outcome measures - Statistical power of results The information was synthesized and reported in a brief summary of the critical appraisal of each article that included the following components: - Description of patient population - Interventions - Comparisons - Outcomes - Summary of results - Analysis of findings - Evidence appraisal - Clinical significance Quality of evidence ratings were assigned for each source of evidence using the grading scale presented in \"Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence\" in this summary. #### METHODS USED TO FORMULATE THE RECOMMENDATIONS Expert Consensus #### DESCRIPTION OF METHODS USED TO FORMULATE THE RECOMMENDATIONS The development of the Screening and Management of Overweight and Obesity Guideline was initiated in January 2005 and continued through August 2005. The development process followed the steps described in \"Guideline for Guidelines,\" an internal working document of Veterans Health Affairs\' (VHA\'s) National Clinical Practice Guideline Council, which requires an on-going review of the work in progress. The Working Group of the VHA/Department of Defense (DoD) was charged to provide evidence-based action recommendations whenever possible; hence, major clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies published from 1995 through December 2004 in the areas of diagnosis and treatment of overweight and obesity were used. **Guideline Development Process** The Offices of Quality and Performance and Patient Care Services, in collaboration with the network Clinical Managers, the Deputy Assistant Under Secretary for Health, and the Medical Center Command of the DoD identified clinical leaders to champion the guideline development process. During a preplanning conference call, the clinical leaders defined the scope of the guideline and identified a group of clinical experts from the VA and DoD that formed the Guideline Development Working Group. Working Group members included representatives of the following specialties: internal medicine, cardiology, surgery, endocrinology, medical nutrition therapy, social work, family practice, nursing, pharmacy, and healthcare systems management and policy. As a first step, the guideline development groups defined a set of clinical questions within the area of the guideline. This ensured that the guideline development work outside the meeting focused on issues that practitioners considered important and produced criteria for the search and the protocol for systematic review and, where appropriate, meta-analysis. The Working Group participated in an initial face-to-face meeting to reach consensus about the guideline algorithm and recommendations and to prepare a draft document. The draft continued to be revised by the Working Group at-large through numerous conference calls and individual contributions to the document. Following the initial effort, an editorial panel of the Working Group convened to further edit the draft document. Recommendations for the performance or exclusion of specific procedures or services were derived through a rigorous methodological approach that included the following: - Determining appropriate criteria, such as effectiveness, efficacy, population benefit, or patient satisfaction - Reviewing literature to determine the strength of the evidence in relation to these criteria - Formulating the recommendations and grading the level of evidence supporting the recommendation **Selection of Evidence** Each reference was appraised for scientific merit, clinical relevance, and applicability to the populations served by the Federal healthcare system. Recommendations were based on consensus of expert opinions and clinical experience only when scientific evidence was unavailable. **Recommendation and Overall Quality Rating** Evidence-based practice involves integrating clinical expertise with the best available clinical evidence derived from systematic research. The Working Group received an orientation and tutorial on the evidence U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) 2001 rating process, reviewed the evidence and independently formulated Quality of Evidence ratings, a rating of Overall Quality (see \"Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence\" in this summary), and a Strength of Recommendation (see \"Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Recommendations\" in this summary). **Lack of Evidence -- Consensus of Experts** The majority of the literature supporting the science for these guidelines is referenced throughout the document and is based upon systematic reviews and technology assessment that serve as the basis for other evidence-based guidelines for overweight and obesity, and key RCTs and longitudinal studies published from 1995 through 2004. Following the independent review of the evidence, a consensus meeting was held to discuss discrepancies in ratings and formulate recommendations. Where existing literature was ambiguous or conflicting, or where scientific data was lacking on an issue, recommendations were based on the clinical experience of the Working Group. These recommendations are indicated in the evidence tables as based on \"Working Group Consensus.\"). #### RATING SCHEME FOR THE STRENGTH OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *The net benefit of the intervention* -------------------- ----------------- -------------- ----------- ------------------- *Quality of **Substantial** **Moderate** **Small** **Zero or Evidence* Negative** *Good* A B C D *Fair* B B C D *Poor* I I I I ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- ------------------------------------------------------------------- A A strong recommendation that the clinicians provide the intervention to eligible patients.\ *Good evidence was found that the intervention improves important health outcomes and concludes that benefits substantially outweigh harm.* B A recommendation that clinicians provide (the service) to eligible patients.\ *At least fair evidence was found that the intervention improves health outcomes and concludes that benefits outweigh harm.* C No recommendation for or against the routine provision of the intervention is made.\ *At least fair evidence was found that the intervention can improve health outcomes, but concludes that the balance of benefits and harms is too close to justify a general recommendation.* D Recommendation is made against routinely providing the intervention to asymptomatic patients.\ *At least fair evidence was found that the intervention is ineffective or that harms outweigh benefits.* I The conclusion is that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against routinely providing the intervention.\ *Evidence that the intervention is effective is lacking, or poor quality, or conflicting and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined.* --- ------------------------------------------------------------------- #### COST ANALYSIS Published cost analyses were reviewed in the preparation of the guideline. #### METHOD OF GUIDELINE VALIDATION Peer Review #### DESCRIPTION OF METHOD OF GUIDELINE VALIDATION Experts from the Veterans Administration (VA) and the Department of Defense (DoD) internal medicine, cardiology and primary care reviewed the final draft band their feedback was integrated into the final draft document. ### RECOMMENDATIONS #### MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS The recommendations for the screening and management of overweight and obesity are organized into 3 major modules. The algorithms, objectives and recommendations that accompany each module, and the evidence supporting the recommendations are presented below. The quality of evidence **(QE)** grading (I-III); overall quality (**Good, Fair, Poor**); and final grade of recommendations **(R)** (A-D, I) are provided for specific statements. These grades, along with \"net effect of the interventions\" are defined at the end of the \"Major Recommendations\" field. *Note: A list of all abbreviations is provided at the end of the \"Major Recommendations\" field*. **Module A: Screening for Overweight and Obesity** [**Screening Algorithm**](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/OBE/OBE_CPG/content/algorithms/algoA.htm) A. **Adult Person Enrolled in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) or Department of Defense (DoD) Healthcare Systems** > *Definition* > > Any adult eligible for care in the VHA or the (DoD) healthcare > delivery system should be screened and if necessary, treated for > overweight or obesity as described in this guideline. B. **Obtain Height and Weight; Calculate Body Mass Index (BMI)** > *Objective* > > Screen all adults for overweight or obesity. > > *Recommendations*: 1. Adult patients should have their BMI calculated from their height and weight to establish a diagnosis of overweight or obesity. **\[B\]** 2. Obese patients (BMI [\>]{.underline}30 kg/m^2^) should be offered weight loss treatment. **\[B\]** (See Module B: Treatment for Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance) 3. Overweight patients (BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m^2^) or patients with increased waist circumference (\>40 inches for men; \>35 inches for women) should be assessed for the presence of obesity-associated conditions that are directly influenced by weight, to determine the benefit they might receive from weight loss treatment. **\[B\]** 4. Normal weight patients (BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m^2^) should be provided with education regarding healthy lifestyle behaviors, advised of their BMI and their weight range margins, and instructed to return for further evaluation should those margins be exceeded. **\[Expert Opinion\]** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Classification** **BMI (kg/m^2^)** **Disease Risk with **Disease Risk with Normal Waist Excessive Waist Circumference** Circumference** -------------------- -------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------ Underweight \<18.5 \- \- Normal 18.5-24.9 \- \- Overweight 25.0-29.9 Increased Moderate Obese I 30-34.9 Moderate Severe Obese II 35.0-39.9 Severe Very Severe Obese III [\>]{.underline}40 Very Severe Very Severe ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Adult patients should McTigue et al., 2003\ I Fair B have their BMI calculated National Heart, Lung, and from their height and Blood Institute (NHLBI), weight. 1998\ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), 2003\ World Health Organization (WHO), 2000 2 Overweight adults (BMI McTigue et al., 2003\ I Fair B between 25 and 29.9 NHLBI, 1998\ kg/m^2^) should be Strawbridge et al., 2000\ assessed for other risk USPSTF, 2003\ factors to determine if WHO, 2000 they need treatment for overweight. 3 Obese patients should be Heiat, Vaccarino, & I Good B offered weight loss Krumholz, 2001\ treatment. McTigue et al., 2003\ NHLBI, 1998\ WHO, 2000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) C. **Obtain Waist Circumference Measurement** > *Objective* > > Assess person\'s body fat distribution. > > *Recommendations* 1. For screening purposes, waist circumference should be obtained in patients with a BMI \<30 kg/m^2^ as a predictor of disease risk. **\[C\]** 2. The waist circumference measurement should be made with a tape measure placed above the iliac crest and wrapped in a horizontal fashion around the individual\'s abdomen at the end of a normal expiration. 3. Gender-specific cut-offs should be used as indicators of increased waist circumference. **\[C\]** - Men: waist circumference \>40 inches (102 cm) - Women: waist circumference \>35 inches (88 cm) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Waist circumference NHLBI, 1998\ II-2 Fair C should be obtained in Zhu et al., 2005 patients with BMI \<30 kg/m^2^ as a predictor of disease risk. 2 Gender-specific weight Janssen, Katzmarzyk, & III Poor C circumference (WC) Ross, 2002\ cut-offs should be used NHLBI, 1998\ as indicators of WHO, 2000 increased disease risk:\ \ Men \>40 inches (102cm)\ Women \>35 inches (88cm) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) D. **Determine Presence of Obesity-Associated Health Conditions that Increase Risk** > *Objective* > > Identify patients who are overweight and who will benefit from weight > loss treatment. > > *Recommendations* 1. Weight loss treatment should be offered to overweight patients (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m^2^) with one or more of the obesity-associated conditions that are directly influenced by weight loss (i.e., hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea) **\[B\]**; or with degenerative joint disease (DJD). **\[I\]** **Table. Obesity-Associated Chronic Health Conditions** ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The presence of any of the following conditions that are directly influenced by weight warrants weight loss therapy:\ \ **Hypertension**\ **Type 2 Diabetes**\ **Dyslipidemia**\ **Metabolic Syndrome \***\ **Obstructive Sleep Apnea**\ **Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)** ----------------------------------------------------------------------- \*For a definition of Metabolic Syndrome, see the Table in Annotation L ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Overweight adults (BMI McTigue et al., 2003\ I Fair B between 25 and 29.9 NHLBI, 1998\ kg/m^2^) should be Strawbridge et al., 2000\ assessed for other risk USPSTF, 2003\ factors to determine if WHO, 2000 they need treatment for overweight. 2 Normal weight patients NHLBI, 1998\ III Poor I and overweight patients WHO, 2000 who do not have obesity-associated conditions should be educated to reinforce good lifestyle behaviors. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) E. **Advise Patient to Maintain Weight and Prevent Weight Gain** > *Objective* > > Promote healthy lifestyles in low-risk patients. > > *Recommendations* 1. Overweight patients (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m^2^) who do not have associated risk factors should be offered brief advice, encouraged to maintain or lose weight, and offered assistance in establishing reasonable weight loss goals as well as diet and exercise plans if they seek help in losing weight. **\[I\]** 2. Overweight patients without obesity-associated conditions should be provided with education regarding healthy lifestyle behaviors, be advised of their BMI and their weight range margins and instructed to return for further evaluation should those margins be exceeded. BMI and risk factors should be reassessed annually. **\[Expert Opinion\]** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Brief advice for Working Group Consensus III Poor I overweight adults (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m^2^) without other associated risk factors assists in weight loss and/or weight maintenance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) F. **Provide Brief Reinforcement and Lifestyle Education** > *Objective* > > Promote healthy lifestyles for patients with normal weight. > > *Recommendations* 1. Patients of normal weight should be praised, encouraged to maintain their normal weight, and educated regarding a healthy lifestyle to include: **\[Expert Opinion\]** - A balance between caloric intake and energy expenditure - A healthy diet emphasizing, whenever possible, fresh fruits and vegetables (see MyPyramid at [http://www.mypyramid.gov](http://www.mypyramid.gov/)) - Regular, moderately intense physical activity for more than 30 minutes, five or more days per week - Additional healthy lifestyle elements related to weight maintenance that may include tobacco use cessation, limited caffeine intake, sleep hygiene, and stress management ```{=html}  ``` G. **Repeat Screening Annually** > *Objective* > > Follow up patients with normal weight. > > *Recommendation* 1. Screening for overweight and obesity should be performed at least annually. **\[Expert Opinion\]** **Module B: Treatment for Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance** [Treatment Algorithm](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/OBE/OBE_CPG/content/algorithms/algoB.htm) **Assessment** H. **Obese Person or Overweight with Obesity-Associated Condition(s)** > *Definition* > > Patients who are obese, and patients who are overweight or have an > elevated waist circumference with one or more obesity-associated > conditions should be offered treatment for the reduction of body > weight. I. **Obtain Medical History, Physical Examination, and Laboratory Tests as Indicated** > *Objective* > > Identify medical disorders that may cause or complicate obesity. > > *Recommendations* 1. The clinical assessment of the overweight or obese patient should be done by the primary care provider. The assessment should include a basic medical history, a relevant physical examination, and laboratory tests as clinically indicated. The history should include age of onset or periods of rapid increase in body weight, precipitating factors, and maximum lifetime weight. **\[Expert Opinion\]** 2. The clinical assessment should rule out organic and drug related causes and identify health risks and/or the presence of weight-related conditions. **\[Expert Opinion\]** 3. In addition to a medical assessment, a social and psychological assessment may be indicated to identify barriers to participating in dietary or physical activity programs. The assessment may also include screening for behavioral health conditions that may hinder successful weight loss (i.e., depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, bipolar disorder, addictions, binge eating disorder, bulimia, and alcoholism). **\[Expert Opinion\]** 4. A nutritional evaluation should include an assessment of current intake as well as the use of supplements, herbs, and over-the-counter weight loss aides. In addition, meal and snack patterns and problem eating behaviors need to be assessed. The weight and dieting history should include the age of onset of weight gain, number and types of diets and attempts, possible triggers of weight gains and losses, and range of weight change. **\[Expert Opinion\]** 5. Current levels of physical activity and sedentary lifestyle should be assessed, including exercise frequency, duration, and intensity as well as the patient\'s motivation to increase physical activity. **\[Expert Opinion\]** ```{=html}  ``` J. **Assess Patient\'s Readiness to Lose Weight** > *Objective* > > Identify the patient who is ready and willing to attempt weight loss. > > *Recommendations* 1. Readiness to lose weight should be assessed by direct inquiry. Those indicating an adequate readiness to lose weight (preparation or action stage) should proceed to treatment. Those not yet ready to lose weight (precontemplation or contemplation stage) should receive motivational counseling. **\[Expert Opinion\]** ```{=html}  ``` K. **Reach Shared Decisions about Goals and Treatment Plan** > *Objective* > > Incorporate patient preferences in the treatment goals and plan to > optimize the patient\'s success in achieving and maintaining sustained > weight loss. > > *Recommendations* 1. The clinical team, together with the patient, should reach shared decisions regarding the treatment program. **\[Expert Opinion\]** - The clinical team should convey to the patient that obesity is a chronic disease that will require lifelong treatment - The clinical team should suggest the personalized preferred treatment options based on disease risk and patient characteristics (e.g., describe to the patient/caregiver the treatment options, including behavioral modification, diet and activity patterns, prognosis, estimated length and frequency of therapy, and expectations) - The patient should describe his or her needs, preferences, and resources and assist the team in determining the optimal environment for therapy and preferred interventions - The patient and the clinical team together should reach conclusions on the goals of therapy and preferred treatment plan ```{=html}  ``` 2. The patient\'s family/caregiver may participate in the treatment process and should be involved in assisting the patient with changing lifestyle, diet and physical activity patterns. **\[Expert Opinion\]** 3. Patient education should be provided in an interactive and written format. The patient should be given an information packet that includes printed material on subjects such as preferred foods to eat or foods to avoid, healthy lifestyle tips, support group information, and available audio/visual programs on weight loss. **\[Expert Opinion\]** 4. A detailed treatment plan needs to be documented in the medical record to provide integrated care. **\[Expert Opinion\]** **Treatment For Weight Loss** L. **Initiate Interventions Based on Risk Level and Patient Preferences** > *Objective* > > Stratify patients according to risk and provide weight loss treatment > accordingly. > > *Recommendations* 1. Weight loss therapy should be tailored to risk level based on calculated BMI and based upon the balance of benefits and risks and patient preferences. **\[C\]** 2. Patients who may benefit from weight loss should be offered interventions to improve their diet, increase exercise, and change related behaviors to promote weight loss. **\[A\]** 3. Weight loss interventions should combine dietary therapy, increased physical activity, and behavioral modification strategies rather than utilizing one intervention alone. **\[A\]** 4. A reasonable initial goal of weight loss therapy (intervention) is a 10 percent reduction in body weight. **\[B\]** 5. Drug therapy in combination with a reduced-calorie diet and exercise interventions should be considered for obese patients (BMI [\>]{.underline}30 kg/m^2^) or overweight patients (BMI [\>]{.underline}27 kg/m^2^) with an obesity-associated chronic health condition (i.e., hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and sleep apnea). **\[B\]** 6. Bariatric surgery to reduce body weight, improve obesity-associated comorbidities, and improve quality of life may be considered in adult patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}40 kg/m^2^ and those with a BMI [\>]{.underline}35 kg/m^2^ with at least one obesity-associated chronic health condition (i.e., hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and sleep apnea). **\[B\]** 7. There is insufficient evidence to recommend drug or surgical interventions specifically for patients who have documented coronary artery disease (CAD). **\[I\]** However, there is good evidence that drug and surgical weight loss interventions may improve cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. **\[A\]** 8. There is insufficient evidence to recommend drug or surgical interventions specifically for patients who have degenerative joint disease (DJD). However, physical activity and diet may improve physical function and chronic pain in patients with DJD. **\[I\]** **Table. Indications for More Intensive Weight Loss Therapy** ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The presence of the following conditions, directly influenced by weight loss, warrants consideration of more intensive therapy with drugs or surgery:\ \ **Hypertension**\ **Type 2 Diabetes**\ **Dyslipidemia**\ **Metabolic Syndrome**\ **Obstructive Sleep Apnea** ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Weight loss with diet, NHLBI, 1998\ I Good A exercise, and behavioral Appel et al., 2003 modification is recommended for patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}25 kg/m^2^ and hypertension. 2 Orlistat is associated Sharma & Golay, 2002 I Good B with lowering blood pressure as a secondary effect of weight loss in patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}27 kg/m^2^ and hypertension. 3 Bariatric surgery is Buchwald et al., 2004\ I Fair B effective in lowering Sjostrom et al., 2004 blood pressure in patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}35 kg/m^2^ and hypertension. 4 Sibutramine has been Arterburn, Crane, & I Good D shown to raise blood Veenstra, 2004 pressure in patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}27 kg/m^2^. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Weight loss with diet, Tuomilehto et al., 2001\ I Good A exercise, and behavioral The Diabetes Prevention modification is Program, 2002 recommended in patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}25 kg/m^2^ and diabetes. 2 Orlistat and sibutramine Didangelos et al., 2004\ I Fair B modestly improve glycemic Hanefeld & Sachse, 2002\ control in patients with Kelley et al., 2002\ a BMI [\>]{.underline}27 Miles et al., 2002\ kg/m^2^ and type 2 Torgerson et al., 2004 diabetes. 3 Bariatric surgery Buchwald et al., 2004 I Good B improves glycemic control or resolves diabetes in patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}35 kg/m^2^. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Weight loss is \"Third Report,\" 2002\ I Good A recommended in all NHLBI, 1998 patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}25 kg/m^2^ with dyslipidemia. 2 Orlistat and sibutramine Dujovne et al., 2001\ I Good B improve lipid levels in Hutton & Fergusson, 2004\ patients with a BMI Klein, 2004\ [\>]{.underline}27 Lucas, Boldrin, & Reaven, kg/m^2^ with 2003\ dyslipidemia. Micic et. al., 1999 3 Bariatric surgery Buchwald et al., 2004\ I Good B improves triglycerides in Sjostrom et al., 2004 patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}35 and dyslipidemia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) **Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome *\[\"Third Report,\", 2002\]*** ----------------------------------------------------------------------- **Three or more of the following risk factors **Defining Level** indicate metabolic syndrome:** --------------------------------------------- ------------------------- Abdominal Obesity: Waist Circumference (WC): Men\* Greater than 102 cm (\>40 in) Women Greater than 88 cm (\>35 in) Triglycerides Greater than or equal to 150 mg/dL HDL cholesterol: Men Less than 40 mg/dL Women Less than 50 mg/dL Blood pressure Greater than or equal to 130/85 mmHg Fasting glucose Greater than or equal to 110 mg/dL ----------------------------------------------------------------------- \*Some men can develop multiple metabolic risk factors when the WC is only marginally increased (e.g., 37-39 inches \[94-102 cm\]). Such persons may have a strong genetic contribution to insulin resistance. They should benefit from changes in life habits, similarly to men with categorical increases in WC. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Weight loss is \"Third Report,\" 2002\ I Good A recommended in all NHLBI, 1998 patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}25 kg/m^2^ with metabolic syndrome. 2 Orlistat improves the Didangelos et al., 2004\ I Fair B components of the Lindgarde, 2000 metabolic syndrome in patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}27 kg/m^2^. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Weight loss is Carmelli et al., 2000\ II-3 Fair B recommended in patients Kansanen et al., 1998\ with a BMI Smith et al., 1985\ [\>]{.underline}25 Suratt et al., 1992 kg/m^2^ with sleep apnea. 2 The use of orlistat and N/A N/A N/A I sibutramine has not been adequately studied in obese or overweight patients with sleep apnea. 3 Bariatric surgery is Buchwald et al., 2004\ II-2 Good B recommended in morbidly Dixon, Schacter, & obese patients with sleep O\'Brien, 2001\ apnea. Karason et al., 2000\ Maggard et al., 2005\ O\'Brien et al.,2002 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) N/A = Not Applicable ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Weight loss is Christensen, Astrup, & I Poor C recommended in all obese Bliddal, 2005\ or overweight patients Felson et al., 1992\ with lower extremity DJD. Messier et al., 2004\ Rejeski et al., 2002 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) **Weight Maintenance and Follow-Up** M. **Is Patient Losing Weight?** > *Objective* > > Assess response to therapy and progress toward weight loss goals. > > *Recommendations* 1. Patients on diet, exercise, and behavioral therapy who have lost on average 1 to 2 pounds per week should continue with their current treatment until their weight loss goal is achieved. **\[B\]** 2. Patients who have lost on average less than 1 pound per week should have their adherence to therapy assessed and treatment plan reevaluated. **\[I\]** 3. Obese patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}30 kg/m^2^, and overweight patients with a BMI [\>]{.underline}27 kg/m^2^ and obesity-associated chronic health conditions who fail to achieve adequate weight loss through non-pharmacologic interventions may be candidates for pharmacotherapy with orlistat or sibutramine. **\[B\]** (See Module C, Section C-4 Pharmacotherapy.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 An energy deficit of \"Diet programs,\" 2004\ I Good B 500-1,000 calories can NHLBI, 1998 lead to weight loss of 1 to 2 pounds per week. 2 A reasonable time to NHLBI, 1998 I Good B achieve a 10% reduction in body weight is 6 months of therapy. 3 Patients who have lost on NHLBI, 1998 II Fair B average 1 pound or more per week should continue with their current treatment. 4 Use of medications for See Module C, Section C-4: maintenance. Pharmacotherapy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) N. **Congratulate and Initiate Relapse Prevention/Maintenance** > *Objective* > > Continue the necessary interventions to maintain the weight loss and > prevent weight gain. > > *Recommendations* 1. Patients who have met their weight loss goals or have stopped losing weight and are ready to sustain current weight loss should be offered a maintenance program consisting of diet, physical activity, and behavioral support. Weight status should be reevaluated and diet and physical activity should be adjusted so that energy balance is maintained (energy intake is equal to energy expenditure). **\[B\]** 2. Providers should continue to maintain contact with patients providing on-going support, encouragement, and close monitoring during the maintenance phase of weight loss to prevent weight regain. **\[B\]** 3. Patients who achieve their weight loss goal with a combination of medication, diet, and exercise may be considered candidates to include their medication as a component of their weight maintenance program with continued monitoring of effectiveness and adverse effects. **\[B\]** (See Module C, Section C-4 Pharmacotherapy recommendations below.) 4. Lifelong follow-up after bariatric surgery is necessary to monitor adherence to treatment, adverse effects and complications, dietary restrictions, and behavioral health. **\[I\]** 5. There is no established optimum visit length or duration between maintenance visits, but it seems reasonable to establish a minimum of quarterly follow-up (every three months) for the sustainment of weight loss and more frequently if the patient requests it. **\[I\]** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Continued contact with NHLBI, 1998 II Fair B patients providing on-going support, encouragement, and monitoring to prevent weight regain. 3 A maintenance program of NHLBI, 1998\ II-2 Fair B diet, physical activity, Tremblay, Doucet, & and behavioral support Imbeault, 1999 should be offered beginning at 6 months. 4 Emphasize working with NHLBI, 1998\ II-2 Fair B patients to solve Perri et al., 1988, 2001\ problems that impede Tremblay Doucet, & Imbeault weight management. , 1999\ Wing & Phelan, 2005 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) O. **Assess Adherence and Modify Treatment** > *Objective* > > Assess the patient\'s progress toward treatment goals and determine > adjustments as needed. > > *Recommendations* 1. Adherence to weight loss programs should be assessed by periodically measuring the patient\'s BMI and waist circumference and providing feedback. **\[Expert Opinion\]** 2. Patients should be encouraged to record activities by using food logs, exercise logs, and personal diaries to provide structure and allow the provider to identify compliance or relapse issues. **\[B\]** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Provide patient with Marlatt & Gordon, 2000\ II-2 Fair B objective evidence of Wadden, 1999 goal attainment. 2 Analysis/reinforcement of DiLillo, Siegfried,& II Poor B food logs, exercise Smith-West, 2003\ records, and personal NHLBI, 1998 diaries confirms compliance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) P. **Reinforce Knowledge, Motivation, Skills, and Support** > *Objective* > > Motivate overweight or obese patients who are presently not ready to > undertake weight loss to do so in the future. > > *Recommendations* 1. Motivational interviewing techniques should be utilized to motivate patients to improve their dietary habits. **\[B\]** 2. Motivational interviewing techniques should be considered to motivate patients to increase their physical activity. **\[Expert Opinion\]** 3. Patients who may benefit from weight loss but are not willing to attempt to lose weight at this time should receive brief, non-judgmental motivational counseling designed to increase their motivation to lose weight. This counseling should include discussion about: **\[Expert Opinion\]** - Relevance: connection between overweight and current symptoms, disease, and medical history - Risks: risks of continued overweight status, tailored to individual risk/relevance of cardiovascular disease or exacerbation of pre-existing disease - Rewards: potential benefits for losing excess weight to patients\' medical, financial, and psychosocial well-being - Roadblocks: barriers to losing weight, with options and strategies to address patient\'s barriers - Repetition: reassess willingness to lose weight at subsequent visits; repeat intervention for unmotivated patients at every visit **Module C: Interventions for Weight Loss** C-1 **Diet Therapy** *Recommendations* [Weight Loss]{.underline} 1. Dietary interventions should be individually planned, in conjunction with physical activity, to create a caloric deficit of 500 to 1,000 kcal/day. Such negative energy balance may lead to a weight loss of 1 to 2 pounds per week. **\[B\]** [Selection of Specific Diets]{.underline} 2. Dietary programs should at a minimum reduce the usual caloric intake by 500 to 1,000 kcal/day to achieve modest weight loss. **\[B\]** 3. Low-calorie diets (LCDs) should generally include 1,000 to 1,200 kcal/day for women and 1,200 to 1,600 kcal/day for men and should include the major nutrients in appropriate proportions (see Appendix C, Table C-1 in the original guideline document). **\[B\]** 4. Very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs) that restrict calories to less than 800 kcal/day \[15 kcal/kg ideal body weight\] are not recommended for weight loss, but may be used short term (12 to 16 weeks) under medical supervision. **\[B\]** 5. Low-fat intake (20 to 30 percent of total calories/day), as part of low-calorie diets (LCDs), can be recommended to induce weight loss and should be recommended for patients with cardiovascular disease or lipid abnormalities. **\[B\]** 6. Low-carbohydrate diets (less than 20 percent of total calories) may be used for short-term weight loss, but are not recommended for long-term dieting or weight maintenance. **\[B\]** 7. Low-carbohydrate diets can be recommended to reduce serum triglyceride levels for overweight patients with mixed dyslipidemia. **\[B\]** 8. Low-carbohydrate diets are not recommended for patients with hepatic or renal disease or for patients with diabetes who are unable to monitor blood glucose. **\[C\]** 9. Low-calorie diets (LCDs) or very low-calorie diets (VLCDs) may include meal replacements (e.g., bars and shakes). **\[A\]** 10. There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against a diet limited to foods with a glycemic index less than 55 as a means of producing weight loss. **\[C\]** [Commercial Diets]{.underline} 11. Patients should be encouraged to adhere to a specific diet, as adherence to any diet plan from a variety of programs (e.g., Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone) has been shown to be the most important factor in achieving weight reduction. **\[B\]** **Table. Definitions of Common Diets** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ **Diet Approach** **Content (% of total calories)** ------------------------------------------ ------------- ------------------- ------------- **Fat** **Carbohydrates** **Protein** **Very-low carbohydrates\ 55--65 \<20 (\<100g) 25--30 (High-fat)** **Low carbohydrates\ 20--30 30--40 25--30 (Moderate-fat)** **Moderate-fat, balanced nutrient 20--30 55--60 15--20 reduction\ (Low-calorie)** **Low-fat** 11--19 \>65 10--20 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 An energy deficit of \"Diet programs,\" 2004\ I Fair B 500-1,000 kcal/day will NHLBI, 1998 lead to weight loss of 1 to 2 pounds per week. 2 Energy deficit (calories Avenell et al., 2004\ I Fair B in vs. calories out), Freedman, King, & Kennedy, rather than macronutrient 2001\ composition is the major \"Diet programs,\" 2004\ determinant of weight McTigue et al., 2003 loss. 3 No single type of diet Avenell et al., 2004\ I Fair B has been shown to be more Dansinger et al., 2005\ effective than the \"Diet programs,\" 2004\ others. McTigue et al., 2003 4 **LCDs** may result in Avenell et al., 2004\ I Good A moderate weight loss for \"Diet programs,\" 2004\ patients that adhere to McTigue et al., 2003\ the diet program (3 to 18 NHLBI, 1998 months). 5 **VLCDs** (less than 800 Wadden & Stunkard, 1986;\ I Good B kcal/day) produce greater Wadden et al., 1994\ initial weight loss than Williams et al., 1998\ other forms of calorie Wing et al., 1994 restriction at 12 to 16 weeks. 6 **VLCDs** should be \"Very low-calorie diets,\" III Poor C monitored under medical 1993 supervision. 7 Greater initial weight Anderson et al., 2001 I Fair I loss induced without changes in lifestyle (e.g., **VLCD**) may improve long-term weight maintenance. 8 **Low-fat** diets produce NHLBI, 1998 I Good A a caloric deficit and lead to modest weight loss at 3 to 6 months. Greater weight loss is observed in patients with greater baseline weights. 9 **Low-fat**, calorie \"Third Report,\" 2002\ I Fair B restricted diets may lead NHLBI, 1998 to weight loss and reduction in Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol for patient with dyslipidemia. 10 **Low-carbohydrate** Bravata et al., 2003\ I Fair B diets result in more Brehm et al., 2003\ rapid short-term (6 Foster et al., 2003\ months) weight loss than Samaha et al., 2003 low-fat LCDs.\ \ **Low-carbohydrate** diets may reduce serum triglyceride levels and improve High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in patients with mixed dyslipidemia. 11 **Low-carbohydrate** Working Group Consensus III Poor I diets are contraindicated in patients with renal or hepatic disease and patients with diabetes that cannot monitor their blood sugars. 12 **Meal replacements** are Bowerman et al., 2001\ I Good A safe to promote weight Flechtner-Mors et al., loss in conjunction with 2000\ LCDs and VLCDs. Heymsfield et al., 2003\ Noakes et al., 2004 13 The evidence is III Poor I insufficient to substantiate the recommendation of a diet based on the **glycemic index**, without caloric reduction. 14 Low-**energy**-dense McCrory et al., 2000\ I Fair B diets can help lower Rolls & Bell, 2000 calorie intake without reducing food volume and lead to weight loss. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) C-2 **Physical Activity** *Recommendations* 1. Weight loss interventions should include exercise to promote weight loss **\[A\]**, maintain weight loss **\[A\]**, decrease abdominal obesity **\[B\]**, improve cardiovascular fitness **\[A\]**, improve cardiovascular outcomes **\[A\]**, and decrease all-cause and cardiovascular mortality **\[B\]**. 2. Home fitness/lifestyle activities or structured supervised programs may be effectively used to produce a caloric expenditure leading to weight loss. **\[A\]** 3. Moderate levels of physical activity should be performed at least 30 minutes most days of the week. **\[B\]** 4. Physical activity may include short intermittent bursts (10 minutes or longer) as well as longer continuous exercise. **\[A\]** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 ***Physical Activity/Exercise should occur to*:** a\. Promote weight loss NHLBI, 1998\ I Good A Ross et al., 2000 b\. Maintain weight loss Miller et al., 1997 I Good A c\. Decrease abdominal NHLBI, 1998 I Fair B obesity d\. Improve NHLBI, 1998 I Good A cardiovascular fitness e\. Reduce cardiovascular Bassuk & Manson, 2004\ I Good A risk factors NHLBI, 1998 f\. Decrease all-cause Blair et al., 1995\ II-2 Fair B and cardiovascular Lee, Blair, & Jackson, mortality 1999\ Paffenbarger et. al., 1993 2 Lifestyle physical Anderson et al., 1999\ I Good A activities (home fitness Fogelholm et al.,2000 programs) are just as effective in promoting weight loss as structured supervised exercise programs. 3 Moderate levels of Jakicic et al., 2001\ I Fair B physical activity should NHLBI, 1998\ be performed at least 30 Saris et al., 2003 minutes most days of the week. 4 Short intermittent bursts Frick et al., 2001\ I Good A of physical activity are Jakicic et al., 1999 just as effective as longer continuous exercise. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) C-3 **Behavioral Modification Strategies** *Recommendations* 1. Behavioral modification interventions to improve adherence to diet and physical activity should be given to overweight or obese individuals. **\[B\]** 2. Behavioral modification interventions should be provided at a higher intensity when possible for greater effectiveness. Higher intensity is defined as more than one personal contact per month for the first three months (individual or group setting). Less frequent intervention may be an ineffective and inefficient use of manpower. **\[B\]** 3. Multiple behavioral modification strategies should be used in combination for greater effectiveness. **\[A\]** 4. Behavioral modification intervention should be delivered in a group format when possible rather than individually. **\[B\]** 5. For individuals unable or unwilling to participate in weight loss treatment in person, telephone or internet-based behavioral modification intervention may be considered. **\[B\]** 6. Behavioral modification intervention should be continued on a long-term basis to promote maintenance of weight loss. **\[B\]** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Behavioral modification Avenell et al., 2004\ I Fair B interventions add ICSI, 2005\ effectiveness to diet and McTigue et al., 2003\ exercise interventions in NHLBI, 1998\ promoting weight loss. Wadden & Butryn, 2003 2 Behavioral modification NHLBI, 1998\ I Fair B interventions with McTigue et al., 2003 greater intensity are more effective than those with less intensity in promoting weight loss. 3 Combined behavioral NHLBI, 1998 I Good A modification strategies are more effective than a single behavioral modification strategy in promoting weight loss. 4 Group-based behavioral Renjilian et al., 2001 I Fair B modification counseling is more effective than individual counseling in promoting weight loss. 5 Telephone and internet Boucher et al., 1999\ I Fair B behavioral treatment is Harvey-Barino et al., 2004\ effective in promoting Jeffery et al., 2003\ weight loss. Tate, Jackvony, & Wing, 2003 6 Continued behavioral Jeffery et al., 2000\ I Fair B modification Latner et al., 2002\ interventions are McTigue et al., 2003\ effective in sustaining NHLBI, 1998\ weight loss. Perri et al., 1988\ Perri et al., 2001\ Wadden & Butryn, 2003 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) C4 **Pharmacotherapy** *Recommendations* 1. Adult patients with a BMI greater than 30 kg/m^2^ or a BMI greater than 27 kg/m^2^ with obesity-associated conditions may be considered for pharmacotherapy in combination with a reduced-calorie diet, increased physical activity and behavioral therapy. **\[B\]** 2. Patients who do not respond to medication with a reasonable weight loss should be evaluated for adherence to the medication regimen and adjunctive therapies or considered for an adjustment of dosage. **\[I\]** 3. If the patient continues to be unresponsive to the medication, or serious adverse effects occur, the use of medication should be discontinued. **\[I\]** [Orlistat]{.underline} 4. Orlistat may be considered to reduce body weight **\[B\]** and improve obesity-associated cardiovascular risk factors **\[C\]**. 5. Patients who have lost 5 percent or more of their body weight after 12 weeks of treatment or lost an average of 1 pound or more per week with orlistat should continue their current treatment, as they are more likely to experience sustained weight loss. **\[B\]** 6. Orlistat may be considered as a component of weight maintenance programs for up to 4 years. **\[B\]** 7. Patients prescribed orlistat should take a multiple vitamin that includes fat soluble vitamins. **\[Expert Opinion\]** [Sibutramine]{.underline} 8. Sibutramine may be considered to reduce body weight **\[B\]** and improve glycemic and lipid parameters **\[C\]**. 9. Patients who have lost an average of 1 pound or more per week during the first 4 weeks of therapy with sibutramine should continue treatment, barring any intolerable side effects. **\[Expert Opinion\]** 10. Patients who fail to lose 4 pounds after 4 weeks treated with sibutramine should have their adherence assessed and, if appropriate, an increase in the dose for an additional 4-week trial. **\[I\]** 11. Sibutramine may be considered as a component of weight maintenance programs for up to 2 years. **\[B\]** 12. Sibutramine should be discontinued if it is not efficacious in helping the patient to lose or maintain weight loss. **\[B\]** 13. Sibutramine should be used with caution as it can elevate blood pressure and heart rate. **\[A\]** 14. Adult patients with uncontrolled hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke should not include sibutramine as a part of their weight loss program due to the increased risk of harm. **\[D\]** 15. Sibutramine should be avoided in patients taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), triptans, pseudoephedrine, and other agents that affect serotonin. **\[D\]** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of **QE** **Overall **SR** Evidence** Quality** ------- -------------------- ---------------------- -------- ----------- ------------ -------- -------------- **Weight** **CV **Morbidity\ risk** Mortality** 1 Pharmacotherapy may Apfelbaum et al., I Fair B C I be considered for 1999\ BMI greater than 30 Arterburn, McDonell, & kg/m^2^ or a BMI Hedrick, 2004\ greater than 27 James et al., 2000\ kg/m^2^ with one or Li et. al., 2005\ more obesity related McTigue et al., 2003\ risk factors. O\'Meara et al., 2002\ Shekelle et al., 2004\ Torgerson et al., 2004 2 Orlistat may be Lindegarde, 2000\ I Fair B C I considered to reduce Padwal, Li, & Lau, body weight and 2004\ improve Shekelle et al., 2004 obesity-associated cardiovascular risk factors. 3 Patients who have Rissanen et al., 2003 II-2 Fair B C I lost greater than or equal to 5% of their body weight after 12 weeks of treatment with orlistat are more likely to experience sustained improvement. 4 Orlistat may be Padwal, Li, & Lau, I Fair B C B\ considered as a 2004\ (new onset component of weight Shekelle et al., 2004\ diabetes) maintenance programs Torgerson et al., 2004 for up to 4 years. 5 Sibutramine may be Arterburn, Crane, & I Fair B C I considered to reduce Veenstra, 2004\ body weight and Arterburn, McDonell, & improve glycemic and Hedrick, 2004\ lipid parameters. McTigue et al., 2003\ Padwal, Li, & Lau, 2004\ Shekelle et al., 2004 6 Sibutramine may be Arterburn, Crane, & I Fair B C I considered as a Veenstra, 2004\ component of weight Arterburn, McDonell, & maintenance program Hedrick, 2004\ for up to 2 years. Padwal, Li, & Lau, 2004\ Shekelle et al., 2004 7 Sibutramine should Arterburn Crane, & I Good A be used with caution Veenstra, 2004\ as it can elevate Arterburn, McDonell, & blood pressure and Hedrick, 2004\ heart rate. Padwal, Li, & Lau, , 2004 8 Avoid sibutramine in Arterburn Crane, & II-3 Fair D adult patients with Veenstra, , 2004\ uncontrolled Arterburn, McDonell, & hypertension, Hedrick, 2004\ cardiovascular Padwal, Li, & Lau., disease, and history 2004 of MI or stroke due to the increased risk of harm. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) C-5 **Bariatric Surgery** *Recommendations* 1. Adult patients with extreme obesity (BMI 40 kg/m^2^ or more) or severe obesity (BMI 35 kg/m^2^ or more with one or more obesity-associated chronic health condition) may be considered for bariatric surgery to reduce body weight **\[A\]**, improve obesity-associated comorbidities **\[B\]**, and improve quality of life **\[B\]**. 2. Roux-en-y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) is recommended as the bariatric procedure with the most robust evidence for inducing sustained weight loss **\[B\]** for patients with BMI greater than 40 kg/m^2^. 3. There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the routine use of bariatric surgery in those over 65 years of age and patients with a substantial surgical risk. **\[I\]** 4. Providers should engage all patients who are candidates for bariatric surgery in a detailed discussion of the benefits and potential risks of bariatric procedures. **\[I\]** 5. Relative contraindications to bariatric surgery that are supported only by expert consensus include: - Unstable coronary artery disease, severe pulmonary disease, portal hypertension or other conditions that can compromise anesthesia or wound healing - Patients who are unable to comprehend basic principles of surgery or follow-up postoperative instructions - Patients having had multiple abdominal operations, complicated incisional hernias - Patients who have illnesses that greatly reduce life expectancy and/or are unlikely to be improved in their medical condition by surgically-induced weight reduction (e.g., cancer). ```{=html}  ``` 6. Lifelong medical follow-up after surgery is necessary to monitor adherence to treatment, adverse effects and complications, dietary restrictions, and behavioral health. **\[I\]** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** ** **Recommendation** **Sources of Evidence** **QE** **Overall **SR** Quality** ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- 1 Bariatric surgery (RYGB, ECRI, 2004\ I Good B AGB, & VBG) to promote Maggard et al., 2005\ substantial long-term (3 Shekelle et al., 2004 years) weight loss in patient with BMI [\>]{.underline}40 or BMI [\>]{.underline}35 with comorbid conditions. 2 Bariatric surgery (RYGB, Buchwald et al., 2004\ I Fair\* B AGB, & VBG) to improve or ECRI, 2004\ resolve comorbid Sjostrom et al., 2004 conditions. 3 Bariatric surgery (RYGB, ECRI, 2004\ I Fair\* B AGB, & VBG) to improve Karlsson, Sjostrom, & quality of life. Sullivan, 1998\ Shekelle et al., 2004 4 Bariatric surgery to Christou et al., 2004\ II-2 Poor I improve long-term Flum & Dellinger, 2004 (greater than 5 years) survival. 5 RYGB to promote greater Buchwald et al., 2004\ I Fair B weight loss than VBG or ECRI, 2004\ AGB Maggard et al., 2005\ Shekelle et al., 2004 6 Bariatric surgery in ECRI, 2004\ II-3 Fair I those over 65 years of Shekelle et al., 2004 age has higher risk of mortality 7 Preoperative requirements Expert Opinion\ III Poor I or effective means to Saltzman et al,, 2005 prepare patients for surgery. 8 Contraindication for Expert Opinion III Poor I bariatric surgery. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **\***Evidence quality was rated as fair, because few studies reported these outcomes consistently, and few studies were designed to examine the impact of surgery on these outcomes. QE = Quality of Evidence; SR = Strength of Recommendation (see Appendix A in the original guideline document) AGB = Adjustable gastric band; RBG vertical banded gastroplasty **Definitions**: **Evidence Rating System** **Quality of Evidence (QE)** ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- **I** At least one properly done randomized controlled trial (RCT) **II-1** Well designed controlled trail without randomization **II-2** Well designed cohort or case-control analytic study, preferably from more than one source **II-3** Multiple time series evidence with/without intervention, dramatic results of uncontrolled experiment **III** Opinion of respected authorities, descriptive studies, case reports, and expert committees ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- **Overall Quality** ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- **Good** High grade evidence (I or II-1) directly linked to health outcome **Fair** High grade evidence (I or II-1) linked to intermediate outcome;\ \ *or*\ \ Moderate grade evidence (II-2 or II-3) directly linked to health outcome **Poor** Level III evidence or no linkage of evidence to health outcome ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- **Net Effect of the Intervention** ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- **Substantial:** More than a small relative impact on a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering;\ \ *or*\ \ A large impact on an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. **Moderate:** A small relative impact on a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering;\ \ *or*\ \ A moderate impact on an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. **Small:** A negligible relative impact on a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering;\ \ *or*\ \ A small impact on an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. **Zero or Negative impact on patients;\ Negative:** \ *or*\ \ No relative impact on either a frequent condition with a substantial burden of suffering, *or* an infrequent condition with a significant impact on the individual patient level. ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- **Strength of the Recommendation** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *The net benefit of the intervention* -------------------- ----------------- -------------- ----------- ------------------- *Quality of **Substantial** **Moderate** **Small** **Zero or Evidence* Negative** *Good* A B C D *Fair* B B C D *Poor* I I I I ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- ------------------------------------------------------------------- A A strong recommendation that the clinicians provide the intervention to eligible patients.\ *Good evidence was found that the intervention improves important health outcomes and concludes that benefits substantially outweigh harm.* B A recommendation that clinicians provide (the service) to eligible patients.\ *At least fair evidence was found that the intervention improves health outcomes and concludes that benefits outweigh harm.* C No recommendation for or against the routine provision of the intervention is made.\ *At least fair evidence was found that the intervention can improve health outcomes, but concludes that the balance of benefits and harms is too close to justify a general recommendation.* D Recommendation is made against routinely providing the intervention to asymptomatic patients.\ *At least fair evidence was found that the intervention is ineffective or that harms outweigh benefits.* I The conclusion is that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against routinely providing the intervention.\ *Evidence that the intervention is effective is lacking, or poor quality, or conflicting and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined.* --- ------------------------------------------------------------------- **Abbreviations and Acronyms List** AGB - Adjustable Gastric Band BMI - Body Mass Index CAD -- Coronary artery disease DoD - Department of Defense DJD - Degenerative Joint Disease EBM - Evidence-Based Medicine HDL-C - High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol LCD - Low-Calorie Diet LDL -- Low density Lipoprotein MAOI - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors MI - Myocardial Infarction RYGB - Roux-en-y Gastric Bypass SSRI - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor VHA -- Veterans Health Administration VBG - Vertical Banded Gastroplasty VLCD - Very-Low-Calorie Diet WC - Waist Circumference #### CLINICAL ALGORITHM(S) Algorithms are provided for: - [Screening for Overweight and Obesity](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/OBE/OBE_CPG/content/algorithms/algoA.htm) - [Treatment for Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/OBE/OBE_CPG/content/algorithms/algoB.htm) ### EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS #### REFERENCES SUPPORTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS [References open in a new window](http://www.guideline.gov/summary/select_ref.aspx?doc_id=10714) #### TYPE OF EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS The guideline is supported by the literature in a majority of areas, with evidence-based tables and references throughout the document. The evidence consists of key clinical randomized controlled trials and longitudinal studies in the area of weight loss and weight maintenance therapy. Where existing literature is ambiguous or conflicting, or where scientific data are lacking on an issue, recommendations are based on the expert panel\'s opinion and clinical experience. The guideline contains a bibliography and discussion of the evidence supporting each recommendation. The quality of the evidence supporting individual recommendations is given for selected recommendations (see \"Major Recommendations\" field). ### BENEFITS/HARMS OF IMPLEMENTING THE GUIDELINE RECOMMENDATIONS #### POTENTIAL BENEFITS Weight loss improves blood pressure, cholesterol, glycemic control, and obstructive sleep apnea and reduces incident hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Modest weight loss among overweight and obese adults will reduce the incidence and severity of diabetes, a chronic condition that is linked to significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. #### POTENTIAL HARMS - Continuing a very low calorie diet (VLCD) for a long period may not be safe. - Potential adverse effects and precautions for drug therapy used in dyslipidemia are provided in Table F-1 in Appendix F of the original guideline document. - There are significant drug or nutrient interactions with anti-obesity agents. See Table F-3 in Appendix F in the original guideline document for a list of known drug interactions to date. - Bariatric surgery may be associated with stricture of gastrojejunonstomy, gastrointestinal bleeding, marginal ulcer, bowel obstruction, and complications of the *LapBand*. See Appendix G of the original guideline document for details. ### CONTRAINDICATIONS #### CONTRAINDICATIONS - Low-carbohydrate diets are contraindicated in patients with renal or hepatic disease and patients with diabetes that cannot monitor their blood sugars. - The use of sibutramine with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) is contraindicated. - Sibutramine is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled hypertension and in patients who have a major eating disorder (anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa). - Women who are pregnant or who are considering pregnancy in the next two years should not be considered candidates for bariatric surgery. - Relative contraindications to bariatric surgery that are supported only by expert consensus include: - Unstable coronary artery disease, severe pulmonary disease, portal hypertension or other conditions that can compromise anesthesia or wound healing - Patients who are unable to comprehend basic principles of surgery or follow-up postoperative instructions - Patients having had multiple abdominal operations, complicated incisional hernias - Patients who have illnesses that greatly reduce life expectancy and/or are unlikely to be improved in their medical condition by surgically-induced weight reduction (e.g., cancer). ### QUALIFYING STATEMENTS #### QUALIFYING STATEMENTS - The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and The Department of Defense (DoD) guidelines are based upon the best information available at the time of publication. They are designed to provide information and assist decision-making. They are not intended to define a standard of care, and should not be construed as one. Neither should they be interpreted as prescribing an exclusive course of management. - Variations in practice will inevitably and appropriately occur when clinicians take into account the needs of individual patients, available resources, and limitations unique to an institution or type of practice. Every healthcare professional making use of these guidelines is responsible for evaluating the appropriateness of applying them in the setting of any particular clinical situation. - Clinical practice guidelines, which are increasingly being used in health care, are seen by many as potential solutions to inefficiency and inappropriate variations in care. Guidelines should be evidenced-based as well as based upon explicit criteria to ensure consensus regarding their internal validity. However, it must be remembered that the use of guidelines must always be in the context of a health care provider\'s clinical judgment in the care of a particular patient. For that reason, the guidelines may be viewed as an educational tool analogous to textbooks and journals, but in a more user-friendly format. ### IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GUIDELINE #### DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY Clinicians can use the algorithms to determine appropriate interventions and timing of care for their patients and to better stratify obese and overweight patients and optimize healthcare utilization. There is no intent to restrict providers from using their clinical expertise in the care of an individual patient. The guideline\'s recommendations should facilitate, not replace, clinical judgment. This guideline has been developed to assist Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and Department of Defense (DoD) facilities to implement processes of care that are evidence-based. The guideline is designed to achieve maximum functionality and independence and improve patient/family quality of life. The recommendations may provide facilities lacking organized weight management care a structured approach to confront the challenges in facing the obesity epidemic and assure that veterans and active duty personnel who can benefit from weight reduction will have access to comparable care, regardless of geographic location. It is also meant to encourage each Veterans Integrated Services Network (VISN) or DoD medical treatment facility (MTF), or other care access sites in developing innovative plans, to remove barriers that prevent patients from gaining prompt access to preventive care and inhibit primary care providers, specialists, and allied health professionals from working together. #### IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS Clinical Algorithm\ Pocket Guide/Reference Cards\ Resources For information about [availability](#identifying-information-and-availability), see the \"Availability of Companion Documents\" and \"Patient Resources\" fields below. ### INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE (IOM) NATIONAL HEALTHCARE QUALITY REPORT CATEGORIES #### IOM CARE NEED Getting Better\ Living with Illness #### IOM DOMAIN Effectiveness\ Patient-centeredness ### IDENTIFYING INFORMATION AND AVAILABILITY #### BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCE(S) Management of Overweight and Obesity Working Group. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for screening and management of overweight and obesity. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense; 2006. 117 p. #### ADAPTATION The guideline draws, in part, from: - U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Obesity in Adults: Recommendations and Rationale. November 2003. Agency for Health Care Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. (<http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/obesity/obesrr.htm>). - National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Clinical Guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in Adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083, 1998. #### DATE RELEASED 2006 Dec #### GUIDELINE DEVELOPER(S) Department of Defense - Federal Government Agency \[U.S.\]\ Department of Veterans Affairs - Federal Government Agency \[U.S.\]\ Veterans Health Administration - Federal Government Agency \[U.S.\] #### SOURCE(S) OF FUNDING United States Government #### GUIDELINE COMMITTEE The Management of Obesity Working Group #### COMPOSITION OF GROUP THAT AUTHORED THE GUIDELINE *Veterans Affairs (VA) Working Group Members*: Nicky Goraya, MD (*Co-chairman*); Alison Acerra, RD; Ariana Aoun, RD; Vanita Aroda, MD; David Arterburn, MD; Charles Billington, MD; Mary Burdick, PhD; Melanie Erskine, RN; Richard Harvey, PhD; Mary Jansen, PhD; Edward Livingston, MD; Leonard Pogach, MD; Todd Semla, PharmD *Department of Defense (DoD) Working Group Members*: Wayne Z. McBride, DO (*Co-chairman*); Vincent F. Carr, DO; Sammy Choi, MD; Sally Glover, RN; Joyce Grissom, MD; Vivian Hutson, RD; Dawn Johnson, DO; Subrina Linscomb; Julie Liss, PharmD; Theresa Newlin, FNP; John Schriver, MD; Michael Sigmon, MD; Margaret Voelker, RN, MN; Marjory Waterman, RN *Facilitator*: Oded Susskind, MPH *Evidence Appraisal Reports*: Vivian H. Coates, MPH; Eileen G. Erinoff; Charles Turkelson, PhD *Staff Support*: Rosalie Fishman, RN, MSN; Martha D\'Erasmo, MPH; Sarah Carroll; Joanne Marko, MS, CCC; Kristyn O\'Reilley #### FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES/CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Not stated #### GUIDELINE STATUS This is the current release of the guideline. #### GUIDELINE AVAILABILITY Electronic copies: Available from the [Department of Veterans Affairs Web site](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/OBE/OBE_base.htm). Print copies: Available from the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Quality and Performance (10Q) 810 Vermont Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20420. #### AVAILABILITY OF COMPANION DOCUMENTS The following are available: - Screening and management of overweight and obesity guideline summary -- update 2006. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs (U.S.); 2006. 23 p. - Management of overweight and obesity pocket guide -- update 2006. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs (U.S.); 2006. 2 p. - Screening and management of overweight and obesity key points card -- update 2006. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs (U.S.); 2006. 2 p. Electronic copies: Available from the [Department of Veterans Affairs Web site](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/OBE/OBE_base.htm). Print copies: Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Quality and Performance (10Q) 810 Vermont Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20420. In addition, the VHA Web site provides references to related guidelines, performance measures, and other resources. The following are also available: - Guideline for Guidelines. Draft. Washington (DC): Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs. Available from the : [VHA Web site](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/policy.asp). - Guideline development process. Appendix A of the [original guideline document](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/OBE/OBE_CPG/frameset.htm) - Putting clinical practice guidelines to work \[online tutorial\]. Available from the [Department of Veterans Affairs Web site](http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/Training/WWW/010000000010.html). #### PATIENT RESOURCES None available #### NGC STATUS This NGC summary was completed by ECRI Institute on June 7, 2007. #### COPYRIGHT STATEMENT No copyright restrictions apply. ### DISCLAIMER #### NGC DISCLAIMER The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ (NGC) does not develop, produce, approve, or endorse the guidelines represented on this site. All guidelines summarized by NGC and hosted on our site are produced under the auspices of medical specialty societies, relevant professional associations, public or private organizations, other government agencies, health care organizations or plans, and similar entities. Guidelines represented on the NGC Web site are submitted by guideline developers, and are screened solely to determine that they meet the NGC Inclusion Criteria which may be found at <http://www.guideline.gov/about/inclusion.aspx> . NGC, AHRQ, and its contractor ECRI Institute make no warranties concerning the content or clinical efficacy or effectiveness of the clinical practice guidelines and related materials represented on this site. Moreover, the views and opinions of developers or authors of guidelines represented on this site do not necessarily state or reflect those of NGC, AHRQ, or its contractor ECRI Institute, and inclusion or hosting of guidelines in NGC may not be used for advertising or commercial endorsement purposes. Readers with questions regarding guideline content are directed to contact the guideline developer. Bottom of Form © 1998-2008 National Guideline Clearinghouse Date Modified: 11/3/2008

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log-files

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! Started logfile: J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_uvs.log on Fri Oct 5 17:16:00 2007 obs J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_uva.fits ! Reading UV FITS file: J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_uva.fits ! AN table 1: 20 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! AN table 2: 156 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! AN table 3: 156 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! Apparent sampling: 0.13142 visibilities/baseline/integration-bin. ! *** This seems a bit low - see "help observe" on the binwid argument. ! Found source: J1230+1223 ! ! There are 4 IFs, and a total of 4 channels: ! ! IF Channel Frequency Freq offset Number of Overall IF ! origin at origin per channel channels bandwidth ! ------------------------------------------------------------- (Hz) ! 01 1 2.22997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 02 2 2.25997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 03 3 2.34997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 04 4 2.36997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! ! Polarization(s): RR ! ! Read 1949 lines of history. ! ! Reading 33160 visibilities. select I ! Polarization I is unavailable. ! Selecting polarization: RR, channels: 1..4 ! Reading IF 1 channels: 1..1 ! Reading IF 2 channels: 2..2 ! Reading IF 3 channels: 3..3 ! Reading IF 4 channels: 4..4 print "field_size =",field_size ! field_size = 1024 print "field_cell =",field_cell ! field_cell = 0.5 print "taper_size =",taper_size ! taper_size = 20 ![@muppet J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus] integer clean_niter clean_niter = 100 float clean_gain clean_gain = 0.03 float dynam dynam = 6.0 float soltime1 soltime1 = 120 float soltime2 soltime2 = 20 float thresh thresh = 0.5 float win_mult win_mult = 1.8 float time_av time_av = 16 float old_peak float new_peak float flux_cutoff mapsize field_size, field_cell ! Map grid = 1024x1024 pixels with 0.500x0.500 milli-arcsec cellsize. startmod ! Applying default point source starting model. ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 1 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 1 components and 1 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! A total of 370 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 2493 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1926 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! A total of 370 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 2493 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1926 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! A total of 370 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 2493 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1926 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! A total of 370 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 2493 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1926 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=1.020209Jy sigma=0.006678 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.714491Jy sigma=0.004315 ! clrmod: Cleared the established, tentative and continuum models. ! Redundant starting model cleared. uvw 2,-1 ! Uniform weighting binwidth: 2 (pixels). ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=1.815 mas, bmaj=3.391 mas, bpa=8.184 degrees ! Estimated noise=1086.31 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! Added new window around map position (0, 0). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.617397 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.891952 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.891952 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.040902 max=0.152508 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000153 rms=0.010989 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.891952 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 10 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 10 components and 0.891952 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.609358Jy sigma=0.003935 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.606516Jy sigma=0.003928 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-2.5, 0.5). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.165398 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.269221 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.269221 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.029093 max=0.091790 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000071 rms=0.007871 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.16117 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 17 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 24 components and 1.16117 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.495871Jy sigma=0.003118 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.494031Jy sigma=0.003109 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-6, 1). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0938757 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.15813 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.15813 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.025024 max=0.068768 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000021 rms=0.006331 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.3193 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 17 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 36 components and 1.3193 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.440308Jy sigma=0.002710 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.438924Jy sigma=0.002702 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (3, -0.5). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0635573 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.110362 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.110362 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.021854 max=0.046689 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000015 rms=0.005418 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.42967 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 29 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 58 components and 1.42967 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.407322Jy sigma=0.002464 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.407195Jy sigma=0.002463 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-9, 2.5). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0488958 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0847598 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0847598 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.021139 max=0.034034 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000042 rms=0.004881 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.51443 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 31 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 81 components and 1.51443 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.386033Jy sigma=0.002300 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.385610Jy sigma=0.002297 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-12, 4.5). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0375679 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0667784 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0667784 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.019760 max=0.030459 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000063 rms=0.004503 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.5812 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 38 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 100 components and 1.5812 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.370769Jy sigma=0.002180 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.370544Jy sigma=0.002179 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-22.5, 10.5). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0330228 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0585291 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0585291 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.018094 max=0.027638 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000076 rms=0.004188 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.63973 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 30 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 115 components and 1.63973 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.358998Jy sigma=0.002087 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.358622Jy sigma=0.002085 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-19, 6.5). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0309539 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0544116 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0544116 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.017690 max=0.020113 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000086 rms=0.003884 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.69414 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 38 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 139 components and 1.69414 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.347561Jy sigma=0.001997 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.347240Jy sigma=0.001996 ! Inverting map print "************** FINISHED UNIFORM WEIGHTING CLEAN **************" ! ************** FINISHED UNIFORM WEIGHTING CLEAN ************** ! uvw 0,-1 ! Uniform weighting is not currently selected. ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. win_mult = win_mult * 1.6 clean_niter = clean_niter * 2 dynam = dynam - 0.5 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.001 mas, bmaj=3.951 mas, bpa=16.58 degrees ! Estimated noise=646.746 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0966525 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.168037 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.222485 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.264635 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.264635 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.024699 max=0.041150 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.002222 rms=0.010704 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.95878 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 109 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 212 components and 1.95878 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.311909Jy sigma=0.001711 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.310042Jy sigma=0.001698 ! Inverting map print "************** FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN **************" ! ************** FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN ************** ! gscale true ! Performing overall amplitude self-cal ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! A total of 30 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* GC 0.00* GG 0.00* ! HH 0.00* HN 0.00* KK 0.00* KP 0.00* ! LA 0.00* MA 0.00* MC 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ! A total of 111 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 1.01 FD 1.03 GC 1.06 GG 1.00* ! HH 1.06 HN 0.93 KK 1.04 KP 1.01 ! LA 0.96 MA 0.99 MC 0.86 MK 1.02 ! NL 1.01 NY 1.07 OV 1.03 PT 0.96 ! SC 1.06 TS 1.14 WF 0.95 WZ 0.97 ! ! A total of 42 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.04 FD 0.91 GC 1.00* GG 1.00* ! HH 1.04 HN 1.01 KK 1.00* KP 1.02 ! LA 0.90 MA 1.07 MC 1.04 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.04 NY 0.98 OV 1.03 PT 0.92 ! SC 1.01 TS 1.13 WF 0.84 WZ 0.98 ! ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! A total of 30 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* GC 0.00* GG 0.00* ! HH 0.00* HN 0.00* KK 0.00* KP 0.00* ! LA 0.00* MA 0.00* MC 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ! A total of 111 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 0.98 FD 1.01 GC 1.04 GG 1.00* ! HH 1.16 HN 0.96 KK 1.05 KP 0.90 ! LA 0.98 MA 0.82 MC 0.94 MK 1.05 ! NL 1.02 NY 1.11 OV 0.98 PT 0.99 ! SC 1.06 TS 1.18 WF 0.93 WZ 0.95 ! ! A total of 42 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.02 FD 0.91 GC 1.00* GG 1.00* ! HH 0.99 HN 0.98 KK 1.00* KP 1.00 ! LA 0.93 MA 0.91 MC 1.17 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.03 NY 1.01 OV 1.00 PT 0.96 ! SC 1.03 TS 0.99 WF 0.91 WZ 0.96 ! ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! A total of 30 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* GC 0.00* GG 0.00* ! HH 0.00* HN 0.00* KK 0.00* KP 0.00* ! LA 0.00* MA 0.00* MC 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ! A total of 111 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 1.04 FD 1.03 GC 1.00 GG 1.00* ! HH 0.99 HN 0.98 KK 1.06 KP 1.01 ! LA 0.95 MA 0.90 MC 0.88 MK 0.99 ! NL 1.01 NY 1.05 OV 1.00 PT 0.98 ! SC 1.02 TS 1.19 WF 0.92 WZ 0.96 ! ! A total of 42 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.07 FD 0.91 GC 1.00* GG 1.00* ! HH 1.00 HN 1.02 KK 1.00* KP 1.03 ! LA 0.89 MA 1.00 MC 0.96 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.03 NY 0.92 OV 1.00 PT 0.97 ! SC 0.98 TS 1.16 WF 0.91 WZ 0.96 ! ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! A total of 30 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.00* FD 0.00* GC 0.00* GG 0.00* ! HH 0.00* HN 0.00* KK 0.00* KP 0.00* ! LA 0.00* MA 0.00* MC 0.00* MK 0.00* ! NL 0.00* NY 0.00* OV 0.00* PT 0.00* ! SC 0.00* TS 0.00* WF 0.00* WZ 0.00* ! ! A total of 111 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 0.99 FD 1.02 GC 1.02 GG 1.00* ! HH 0.87 HN 1.01 KK 1.02 KP 1.00 ! LA 0.98 MA 1.01 MC 1.81 MK 0.97 ! NL 1.01 NY 1.12 OV 0.99 PT 1.09 ! SC 1.00 TS 1.10 WF 0.95 WZ 1.23 ! ! A total of 42 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.02 FD 0.92 GC 1.00* GG 1.00* ! HH 1.09 HN 1.01 KK 1.00* KP 1.02 ! LA 0.92 MA 0.87 MC 0.77 MK 1.00* ! NL 1.03 NY 1.14 OV 1.00 PT 0.95 ! SC 0.99 TS 0.53 WF 0.91 WZ 1.42 ! ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.310042Jy sigma=0.001698 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.281918Jy sigma=0.001580 dynam = dynam - 0.5 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.004 mas, bmaj=4.141 mas, bpa=15.87 degrees ! Estimated noise=638.198 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0212413 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0307277 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0333649 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0355521 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0355521 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.015304 max=0.036941 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.001185 rms=0.007677 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.99433 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 33 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 234 components and 1.99433 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.280192Jy sigma=0.001566 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.280517Jy sigma=0.001563 ! Inverting map selfcal true, true, soltime1 ! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 120 minute time intervals ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.280517Jy sigma=0.001563 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.284118Jy sigma=0.001550 dynam = dynam - 0.75 clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.004 mas, bmaj=4.141 mas, bpa=15.35 degrees ! Estimated noise=636.354 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0130412 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0177523 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0203546 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0222927 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0222927 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.016598 max=0.034902 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000927 rms=0.007460 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.01662 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 27 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 242 components and 2.01662 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.283334Jy sigma=0.001544 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.284972Jy sigma=0.001543 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! Added new window around map position (-50.5, 20). ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0380465 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0606965 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0751628 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.085176 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.085176 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.013947 max=0.026534 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000631 rms=0.005528 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.1018 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 60 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 300 components and 2.1018 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.280029Jy sigma=0.001499 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.279750Jy sigma=0.001497 ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-15.5, -40.5). ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0265618 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0418581 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0526096 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0613736 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0613736 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.011289 max=0.017429 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000424 rms=0.004417 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.16317 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 48 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 343 components and 2.16317 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.277322Jy sigma=0.001473 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.277136Jy sigma=0.001472 ! Inverting map selfcal true, true, soltime2 ! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 20 minute time intervals ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.277136Jy sigma=0.001472 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.307144Jy sigma=0.001467 clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.006 mas, bmaj=4.145 mas, bpa=15.26 degrees ! Estimated noise=634.143 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0105736 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0188896 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0258582 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0315512 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0315512 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.010311 max=0.015974 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000484 rms=0.003899 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19472 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 42 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 364 components and 2.19472 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.306593Jy sigma=0.001462 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.307506Jy sigma=0.001461 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0050988 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00838676 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0115165 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0138819 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0138819 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.009926 max=0.015218 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000438 rms=0.003772 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.20861 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 53 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 378 components and 2.20861 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.307309Jy sigma=0.001460 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.307300Jy sigma=0.001460 ! Inverting map uvtaper 0.3,taper_size ! Gaussian taper: value 0.3 at UV radius = 20 mega-wavelengths. win_mult = win_mult * 1.2 selfcal true, true, soltime2 ! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 20 minute time intervals ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.307300Jy sigma=0.001460 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.348799Jy sigma=0.001458 clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=8.494 mas, bmaj=10.09 mas, bpa=-7.273 degrees ! Estimated noise=826.11 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0158458 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0261106 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0335075 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.036893 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.036893 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.017025 max=0.029207 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000865 rms=0.007732 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.2455 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 31 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 390 components and 2.2455 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.348767Jy sigma=0.001458 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.349037Jy sigma=0.001458 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00300303 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00561293 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00702558 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00788838 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00788838 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.016694 max=0.028813 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000796 rms=0.007644 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.25339 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 23 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 395 components and 2.25339 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.349052Jy sigma=0.001458 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.349055Jy sigma=0.001458 ! Inverting map uvtaper 0,0 ! No UV-taper is currently set. win_mult = win_mult / 1.2 print "************** FINISHED AMPLITUDE SELF-CAL **************" ! ************** FINISHED AMPLITUDE SELF-CAL ************** restore ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.007 mas, bmaj=4.146 mas, bpa=15.21 degrees ! Estimated noise=634.139 mJy/beam. ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 2.007 x 4.146 at 15.21 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0092532 max=0.73378 Jy/beam if(peak(flux) > thresh) selfcal true, true clean clean_niter,clean_gain selfcal flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) selfcal true, true end if ! Performing amp+phase self-cal ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.349055Jy sigma=0.001458 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.882508Jy sigma=0.001351 ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=1.999 mas, bmaj=4.141 mas, bpa=15.29 degrees ! Estimated noise=631.899 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.000427726 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.000612275 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = -0.000903136 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = -0.00117051 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = -0.00117051 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.009583 max=0.014110 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000301 rms=0.003434 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.25222 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 26 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 408 components and 2.25222 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.882435Jy sigma=0.001350 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.882387Jy sigma=0.001350 ! Inverting map ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.000115126 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.000350481 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = -0.000126694 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 8.07313e-05 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 8.07313e-05 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.009505 max=0.014074 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000302 rms=0.003435 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.2523 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 33 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 416 components and 2.2523 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.882361Jy sigma=0.001349 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.882362Jy sigma=0.001349 ! Inverting map ! Performing amp+phase self-cal ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.882362Jy sigma=0.001349 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.968361Jy sigma=0.001348 print "************** CLEARING MODEL AND STARTING OVER **********" ! ************** CLEARING MODEL AND STARTING OVER ********** clrmod true ! clrmod: Cleared the established and tentative models. uvw 2,-1 ! Uniform weighting binwidth: 2 (pixels). ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=1.798 mas, bmaj=3.467 mas, bpa=7.545 degrees ! Estimated noise=1100.71 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.619855 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.900739 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 1.06946 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 1.19061 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 1.19061 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.024914 max=0.069194 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000106 rms=0.007317 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.19061 Jy uvw 0,-1 ! Uniform weighting is not currently selected. ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Adding 25 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 25 components and 1.19061 Jy ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=1.999 mas, bmaj=4.143 mas, bpa=15.24 degrees ! Estimated noise=631.529 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam keep new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.22059 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.375076 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.488868 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.573657 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.573657 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.023573 max=0.053744 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.002074 rms=0.011800 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.76427 Jy ! Adding 95 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 105 components and 1.76427 Jy ! Inverting map ! Added new window around map position (-15.5, 5.5). ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0647679 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.114923 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.15736 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.194098 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.194098 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.016329 max=0.032108 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.001332 rms=0.007617 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.95837 Jy ! Adding 90 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 179 components and 1.95837 Jy ! Inverting map uvtaper 0.3,taper_size ! Gaussian taper: value 0.3 at UV radius = 20 mega-wavelengths. clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=8.482 mas, bmaj=10.1 mas, bpa=-7.202 degrees ! Estimated noise=825.401 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0715367 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.123707 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.16323 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.193905 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.193905 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.022184 max=0.036795 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.001629 rms=0.009823 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.15227 Jy flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam keep new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.024205 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0434883 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0589433 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0713702 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0713702 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.018430 max=0.028651 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000970 rms=0.007881 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.22364 Jy ! Adding 160 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 317 components and 2.22364 Jy ! Inverting map uvtaper 0,0 ! No UV-taper is currently set. clean ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=1.999 mas, bmaj=4.143 mas, bpa=15.24 degrees ! Estimated noise=631.529 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.000967279 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00339777 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00649467 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.009311 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.009311 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.010805 max=0.014321 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000341 rms=0.003548 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.23295 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 27 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 336 components and 2.23295 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.968035Jy sigma=0.001355 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.967752Jy sigma=0.001353 wmodel J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_map.mod ! Writing 336 model components to file: J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_map.mod wobs J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_uvs.fits ! Writing UV FITS file: J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_uvs.fits wwins J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_map.win ! wwins: Wrote 11 windows to J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_map.win x = (field_size-8) * field_cell / 4 addwin -x,x,-x,x clean (field_size*4),0.01 ! Inverting map ! clean: niter=4096 gain=0.01 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00662054 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.012523 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0180297 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0232439 Jy ! Component: 250 - total flux cleaned = 0.0280391 Jy ! Component: 300 - total flux cleaned = 0.0322644 Jy ! Component: 350 - total flux cleaned = 0.0365282 Jy ! Component: 400 - total flux cleaned = 0.0406603 Jy ! Component: 450 - total flux cleaned = 0.0444952 Jy ! Component: 500 - total flux cleaned = 0.048391 Jy ! Component: 550 - total flux cleaned = 0.0521777 Jy ! Component: 600 - total flux cleaned = 0.0553839 Jy ! Component: 650 - total flux cleaned = 0.0588218 Jy ! Component: 700 - total flux cleaned = 0.0618699 Jy ! Component: 750 - total flux cleaned = 0.0646981 Jy ! Component: 800 - total flux cleaned = 0.066884 Jy ! Component: 850 - total flux cleaned = 0.0684546 Jy ! Component: 900 - total flux cleaned = 0.0699972 Jy ! Component: 950 - total flux cleaned = 0.0715102 Jy ! Component: 1000 - total flux cleaned = 0.0727261 Jy ! Component: 1050 - total flux cleaned = 0.073923 Jy ! Component: 1100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0752307 Jy ! Component: 1150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0765172 Jy ! Component: 1200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0777818 Jy ! Component: 1250 - total flux cleaned = 0.0789018 Jy ! Component: 1300 - total flux cleaned = 0.0802501 Jy ! Component: 1350 - total flux cleaned = 0.0812153 Jy ! Component: 1400 - total flux cleaned = 0.0821696 Jy ! Component: 1450 - total flux cleaned = 0.0829937 Jy ! Component: 1500 - total flux cleaned = 0.0838046 Jy ! Component: 1550 - total flux cleaned = 0.0842632 Jy ! Component: 1600 - total flux cleaned = 0.0848319 Jy ! Component: 1650 - total flux cleaned = 0.0855039 Jy ! Component: 1700 - total flux cleaned = 0.0860578 Jy ! Component: 1750 - total flux cleaned = 0.0867153 Jy ! Component: 1800 - total flux cleaned = 0.0873637 Jy ! Component: 1850 - total flux cleaned = 0.0877917 Jy ! Component: 1900 - total flux cleaned = 0.0885315 Jy ! Component: 1950 - total flux cleaned = 0.0888454 Jy ! Component: 2000 - total flux cleaned = 0.0891565 Jy ! Component: 2050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0896705 Jy ! Component: 2100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0901784 Jy ! Component: 2150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0906806 Jy ! Component: 2200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0909787 Jy ! Component: 2250 - total flux cleaned = 0.0913723 Jy ! Component: 2300 - total flux cleaned = 0.0917619 Jy ! Component: 2350 - total flux cleaned = 0.0920513 Jy ! Component: 2400 - total flux cleaned = 0.0922431 Jy ! Component: 2450 - total flux cleaned = 0.0928121 Jy ! Component: 2500 - total flux cleaned = 0.0929048 Jy ! Component: 2550 - total flux cleaned = 0.092999 Jy ! Component: 2600 - total flux cleaned = 0.0932763 Jy ! Component: 2650 - total flux cleaned = 0.0935515 Jy ! Component: 2700 - total flux cleaned = 0.093642 Jy ! Component: 2750 - total flux cleaned = 0.0938214 Jy ! Component: 2800 - total flux cleaned = 0.0940885 Jy ! Component: 2850 - total flux cleaned = 0.0940004 Jy ! Component: 2900 - total flux cleaned = 0.0944384 Jy ! Component: 2950 - total flux cleaned = 0.0944382 Jy ! Component: 3000 - total flux cleaned = 0.0946106 Jy ! Component: 3050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0946959 Jy ! Component: 3100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0949499 Jy ! Component: 3150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0951174 Jy ! Component: 3200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0950341 Jy ! Component: 3250 - total flux cleaned = 0.0950342 Jy ! Component: 3300 - total flux cleaned = 0.0950338 Jy ! Component: 3350 - total flux cleaned = 0.0950335 Jy ! Component: 3400 - total flux cleaned = 0.0950336 Jy ! Component: 3450 - total flux cleaned = 0.0951142 Jy ! Component: 3500 - total flux cleaned = 0.0951141 Jy ! Component: 3550 - total flux cleaned = 0.0948762 Jy ! Component: 3600 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947984 Jy ! Component: 3650 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947989 Jy ! Component: 3700 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947991 Jy ! Component: 3750 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947223 Jy ! Component: 3800 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947984 Jy ! Component: 3850 - total flux cleaned = 0.0949494 Jy ! Component: 3900 - total flux cleaned = 0.0945722 Jy ! Component: 3950 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947972 Jy ! Component: 4000 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947966 Jy ! Component: 4050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0947227 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 4096 components = 0.0946493 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003707 max=0.004806 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000017 rms=0.001435 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.3276 Jy keep ! Adding 423 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 754 components and 2.3276 Jy ![Exited script file: muppet] wmap "J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus\_map.fits" ! Inverting map ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 1.999 x 4.143 at 15.24 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0058008 max=0.72783 Jy/beam ! Writing clean map to FITS file: J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_map.fits float peak_flux peak_flux = peak(flux,max) print "The peak flux is",peak_flux ! The peak flux is 0.727826 invert ! Inverting map float image_rms image_rms = imstat(rms) print "The final image rms is",image_rms ! The final image rms is 0.00144785 device "J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus\_map.eps/VPS" ! Attempting to open device: 'J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_map.eps/VPS' loglevs 100*3*image_rms/peak_flux ! The new contour levels are: ! -0.596783 0.596783 1.19357 2.38713 4.77426 9.54852 19.097 38.1941 76.3882 print "clev=",int(3*image_rms*10000)/10000 ! clev= 0.0043 print "peak=",int(1000*peak_flux)/1000 ! peak= 0.727 mapcolor none ! Mapplot colormap: none, contrast: 1 brightness: 0.5. mapplot cln ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 1.999 x 4.143 at 15.24 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0058008 max=0.72783 Jy/beam mapcolor color, 0.9 ! Mapplot colormap: rainbow, contrast: 0.9 brightness: 0.5. device "J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus\_map.gif/vgif" ! Attempting to open device: 'J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_map.gif/vgif' mapplot cln quit ! Quitting program ! Log file J1230+1223_S_2001_04_09_pus_uvs.log closed on Fri Oct 5 17:16:47 2007

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----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ![](media/image1.jpeg){width="0.6493055555555556in" Federal Transit Administration height="0.5555555555555556in"} **Job Access & Reverse Commute Proposal Narrative** ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Document the coordinated human services and transportation planning | | process (25 points)** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **A brief description (no more than three pages\--double spaced) of | | the collaborative transportation/human services process used in | | developing the Area-Wide Job Access and Reverse Commute | | Transportation Plan** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **A list of the organizations and other participants in the Job | | Access and Reverse Commute planning process** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **A description of the results of the local Job Access and Reverse | | Commute Plan consultation process with the community to be served** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Letters of endorsement or objections from planning partners (Please | | submit with written proposal)** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Applicant responses to any letters of objections** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Area-Wide Job Access and Reverse Commute Transportation Plan (60 | | points) \[Please submit with written proposal\]. Provide the | | following information as requested below from this Plan.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Document the unmet transportation needs on a region-wide basis from | | the Area-Wide Job Access and Reverse Commute Plan and provide project | | specific information on how the proposed services meet these needs | | (30 points)** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Describe the unmet need for additional transportation services** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **A definition of the proposed project service areas, the communities | | to be served and the geographic area covered by the area-wide job | | access and reverse commute plan.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **The number of welfare recipients and low-income persons within the | | proposed project service area** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **The percentage of the population that welfare recipients and | | low-income persons represent within the project/s service area.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **The percentage of the population that welfare recipients and | | low-income persons represent within the geographic area.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **A description of major employment opportunities. Please provide | | maps depicting the information listed.) \[Please submit maps with | | written proposal and, if possible, also electronically\].** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **A description of the existing transportation network, including | | human services, nonprofit, private and public transportation | | providers. \[Please submit maps with written proposal and, if | | possible, also electronically\].** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **A description of transportation gaps in existing services for | | welfare recipients and low-income populations seeking to reach jobs | | and employment support services. \[Please submit maps with written | | proposal and, if possible, also electronically\].** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **For reverse commute projects, information on the need for | | additional transportation services. \[Please submit maps with written | | proposal and, if possible, also electronically\].** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **MPOs and states should list projects in priority order for funding | | implementation and describe how each proposed project(s) will meet | | the unmet needs described above. \[Please submit maps with written | | proposal and, if possible, also electronically\] (30 points).** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **MPO/State Project Prioritization \--List Projects in Priority | | Order\--** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **List Tribal Projects** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **PROJECT INFORMATION - Provide the following information for each | | project. If there are multiple projects included, use the additional | | Project Information template for each project. Projects include major | | discrete activities, subrecipient activities, and within Statewide | | applications, each jurisdictional project.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Describe the applicant\'s organizational capacity to implement the | | project.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Specify project goals and objectives.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Provide indicators that will be used to monitor project performance | | and to make subsequent adjustments in project implementation.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Describe the project.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Provide operation-specific data (e.g. miles/hours of service, new | | routes, route extensions, reduced travel time for target population | | where appropriate, etc.).** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Estimate capital and operating project costs Estimate annualized | | cost per rider of proposed project. For job access projects, estimate | | low-income and welfare recipient ridership and total annual | | ridership.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **For reverse commute projects, estimate annual ridership.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Percentage of target population to be served.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Describe how the project will address the mobility needs of persons | | with disabilities and provide certification that the ADA requirements | | will be met.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Identify employment potential in the proposed project\'s service | | area, including the new jobs and/or job and employment support sites | | reached.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Specify how existing service providers will be used to provide | | proposed services.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Describe mechanisms to coordinate or integrate new transportation | | services within existing needs of target populations.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **For applicants who already have received Job Access and Reverse | | Commute grants in FY 1999, provide a report depicting progress toward | | meeting project goals/objectives and performance information on the | | items described above.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Document financial commitments. (15 Points)** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Document sources, or expected sources, of matching funds.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Provide letters of financial commitment, or intent to commit, that | | document local match.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Identify how TANF, WtW, other Federal, state or local financial | | resources will be leveraged.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Identify the financial commitment of existing transportation | | providers.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Identify employer-provided resources.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Identify long-term financing that may be proposed or available to | | support continuation of the proposed project or other aspects of the | | regional plan, including continued transit, human service and | | employer provided financial resources.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **For application for continuation of services previously funded in | | FY 1999, applicants must provide information on financial commitments | | plus information drawn from their progress reports that demonstrates | | achievements in meeting project objectives, including the number | | of:** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **New employment sites reached.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **New employers reached.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **New jobs reached.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **New employment support facilities reached.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **New residential areas served with target populations.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Ridership on new services, including, if available, number of | | welfare recipients and low-income persons served, \[these figures may | | be generated by periodic surveys\].** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Cost per rider.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Additional vehicle hours of services provided.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Other progress and results toward meeting project goals.** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | ***Other Review Considerations (Refer to: VI. Grant Review | | Process)*** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *1.**Innovative Approaches*** | | | | *FTA encourages applicants to consider the use of innovative | | technological and methodological approaches, such as transportation | | mobility management/brokerage institutional arrangements and the | | application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Intelligent | | Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies, and geographic | | distribution of project funding. For further information on the | | deployment of innovation in the Job Access Program, see FTA\'s Joint | | Partnership Program description at - | | http://www.fta.dot.gov/research/implem/jpp/jppidt.htm* | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 1 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 2 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 3 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 4 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Page 5 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *2. **Expected timeframe for project initiatives*** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

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DISMISSED FOR LACK OF JURISDICTION: December 3, 1992 GSBCA 12167-P RMTC SYSTEMS, INC., Protester, v. DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE, Respondent, Jeff Stollman, President of RMTC Systems, Inc., Boulder, CO, appearing for Protester. Clarence D. Long, III, Office of General Counsel, Department of the Air Force, Washington, DC, counsel for Respondent. Before Board Judges LaBELLA, Acting Chief Judge, PARKER, and WILLIAMS. WILLIAMS, Board Judge. In this protest filed on November 10, 1992, RMTC Systems, Inc., has challenged the rejection of its offer and cancellation of solicitation number FO4606-92-R-17033 by the United States Air Force. The solicitation is for printers for the Communications System Segment (CSS) of the Cheyenne Mountain Complex (CMC). By motion dated November 18, and supplemented on November 23, the Air Force sought dismissal of the protest on the ground that the Board lacks jurisdiction under the Warner Amendment. Specifically, the Air Force contends that the equipment is an integral part of a weapons system and is critical to the direct fulfillment of military or intelligence missions. We agree that the procurement is subject to the Warner Amendment and grant the motion to dismiss. Findings of Fact On May 21, 1992, the Air Force issued solicitation number FO4606-92-R-17033 seeking printers for the CMC. Protest File, Exhibit 5. The CMC is the Command Control Communications and Intelligence Center for coordinating and controlling North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and United States Space Command (USSPACECOM) missions. Protest File, Exhibit 5, Security Classification Guide at 1. The CMC is the primary center for correlating integrated tactical warning/attack assessment data and space control direction. Id. The solicitation incorporated a Security Classification Guide which provided, in pertinent part: The CMC supports the primary mission of early warning and tracking of potential threats to North America. CMC resources also support the secondary mission of assessment and characterization of potential atmospheric, ballistic missile, and space attacks. Id. (emphasis added). The relationship of CSS to other Air Force and Department of Defense (DoD) systems was designated "mission critical." Protest File, Exhibits 3, 21. The Acting Chief of the Air Force's Sacramento Air Logistics Center, Detachment 25, explained: Its failure would cause the loss of incoming status messages from various air, missile, and space surveillance sensors to the NORAD Computer System, resulting in unacceptable risk to the National Military Command Center. Protest File, Exhibit 21. The printers were to be part of the Communications Systems Segment of the CMC, and were to replace the Houston Instrument Non-Impact Printers, Model 8210, which were no longer available. Protest File, Exhibit 1. The Houston printers were described as follows: The NIP (Non Impact Printer) are receive-only high speed printers shared by 6 MMI [Man Machine Interface] console operators. NIP's provide hardcopy printouts of system alarms, CPM [Computer Performance Monitor] alarm declarations and cancellations, CSS addressed comm[unication] user messages, and automatic switch reports. Id. at 1. In describing the CSS system in which the printers will be used, an Air Force colonel who is the commander of Detachment 25 of the Sacramento Air Logistics Center stated, "[t]his is a real world Air Defense Mission, not a hypothetical environment." Declaration of Colonel Edward K. McGuire (McGuire Declaration), IV. He further explained: The function of the Communication Systems Segment is to interface CMC systems with external, worldwide command, control and communications elements. The CSS performs message processing, integrity control, formatting recording, protocol conversion, and routing of internal and external messages from various air, space and missile systems. The printers are required to provide hardcopy printouts of system alarms, Communications Performance Monitor alarm declaration and cancellations, Communications System Segment addressed communication user messages, and automated switched reports. These printers are used in conjunction with operator consoles in Communications System Segment operations located at NORAD in Cheyenne Mountain and in the CMC off-site test facility in Colorado Springs. The printers provide the only real-time hardcopy output of data received by the CSS which is needed for instantaneous analysis by NORAD. If the printers are non-functional, the recording of events for real-time analysis is lost and operators will no longer have full status of the CSS. In addition, incoming messages to NORAD could be lost. These printers are mission critical to the performance of the weapon system. The printers are not used for any routine administrative and business applications. McGuire Declaration, IV. The Commander of the 721st Space Group elaborated on the role of the printers: These printers are the real-time Communication System Segment (CSS) status indicators. They provide chronological records of events as they occur. If the printers become non-operational the real-time analysis is lost and the CSS status is unknown. Declaration of Colonel Thomas D. Hatcher, V. Discussion Under the Warner Amendment, 40 U.S.C. 759(a)(3) (1988), this Board does not have jurisdiction over protests involving: (C) the procurement by the Department of Defense of automatic data processing equipment or services if the function, operation, or use of which-- . . . . (iii) involves the command and control of military forces; (iv) involves equipment which is an integral part of a weapons system; or (v) is critical to the direct fulfillment of military or intelligence missions, provided that this exclusion shall not include automatic data processing equipment used for routing administrative and business applications such as payroll, finance, logistics, and personnel management . . . . Respondent contends that the procurement is exempt from our protest jurisdiction on the basis of subparagraphs (iv) and (v) above. We lack an adequate record for determining whether the printers are part of a weapons system, as claimed by the Air Force. The Air Force must introduce specific evidence demonstrating that the procurement falls within the ambit of the Warner Amendment. Racal Information Systems, Inc., GSBCA 10264- P, 90-1 BCA 22,374, 1989 BPD 315. Here, the Air Force has not identified the weapons system of which these printers are claimed to be an integral part.[foot #] 1 Nonetheless, it is clear that these printers are "critical to the direct fulfillment of military missions" and they are in no way used for routine administrative business applications. The printers are to be used exclusively in a defense command facility. The communications system of which the printers are a part detects and tracks potential threats to North America and provides a communications interface between the CMC and other operations worldwide as well as air, space, and missile systems. The printers are used for instantaneous analysis of incoming tactical warning and attack assessment data, including alarms. They also function as real-time status indicators providing chronological records of events as they occur. We view the communications system at the Cheyenne Center as performing an ongoing defensive military mission and the printers as providing a critical function in fulfilling that mission. See generally, Lockheed/MDB v. Department of the Navy, GSBCA 12097-P (Nov. 13, 1992) (detection of hostile submarines is a military mission within the scope of the Warner Amendment). In opposing dismissal on Warner Amendment grounds, protester raises two contentions. First, it claims that the Air Force has ----------- FOOTNOTE BEGINS --------- [foot #] 1 In his declaration, the Commander of Detachment 25 in the Sacramento Air Logistics Center stated: "These printers are mission critical to the performance of the weapon system." However, the weapon system was not identified. ----------- FOOTNOTE ENDS ----------- not shown a real and convincing nexus between the contract in question and the fulfillment of the alleged military mission because the Air Force canceled the solicitation, thus severing any such nexus. We reject this argument as it evinces a misunderstanding of the Warner Amendment. The Warner Amendment goes to the threshold issue of the Board's jurisdiction to hear a case. In defining cases which were to be exempted from the Board's jurisdiction, Congress spoke in terms of the "procurement" being challenged. Here, the fact that the solicitation has been canceled changes neither the nature of the procurement nor the fact that the challenged action involves a procurement we may not review. Second, protester claims that dismissing this case would not serve the basic purpose of the Warner Amendment which is, in its view, to prevent delays in the procurement of items critical to the defense of the nation. Protester points out that in fact it is trying to expedite this procurement by forcing the Air Force to purchase the printers immediately under the existing solicitation rather than incurring the lengthy delays of a new procurement that has not even begun. Protester has again confused the merits of its case with the threshold issue of our jurisdiction. Our jurisdiction is conferred by statute and its parameters are not subject to expansion on policy grounds; either the Board has jurisdiction to consider a protest or it does not. Because we conclude that the procurement is critical to the direct fulfillment of a military mission, we dismiss the case and end our inquiry. Cyberchron Corp., GSBCA 9445-P, 88-2 BCA 20,783, 1988 BPD 90 aff'd., 867 F.2d 1407 (Fed. Cir. 1989). Decision This protest is DISMISSED FOR LACK OF JURISDICTION. The Board did not issue an order suspending the Air Force's delegation of procurement authority based upon the Air Force's representation that it would not be proceeding with this procurement within the forty-five days this protest would be pending. _____________________________ MARY ELLEN COSTER WILLIAMS Board Judge We concur: ____________________________ ____________________________ VINCENT A. LaBELLA ROBERT W. PARKER Acting Chief Board Judge Board Judge

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# Presentation: 489232 ## How are we doing? - Energy lost per proton - Since MiniBooNE - Last 2 weeks - Unstable Running afterpower problems and Summer - Total protons/minute - Booster Power Loss *So why do things suck now?!?!?* ## MH2 Regulation Problems - It is rated for 60V, 1kA, but has run at ~62V for years. - Regulation problems occur at ~63V – VERY sensitive to line voltage. - MiniBooNE events cause line voltage to sag, which results in MH2 regulation problems. - Power supply seems to be deteriorating. - Have been lowering current setting and retuning line to compensate, but reaching the limit. - New supply (75V) ready for installation. - Need about a shift. - Effect on MiniBooNE intensity ## MH2 Continued - Booster batches - Booster batches - MI Current - Solution: MH2 Supply being replaced as we speak ## Other Stability Problems/Solutions - Linac Energy Drift (also related to line current) - Elliott McCrory has written a feedback control loop to regulate linac velocity - Will purchase power line stabilizers for all 200 MHz RF stations. - Water in Linac annex - Rerouting parking lot drainage – DONE. - General 400 MeV line reproducibility - Dave McGinnis is modifying beam line tuner code to automatically set trims to reproduce reference trajectory (kind of like “autotune”). Finished in ~1 week. - General booster characterization: - Sharon Lackey and Bill Marsh will modify BPM program to allow capture of turn by turn orbit data for all 96 BPM’s on a cycle. - Peter Kasper has introduced reference loss patterns into the BLM display to help reproduce periods of good performance (Jim Lackey suggestion) - Booster ramp monitor program now being commissioned (Guglielmo, Kasper, Coney, Jacobs) ## New BLM Trip Monitor (B88) - Higher than reference set - Lower than reference set ## Rampmon – Now appearing in logbook ## Summer Shutdown - The good news: ALL of the major Booster and Linac projects are back on the table for the summer shutdown. (Thanks Columbia, Indiana, Roger...) - The bad news: ALL of the major Booster and Linac projects are back on the table for the summer shutdown. ## Summary of Major Projects for the Summer Shutdown - Stretch out Long 3 extraction region (ameliorates dogleg problem). - Install collimator system. - Replace 2 (of 18) RF cavities with wide aperture prototypes. - New dedicated damping cavity for additional longitudinal modes. - Do complete vertical alignments !! (as-founds are ongoing) - Install new Linac Lamberston (will improve 400 MeV optics and reduce losses) - Install four new wide aperture (EDWA) magnets in 8 GeV line. - Install new MP01 power supply and cable to new cable header (preparation for new MP01 septum. - Install new vacuum gauges as part of vacuum system upgrade. *Cautiously optimistic we can reach the MiniBooNE baseline goal after this shutdown!!* ## Approximate Schedule

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# Presentation: 516817 **Steller Sea Lion Research: ** **Background** ## Distribution of Steller Sea Lions (from North Pacific - Distribution of Steller Sea Lions (from North Pacific - Universities Marine Mammal Research Consortium website) ## Steller Sea Lion Population Trends ## Counts of adult and juvenile Steller sea lions (trend sites) ## Ultimate Cause(s) of Decline - Entanglement in marine debris - Pup/subsistence harvest - Pollution - Harassment - Increased predation - Disease - Oceanographic changes - Indirect effects of fisheries **}** - } - Not likely causes of the decline _**Hypotheses**_**:** **Decline is caused by reduced prey availability caused by oceanographic changes or indirect effects of fisheries** **}** - Not likely causes of the decline; may now be exacerbating the decline ## Slide 6 ## Conference Report (HR106-1033) (15 December 2000) referenced in Commerce Appropriations Bill (HR5548)(15 December 2000 *Section 208* - $10,000,000 “shall be available only for research regarding litigation concerning the Alaska Steller sea lion and Bering Sea/Gulf of Alaska groundfish fisheries of which...” - $6,000,000 ~ OAR – “to study the impact of ocean climate shifts on the North Pacific and Bering Sea fish and marine mammal species composition” - $2,000,000 ~ NOS – “to study predator/prey relationships as they relate to the decline of the western population of Steller sea lions” - $2,000,000 ~ NPFMC – “for an independent analysis of Steller sea lion science and other work related to such litigation” ## Preliminary 3-Year (FY00-02) Research Plan - Objectives: - To understand the current decline in abundance of the western stock of Steller sea lions - To evaluate the extent to which commercial fisheries are contributing to this decline ## PMEL Research Plan ($3.4M) - Goal: To understand the relationship between the changes in the physical environment and the current decline in abundance of the western stock of Steller sea lions - Retrospective and Modeling - Argo Drifters - Aleutian Study - Kodiak Study ## Studies must be designed to differentiate between changes in marine mammal populations due to the environment and changes resulting from fisheries Need to gather data on the appropriate scale to determine. . . Cumulative ecosystem impacts Indirect effects of fisheries on Steller sea lions - Need to gather data on the appropriate scale to determine. . . - Cumulative ecosystem impacts - Indirect effects of fisheries on Steller sea lions **Research Challenges** *Photo by NASA/SeaWIFs* ## Slide 11 ## Determining the influence of climate change on the ecosystem **“*****to study the impact of ocean climate shifts on North Pacific and Bering Sea fish and marine mammal species composition”*** - Basin scale - Regional scale (**Alaskan Stream and subarctic gyre**) - Local scale (**Aleutian Passes and Kodiak Island rookeries**) ## Critical habitat for Steller sea lions is the coastal regions of the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands and the Gulf of Alaska. ## Basin-scale climate variability **The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is an index of climate variability derived from sea surface temperature anomalies. ** ** ****Arrows indicate the mean circulation patterns that respond to climate change.** *Basin Scale* _**Basin-scale climate variability**_ ## Modeling ** ****Model domain (yellow) includes critical Steller sea lion habitat (red)** ** ****Models enable examination of climate change on ecosystems associated with sea lions** _**Modeling**_ *Basin Scale* ## Collaboration: Existing GLOBEC models *Basin Scale* ## Collaboration **Floats will be deployed in 2001 (black dots). ** ** ****Conduct temperature and salinity profiles** ** ****Transmit data to shore** ** ****Provide information on vertical structure and its spatial variability** ** ****Furnish input for models** ** ****Last four years** *Basin Scale* ## We will extend the grid in the N. Pacific into the Bering Sea. *Basin Scale* ## Collaboration _**Collaboration**_ **In 2001, biophysical moorings will be deployed in the Bering Sea and North Pacific by GLOBEC, SEBSCC and FOCI. These programs also will conduct inter-disciplinary cruises.** *Regional Scale* ## Moored Observations _**Moored Observations**_ **PMEL has deployed bio-physical moorings since 1991 in the northern Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea. ** **Biological and physical sensors ** ** ****measure critical aspects of the ecosystem** ** ****provide necessary time series to examine temporal variability of ecosystem.** ## Temperature and Fluorescence _**Temperature **__**and **__**Fluorescence**_ **The first five years at Site 2 on the Bering Sea middle shelf ** ** ****Evolution of the water column structure** ** ****Timing of spring bloom and its association with ice (subsurface temperatures <1****o****C)** ** ****Impact of summer storms on primary production** ## PMEL will deploy biophysical moorings in the N. Pacific. *Local Scale Regional Scale Basin Scale * ## Aleutian Islands **We propose a study of climate impact on the local ecosystem of the Aleutian Islands. ** *Local Scale* ## Unimak Pass flow is driven by along shore wind ## Aleutian Islands Study Participants **Atka mackerel (NMFS; L. Fritz)** **Orca whales (NMML, S. Moore )** **Steller sea lions (NMML; T. Loughlin)** **Physical and nutrients (PMEL; P. Stabeno)** **Primary production, zooplankton and seabirds** ## Kodiak Island *Local Scale* _**Kodiak Island**_ - **We propose a study of climate impact on the local ecosystem around the Kodiak Island. ** ## Kodiak Island Study Participants **Pollock (NMFS; A. Hollowed)** **Steller sea lions (NMML; T. Loughlin)** **Physical and nutrients (PMEL; P. Stabeno)** **Primary production and zooplankton will be made nearby as part of GLOBEC. ** ## Integrated Observational Network **The integrated North Pacific observational grid consists of moored biophysical platforms (triangles) and Argo floats (circles). Sites to be added by our proposed research (pink) will relate climate change to Steller sea lion ecology.** ## Current Lines of Research (FY00) - Non-pup counts and pup counts (NMFS, ADFG) - Food habits, nutrition, energetics, and foraging behavior (NMFS, ADFG, UofA-Sea Grant, NPUMMRC, ASLC, TAMU - Predation on Stellers- killer whales (NPUMMRC, NMFS) - Ecosystem change (NMFS, NPUMMRC) - Disease/health condition/contaminants (NMFS, NPUMMRC, ADFG, ASLC) ## Current Lines of Research (FY00)-cont. - Satellite tagging/other tagging (NMFS, ADFG, NPUMMRC, ASLC) - Remote sensing (NMFS, UofA,NPUMMRC) - Pup branding and tagging (NMFS, ADFG) - Competition with Fisheries (NMFS, NPUMMRC) - Reproduction (ASLC, NMFS) ## Fishery Management under ESA, MSFCMA, and NEPA - Fishery management measures under the MSFCMA are implemented as amendments to existing Fishery Management Plans (FMP) - Amendments often necessitate statutory requirements under the ESA (e.g., Biological Opinion) and NEPA (e.g., Environmental Assessment, Environmental Impact Statement) ## Fishery Management under ESA, MSFCMA, and NEPA- cont. - April 1990, by emergency rule, SSL listed as threatened under the ESA, monitoring of incidental take required, establishment of Recovery Team for SSL - Jan 1991, seasonal restrictions for pollock required - June 1991, spatial restrictions for pollock required, prohibition on trawling within 10 nm of 14 rookeries ## Jeopardy- - Jeopardy- ## } - Entanglement in debris - Subsistence harvest - Pollution - Harassment - Increased predation - Disease - Oceanographic changes - Indirect effects of fisheries _***CAUSES OF DECLINE***_ - STELLER SEA LION- FISHERY INTERACTIONS SUMMARY **}** **}** - POSSIBLE FACTORS - LIKELY FACTORS _***LEGAL CHALLENGES***_ - 8 Aug 2000 – Injunction against all trawling in Critical Habitat - Remand to prepare comprehensive Biol. Opinion - Remand to prepare Suppl. Env. Impact Statement - Programmatic SEIS – due late Jan 2001 - 30 Nov 2000 – BiOp completed; injunction lifted - Special North Pacific Council meeting in Jan 2001 - Comments from all parties to judge on 2 February 2001 - _ALASKA FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER – 19 Jan 2001_ **}** - UNLIKELY - FACTORS ## Temporal Variability _**Temporal Variability**_ **Time history of PDO index (below) and associated changes in biological populations (right)** *Basin Scale*

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SAND 2000-1436 Unlimited Release Printed June 2000 An Evaluation of Optimization Formulations for\ Production Planning at Pantex William E. Hart and Cindy Phillips Optimization/Uncertainty Estimation Department Craig Lawton Critical Infrastructure Surety Department Sandia National Laboratories P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, NM 87185-1110 > Abstract We reconsider the production planning problem that is solved by the Evaluation Planning Module (EPM), which is used to project how facilities and technicians will be used at Pantex. We describe a general formulations of this production planning problem that can be solved with general-purpose optimizers. Further, we describe a mixed-integer formulation of the problem that can be solved with branch-and-bound methods. We evaluate the solutions currently provided by the EPM, and we illustrate the utility of these problem formulations by applying general-purpose optimizers to generate globally optimal solutions. Finally, we evaluate the problem formulation used by the EPM. # Introduction Sandia National Laboratories has developed and implemented the Pantex Process Model, (Kjeldgaard, et al, 1998) a computerized model to support the planning and scheduling activities at Pantex, a US Department of Energy production plant in Amarillo, Texas. The plant simultaneously supports three major DOE programs---nuclear weapon disposal, stockpile evaluation, and stockpile maintenance--- which share its facilities, technicians, and equipment. The model incorporates modern management science techniques to optimize production planning and scheduling in the complicated production system at Pantex. The Evaluation Planning Module (EPM) is one of the core tools in the Pantex Process Model. This module provides production planning tools that are used to project how facilities and technicians will be utilized over a given planning horizon (typically a year). Kjeldgaard et al. \[2,3,4\] describe formulations of this planning problem. In this report we describe recent progress with new formulations of the EPM production planning problem that have been developed in the Mathematics, Computational and Computer Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratories (9200). We present a generic formulation of the EPM production planning problem and argue that the formulations previously developed are derivatives or approximations to this basic formulation. We reformulate the problem to develop formulations that can be solved by general purpose solvers: direct search methods and mixed-integer linear branch-and-bound. Direct search methods do not rely on the gradient of the objective function and they do not estimate the gradient. Branch-and-bound methods recursively partition the search domain to find provably optimal global solutions. Both of these classes of general-purpose optimization methods are quite diverse, so a wide range of optimizers can be applied to these new formulations. To illustrate the utility of these formulations, we provide some preliminary experiments of the application of general-purpose solvers to the production planning problem. We applied a simple evolutionary algorithm (EA) to perform global optimization for the EPM. This methods was able to solutions within 1% of the global optimum in 46% of the random trials. We also applied a simple pattern search method to refine the final solution provided current EPM (the $v$-variable formulation \[[23](#_Ref468597866)\]). This study shows that the final solution generated by the EPM is not particularly close to a local optimum. Further, the refined solution is a global optimum, so the solution of the$v$-variable formulation is in the general neighborhood of a global optimum. Additionally, we have updated the mixed-integer program (MIP) to better reflect the PPM model. We have resolved lingering data modeling issues so the MIP can use data from the PPM database. We have begun working on the translation of the continuous-time solutions generated by the v-variable formulation and evolutionary algorithms to a discrete-time formulation, which is necessary to perform formulation comparison studies. These results clearly illustrate the utility of general-purpose optimization techniques for these production planning problems. They also point to the need to more carefully examine the algorithmic difficulty and problem formulation for this class of problems. We evaluate several different aspects of the EPM problem formulation, noting weaknesses in the formulation and describing one way that the formulation could be tightened to provide a more accurate model of resource availability. # Problem Description A substantial portion of the Pantex workload relates to tests of weapons in the active stockpile. Each of these jobs involves partial disassembly of the weapon, one or more tests, and then re-assembly and return of the weapon to the active stockpile. The jobs are generally referred to as ***evaluations***, and their planning and scheduling fits a job-shop paradigm. Each job consists of a ***set of tasks***. Some pairs of tasks have precedence constraints, where one job must complete before the other begins. The tasks vary widely in duration. Timing restrictions must be met: e.g., the earliest times when tasks can start, and the latest times when they can finish. The EPM planning problem is formulated using time periods, which are typically comprised of six consecutive eight-hour days. Because of uncertainties in the duration of tasks used in the planning problem, solutions to this problem are typically provided with an hourly time resolution. ![](media/image1.wmf) Figure 1. Illustration of an evaluation job, including a parent and daughter job. Arrows between tasks indicate precedence constraints. Figure 1 shows a typical evaluation job. Tasks *P-1* through *P-6* represent the ***parent*** job, while tasks *D-1* through *D-4* represent a ***daughter*** job. Daughter jobs begin only after their enabling task is completed in the parent job*.* In this case, Task *D-1* can commence only when *P-3* is complete. Daughter jobs may themselves have daughter jobs. Consequently the precedence constraints between tasks form a tree structure, but they are highly chainlike. The duration of each task is depicted by the width of the boxes; tasks can be as short as an hour or as long as several months. Tasks are assumed to have a fixed duration for purposes of the EPM planning problem. Each task can have an ***earliest allowable start time*** **(EAST)** and a ***latest allowable finish time* (LAFT)**. The first task in a parent job often has an EAST that is tied to the arrival of the weapon. The task for the test itself often has a LAFT because the test has to be conducted on or before a certain date to avoid tying up external resources (e.g., off-site engineers). The evaluation of each task requires a specific facility type (e.g., a Task Bay with 220 electricity) and a qualified crew (e.g., 2--3 people holding a specific certification). Facilities are hierarchically arranged to reflect how one facility can be replaced by another, more general facility. Each technician has a list of certifications to which (s)he can be assigned. The availability of each technician and the number of facilities of a given type varies by time period. In a schedule, each job would be assigned to a specific facility and given a specific team of qualified technicians. However, for planning future technician/facility needs, it is currently sufficient to assign tasks to a pool of facilities and technicians. Each technician is assigned to certifications by specifying the amount of time that will be devoted to each certification during each time period. No technician is assigned more time units for a particular certification during a time period than the sum of the task lengths (within that period) of tasks requiring that certification. For example, if there is only one task assigned to the time period and it requires 3 technicians for 2 units each, then no technician can have more than 2 units assigned to that certification during that time. A production plan assigns a start time and facility to each task. Preemption is not allowed, so a task will occupy that facility for its entire duration beginning at its start time. A production plan is feasible if: 1\) All precedence constraints, release dates, and deadlines are obeyed. 2\) Each task is assigned to an acceptable facility (type matches requirement). 3\) The total amount of work scheduled for each facility type during any particular time period does not exceed the availability of such facilities. 4) In each time period the requirements for technicians are matched by technician assignments and the total time assigned to each technician is not greater than an entire time period. 5) For each time period, no technician is assigned to a particular certification for more time units than the sum of the task lengths (within that period) of tasks requiring that certification (in the example above, constraint (4) could be satisfied by a single technician for 6 hours). Typically, an EPM planning problem spans a year and involves at least 500 jobs and 1000 tasks. Each job has from one to six tasks. About 28 facility types are involved along with 300 technicians, each of whom holds 2--3 of the 80 possible certifications. In practice, these planning problems are often infeasible. Consequently, the EPM module formulates the EPM planning problem using ghost facilities and ghost certification hours that reflect the number of additional resources that are required by a production plan. Thus the only constraints on a production plan are the scheduling constraints, which are much easier to satisfy. With this formulation, production plans are evaluated by summing the total number of hours of ghost facilities and ghost technicians that are required in each time period. These two factors are weighted equally. # Mathematical Problem Description In this section we provide a mathematical formulation of the EPM planning problem described in the previous section. This general formulation defines the underlying problem that is being solved by the EPM. As such, it is qualitatively different from previous formulations \[1,2,3,4\], which have been developed in the context of specific solution techniques. Thus this general formulation provides a basis for evaluating and comparing the previous formulations as well as the other formulations described later in this report. Specifically, comparisons with this mathematical formulation provide a basis for describing how the formulations used in various solution strategies approximate or simply reformulate the EPM planning. For simplicity, we assume that technicians are available on all working days and all certifications are valid for the entire planning horizon. The granularity of the time dimension is a single workday that contains eight hours of work, and each time period contains six days. Thus the duration of a time period is 6. We have also ignored the facility hierarchy structure that allows a one facility type to function as another at a penalty; the data sets that have been used to benchmark solution techniques for the EPM planning problem do not include facility hierarchy information. Formally, the general EPM formulation is as follows. Suppose we have *J* tasks, indexed *j,i* = 1, 2, ..., *J* (with task *J* being a termination task) *K* facility types, indexed by either *k* = 1, 2, ..., *K*, or *i*= 1, 2, ..., *K* *E* technicians (employees), indexed by *e* = 1, 2, ..., *E* *C* certifications, indexed by *c* = 1, 2, ..., *C* *T* time periods, indexed by *t* = 1, 2, ..., *T*, and for each task, technician, and facility we have the following inputs: Task Inputs > *d~j~* = duration of task *j* in days > > *r~j~* = the release date for task *j* (*i.e*. its EAST) in days > > *~j~* = latest time for completion of task *j* (*i.e*. its LAFT) in > days > > $K_{j}$ *=* the set of possible facility types for task $j$ > > *L~c~* = set of tasks requiring certification *c* Technician Inputs > *h~j~* = number of technicians (crew size) required for task *j* > > *H~et~* = days of availability for technician *e* in period *t* > > *C~e~* = set of certifications held by technician *e.* Facility Inputs > $M_{\text{kt}}$ = days of availability for facility type $k$ in period > *t* Let $j \prec i$denote that task $j$immediately precedes task $i$. The decision variables in the general EPM formulation are: > $x_{j}$ = the time at which task $j$ starts > > $f_{j}$ = the facility type used by task $j$. The following variables are also used to define the objective function: > *y~ect~* = number of days that technician *e* uses certification *c* > in period *t* > > *f~kt~* = number of days of shortage for type *k* facilities in period > *t* > > *q~ct~* = number of days of shortage for certification *c* in period > *t* > > $p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)$ = number of days spent processing task > $j$in time period t when it is started at time $x_{j}$ > > $\Theta$ = Weight of the facilities overage in the objective > > $\Omega$ = Weight of the technician overage in the objective. We are now prepared to define the general EPM formulation (Formulation I): minimize $\Theta\sum_{k,t}^{}f_{\text{kt}} + \Omega\sum_{c,t}^{}q_{\text{ct}}$ subject to $x_{j}³r_{j}$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (1) $x_{j} \leq t_{j} - d_{j}$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (2) $x_{j} + d_{j} \leq x_{i}$ $\forall j \prec i$ (3) $f_{j}{ÎK}_{j}$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (4) $\sum_{j:f_{j} = k}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)} \leq M_{\text{kt}} + f_{\text{kt}}$ $\text{t,k\} \{}$ (5) $\sum_{{cÎC}_{e}}^{}y_{\text{ect}} \leq H_{\text{et}}$ $\text{e,t\} \{}$ (6) $\sum_{j:j \in L_{c}}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)h_{j}} \leq \sum_{e}^{}y_{\text{ect}} + q_{\text{ct}}$ $\text{t,c\} \{}$ (7) $y_{\text{ect}} \leq \sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)}$ $\text{c,t,e:cÎC rSub \{ size 8\{e\} \} \} \{}$ (8) $f_{\text{kt}}³0$ $\text{t,k\} \{}$ (9) $q_{\text{ct}}³0$ $\text{t,c\} \{}$ (10) Constraints (1), (2) and (3) enforce EASTs, LAFTs, and precedence constraints respectively. Constraints (4) ensure that an appropriate facility has been chosen, and constraints (5) ensure that there is sufficient facility capacity in each time period. Constraints (6) ensure that each technician is not used longer than his availability, and constraints (7) ensure that there are enough technicians (by certification) assigned to the work in each time period. Constraints (8) ensure that no technician is assigned more time units for a certification during a time period than the sum of the task lengths (within that period) of tasks requiring that certification. Finally, constraints (9) and (10) ensure that the shortages are nonnegative quantities. The current formulation used by the EPM is the ![](media/image2.wmf)-variable formulation. To compare the ![](media/image3.wmf)-variable formulation with Formulation I, note that the solution process used by the EPM is broken into two stages \[1\]. In the first stage, a heuristic method is used to find solutions to the ![](media/image4.wmf)-variable formulation[^1]. The ![](media/image5.wmf)-variable formulation is a linear formulation that models tasks by an activity measure that reflects how much of the task is being processed in a given time period. The solution to the v-variable formulation is then processed to generate starting times for tasks. In the second phase, these starting times are used by a linear program to compute the facility and technician overages. Consequently, the first phase is responsible for finding a start times that satisfy constraints (1), (2) and (3) and for assigning tasks to facilities, while the linear program in phase two simply computes the objective function given these inputs subject to the remaining constraints in Formulation I. This approach is similar to what we describe in the next section, though we describe how to use a network flow algorithm \[7\] to compute the technician allocation variables, which should be faster compute than a general linear program. # Optimization Formulations This section describes three formulations of the EPM planning problem that revise Formulation I to allow solution by general-purpose optimization methods. In each of these formulations, the set of feasible plans is the same as that in Formulation I. The difference is the manner in which the linear constraints in Formulation I are managed. Formulations II, III and IV are bound-constrained formulations that hide the linear constraints through different penalty and problem-transformation methodologies. We begin by revisiting Formulation I to take note of how the structure of the constrained region can be exploited to simplify this formulation. The definition of Formulation Ia is given below. The objective of Formulation Ia differs from Formulation I in that the constraints on the technicians implicitly form a network flow problem that is solved separately. Figure 2 illustrates this network flow problem. A network flow problem is solved for each time period to compute $q'_{\text{ct}}$, the shortage for certification $c$ in period $t$ (we use $q'$ to indicate that the shortage is computed by the network flow subproblem). The flow goes from node $s$ to node $t$. The technician assignments to certifications are represented as flows from technician nodes to certification nodes. The capacities on the edges of this network are set as follows: $$\begin{matrix} e_{\text{se}} & & H_{\text{et}} \\ e_{\text{ec}} & = & \left\{ \begin{matrix} \sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)} & ,{cÎC}_{e} \\ 0 & ,\text{else} \end{matrix} \right.\ \\ e_{\text{ct}} & = & \sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)h_{j}} \end{matrix}$$ The value of $\varepsilon_{\text{se}}$reflects the upper bound on the total time available for a technician (constraint (6)), the value of $\varepsilon_{\text{ec}}$reflects the upper bound on the total time that a technician can spend on a given certification (constraint (8)), and the value of $\varepsilon_{\text{ct}}$reflects the total time required (work) for certification $c$ in time period $t$. If this flow problem can be solved such that the flow along each of the edges$\varepsilon_{c,t}$is maximized, then all of the certification demand for this time period can be met without additional technicians. More generally, this may not be the case, and the value of $q'_{\text{ct}}$ is the *residual capacity*, the amount of additional flow that would be needed to maximize the flow along $\varepsilon_{c,t}$. ![](media/image6.wmf) Figure 2: Illustration of the network flow problem that is used to compute $p'$. We are now prepared to define the revised general EPM formulation (Formulation Ia): minimize $\Theta\sum_{k,t}^{}{\text{max}\left( \sum_{j:f_{j} = k}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right) - M_{\text{kt}},0} \right) +}\Omega\sum_{c,t}^{}{q'_{ct}}$ subject to $x_{j}³r_{j}$ $\forall j$ (11) $x_{j} \leq t_{j} - d_{j}$ $\forall j$ (12) $x_{j} + d_{j} \leq x_{i}$ $\forall j \prec i$ (13) The only difference in terms of the space of solutions between Formulation I and Ia, is the assumption that $\left| K_{j} \right| = 1$ for all j. This assumption was made here and in subsequent formulations because the initial data set used in our computational experiments has this property. We revisit the implications of this assumption in the discussion section. Formulation Ia can be transformed to a bound-constrained formulation by observing that constraints (11) and (12) are simple bound constraints. Formulation II simply folds the violation of precedence constraints into the objective function with a simple penalty methodology. Let $P(x)$ equal ![](media/image7.wmf) if ![](media/image8.wmf)and zero otherwise. Then Formulation II is: minimize $\Theta\sum_{k,t}^{}{\text{max}\left( \sum_{j:f_{j} = k}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right) - M_{\text{kt}},0} \right) +}\Omega\sum_{c,t}^{}{q'_{ct}} + \sum_{j \prec i}^{}{P\left( x_{j} + d_{j} - x_{i} \right)}$ subject to $x_{j}³r_{j}$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (14) $x_{j} \leq t_{j} - d_{j}$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (15) For large problems, it may be difficult to satisfy all of these precedence constraints. We can trade off the feasibility of precedence constraints for the feasibility of the bound constraints by considering a reformulation that defines $x_{j} = \Delta_{j} + z_{j}$, where $z_{j} = r_{j}$if $x_{j}$ has no predecessors and $z_{j} = \text{max}\left( r_{j},x_{k} + d_{k} \right)$ otherwise, where k is the index of the predecessor. If we restrict ourselves to $D_{j}³0$and $\Delta_{j} \leq \tau_{j} - (r_{j} + d_{j})$then $x_{j}$ is feasible with respect to precedence constraints, though it may violate its upper bounds. Formulation III uses a simple penalty method to penalize violations of the upper bounds on $x_{j}$: minimize ![](media/image9.wmf) subject to $0 \leq \Delta_{j} \leq \tau_{j} - (r_{j} + d_{j})$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (16) $x_{j} = \Delta_{j} + z_{j}$ $\forall j$ (17) The equality constraints (17) can easily be folded into the calculation of the objective for this problem, so this problem is essentially bound-constrained. For problems with long chains, the upper bound on $\Delta_{j}$ may be rather weak, leading to many feasible points in the bounded region that violate the upper bounds on $x_{j}$. Consequently, we revised this formulation to only allow plans that are feasible with respect to the constraints in Formulation I. This formulation extends the notion of a delta offset from Formulation III to a percentage offset, where a percentage offset captures an offset through the percentage of remaining feasibility. Specifically, we consider decision variables ${p\Delta}_{j} = \left( x_{j} - z_{j} \right)/\left( \tau_{j} - d_{j} - z_{j} \right)$ subject to the constraints ${pD}_{j}³0$ and ${pD}_{j} \leq 1$. Using these variables, the upper and lower bounds on $x_{j}$ are immediately satisfied. Consequently, Formulation IV contains no penalty terms: minimize $\Theta\sum_{k,t}^{}{\text{max}\left( \sum_{j:f_{j} = k}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right) - M_{\text{kt}},0} \right) +}\Omega\sum_{c,t}^{}{q'_{ct}}$ subject to $0 \leq {pD}_{j} \leq 1$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (18) $x_{j} = \left( \tau_{j} - d_{j} - z_{j} \right){p\Delta}_{j} + z_{j}$ $\forall j$ (19) As with Formulation III, the equality constraints (19) can easily be folded into the calculation of the objective for this problem, so this problem is essentially bound-constrained. Since this formulation does not contain any penalty terms, all solutions to Formulation IV represent feasible solutions to Formulation I. However, this formulation may be difficult to solve with a general-purpose optimization strategy since the variables ${p\Delta}_{j}$ for tasks at the beginning of a job can limit the sensitivity of a solution to values for later tasks by allowing for a small absolute range of feasible values for the later start times. # Mixed Integer Linear Program Formulation This section describes a mixed-integer linear-programming (MIP) formulation of the EPM planning problem. This formulation differs from Formulation I in that the time horizon is discretized to facilitate the linearization of the formulation (in particular, constraints (5), (7) and (8)). The time horizon is broken into time periods, and each period is decomposed into a fixed number of units (currently hours). Task lengths are given in units. The MIP also considers an intermediate length of time called a slot (currently a day). There are a fixed number of units per slot and a fixed number of slots per period. A schedule assigns a start time and facility type to each task using a 0-1 variable $x_{\text{jk}\tau}$that is 1 if task $j$ uses facility type$k$ beginning at time slot $\tau$. Thus the time granularity for scheduling in this model is time slots and not time periods. As in Formulation I, each technician $e$ is assigned to certification $c$in time period $t$ by specifying $y_{\text{ect}}$, the (fractional) number of time units. To limit the size of the MIP, \"big\" tasks with length at least a slot are aligned with slots (days) by starting them at the beginning of a slot. Short tasks (strictly less than a slot long) can start on unit boundaries. This introduces less unforced idle time and makes the MIP output more comparable to output from the PPM. This is implicitly represented in the MIP with the $b\left( j,\overline{j} \right)$ function. Start times are specified as slots, but understood to be mid-slot if (1) a predecessor is running at the start of the slot, and (2) the task can finish before the end of the slot while obeying precedence constraints. That is, a short task will never be split across two slots. To be more explicit, there are two types of precedence constraints: packed and normal. In a normal precedence constraint, the successor cannot start until the slot after the completion of the predecessor. In a packed precedence constraint, the (short) successor can "pack" into the remaining time in the slot where the predecessor finishes (without going into the next slot). Therefore, long tasks have only normal predecessor constraints with their single immediate ancestor (if it exists). If a short job has a packing precedence constraint with its immediate ancestor, we may need to add one more (normal) constraint with a nonadjacent predecessor. For example, if there is a chain of many unit-sized jobs, each pair can share a slot, but the entire chain may not fit into a single slot. Specifically, let the precedence chain for short job *j* be *p~1~, p~2~, ..., p~d~*, where *p~1~* is job *j*'s immediate ancestor, *p~2~* is *p~1~*'s ancestor and so on. There is a constraint between job *j* and job *p~d~* if all the following conditions are met: 1) job *j* and jobs *p~1~* through *p~d-1~* all fit in a slot, 2) adding job *p~d~* to the group in (1) would overflow a slot, and 3) Jobs *p~1~* through *p~d~* all fit in a slot. The first condition implies there are no extra constraints required between job j and predecessors jobs p~1~ through p~d-1~. The second condition implies a normal constraint between job j and p~d~. However, if the third constraint is not met, then there will already be a (nonadjacent) constraint earlier in the chain (e.g. between *p~1~* and *p~d~*) and therefore adding one between *j* and *p~d~* would be redundant. The following variables are also used to define the MIP formulation: > $T(j)$ = the set of time slots at which task $j$ can begin > > $b\left( j,\overline{j} \right)$ = 1 if $\overline{j} \prec j$ and > task $\overline{j}$ can be "packed" with $j$ We are now prepared to define the MILP formulation (Formulation V): minimize $\Theta\sum_{k,t}^{}f_{\text{kt}} + \Omega\sum_{c,t}^{}q_{\text{ct}}$ subject to $\sum_{tÎT(j)}^{}{\sum_{{kÎK}_{j}}^{}x_{\text{jk}t}} = 1$ $\text{j,k\} \{}$ (20) $\sum_{k \in K_{\overline{j}}}^{}{\sum_{r_{\overline{j}} \leq \tau' \leq \tau}^{}x_{\overline{j}k\tau'}}\sum_{k \in K_{j}}^{}{\sum_{r_{j} \leq \overline{\tau} \leq \tau - d_{j} + b\left( j,\overline{j} \right)}^{}x_{\text{jk \{}\overline{\tau}}}$ $\text{tÎT left (j right ), \{ bar \{j\}\}pj\} \{}$ (21) $\sum_{j:{kÎK}_{j}}^{}{\sum_{tÎT(j)}^{}{p(j,t,t)x_{jtk}}}M_{kt} + f_{\text{kt}}$ $\text{t,k\} \{}$ (22) $\sum_{{cÎC}_{e}}^{}y_{\text{ect}} \leq H_{\text{et}}$ $\text{e,t\} \{}$ (23) $\sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}{\sum_{tÎT(j)}^{}{\sum_{{kÎK}_{j}}^{}p(j,t,t)x_{jtk}}h_{j}}\sum_{e}^{}y_{\text{ect}} + q_{\text{ct}}$ $\text{t,c\} \{}$ (24) $y_{\text{ect}} \leq \sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}{\sum_{tÎT(j)}^{}{p(j,t,t)x_{jtk}}}$ $\text{c,t,e:cÎC rSub \{ size 8\{e\} \} \} \{}$ (25) $f_{kt}³0$ $\text{t,k\} \{}$ (26) $q_{\text{ct}}³0$ $\text{t,c\} \{}$ (27) Constraints (20) assure that every task is completed. Constraints (21) assure that a task is not started until all predecessors are completed. One could assure some separation of start times by enforcing only one such constraint on the mid-points of each (predecessor, successor) pair, but this formulation is likely to be tighter. Constraints (22) ensure that there is sufficient facility capacity in each time period. Constraints (23) ensure that each technician is not used longer than his availability, and constraints (24) ensure that there are enough technicians assigned to meet the demand for certification hours in each time period. Constraints (25) ensure that no technician is assigned more time units for a certification during a time period than the sum of the task lengths (within that period) of tasks requiring that certification. Finally, constraints (26) and (27) ensure that the shortages are nonnegative quantities. # Data Characteristics and Preparation To ensure that data input was consistent across all formulations, the PPM pre-processor was used to generate data files. This also allowed the PPM to perform the translation of data from the data repositories used in practice at Pantex (Access databases), to a format that could be easily interpreted for experimentation by the various experimental formulations. The result was a set of ASCII files containing indexed data (e.g. job, task, facility, technician, and certification information). The initial test data set was generated based on the Pantex database containing information specific to the 62 and 87 system operations performed during fiscal year 1998. The team felt that this was the most refined Pantex data set. This data set does not include facility hierarchies, and each task can be assigned to single facility type. The ASCII files contained indices referring to individual elements (e.g. the index of a task), indices of associated elements (e.g. the facility and certification indices required by a given task), and information specific to various data elements. For example, the EAST and LAFT fractions associated with a task, or the quantity available of a given resource. See the appendix for specific examples of these details and technical comments elaborating on the exact contents of these input data files. The quantities contained in the ASCII files assume a base unit of one day. Start times, EASTs, LAFTs, and task durations are represented as fractions of days. An EAST is assumed to be the first day of the EAST period and LAFTs are assumed to be the last day of the LAFT period for a given task. Two versions of this dataset were used in our experiments: (1) EASTs are rounded down and LAFTs are rounded up, and (2) the EASTs and LAFTs are left as fractional values. The first data set reflects how the EASTs and LAFTs are processed within the PPM, while the raw fractional values reflect how more recent algorithms for the PPM have been applied (e.g. see \[6\]). We computed a lower bound of the optimal objective value for these two data sets by considering the 43 tasks that require a type 2 facility; preliminary studies indicated that the shortage of type 2 facilities was a constraining factor in this data set \[6\]. We sorted these tasks in ascending order according to LAFT, from which we computed the total amount of work that must be accomplished with facility type 2 before each time period. There are two type 2 facilities available, so we compared the worked required with the available resources at each time period. The maximum amount of work that cannot be scheduled in for type 2 facilities was 648 for the rounded problem set and 712 for the second problem set. This analysis indicates that objective for these two problems cannot fall below these values when $\Omega = \Theta = 1$. Thus, the analysis indicates the importance of finding a way to increase the amount of facility type 2 time available, or to decrease the overall required workload. Finally, data validation between the experimental formulations and the EPM module was accomplished by fixing the start times of the tasks in the data set (setting start time equal to EAST) and computing resource utilization using both implementations. The resulting objective function values were compared to validate the experimental formulations. # Computational Experience This section describes computational experience with Formulations II, III and IV using a standard evolutionary algorithm. We have also evaluated the final solution generated by the $v$-variable formulation to determine whether or not it is locally optimal. These optimizers were taken from the SGOPT optimization library, and the resource overage was computed with a problem formulation that was carefully benchmarked against the EPM $v$-variable formulation. ## Evolutionary Algorithms We have done a preliminary evaluation of the applicability of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to Formulations II, III and IV. The goal of this effort was to evaluate whether or not the domain-specific methods developed by the PPM team (particularly the $v$-variable and $s$-variable formulations) provide significantly better solutions than a general-purpose global optimization heuristic like an EA. The EA used in this work is a method similar to evolutionary programming \[1\], a standard class of EAs used to optimize over continuous domains. This EA uses an intermediate crossover operator and a self-adapted normally distributed mutation operator. No effort was made to tune this method for these formulations, and bound constraints were implemented with a penalty method that biases the search towards feasible points. In Formulations II and III, the EA had difficulty identifying feasible points. Even when allowed to run for an extended period of time, this EA was unlikely to find a single feasible point. In Formulation IV, all points are feasible but the search is highly sensitive to some parameters more than others. The EA was used to optimize with Formulation IV with a time limit of 10,000 function evaluations; a function evaluation consists of computing the resource overage for a single production plan. On code compiled *without* compiler optimization turned on (and in fact, with debugging flags set on), this took about 20 minutes on a Sun Sparc 20. The EA was run with a set of 15 random seeds on both the rounded and unrounded data sets, and the distribution of final solutions generated by the EA had the following characteristics: --------------- --------------- ------------ ------------- ------------- Statistic Minimum Median Mean Maximum Rounded 3269 3722 3728 4226 Unrounded 3560 3615 3666 3920 --------------- --------------- ------------ ------------- ------------- This should be compared with the solution generated by the $v$-variable formulation, which was 4281 and 4479 for the rounded and unrounded data sets respectively. Thus in all of these trials the EA found better solutions than the solution generated by the $v$-variable formulation, and the average solution generated by the EA is at least 12% lower than the $v$-variable solution. Finally, from our lower bound on the optimal solution value, we can determine that in the unrounded data set the EA found solutions within 1% of the global optimum in 46% of the trials; for the rounded data set the EA found such a solution in only one of the trials. Consequently, these results indicate that general-purpose optimization strategies may be effective for this application ## Local Refinement We evaluated the degree to which the final solution generated by the $v$-variable formulation is locally optimal by applying a simple direct search procedure to this solution. We applied a simple pattern search method \[5\] to this solution using Formulation II with a penalty factor of 100,000 for violated precedence constraints. This algorithm was run until the step length parameter fell below ![](media/image10.wmf); this required approximately 10,000 function evaluations, and the pattern search method finished within 25 minutes. This optimizer was able to refine the initial ![](media/image11.wmf)-variable solution for both the unrounded and rounded data sets to a globally optimal point. This shows that our bound on the global optimum is tight for these problem sets. Further, this result strongly suggests that the $v$-variable formulation does not generate locally optimal solutions, and that refining the solutions generated for different formulations could substantially improve their quality. # Evaluating the EPM Problem Formulation Our reformulation of the EPM production planning problem has led to several insights into our current formulations of this problem. This section discusses these insights and provides suggestions for strengthening the problem formulation ## An Optimistic Approximation Formulations I and Ia are approximations to the actual scheduling problem faced by Pantex. The use of such an approximate model is appropriate because these models are being used for broader planning purposes. Thus data uncertainties in the model are less important because it does not aim to provide a true schedule to Pantex. Because these problem formulations are approximations, it is important to understand whether they provide an optimistic or pessimistic evaluation of the resources needed to complete a set of tasks. In fact, these formulations offer an optimistic evaluation because the assignment of technicians to tasks is not exact. Consequently, solutions to these forms of the EPM production planning problem are best used for arguing that too few resources are available to meet a set of production goals. It is also important to note that the granularity of the time period over which technicians are assigned to certifications impacts the accuracy of these formulations. Specifically, solutions with longer time periods are more optimistic than solutions with shorter time periods. This is unfortunate because the use of longer time periods is very desirable since this reduces the number of variables in the problem. Thus we need to evaluate the trade-off between the desired level of accuracy and the time-frame for solving problems, and it might be interesting for the PPM toolkit to allow users to explicitly control this trade-off (e.g. to get more accurate predictions once a reasonable approximate solution was found). ## Evaluating the Network Flow Subproblem The network flow subproblem used in Formulations Ia-IV captures the assignment of technicians to certifications. The following example shows how adding more work to a time period can actually lead the network flow subproblem to ***reduce*** the predicted technician overage. Consider the following set of tasks that are run in a given time period: --------------- --------------- ---------------------- ----------------- Task \# Crewsize Duration (Days) Certification 1 7 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 5 4 6 2 6 1 1 1 --------------- --------------- ---------------------- ----------------- Further, suppose we have seven technicians all of which have certification one and four of which have certification two. The following figure illustrates the corresponding network flow problem that can be used to determine the overage when tasks 1-5 are scheduled for a six-day time period: ![](media/image12.wmf) This network has a minimum cut with a flow of 40, which means that two additional technician days are needed (in particular, to meet the demand for certification one). Now consider the following network flow when the sixth task is also included: ![](media/image13.wmf) In this case the network has a minimum cut with a flow of 42, which means that no additional technician days are needed. Thus by adding a task to a time period we have reduced the amount of technician overage! The reason for this discrepancy is the fact that technician resources are constrained on the granularity of a time period, and because technicians are assigned to certifications rather than tasks. We expect that assigning technicians to tasks will eliminate this problem, and it will provide a tighter formulation; that is, it will provide a closer estimate of the true resource overages. We can augment Formulation I using the variable > *Y~ejt~* = number of days that technician *e* works on task *j* in > period *t* to get the following formulation (Formulation VI): minimize $\sum_{k,t}^{}f_{\text{kt}} + \sum_{c,t}^{}q_{\text{ct}}$ subject to $x_{j}³r_{j}$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (28) $x_{j} \leq t_{j} - d_{j}$ $\forall j$ (29) $x_{j} + d_{j} \leq x_{\overline{j}}$ $\text{jp \{ bar \{j\}\}\} \{}$ (30) $f_{j}{ÎK}_{j}$ $\text{j\} \{}$ (31) $\sum_{j:f_{j} = k}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)} \leq M_{\text{kt}} + f_{\text{kt}}$ $\text{t,k\} \{}$ (32) $Y_{\text{ejt}} \leq p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)$ $\text{t,e,j\} \{}$ (33) $y_{\text{ect}} = \sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}Y_{\text{ejt}}$ $\text{e,t\} \{}$ (34) $\sum_{{cÎC}_{e}}^{}y_{\text{ect}} \leq H_{\text{et}}$ $\text{e,t\} \{}$ (35) $\sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)h_{j}} \leq \sum_{e}^{}y_{\text{ect}} + q_{\text{ct}}$ $\text{t,c\} \{}$ (36) $y_{\text{ect}} \leq \sum_{j:{jÎL}_{c}}^{}{p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)}$ $\text{c,t,e:cÎC rSub \{ size 8\{e\} \} \} \{}$ (37) $f_{kt}³0$ $\text{t,k\} \{}$ (38) $q_{\text{ct}}³0$ $\text{t,c\} \{}$ (39) $Y_{\text{ejt}}³0$ $\text{t,e,j\} \{}$ (40) Constraints (33), (34) and (40) are the principle changes from Formulation I. Constraint (33) ensures that a technician can only work on a task as many hours as that task is scheduled for the given time period. Constraint (34) explicitly relates *y~ect~* to *Y~ejt~*, which was implicitly done earlier by the definition of *y~ect~*. Finally, constraint (40) simply ensures that technicians work a nonnegative number of hours on each task. Formulation VI is tighter than Formulation I and its derivatives because of the additional constraint on the *Y~ejt~* variables. Further, we can revise this formulation like Formulation Ia to assume that $\left| K_{j} \right| = 1$ for all j and to formulate a network flow subproblem. Formulation VIa requires a network flow subproblem that represents technician assignments to task as flows from technician nodes to task nodes. The weights on the edges of this network are set as follows: $$\begin{matrix} e_{\text{se}} & & H_{\text{et}} \\ e_{\text{ej}} & = & \left\{ \begin{matrix} p\left( j,x_{j},t \right) & ,{cÎC}_{e} \\ 0 & ,\text{else} \end{matrix} \right.\ \\ e_{\text{jt}} & = & p\left( j,x_{j},t \right)h_{j} \end{matrix}$$ This network is illustrated in Figure 3. Note that instead of certification nodes we now have task nodes. Since the total hours of certification overage equals the number of hours that tasks are not scheduled, this network flow problem captures the same information as the previous network flow problems. Further, the values of the certification overate,$q'_{\text{ct}}$, could be computed explicitly to accommodate an objective function that weighted them differently. ![](media/image14.wmf) Figure 3: Illustration of the network flow subproblem in Formulation VIa. ## Smoothness The resource overage objective function used for the EPM is piecewise linear because the underlying network flow problem is linear. This is a particularly nice class of problems. For example, subgradient or bundling optimization methods would probably be a better choice than the pattern search method used in our study. However, using a subgradient method requires a more explicit solution to the network flow problem, since this method would need to be reformulated to provide gradient information with respect to the decision variables. As a first step in this direction we analyze the derivatives of Formulation I. We now compute the change in the objective function (sum of facility and technician overages, all equally weighted) as a single job is moved infinitesimally forward or backward in time. For each time slot, we have a flow network as illustrated in Figure 2. For a particular certification C, technician assignments are represented by the flow through the subnetwork consisting of nodes *s, C, t,* and those workers *E*~i~ with certification *C*. The gradient with respect to a job *J* with certification *C* depends upon the structure of the flow and the *residual graph*. Given a flow *f(i,j)* over each edge *(i,j)* in a graph where each edge has capacity ε*~ij~*, the residual graph has the same topology as the original graph, but the new capacities $e_{\text{ij}}^{'} = e_{\text{ij}} - f_{\text{ij}}$. This is a directed graph. In the networks we use to assign technicians, capacity is only positive in the forward direction (from *s* to *E~i~*, from *E~i~* to *C~j\ ~*and from *C~j\ ~*to *t*), and backward capacity is *0*. Flow is antisymmetric (*f~ij~* = -*f~ji~*). Thus for one of the forward edges, the residual capacity represents the amount of extra flow an edge can carry forward. For a backward edge, (*j,i*), the residual capacity is *f~ij\ ~*(the amount of flow going forward). This represents the ability to "send" flow from node *j* to node *i* by holding it back at node i. An *augmenting path* is an *s*-to-*t* path in the residual graph. A flow is maximum if and only if there are no augmenting paths in the residual graph. In particular, for a maximum flow, every path from *s* to *t* in the network has at least one *saturated* edge, that is, an edge where the flow is equal to the capacity of the edge (and hence the forward residual capacity is zero). We now consider the subnetwork representing the technician assignment to certification C and distinguish the direct *s*-to-*t* paths based upon the pattern of saturated edges in the maximum flow. In the following diagrams, the hatched edges are saturated. The simplest case is the type 0 path where the (*C,t*) edge is the only saturated edge (recall there is only one (*C,t*) edge for each certification *C*). ![](media/image15.wmf) If there is a type-0 path, then the gradient is 0. If the work is slightly increased, then employee E can do the extra work (additional capacity on the rest of the path), so there is no overage created. If the work is slightly decreased, the overage for certification *C* remains zero. There is no opportunity to use this decrease in work for certification *C* to increase work in another unfinished certification. If any employee could shift work from *C* to another (unfinished) certification *C*'', then they would in any maximum flow (employee E could complete the extra work on certification *C*). There are 3 possible saturation patterns for the direct paths from *s* to workers *E* having certification *C*. We associate the type with the path and the worker represented on the path. The dashed line on edge (*C,t*) indicates that edge could be saturated or not. First consider the case where (*C,t*) is not saturated. If a job of certification *C* is shifted slightly into the time period (work increase δ), then the capacity of edge (*C,t*) increases by *H~j~* δ, where *H~j~* is the crew size for job *j*, and the capacity of edge (*E,C*) increases by δ. The flow over edge (*C,t*) can increase δ for each *s*-to-*E* augmenting path in the residual graph, where worker *E* has certification *C*. For type-1 workers, this augmenting path is trivial (edge (*s,E*)). These paths cannot exist for type-2 workers, since their existence would imply an augmenting path in the original residual graph. For type-3 workers, there must be a more complicated augmenting path such as the one illustrated below. Such a path is not ruled out, since in the previous max flow, edge *(E,C)* was saturated and therefore not in the residual graph. Augmenting along this path shifts work on certification *C*~2~ originally done by worker *E* to worker *E~2~* and work on certification*C~3~* from worker *E~2~* to worker *E~3~*. Essentially, such an augmenting path makes a type-3 path effectively type 1. Thus the work-increasing gradient for this time period is $H_{j} - n_{\text{SE}}$, where *n~SE~* is the number of workers E with s-to-E augmenting paths. More explicitly we have $n_{\text{SE}} = n_{1} + n_{3a}$, where *n~1~* is the number of type-1 paths for certification C and *n~3a~* is the number of type-3 paths with an augmenting path to E. Note that these augmenting paths could share edges, so we could not **maximally** augment them all simultaneously. However we could augment them all for sufficiently small δ. We now consider the gradient when shifting work of certification *C* out of the time period. The capacity on edge (*C,t*) now decreases by $H_{j}d$ and the capacity of edge (*E,C*) decreases by δ. However, δ flow is maintained for each path with an *E*-to-*t* augmenting path in the residual graph. This corresponds to worker E shifting work from certification *C* to another. Paths of type 1 cannot have such an augmenting path because it would imply an augmenting path in the original residual graph. Type-2 paths have a trivial augmenting path along edges (*E*,*C*) and (*C*,*t*), corresponding to worker *E* maintaining the same level of effort on certification *C*. Type-3 paths can have more complicated augmenting paths (representing a perhaps-cascading shift of assignments among workers to ultimately increase effort on another certification with overage). Sliding a job out of the time period decreases work available for certification *C* by *H~j~*δ and the amount of work assigned by $(H_{j} - n_{\text{Et}})d$, where *n~Et~* is the number of workers *E* with an *E*-to-*t* augmenting path. Therefore the work-decreasing gradient for this time period (change in total overage) is$n_{\text{Et}}$. Now consider the case where there is no overage for certification *C* (edge (*C,t*) is saturated). Increasing work is identical to the case where it is not saturated except that we cannot create negative overage for certification *C*. Therefore the work-increasing gradient for this time period is $\text{min}(H_{j} - n_{\text{SE}},0)$. Note that now type-2 workers can have *s*-to-*E* augmenting paths. If work is decreased, the overage can decrease by at most$H_{j}d$. This must all come from workers shifting to work on other certifications. Type 2 paths no longer have an automatic augmenting path. The work-decreasing gradient for this time period is $\text{min}(n_{\text{Et}},H_{j})$. Because the flows for the time periods are independent, the total gradient is the sum of a work-increasing gradient on one end of the moving job and a work-decreasing gradient on the other. # Discussion Our formulation of the general EPM production planning problem in Formulation I provides a basis for comparison between different formulations for this problem. Formulation Ia illustrates how this problem can be reformulated to facilitate the application of general-purpose optimization methods. Furthermore, Formulations II, III and IV reformulate this problem so that simple bound-constrained optimizers can be used to solve it. The MIP formulation can be viewed as an approximation to Formulation I to the extent that the discretization of time creates (a) a discrete set of starting points for jobs and (b) the packing of short jobs into time slots approximates the scheduling of these jobs together within a day. Our empirical results with EAs offer evidence that general-purpose optimizers can be effectively applied to this application both for finding near-optimal solutions, but also for generating a distribution of good solutions. Further, our refinement experiment highlights the fact that the formulations that we consider for the EPM planning problem need to include a final refinement step. The MILP formulation of the EPM planning problem (Formulation V) is still being developed, but preliminary experiments with this formulation suggest that the bound derived from this linear model may not be particularly strong. We are extending this work in several directions. First, we have begun to develop EAs and pattern search methods that can be applied to linearly constrained problems like Formulation Ia. We expect that general-purpose optimizers that appropriately account for linear constraints can be more effectively applied to Formulation Ia than the methods that are applied to Formulation IV. The sensitivity of the variables along the precedence chains is a worrisome feature for this formulation, and we expect that it will be particularly problematic for problems with long precedence chains. We have also begun to reconsider the simplifications made to develop Formulations II, III, IV. In particular, these formulations assume that every task can only be assigned to one facility type; this simplification was made to facilitate benchmark comparisons between the EPM solutions and the methods developed within 9200. Limiting the facility assignments reduces the set of decision variables in Formulations II, III and IV to the scheduling start times for tasks. However, if this simplification were not made then the decision variables would also include the facility assignments, which would make the planning problem a mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problem. We expect that these problems would be significantly harder to solve, especially if the facility hierarchy was also included in the formulation. # Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered} We thank Justin Brickel for his work analyzing the derivative properties of the EPM problem formulation and for bring to our attention the example in Section 8.2. We also thank the members of the PPM team for their helpful discussions. # Bibliography 1. D.B. Fogel, *Evolutionary Computation*. IEEE Press. Piscataway, NJ. 1995. 2. []{#_Ref468597866 .anchor}E.A. Kjeldgaard, D.A. Jones, G.F. List, M.A. Turnquist, J.W. Angelo, R.D. Hopson and Hudson, "Swords into Plowshares: Nuclear Weapon Dismantlement, Evaluation, and Maintenance at Pantex", *INTERFACES*, 1999. To appear. 3. D.A. Jones, C.R. Lawton, G.F. List, G. F. and M.A. Turnquist, "The Pantex model: Formulations of the evaluation planning module\", Sandia National Laboratories, SAND99-2095, 1998. 4. E.A. Kjeldgaard, D.A. Jones, G.F. List, M.A. Turnquist, "Planning and Scheduling for Agile Manufacturers: The Pantex Process Model", Sandia National Laboratories, SAND98-0030, 1998. 5. J.E. Dennis and V.J. Torczon, "Derivative-free pattern search methods for multidisciplinary design problems", *Proc Fifth AIAA Symp on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization*. Pp. 922-932. 1994. 6. L.K. Nozick, M.A. Turnquist, C.R. Lawton, G.F. List, D.A. Jones, "Production Planning for a Project Job Shop, with Application to Disassembly, Evaluation and Maintenance of Nuclear Weapons", Submitted to *J Production Planning and Control*. Nov, 1999. 7. R. Ahuja, T. Magnanti, and J. Orlin, "Network Flows: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications", Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993. # Appendix \## \## Database of tasks \## \## Format: \## integer id \## char string description \## integer east (units are time periods) \## integer laft (units are time periods) \## double duration (units are time periods) \## integer predecessor ID \## integer child_flag (1 if true) \## integer number of technicians \## integer certification ID \## integer facility type \## 130 1,432,2.333333,8.5,2.5,-1,0,2,6,1 2,489,.3333333,7.5,1.666667,-1,0,1,8,2 3,521,0,29.66667,4.166667,-1,0,2,6,1 . . . \## \## Database of facility availability by time period \## \## Format: each row indicates the number of each of the \## facilities that are available. The order is assumed to follow that \## given in the facilities database; \## 42 4,2,4,4,4,1,2,2 4,2,4,4,4,1,2,2 4,2,4,4,4,1,2,2 . . . \## \## Database of facility hierarchy \## \## Format: \## integer facility ID \## char string description \## integer facility predecessor in hierarchy \## 8 1,1,-1 2,2,-1 3,10,-1 . . \## \## Database of technicians \## \## Format: \## integer technician ID \## char string description \## integer number of certifications \## integer,\...,integer certification (in sorted order) \## 47 1,7,1,10 2,15,1,10 3,17,1,10 . . . **DISTRIBUTION:** George List Department of Civil Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY 12180-3590 Linda Nozick Cornell University School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Hollister Hall Ithaca, NY 14850 Mark Turnquist Cornell University School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Hollister Hall Ithaca, NY 14850 1 1110 David Womble 9222 1 1110 Cindy Phillips 9211 10 1110 William Hart 9211 1 0451 Craig Lawton 6235 1 0451 Dean Jones 6235 1 0451 Ed Kjeldgaard 6235 1 0451 Steven Wright 6235 1 0451 Jennifer Nelson 6235 1 1089 Central Technical Files, 8940-2 1 0899 Technical Library, 9616 1 0612 Review & Approval Desk, 9612 For DOE/OSTI [^1]: ^\*^ The current algorithm implemented for stage one in the Pantex Process Model is actually a slight variation of the formulation documented in \[3\]. The formulation documented in \[3\] has a set of constraints that ensure start times are not computed in a way that violates precedence. In the variation of the algorithm implemented in the Pantex Process Model, primarily to decrease computation time, these constraints have been relaxed for those tasks that are shorter than one time unit. Our comparative results reflect what is implemented in the Pantex Process Model.

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**Unit 3H, Tools, Activity 1** Answer hardware/network resources questions Fire managers are typically asking more of their respective Information Technology support staff than many agency personnel. Many factors contribute to this situation. Many fire management positions are inter-agency in nature or scope. There is often a need for access to multiple networks (external and internal), sources of agency data, sharing of files ranging from simple text to extensive databases or spatial data of large size and near real-time electronic connectivity. In addition fire specific applications are developed by academia and/or agency researchers and distributed through various sources other than network administrators. Typically application support is either lacking or provided off-site through development staff.\ \ Fire managers are left to navigate the morass of file management, application installation and support, and external connection functionality outside the realm of network administration provided at their local unit. Successful managers will quickly need to adapt to this condition and develop at least rudimentary skills in managing their information technology resources. In many cases interagency peers and fire specific support staff at the regional or national level can provide needed support.\ \ Familiarity with your typical hardware configuration can assist in meeting these challenges. Many managers have found it easier to work solely off one workstation that provides for networking at home and the same configuration on the road. Laptop computers can typically provide the same needed specifications for data processing, memory capacity, data sharing, and connectivity. For those users that prefer the ergonomic advantages of a desktop workstation, laptop configuration can easily accommodate external pointing devices, keyboards, and full-size monitors. Guidelines for hardware purchasing are usually managed through consolidated contract purchases and overseen by local IT staff. Available models and configurations are routinely updated to try and keep pace with industry advances. Most fire management users will find that high-end models described on government contracts are necessary to meet user demands. (See HO-1 describing suggested computer specification for attendance at higher level fire curriculum classes.).\ \ In addition to the hardware you will utilize, it is equally important to have the ability to manage the files, data and applications available to meet the demands of your position. Modern operating systems have responded to current threats and security concerns by building administrative controls over networked resources. These controls will typically limit the ability of the generic user to manage their IT resources in the realm of system set-up options and software installation. While there are significant benefits to this in the protection of government networks from corruption and invasion of privacy, it also introduces hurdles to the accomplishment of many duties. Unfortunately this is often not fully understood or discovered until fire personnel are working in time critical situations on emergency incidents or away from their duty station in meetings, workshops, or training sessions. **When you have completed Lesson 3H, the review will ask the following questions:**\ \ Is your workstation a desktop or laptop computer? If desktop, do you have a laptop computer available to you for assignment?\ \ On your primary workstation: What operating system is installed? What is your hard drive capacity and how much space is free? (Open My Computer and select properties of your local drive (C: typically); Do you have the ability to install software without assistance from IT?; What data sharing options are available to you?\ \ While away from work what are your options to connect to e-mail servers, Internet pages, Intranet connections, and your local network resources? Do you have an agency hosted dialer (toll-free, local, etc.)? Do you have access to a VPN (Virtual Private Network) connection?\ \ What security features are installed and enabled on your portable workstation?\ \ Will the virus protection software run while you are not connected to your home network?\ \ Are e-mail attachments screened for viruses?

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# Presentation: 130996 ## Preserving Earth Science Data for the Future - Strategic Evolution of ESE Data Systems (SEEDS) - Second Public Workshop - Graham Bothwell, JPL - EOS Science Working Group on Data (SWGD) - 18 June 2002 ## Why this presentation? - To provide a background for today’s later discussions about Life Cycle - To remind us of current status and what remains to be done - To present the work done by the Science Working Group on Data (SWGD) towards Long Term Archiving - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Data preservation:A foundation for the future - Why we need to address this issue - Most scientists assume that data from current missions will be available 15+ years from now (science work does not end at the end of a mission) - Our experience in safekeeping of data is not ideal - The proliferation and of missions, and the increasing size of data sets, present challenges not encountered before - While the future of Earth science data preservation is in the hands of current planners, legislators, administrators, community participants, the means are not necessarily obvious - Need concerted, publicly-visible, funded effort that can be gauged - The process has begun - Hopefully momentum does not need to await community demands - There is much to be done in obtaining commitments of government agencies - Feb. 5, 2002 ## A foundation in place to build on - NASA’s agency mandate is on research - ESE mission data products are managed by NASA’s Distributed Active Archive Centers - NASA’s partner agencies (NOAA and USGS) have a mandate for operations - These agencies will provide LTA services for ESE mission data products - NASA-NOAA MOU on EOS - 1989 - NOAA will use its best efforts to ... Assume responsibility at a time to be agreed upon for active long-term archiving and appropriate science support activities for atmospheric and oceans data for the EOS program - NASA-USGS MOU on EOS - 1993 - USGS will fund long-term archive functions. USGS will fund archive and distribution functions, including operations and maintenance costs for EOS and related data more than 3 years old ... - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Science community expectations - “...essential that the...program preserve key long term data...including the definitive version of of the EOS Level 1 data and derived products...and any other data sets/products needed to interpret them...” (USGCRP, LTA Workshop Report, 1998) - “A long-term archive should be established...not only for today’s generation of users but also for the next generation...” (NRC CES, Issues in the Integration of Research and Operational Satellite Systems for Climate Research, 2000) - “NOAA should begin now to develop...capabilities to preserve in perpetuity the basic satellite measurements...” (NRC CES, Ensuring the Climate Record, 2000) - Feb. 5, 2002 ## NOAA and USGS responsibilities - USGS is responsible for ***ESE land data*** - NSLRSDA: National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive at EDC - Established by legislation in 1998 - Existing activity in global land cover (done), SIR-C, AVHRR, etc. - NOAA is responsible for ***ESE climate data*** - CLASS: Comprehensive Large-Array data Stewardship System - NOAA initiative for archive, access and distribution to NESDIS data products - Will provide data services for NPP and NPOESS - A plan in place that includes L0 transfers starting in FY03 - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Building on the foundation - NASA, NOAA and USGS have initial agreements in place, but... - Are there adequate resources available? - Will the need be met in time for current missions? - Do NASA, NOAA, and USGS adequately understand their respective roles? - Do NOAA and USGS understand the variety and peculiarities of individual NASA missions? - Will future science users have access to historical data in the quantity and format desired? - Who will users consult to find out how to work with data sets? - Will the right kind of science data be preserved? - Have we learned from past experience? - We don’t have all the answers yet - There are some partial answers - But the requirements of data preservation are being identified - Feb. 5, 2002 ## SWGD and data preservation - SWGD charter: A forum to address common problems and develop solutions across EOS instruments re data processing, distribution, and related issues - A grass roots organization, with PSO very active, and embracing Terra, Aqua, Aura, and others - Voluntary participation - Web site: _[http://swgd.gsfc.nasa.gov](http://swgd.gsfc.nasa.gov/)_ - Long term archiving identified early as an SWGD issue - SEEDS provided a trigger for action - Feb. 5, 2002 ## EOS SWGD LTA Workshop - SWGD Long Term Archiving workshop held January 29-30 (chaired by Robert Wolfe, MODIS/GSFC) - Interest was intense, with Terra in flight, and Aqua close to launch - Attendance: 32 people from - NASA HQ, ESDIS, Terra PSO - Past missions (lessons learned): UARS, LANDSAT 1-5, 7 - LTAs: NOAA CLASS, USGS NSLRSDA - DAACs: GSFC, EDC, NSIDC, Langley - Instrument/Science Teams: MODIS, MISR, MOPITT, ASTER, CERES, TES, OMI, GLAS - Feb. 5, 2002 ## SWGD Workshop Objectives - Why a SWGD Long Term Archiving workshop at this time? - A significant stage in early LTA planning for USGS and NOAA - Our inputs requested for the first SEEDS workshop in Feb-2002 - What did we achieve? - Understood the LTA needs of current and near-term missions - Understood unique characteristics/challenges of each data set - Understood past experience where mechanisms were not put in place - Understood the plans and possibilities within NOAA and USGS - Provided general guidance for NASA (ESDIS/HQ) - Provided general guidance for USGS/NOAA (unofficial at this point) - Documented status/issues, prepare material for SEEDS workshop - Considered next/future steps in LTA planning - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Recommendations and issues - These are provided here in full as most of them remain current - Recommendations for specific things to do - Other issues and actions remaining - Embracing lessons from past experience - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Recommendations (1 of 3) **Science stewardship**: NASA, in conjunction with NOAA and USGS, should determine what it is and how it works, at the various stages in the life of the LTA, who is responsible, and who funds it. - Aspects of stewardship should be transferred to the LTA at an appropriate time - LTA must include the data, the information about it, and how to use it - Need to foster a sense of community between NASA and NOAA/USGS - NOAA/USGS need to develop familiarity with the data sets, and a substantive relationship with the instrument teams and DAACs. - The transfer of data sets to the **LTA should begin as soon as feasible** **Pilot program** (with appropriate funding) encouraged so that later funding for the full LTA implementation is encouraged - Transfers should begin early in existing/future missions with stable data sets, e.g. Level 0; prelaunch calibration data - Transfer more dynamic data sets when nominally stable, and update as necessary, e.g. L1+, production software; supporting data sets; supporting software - However, it is **crucial to plan for all instruments from the start**; otherwise, we will end up unable to handle unique aspects of individual instruments. (They are **very different from one another**.) - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Recommendations (2 of 3) **Requirements of the individual instruments** for the LTA should be communicated knowledgably to NOAA and USGS - Describe the products, supporting data sets, production mechanisms, supporting processes, calibration processes, organization - Almost all instruments require L0 through L3 to be in the LTA, with **product generation impracticable within the LTA** - Multiple versions of products will probably be necessary in the LTA - ASTER requires production-on-demand for most products - Reprocessing will occur, but is external to the LTA **Coordinated schedules and goals should be set up** for working with NOAA and USGS to effect the initial LTA agreements, planning, and transfer - Avoid this being just another academic exercise - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Recommendations (3 of 3) - Instrument teams and DAACs should participate in **advisory panels** and committees within NOAA/USGS to specify and administer the LTA - EOS **teams should verify** suitability of the functions and services provided by NOAA/USGS - Should be a standing role for "tire-kicking" and review purposes - Should review the prototype/early implementations to date - Provision is required for NASA investigators to have **on-going access** to the data sets under similar conditions to the present. - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Issues (1 of 4) - Determine **where individual products should be archived**, i.e. where an instrument produces products nominally relevant to both NOAA and USGS - Make a plan for ensuring that algorithms and related product information are **adequately documented** - Determine how **multiple versions** are to be handled by NOAA and USGS - Confirm that **Level 2 and Level 3 products** will be handled by NOAA and USGS - Determine how reprocessing is handled in **the longer term** w.r.t. NASA responsibilities - NOAA wants to know what is meant by NASA investigators having **continual, on-going access** to the data sets, and without additional charges. - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Issues (2 of 4) - Identify the **evolutionary path for the DAACs** and their roles in the LTA process. Determine the need for an on-going processing capability outside of the LTA, both for the near future and the very far future - Determine how the **product ordering** is to function for the LTA. NOAA/USGS have suggested that the NASA system might be involved. - Determine **special arrangements for ASTER**, viz. maintain the on-demand processing capability; access the MISR, MODIS, and NCEP atmospheric products; preserve atmospheric correction software; evolving arrangements with Japan - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Issues (3 of 4) - Determine **long term handling for software** that has source code maintained and built within configuration management systems such as ClearCase. Similar issues relate to migration of algorithms to different or future platforms and OSs. - Determine how **subsetting** and other specialized services will be provided for LTA data requests - Develop a set of _**guidelines for new or emerging missions**_ to accommodate LTA - Determine how to handle records that are in **paper** form only. (NOAA does not want to take paper.) - Determine how the **scientific value of the data sets** is looked after, and who has responsibility in the long term - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Issues (4 of 4) - Determine requirements for the **metadata** and data access models that will be used in the LTA, ensuring that existing metadata is fully captured, as well as new LTA-specific metadata - Confirm that NOAA/USGS LTAs will include any or all of the** supporting data** such as prelaunch calibration data; if not, then alternative mechanisms within NASA will need to be facilitated - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Workshop conclusions - Workshop was very effective in bringing together all of the interested parties: NASA, NOAA, USGS, instrument teams, DAACs, etc. - The relevant issues associated with long term archiving were identified, and discussed openly between the parties - NASA now has a better foundation for proceeding with LTA development, both in formulation of concepts, agreements between organizations, and development of a pilot program - The momentum needs to be continued; the transfer of data to the LTA needs to be in place well before end of mission - Recommendations and issues identified should in many instances be directly applicable to formulation of the SEEDS concepts - Feb. 5, 2002 ## Adding to the foundation - The requirements of data preservation are straightforward but far from simple - Great danger in taking a simplistic approach - Beware of generalizations and “one size fits all” (especially in pilot work) - Great danger in delaying because of organizational and/or political difficulties - The relevant issues have been identified for current and near-term missions - Virtually all of the issues relating to near-term missions are applicable to the longer term - Experience is the best teacher - The scale of the undertaking for effective data preservation is unprecedented - But the relevant parties know what is needed - Feb. 5, 2002 ## The final thought - Let’s work together to ensure the necessary agreements and promises (commitments) by individuals, organizations, agencies, and government to preserve NASA’s Earth Science Data for future generations of scientists - The future is formed from the now - _Let’s build on the foundation_ - Thank you to all who are working towards this necessary goal - Feb. 5, 2002

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HARRY P. BEGIER, JR., ETC., PETITIONER V. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA No. 89-393 In The Supreme Court Of The United States October Term, 1989 On Writ Of Certiorari To The United States Court Of Appeals For The Third Circuit Brief For The United States TABLE OF CONTENTS Question presented Opinions below Jurisdiction Statement Summary of argument Argument: American International's payments of its withholding and excise tax liabilities were payments of funds held in trust for the United States and, therefore, cannot be recovered from the government as preferences under 11 U.S.C. 547 A. Payments of funds held in trust are not avoidable preferential transfers under 11 U.S.C. 547 B. The "amount of tax" that American International withheld and collected was held in trust for the government C. The payments in this case, which were identified by American International as trust fund taxes, were properly treated as trust payments under Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code Conclusion OPINIONS BELOW The opinion of the court of appeals (Pet. App. A2-A20) is reported at 878 F.2d. The opinion of the district court (Pet. App. A22-A26) is unreported. The opinion of the bankruptcy court (Pet. App. A27-A44) is reported at 83 Bankr. 324. JURISDICTION The judgment of the court of appeals was entered on June 30, 1989. A petition for rehearing was denied on July 28, 1989. Pet. App. A1. The petition for a writ of certiorari was filed on September 11, 1989, and was granted on January 8, 1990. The jurisdiction of this Court is invoked under 28 U.S.C. 1254(1). QUESTION PRESENTED Whether an employer's payments of its trust fund tax obligations to the government before it filed a petition in bankruptcy can be avoided as a preference under Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code. STATEMENT This case involves the payment of trust fund taxes made to the government by a corporate debtor during the 90-day period before the debtor filed a petition for relief in bankruptcy. The trust fund taxes are federal income and social security taxes withheld by the corporation from the wages of its employees, as well as transportation excise taxes collected by the corporation from its customers on behalf of the government. See 26 U.S.C. 3102, 3402, 4291. The Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C.) provides that those amounts are "held to be a special fund in trust for the United States" that must be paid over to the government. 26 U.S.C. 7501. In this case, the bankruptcy trustee is attempting to recover the debtor's payment of trust fund taxes under Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code (11 U.S.C.). That provision allows a bankruptcy trustee to avoid as a preference certain payments made out of the debtor's property during the 90-day period before the debtor petitioned for relief in bankruptcy. 1. Petitioner is the trustee in bankruptcy of American International Airways, Inc., which was a commercial airline that provided passenger and air cargo service in the eastern and central United States. By the spring of 1984, American International was delinquent in remitting to the United States both social security and income taxes that it had withheld from the wages of its employees, as well as excise taxes that it had collected from its passengers. On March 1, 1984, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) notified the company of its delinquency and required it to file monthly, rather than quarterly, returns of its employment and excise taxes. The IRS also required American International to establish a separate bank account in which to deposit the withholding and excise taxes held in trust for the United States. Pet. App. A4, A29-A30. Shortly after receiving that notice, American International opened a separate bank account into which it deposited some, but not all, of the excise and employment taxes held in trust for the government. On April 30, 1984, American International paid the IRS $695,000 from its separate trust account and $734,798 from its general operating account. The April payments were followed in June 1984 by two other payments -- totalling $211,636 -- from American International's general account. By agreement with the IRS, the company allocated its payments to specific social security, income withholding, and excise taxes due and collected by American International between 1982 and April 1984. Pet. App. A4, A30-A31, A47-A48. On July 19, 1984, American International filed a petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. For the following three months, it attempted to operate as a debtor-in-possession. After that attempt proved futile, the bankruptcy court appointed petitioner as the company's trustee and began liquidation proceedings. Petitioner then brought this adversary proceeding against the government under Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code to recover as a preference the $1,641,434 in withholding and excise taxes that the company had paid to the IRS in April and June 1984. Pet. App. A4, A27-A28. /1/ 2. The bankruptcy court permitted the trustee to recover from the government a portion of the funds in question. Pet. App. A27-A44. It held that the $695,000 payment made by the company from its segregated trust account was a non-avoidable transfer of funds held in trust for the government under Section 7501 of the Internal Revenue Code; therefore, the bankruptcy court did not allow the trustee to recover those funds. Id. at A32. The court ruled, however, that American International's payments of trust fund taxes from the company's general account did not constitute a transfer of funds held in trust for the government. It therefore allowed the trustee to recover most of the payments made from that general account. Id. at A32-A44. /2/ The court reasoned that trust fund taxes are exempt from the provisions regarding preferential transfers "only where a tax trust fund is actually established by the debtor and the taxing authority is able to trace funds segregated by the debtor in a trust account established for the purpose of paying the taxes in question." Id. at A35. The government appealed to the district court, which affirmed in a decision issued from the bench. Pet. App. A22-A26. Although finding it to be "a very close case" (id. at A26), the district court concluded that the bankruptcy court correctly held that the payments from the general account should not be treated as having been made out of a trust fund. The district court concluded that the IRS must show at least "some evidence beyond that of merely (the debtor's) having made the payment" in order to establish that payments from commingled corporate funds were actually payments of funds held in trust for the United States. Id. at A25. 3. The court of appeals reversed. Pet. App. A2-A20. After reviewing Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code, the court concluded that Congress regarded "the act of payment of withholding taxes (as) identify(ing) those taxes as funds held in trust" for the government. Pet. App. A16. The court drew a distinction between payments made before bankruptcy (as in this case) and efforts by the IRS to recover funds from a bankruptcy estate. The court noted that, in the latter context, Congress sought to relax the strict tracing of trust fund taxes required in the aftermath of this Court's decision in United States v. Randall, 401 U.S. 513 (1971). In Randall, the Court had refused to allow the government to recover commingled trust fund taxes from a bankruptcy estate. Under the new Bankruptcy Code, the court of appeals held, Congress rejected the Randall approach and established the rule that the IRS can use "reasonable assumptions" to trace funds in the bankruptcy estate to withheld taxes belonging to the government. Pet. App. A10-A11. But where the debtor makes payments identified as trust fund taxes before it files a bankruptcy petition, the court held, the government is not required to trace further such trust fund payments back to the actual taxes withheld or collected by the employer. The court of appeals found that the legislative history of Section 547 demonstrates Congress's intent that monies actually paid by the debtor to meet its trust fund obligations should be regarded, in fact, as the payment of trust taxes. Id. at A13-A19. Accordingly, the court concluded that "the debtor's pre-petition payments on account of its tax withholding obligations are held to be a special fund in trust for the IRS for the government under I.R.C. Section 7501 and are not preferential transfers of the debtor's property under 11 U.S.C. Section 547(b)." Id. at A20. The court of appeals acknowledged that its holding conflicts with Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d 1102 (D.C. Cir. 1987). The court stated that it found "the Drabkin dissent convincing" (Pet. App. A13) because the majority in Drabkin had misinterpreted the legislative history of Section 547 and had failed to distinguish between a debtor's pre-petition payment of withheld taxes and a post-petition action by the IRS to recover withheld taxes in possession of the bankruptcy estate. See Pet. App. A18-A19. Judge Hutchinson dissented for the reasons set forth by the majority in Drabkin. Id. at A20. SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT 1. Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code allows a bankruptcy trustee to recover certain preferential transfers of the debtor's property that were made before the debtor filed its petition in bankruptcy. Such a transfer can qualify as an avoidable preference only if the property would have been a part of the bankruptcy estate for the benefit of the creditors. And it is clear under Section 541 of the Bankruptcy Code that property held in trust is not available to satisfy the claims on the bankruptcy estate. Hence, the preference provisions in Section 547 do not reach pre-petition payments of funds held in trust. 2. In this case, American International (the debtor in bankruptcy) withheld federal social security and income taxes from its employees' wages. American International also collected federal excise taxes from the users of its transportation services. Section 7501 of the Internal Revenue Code provides that "the amount of tax so collected or withheld shall be held to be a special fund in trust for the United States." Accordingly, American International's four payments of trust fund taxes to the IRS were payments of funds held in "trust for the United States" and, therefore, may not be reached as preferences under Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code. Contrary to petitioner's contention, a trust relationship is not created under Section 7501 only when the collector or withholder of federal taxes places those funds in a separate account with a "trust" label. Section 7501 provides in general terms that the "amount" of funds collected or withheld "shall be held to be a special fund in trust." Thus, as every appellate court that has considered the issue has recognized, the statutory trust relationship is created at the moment the private party withholds or collects the federal taxes. 3. In United States v. Randall, 401 U.S. 513 (1971), this Court refused to allow the government to recover trust fund taxes from a bankruptcy estate without following the old Bankruptcy Act's rules of priority. The Congress that adopted the Bankruptcy Code in 1978 disapproved Randall in two respects. First, Congress made it clear that trust fund taxes do not become a part of a bankruptcy estate for the benefit of creditors. Second, Congress relieved the government from any duty to trace such trust fund taxes into the bankruptcy estate with precision. Instead, Congress has authorized the government to use reasonable assumptions to identify trust fund taxes. This case does not involve an attempt by the government to identify trust assets in the bankruptcy estate. At the very least, however, the pre-petition payments at issue cannot qualify as preferences under Section 547 if the funds would not have become part of the estate if the payments had not been made. And the government has plainly used "reasonable assumptions" in concluding that the payments at issue were payments of funds held in trust for the United States. Those payments were: (1) made from American International's general account, (2) made to satisfy American International's obligation to turn over trust fund taxes to the IRS, and (3) identified by American International itself as trust fund taxes. It is surely reasonable for the trust beneficiary to assume that payments identified by the trustee as trust payments are, in fact, trust payments. Moreover, Congress specifically endorsed the reasonableness of such an approach to pre-petition payments of trust fund taxes. In a passage that fully comports with the text of all pertinent statutory provisions, the relevant House Committee Report on Section 547 stated that a payment of withholding taxes "will not be a preference because the beneficiary of the trust, the taxing authority, is in a separate class with respect to those taxes, if they have been properly held for payment, as they will have been if the debtor is able to make the payments." H.R. Rep. No. 595, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 373 (1977). Here, American International was able to make four pre-petition payments of the trust fund taxes that it had collected or withheld. Hence, as the House Report recognized, those payments are not preferences that may be recovered by the bankruptcy estate. ARGUMENT AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL'S PAYMENTS OF ITS WITHHOLDING AND EXCISE TAX LIABILITIES WERE PAYMENTS OF FUNDS HELD IN TRUST FOR THE UNITED STATES AND, THEREFORE, CANNOT BE RECOVERED FROM THE GOVERNMENT AS PREFERENCES UNDER 11 U.S.C. 547 This is an action against the United States to recover payments of the debtor's trust fund tax liabilities to the IRS that were made before the debtor filed a petition under the Bankruptcy Code. The Third Circuit correctly held that those payments were not preferences under 11 U.S.C. 547 because they were payments of funds held in trust for the United States. A. Payments Of Funds Held In Trust Are Not Avoidable Preferential Transfers Under 11 U.S.C. 547 1. Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code allows a bankruptcy trustee to recover certain preferential transfers of "property of the debtor" made before the debtor filed its petition in bankruptcy. /3/ The Bankruptcy Code does not define the phrase "property of the debtor." /4/ But the fundamental purpose of Section 547 is to preserve the "property of the estate" (11 U.S.C. 541(a))) for the benefit of creditors. As a starting point, therefore, the courts have consistently looked to the definition of estate property in Section 541 as guidance for the type of property that may be recovered as a preference under Section 547. See Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d 1102, 1104 & n.8 (D.C. Cir. 1987); Elliott v. Frontier Properties/LP (In re Lewis W. Shurtleff, Inc.), 778 F.2d 1416, 1419 (9th Cir. 1985); Perry v. General Motors Acceptance Corp. (In re Perry), 48 Bankr. 591, 599 n.14 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1985). If transferred property is not the type of property that would have become property of the estate for the benefit of creditors, it may never be recovered under Section 547(b). See Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d at 1104-1105; Clark v. Mutual Lumber Co., 206 F.2d 643, 646-647 (5th Cir. 1953). See also 4 L. King, Collier on Bankruptcy Paragraph 547.03(2) (15th ed. 1989) ("A transfer is preferential only if the property or the interest in property transferred belongs to the debtor."). 2. A debtor's mere possession of certain property does not mean that such property is available in the bankruptcy estate for the benefit of creditors. For example, no one doubts that creditors of an insolvent dry cleaner may not satisfy their claims by recovering as preferences the clothes that were picked up by patrons soon before the cleaner filed its petition in bankruptcy. Nor could creditors of a parking garage recover for the bankruptcy estate the cars that were returned to their owners in the days before the garage filed a bankruptcy petition. See Collier on Bankruptcy, supra, Paragraph 547.03; Jackson, Statutory Liens and Constructive Trusts in Bankruptcy; Undoing the Confusion, 61 Amer. Bankr. L.J. 287, 290 (1987). It is equally well settled that, by virtue of Section 541(d) of the Bankruptcy Code, property held by the debtor in trust for another does not become a part of the bankruptcy estate for the benefit of creditors. As the Court noted in United States v. Whiting Pools, Inc., 462 U.S. 198, 204 n.8 (1983), under Section 541 of the Bankruptcy Code, "Congress intended to exclude from the estate property of others in which the debtor had some minor interest such as a lien or bare legal title." /5/ See also S. Rep. No. 1106, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 33 (1978) ("amounts held by the debtor as trustee for another are not property of the estate"); 124 Cong. Rec. 34,016-34,017 (1978) (statement of Sen. DeConcini) ("property of the estate does not include the beneficial interest in property held by the debtor as trustee"); id. at 32,399 (statement of Rep. Edwards). /6/ Accordingly, all courts have agreed that a pre-petition transfer of funds held in trust may not be recovered by the estate as a preference. See Pet. App. A14-A15; Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d at 1107. That rule applies with equal force where, instead of a private instrument, it is a "statutory provision() * * * that creates a trust fund." 124 Cong. Rec. 32,399 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards). The precise question in this case, therefore, is whether American International's 1984 payments to the IRS were payments of funds held in trust for the government. A natural reading of the relevant provisions of the Internal Revenue and Bankruptcy Codes, as well as legislative history pertaining to this precise matter, lead to the same conclusion -- the payments at issue were properly treated as non-avoidable payments of trust fund taxes. B. The "Amount Of Tax" That American International Withheld And Collected Was Held In Trust For The Government 1. Beginning in the 1930s, the federal government has increasingly used private businesses and employers to collect federal taxes. See Note, The Private Tax Collector -- A New Fiduciary, 60 Harv. L. Rev. 786 (1947). This case involves such a collection method for three federal taxes. Sections 3102 and 3402 of the Internal Revenue Code require that an employer withhold federal income taxes and Federal Insurance Contribution Act (FICA) taxes from its employees' wages. The withheld tax is "owed" exclusively by the employee; thus the employee, and not the employer, is entitled to a refund or credit if the employer withholds an excessive amount. See Treas. Reg. Section 31.6402(a)-2(a)(2) and (b) (26 C.F.R.). A similar scheme governs the payment of excise taxes for transportation services, which are collected by the party providing such services. See 26 U.S.C. 4291. A withholding of taxes under Sections 3102 and 3402 occurs whether or not the employer physically deposits withheld income and FICA taxes in a separate "withholding" account when it pays its employees' wages. The Senate Finance Committee has given a simple example. It stated that, if an employer owes $100 in wages, and pays the employee $80, then "there has been $20 withheld." S. Rep. 1106, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 33 (1978). /7/ Employers are required to make periodic deposits of withholding taxes with designated depositaries. See Treas. Reg. Section 31.6302(c)-1 (26 C.F.R.). Collectors of excise taxes are required to make similar periodic deposits. See Treas. Reg. Section 49.6302(c)-1 (26 C.F.R.). The time for making such deposits depends upon various factors -- e.g., the size of the withholding and the timing of the employers' pay period. In general, however, deposits into the accounts of the United States Treasury are not made at the same time the taxes are withheld or collected. See Slodov v. United States, 436 U.S. 238, 243 (1978). If the collector of excise, FICA, or withholding taxes fails to turn the money over to the government, the government has no recourse against the taxpayer. Excise taxes cannot be collected twice, and withheld taxes are "credited to the employee regardless of whether they are paid by the employer." Slodov v. United States, 436 U.S. at 243; see, e.g., Treas. Reg. Section 1.31-1(a) (26 C.F.R.). The government's receipt of taxes collected or withheld by employers (and others) is thus at risk by virtue of the time gap between collection and deposit into a designated agent of the Treasury. As the Court observed in United States v. Sotelo, 436 U.S. 268, 277 n.10 (1978): (i)t is a common phenomenon of business failure that even an "honest" businessman, in attempting to salvage a business which appears headed for insolvency, will frequently "borrow" money of other people without their consent if he can get his hands on it. The one fund which he is almost always able to lay his hands on is the taxes he has withheld and is currently withholding from his employees for the Government. See also Slodov v. United States, 436 U.S. at 243. Congress addressed that concern in 1934 by creating a statutory trust relationship between the collector of federal excise taxes and the government. See Section 607 of the Revenue Act of 1934, ch. 277, 48 Stat. 768. In 1939, Congress extended the statutory trust provision to cover all withheld or collected taxes. See 53 Stat. 448. The statutory trust provision is currently codified as Section 7501 of the Internal Revenue Code. Section 7501 provides: Whenever any person is required to collect or withhold any internal revenue tax from any other person and to pay over such tax to the United States, the amount of tax so collected or withheld shall be held to be a special fund in trust for the United States. The Senate Committee that recommended enactment of the predecessor to Section 7501 explained its purpose and effect: Existing law provides with respect to a number of taxes that the amount of the tax shall be collected or withheld from the person primarily liable by another person, who is required to return and pay to the Government the amount of the taxes so collected or withheld by him. This is true, for example, in the case of the taxes on admissions, checks, and telephone and telegraph services. Under existing law the liability of the person collecting and withholding the taxes to pay over the amount is merely a debt, and he cannot be treated as a trustee or proceeded against by distraint. Section 606 of the bill as reported impresses the amount of taxes withheld or collected with a trust and makes applicable for the enforcement of the Government's claim the administrative provisions for assessment and collection of taxes. S. Rep. No. 558, 73d Cong., 2d Sess. 53 (1934); see also H.R. Conf. Ref. No. 1385, 73d Cong., 2d Sess. 32 (1934). Thus, Section 7501 establishes beyond doubt that the amounts of taxes withheld by a third party are not merely debts of the withholder; such amounts "shall be held to be a special fund in trust for the United States." As the court succinctly observed in Kalb v. United States, 505 F.2d 506, 509 (2d Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 421 U.S. 979 (1975), "(i)n paying taxes over to the government the employer merely surrenders that which does not belong to him." See also Newsome v. United States, 431 F.2d 742, 745-746 (5th Cir. 1970). If the employer fails to turn over funds held in trust, then the government may "treat" the employer "as a trustee" and "proceed() against (the funds) by distraint." S. Rep. No. 558, supra, at 53. See also In re Allied Elec. Products, Inc., 194 F. Supp. 26, 30-31 (D.N.J. 1961). In this case, American International made four relevant payments to the IRS of collected and withheld trust taxes. Pet. App. A4. Those funds, by operation of Section 7501, were "a special fund in trust for the United States." And American International agreed that its four payments were made to satisfy its obligation to turn over trust fund taxes to the government (as opposed to American International's own tax debts owed to the government). Accordingly, American International's payments of trust funds to the proper beneficiary -- the United States -- falls within the well-recognized rule that pre-petition payments of trust funds may not be recovered by the bankruptcy estate as preferential transfers under 11 U.S.C. 547. 2. We understand petitioner to agree with much of our analysis to this point. Petitioner does not now claim that American International's payment of $695,000 from the separate "trust" account was a preferential transfer. That is so, in petitioner's view, because the $695,000 came from a segregated account, not the company's general account. In other words, petitioner's main argument (Br. 19-21) is that a trust for the benefit of the United States is created under Section 7501 only if the withheld or collected taxes are placed in a separate "trust" account. Petitioner's formalistic position, however, finds no support in the language of the statute, the IRS regulations, or the relevant case law. /8/ Section 7501 is written in general terms, with no suggestion that a trust is created only if the withheld or collected taxes are placed in a separate account with a "trust" label before they are turned over to the government. It provides that "the amount of tax so collected or withheld shall be held to be a special fund in trust for the United States." The words "shall be held to be" mean that a trust in the "amount" of taxes withheld or collected is created by operation of law; a trust is not dependent upon or created by an employer's deposit of funds into a bank account labeled "trust account." /9/ Thus, as the Court stated in Slodov v. United States, 436 U.S. at 243, "(t)here is no general requirement (in Section 7501) that the withheld sums be segregated from the employer's general funds * * * or that they be deposited in a separate bank account until required to be paid to the Treasury." /10/ See also Treas. Reg. Section 31.6302(c)-1 (26 C.F.R.). /11/ Consequently, if an employer fails to pay over withheld taxes, the IRS may levy on the employer's bank accounts, see 26 U.S.C. 6331-6344, and it is no defense for the employer to say that its account does not contain the same "funds" that were withheld as taxes. See generally In re Gotham Provisions Co., 669 F.2d 1000, 1011 (5th Cir. 1982). Petitioner's claim that Congress implicitly intended to require a segregated trust account is also inconsistent with the purpose of Section 7501. As we explained above, Congress enacted Section 7501 to give the government a powerful new tool in receiving taxes collected by third parties. But there was no hint that the new tool -- i.e., the statutory trust -- was dependent on the third party's opening and making deposits in an actual "trust fund" account in a financial institution. An employer withholds taxes when it pays its employees less than they are due in wages. See p. 13, supra. There is no check or cash delivered from the employee to the employer. Hence, the effect of the withholding on the employer's general bank account is simply to reduce what would otherwise be paid out in wages. There is no tangible "res" that must be deposited somewhere; rather, the employer must only make an accounting notation in its books. Thus, "it is hard to conclude that Congress, having determined that, as additional protection for the Government, (withheld or collected) funds should be held in trust, simultaneously devitalized that provision by hinging its effectiveness upon the employers' method of" keeping accounts. Heffron, Fraud in Withholding, 18 N.Y.U. Inst. on Fed. Tax'n 1073, 1076 (1960). Accordingly, Congress and the courts have consistently ruled that Section 7501 imposes a trust on the amounts of withheld and collected taxes even if those amounts are part of a general business account including funds from several sources. See Pet. App. A10-A11; see also 124 Cong. Rec. 32,417 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 34,017 (statement of Sen. DeConcini). /12/ C. The Payments In This Case, Which Were Identified By American International As Trust Fund Taxes, Were Properly Treated As Trust Payments Under Section 547 Of The Bankruptcy Code 1. Although Section 7501 does not require a separate trust fund account, we do not suggest that there need be no nexus between the amounts of withheld or collected taxes and the statutory trust fund. Cf. Slodov v. United States, 436 U.S. at 256. Over the years, the courts have used a considerable array of rules to establish such a connection between the original source of a trust fund and property that is later used to satisfy the trustee's obligations to the beneficiary. Such rules -- often called "tracing" rules -- have varied widely depending on the context and reasons for the trust. See G. Bogert, The Law of Trusts and Trustees Sections 921-930 (2d ed. 1982). One tracing rule employed by courts in the setting of traditional trusts created by private instruments is the so-called "swollen asset" doctrine. See G. Bogert, The Law Of Trusts and Trustees, supra, Section 922. That rule essentially allows a trust beneficiary to trace trust funds into the trustee's general accounts. The rule is premised on the notion that the trustee's unauthorized use of trust funds relieved it of using non-trust assets and thus "swelled" the trustee's other accounts. See, e.g., Schumacher v. Harriett, 52 F.2d 817, 819 (4th Cir. 1931) (collecting cases); Edwards v. Lewis, 98 Fla. 956, 966-969, 124 So. 746, 749-750 (1929); Eastman v. Farmers' State Bank, 175 Minn. 336, 339-340, 221 N.W. 236, 237 (1928). The Congress that adopted the Bankruptcy Code endorsed that tracing rule in a context different from this case -- where the debtor did not make its payment of trust fund taxes before it filed a bankruptcy petition and the government seeks to recover such funds from the bankruptcy estate. To understand how Congress reached that conclusion, however, it is necessary first to return to the case of United States v. Randall, 401 U.S. 513 (1971). In Randall, the district court had ordered the debtor to pay withheld taxes into a special account, but the debtor had failed to comply. When the debtor was later adjudged bankrupt, the United States sought to recover the amount of the withheld taxes ahead of the payment of costs and expenses of administration of the bankruptcy proceedings. This Court, however, held that Section 64(a)(1) of the old Bankruptcy Act, which gave first priority to the costs and expenses of administering a bankruptcy estate, constituted an "overriding statement of federal policy on this question." 401 U.S. at 515. The Court therefore concluded that enforcement of the trust created by Section 7501 "would run counter to the grain of the Bankruptcy Act." Id. at 517. In applying Randall in cases arising under the Bankruptcy Act, the lower courts placed heavy or insurmountable burdens upon the IRS when it sought to recover trust fund taxes from a bankruptcy estate. Some courts interpreted Randall to mean that, in order to establish that funds held by the bankruptcy estate were trust funds, the IRS was required to trace rigorously such funds to monies actually withheld for the payment of the taxes at issue. See, e.g., In re Rohar Associates, Inc., 375 F. Supp. 637 (S.D.N.Y. 1974). The Ninth Circuit refused to recognize trusts even when such tracing was possible. See England v. United States (In re Shakesteers Coffee Shops), 546 F.2d 821 (1976); Rothman v. United States (In re Tamasha Town and Country Club), 483 F.2d 1377 (1973). Congress was aware of that situation in 1978 when it adopted the new Bankruptcy Code. See 124 Cong. Rec. 32,417 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 34,017 (statement of Sen. DeConcini); S. Rep. No. 1106, supra, at 33 & n.25. And Congress made clear that it was disapproving both of those readings of Randall. Congress drafted the new Bankruptcy Code so that: (1) trust fund taxes do not become a part of a bankruptcy estate for the benefit of creditors, and (2) the IRS is not required to trace trust fund taxes with precision. a. As we explained above, Section 541(d) of the Bankruptcy Code excludes from the definition of "estate property" all property in which the debtor holds "only legal title and not an equitable interest." In other words, Congress rejected the notion that, by commencing bankruptcy proceedings, the debtor could enlarge his rights in property by acquiring beneficial use of funds previously held only in trust. See H.R. Rep. No. 595, supra, at 367-368; S. Rep. No. 989, supra, at 82. See also 124 Cong. Rec. 32,399 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); United States v. Whiting Pools, Inc., 462 U.S. at 204 n.8. The Senate passed a version of Section 541 that explicitly excluded from the estate all taxes withheld or collected from others before commencement of the case. See S. 2266, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. (1978). The Senate Report emphasized that this included "taxes withheld or collected by the debtor from others," and that "(t)his rule supersede(d) cases holding that withheld amounts are property of the estate." S. Rep. No. 1106, supra, at 33 & n.25. Congress deleted that provision in the Senate Bill only because Congress believed it was "unnecessary since property of the estate does not include the beneficial interest in property held by the debtor as a trustee. Under the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (section 7501), the amounts of withheld taxes are to be a special fund in trust for the United States." 124 Cong. Rec. 34,016-34,017 (1978) (statement of Sen. DeConcini); see also id. at 33,999 (Section 541 will not "affect various statutory provisions * * * that creates (sic) a trust fund for the benefit of creditors") (statement of Sen. DeConcini); id. at 32,399 (statement of Rep. Edwards). See Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d at 1114; Selby v. Ford Motor Co., 590 F.2d 642, 648 n.18 (6th Cir. 1979); Schifter v. First Fidelity Financial Services, Inc. (In re First Fidelity Financial Services, Inc.), 36 Bankr. 508, 513 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 1983); Olsen v. Deutscher (In re Nashville White Trucks, Inc.), 22 Bankr. 578, 587 n.12 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1982). b. Congress also disapproved the strict tracing requirements that some courts had adopted in Randall's wake. The joint floor statements addressed the situation where the government attempts, after a petition for bankruptcy relief has been filed, to recover trust fund taxes that have been commingled with other funds: Where it is not possible for the Internal Revenue Service to demonstrate that the amounts of taxes withheld are still in the possession of the debtor at the commencement of the case, present law generally includes amounts of withheld taxes as property of the estate. See, e.g., United States v. Randall, 401 U.S. 513 (1973) and In re Tamash Town and Country Club, 483 F. 2d 1377 (9th Cir. 1973). Nonetheless, a serious problem exists where "trust fund taxes" withheld from others are held to be property of the estate where the withheld amounts are commingled with other assets of the debtor. The courts should permit the use of reasonable assumptions under which the Internal Revenue Service, and other tax authorities, can demonstrate that amounts of withheld taxes are still in the possession of the debtor at the commencement of the case. For example, where the debtor had commingled that amount of withheld taxes in his general checking account, it might be reasonable to assume on the commencement of the case are the withheld taxes. 124 Cong. Rec. 32,417 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 34,017 (statement of Sen. DeConcini); see also S. Rep. No. 1106, supra, at 33. Accordingly, the courts of appeals have agreed that Congress, in enacting the Bankruptcy Code, intended to permit the government to use "reasonable assumptions" to identify and recover trust fund taxes that are included in the commingled funds of a bankruptcy estate. See Pet. App. A11, A19; Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d at 1115. One such assumption is essentially the "swollen asset" doctrine (see p. 20, supra) -- i.e., in the absence of contrary evidence, "any remaining amounts" in the debtor's general "account on the commencement of the case are the withheld taxes." 124 Cong. Rec. 32,417 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 34,017 (statement of Sen. DeConcini). To be sure, this case does not involve the government's attempt to identify trust assets in the bankruptcy estate. At the very least, however, the payments at issue in this case cannot be reached as preferences under Section 547 if the funds would not have become part of the estate if the payments had not been made. See pp. 10-11, supra. And there can be little doubt that the government has used "reasonable assumptions" in concluding that the payments at issue in this case were payments of trust fund taxes. The payments were made from American International's general operating account. The payments were made to satisfy its obligation to turn trust fund taxes over to the IRS. And, significantly, American International itself identified the payments as trust fund taxes. /13/ If this case involved a traditional private trust that began with an identifiable and tangible res, it would be reasonable to assume that the funds remaining in American International's general account were linked to trust property. See p. 20, supra. Thus it is surely reasonable for the IRS to assume that payments identified as trust fund taxes -- which were originally collected by notations in American International's books -- are exactly what they purport to be: payments of trust fund taxes that were held by American International for the benefit of the United States. 2. Indeed, the Court does not have to judge for itself whether the government reasonably may treat pre-petition payments due and identified as trust fund taxes as such -- trust payments. Congress, in adopting Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code, specifically endorsed the reasonableness of such an approach to payments made to the government before a debtor files a bankruptcy petition. Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code -- the preference provision -- originated in the House of Representatives. See H.R. 8200, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. Section 547 (1977). The House Committee on the Judiciary's Report accompanying H.R. 8200 has been viewed by this Court as authoritative evidence of Congress's intent. See, e.g., Northwest Bank Worthington v. Ahlers, 485 U.S. 197, 208 (1988) (relying on House Report's definition of "property"); United Savings Ass'n v. Timbers of Inwood Forest Associates, 484 U.S. 365, 372 (1988); Ohio v. Kovacs, 469 U.S. 274, 279 (1985). And the House Report pertaining to Section 547 specifically addressed the pre-petition payment of trust fund taxes. /14/ It stated: A payment of withholding taxes constitutes a payment of money held in trust under Internal Revenue Code Section 7501(a), and thus will not be a preference because the beneficiary of the trust, the taxing authority, is in a separate class with respect to those taxes, if they have been properly held for payment, as they will have been if the debtor is able to make the payments. H.R. Rep. No. 595, supra, at 373 (emphasis added). The thrust of what Congress intended "comes across without static: if the debtor is able to make the payment, the taxes 'have been properly held for payment,'" and thus such trust fund payments may not be reached as preferences under Section 547. Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d at 1118 (R.B. Ginsburg, J., dissenting). See also Pet. App. A18; Pereira v. United States (In re Rodriguez), 50 Bankr. 576, 581 (Bankr. E.D. N.Y. 1985) ("the House Report on Section 547(b) recognized that where the debtor was able to make the withholding tax payments as evidenced by his delivery of the funds to the IRS, the monies should be labeled trust funds and the debtor's duty as trustee regarded as completed"); Razorback Ready-Mix Concrete Co. v. United States (In re Razorback Ready-Mix Concrete Co.), 45 Bankr. 917, 922 (Bankr. E.D. Ark. 1984) ("if the debtor was able to make the payments, designated the payments as 'taxes due' and delivered the payments to the government, the monies could be labeled trust funds and the debtor's duty as trustee was accomplished"). This express intent of Congress is readily understandable in light of the policies underlying Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code and Section 7501 of the Internal Revenue Code. /15/ Congress and this Court have noted that a struggling business may be tempted to fulfill its trust fund obligations only after it pays its other bills, a problem Congress sought to address with Section 7501. See, e.g., H.R. Rep. No. 595, supra, at 193. Congress further recognized the likelihood that a business will commingle trust funds with other funds. See, e.g., 124 Cong. Rec. 32,417 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 34,017 (statement of Sen. DeConcini). Congress has not prohibited such commingling, but it would be illogical to think that Congress intended the debtor's identification of trust funds to be questioned when the debtor avoids the temptation to dissipate trust fund taxes and actually pays over such amounts to the IRS. This is particularly true given that the government's collection of trust fund taxes -- which were originally paid by the employee or the transportation user -- does nothing to undermine the central goal of the preference provision in the Bankruptcy Code to prevent a struggling enterprise from unfairly favoring one of its creditors. See generally Collier on Bankruptcy, supra, Paragraph 547.01, at 547-11 to 547-13. For these reasons, it was eminently sensible for Congress (as the House Report explicitly stated) to exclude pre-petition payments that are identified as trust fund taxes from the preference provisions of Section 547. 3. Petitioner relies heavily (Br. 13-18) on the majority opinion in Drabkin v. District of Columbia, supra. In that case, the majority held that certain pre-petition payments of trust fund taxes could be recovered by the bankruptcy estate because the local government could not adequately trace the taxes. For the reasons we have explained above, however, Drabkin was wrongly decided. The majority in Drabkin misread the plain meaning of the House Report on Section 547; specifically, the panel failed to distinguish between a business's trust fund obligations and a business's own tax liabilities, such as corporate income taxes. /16/ The Drabkin majority began by correctly noting that Congress intended that some pre-petition tax payments could be avoided as preferences. That is clear from the fact that Congress ultimately rejected the Senate proposal that would have eliminated all tax payments from the reach of Section 547. See 124 Cong. Rec. 32,417 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 34,016 (statement of Sen. DeConcini). What the Drabkin majority failed to recognize, however, was that Congress consistently distinguished between taxes collected or withheld by the debtor (i.e., taxes held in trust for the government) and taxes incurred by the debtor itself. See, e.g., 124 Cong. Rec. 33,999-34,000 (1978) (statement of Sen. DeConcini); H.R. Rep. 595, supra, at 191-192; S. Rep. 989, supra, at 14; S. Rep. No. 1106, supra, at 33. Thus, the Drabkin majority is correct in its view that the House Report on Section 547(b) (H.R. Rep. No. 595, supra, at 373) shows that some tax payments might be avoidable preferences. But the notion that some pre-petition tax payments may be subject to avoidance as preferences does not support the conclusion that the payments of trust fund taxes may be avoided. Accordingly, as the court of appeals recognized in this case (Pet. App. A18), non-trust fund taxes, such as corporate income taxes, Federal Unemployment Tax Act taxes, and the employer's share of FICA taxes, may be recovered by the bankruptcy estate under Section 547(b). By contrast, pre-petition payments of trust fund taxes are not transfers of the debtor's property that can be recovered as preferences under Section 547. This is the view stated in the House Report (p. 26, supra); and, as we have explained, that view fully comports with the text of all pertinent statutory provisions and with the logic of Congress's undertaking in the Bankruptcy Code to limit the effect of this Court's decision in Randall. CONCLUSION The judgment of the court of appeals should be affirmed. Respectfully submitted. KENNETH W. STARR Solicitor General SHIRLEY D. PETERSON Assistant Attorney General LAWRENCE G. WALLACE Deputy Solicitor General BRIAN J. MARTIN Assistant to the Solicitor General GARY D. GRAY JANET KAY JONES Attorneys MARCH 1990 /1/ The IRS filed a proof of claim in the Chapter 11 case that sought, among other things, the unpaid portion of withholding taxes for the first quarter of 1984. This preference action involves withholding taxes for the same period. Thus, the government's sovereign immunity with respect to the trustee's action is waived under 11 U.S.C. 106(a). See S. Rep. No. 989, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 20-30 (1978). /2/ The court held that $246,024 of the amount paid out of the general account was not a voidable preference because it was paid for taxes due less than 45 days before the payment and therefore constituted a non-avoidable payment in the "ordinary course of business." Pet. App. A43-A44. See 11 U.S.C. 547(c)(2) (1982). /3/ Section 547 allows a trustee to avoid transfers that were made on or within 90 days before the debtor filed its petition for relief under the Bankruptcy Code. Such an avoidable transfer is called a "preference." /4/ Section 462(b) of the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-353, 98 Stat. 378 (1984 Act) substituted for the phrase "property of the debtor" in Section 547(b) the phrase "an interest of the debtor in property." Although the legislative commentary on the 1984 Act does not explain the amendment, it is described by the Senate Report introducing a predecessor bill as a "clarifying change." S. Rep. No. 65, 98th Cong., 1st Sess. 81 (1983), commenting on S. 455, 98th Cong., 1st Sess. Section 359(b) (1983). The amendment is effective as to cases filed 90 days after the enactment of the 1984 Act (Section 553(a), 98 Stat. 392), and is therefore not applicable to this case, which was filed on July 19, 1984. /5/ Section 541(d) of the Bankruptcy Code would allow recovery of a debtor's legal title to funds held in trust. But petitioner does not seek such legal title; he wants the money at issue to be paid by the government to the estate so it will be available to satisfy the claims on the estate. /6/ Although there were substantial differences between the House and Senate versions of the proposed Bankruptcy Code, time constraints prevented the preparation of a conference committee report reconciling those differences. Instead, the principal congressional sponsors of the statute, Representative Don Edwards and Senator Dennis DeConcini, made oral reports to Congress on the results of the closed-door conferences. See 124 Cong. Rec. 32,350, 32,391, 32,392 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 33,989, 33,990 (statement of Sen. DeConcini). See generally, Klee, Legislative History of the New Bankruptcy Code, 28 De Paul L. Rev. 941 (1979). This Court has viewed those floor statements as persuasive evidence of Congress's intent. See, e.g., CFTC v. Weintraub, 471 U.S. 343, 351 (1985). /7/ Likewise, a transportation entity collects $20 in transportation excise taxes when a passenger pays it $100 for a ticket that costs $80. /8/ Petitioner also errs in describing this case as one involving a question of priorities. Petitioner points to the "ascending priority for costs and expenses of bankruptcy administration" (Br. 24), and concludes that "the Internal Revenue Service should be treated no differently than any other creditor." Br. 23. This case, however, does not involve questions of priorities in a pool of funds but, rather, whether that pool may be expanded by trust fund taxes previously paid to the IRS. Although Congress has made clear that costs and expenses of administration are to have priority in bankruptcy, 11 U.S.C. 507, it has never stated any intention to force the IRS to turn over trust fund taxes to underwrite those costs and expenses. /9/ This is also implied by Section 7501's statement that a trust is created in "the amount of tax so collected or withheld." The "res" of the trust is thus an abstract "amount" -- not a tangible collection of money in a designated trust account. /10/ Slodov involved the question whether a corporate officer was subject to the "one hundred percent penalty" of 26 U.S.C. 6672 for his failure to use after-acquired funds to pay withholding taxes that had become delinquent before he gained control of the corporation. Reasoning that Congress had not intended Section 6672 to impose liability without fault, the Court held that the trust created by Section 7501 attached only to funds that had some nexus to the taxes withheld. 436 U.S. at 253-256. Slodov did not address the question of how that nexus could be established in a case involving 26 U.S.C. 7501 and Section 547 of the new Bankruptcy Code. /11/ If an employer fails to carry out its responsibilities to collect, account for, and pay over the trust fund taxes in a timely fashion, the IRS can require the employer to establish a separate tax account, as it did here. See 26 U.S.C. 7512. Section 7501, however, does not make the existence of the trust dependent upon the creation of a separate account. Petitioner errs in asserting (Br. 19-20 n.15) that Section 31.6302(c)-1 (26 C.F.R.) requires segregation of trust funds. Both that Section and Section 49.6302(c)-1 concern the payment of trust funds to designated financial agents of the government, not the establishment of a trust. It is illogical to suppose, as does petitioner (Br. 10), that "(t)he failure to pay these monies into an established tax depository bars the creation of the trust mandated by Section 7501." Once trust fund taxes are so deposited, they are under the control of the government and there is no longer any need for the trust provision contained in Section 7501. /12/ Even the District of Columbia Circuit in Drabkin v. District of Columbia, supra, recognized that deposits into a separate account were not needed to create a trust relationship under Section 7501. See 824 F.2d at 1116. /13/ Accordingly, this case does not present the question of how (or whether) the IRS must trace trust fund taxes when it seizes an employer's assets. See, e.g., United States v. Daniel (In re R & T Roofing Structures & Commercial Framing, Inc.), 887 F.2d 981 (9th Cir. 1989). /14/ Petitioner errs in claiming (Br. 12-17) that the House Committee Report refers to statutory language that was not enacted. No court that has addressed the issue, including the District of Columbia Circuit in Drabkin, has reached petitioner's surprising conclusion. In fact, the House version of Section 547(b), which is discussed in H.R. Rep. No. 595, was ultimately enacted. Compare H.R. 8200, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. Section 547 (1977). The much broader Senate version of Section 547, which excluded from preference treatment all pre-petition tax payments and not simply trust fund payments, was not passed. See 124 Cong. Rec. 32,400 (1978) (statement of Rep. Edwards); id. at 34,000 (statement of Sen. DeConcini). /15/ Petitioner argues (Br. 18) that, if Congress had meant to exclude pre-petition payments identified as trust fund taxes from Section 547, it would have done so explicitly. This proves too much; one could just as easily say that, had Congress meant to require strict tracing or a segregated trust account, it would have done so explicitly. /16/ The Drabkin majority also reasoned that the House Report's passage concerning trust fund taxes was in the wrong place to support the government's position. The majority stated that "we would expect to find the passage in its commentary on section 541, which defines what property is included in the debtor's estate." Drabkin v. District of Columbia, 824 F.2d at 1112. We disagree. It was quite natural for the House to discuss preferences in its report addressing Section 547 -- the section setting forth the preference provisions.

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# SECTION D # PACKAGING AND MARKING D-1 PACKAGING, HANDLING, AND TRANSPORTATION (NFS 1852.211-70) (JUNE 2000) $a$ The Contractor shall comply with NPG 6000.1E, "Requirements for Packaging, Handling, and Transportation for Aeronautical and Space Systems, Equipment, and Associated Components", dated April 26, 1999, as may be supplemented by the statement of work of specifications of this contract, for all items designated as Class I, II, or III. $b$ The Contractor's packaging, handling, and transportation procedures may be used, in whole or in part, subject to the written approval of the Contracting Officer, provided (1) the Contractor's procedures are not in conflict with any requirements of this contract, and (2) the requirements of this contract shall take precedence in the event of any conflict with the Contractor's procedures. $c$ The Contractor must place the requirements of this clause in all subcontracts for items that will become components of deliverable class I, II or III items. (End of Clause) D-2 MATERIAL INSPECTION AND RECEIVING REPORT (NFS 1852.246-72) (JUN 1995) $a$ At the time of each delivery to the Government under this contract, the Contractor shall furnish a Material Inspection and Receiving Report (DD Form 250 series) prepared in \[Insert number of copies, including original\] copies, an original and copies \[Insert number of copies\]. $b$ The Contractor shall prepare the DD Form 250 in accordance with NASA FAR Supplement 1846.672-1. The Contractor shall enclose the copies of the DD Form 250 in the package or seal them in a waterproof envelope, which shall be securely attached to the exterior of the package in the most protected location. $c$ When more than one package is involved in a shipment, the Contractor shall list on the DD Form 250, as additional information, the quantity of packages and the package numbers. The Contractor shall forward the DD Form 250 with the lowest numbered package of the shipment and print the words \"CONTAINS DD FORM 250\" on the package. (End of clause) D-3 MARKING INSTRUCTIONS (KSC 52.247-92) (NOV 2000) > Transportation Officer, NASA > > J-BOSC Warehouse, Building M6-744 > > Kennedy Space Center, Florida 32899 In addition, special marks or ultimate consignee will be shown as: > Marked For: Ultimate Consignee > > Mail Code \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ > > Building \# \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ > > Contract \# \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (End of Clause) \[END OF SECTION\]

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538752

# Presentation: 538752 ## Screening for Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection: Evidence from the Home Equity Market - Sumit Agarwal, Federal Reserve Bank - of Chicago - Brent W. Ambrose, Penn State University - Souphala Chomsisengphet, OCC - Chunlin Liu, Univ. of Nevada-Reno ## Theoretical Motivation - Stiglitz and Weiss (1981) - Despite the use of interest rate or collateral to screen borrowers, lenders still face imperfect information and are not able to entirely distinguish borrower risks. - Overall expected loan profitability declines even when loan rate increases - High-risk applicants will accept the higher interest rate while low-risk applicants will exit the applicant pool. - Adverse selection problem  credit rationing - Bester (1985) - Menu of contracts containing combinations of interest rate & collateral - Borrowers contract selection reveals their risk level *ex ante * - High-risk borrowers: select lower collateral requirement (higher rates) - Low-risk borrowers: select higher collateral requirement (lower rates) - Impact of adverse selection on credit rationing is then eliminated **Notes:** Let me begin with 2 fundamental theory papers that serve as an economic setting for our study. In their 1981 paper, SW argue that despite... In their model, they show that overall expected profit declines even when the lender increases the loan rate because of high-risk applicants will accept the higher rate and stay in the applicant pool, while low-risk applicants will leave the pool. This adverse selection problem leads lender to ration credit. Providing a counter argument to SW, Bester argues that lenders can offer a menu of contracts containing combinations of interest rate and collateral as a risk sorting mechanism. Where borrowers will self-select contract that ex ante reveal their risk level. High-risk borrowers will choose contract that has... While low-risk borrowers will choose contract that has... In turn, the impact of adverse selection on credit rationing is then eliminated. ## Theoretical Motivation - Definitions: **Adverse selection **is an *ex ante *event that occurs when potential borrowers respond to credit solicitations offered by banks. - Riskier borrowers respond to credit offerings at higher interest rates and/or lower collateral requirements **Moral hazard **usually refers to the incentives (or lack thereof) for borrowers to expend effort to fulfill their contractual obligations. ## Our Objectives - Research Questions - Part 1: - Do borrowers self-select loan contracts designed to reveal information about their risk level (Bester, 1985)? - Conditional on the borrowers’ contract choice, does adverse selection still exist (Stiglitz and Weiss, 1981)? - Part 2: - Do lender efforts to mitigate adverse selection and moral hazard problems effectively reduce default risks *ex post? * - If so, by how much? **Notes:** In this paper, we focus on the home equity market. In contrast to previous studies in secured lending, we follow applicants through the ... I will come back to this point in the next three slides when I cover the data. Our objectives in this paper can be divided into 2 parts based on the lender’s initial screening and additional screening. We first want to assess whether borrowers self-select ....and conditional on borrower’s contract choice, does .... Then we also want to assess whether secondary screening to mitigate adverse selection and moral hazard problems can effectively reduce default risks ex post. If yes, by how much? ## Home Equity Credit Market - Home equity represents a large (and growing) segment of the consumer credit market. - Market Size (2005): $702 billion - Typical Home Equity Menu: - Risk-based pricing according to loan-to-value - Less than 80% LTV - 80% to 90% LTV - Greater than 90% LTV - Thus, ideal setting for examining adverse selection and moral hazard. ## Slide 6 **Notes:** This chart describes better the home equity credit origination process that is captured in our dataset. At the top (Step 1), we observe an applicant choosing for example either a home equity loan or line, a first- or second-lien product, and down payment size. Once the applicant has chosen, the lender screens the application based on observable information and then makes a decision to either accept, reject, or subject the applicant to additional screening in order to induce borrower type or effort. During the secondary screening, the lender makes a counteroffer either to further mitigate moral hazard or to further mitigate adverse selection. We identify a counteroffer designed to induce borrower effort (i.e., to mitigate moral hazard) as one that the lender lowers the LTV and/or changes the product type from loan to line. And we identify a counteroffer designed to induce borrower type (i.e., to mitigate adverse selection) as one in which the lender increases the LTV or changes the product from a line to a loan. Then in step 3, we observe the applicant’s response to the lender’s counteroffer. ## Data - Home equity contract originations from a large financial institution - 108,117 consumers applying for home equity contract from lender’s standardized menu (March - December 2002) - 8 Northeastern states: MA, ME, CT, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI - Observe - Borrower’s initial contract choice - Lender’s primary screening (accept, reject, or additional screening) - Lender’s counteroffer - Borrower’s response to counteroffer - Borrowers’ repayment behavior (origination - March 2005) - Other observable information - Borrower’s credit quality and purpose for the loan - Demographics: income, debts, age, occupation **Notes:** Our sample comes from a large financial institution that originates home equity credits. We have more than 108k consumers applying for one of the lender’s standardized menu of contracts for home equity credits between March & Dec 2002 in the 8 Northeastern states. In the dataset, we directly observe borrower’s initial contract choice, lender’s primary screening, ... In addition, we also observe some other information such as the borrower’s credit quality, purpose for taking out the credit, and some demographics. ## Data **Notes:** This is our sample distribution of the dynamic process captured in our dataset. We have more than 108k applicants choosing a menu of credit contract. Following its initial screening based on observable information, the lender accepted 57% of the applicants, rejected 11% of the applicants, and performed additional screening on 31% of the applicants. Of the 33k that had to be screened again, 68% received a counteroffer to induce borrower effort and 31% received a counteroffer to induce borrower type. Of these 33k that received a counteroffer, about 37% rejected the lender’s counteroffer and 62% accepted the counteroffer. And so we have about 83k borrowers that originated the home equity credit and we are able to follow their repayment pattern. ## Empirical Analysis - Part 1: Primary Screening ## 1.1: Contract Choice - Three contract choices  borrower risk sorting mechanism - LTV  80  pledging at least 20 cents per dollar loan (j=1) - 80 < LTV < 90  pledging 20-10 cents per dollar loan (j=2) - LTV  90  pledging 10 cents or less per dollar loan (j=3) - Test whether riskier borrowers (lower credit quality) tend to self-select a higher risk contract (offer less collateral) - W = borrower credit quality - X = control variables (demographics, prop type, loan purpose, etc...) **Notes:** 3 contract choices serve as borrower risk sorting mechanism Contract choices are defined by the LTV (the amount of collateral borrower is willing to pledge). We estimate a multinomial logit model of a borrower contract choice of an 80-90 LTV or LTV > 90 (relative LTV  80). Wi represents borrower i’s credit quality as measured by the borrower’s FICO score. Xi represents a vector of control variables. ## 1.1: Contract Choice – Table 3 - Independent Variables: - Borrower Characteristics: - Borrower risk (FICO and FICO^2) - Log(Income) - Log (Borrower Age) - Log (House Tenure) - Debt-to-income ratio - Contract Characteristics - First or Second Lien position indicator - Line or Loan indicator - Use of funds indicator - (refinance, consumption, home improvement) - First mortgage indicator - Second home indicator - Condo indicator - Employment Control Variables - Employment tenure – Log(Years on the Job) - Type of employment - self-employed, retired, home-maker - Location Control Variables (state) ## 1.1. Contract Choice –Table 3 - Less credit-worthy borrowers (lower FICO) are more likely to apply for higher LTV home equity products (pledging less collateral per dollar). - For example, - Relative to a borrower with a score of 800, a borrower with FICO score of 700 is **18.4% more likely** to select an 80-90 LTV contract than one with LTV  80. - Relative to a borrower with a score of 800, a borrower with FICO score of 700 is **19.6% more likely** to apply for a LTV > 90 than one with LTV  80. - Consistent with predictions by Bester (1985). ## 1.1 Contract Choice - Conclusion: - We find evidence that borrowers do select contracts that reveal information about their risk level. ## 1.2: Lender response (Table 5) - If lender systematically screens for adverse selection and moral hazard, then we should observe a positive correlation between the likelihood of additional screening and collateral offered (LTV), holding all else constant. - Multinomial logit model: - The likelihood of a lender rejecting an applicant or subjecting an applicant to additional screening based on LTV, borrower risk characteristics, loan characteristics, and other control variables. - Base case: loans that were accepted out-right (without additional screening) **Notes:** In response to the borrower’s contract choice, the lender can accept, reject, and subject the borrower to additional screening. We estimate a multinomial logit model to assess factors that may affect the lender’s decision to reject or subject the an applicant to additional screening. Loans that were accepted out-right are used as the base case. ## 1.2: Lender response (Table 5) - Lender more likely to conduct additional screening or reject contracts with < 20 cents per dollar of collateral than those with > 20 cents per dollar of collateral. - For example, - LTV > 90 contract is 18.4% more likely to be rejected (15.8% more likely to be screened again) than LTV ≤ 80 contract. - 90  LTV > 80 contract is 8.7% more likely to be rejected (12% more likely to be screened again ) than LTV ≤ 80 contract. - 80-90 LTV contract: lender more likely to conduct additional screening than reject. - LTV > 90 contract: lender more likely to reject than conduct additional screening. ## 1.2: Lender Response - Conclusion: - Evidence that lender followed standard underwriting protocol. ## 1.3: Test for Adverse Selection - Test for the presence of adverse selection conditional on the borrower’s choice of contract type - Examine the loan performance of the 62,251 borrowers whose applications were accepted outright (without additional screening). - Competing-Hazard Model of Default & Prepayment: - The time to prepayment, *T**p*, and time to default, *T**d*, are random variables that have continuous probability distributions, *f(tj)*, where *t**j* is a realization of *T**j** (j=p,d)*. - The joint survivor function conditional on time-varying covariates - where *g**jn**(r,H,X)*  time-varying function of the relevant interest rates, property values, loan characteristics, borrower characteristics *Z*  macro-economic factors, ***p* and ***d*  unobservable heterogeneity factors ## 1.3 Test for Adverse Selection - If adverse selection based on unobserved risk characteristics is present, then we should find a significant relationship between ***initial***** **LTV and *ex post* default. - If adverse selection is not present, then we should observe no systematic relationship between ***initial*** LTV and default risk. ## 1.3: Competing Risks Model (Table 6) - Independent Variables: - Borrower Characteristics: - Borrower risk (FICO and FICO^2) - Log(Income) - Log (Borrower Age) - Log (House Tenure) - Debt-to-income ratio - Contract Characteristics - Lender LTV - First or Second Lien position indicator - Line or Loan indicator - Use of funds indicator - (refinance, consumption, home improvement) - First mortgage indicator - Second home indicator - Condo indicator - Auto pay - Time-varying Option Characteristics - Current LTV (CLTV and CLTV^2) - Prepayment Option - Difference in LTV - Difference in Housing Value - Account Age (Age, Age^2, Age^3) - Employment Control Variables - Employment tenure – Log(Years on the Job) - Type of employment - self-employed, retired, home-maker - Location and Economic Control Variables (state dummy and unemployment rates) ## 1.3: Evidence of Adverse Selection (Table 6) - Observable risk characteristics **100 point ******** FICO ** default risks  43% (prepay  15%) **Rate refinancing**  3.7% less likely to default (2.8% more likely to prepay) **No first mortgage**  6.8% less likely to default (3.1% less likely to prepay) - One percentage point higher **DTI**  2.1% more likely to default (2.2% more likely to prepay) -  **current LTV** (e.g., 1% house price depreciation)  4% more likely to default (1% less likely to prepay) than borrowers whose current LTV  (i.e., house price appreciation) ## 1.3: Evidence of Adverse Selection (Table 6) - After controlling for the observable risk characteristics, borrowers with** higher initial LTV contract **(pledging less collateral per dollar loan)** **are ***more***** likely to default.** - Relative to borrowers with LTV ≤ 80, those with 80 < LTV < 90 are **2.2% more likely to default** (**4.5% less likely to prepay)** - Those with LTV  90 are **5.6% more likely to default** (**6.6% less likely to prepay)** ## 1.3: Evidence of Adverse Selection - Conclusion: - Evidence consistent with the presence of adverse selection on **unobservables **in the home equity lending market (Stiglitz & Weiss, 1981). - Evidence also consistent with findings of adverse selection in the credit card market (Ausubel, 1999). ## Empirical Analysis - Part II: Secondary Screening ## 2.1: Lender’s Counteroffer - Factors that affect the lender’s decision to make one of the two counteroffers after the secondary screening. **Counteroffer to further mitigate moral hazard:** - if lender **lowers LTV **(increasing collateral required per dollar loan to induce borrower effort) and/or **switches the product from a home equity loan to a home equity line**.** ** **Counteroffer to further mitigate adverse selection:** - if lender **increases LTV** and/or **switches the product from a home equity line-of-credit to a home equity loan **(increasing the APR to induce borrower type). - Estimate a logit model to assess the likelihood of a lender making a counteroffer designed to mitigate **adverse selection**. ## 2.1: Adverse Selection Counter (Table 8) - Higher risk borrowers less likely to receive adverse selection counter offer. - Relative to borrower with a score of 800, borrower with a FICO score of 700 is **24.6% less likely** to receive a counteroffer designed to mitigate adverse selection than one designed to mitigate moral hazard. - Borrowers who overvalue their property value (relative to the bank’s estimated value) - One percentage point  in the lender’s LTV ratio over the borrower’s LTV ratio **increases by 3.1%** the probability that the lender counteroffers with a contract designed to mitigate adverse selection. **Notes:** For example, we find that borrowers who are less credit-worthy, who overvalue their property, who has higher debt-to-income ratio are more likely to receive an adverse selection counteroffer. While borrowers who are rate refinancing or who has no first mortgage are less likely to receive an adverse selection counteroffer. ## 2.1: Adverse Selection Counter - Conclusion - Lender does systematically screen borrowers for adverse selection and moral hazard. ## 2.2: Borrower response to counteroffer - 2 Logit models of borrower response: the likelihood of a borrower rejecting a **“moral hazard**” or **“adverse selection” **counteroffer. - Does secondary screen reintroduce adverse selection? - Do low credit risk applicants reject counteroffer? ## 2.2. Moral hazard counteroffer (Table 10a) - Each one percentage point ***decrease*** in the counteroffer interest rate relative to the original interest rate **decreases** the likelihood of a borrower rejecting the moral hazard counteroffer by 2.4%. - If lender estimates a 10 percentage point higher LTV than borrower, then likelihood of borrower rejecting moral hazard counter increases by 0.65%. - Indicates that counter offer introduces additional adverse selection. ## 2.2. Adverse Selection Counter (Table 10b) - Each one point ***increase ***in the counteroffer interest rate over the original interest rate **increases** the likelihood of a borrower rejecting the counteroffer designed to mitigate adverse selection by** 1%.** - Less risky borrowers (lower FICO scores) more likely to reject counter offer. - Results confirm that lender’s mitigation efforts introduce additional adverse selection. **Notes:** The results for impact of the APR Difference is still significant but the economic impact is smaller – a borrower who is offered a higher rate than the original contract rate is only 1 percent more likely to reject the adverse selection counteroffer. Applicants selecting a home equity loan, rate refinancing, or owns a second home are less likely to reject a counteroffer designed to mitigate adverse selection. Moreover, the economic significance of applicants without a first mortgage rejecting a counter offer designed to mitigate adverse selection is much higher than for rejecting a counteroffer designed to mitigate moral hazard. ## 2.3: Effectiveness of counteroffer (Table 11) - Estimate a competing-risks hazard model - Test the effectiveness of the lender’s adverse selection and moral hazard mitigation efforts - Sample - Include all loans accepted following both the primary and secondary screening - 83,411 borrowers - 2 dummy variables identify - Moral hazard counteroffer - Adverse selection counteroffer ## 2.3: Effectiveness of counteroffer (Table 11) - Relative to loans that did *not* receive additional screening, - the risk of default *ex post* declines by 12.2 percent for loans that the lender *ex ante* required additional collateral and/or switched the contract from a home equity loan to a home equity line. - Relative to loans that did *not* receive additional screening, - the risk of default ex post declines by 4.2 percent for loans where the lender ex ante reduced the required collateral and/or switched the contract from a credit line to a home equity loan. ## 2.3: Effectiveness of counteroffer (Table 11) - Considerable difference in the marginal impact - suggests that the lender’s effort to mitigate moral hazard *ex ante* is more effective than the effort to mitigate adverse selection in reducing the risk of default risk *ex post*. - consistent with lender being relatively more successful in inducing additional borrower *effort* ex post. ## Main Conclusions -- #1 - Borrower’s choice of credit contract does reveal information about her risk level. - Less credit-worthy borrowers are more likely to select a contract requiring less collateral - Even after controlling for observable risk characteristics, lender continues to face adverse selection problems due to unobservable information. ## Main Conclusions -- #2 - Lender’s efforts *ex ante* to mitigate adverse selection and moral hazard can be effective in reducing credit losses *ex post*. - Secondary screening and counteroffer designed to mitigate **moral hazard** reduce default risk *ex post* by 12%. - Additional screening and counteroffer to mitigate **adverse selection** reduce default risk *ex post* by 4%. ## Main Conclusions -- #3 - Mitigation efforts impose costs (higher prepayment rates) - Moral hazard mitigation increase the risk of prepayment by 11%. - Adverse selection mitigation increase the risk of prepayment by 2.9%. - Direct impact on secondary market investors and their ability to predict prepayment speeds on a securitized portfolio.

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Draft Report **On the** **Indian Health Service Regional I/T/U Consultation Meeting held** **February 1, 2, 1999** **In** **Reno, Nevada** **"SPEAKING WITH ONE VOICE** **IHS, TRIBES, URBAN"** **Consultation on the Reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act** **For the** **Alaska, California and Portland Areas** **I/T/U** **This draft report is prepared pursuant to IHS contract #282-97-0053 Task Order 5,** **The Office of Director's Consultation Initiative on the Reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act** **INDIAN HEALTH SERVICE** **Michael H. Trujillo, M.D., M.P.H., M.S.** **Assistant Surgeon General** **Director** **Indian Health Service** **Rockville, MD** **Michael Mahsetky** **Director of Legislative Affairs** **Office of the Director** **Indian Health Service** **Rockville, MD** **Kitty M. Rogers, M.S., R.N.** **Nurse Consultant** **Phoenix Area Indian Health Service** **Phoenix, AZ** **Submitted by** **Kauffman and Associates, Inc.** **P.O. Box 1401** **Kamiah, ID 83536** **(208) 935-0665** **email: kauffman@camasnet.com** **Jo Ann Kauffman, President** ###### Table of Contents {#table-of-contents .unnumbered} # Introduction # Background **Summary of Recommendations** **Titles of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act** **Crosscutting and Emerging Issues** **Consensus Recommendations** **Individual Recommendations** **Attachments** ###### INTRODUCTION Of the various statutes, which form the foundation of the U.S. Indian Health Service (IHS), the Indian Health Care Improvement Act is one of the most comprehensive and significant in terms of contemporary federal policies. First enacted in 1976, the IHCIA was authorized the IHS *"...to implement the Federal responsibility to care and education of the Indian people by improving the services and facilities of Federal Indian health programs and encouraging maximum participation of Indians in such programs and for other purposes."* The IHCIA was amended over the years four different times, most recently in 1992. At that time the IHCIA was extended through the end of Fiscal Year 2000, when it is scheduled to expire. The Director of the Indian Health Service is committed to ensuring that IHS, tribal and urban (I/T/U) providers are fully consulted during this next year and through-out the process to reauthorize the Indian Health Care Improvement Act. Only through a comprehensive I/T/U consultation process can the IHS ensure that appropriate language is built into the Indian Health Care Improvement Act, which addresses the changes in the current health care environment and reflects the concerns and priorities of the I/T/U systems. It is the hope that this comprehensive consultation process will help promote a unified position on the reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act. The theme of this effort is ***"Speaking with one voice".*** For this reason, the IHS has launched a series of four Regional Consultation Meetings to be held across the United States to incorporate the major policy issues and recommendations from I/T/U's in each of the twelve areas of the IHS. Prior to regional meetings, each IHS Area will convene I/T/U's in their Area for the purpose of reviewing the Indian Health Care Improvement Act and developing specific recommendations. At the Regional Consultation Meetings the Areas will have the opportunity to discuss their issues and recommendations with I/T/U's from other Areas, in an effort to reach consensus and resolution. The results of each Regional Meeting will be consolidated into a Draft Regional Report. After all four Regional Meetings have been conducted a Final National Report will be issued. The stated goals and objectives of this consultation process were identified by IHS headquarters as follows: GOAL: To conduct a comprehensive consultation process which will result in Indian Country reaching consensus on key policy issues that will be reflected in the reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act. OBJECTIVES : 1. Present Area policy issues and recommendations; 2. Identify cross-cutting and emerging policy issues; 3. Build consensus on major policy issues of the IHCIA; 4. Identify and develop collaborative relationships with key partners (Area, regional, national) in the reauthorization process; 5. Further the consultation process to include all stakeholders in Indian health. The second Regional Consultation meeting to be held was for the IHS, tribes and urban (I/T/U) health providers in the Alaska, California and Portland Areas of the IHS. The Regional Consultation Meeting was well attended and provided participants with the opportunity to better understand the Indian Health Care Improvement Act and to begin to identify significant policy issues and major recommendations. A total of 219 participants registered for the Reno meeting. A list of all participants is attached to this report. The meeting was facilitated by IHS contractor, Kauffman and Associates, Incorporated (KAI) and coordinated by the IHS 437 Team and IHS 437 Coordinators from each of the three Areas. The results of the Reno Regional Consultation meeting are contained in this report Currently, the following Regional Meetings are planned or have occurred: ####### Regional Meeting Site Dates Areas Involved Area Coordinators Rapid City, SD January 12, 13 Aberdeen Claudia Valandra ######## Billings Pete Conway Reno, NV February 1, 2 Alaska Dave Schraer, Jim Armburst California Rachael Joseph, A. Nelson ######## Portland Clark Marquart Las Vegas, NV March 23, 24 Albuquerque Anthony Yepa Navajo D. Hutchinson, A. Roanhorse Phoenix Chuck Grimm ######## Tucson Robert Price, Juana Casilla New Orleans, LA April 6,7 Bemidji Charlene Red Thunder Nashville Bill Drew Oklahoma Luke McIntosh The IHS approach to Regional Consultation on the Reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act is a direct result of the feedback received from Indian health experts and tribal leaders convened earlier in the year for an IHS roundtable discussion. The IHS convened health experts from Indian and non-Indian communities to begin discussing the reauthorization of the IHCIA and alternative approaches for a consultation process. During this roundtable discussion, the participants reached consensus that the IHS consultation process with I/T/U's should include the following features: - **Meeting should promote a partnership environment** - **Need to be cognizant of the government-to-government relationship** - **Keep meetings positive; keep communications open** - **Work toward consensus** - **Need to take a new look at how we approach the Act; encourage creativity and new ideas** - **Keep an approach simple and documentation brief** - **Provide results of the meetings to tribal leaders for feedback** The initial analysis conducted by the IHS sponsored roundtable, served as one of several resource documents for the participants at the Reno Regional Consultation Meetings. The Regional Consultation meetings were very much shaped by the recommendations from the participants in the IHS Roundtable on Reauthorization. In particular, the agenda for the consultation meeting provided ample time and resources for participants to ask questions of speakers and panel presenters. The facilitators encouraged questions or statements from the audience. Written materials were available for all registered participants to assist in their review and consideration of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act and related Indian health policy issues. In each packet were the following materials: - Agenda - IHS Roundtable Report on Reauthorization of IHCIA - IHS Status Report on IHCIA section-by-section - Annotated Codification of the IHCIA (as amended through 1996) - Current Issues in Indian Health Policy (Roubideaux) - Medicaid Managed Care Issues and Recommendations (NIHB) - "How a bill becomes a law" (Government Affairs Institute) - Timeline for FY 2001 Budget Formulation (IHS) - Meeting evaluation form In keeping with the recommendations of the IHS Reauthorization Roundtable, the agenda was presented in two phases. The first day, participants were provided the opportunity to give input on key policy issues and recommendations related to the specific titles of the existing IHCIA. Workgroups during included the following: Day One Workgroups: - Health Professions (Title I) - Health Services (Title II and Title VII) - Health Facilities (Title III) - Urban Health (Title V) - Access and Miscellaneous (Title IV and Title VIII) The second day, participants were asked to think beyond the restrictions of the existing statute and examine new and emerging issues. Day Two Workgroups: - Entitlements, Benefits Package and Health Disparities - Behavioral Health Issues (mental health and substance abuse) - I/T/U Partnerships for the Future - Medicaid and Managed Care - Other Emerging Issues Consensus based recommendations were developed in each of the workgroups. When possible consensus statements are included in this report. In cases where consensus was not reached or a final recommendation is not suggested, a summary of the discussion issues is provided. The theme of "Speaking with one voice", was integrated into the facilitation of each workgroup. Participants were advised that the goal of the workgroups was to identify those key policy issues and recommendations around which consensus could be built. The workshop also identified those issues or recommendations where no consensus was reached and attempts to articulate the perspectives of the group. During the general session on the first day, Tony Largo, Santa Rosa Band, provided a welcome from the California tribes to all attendees. The Area Directors for each of the three IHS Areas provided opening remarks on the subject of "unity". IHS officials, Michael Mahsetky and Kitty Rogers, provided an overview of the reauthorization process and their goals for the consultation process. Each of the three Areas were invited to share their specific policy issues and recommendations for reauthorization during the first morning of the meeting. In a panel presentation for each Area (California, Alaska, Portland), numerous issues were raised. H. Sally Smith, President of the Alaska Native Health Board, stated that due to limited notice their recommendations did not have tribal approval and Area-wide consensus had not occurred. However, there were numerous concerns expressed in the areas of long term care, inhalant abuse, third party billing, health professions, staff quarters and the elevation of the IHS agency within DHHS. The California panel also identified numerous issues and recommendations. Unlike the other areas, California, had held Area consultation meetings and had begun to identify consensus recommendations, although these were not ready for form presentation at the time of the Regional Meeting. Tribal spokesperson, Rachel Joseph, explained the uniqueness of California in comparison to the rest of Indian country. There are 104 federally recognized tribes in California and many more state recognized. Most tribes are small. The termination era severely affected California Indian health, closing two hospitals and eliminating services. The tribes in California have been trying to rebuild their base ever since. Ms. Joseph cited the 1974 Rincon decision and the 1979 judgement against the IHS establishing the "equity fund" to better support California and other underfunded tribes. However, inequity in funding continues to exist. California will be presented a comprehensive list of recommendations, which will likely include their support for continuation of the Equity Fund, and promotion of a more actuarally sound resource distribution methodology. The Portland Area panel included representatives from the Lummi Nation, Puyallup Tribe, the NARA Urban Health program and Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board. The IHS has not conducted an Area-wide consultation process prior to the Regional meeting. Instead, the NPAIHB has incorporated different aspects of the IHCIA in its regular quarterly meetings during each meeting for over a year. A variety of recommendations were emerging through this process, although a formal written presentation was not available for the Regional Meeting. Their panel voiced general support for health professions programs and the regional epidemiology centers, one of which is funded in the Portland Area. Concerns were also expressed regarding the Medicaid and Medicare provisions in the IHCIA and the need to waive co-payments, personal estate liability and improve flexibility. Facilities issues were identified with specific improvements in the areas of Joint Ventures, Ambulatory Care construction and long term care facilities. Finally, the Portland panel expressed strong support for Urban Indian Health and the Substance Abuse program. There were important discussions, which occurred during the plenary sessions as well. Several recommendations were made from the floor of the general session encouraging the IHS to move forward in developing specific draft legislation for review by the tribes. Comments were also made regarding the importance of continued consultation beyond the regional consultation meetings and seeking clarification on the reauthorization process. The second day presentation by Dr. Trujillo, triggered additional discussion regarding the political process for reauthorization and the importance to keep the lives of our community members in minds all the time. An elder from the Umatilla Tribe, Mrs. Bearchum, provided a community person's perspective on the importance of our work to improve health care and health status. She added that the group should keep in mind our spirituality as we do this work. A panel on "Strategizing Politically" provided a forum for tribal and urban leaders to share information and concerns about the whole process for reauthorization. ###### BACKGROUND ON THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REAUTHORIZATION The United States maintains a legal and moral responsibility to provide health services to America's Indian and Alaska Native population. These obligations are based upon numerous treaties signed between the U.S. and tribes which ceded millions of acres of land in exchange for certain reserved rights and basic provisions guaranteed by the United States, including health care. The unique relationship between tribes and the Unites States is underscored in the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8). Federal laws and court decisions have confirmed the unique relationship between tribes and the federal government, and upheld the obligation of the United States to provide health services to American Indians and Alaska Natives. In 1921, President Hoover signed into law the Snyder Act, which provides the underpinning for a variety of federal Indian programs, including the Indian Health Service. The Snyder Act provided, *"...such sums as Congress may from time to time appropriate for the benefit care and assistance of Indians".* The transfer of these responsibilities to the U.S. Public Health Service in 1955 sparked the beginning of the U.S. Indian Health Service, and a slow but measured rebound in the health status of American Indians today. The legislative history of Indian health care can be traced back to the Snyder Act in 1921. Only the Indian Health Care Improvement Act has provided more direction and foundation for the improvement of Indian health status. - *The Snyder Act* *of 1921 (25 U.S.C. 13)* The Snyder Act authorizes Congress to appropriate funds for the "relief of distress and conservation of health and for the employment of physicians" for Indians through-out the United States. It represents permanent statutory authority for Indian health programs. - *The Johnson O'Malley Act of 1934, Amended 1936 (25 U.S.C. 452)* The JOM Act authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to contract with states and other local governments to provide education, medical attention, agricultural assistance and social welfare for Indian people in hardships related to the allotment process or other hardships related to Indians living off the reservation. - *The Transfer Act of 1954, Amended 1973, (42 U.S.C. 2001 et seq.)* The Act established the U.S. Indian Health Service under the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and removed responsibilities for Indian health services from the Department of Interior. - *Indian Health Facilities Act of 1957 (42 U.S.C. 2005)* This Act provides the IHS with the authority to fund construction of hospitals for the benefit of Indian tribal patients. - *The Indian Sanitation Facilities and Services Act of 1959, (42 U.S.C. 2004)* This federal law expanded the duties of the IHS to ensure public health requirements were being met, including safe and sanitary drinking water, sewer systems, drainage facilities, waste and access to of water and sewer systems for Indian homes. - *Public Law 91-224 of 1970, (16 U.S.C. 459; 33 U.S.C. 446; 31 U.S.C. 529;* *41 U.S.C. 5)* This law provided authority for the Departments of Interior and Health and Human Services to collaborate on demonstration projects, which would provide central community systems for safe drinking water in Alaska Native villages. - *The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, Amended in 1988 and 1994, (25 U.S.C. 450 et seq)* The Act authorizes federally recognized Indian tribes the means to contract with the federal government for the purpose of administering and operating federal programs, services, functions and activities which were established to serve that tribe. - *The Indian Health Care Improvement Act of 1976, Amended 1980, 1988, 1990, 1992 and 1996 (25 U.S.C. 1601 et seq)* This is landmark legislation, which elevated and invigorated Indian health care improvement measures to a higher level within Indian communities and within the federal government. The Act provided clear policy for the Nation to elevate the health status of Indians and Alaska Natives to the highest possible level. The current IHCIA provides a "Declaration of Health Objectives", which it proposes be met by the year 2000. The Act set out specific new programs and initiatives, including > **Title I "Health Professions**"(Recruitment, Scholarships, Externs, > Continuing Education, Community Health Representatives, School Loan > Repayment, Advanced Training, Nursing Recruitment and Schools, Tribal > Culture/History, INMED Program, Community Colleges, Incentives Ruse > Residency, Alaska Community Health Aid, Matching Grants to Tribes, > Tribal Health Administration, U of South Dakota Program) > > **Title II "Health Services"** (Indian Health Care Improvement Fund; > Catastrophic Health Emergency Fund; Health Promotion and Disease > Prevention Services; Diabetes Prevention, Treatment and Control; > Hospice Care Feasibility Study; Reimbursement from Certain Third > Parties; Crediting of Reimbursements; Health Research; Mental Health > Prevention and Treatment Services; Managed Care Feasibility; > California CHS Demonstration; Mammography Screening; Patient Travel > Costs; Epidemiology Centers; School Health Education; Indian Youth > Grants; Indians into Psychology Program; Tuberculosis Control; > Contract Health Service Study; Prompt Payments, Electronic Payments > Demonstration; Liability for Payment, Office of Indian Women's Health) > > **Title III "Facilities",** (Consultation on closure of facilities; > Safe Water and Sanitary Waste Disposal Facilities; Indian preference > on Firms; Soboba Sanitation; Expenditure of non-Service funds for > renovation; Grants for Construction, Expansion of Ambulatory Care > Facilities; Indian Health Care Delivery Demonstration Project; Land > Transfers and Buy American applicability.) > > **Title IV "Access to Health Services;** (Treatment of payments under > Medicare; Treatment of Payments under Medicaid; Report Requirements; > Grants and Contracts with Tribal Organizations; Demonstration for > Direct Billing; Emergency Contract Health Services) > > **Title V "Urban Health";** (Contacts and Grants to Urban Indian > Organizations; Contracts and Grants for Health Care and Referral > Services; Contract and Grants to Determine Unmet Needs; Evaluations > and Renewals; Other Requirements; Limits on Authority; Facilities > Renovation; Urban Programs Branch; Alcohol and Substance Abuse; > Treatment of Certain Demonstration Projects and Urban NIAAA > Transferred Programs) > > **Title VI "Organizational Improvements";** (Establishment of the IHS > as an agency of the Public Health Service; and Automated Management > Information System) > > **Title VII "Substance Abuse Programs";** (Defines IHS > responsibilities; IHS Programs; Indian Women's Treatment; IHS Youth > Treatment; Training and Community Education; Gallup ASA Treatment > Center; Fetal Alcohol Syndrome grants; Pueblo Substance Abuse > Treatment; Thunderchild Treatment Center; Counselor Education Project; > Gila River Alcohol Treatment Facility; Alaska Native Drug and Alcohol > Abuse Demonstration) > > **Title VIII "Miscellaneous Provisions",** (Leases with tribes; > Limitations of use of funds; Nuclear Resource Development Health > Hazards; Arizona CHSDA; Eligibility of California Indians; California > CHSDA, Contract Health Facilities; National Health Service Corps; > Health Services for Ineligible Persons; Infant and Maternal Mortality > and FAS; CHS for Trenton Service Area; IHS/VA Facilities and Sharing > of Services; Reallocation of Base Resources; Demonstration Project for > Tribal Management; Child Sexual Abuse Treatment Programs; Tribal > Leasing; Home and Community-based Demonstrations; Shared Services > Demonstration; Priority of Indian Reservations.) - *Indian Alcohol and Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, (Subtitle C of the Omnibus Drug Act o f1986: P.L. 99-570, Amended in 1988, 1990 and 1992)* This Act provided specific authorizations to address the problem of alcoholism, alcohol abuse and drug abuse in Native American communities. Each tribe developed an action plan to combat addictions, and inpatient treatment centers for Indian adolescents were authorized. The IHS is an agency established under the U.S. Public Health Service within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The mission of the IHS is to provide a comprehensive health service delivery system for American Indians and Alaska Natives. The range of services provided through the IHS includes a broad spectrum of preventive, curative, rehabilitative and environmental services. The IHS has developed a model of service delivery, which incorporates direct outpatient and inpatient facilities, contracting for the provision of services from the private sector, contracting with tribes and urban providers of health services. The IHS approach is comprehensive and includes public health nurses, community health representatives, sanitation initiatives and housing quarters for providers in rural remote areas. The IHS provides health services through 144 Service Units which are composed of more than 500 direct healthcare delivery facilities, including 49 hospitals, 190 health centers, 7 school health centers, and 287 health stations, satellite clinics, and Alaska village clinics. In addition to direct services provided by IHS, within the system 1) Indian tribes deliver IHS funded services to their own communities with about 35 percent of the IHS direct services budget in 11 hospitals, 129 health centers, 3 school health centers, and 240 health stations; 2) various health care and referral services are provided to Indian people away from the reservation settings through 34 urban center programs; and, 3) the purchase of contract health services from non-IHS providers to support, or in some cases in lieu of, direct care services that IHS is unable to provide in its facilities. Services are administered directly by the IHS, Tribes or urban providers (I/T/U). Many of the American Indian and Alaska Native people served by the IHS live in some of the most remote and poverty stricken areas of the United States. For them, the IHS represents the only source of health care available. Others reside in larger communities but face cultural or financial barriers to care. While the IHS represents the primary health resource for most Indian people in the U.S., Indian people are also eligible for a variety of alternate resources, such as Medicaid, Medicare, state programs and private insurance. The IHS requires beneficiaries to exhaust these alternate resources before expending contract health resources. For federal, tribal and urban providers of services under the IHS, this myriad of alternate resources and requirement makes providing vital health services to American Indians and Alaska Natives a challenge. American Indians and Alaska Natives, while gradually improving in health status, remain one of the most vulnerable populations in the United States, dying at rates higher than other racial groups in America in many categories. - The median age for Indians living in the 34 reservation States is 24.2 compared to 32.9 for the U.S. All Races and 34.4 for the White Race. - For Indians, 33 percent of the population was younger than 15 years and 6 percent was older than 64 years. For the U.S. All Races population, the corresponding percentages were 22 and 13, respectively. - According to the 1990 Census, the median household income in 1989 for Indians residing in the current Reservation States was \$19,897, compared with \$30,056 for the U.S. All Races population. During this period, 31.6 percent of Indians lived below the poverty level, in contrast to 13.1 percent for the U.S. All Races population. The Indian Health Care Improvement Act represents this nation's commitment to improving the health status of American Indians and Alaska Natives. The U.S. Indian Health Service has conducted its' own assessment of the provisions of the IHCIA and provided these materials to I/T/U participants during the consultation process. ###### MAJOR POLICY ISSUES AND CONSENSUS RECOMMENDATIONS ##### Specific Titles of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act # 1. Health Professions (Title I) The Indian Health Manpower Title I, commonly referred to as [Health Professions]{.underline}, has twenty three (23) sections which describe methods of increasing the number of Indians entering the health professionals to the Indian Health Service, Indian Tribes, Tribal organizations, and urban Indian organizations that are involved in delivering health care to Indian people. - **Health Professions Recruitment program for Indians**: In this section grants are made to public or nonprofit private health or educational entities or Indian tribes or tribal organizations to assist such entities in meeting the costs of identifying Indians with a potential for education or training in the health professions and encouraging and assisting them in the process of preparation to enroll and study for a health career. The work group had concerns regarding the length of time for the grants. They stated that the grants should be for three (3) or more years. - **Health Professions preparatory scholarships for Indians**: The purpose of this section is to provide scholarships for undergraduate degrees leading towards a field of study in a health profession. Yearly re-applications are required. The work group stated that the scholarships should be guaranteed (after initial competition and award). - **Indian Health Profession Scholarships**: This scholarship is awarded with an active duty service obligation. The work group wanted the health profession type to be extended to licensed practical nursing, chiropractic, and acupuncture. ```{=html}  ``` - **Continuing Education Allowance**: This section grants continuing education funds to health professions in order to encourage them to provide health services in the rural and remote areas where Indian people reside. The work group stated that there is a lower percentage of Indian professionals who have been allowed to participate. They recommended that more Indian health professionals be included and that resources should be provided so that tribal members can access these funds. Communication should be improved regarding health professional's continuing education needs. - **Nursing Program and Nursing Schools**: This section provides grants to higher education institutions to recruit and train nurses, nurse midwifes, and nurse practitioners to provide or continue to provide health care services to Indians. The work group stated that it was not generally known what institutions had been awarded grants and they wanted a list of the schools with grants to be communicated to Indian country. They also stated that the grant length should be extended to five (5) years. 2. **Health Services (Title II and VII)** The workgroup on Health Services discussed issues related to Title II and Title VII of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act. These titles contain a wide variety of direct service related programs. The workgroup did not limit itself to only making recommendations under these titles. The workgroup made comments on a variety of issues. - **Equity Funding:** The workgroup identified a lack in equity funding across various Areas of the Indian Health Service system. The group noted that the last time the U. S. Congress attempted to adequately address and rectify inequitable funding allocations was in Fiscal Year 1991 appropriations. A recommendation was made to increase funding again to provide for better equity across the I/T/U system, regardless of location. This recommendation relates to the Appropriations process and would not affect the reauthorization bill language. - Agency Linkages: The workgroup discussed federal program consolidation for tribal governments, as is provided under P.L. 102-477, the Indian Employment Training and Related Services Demonstration Act of 1992. Under this legislation, tribes are allowed to consolidate a variety of federal programs from multiple federal agencies into one block grant, combining the application, administration and reporting procedures. This federal law has eliminated numerous administrative barriers for tribes to better administer employment, child care and welfare related programs. The workgroup considered a similar approach for health related programs to streamline tribal contracting and reporting requirements. Specific recommendations were developed to establish within the IHCIA a federal statute to allow for IHS, and agencies such as Centers for Disease Control (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Department of Justice (DOJ), to consolidate programs and resources to tribes. - Epidemiology Centers: The workgroup noted that not all IHS Areas have access to the Epidemiology Center resources. The IHS funds only four regional Epidemiology Centers currently, in Alaska Area, Phoenix Area, Bimidji Area and Portland Area. More centers needed to teach and provide technical assistance and support for tribes of all sizes and locations. This recommendation may not require a change to the IHCIA, but an increase for full funding under existing authority through the appropriations process. - **Reporting Requirements:** Changes in federal law are recommended which would authorize other federal agencies such as the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to accept the reports required of tribes by the Indian Health Service for similar purposes. - **Diabetes Prevention, Control and Treatment:** There was extensive discussion and consideration of changes to the IHCIA related to the prevention, control and treatment of diabetes. Participants were concerned that the current Diabetes Initiative of the Indian Health Service is limited only to five (5) years. The workgroup recommended that this program be integrated into the base budgets of the I/T/U for perpetual funding until diabetes is no longer a problem in the Indian population. The workgroup also recommends that the IHCIA provide authorization for I/T/U's to use diabetes funds under Section 204 (d) to support the collection of data. More specific programming of diabetes funds are suggested which would target prevention funding for all communities, and control and treatment funds for those already diagnosed with diabetes. The workgroup pointed out that the existing distribution formula for the IHS Diabetes Initiative treated the California Area consortia as tribes and provided funding for 40 tribes, when there are actually 104 tribes. This should be corrected. - **Catastrophic Health Emergency Fund:** The threshold for when Contract Health Service bills can be eligible for payment through the CHEF program should be lowered, particularly for smaller tribes with a smaller overall CHS budget. The workgroup recommends reducing the CHEF threshold by 50% for small tribes and tribes dependent on CHS for health care. The workgroup also supports increased funding for CHEF, although appropriations requests are not directly related to amendments to the IHCIA. - **Delivery Areas:** The Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) which outlines the geographic boundaries for persons eligible for Contract Health Services is recommended to be expanded through the IHCIA. The workgroup supported the expansion of CHSDA's and cited a request in California Area for seven (7) additional CHSDA's. There may be other Areas which should receive increased CHSDA designation. - **Third Party Reimbursements:** The workgroup discussed the problems with I/T/U access to third party revenues for patient services. The group recommends changes to the IHCIA, which would provide authority through the Health Care Financing Administration whereby I/T/U's could conduct their own eligibility determination for federal medical assistance under Medicaid and CHIP. In particular, this determination function will be important for tribes administering Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) programs. Federal law should be amended which would allow tribes to directly bill HCFA just as a state does. Currently only "states, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory or possession of the United States" has this authority to bill directly. - **Data and Reporting:** The Indian Health Service data reporting system (RPMS) is not working in all I/T/U locations. This is resulting in a loss in data and reporting capabilities on Indian health issues both nationally and locally. Increased attention is needed to ensure adequate staff training and technical assistance is provided in all locations. Additional staffing and other resources should be provided at the local levels to ensure the viability of this important data system. - **Your Regional Treatment Centers:** There were a number of recommendations regarding the Youth Regional Treatment Centers (RTC) first authorized under the Omnibus Anti-Drug Act and funded in most Areas of the IHS. Many of the workgroup recommendations request increased appropriations, and therefor are not specific to changes in the IHCIA. For example, the group recommends increased funding for the California Area RTC's. In addition, the group makes recommendations to expand the total number of RTC's available to Indian youth across the country. The group also recommends providing authority for the funds supporting RTC's to be available for distribution under tribal shares. Changes in the IHCIA are requested to assist RTC's treat youth with "dual diagnosis". The RTC section should be amended to authorize, in addition to counseling, medically supervised detoxification, education and family counseling in advance of admission into treatment. Finally, the workgroup made a recommendation that the IHCIA include a "formalized transitional aftercare" component is needed for post treatment support. - **Long Term Care and Skilled Nursing Facilities**: The workgroup discussed the lack of accessible long term and skilled nursing facilities across Indian country. Often, these facilities are located many miles away from tribal communities, creating hardships for families with elders or others in need of long term care. The lack of culturally sensitive nursing homes, and long term care is a problem as the Indian population grows older. The workgroup recommended that the IHCIA authorize comprehensive long term and skilled nursing facilities and programs, and that these resources be placed in close proximity to tribal communities and villages. Specific language should be included to exempt American Indians from means testing under Medicare and Medicaid to protect family assets, when their elders utilize these resources for long term care. - **Hearing Aids**: Expansion of Title II is recommended to include a hearing program which would provide comprehensive services for Indian children and elders and improve linkages to other resources. - **Health Promotion Disease Prevention**: The workgroup made recommendations to increase funding of the HPDP program to at least parity levels with acute care and treatment programs. A recommendation for increased appropriation would not require an amendment to the IHCIA, however, language requiring parity funding would be an amendment to the IHCIA. - **Uniform Pharmacy Benefits**: There was discussion regarding the lack of equity across I/T/U's to access pharmacy supplies and prices. It was recommended that the IHCIA be amended to authorize I/T/U's to access Veteran's Administration and Department of Defense or other federal prime vendor contracts for purposes of purchasing pharmacy and other supplies. - **Substance Abuse**: A variety of issues were discussed related to substance abuse prevention, treatment and aftercare. The workgroup recommends that the full realm or continuum of care by provided for all types of alcohol and substance abuse, including inhalant abuse. The would include prevention, education, intervention, pre-treatment, treatment, aftercare, family care in all areas, including inhalant abuse. The workgroup recommended using the Healthy People 2010 Objectives as a means to set specific improvement goals and any other appropriate improvement goals. The group also recommended that a more comprehensive and effective prevention program be integrated into the IHCIA. One "that works". The group also recommends that the IHCIA provide authority for interagency linkages between the IHS and agencies such as Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for purposes of substance abuse prevention and treatment. Finally, it was recommended that the IHCIA be amended to mandate the IHS to provide substance abuse services, and clarify that tribes may request these services from the IHS. - **Community Health Representatives**: Home health care through the CHR program was discussed in the workgroup. It was recommended that the CHR's receive more training and more equipment to do their jobs in tribal communities. An increase in the total number of CHRs is recommended, in particular among those qualified to do home health care. The workgroup recommends that the Alaska CHAPS program be used as a model for delivering home health care in Indian homes. The IHCIA should be amended to provide for a specific home health program which would qualify for reimbursement through the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA). - **Mental Health**: The workgroup discussed the problem of increased "youth gang" activities in Indian communities. More emphasis on gang prevention and intervention is needed for I/T/U's to respond to the problem. It was recommended that the IHCIA authorize linkages to the Department of Justice to provide financial support and assistance to I/T/U's regarding Indian gang activity. The entire mental health function of the IHS needs to be strengthened. The language describing "demonstration programs" should be eliminated in place of permanent, comprehensive mental health systems for I/T/U's. - **Studies/Reports/Demonstrations**: The IHCIA should include provisions which ensure the participation and access of smaller tribes to studies, reports and demonstration projects. When studies or reports are completed, the information and application of findings should be made available to the I/T/U system. - **Violence**: The IHCIA should include emphasis on the problem of domestic violence, including training for clinical staff on early identification and intervention. Funding for "safe houses" and "shelters" should be made available to tribes and urban programs to ensure the safety of victims of violence in Indian communities. - **American Indians into Psychology**: There were numerous comments regarding this section of Title II. The participants reached consensus that there is a need for increased numbers of behavioral health professionals, including mental health counselors, social workers, and chemical dependency counselors. More funding should be targeted to train and employ these professionals. There is also a recommendation to provide more emphasis in the IHCIA to the problem of depression in Indian communities. It was identified as a major problem by this workgroup and mental health services should be better targeted to screen and intervene in depression. Finally, there was discussion regarding amendment to the IHCIA to authorize "prescriptive authority" for Ph.D. level mental health providers, however there was NO CONSENSUS on this discussion. - **Speech Therapy**: The group recommended increasing the number of speech therapist available to the I/T/U system. - **Dental**: The workgroup recommended that a "comprehensive dental program" be authorized under the IHCIA which would include all levels of care, including pedio, endo, ortho, and perio dental care. Access to crowns, dentures and pediatrics was also recommended. - **Traditional Medicine and Alternative Medicine**: The workgroup recommended providing access to traditional and alternative medicine through the IHCIA, including the authorization of special funding. This program should be integrated into the overall I/T/U system. - **Eye Care**: The IHCIA should provide an amendment which would authorize a comprehensive eye care program for IHS patients, including eye care, special needs of diabetics, retinal screening and tonometry for glaucoma and other high risk populations. # 3. Health Facilities (Title III) Health Facilities (Title III) of the IHCIA describes the methods of funding for new and replacement facilities. There are provisions for tribal consultation, reporting to congress and methods for implementing the Indian Self-Determination Act. It includes safe water and sanitary waste disposal facilities provision and other alternative methods for funding facilities. - Accreditation: The current document identifies Joint Commission Accreditation of Hospital Organizations (JCAHO). The work group stated that the wording needed to be changed "not identifying" JCAHO as the specific accreditation authority as there are several other IHS approved accrediting authorities. In addition they stated that there were other accreditation issues needing to be considered throughout the law. In the current law it states that a new facility must be accredited by JCAHO within one year after construction is completed. Again, the work group stated that the new facility construction should meet the IHS standards of construction. The law should not specifically refer to JCAHO. It should refer to an IHS approved accrediting authority. ```{=html}  ``` - Health Facility Priority System: The work group stated that congress does not have an accurate picture of all unmet health facility needs. The current method favors hospitals and large facilities. An accurate and fair reporting system needs to be developed that reports annually clearly identifying the needs of smaller ambulatory facilities. Hospital rate higher on the construction priority list as compared to ambulatory health care facilities. The work group stated that the "agency" should not build hospitals where there is excessive bed space in urban areas so that construction resources can be re-allocted to ambulatory clinics. Existing resources must be best utilized in existing health facilities in urban areas. There has always been universal allocation of funding. Most IHS Areas go without construction funding while other IHS Areas get funding for new construction consistently. The work group wanted the current IHS priority system changed to allow equity in the distribution of new construction funds. They recommended that decisions should be made at the local (IHS Area) level as to the allocation of construction of new facilities. ```{=html}  ``` - Grant Program for the Construction Expansion and Modernization of small Ambulatory Care Facilities: The work group stated that this section had never been fully funded because congress does not realize the scope of the unmet needs. Appropriations will never be identified without proper documentation. It was recommended that IHS be required to provide an annual report to congress which will ensure equity and proper consideration for ambulatory facilities. In some cases tribes are funding their own construction through commercial or guaranteed loans: It was recommended that funds be made available to reimburse 100% of tribe's obligation for loans for health care facilities. ```{=html}  ``` - Safe Water and Sanitary Waste Disposal Facilities: The work group stated that Housing and Urban Development (HUD) would not accept " our environmental reviews." It was recommended that there needs to be a better coordinated effort between IHS and HUD to meet health, safety, and environmental reviews. At the tribes request the IHS should be deemed the regulating agency. IHS funds can not be used for sanitation facilities for HUD constructed homes. The relationship needs to be strengthened between IHS and HUD. HUD must clearly know that it has the responsibility for providing funds for sanitation facilities for homes they construct. IHS needs to continue providing technical assistances. ```{=html}  ``` - Sanitation Deficiency System (SDS): the tribes do not have input into the total system. Even though the tribes have input into their own community needs, they have no input into the system when it reaches the Area/HQ levels. It was recommended that the tribes have more involvement in the total process including input on the reports that are generated at the IHS Area and Headquarters levels. ```{=html}  ``` - Maintenance and Improvement (M&I ) funding: M&I funding has not increased over the past several years yet the amount of health facility space does increase. As more health facility space is approved for M&I eligibility, the existing health facilities get less funds when they are already under funded. There needs to be assurance that new health facilities will be funded with M&I funds through additional appropriations from congress. - Medicaid and Medicare Construction fund approval: The appropriations committee currently must approve use of M&M funds for renovation and construction projects over \$1 million dollars. The work group stated that congress should be notified as a "need to report" however approval for expenditures over this threshold should be changed. - Leasing: The IHCIA authorizes IHS to lease health care space from tribes under a twenty (20) year lease. However the Balance Budget Act requires that the full amount of these leases be "scored" in the first year of the lease. New language in the IHCIA should waive the requirement that the full lease amount be "scored" in the first year. - Matching Fund Requirement: Agencies that require matching funds do not permit funds from other federal agencies to be used as meeting the "matching dollar requirement(s)". IHS should be allowed to use appropriated federal funds to comply with the matching requirements of state, federal and other funding agencies. - Other Avenues for funding health facilities: There are not enough ways to get health facilities built. The agency needs to have multiple ways to get health facilities constructed such as on-time revolving loan programs and authority for guaranteed loan programs. ```{=html}  ``` - Definition of health facility: A clear definition of health care facilities is needed. Current IHS definition does not include the variety of health care services provided. The definition should include mental health, elder care, rehabilitation services, and alcohol/drug abuse. **4. Access to Services (Title IV) and Miscellaneous (Title VIII)** The workgroup on Title IV and Title VIII, only had time to address issues related to Title IV "Access to Services. There were a variety of issues discussed. Consensus was reached on all recommendations presented here. - **Licensing and Certification:** The problem of tribal facilities seeking state licensure for the provision of federally funded health services to IHS beneficiaries was discussed. It was recommended that the IHCIA include a provision which would establish a IHS certification program for I/T/U's, which states would be required to accept as equivalent to state licensure for purposes of reimbursement. This certification would include all services provided by the I/T/U, whether to Indian or non-Indian patients. - **Medicare:** The existing provisions under Section 401 should be expanded to clarify that all services which are Medicare billable services, may be billed by the I/T/U for IHS beneficiaries, regardless if the patients are Indian or non-Indian. Further, the Health Care Financing Administration should be instructed by law, to allow a "window" of time during which I/T/U's can be eligible to build their infrastructure to provide certain Medicare billable services, and still be able to bill for those services during that window. - **Medicaid:** The existing language in the IHCIA restricts reimbursement in Medicaid services to facilities. The workgroup recommends that all billable services may be billed and paid to I/T/U's whether services are proviced directly or by referral through an I/T/U., and the state will still receive the full 100% FMAP reimbursement. - **Non-Indian Beneficiaries:** The workgroup recommends language be developed to clarify that Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement to I/T/U's be provided and that 100% FMAP provided to states for services to IHS eligible Indians and other individuals made eligible by section 813(a) or any other provision like it. - **Direct Billing Demonstration:** The workgroup recommends that Section 405 which provides for a demonstration status for four (4) sites, be made permanent for all I/T/U's to participate. - **Premiums and Cost Sharing:** The workgroup is recommending that all Indian beneficiaries of the IHS shall no longer be required to make co-payments or pay premiums for Medicaid, Medicare, CHIP or any other federally funded health program. This should be a provision in amended Title IV of IHCIA. - **Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP):** The IHCIA should be amended to include a provision which clarifies that states will also receive 100% FMAP for services provided through I/T/U's for IHS eligible patients under the CHIP program, and that there shall be no co-payments or premiums required of IHS beneficiaries. - **Managed Care:** The workgroup is recommending that provisions be included in Title IV which will address the difficulties of I/T/U in managed care systems for third party payments for care. The workgroup is recommending that I/T/U's be reimbursed for services provided to IHS beneficiaries even when an IHS beneficiary is enrolled in a managed care entity (through Medicaid, Medicare, or private coverage), and that all managed care entities can be billed directly by an I/T/U. Another option, which is recommended to address managed care problems, is a provision in the IHCIA which will authorize I/T/U's to bill states directly for Medicaid/CHIPS or other federal health programs, without being required to go through a managed care organization or entity. # 5. Health Services for Urban Indians (Title V) The purpose of this title is to establish programs in urban centers to make health care services more accessible to urban Indians. The discussion was primarily on national issues and methods of inclusion. - **Memorandum of Agreement:** Urban Indians are not included in the Health Care Finance Administration (HCFA) Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) regarding universal rates for Indian Health Service facilities and tribes. The work group stated that the urban Indians should be included. ```{=html}  ``` - **Title V Continuing:** The work group discussed whether the urban programs should be dispersed throughout the IHCIA in other titles or remain in Title V. The work group stated that the Urban Programs should remain in Title V however Title V should specify that Urban programs are eligible to participate in other sections with new funds to provide for professionals, facilities, services, etc. ```{=html}  ``` - **National data on Urban Indians:** There is a lack of national data on Urban Indians. An Epidemiological Center for Urban Indians should be established to develop data, provide technical assistance to urban programs, and conduct needs assessments. This Urban EPI Center could be included in one of three or four "Centers of Excellence". ```{=html}  ``` - **Identification of new Urban sites:** Many urban areas with large Indian populations do not have urban Indian Health programs. The agency needs to conduct an assessment for potential new program sites using current data. (socio-demographic variables: age, gender, and tribe, etc.). ```{=html}  ``` - **Consultation process:** I/T/U and affiliated Indian engaged in the consultation process at the area level producing recommendations for IHCIA. The work group wanted the recommendations from the area to be carried forward in the consultation process. ```{=html}  ``` - **NIAAA programs:** These programs have authority to be converted to Title V. IHS has not completed the process. The work group stated that the conversions of all NIAAA programs should be completed by the year 2001. ```{=html}  ``` - **Relationships:** There is a need for dialogue/relationship building process between the Tribes and Urban Programs in order to "speak with one voice." The major issues that need to be worked out are eligibility-enrollment status, federally recognized vs. affiliate Indians, and members from other tribes. In addition there are access problems. There are many inconsistencies in access regulations which leave many Indians not served. A. **Crosscutting and Emerging Issues** In addition to discussing the individual titles of the existing law, the participants at the Reno Regional Consultation Meeting, examined crosscutting and emerging issues which have an impact on I/T/U's now and into the future, but are not adequately considered in the existing law. These issues were developed in advance of the consultation meeting, based upon the analysis conducted by the IHS Roundtable on Reauthorization. During the general session of the Consultation Meeting, participants were offered the opportunity to change or amend any of the "emerging issue" topics. Upon consensus of the full group, these topics were included and the following recommendations or description of issues provided. 1\. **Medicaid and Managed Care** Medicaid and Managed Care work group had a variety of cross cutting issues which were discussed. Most of the dialogue was how to remedy some of the gaps in the systems (state, federal and I/T/U). The work group consisted of tribal health directors, Indian Health Service staff and urban programs. - **100% FMAP:** The work group discussed the inconsistencies from state to state on how they managed the 100% federal match of dollars for Indian clients. Regulations should be developed to specify the IHS encounter rate by law. A joint Tribal and Federal group should develop the regulation. These regulations would develop Medicaid reimbursement rate for I/T/U's and define what services would be covered under the rate. ```{=html}  ``` - **Anti-Deficiency Act-**The work group discussed how this act kept the IHS from entering into contracts with MCO's because they could not assume risks. They stated that IHS (applies to IHS facilities) should be exempted from the Anti-deficiency Act for purposes of contracting with CO's. - **MCO Demonstration Project:** Tribal Governments are interested in becoming "MCO's". The work group proposed a demonstration project for I/T/U's to become the actual MCO to identify some of the risks and issues. It would enable the I/T/U to function as a Network Provider to fund a risk pool or any other stop loss mechanism. ```{=html}  ``` - **Accreditation and Licensure:** The work group recommended that a consolidation accreditation and licensure system be considered as an alternative to the existing certification and licensure process. ```{=html}  ``` - **Eligibility Determinations:** The work group recommended that Tribal Governments be given the authority to make eligibility determinations for Medicaid and Child Health Initiative Program (CHIP). 2. **Behavioral Health, Mental Health and Substance Abuse Issues** This topic was identified as a crosscutting and emerging issue because of its significant impact on all aspects of the health spectrum. The costs associated with treating the effects of mental health and substance abuse problems in Indian communities is significant, and impacts on I/T/U programs directly and indirectly. The workgroup addressed these issues and made the following general points. - **Fragmentation vs. Holistic Approach:** The participants noted the fragmentation in services is in conflict with a holistic approach to health care. The group recommends redefining the behavioral health field and concepts to focus more on the strengths of our communities than on the weaknesses or pathology of disease. The competition and conflict between the mental health and substance abuse fields should be resolved and a holistic approach supported in the IHCIA. - **Local Models:** The authority to create local models in behavioral health should be reinforced through the IHCIA. Redefining terms, concepts, and approaches that are more appropriate to the culture and values of each community should be supported. Comprehensive evaluations should be conducted to determine what community models exist in Indian country and to share that information with I/T/U's. - **Cultural Considerations:** An orientation program should be provided for new health providers, in order to bridge between traditional and medical practitioners. An ongoing process should be developed for staff and communities to integrate or coordinate traditional and western healers in the area of behavioral health. - **Behavioral Health Scholarships and Education:** The fierce competition for higher education in the mental health fields is leaving many interested American Indians overlooked. The IHCIA should be amended so that more collaboration with tribal colleges is provided around behavioral health professional development. The IHS scholarship program should be decentralized to ensure equity and fairness in the award of support. Information about existing demonstration projects attempting to increase the number of Indian behavioral health professionals should be shared with all I/T/U's. Indian applicants should show a strong commitment to serve Indian communities through I/T/U's. - **Behavioral Health Models:** The IHCIA should instruct the IHS to locate behavioral health models that demonstrate cost effectiveness in the provision of mental health and substance abuse services to Indian communities. These models should be shared with all I/T/U's for consideration. Models which focus on family treatment should be highlighted and disseminated. - **Alcohol/Substance Abuse Aftercare:** The Aftercare/Continuing Care component of the continuum of care is not available in Indian communities today. This is an important omission because aftercare is critical to sustaining recovery and sobriety. The IHS should continue to the next phase in its current evaluation of aftercare in IHS sponsored programs and broaden its application. Aftercare should be fully funded and developed by the IHS through the IHCIA. Existing studies, such as the Aftercare Study conducted by the Native American Research and Training Center at the Northern Arizona University should be considered in restructuring aftercare by IHS. - **Access to Pilot Program Resources:** Existing pilot programs funded by the IHS for mental health services should be made available to all I/T/U's for replication and sharing of information. - **Substance Abuse Staff Training:** The IHS should develop a certification and training program for American Indian and Alaska Native substance abuse treatment providers. Funding for counselor salaries should be increased to attract and retain qualified staff. - **Advocacy:** The mental health and substance abuse programs of the IHS need a strong advocate at headquarters to push behavioral health initiatives. The IHS should include I/T/U's in the development of behavioral health objectives and related reports to Congress. Strong advocacy is needed to ensure behavioral health issues are funded appropriately. 3. **I/T/U Partnerships for the Future** The relationship between IHS, tribal and urban programs has been a important issue which has not received full attention in a national forum. There have been significant changes in the relationship since the last reauthorization of the IHCIA. More and more tribes have contracted or compacted IHS health services. The role of the IHS has changed to one more of advocacy and support. Urban health providers fill a vital role in the network of services to American Indian people. This workgroup attempted to identify major issues for consideration and when possible, consensus recommendations. In beginning the discussion, the workgroup agreed it was important to minimize conflicts and continue dialogue between tribes and urban providers. To accomplish this, open communication, and mutual respect are important. - **Urban Indian Health Programs Needed:** There was consensus that urban Indian health programs are needed and fill a vital role in the delivery of health services to Indian people. - **Government-to-Government Relationships:** There was consensus that the government-to-government relationship is between federally recognized tribes and the U.S. government. - **Tribal Responsibility for Members:** There was consensus that tribes have a responsibility for their tribal members wherever their members are located, based upon each individual tribal governments' determination. It was also recognized there may be individual tribal members residing on "public domain allotments" outside tribal reservations and not served by existing I/T/U systems, who should be considered. - **Federal Government Responsibility:** It was agreed that the Federal Government has an obligation to provide health services, through the IHS, to all American Indian and Alaska Native people regardless of where they reside in the United States, including urban Indian populations. - **Limited Resources for I/T/U System:** The workgroup identified that the existing limited resources and inadequate appropriations for the I/T/U system should not be allowed to become a divisive issue for partnership and mutually supportive relationships among tribes and urban providers. 4. **Entitlement, Benefits Package and Health Disparity** This workgroup address the issues of entitlement, benefits package and health disparity. While the group was [not able to arrive at consensus]{.underline} with regard to recommended changes in the Indian Health Care Improvement Act, it was able to identify key issues and recommend a strategy to continue the discussion and analysis. The group did agree that there are problems with disparity in health resources and health status across the different regions of the United States. Some of the major issues which were identified included the following key points: - There is a need for meaningful data to better document health disparities across the regions, in order to assess need and arrive at a fair and equitable resolution. Each area has its own argument for not being funded as well as other areas, such as total per capita expenditures; lack of an IHS hospital; rural isolation; lack of public health infrastructure; health status indicators or other factors. To develop a fair definition of a benefits package, all these geographic and historic variables must be taken under consideration. - "Entitlement" is a concept of the federal government which means an individual or group is guaranteed a service regardless of budget constraint or increased volume. Entitlements such as welfare have been eliminated through welfare reform. Congress is more likely to restrict entitlements, such as Medicaid, than to increase entitlements to include Indian health. However, interest has been expressed by federal policy makers to consider an entitlement option in the IHCIA, and finally get a handle on Indian health appropriations struggles each year. - There is a recognition that American Indian people are, in fact, "entitled" to receive certain services, such as health care, due to promises made in Treaties and the application of that policy through federal laws and court decisions. Indian people generally agree that they are entitled to heath services, which were prepaid through the cession of millions of acres of Indian land to the United States. Federal health care to Indian people should be an entitlement. - Discussion of "benefits package" assumes that each geographical section of the IHS system is comparable, when it is not. Trying to find a way to ensure equity in health benefits, may result in reducing funds for some tribal health centers in order to better fund other tribal health centers, unless there is a great infusion of new dollars. Given that all systems are underfunded, this would create additional hardships and division. - There are at least three ways to look at the notion of "entitlement". (1) An [individual]{.underline} Indian person could have an entitlement for certain defined health services, regardless of where they reside or where they chose to receive services (like Medicaid beneficiaries). (2) [Providers]{.underline} of health services, such as the I/T/U system, could be entitled to a certain guaranteed level of funding to meet the federal governments responsibility to provide health services. (3) Governments, such as [tribal governments]{.underline}, could be entitled to receive full funding to meet health care needs of American Indians and Alaska Natives, or their enrolled membership, and administer that responsibility according to their own priorities and considerations. - Entitlement could be tracked to a status in health and not to a defined list of benefits. Too often a benefits package is viewed as the maximum amount of benefits and not the minimum, guaranteed benefits. - An entitlement approach would potentially allow for all other entitlements, such as Medicaid and Medicare, to be consolidated into one big national Indian health entitlement package. ```{=html}  ``` - **Consensus to Continue Examination of Options:** The workgroup did not reach consensus on any specific policy recommendation or amendment to the IHCIA, but it did agree that the discussion of establishing an entitlement to health services for American Indians should continue. Specifically, it was agreed that the consideration of entitlements and benefits package should continue on two parallel tracks: (1) Examine all options for a broader entitlement approach for Indian health; and (2) Continue to examine maximizing existing discretionary funding to get closer to full funding, and this must proceed within the next 2-3 months. - **Entitlement for American Indians and Alaska Natives:** There was agreement that Indian people are entitled to health care services by virtue of massive contributions t this country's benefit. There was not consensus as to whether this should be a position for the IHCIA. 5. **Other Emerging Issues** The Reno Regional Consultation Meeting provided an additional workgroup for participants to discuss other crosscutting and emerging issues which had not been covered in other workgroups. A wide variety of issues were discussed in this session. The following is a list of the major areas where consensus was identified. There were many more issued identified, but time did not permit the group to address all issues. - **Indian Child Protection:** The IHCIA should be used to amend the American Indian Child Protection Act to provide some flexibility. - **Interagency Linkages:** The IHCIA should be amended to provide linkages bewteen the IHS and numerous other federal agencies and departments to better coordinate resources and functions for Indian health. - **Public Health Infrastructure:** The IHCIA should address public health issues and functions specifically as it relates to the public health role of tribal governments. Tribes should be provided the funding, under the authority of the IHCIA to develop the necessary infrastructure to perform their public health responsibilities, including linkages with state systems, the Public Health Service and Centers for Disease Control. - **Matching Grants:** The IHCIA should include a provision exempting tribal governments from matching requirements for all other federal grants. - **Issues not resolved:** Other areas which were identified, but for which the group was not able to reach consensus due to time constraints included, expanding the scope of the IHS to include emerging issues; incorporating traditional healing services within the IHS system; environmental related diseases; examination of the positive health aspects of casinos; exemption for tribes under Davis/Bacon wage requirements for federal contracts and subcontracts. #### Conclusion The Reno Regional Consultation Meeting involved a high degree of participation by the attendees. Quinault Tribal President, Pearl Baller, led a large discussion session on the final day regarding tribal leader involvement in the reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act. Although several of the elected leaders had left prior to the last afternoon, there were still many tribal leaders voicing strong support and encouragement for the work ahead. This general session discussion produced several important recommendations from the audience: - Tribal leaders must keep their enthusiasm and vision for the reauthorization process to be successful; - Tribal drafts or key policy drafts should be used by IHS to work from; - Tribal leaders have a responsibility to ensure UNITY; - What are the next steps? Tribal leaders will work with NCAI, NIHB and regional or Area health boards to continue the process. - Can Area boards, such as NPAIHB provide regular fax updats on the reauthorization process?; - It is important that tribal leaders address the "Preamble" for the Act and include equity as a part of it; - We will look to other non-Indian national organizations for assistance and support. **Summary of Consensus Recommendations** REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | ### TITLE I | **ISSUES** | **RECOMMENDATIONS** | | : Health Professions | | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 102 Health | Problems with the | Grant should be | | Professions | grant length | extended for more than | | Recruitment program | period. | 3 years. | | for Indians | | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 103 Health | Yearly | Scholarships should be | | Professions | re-applications | guaranteed (after | | preparatory | are required | initial competition and | | scholarships for | | award). | | Indians | | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 104 Indian | There is a need | Practical Nurses should | | Health Profession | for more Licensed | be added to program | | Scholarships | Practical Nurses | (funded under section | | | | 103) | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | # Section 104 | Other health | Chiropractic, | | | specialties need | acupuncture and other | | | to be considered | practitioners should be | | | for funding. | considered eligible for | | | | scholarship award. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | # Section 104 | Problems | 1) Provide technical | | | identified in the | assistance with | | | receipt of | application (video, | | | applications that | web site) | | | are incomplete or | | | | not correctly | 2) Simplify the | | | completed. | application form | | | | and clearly state | | | | the scoring system | | | | (why a letter from | | | | the Tribal Chairman | | | | weighs heavier than | | | | a co-worker). | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 105 | No Comments. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 106 | Scholarship | 1) Provide continuing | | Continuing Education | programs have | education to keep | | Allowance | lower % of Indian | health | | | health | professionals up to | | | professionals who | date with | | | have been allowed | knowledge. | | | to participate. | | | | | 2) Provide resources | | | | that tribal member | | | | can access funds | | | | | | | | 3) Improve | | | | communications | | | | regarding health | | | | professionals' | | | | continuing | | | | education needs. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 108 & 109 | No Comment | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 112 Nursing | Not generally | Provide list of schools | | Program & Nursing | known which | with grant. | | Schools | schools are | | | | awarded the | | | | grants. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 112 Nursing | Shorter term of | Extend grant length to | | Program & Nursing | grant awards. | 5 years. | | Schools | | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 123 | Needs adequate | Fund it all. | | | funding | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ GENERAL COMMENTS ON TITLE I: If pilot programs in Title worked well, open them up to all. Should all of or many of these programs be kept centralized (no tribal shares) or distributed to local programs. Consider that the federal government and IHS have an obligation to educate health professional with out an obligation of payback. REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **TITLE 2 & 7: Health | **ISSUES** | **RECOMMENDATIONS** | | Services** | | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | # Equity | Equitable funding | 1) Increase funding to | | | all around, the | bring everyone up | | | last funding for | to the same | | | this occurred in | standard of health | | | 1991. | care regardless of | | | | location. | | | | | | | | 2) Funding allocation | | | | formula. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | # Agency Linkages | Multiple agencies | 1) Use 477 as a model | | | dealing with | to include a | | | health care could | similar clause in | | | benefit the | 437, potential | | | tribes. P.L. | access to more | | | 102-477 has | resources through | | | useful language | more agencies. | | | for linking | | | | federal programs | 2) Apply specific | | | and streamlining | agency linkages | | | tribal access, | into law to | | | contracting and | increase | | | reporting | accountability, | | | requirements. | even if it starts | | | | with helping IHS in | | | | its role regarding | | | | the specific | | | | agency's function. | | | | | | | | 3) Linking CDC, NIH, | | | | DOJ, and Indian | | | | Health programs. | | | | (E.g.: 60% of youth | | | | in detention | | | | facilities are | | | | Indian, a | | | | department of | | | | Justice link would | | | | help access these | | | | youth to health | | | | services, or NIH or | | | | CDC to the Epi | | | | Centers.) | | | | | | | | 4) Linked agencies | | | | will accept IHS's | | | | reports as a basis | | | | of compliance | | | | requirements, i.e. | | | | facility studies by | | | | IHS should be | | | | recognized by all | | | | Federal | | | | organizations. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | # Epi Centers | Epi centers are | 1) More Epi centers | | | not accessible by | needed to teach and | | | all areas, | provide specific | | | purpose, | systems that will | | | validity, and | meet the needs of | | | applications of | small tribes and | | | successful | all sizes of | | | centers are not | clinics. | | | widely known. | | | | | 2) Link data with | | | | States and other | | | | agencies. | | | | | | | | 3) Need for Native | | | | American cohort | | | | studies to identify | | | | risks more | | | | completely. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **TITLE 2 & 7: Health | **ISSUES** | **RECOMMENDATIONS** | | Services** | | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Multiple Reporting | Recognition and | IHS reports should be | | Requirements | acceptance of IHS | accepted by other | | | and tribal | agencies as a basis of | | | environmental | compliance | | | reports, studies, | requirements, (i.e. | | | and assessments, | facility studies by IHS | | | etc., by all | should be recognized as | | | other Federal | being valid.) | | | organizations. | | | | | Other reporting | | | | agencies, HUD, EPA. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Specific Clinical | Diabetes is under | 1) "Special diabetes | | Services: Diabetes | funded and needs | funds" should be | | | to be included in | included in [base | | | base funding as | | | | any other 638 | funding]{.underline}, | | | program (not a | no longer treating | | | grant program), | it as a "grant" | | | treated as a | program. | | | short term health | | | | issue. | 2) Diabetes Programs | | | | only last 5 years, | | | | lift 5-year limit, | | | | funds need to be on | | | | going as part of | | | | the base program | | | | funding. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Diabetes 204 (d) 3 | Amend language to | 1) Support data | | | allow funds to | collection | | | support data | requirements with a | | | collection | mechanism (funding) | | | requirement. | to collect data. | | | | | | | | 2) Shouldn't require | | | | data without | | | | provided funs to do | | | | data collection. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Diabetes | Prevalence of | | | | diabetes varies | | | | from tribe to | | | | tribe, will | | | | funding be | | | | variable? | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Diabetes | Prevention, | 1) Separate the | | | education & | activities: | | | screening are | Diabetes control | | | viewed as | and treatment are | | | separate | health concerns of | | | activities from | Indians who are | | | treatment & | already diagnosed. | | | control; need to | | | | be separated in | 2) Screening, | | | the ICHIA. | prevention and | | | | education are | | | | community health | | | | promotion | | | | activities. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Diabetes | Issues specific | California funding not | | | to California | equitable requires | | | tribes and | correction. Consortiums | | | treatment | were treated a single | | | (funding) of | tribes, funded for 40 | | | "consortiums". | tribes when there are | | | | 104 tribes. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Lower CHEF Threshold | CHEF threshold | 1) Lower CHEF | | | too high for | threshold by at | | | small tribal | least 50% for CHS | | | program areas. | dependent and small | | | | tribal program | | | | areas. | | | | | | | | 2) Increase the number | | | | of dollars in CHEF | | | | pool. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | CHSDA Changes | Additional | 1) California has | | | counties to be | identified 7 | | | included in | additional counties | | | CHSDA. | to add to the | | | | CHSDA. | | | | | | | | 2) Additional counties | | | | in other I/T/U's | | | | may need to be | | | | added to their | | | | CHSDA as necessary. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **TITLE 2 & 7: Health | **ISSUES** | **RECOMMENDATIONS** | | Services** | | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Eligibility | Tribal sites | Create tribal sites and | | Determinations | needed and | provide authority to | | | authority to | determine client | | | determine | eligibility for TANF, | | | eligibility for | CHIPs, etc. | | | services. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Third Party | 1\) No other | Clarify billing | | Reimbursements | governmental | exemption is for States | | | bodies and sub | only. | | | units may apply; | | | | the billing | | | | exemption is for | | | | State only. | | | | | | | | 2)Language: | | | | 206(g) for | | | | purposes of this | | | | section, "State" | | | | means a State of | | | | the United | | | | States, the | | | | District of | | | | Columbia and any | | | | commonwealth, | | | | territory or | | | | possession of the | | | | United States and | | | | does not include | | | | a political | | | | subdivision of a | | | | State, a State | | | | instrumentality | | | | or other local | | | | authorities or | | | | local | | | | governmental | | | | units. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Tribal | RPMS doesn't work | Addition funding needed | | Statistics/Data | at all locations, | to make RPMS work, | | | staffing and | additional staff | | | training | resources needed in | | | identified as key | local programs, and | | | problems. | training of staff. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Youth Regional | Allocation of | Increase funding | | Treatment Centers | funds to | allocation for the 3 | | | California. | treatment centers | | | | located in California | | | | (\$1.3 million not | | | | enough). | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Youth Rehabilitation | Allocation and | Support and protect | | Treatment Centers | support of YRTC | programs that have | | | to prevent | risked early start up | | | shutdown. | and now need additional | | | | support to prevent | | | | shutdown. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | YRTC | Funding and | Fully fund and expand | | | expansion of | the number of YRTC's or | | | YRTC's. | distribute money as | | | | shares. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | YRTC | Expansion of | Provide YRTC services | | | programs services | that assist youth with | | | to meet needs of | dual diagnosis; these | | | youth with dual | clients require extra | | | diagnosis. | services. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | YRTC | Transitional | A formalized | | | aftercare. | "transitional | | | | aftercare" program is | | | | needed for youth post | | | | treatment. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **TITLE 2 & 7: Health | **ISSUES** | **RECOMMENDATIONS** | | Services** | | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | YRTC | Youth in need of | 1) Provide | | | program when | (counseling, | | | there are no | medically | | | available beds at | supervised detox, | | | the YRTC. | education, family | | | | counseling, et al) | | | | to support youth | | | | and their families | | | | while waiting for | | | | bed space at YRTC. | | | | | | | | 2) For lack of better | | | | terms, this might | | | | be considered a | | | | "pre-treatment | | | | support and | | | | preparation | | | | program". | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Long Term Care & SNF | Lack of | Authorize a | | | comprehensive | comprehensive range of | | | range of long | long term care and | | | term or Skilled | Skilled Nursing | | | Nursing | Facilities programs and | | | Facilities (SNF) | appropriate funds to | | | programs and | support them. | | | funding. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Long Term Care & SNF | Nursing Homes are | 1) Long term care | | | located far from | close to home is a | | | home & are | priority. | | | foreign to Indian | | | | elders & others | 2) Assisted living | | | needing long term | housing in Alaska | | | care, creating | villages need to be | | | hardships for | specifically | | | families to visit | included as an | | | and learn to | activity under this | | | provide the | authority. | | | needed care at | | | | home. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Long Term Care & SNF | Protect cultural | Culturally appropriate | | | rights. | and sensitive care | | | | should be the | | | | cornerstone for Long | | | | Term Care services. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Long Term Care & SNF | Expanded | Authorize linkages with | | | resources and | county, state and | | | partnerships | others to expand and | | | | improve Long Term Care | | | | services. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Long Term Care & SNF | Protection of | Exemption from Medicare | | Funding | personal assets, | and Medicaid means | | | means testing and | testing, no spend down | | | spend down, to | to protect family | | | state recovery. | homes, land, and | | | | personal assets. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Hearing Aids | Comprehensive | Comprehensive hearing | | | services needed, | service to include | | | especially for | audiometric evaluation | | | children and | and treatment, | | | elders. | especially for children | | | | and elders. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Hearing Aids | Linkages to | Authorize ADA | | | improve access to | (Americans with | | | care. | Disabilities Act) | | | | linkage to provide | | | | assisted hearing | | | | devices for children in | | | | schools. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Health Promotion | Important program | Reauthorize HPDP and | | Disease Prevention | that has not been | provide parity of | | (HPDP) | adequately funded | funding at levels | | | or funded at | comparable to acute | | | equal levels to | care and treatment | | | acute care and | programs. | | | treatment | | | | programs. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **TITLE 2 & 7: Health | **ISSUES** | **RECOMMENDATIONS** | | Services** | | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Uniform Pharmacy | Individual access | Authorize the right to | | Benefits | to medicines and | individual access to | | | other supplies | medicines and other | | | varies based on | pharmaceutical supplies | | | service | irrespective of on site | | | availability, CHS | service availability, | | | status or clinic | CHS status or clinic | | | size. | size. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Uniform Pharmacy | Access to 602 | 1) Authorize tribal | | Benefits | pricing. | and urban access to | | | | Veterans Affairs | | | | (VA) or Department | | | | of Defense (DOD) or | | | | other Federal prime | | | | vendor | | | | arrangements, or | | | | | | | | 2) Continue to provide | | | | access to 602 | | | | pricing, if they | | | | have been Federally | | | | Qualified Health | | | | Center (FQHC) | | | | qualified. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Substance Abuse | Full realm of | Authorize uniform | | | comprehensive | access to a | | | services is | comprehensive substance | | | needed, including | abuse (including | | | treatment for | inhalants) program | | | inhalants. | including: treatment, | | | | pre-treatment, | | | | post-treatment, family | | | | care, and inhalant | | | | abuse, etc. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 209 | Inadequately | This section is need of | | | funded | full funding, to | | | | provide for | | | | consultation with | | | | I/T/U. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Substance Abuse | Set specific | 1) Utilizing Year 2000 | | | goals. | Healthy people | | | | objectives as a | | | | model set specific | | | | improvement goals. | | | | | | | | 2) Provide any | | | | improvement | | | | objectives proposed | | | | for I/T/U | | | | consultation. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Substance Abuse | Prevention | Implement a prevention | | | services need | program that works. | | | improvement. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Substance Abuse | Federal agencies | Authorize I/T/U's to | | | only required to | link with SAMHSA | | | link with Tribes | (Substance Abuse Mental | | | at their own | Health Services | | | election. | Administration), CDC | | | | (Center for Disease | | | | Control) to provide | | | | uniform access to | | | | substance abuse | | | | treatment. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Substance Abuse | Not a mandate for | Wording: "Tribe may | | | tribes, but a | request" these services | | | mandate for IHS | and that "IHS is | | | to provide S/A | required to provide | | | services. | these services". | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Community Health Reps | CHRs need more | 1) Authorize CHRs to | | | frequent training | receive more | | | and equipment to | frequent training. | | | provide this | | | | service. | 2) Authorize the | | | | purchase of | | | | equipment needed | | | | for CHRs to | | | | complete health | | | | assessments. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Home Visits | More health | Increase the number of | | | qualified health | qualified personnel | | | personnel needed. | needed to do home | | | | visits. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **TITLE 2 & 7: Health | **ISSUES** | **RECOMMENDATIONS** | | Services** | | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Home Visits | Seeking examples | 1) Authorize IHS to do | | | from CHAPS in | home health care, | | | Alaska, certify | therefor eligible | | | individual home | to bill for | | | health programs | services. Have | | | that "services" | HCFA, etc., to | | | can be billed | accept IHS | | | for. | certification -- | | | | Give IHS' | | | | certification | | | | "deemed status" | | | | | | | | 2) Certification of | | | | home health program | | | | will allow billing | | | | for service. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Mental Health -- | With gang | 1) Authorize | | | infiltration on | Department of | | Gang Prevention | reservations and | Justice linkage to | | | Indian | provide financial | | | communities, | support and provide | | | behavioral | assistance and | | | prevention | consultation with | | | programs need to | I/T/U's. | | | be beefed up. | | | | Vanderwagon: "60% | 2) Include Juvenile | | | of youth in | Justice Programs | | | detention | | | | facilities are | | | | Indian", need to | | | | look for | | | | department of | | | | justice link. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Mental Health | Demonstration | 1) Strengthen language | | | projects language | and funding, | | | needs to be | eliminate | | | eliminated for | "demonstration" | | | comprehensive | language in favor | | | mental health | of permanent | | | services. | comprehensive | | | | mental health | | | | services/programs. | | | | | | | | 2) Demonstration | | | | projects have the | | | | connotation of a | | | | "temporary" fix, or | | | | experimental | | | | programs; the | | | | services need to | | | | become permanent, | | | | comprehensive and | | | | fully funded. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Studies/R | Small tribes are | 1) Communicate with | | eports/Demonstrations | underrepresented | small tribes and | | | in planning, | include them in | | | participating and | studies and policy | | | overseeing study | development. (See | | | efforts. | section 204) | | | | | | | | 2) Improve equity in | | | | information access | | | | and study | | | | participation. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Studies/R | No access to | Improve availability of | | eports/Demonstrations | study results. | study results, make | | | | study outcomes | | | | available to all. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **TITLE 2 & 7: Health | **ISSUES** | **RECOMMENDATIONS** | | Services** | | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Mental Health | Early | 1) Authorize training | | | identification, | for mental health | | | capacity building | and primary care | | | needed as part of | professionals, to | | | mental health and | increase their | | | primary medical | capacity to early | | | care efforts. | identify domestic | | | | violence and | | | | provide appropriate | | | | intervention. | | | | | | | | 2) Include domestic | | | | violence prevention | | | | and treatment, as | | | | part of mental | | | | health program. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Mental Health | Home or community | Additional Mental | | | based | Health resources are | | | intervention is | needed to support home | | | needed. | visits for preventive | | | | and intervention | | | | services for domestic | | | | violence. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Mental | "Safe Haven" | Safe houses needed in | | Health/Violence | capacity needed | communities for | | | for DV | battered families. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Training for Health | Local programs | 1) Increase number of | | Professionals | need more | behavioral health | | | behavioral health | professionals | | | professionals. | staffing local | | | | programs, includes | | | | Mental Health, | | | | Social Workers, and | | | | Chemical Dependency | | | | Counselors. | | | | | | | | 2) Levels of need: | | | | | | | | ```{=html} | | | |  | | | | ``` | | | | (a) Money to programs | | | | to hire trained | | | | professionals, | | | | | | | | (b) Money to go to | | | | Indian students to | | | | | | | | [become]{.underline} | | | | professionals). | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Trained Health | Under served | 1) Need for more | | Professionals Section | areas need | providers with | | 217 | alternative | prescriptive | | | methods for | authority for | | | meeting mental | psychiatric | | | health medication | patients' | | | needs of mental | medications. | | | health clients. | | | | | 2) Consider | | | | prescriptive | | | | authority for Ph.D. | | | | level mental health | | | | providers as | | | | authorized in | | | | various areas and | | | | states. | | | | | | | | **No consensus achieved | | | | on this.** | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Trained Health | Service for | Improve screening and | | Professionals | depression, | access to clinical | | | depression is a | services for | | | major problem. | depression. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Speech and other | Need for more | Increase number of | | Therapists | speech and other | speech and other | | | therapists. | therapists staffing | | | | local programs. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **TITLE 2 & 7: Health | **ISSUES** | **RECOMMENDATIONS** | | Services** | | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Dental | Comprehensive | 1) Comprehensive | | | dental services | program should be | | | are needed. | authorized (pedio, | | | | endo, ortho, perio) | | | | are all needed | | | | {crowns, dentures, | | | | pediatrics} | | | | | | | | 2) Dental equipment is | | | | required to support | | | | service providers | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Traditional and | Traditional and | Provision of these | | Alternative Medicines | Alternative | services will require | | | medicines are | specific funding, | | | needed, are | should compliment | | | critically | behavioral and medical | | | important in | care, and woven into | | | behavioral health | every aspect of care. | | | care services. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Eye Care | Comprehensive | A comprehensive program | | | program is | will include glasses, | | | needed. | special needs of | | | | diabetes patients, | | | | retinal screening and | | | | tonometry for glaucoma | | | | and high-risk | | | | populations. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **TITLE III: Health | **ISSUE** | **RECOMMENDATION** | | Facilities** | | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 804 | The IHCIA | The IHCIA should waive | | | authorizes IHS to | the requirement that | | | lease health care | the full lease amount | | | space from tribes | be scored in the first | | | under a 20 year | year of the lease. | | | lease; however, | | | | the Balanced | | | | Budget Act | | | | requires that the | | | | full amount of | | | | these leases be | | | | scored in the | | | | first year of the | | | | lease. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 820 | The IHS/HQ/DFEE | Retain Section 820; do | | | suggested | not delete as | | | deleting Section | recommended by | | | 820. | HIS/HQ/DFEE document. | | | | (Possible deletion if | | | | not authorized in the | | | | Self Determination) | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | M & I funding | The Maintenance & | 1) Division of | | | Improvement (M&I) | Facilities & | | | funding has not | Environmental | | | increased over | Engineering (DFEE) | | | the past several | recommends to not | | | years yet the | allow M & I funding | | | amount of health | for new health | | | facility space | facilities coming | | | does increase. As | on line unless | | | more health | specific funding | | | facility space is | has been | | | approved for M & | appropriated by | | | I eligibility, | Congress for that | | | the existing | facility (increased | | | health facilities | space). | | | get less funds | | | | when they are | 2) There is also a | | | already under | need to identify | | | funded. Needs to | additional funds to | | | be assurance that | fully fund this | | | new health | initiative. | | | facilities will | | | | be funded with | | | | M&I Funds, | | | | through | | | | additional | | | | appropriations | | | | from Congress. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 301 (a) | The current | 1) Change of wording | | | document | that does not | | | identifies JCAHO | identify JCAHO as | | | specifically with | the specific | | | regard to | accrediting | | | accrediting | authority as there | | | authority. | are several other | | | | IHS approved | | | | accrediting | | | | authorities. | | | | | | | | 2) Accreditation | | | | issues need to be | | | | consistent | | | | throughout the | | | | bill. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 301 | Current law reads | 1) New health facility | | | that a new health | construction should | | | facility must be | meet the IHS | | | accredited by | standards of | | | JCAHO within one | construction. | | | year after | | | | completion. | 2) Should not | | | | specifically refer | | | | to JCAHO but refer | | | | to an IHS approved | | | | accrediting | | | | authority. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 306 | Not enough | Include wording that | | | federal funding | says: Secretary may | | | to support | allow funds to | | | construction of | reimburse 100% of | | | Indian Health | tribes' obligations for | | | care facilities. | funds loaned by Federal | | | Tribes are | programs for health | | | funding their own | facilities | | | construction | construction. | | | through personal | | | | funds or | | | | "personal loans" | | | | and must use | | | | health care | | | | dollars to pay | | | | off construction | | | | loans. Funds | | | | would be better | | | | used for | | | | providing health | | | | care. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | HUD won't accept | Better coordination | | | our environmental | effort between IHS and | | | reviews. | HUD, to meet health, | | | | safety, and | | | | environmental reviews, | | | | the IHS, at the tribes' | | | | request shall be deemed | | | | as the regulating | | | | agency. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | Tribes do not | Tribes should have more | | | have input into | involvement in the | | | the Sanitation | process from start to | | | Deficiency System | finish and be allowed | | | (SDS) for | to have input on the | | | prioritization of | reports that are | | | sanitation | generated at the Area | | | facilities | and Headquarters | | | projects. This is | levels. | | | an IHS driven | | | | system. Even | | | | though the tribes | | | | have input into | | | | their own | | | | community needs, | | | | they have no | | | | input into the | | | | system once it | | | | reaches the | | | | area/HQ levels. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | Many agencies | IHS should be allowed | | | that require | to use its appropriated | | | matching funds, | federal funds to comply | | | do not permit | with the matching | | | funds for other | requirements of other | | | federal agencies | state, federal and | | | to be used as | other funding agencies. | | | meeting the | | | | matching dollar | | | | requirement(s). | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | IHS funds cannot | 1) The relationship | | | be used for | needs to be | | | sanitation | strengthened | | | facilities for | between IHS and | | | HUD constructed | HUD. HUD must | | | homes. HUD | clearly know that | | | currently | it has the | | | receives funding | responsibility for | | | for construction | providing funds for | | | of homes, which | sanitation | | | includes funds | facilities for | | | for sanitation | homes they | | | facilities. | construct. | | | | | | | | 2) IHS will continue | | | | technical | | | | assistance. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 401 | Appropriation | There should be no | | | committees | restrictions on the | | | currently must | dollar limit on use of | | | approve use of | M&M dollars for | | | M&M funds for | renovation and new | | | renovation and | construction. | | | construction | | | | projects over \$1 | | | | million dollars. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 402 | A clear | Definition of health | | | definition of | care facility should | | | heath care | include mental health, | | | facilities is | elder care, | | | needed. Current | rehabilitation | | | IHS definition | services, alcohol/drug | | | does not include | abuse, etc. | | | the variety of | | | | health care | | | | services | | | | provided. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | Not enough ways | The agency needs to | | | to get health | have multiple ways to | | | facilities built. | get Indian health | | | | facilities constructed, | | | | such as on-time | | | | revolving loan programs | | | | and authority for | | | | guaranteed loan | | | | programs funded. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 301 (c) | Congress does not | 1) Get and accurate | | | have an accurate | and fair reporting | | | picture of all | system in place | | | unmet health | that is conducted | | | facility needs. | annually, one that | | | The IHS Priority | clearly identifies | | | System favors | needs of smaller | | | hospitals and | ambulatory health | | | large facilities. | facilities. | | | | | | | | 2) Comprehensive unmet | | | | facilities needs | | | | report will be | | | | developed on an | | | | annual basis and | | | | submitted to | | | | Congress. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 306 | Section 306 has | Require IHS to provide | | | never been funded | an annual report to | | | because Congress | Congress, which will | | | does not realize | ensure equity and | | | the scope of the | proper consideration | | | need; | for ambulatory | | | appropriations | facilities. | | | will not be | | | | identified | | | | without proper | | | | documentation of | | | | the need. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | Hospitals rate | Agency should not build | | | higher on the | hospitals where there | | | construction | is excessive bed space | | | priority list as | in urban areas so that | | | compared to | construction resources | | | ambulatory health | can be re-allocated to | | | care facilities. | ambulatory clinics. | | | | Existing resources must | | | | be best utilized in | | | | existing health | | | | facilities in urban | | | | areas. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | Central | 1) Re-evaluate the | | | allocation of | current IHS | | | funding; most IHS | priority system, | | | Areas go without | change to allow | | | construction | equity in the | | | funding while | distribution of new | | | other IHS Areas | construction funds. | | | get funding for | | | | new construction. | 2) Decisions should be | | | | made locally as to | | | | how funds should be | | | | allocated for | | | | facilities | | | | construction. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **TITLE IV ACCESS** | **ISSUES** | **RECOMMENDATIONS** | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 401 and 402 | Licensing & | 1) Indian Health | | | Certification | Service shall | | | | establish a | | | | certification | | | | program for | | | | I/T/U's, which | | | | States will be | | | | required to accept | | | | to be equivalent to | | | | state licensure for | | | | all programs. | | | | | | | | 2) Once certified by | | | | or through the IHS, | | | | the I/T/U's will be | | | | certified to serve | | | | both Indians and | | | | non-Indians. The | | | | IHS will establish | | | | its own | | | | certification | | | | process or may | | | | utilize other | | | | recognized body, | | | | such as JCAHO. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 401 | I/T/U billing of | 1) All Medicare | | | Medicare | billable services | | | | may be billed by | | | | the I/T/U for IHS | | | | beneficiaries, | | | | including both | | | | Indians and | | | | non-Indians | | | | serviced at | | | | I/T/U's. | | | | | | | | 2) HCFA shall provide | | | | a "window" of time | | | | during which | | | | I/T/U's can build | | | | up their | | | | infrastructure and | | | | come into | | | | compliance to | | | | provide additional | | | | Medicare services, | | | | and shall be | | | | certified to bill | | | | for these services | | | | during that window. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 401 | Medicaid problems | 1) All Medicaid | | | due to "facility" | billable services | | | based | may be billed and | | | reimbursement. | paid to I/T/U's | | | | whether services | | | | are provided | | | | directly or by | | | | referral through an | | | | I/T/U. | | | | | | | | 2) State will receive | | | | 100% FMAP. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 401 and 402 | Medicaid and | 1) 100% FMAP to states | | | Medicare | for services | | | reimbursement to | provided to all IHS | | | I/T/U's for both | eligible Indians | | | Indian and | and other | | | non-Indian | individuals made | | | beneficiaries | eligible by section | | | | 813 (a) or any | | | | other provision | | | | like it. | | | | | | | | 2) And Medicare | | | | reimbursement will | | | | be provided to | | | | I/T/U's for these | | | | patients as well. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | New | State recovery of | There should be an | | | Medicaid funded | exemption for Indian | | | services. | beneficiaries from | | | | state recovery of | | | | medical costs of | | | | services provided to | | | | the elderly and for the | | | | birth of an Indian | | | | child. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **TITLE IV ACCESS** | **ISSUES** | **RECOMMENDATIONS** | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Section 405 | Direct billing on | Section 405 should be | | | M/M | made permanent for all | | | | tribes | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | New | M/M cost sharing | Indian beneficiaries | | | requirements | shall no longer be | | | | required to make | | | | co-payments or pay | | | | premiums for Medicaid, | | | | Medicare, CHIP or any | | | | other federally funded | | | | health programs. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | New | States and CHIP | States would receive | | | | 100% FMAP for CHIP | | | | services provided by | | | | I/T/U's. There will be | | | | no premiums for IHS | | | | beneficiaries | | | | regardless of where the | | | | services are provided. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | New | Managed care | 1) I/T/U's shall be | | | reimbursement | reimbursed for | | | | services provided | | | | to IHS | | | | beneficiaries even | | | | when an IHS | | | | beneficiary is | | | | enrolled in a | | | | managed care entity | | | | (Medicaid, Medicare | | | | and Private | | | | Insurance | | | | entities). | | | | | | | | 2) All managed care | | | | entities can be | | | | billed by an I/T/U. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | New | Billing States | Allow I/T/U's to bill | | | directly. | the States directly | | | | without being required | | | | to go through a managed | | | | care entity for | | | | services provided to | | | | IHS beneficiaries | | | | eligible for Medicaid | | | | and CHIP. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **TITLE V URBAN** | **ISSUES** | **RECOMMENDATIONS** | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | Urban programs | Include Urban programs | | | are not included | in HCFA MOA. | | | in the HCFA | | | | (Health Care | | | | Finance | | | | Administration ) | | | | MOA (memorandum | | | | of agreement) | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | Should urban | Urban programs should | | | programs remain | remain in Title V, but | | | in Title V or be | Title V should specify | | | dispersed | that Urban Programs | | | throughout the | [are eligible to | | | IHCIA in other | p | | | titles? | articipate]{.underline} | | | | in other sections with | | | | new funds to provide | | | | for professions, | | | | facilities, services, | | | | etc. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | Lack of national | 1) EPI (Epidemiology) | | | data on Urban | Center established | | | Indians | for Urban Indian | | | | Health Institute | | | | to: develop data, | | | | provide technical | | | | assistance to urban | | | | programs, conduct | | | | needs assessment, | | | | | | | | 2) And collect urban | | | | data on national | | | | level, and be | | | | included in one of | | | | three or four | | | | "Centers of | | | | Excellence" | | | | throughout the | | | | country. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | Many urban areas | 1) Establish new urban | | | with large Indian | programs. | | | populations do | | | | not have urban | 2) Conduct an | | | Indian Health | assessment of | | | Programs. | potential new | | | | program sites using | | | | current data | | | | (numbers, health | | | | status/needs, | | | | socio-demographic | | | | variables: age, | | | | gender, tribe, etc. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | I/T/U and | Recommendations from | | | Affiliated | Area meetings are | | | Indians | carried forward in the | | | (non-federally | consultation process. | | | recognized | | | | Indians) engaged | | | | in consultation | | | | process at the | | | | Area level and | | | | produced | | | | recommendations | | | | for IHCIA. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | NIAAA programs | Complete the conversion | | | have authority to | of all NIAAA programs | | | be converted to | and funding from the | | | Title V, Indian | Alcohol and Substance | | | Health Services | Abuse Programs to Title | | | has not completed | V by the year 2001. | | | the conversion. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **TITLE V URBAN** | **ISSUES** | **RECOMMENDATIONS** | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | Relationship | 1) Need for | | | between tribes | | | | and urban | dialogue/relationship | | | programs. | building process | | | | between the Tribes | | | | and Urban Programs | | | | in order to speak | | | | with one voice. | | | | Major issues that | | | | need to be worked | | | | out include: | | | | | | | | ```{=html} | | | |  | | | | ``` | | | | (a) **Eligibility** -- | | | | issues around | | | | enrollment status, | | | | federally | | | | recognized vs. | | | | Affiliated Indians, | | | | members from other | | | | tribes, etc. | | | | | | | | (b) **Access** -- | | | | because of | | | | inconsistency in | | | | access regulations, | | | | many Indians are | | | | not served. | | | | | | | | (c) **Equity** -- with | | | | the majority of | | | | Indians located in | | | | urban areas, only | | | | 1% of budget goes | | | | to serve Urban | | | | Indians. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | Urban programs | Urban programs need to | | | are not always | be involved in the | | | involved in | consultation process in | | | consultation | order to network and | | | process | advocate for their | | | | needs at the national | | | | and tribal levels. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **CROSS CUTTING** | **ISSUE** | **RECOMMENDATION** | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Medicaid and Managed | To extend 100% | 1) Regulations should | | Care | FMAP to States | be developed to | | | for services | specify the IHS | | | provided to all | encounter rate by | | | individuals made | law. A joint Tribal | | | eligible by | and Federal group | | | section 813. | will develop the | | | | regulations. | | | | | | | | 2) These regulations | | | | will develop | | | | Medicaid | | | | reimbursement rate | | | | for I/T/U's' and | | | | define what | | | | services would be | | | | covered under that | | | | rate. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Medicaid and Managed | IHS unable to | IHS exempted by Anti- | | Care | participate in | deficiency Act for | | | managed | purposes of contracting | | | care/Medicaid | with MCO's | | | systems as full | | | | partner. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Medicaid and Managed | Demo project for | 1) I/T/U's to be the | | Care | I/T/U's | actual MCO to | | | | identify some of | | | | the risks and | | | | issues. | | | | | | | | 2) I/T/U's as Network | | | | Provider to fund a | | | | risk pool or other | | | | stop loss | | | | mechanism. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Medicaid and Managed | Accreditation and | Consolidated | | Care | Licensure system. | accreditation and | | | | licensure system is | | | | considered as an | | | | alternative to the | | | | existing certification | | | | and licensure process. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **CROSS CUTTING** | **ISSUE** | **RECOMMENDATION** | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Medicaid and Managed | Tribes are | Tribal governments be | | Care | interested in | given the authority to | | | becoming "MCO". | make eligibility | | | | determinations for | | | | Medicaid and CHIP | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Mental Health & | "Mental Health" | | | Substance Abuse | is stereotyped in | | | | Native American | | | | communities. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Mental Health & | Fragmentation of | 1) Need to redefine | | Substance Abuse | issues vs. | our definitions or | | | holistic | concepts (i.e.: | | | approach: | Prevention). | | | depressions, | Tendency to focus | | | substance abuse, | of weakness and not | | | post traumatic | strengths. | | | disorder, abuse, | | | | and domestic | 2 | | | abuse. | ) Competition/Conflict | | | | between Mental | | | | Health and | | | | Substance Abuse | | | | around these issues | | | | requires holistic | | | | approach. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Mental Health & | "Walking the | 1) Flexibility to | | Substance Abuse | Talk" regarding | create "local | | | tradition. | models" redefining | | | | terms, concepts, | | | | approaches that are | | | | more community | | | | friendly. Tailored | | | | to the local | | | | community. | | | | | | | | 2) Evaluation: What is | | | | working? | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Mental Health & | With traditional | 1) Orientation | | Substance Abuse | approaches there | programs for new | | | is issue of | providers. Bridge | | | stigma and | building between | | | | traditional and | | | Cultural | medical | | | competency in | practitioners. | | | treatment | | | | providers from | 2) Ongoing process for | | | outside the | new staff and | | | community. | community people. | | | Cultural clash | Healing plans need | | | between | to be developed by | | | traditional and | tradition healers | | | western medical | and western | | | model paradigms. | healers. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Mental Health & | Education or | 1) Funding in existing | | Substance Abuse | scholarship | language need to | | | programs are | address | | | fiercely | collaboration with | | | competitive, even | tribal colleges. | | | the students' | | | | without straight | 2) Decentralize the | | | "A's" but are | scholarship | | | committed to | program. | | | their community | | | | are sometimes | 3) Needs to be | | | overlooked. | equity/fairness in | | | | award. | | | | | | | | 4) Share information | | | | regarding pilot | | | | programs. | | | | | | | | 5) Applicants' need to | | | | have a commitment | | | | to their community. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **CROSS CUTTING** | **ISSUE** | **RECOMMENDATION** | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Mental Health & | Model Programs: | 1) Locate project that | | Substance Abuse | New approaches | demonstrates "cost | | | that seem to be | effectiveness" of | | | working in Indian | developing | | | Country. | effective mental | | | | health/substance | | | | abuse programs in | | | | Indian communities. | | | | | | | | 2) Family treatment, | | | | working with the | | | | whole family. | | | | | | | | 3) Findings from this | | | | project disseminate | | | | throughout Indian | | | | country. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Mental Health & | Aftercare and | 1) Continue current | | Substance Abuse | continuing care | aftercare study in | | | is not available | next phases and | | | in many | broader expansion. | | | communities. | Fund aftercare now. | | | | | | | | 2) Incorporate | | | | existing studies | | | | such as the | | | | aftercare study | | | | recently done at | | | | the Native American | | | | Research and | | | | Training Center at | | | | the Northern | | | | Arizona University. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Mental Health & | Pilot Programs | 1) If successful, open | | Substance Abuse | | up to everyone | | | | else. | | | | | | | | 2) Disseminate | | | | information from | | | | pilot projects, | | | | studies, etc. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Mental Health & | Training staffs | 1) | | Substance Abuse | and pay issues. | Certification/training | | | | programs for | | | | American | | | | Indian/Alaska | | | | Native staff for | | | | substance abuse | | | | treatment | | | | providers. | | | | | | | | 2) Competitive pay to | | | | retain trained | | | | staff. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Mental Health & | Objectives in | 1) Dr. Trujillo and | | Substance Abuse | status report for | the Secretary of | | | mental | DHS should include | | | health/substance | Tribes in reporting | | | abuse need a | of status of | | | strong advocate | objectives to | | | within Indian | Congress. | | | Health Service to | | | | get it pushed | 2) Mental health and | | | through. | substance abuse | | | | issues become | | | | funding priority. | | | | | | | | 3) Level of "need" | | | | funded, does this | | | | adequately reflect | | | | the true mental | | | | health/substance | | | | abuse needs. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **CROSS CUTTING** | **ISSUE** | **RECOMMENDATION** | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **I/T/U Partnership | Minimizing | 1) Need to work toward | | For The Future** | conflicts, | minimizing | | | continuing | conflicts, | | | dialogue between | continuing | | | I/T/U's | dialogue, | | | | communication | | | | between tribes and | | | | urban programs | | | | needs improvement, | | | | respect is | | | | necessary. | | | | | | | | 2) Protocols and | | | | forums based on | | | | "Seattle" model | | | | could be considered | | | | in improving | | | | communications. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | I/T/U Partnership For | Urban Indians | Urban Indian Health | | The Future | need services | programs are needed. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | I/T/U Partnership For | Government to | | | The Future | government | | | | relationships is | | | | between federal | | | | government and | | | | tribes. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | I/T/U Partnership For | Tribes' | 1) Tribes | | The Future | responsibility | responsibility | | | for their people. | [for]{.underline} | | | | their people and | | | | [to]{.underline} | | | | their people, | | | | wherever they are, | | | | based on individual | | | | tribal government's | | | | determination. | | | | | | | | 2) These | | | | determinations by | | | | Tribes to serve | | | | their members may | | | | be based on their | | | | governmental | | | | authorities, | | | | priorities, | | | | resources, and | | | | other | | | | determinations. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | I/T/U Partnership For | Individuals | There are other | | The Future | residing on | individuals residing on | | | "public domain | public domain | | | allotments" and | allotments and other | | | other allotments. | allotments that need to | | | | be considered in the | | | | I/T/U partnership. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | I/T/U Partnership For | An insufficient | 1) We will not let | | The Future | resource for | limited resources | | | Tribes, urban or | be a divisive issue | | | other programs to | for the I/T/U | | | provide health | partnership. | | | services to their | | | | members. | 2) Federal government | | | | has obligation to | | | | provide health | | | | care, Indian Health | | | | Service has | | | | responsibility for | | | | all American | | | | Indians/Alaska | | | | Natives no matter | | | | where they are. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Entitlement Benefit | There are regions | Work along two tracks: | | Package & Health | (including all of | | | Disparity | California) that | 1) Examine options | | | do not have | (outside the box) | | | hospitals. | in a broader | | | | entitlement | | | | approach | | | | | | | | 2) Continue to examine | | | | maximization of | | | | existing | | | | entitlements (M/M) | | | | to get closer to | | | | full funding. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA ------------------------ -------------------- -------------------------- **CROSS CUTTING** **ISSUE** **RECOMMENDATION** Entitlement Benefit Need meaningful data Package & Health on health Disparity disparities in order to assess need. Entitlement Benefit "Entitlement" is Package & Health virtually always Disparity seen as an individual benefit, and outsiders would not understand that "entitlement" would apply to a group in this case. Entitlement Benefit Entitlement benefits Package & Health could be applied in Disparity at least three different ways: (1) individual patient entitlement; (2) program I/T/U system entitlement; or (3) tribal government entitlement. Entitlement Benefit Reduce funding to Package & Health some tribal health Disparity centers in order to bring other clinics up. Entitlement Benefit Disparity in health Package & Health status and funding Disparity levels. Entitlement Benefit In defining need, Package & Health there has to be Disparity agreement. Then an unwieldy number of variable get introduced so each group feels represented. Entitlement Benefit There is perception Package & Health that gaming tribes Disparity have less "need". Entitlement Benefit Need a mechanism to Package & Health separate our Disparity financial needs from a voluntary annual budget (annual appropriation). Entitlement Benefit It is a Federal Package & Health responsibility to Disparity provide health care to Indian people; health care for Indian people should be an entitlement. ------------------------ -------------------- -------------------------- REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA ------------------------ -------------------- -------------------------- **CROSS CUTTING** **ISSUE** **RECOMMENDATION** Entitlement Benefit Access must include Package & Health access to health Disparity care AND access to Indian heath care. Entitlement Benefit Funding packages Package & Health need to be joined Disparity together to become a lump sum. Combine money for all eligible Medicare or Medicaid tribal members with IHS. Many poor Indians do not apply for money they are entitled to. If it came through a bundled Indian Health package, the tribes and tribal members could access that funding. ------------------------ -------------------- -------------------------- Entitlement Benefit Package & Health Disparity's POINTS OF CONCENSUS: Indian people ARE entitled to health care services by virtue of massive contributions to this country's benefit. REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **CROSS CUTTING** | **ISSUES** | **RECOMMENDATIONS** | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | ## | Implementation of | Use IHCIA to amend | | Other Emerging Issues | the Indian Child | American Indian Child | | | Protection Act | Protection Act to all | | | | some flexibility, while | | | | implementing the intent | | | | of the Law. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | ## | Linkages with | Expand authorized | | Other Emerging Issues | other agencies to | linkages to other | | | construct | federal agencies and | | | facilities; | departments to include | | | involve other | all function and | | | Agencies and | services | | | departments in | | | | facilities | | | | construction. | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | ## | Public Health | 1) The act should | | Other Emerging Issues | issues/functions | address Public | | | as it relates to | Health Issues and | | | tribal | functions as it | | | governments. | relates to tribal | | | | governments and | | | | should include all | | | | public health | | | | issues/functions. | | | | | | | | 2) Consider inserting | | | | a section in the | | | | act that address | | | | public health | | | | issues function | | | | (Epi center) and | | | | combining issues | | | | from through out | | | | the act. | | | | | | | | 3) Authorize funding | | | | to allow tribes t | | | | develop the public | | | | health capacity at | | | | tribal level. | | | | | | | | 4) Linkage with | | | | State(s) to allow | | | | tribes to access | | | | funding for Public | | | | Health services. | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Other Emerging Issues | Exempt tribal | Limited/flexible waiver | | | match for all | of Grant matching | | | Grants. | requirement(s). | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Other Emerging Issues | Certify that | Not an issue, Authority | | | tribes may take | already present (638) | | | title to federal | | | | "Real Property". | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Other Emerging Issues | Linkages to other | Deal with on a case by | | | Federal | case basis. | | | Age | | | | ncies/Departments | | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT REGIONAL MEETING: ALASKA, PORTLAND, CALIFORNIA AREA +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | **CROSS CUTTING** | **ISSUE** | **RECOMMENDATION** | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Other Emerging Issues | # | Expand scope of IHS | | | Emerging services | authorized services to | | | | include emerging | | | | services. (no | | | | consensus) | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Other Emerging Issues | Traditional | Authorize the ability | | | programs in the | to operate Traditional | | | IHS facilities. | programs in the IHS | | | | facility.(no consensus) | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Other Emerging Issues | Environmental | Authorize the IHS to | | | related diseases | deal with environmental | | | | related diseases. | | | | | | | | (no consensus) | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | Other Emerging Issues | Health aspects of | Create venue to | | | casinos | articulate positive | | | | health aspects of | | | | Casinos. | | | | | | | | (no consensus) | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | ## | Exempt Tribes on | Exempt Tribes and | | Other Emerging Issues | Davis Bacon | tribal organizations | | | wages. | from having to pay | | | | Davis Bacon wages on | | | | contracts and | | | | subcontracts. | | | | | | | | (no consensus) | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ **Other Emerging Issues'** **General Comments: A statement of linkages should be emphasized perhaps as part of preamble.** ### Summary of Individual Recommendations REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT RECOMMENDATIONS AS SUBMITTED BY INDIVIDUALS +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # TITLE | # ISSUES | # RECOMMENDATIONS | | II -- Heal | | | | th Services | | | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | 202(a)(1) | Catastrophic | "In recognition of the need for | | | Health | additional resources to meet the | | | Emergency Fund | extraordinary costs of catastrophic | | | | illness, natural disasters, or newly | | | | emerging infectious disease | | | | epidemics such as HIV/AIDS, the | | | | Indian catastrophic health emergency | | | | fund (hereinafter referred to this | | | | section as the "fund") is | | | | established." | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | 202(a)(5) | Catastrophic | "A portion of these funds may be | | | Health | used to purchase HIV/AIDS | | | Emergency Fund | medications in bulk and made | | | | available for national distribution | | | | to all qualified IHS-funded health | | | | systems." | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | 2XX | National I/T/U | Section 2XX -- In recognition of the | | | New Drugs | fact that newly emerging diseases | | | Purchasing, | like HIV/AIDS do occur, and the | | | Storage and | drugs used to treat such diseases | | | Distribution | are often extraordinarily costly, | | | Programs | this Act makes a provision for the | | | | purchase, storage and distribution | | | | of such drugs through a national, | | | | centralized and contracted service. | | | | | | | | (a) The Secretary, acting through | | | | the Service, and in consultation | | | | with the Health Resources and | | | | Services Administration, shall | | | | establish a national drug | | | | purchasing, storage and | | | | distribution program for | | | | newly-developed and expensive | | | | drugs to treat emerging diseases | | | | such as HIV/AIDS for I/T/U, | | | | through a grant to a private | | | | non-profit corporation with | | | | national scope. This grant | | | | shall: | | | | | | | | ```{=html} | | | |  | | | | ``` | | | | (1) Include the selection of a | | | | single I/T/U pharmacy for | | | | storage at an advantageous | | | | location. | | | | | | | | (2) Require the collection of | | | | demographic and epidemiological | | | | data on each patient being | | | | treated with such drugs for | | | | reportable diseases, and the | | | | sharing of such data with each | | | | state epidemiology department in | | | | which the patient resides, and | | | | with the Centers for Disease | | | | Control and Prevention. | | | | | | | | (3) Require such drugs to be | | | | purchased at the lowest possible | | | | cost to the federal government. | | | | | | | | (4) Require the drug formulary to be | | | | based on that of the state with | | | | the broadest selection of | | | | approved drugs. | | | | | | | | (5) Require such drugs to be made | | | | available to any individual | | | | qualified to receive services in | | | | the I/T/U. | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT RECOMMENDATIONS AS SUBMITTED BY INDIVIDUALS +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # | # ISSUES | # RECOMMENDATIONS | | TITLE -- II | | | | | | | | **Health | | | | Services** | | | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | Section 214 | Epidemiology | Add 214(a)(7) as follows: | | | Centers | | | | | "Epidemiology centers shall be | | | | responsible in each area for | | | | collecting and submitting case | | | | reports on behalf of the tribes for | | | | all reportable infectious diseases | | | | to the state epidemiologist's office | | | | in which the case is located. This | | | | is required in order to insure the | | | | effective coordination of disease | | | | surveillance within each state's | | | | boundaries, and nationally. Such an | | | | arrangement will respect tribal | | | | governments' relationship to the | | | | Federal Government." | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | Title II | Tribes unable | Lower CHEF threshold by 50% for | | | to meet the | tribes. | | | 100% CHEF | | | | threshold. | | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | Health | Community | Request \$1.5 million increase in | | Services/Pr | Health | training dollars, possibly more, | | ofessionals | Representatives | [per]{.underline} | | | | [year]{.underline}. Currently | | | | training dollars is inadequate. As | | | | Community Health Representatives | | | | expand services as a valuable | | | | component of Indian Health, we need | | | | an increase in funding for more | | | | positions in all 12 areas. | | | | Population growth in Indian country | | | | demands for more Community Health | | | | Representatives. | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | 216 -- | Can the grant | All organizations focusing on | | Indian | be allocated to | improving health of Native American | | Youth Grant | IHS Contracted | and Alaska Indians be eligible to | | Program | Clinics | receive funding from these grants. | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | Universal | Many T/U | Provide equitable access to | | P | facilities are | prescription medication regardless | | rescription | unable to | of CHS status, availability of | | Benefit | provide | on-site pharmacy services, clinic | | (Add item K | prescription | size, clinic location, or governance | | of section | medication | status (I/T/U). | | 201) | benefits. "Gap" | | | | Indian patients | | | | are unable to | | | | get the | | | | medicines | | | | prescribed at | | | | their clinic | | | | visit, | | | | effectively | | | | negating the | | | | benefit of the | | | | clinic visit. | | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT RECOMMENDATIONS AS SUBMITTED BY INDIVIDUALS +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # | # ISSUES | # RECOMMENDATIONS | | TITLE -- II | | | | | | | | **Health | | | | Services** | | | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # Heal | # Public Heal | # In the act, ADD, the | | th Services | th function -- | public health function for Indian la | | | IHCIA does not | nd and for Indian people; also inclu | | | address the tri | de environmental health and other pu | | | bal governments | blic health services as appropriate. | | | and federal go | | | | vernment's role | 1) The act addresses the many | | | for public hea | public health issues, the act | | | lth for Indian | does not address the public | | | lands and reser | health responsibility of Tribal | | | vations and for | governments; and establish | | | Indian people. | funding mechanism for other | | | | federal public health dollars, | | | | not funded by IHS. | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # | # Hea | # Put under IHS authorit | | Comprehensi | dStart Programs | y for improved service delivery/adap | | ve school h | | tability to rural and cultural -- wh | | ealth educa | | ile still meeting intent. Need flexi | | tion progra | | bility here -- extremely difficult t | | ms. New aut | | o deliver under current regulations. | | hority over | | | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # TITLE III | # ISSUES | # RECOMMENDATIONS | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | Section 3 - | Definition of | Include language and advocate for | | Declaration | "Indian", we | change in language to include | | of Health | are fooling | "non-Federally recognized | | Objectives | ourselves if we | groups/terminated groups" -- Then | | | say we are | and only then can we truly say we | | | speaking with | speak with one voice even this P.L. | | | one voice. | 94-437 reads its obligation to all | | | | Native Americans in providing health | | | | care. . . no need to say more. | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | Section 3 | Leasing | Reauthorization should raise issue | | -- Health | authority under | of eliminating "Scoring Penalty" | | Facilities | §804 (§804, | which limits use of §804 to use IHS | | | not§104) | lease funds to pay off construction | | | Funding | loan -- may need to amend balanced | | | | budget act but may be able to work | | | | it out with OMB. National workgroup | | | | should meet with OMB. | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # TITLE IV | # ISSUES | # RECOMMENDATIONS | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | Title IV -- | Medical and | Indian tribes that administer a | | Access to | CHIP | tribal TANF program are authorized | | Health | eligibility | to determine eligibility for | | Services | | Medi-Cal and Children's Health | | | | Insurance Program. | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | Access | Is there any | If so, need language to allow this. | | | prohibition | Also need to allow Indians who never | | | against I/T/Us | signed up for Medicare Part B, to do | | | using service | so without having to pay large | | | dollars or | dollar amounts now required. | | | collections to | | | | purchase | Also need to look at estate recovery | | | Medicare Part | for Medicaid -- Impact of requiring | | | B, co-pays for | elders to sign up for Medicaid for | | | Medicare, or to | QUMBY, SLIMBY, home health care -- | | | buy private | need to get waiver from estate | | | health | recovery requirements (for those who | | | insurance? | are CHS eligible at a minimum) for | | | | Indians. | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | Access -- | California | Equitable funding be distributed | | Contract | tribes are | equally and increase from \$114 per | | Health Care | reimbursed at | patient to the national level per | | Shortfalls | \$114.00 per | user of \$259. | | | patient user | | | | verses \$259.00 | | | | reimbursement | | | | at the National | | | | level. | | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT RECOMMENDATIONS AS SUBMITTED BY INDIVIDUALS +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # TITLE V | # ISSUES | # RECOMMENDATIONS | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | Section 5XX | Prevention and | "(a) The Secretary, through the | | | treatment of | Service, shall make grants to urban | | | HIV/AIDS and | clinics, substance abuse treatment | | | other | programs, and other American | | | sexua | Indian/Alaska Native urban | | | lly-transmitted | community-based organizations for | | | diseases | programs to improve the prevention | | | | and treatment of HIV/AIDS and other | | | | sexually-transmitted diseases. | | | | | | | | (b) Any grant made by the Secretary | | | | under this section shall include | | | | requirements that: | | | | | | | | ```{=html} | | | |  | | | | ``` | | | | (1) A thorough needs assessment be | | | | completed in the first year of | | | | the program to identify the most | | | | promising areas of intervention | | | | and appropriate target | | | | populations. | | | | | | | | (2) Grantees be encouraged to seek | | | | technical assistance for program | | | | development from providers | | | | funded by the Centers for | | | | Disease Control and Prevention's | | | | National and Regional Minority | | | | Organizations program and the | | | | Health Resources and Services | | | | Administration Special Projects | | | | of National Significance | | | | program. | | | | | | | | (3) All prevention programs be | | | | targeted to specific | | | | sub-populations who are at risk | | | | based on evidence provided by | | | | disease surveillance, other | | | | epidemiological studies, | | | | behavioral studies, criminal | | | | justice records, and similar | | | | community profile data. | | | | | | | | (4) Proposed intervention be | | | | grounded in what has been | | | | learned through behavioral | | | | science and through traditional | | | | cultural teachings. | | | | | | | | (5) All proposed treatment of case | | | | services programs participate in | | | | the National Native American | | | | AIDS Prevention Center's | | | | national research database. | | | | | | | | (6) Evaluation studies be built into | | | | each project's overall design | | | | after the first year of | | | | assessment. | | | | | | | | ```{=html} | | | |  | | | | ``` | | | | (c) The Secretary shall also, | | | | through the Service, insure that | | | | necessary sums are available to | | | | grantees for the purchase of | | | | technical assistance. | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # | # ISSUES | # RECOMMENDATIONS | | TITLE VIII | | | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # Prov | # At presen | Provide T/U's with direct VA Prime | | ide for Dir | t, T/U's sites | Vendor access. | | ect Access | that wish to ac | | | to the VA P | cess the VA's P | | | rime Vendor | rime Vendor pro | | | | gram must go th | | | | rough an Indian | | | | Health Service | | | | intermediary. | | | | Tribes should b | | | | e able to have | | | | direct access t | | | | o the VA Prime | | | | Vendor program. | | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT RECOMMENDATIONS AS SUBMITTED BY INDIVIDUALS +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # | # ISSUES | # RECOMMENDATIONS | | TITLE VIII | | | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # | # Many T/ | Provide for continued '602' access | | Insure con | U programs acce | to T/U's after their FQHC status | | tinued '602 | ss '602' pharma | "sunsets". | | ' drug pric | ceutical pricin | | | ing access | g as outlines i | | | even after | n the Veterans | | | FQHC status | Health Care Act | | | "sunsets". | of 1992. At pr | | | | esent, T/U's ar | | | | e able to acces | | | | s this pricing | | | | by virtue of th | | | | eir FQHC status | | | | . T/U's may pre | | | | fer '602' prici | | | | ng to Federal C | | | | eiling Pricing | | | | (FCP) because a | | | | ll clinic patie | | | | nts (Indian and | | | | non-Indian) ar | | | | e legal benefic | | | | iaries of this | | | | pricing schedul | | | | e as spelled ou | | | | t by HCFA's Off | | | | ice of Drug Pri | | | | cing (ODP). Onl | | | | y Indian patien | | | | ts are legal be | | | | neficiaries of | | | | FCP (VA Prime V | | | | endor) priced p | | | | harmaceuticals. | | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # Se | # Lack of t | More regional/area meetings to | | ction I -- | ime to address | clearly identify and discuss issues | | P.L. 94-437 | quality each se | impacting Tribes. During this | | | ction. I was in | consultation process --we not only | | | volved with the | want to "speak with one voice" -- in | | | workshop -- "A | order to be in with each other -- we | | | ccess" -- we we | need appropriate time to discuss | | | re to address a | each section or else we will not | | | nd review for r | "speak with one voice" and find | | | ecommendation S | ourselves out of unison. Although we | | | ection VI & VII | have the same issues, California | | | I -- Due to the | tribes are impacted by the need to | | | lengthy debate | discuss at length these issues. | | | of Section IV | | | | -- we never got | | | | to the point o | | | | f section VIII. | | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # C | # ISSUES | # RECOMMENDATIONS | | ROSSCUTTING | | | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # M | # "Estate | To delete this criteria from the | | edicaid & M | Recovery" unde | Medicaid language. As it creates an | | anaged Care | r Medicaid laws | unnecessary hardship when we enforce | | | | the Payor of Last Resort Rule. No | | | | one wants to have their spouse or | | | | children sacrifice their homes for | | | | recovery of a debt which is a | | | | guaranteed right as an "Indian" as | | | | an IHS beneficiary. | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ REAUTHORIZATION OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT ACT RECOMMENDATIONS AS SUBMITTED BY INDIVIDUALS +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # C | # ISSUES | # RECOMMENDATIONS | | ROSSCUTTING | | | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # | # Limi | That other funding sources (other | | | ts on indirect | than IHS and BIA), must accept the | | | rate by outside | tribe's or tribal organizations' | | | organizations. | approved indirect rate when that | | | | tribal organization is fulfilling | | | | the mission of the IHS. | | | | | | | | At this time other agencies | | | | sometimes place a limit on the | | | | amount of indirect charges. This | | | | drives up the overall indirect rate | | | | for the tribal health care delivery | | | | program. | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ | # | # | There must be a national meeting for | | | National consu | policy officials to review, respond | | | ltation meeting | and revise recommendations of the | | | | drafting team(s). | | | | | | | | Accurate data must be available to | | | | substantial recommendations in | | | | reauthorization (i.e., diabetes | | | | funding). | +-------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------+ **Attachments**

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# Presentation: 530017 ## Scientific Data Management:An Incomplete Experimental HENP Perspective - D. Olson, LBNL - 26 March 2002SDM-ISIC MeetingGatlinburg ## Particle Physics Data Grid - www.ppdg.net - PI’s: - Mount, - Livny, - Newman - Coordinators:Pordes,Olson ## Contents - Quick overview of HENP data - Generic data flow - Sizes, timescales - Average physicist view - What’s hard - Making technology work in production - A clear view for average physicist - Analysis of large datasets - Other things as well - Today, many issues wrapped in hopes for “Data Grid” ## Experimental HENP event data - Basic character of data is “event” - May be few particles ## BaBar event - http://www.slac.stanford.edu/BFROOT/ ## Experimental HENP event data - Basic character of data is “event” - May be few particles - May be MANY particles ## STAR event, Au + Au - www.star.bnl.gov ## Experimental HENP event data - Basic character of data is “event” - May be few tracks - May be MANY tracks - Detector characteristics, beam types, triggers effect the type of events recorded - Physics analysis is a statistical analysis of many (1000’s, M’s, B’s, T’s) independent events ## Generic data flow in HENP - “Skims”, - “microDST production”, ... - Filtering chosen to make this a convenient size ## A collaboration of people - $100M, 10 yr, 100 people - Free?, 10 yr, 20 people - Free?, 1 yr, 10 people, 5x/yr - Free?, 1 mo, 1 person, 50x/yr - (“Typical” example today, LHC is larger) ## Example: CMS Tiers ## List of major accelerator-based HENP experiments | Experiment | Location | # physicists | Time scale | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | BaBar | SLAC | 800 | 1999 - 2010 | | STAR | BNL / RHIC | 450 | 2000 - 2010 | | PHENIX | BNL / RHIC | 450 | 2000 - 2010 | | Jlab/CLAS | JLAB | 200 | 2000 - 2010 | | CDF | FNAL | 800 | 1995 - 2010 | | D0 | FNAL | 800 | 1995 - 2010 | | ATLAS | CERN | 2000 | 2006 - 2016 | | CMS | CERN | 2000 | 2006 - 2016 | | ALICE | CERN | 1200 | 2007 - 2017 | | Jlab Hall D | JLAB | 200 | 2008 - 2018 | ## Size / frequency of basic activities | Item | Size (TB) / Frequency (/yr) | | | --- | --- | --- | | | Typical today | LHC era (>5 yr) | | Raw data | 100 TB / yr | 1,000 TB / yr | | Event Reconstruction | 3 / yr | 2 / yr | | DST data | 1 > DST/ raw > 0.1 | 0.1 > DST/ raw > 0.02 | | microDST production | 0.1 > microDST/DST > .001 | ? | | Physics analysis | 10 - 100 * #physicists / year | ? | ## Average physicist view - Mythology, culture, terminology varies a lot from one experiment to another. - BaBar - Object view or primary event store (Objectivity) - Event collection objects give primary access points to data - Event collection has list of references to all event components of interest - With 100,000 collections, how to organize them? - Ntuples & PAW for final data format, analysis tool - STAR (first year data, getting started) - A “production, trigger” is all reconstructed events for a trigger type with a certain version of code, (P00hg, central) - Access point is list of directory path’s below which all data are stored on disk - WZ will be setting up STACS - ROOT for data format and analysis tool - ... ## What’s hard I, living with technology - Typical computer center today - A couple STK Powderhorn tape silos, HPSS or home-grown MSS - 1000 linux processors - Assortment of 100/1000 Gbps network - 50 TB disk (1000 spindles) - Network s/w for I/O (NFS, Objy AMS, RFIO, ...) - AFS for distributed collaboration - Can make large RAID filesystems w/ network access - Faults can affect many nodes - stale NFS file handles - AFS faults affects nodes across country, work - Large RAID is $$$ - Desire to reduce effect of faults - Fewer faults - More tolerance - ... ## What’s hard II,A clear view for average physicist - What’s going on in this box? ## What’s hard II,A clear view for average physicist - What data is available? - “data” means - List of files? (like STAR) - Collection object w/ pointers to all events? (like BaBar) - “available” means - On disk? Where? - Exists? - Does it really have the filters and calibrations I need? - Is it the “official” version of the data? - ... ## What’s hard III,Analysis of large datasets - Dataset does not fit on disk, or requires parallel processing, oris large enough operation that chance of fault is high ## What’s hard III,Analysis of large datasets - Dataset does not fit on disk - Needs access s/w to couple w/ processing - SAM, STACS - Does performance meet demand? ## SAM (Sequential data Access via Meta-data) - http://d0db.fnal.gov/sam/ ## STACS - http://sdm.lbl.gov/projectindividual.php?ProjectID=STACS ## What’s hard III,Analysis of large datasets - Dataset does not fit on disk - Needs access s/w to couple w/ processing - SAM, STACS - Does performance meet demand? - Needs parallel processing (not very hard) - Can not do analysis on private/personal machine - Schedule access to shared resource (CPU and disk) - Operation for a single analysis is large enough that faults occur - Need exception handling - Need workflow management to complete failed tasks or, at least, accurately report status ## Example shared nothing cluster - http://www.ihep.ac.cn/~chep01/paper/4-026.pdf ## PPDG ## Summary - Faulty technology sets boundary conditions - Fault tolerant will expand boundaries of capabilities - Data management is coupled with processing - Visualization (access w/o processing) is minor in HENP - Need access to data when & where it is needed for processing - Working on data grid as context for data management - PPDG has SDM ISIC as one of the technology base projects

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SMC Technologies, No. 4190 (June 14, 1996) Docket No. SIZ-96-5-1-33 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION OFFICE OF HEARINGS AND APPEALS WASHINGTON, D.C. _______________________________ ) SIZE APPEAL OF: ) ) SMC Technologies ) ) Appellant ) ) Re: Anderson Chemical ) Docket No. SIZ-96-5-1-33 (PFR) Company, Inc. ) (96-3-1-19) ) Solicitation No. ) F34650-95-B-001 ) Department of the Air Force ) Tinker AFB, Oklahoma ) _______________________________) DIGEST A Petition for Reconsideration that fails to assert new questions raised by the decision concerning which the Petitioner had no previous opportunity to present evidence or argument will be dismissed. DECISION[1] June 14, 1996 BLAZSIK, Administrative Judge: Jurisdiction This Petition for Reconsideration is decided under the Small Business Act of 1958, 15 U.S.C. Sections 631 et seq., and 13 C.F.R. Part 121 (1995). Issue Whether the Petition for Reconsideration presents grounds for reconsideration of the prior decision. Background Facts On May 1, 1996, SMC Technologies (Petitioner) filed a timely Petition for Reconsideration from Size Appeal of SMC Technologies, No. 4161 (March 27, 1996).[2] In SMC Technologies, the Presiding Judge made two findings. First, since the protest was late-filed, she held that SMC Technologies had only future applicability, because a timely appeal cannot cure an untimely protest.[3] Second, relying on well-established case precedent, the Presiding Judge held that sworn, certified statements made by the challenged firm on its SBA Form 355 and other certified submissions, had greater evidentiary weight than unsupported assertions to the contrary. Accordingly, the Presiding Judge affirmed the Area Office's conclusion that the challenged firm was a small business under the applicable size standard. Arguments Raised on Petition Petitioner asserts its protest was timely under Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Section 33.103(b), which states, in part: ... protests shall be filed not later than 14 days after the basis of protest is known or should have been known, whichever is earlier.... Petitioner asserts neither the Area Office determination nor the prior decision made findings regarding the protest's untimeliness under the above regulation, i.e., when was the basis of SMC's protest "known or should have been known." Further, Petitioner asserts neither the Area Office determination nor the prior decision provides a rationale as to the "basis for supplanting the protest time period of FAR Section 33.103(b)" and substituting the more restrictive time period of 13 C.F.R. Section 121.1603(a)(1). Petitioner requests its protest be considered timely and made applicable to the instant solicitation. Petitioner also asserts the record shows it requested an extension of the close of record so it could supplement its appeal with additional documentation concerning the challenged firm's size status, after close of the 15-day period permitted by this Office's original docketing notice. Petitioner asserts the Presiding Judge's denial of its request was error and prejudicial to Petitioner. Accordingly, it requests the record be reopened for "additional discovery" and for supplementing the record.[4] Alternatively, Petitioner requests the Presiding Judge to remand the proceeding to the Area Office "with directions as to further areas of review." Petitioner attaches numerous appendices, which include copies of various documents pertaining to the challenged firm and Portals, a British company. Petitioner asserts that these documents show the "scope of Anderson's operations and transactions with the Portals entities," and demonstrate that the firms are affiliated, rendering the challenged firm large. On May 15, 1996, Anderson Chemical Company, Inc. (Anderson), filed an opposition to the petition. 13 C.F.R. Section 121.1721(d). Anderson asserts Petitioner failed to raise any evidence to support its petition. Anderson asserts the alleged relationship between Anderson and Portals was addressed in the initial documents supplied to the Area Office, which found such relationship to be inapplicable to Anderson's size status. Discussion Petitioner presents no issue permitting reconsideration of this decision. The pertinent regulation, 13 C.F.R. Section 121.1721(b), requires the grounds in support of a Petition for Reconsideration be limited to "new questions raised by the decision concerning which the Petitioner had no previous opportunity to present evidence or argument." Petitioner has failed to show such grounds. Petitioner's assertion that its protest was timely under FAR regulations, is not a "new question" within the regulatory definition. Even assuming it is a new question, the Presiding Judge still would reject it for lack of merit. The Presiding Judge explicitly addressed the issue of timeliness of the protest in the prior decision. Further, the timeliness of a protest in a small business set-aside, as with all other regulations for a small business set-aside, is governed exclusively by SBA regulations, not those of FAR. See 13 C.F.R. Part 121 (1995). For a protest to be applied to the current solicitation, it must be filed within 5 business days after bid opening. 13 C.F.R. Section 121.1603(a)(1). As found both by the Area Office and the Presiding Judge, based on record evidence, the protest was late- filed and, therefore, could have only future applicability. 13 C.F.R. Section 121.1603(b)(1). Further, Petitioner's assertion that the Presiding Judge improperly denied it an opportunity to present additional evidence after close of record cannot be construed as "new questions raised by the decision." As reflected in the record, the Presiding Judge denied Petitioner's original request for extension of the close of record, because Petitioner presented no valid reason for granting the extension. Petitioner's only reason was that it was on the "verge of uncovering further information...." The Presiding Judge noted in her Order that, if Petitioner had any information concerning the challenged firm's size status, it should have presented it to the Area Office at the time of the size investigation. See Order dated March 21, 1996. Additionally, by Order of April 11, 1996, the Presiding Judge denied Petitioner's motion for "emergency discovery." Thus, Petitioner's instant request for "additional discovery" is not a "new question." Finally, Petitioner's request to remand this proceeding to the Area Office also is not a "new question" as defined in the regulation. Even if the request were a "new question," Petitioner failed to show any valid reason for remand, and the Presiding Judge finds none. Conclusion Because Petitioner has raised insufficient grounds to support its Petition for Reconsideration, it is DISMISSED. The decision issued on March 27, 1996, is the final decision of the Small Business Administration. See 13 C.F.R. Section 121.1720(b). Gloria E. Blazsik Administrative Judge ____________________ [1] The Small Business Administration revised its Size and SIC regulations, both substantively and procedurally. See 13 C.F.R. Parts 121 and 134 (1996). Since the original solicitation, the Area Office's size determination, and the appeal predated the effective date of the revised regulations, 13 C.F.R. Part 121 (1995) applies here. [2] The Presiding Judge granted Petitioner an extension of time to file the instant petition. [3] Bid-opening was on December 14, 1995. SMC filed its protest on January 24, 1996. The size determination issued by the Atlanta Office of Government Contracting (Area Office) found the protest late and applied its determination for future purposes only, relying on 13 C.F.R. Section 121.1603(b)(1). [4] Petitioner previously had made an identical discovery request, which the Presiding Judge denied it by Order dated April 11, 1996.

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Pain Management *Prepared by Kathy Kessel, Library Service \~ VAMC Northport, NY* # ## APRIL 2004 This bibliography on PAIN MANAGEMENT was prepared by Kathy Kessel, Library Service, VAMC, Northport, NY as part of a VA Library Network (VALNET) effort to identify useful published information relating to trends in health care. This bibliography will be updated monthly. Please check with your Library Service if you are interested in this resource or would like to identify other materials specific to your information needs. All bibliographies can be accessed from the VALNET web site at: <http://vaww.vhacoweb1.cio.med.va.gov/VALNET/Bibliographies.asp> Bibliographies prepared for this project are: > **Chemical/Biological Terrorism**\ > Prepared by Halyna Korhun, Library Service, VAMC, Albany, NY > > **Customer Focused Health Care And Delivery**\ > Prepared by Sandra Brayson, Library Service, VAMC, Portland, OR > > **End Of Life Care**\ > Prepared by June Roullard, Library Service, VAMC, Togus, ME > > **Hepatitis C**\ > Prepared by Barry Powell, Library Service, VAMC, Memphis TN > > **High Performance Development Model (HPDM)**\ > Prepared by Joyce Zarrinnahad, Central Office Library, Washington, DC > > **Patient Education**\ > Prepared by Liz Burns, Library, VAMC, Kansas City, MO > > **Patient Safety\ > **Prepared by Farkhanda Sheikh, Library Service, VAMC, Perry Point, MD > > **Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs)\ > **Prepared by Caryl Kazen, VACO Library Service, Washington, DC > > **Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder\ > **Prepared by Caryl Kazen, VACO Library Service, Washington, DC > > **Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)** > > **Smallpox\ > **Prepared by June Roullard, Library Service, VAMC, Togus, ME > > **Veterans Health Care**\ > Prepared by Susan Harker, VAMC, Library Service, Miami, FL > > **Women\'s Health**\ > Prepared by Karen March, Library Service, VAMC, Fayetteville, NC Aaron, S. D., et al. \"Topical tetracaine prior to arterial puncture: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.\" *Respiratory Medicine.* 97, no. 11(2003): 1195-9 UI 14635973. The objective of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to determine whether a topical anesthetic agent (tetracaine) provides effective local analgesia prior to radial arterial puncture. Tetracaine or placebo gel was applied 45 min prior to arterial puncture to patients who were referred for elective arterial blood gas. The primary outcome was the patient\'s perception of pain associated with the procedure as measured by a visual analog scale. Fifty patients were randomized into the study, 24 received tetracaine and 26 placebo. Mean pain score on the visual analog scale was 26.2 +/- 32.6 for the tetracaine-treated patients and 23.8 +/- 27.4 for the placebo-treated patients (P = 0.78). Mean time from the first skin puncture to successful procurement of 1 ml of arterial blood was 70 +/- 103s in the tetracaine group and 49 +/- 48s in the placebo group (P = 0.40). Difficulty of arterial puncture as assessed by the respiratory therapist performing the test was identical for the two groups (P = 0.86). We conclude that tetracaine gel did not decrease patient\'s perception of pain associated with arterial puncture, nor did its use facilitate the ABG procedure. Alford, J. W., R. Tashjian, and R. M. Terek. \"Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee presenting as sciatica.\" *The Journal of Knee Surgery.* 16, no. 3(2003): 182-4 UI 12943290. Andersen, T., et al. \"Pain 5 years after instrumented and non-instrumented posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion.\" *European Spine Journal.* 12, no. 4(2003): 393-9 UI 12756629. Pain drawings have been used in spine surgery for diagnostic use and psychological evaluation of fusion candidates; they have rarely been used to evaluate pain status after spinal fusion. This study is a 5-year follow-up on a randomised clinical trial assigning patients to posterolateral spinal fusion with or without pedicle screw instrumentation. Patients were mailed a pain drawing and questionnaires including questions regarding work, social status, smoking status, the Dallas Pain Questionnaire (DPQ), and the Low Back Pain Rating Scale (LBPRS). Pain drawings were scored using a visual inspection method and a surface-based point scoring and evaluated for the presence of donor site pain. Pain drawings from 109 patients (87% of the initially included patients), 56 men and 53 women, mean age at follow-up 51 years, were analysed. Fifty-three patients had undergone an instrumented fusion and 56 a non-instrumented fusion. Some presence of low back pain was marked by 79% and leg pain by 69%. Sixty-two percent of the pain drawings were classified as \"organic\" and 38% as \"non-organic\". There was no difference between the instrumented and the uninstrumented group. DPQ and LBPRS scores were higher in the non-organic group ( P=0.007). Using the point scoring, no difference between the instrumented and the uninstrumented group was seen. The results of the point scoring were found to correlate with the DPQ and LBPRS scores ( P=0.001). Working patients (39%) had significantly better scores than the rest. Ten percent of the patients had donor site pain. Twenty percent of spinal fusion patients are totally pain free at 5-year follow-up. Ten percent still experience donor site pain. In general, instrumentation does not affect the amount and localisation of pain 5 years after lumbar spinal fusion surgery. The pain drawing seems to be a valuable tool when following spinal fusion patients, but its use as prognostic marker in connection with fusion surgery needs further investigation. Anonymous. \"Heart care methods put ED in top 5%, can help others.\" *Ed Management.* 15, no. 11(2003): 126-7 UI 14655615. Anonymous. \"Molecule of the month: ranolazine.\" *Drug News & Perspectives.* 16, no. 6(2003): 391 UI 12973449. Anonymous. \"Pain reliever gets buff.\" *Consumer Reports.* 68, no. 12(2003): 57 UI 14680012. Arain, S. R., et al. \"The efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus morphine for postoperative analgesia after major inpatient surgery.\" *Anesthesia & Analgesia.* 98, no. 1(2004): 153-8, table of contents UI 14693611. Thirty-four patients scheduled for elective inpatient surgery were randomized equally to receive either dexmedetomidine (initial loading dose of 1- microg/kg over 10 min followed by 0.4 microg. kg(-1). h(-1) for 4 h) or morphine sulfate (0.08 mg/kg) 30 min before the end of surgery. We determined heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR), sedation and analgesia (visual analog scale), and use of additional morphine in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and up to 24 h after surgery. Groups were similar for patient demographics, ASA physical status, surgical procedure, baseline hemodynamics, and intraoperative use of drugs and fluids. Dexmedetomidine-treated patients had slower HR in the PACU (by an average of 16 bpm), whereas MAP, RR, and level of sedation were similar between groups. During Phase I recovery, dexmedetomidine-treated patients required significantly less morphine to achieve equivalent analgesia (PACU dexmedetomidine group, 4.5 +/- 6.8 mg; morphine group, 9.2 +/- 5.2 mg). Sixty minutes into recovery only 6 of 17 dexmedetomidine patients required morphine in contrast to 15 of 17 in the morphine group. The administration of dexmedetomidine before the completion of major inpatient surgical procedures significantly reduced, by 66%, the early postoperative need for morphine and was associated with a slower HR in the PACU. IMPLICATIONS: The use of dexmedetomidine for postoperative analgesia resulted in significantly less additional pain medication (morphine) and slower heart rates than a control group receiving only morphine. These outcomes may prove advantageous for patients who might be placed at higher risk by tachycardia or large doses of morphine. Axelsson, K., et al. \"Patient-controlled regional analgesia (PCRA) with ropivacaine after arthroscopic subacromial decompression.\" *Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.* 47, no. 8(2003): 993-1000 UI 12904192. BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate postoperative analgesia and safety of wound instillation of ropivacaine either by a single dose or a patient-controlled regional anaesthesia (PCRA) technique. METHODS: In 40 patients undergoing arthroscopic subacromial decompression the surgeon placed a catheter into the subacromial space at the end of the operation. In Phase I (10 patients), ropivacaine 250 mg was injected twice within 1 h. In Phase II, 30 patients were randomised into three groups: group prilocaine-ropivacaine (PR) = 20 ml of 1% prilocaine-epinephrine injected preoperatively into the subacromial bursa + 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine infused in the catheter postoperatively; group saline-ropivacaine (SR) = saline-epinephrine (20 ml) preoperatively + 0.5% ropivacaine as in group PR; group saline-saline (SS) = saline-epinephrine (20 ml) preoperatively + saline postoperatively. The PCRA pump was filled with local anaesthetic or saline to allow boluses of 10-ml each, maximum one bolus/h, via the catheter. Pain relief, side-effects and venous plasma concentration of ropivacaine were evaluated during a 24-h-test period. RESULTS: The free plasma concentration of ropivacaine was 0.12 + 0.041 mg l-1 in Phase I. No adverse effects were seen. In Phase II pain at rest and on movement was lower in group PR than in group SS during the first 30 min postoperatively (P \< 0.05). Group PR had the lowest morphine consumption (P \< 0.05). Five to seven boluses were administered via the PCRA-pump, and 20 min after administration of the study solution, pain was lower in groups PR and SR compared with group SS (P \< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative intrabursal prilocaine with epinephrine + postoperative subacromial administration of ropivacaine by PCRA-technique provided the most effective analgesia with no major side-effects. The free plasma concentrations of ropivacaine were far below toxic concentrations. Balazs, E. A. \"Analgesic effect of elastoviscous hyaluronan solutions and the treatment of arthritic pain.\" *Cells Tissues Organs.* 174, no. 1-2(2003): 49-62 UI 12784041. Elastoviscous hyaluronan solutions have an analgesic effect when injected intra-articularly in animal and human joints. This was first discovered using animal behavioral models and later confirmed in neurophysiological studies in cat and rat joints. These studies on both normal and experimentally produced arthritis in joints confirmed that only elastoviscous solutions of hyaluronan or certain of its derivatives (hylans) have a desensitizing effect on nociceptive sensory receptors. Recently, this desensitizing effect of elastoviscous hyaluronan solutions was also demonstrated on intact or on isolated patches of oocyte cell membranes. Viscosupplementation, the exchange of pathological synovial fluid in arthritic joints with pure elastoviscous solutions of hyaluronan or hylans, is a widely accepted therapeutic modality used to provide long-lasting analgesia in human knee joints. The clinical studies performed on human and animal temporomandibular joints since the mid-1970s are reviewed. These trials used three distinctly different preparations made from hyaluronan of different average molecular weight, polydispersity and, consequently, different elastoviscous properties. These differences are demonstrated and the consequences on the potential efficacy of the preparations are discussed. Copyright 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel \[References: 60\] Ballantyne, J. C. \"Does epidural analgesia improve surgical outcome?\" *British Journal of Anaesthesia.* 92, no. 1(2004): 4-6 UI 14665544. Benzer, W., S. Hofer, and N. B. Oldridge. \"Health-related quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease after different treatments for angina in routine clinical practice.\" *Herz.* 28, no. 5(2003): 421-8 UI 12928741. BACKGROUND AND AIM: The assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQL) increasingly is an important outcome in the management and care of patients with angina. The aim of this study was to describe the baseline HRQL in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and angina and to report the impact of the three established therapeutic strategies, continued medical treatment (CMT), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on HRQLover a 12-month follow-up period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The change in specific HRQL scores and angina severity was evaluated in a routine clinical practice setting in 158 patients with CAD and angina treated either with CMT, PCI, or CABG. The measure used in this study to assess HRQL was the MacNew Heart Disease HROL Questionnaire (MacNew). It was administered before coronary angiography and 12 months after treatment stratification. Angina pectoris was assessed with the modified Canadian Cardiovascular Society\'s classification. RESULTS: The MacNew discriminated between treatment groups with lowest (poorest HROL) baseline global, physical,and social HRQL scores seen in patients with subsequent CABG. There were significantly greater improvements in global and emotional HRQL scores after both PCI and CABG than after CMT. In all three treatment groups, improved HRQLscores were associated with improved angina grade. CONCLUSION: The present study has shown clearly that evaluating HRQL as an outcome before and after different treatments for angina is feasible and useful in routine clinical practice. Measurement of HRQL discriminated between treatment groups at baseline and was responsive demonstrating improvement with each treatment alternative but most notably with CABG. The improved HROL was consistent with changes in angina severity. The MacNew may be useful when comparing outcomes across different treatments among patients with CAD and angina. Bertolotto, M., et al. \"Resistive index in patients with renal colic: differences after medical treatment with indomethacin and ketorolac.\" *Radiologia Medica.* 106, no. 4(2003): 370-5 UI 14612828. PURPOSE: To investigate whether colour Doppler US can demonstrate haemodynamic differences in patients with renal colic after pharmacological treatment with indomethacin and ketorolac. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 180 consecutive patients with unilateral acute renal colic with colour Doppler US; 90 were treated with indomethacin, 90 with ketorolac. Furthermore, 37 consecutive patients without obstruction (17 treated with indomethacin and 20 with ketorolac) were also examined and considered normal controls. RESULTS: In the patients with renal colic the average resistive index (RI) was significantly greater on the side of the colic after administration of either indomethacin or ketorolac (p\<0.001). The average RI in the obstructed kidneys was significantly higher in the patients treated with ketorolac than with indomethacin (p\<0.005). No statistically significant differences were shown between the average RIs of the non obstructed kidneys of the patients with renal colic and between the kidneys of the control patients treated with either indomethacin or ketorolac. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Doppler evaluation of patients with renal colic requires careful interpretation after the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), since values of renal RI depend on the drug that has been used to relieve symptoms. Bewyer, D. C., and K. J. Bewyer. \"Rationale for treatment of hip abductor pain syndrome.\" *Iowa Orthopaedic Journal.* 23(2003): 57-60 UI 14575251. Patients with lower back or buttock pain that radiates into the posterior or lateral leg are often referred to physical therapy with a diagnosis of sciatica. Often the physical exam does not reveal neurologic findings indicative of radiculopathy. Instead, there is hip abductor muscle pain and weakness. This syndrome involves muscle imbalances that result in overuse strain of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles, myofascial trigger points, and trochanteric bursitis. This paper describes hip abductor pain syndrome and provides a rationale for the diagnosis and treatment. \[References: 23\] Bhagat, K., and H. M. Chinyanga. \"Trends in cancer pain management.\" *Central African Journal of Medicine.* 46, no. 2(2000): 46-54 UI 14674210. BACKGROUND: Pain is a prevalent symptom in cancer patients, affecting up to 50% of patients undergoing active cancer treatment and up to 90% of those with advanced disease. Although adequate relief can be achieved in the majority of cancer patients, pain is often treated inadequately in traditional settings and sometimes even under the management of more specialised units. In this review the authors use their experience and that of others to review the evaluation and diagnosis of pain syndromes and the principles of management. This is in keeping with increasing recognition by bodies such as the World Health Organisation and other governmental agencies who have recognised the importance of pain management as part of routine cancer care. Conducting a comprehensive assessment, competently providing analgesic drugs, and communicating with the patient and family allow effective management of pain in the cancer patient. \[References: 37\] Bianconi, M., et al. \"The pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ropivacaine continuous wound instillation after spine fusion surgery.\" *Anesthesia & Analgesia.* 98, no. 1(2004): 166-72, table of contents UI 14693613. Because local anesthetic continuous wound instillation has not been evaluated after spine fusion surgery, we designed this study to determine whether this technique could enhance analgesia and improve patient outcome after posterior lumbar arthrodesis. Thirty-eight patients undergoing spine stabilization were randomly divided into two groups. The M group received a postoperative baseline IV infusion of morphine plus ketorolac for 24 h, and the R group received IV saline. In both groups, a multihole 16-gauge catheter was placed subcutaneously; in the R group, the wound was infiltrated with a solution of ropivacaine 0.5% 200 mg/40 mL, and infusion of ropivacaine 0.2% 5 mL/h was maintained for 55 h. In the M group, saline infusion was given at the same rate. Pain scores were taken at rest and on passive mobilization by nurses blinded to patient analgesic treatment. The total plasma ropivacaine concentration was evaluated. Pain scores and rescue medication requirements (diclofenac and tramadol) were significantly less in the R group than in the M group. Postoperative blood loss was less and the length of hospital stay was shorter in the R group. The ropivacaine peak total plasma concentration occurred at 24 h during infusion and was within safe limits; no toxic local anesthetic side effects were observed. These results suggest that wound infiltration and continuous instillation of ropivacaine 0.2% is effective for pain management after spine stabilization surgery. IMPLICATIONS: Postoperative pain after lumbar arthrodesis is related to soft tissue and muscle dissection and to manipulations and removal at the operation site. By blocking noxious stimuli from the surgical area, infiltration and wound perfusion with ropivacaine were more effective in controlling pain than systemic analgesia. Bianconi, M., et al. \"Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ropivacaine continuous wound instillation after joint replacement surgery.\" *British Journal of Anaesthesia.* 91, no. 6(2003): 830-5 UI 14633754. BACKGROUND: As continuous wound instillation with local anaesthetic has not been evaluated after hip/knee arthroplasties, our study was designed to determine whether this technique could enhance analgesia and improve patient outcome after joint replacement surgery. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients undergoing elective hip/knee arthroplasties under spinal block were randomly assigned to two analgesia groups. Group M received continuous i.v. infusion of morphine plus ketorolac for 24 h. Then, a multi-hole 16 G catheter was placed subcutaneously and infusion of saline was maintained for 55 h. Group R received i.v. saline. Thereafter the wound was infiltrated with a solution of ropivacaine 0.5% 40 ml, then a multi-hole 16 G catheter was placed subcutaneously and an infusion of ropivacaine 0.2% 5 ml h(-1) was maintained for 55 h. Visual analogue scale scores were assessed at rest and on passive mobilization by nurses blinded to analgesic treatment. Total plasma ropivacaine concentration was measured. RESULTS: Group R showed a significant reduction in postoperative pain at rest and on mobilization, while rescue medication requirements were greater in Group M. Total ropivacaine plasma concentration remained below toxic concentrations and no adverse effects occurred. Length of hospital stay was shorter in Group R. CONCLUSION: Infiltration and wound instillation with ropivacaine 0.2% is more effective in controlling postoperative pain than systemic analgesia after major joint replacement surgery. Bilgin, M., Y. Akcali, and F. Oguzkaya. \"Extrapleural regional versus systemic analgesia for relieving postthoracotomy pain: a clinical study of bupivacaine compared with metamizol.\" *Journal of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery.* 126, no. 5(2003): 1580-3 UI 14666036. BACKGROUND: The effects of a local anesthetic delivered through a catheter inserted in the extrapleural region by a surgeon and an analgesic agent given systemically on pain after thoracotomy were assessed. METHODS: The patients in group I (n = 25) had a catheter inserted between the parietal pleura and the endothoracic fascia by a surgeon, and 0.5% bupivacaine was given through this catheter. Another 25 patients (group II) had metamizol given intravenously. Respiratory function tests, arterial blood gases, range of shoulder motion, and postoperative pain were evaluated for each group. Bupivacaine and metamizol were given just before finishing the thoracotomy and then repeated every 4 hours for 3 days. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in arterial blood gases between the groups (P \>.05). There were statistically significant differences in the respiratory function tests, range of shoulder motion, and visual analogue scale (P \<.05) between the groups. Group I had fewer complications than group II. There was no mortality in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Bupivacaine given through a catheter to the extrapleural region before finishing thoracotomy is substantially beneficial for the prevention of postoperative pain and reduction of postoperative complications. Boden, W. E. \"Practical approach to incorporating new studies and guidelines for antiplatelet therapy in the management of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.\" *American Journal of Cardiology.* 93, no. 1(2004): 69-72 UI 14697469. Bolin, D. J. \"Transdermal approaches to pain in sports injury management.\" *Current Sports Medicine Reports.* 2, no. 6(2003): 303-9 UI 14583158. There is much lore about training room treatments for common overuse and traumatic musculoskeletal injuries. This review looks at the evidence behind many of the common transdermal treatments that are purported to reduce pain and inflammation and improve function. These include cryotherapy, laser treatments, electrical stimulation, ultrasound and phonophoresis, extracorporeal shock wave therapy, and iontophoresis. In addition, there are numerous over the counter sports creams and prescribed topical treatments that are routinely used. With the pressure to treat athletes safely and efficiently, sports practitioners must rely on well-proven evidence to build the most effective treatment plans. \[References: 52\] Bouter, L. M., et al. \"Cochrane back review group.\" *Spine.* 28, no. 12(2003): 1215-8 UI 12811262. Bruera, E., et al. \"Methadone versus morphine as a first-line strong opioid for cancer pain: a randomized, double-blind study.\" *Journal of Clinical Oncology.* 22, no. 1(2004): 185-92 UI 14701781. PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness and side effects of methadone and morphine as first-line treatment with opioids for cancer pain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients in international palliative care clinics with pain requiring initiation of strong opioids were randomly assigned to receive methadone (7.5 mg orally every 12 hours and 5 mg every 4 hours as needed) or morphine (15 mg sustained release every 12 hours and 5 mg every 4 hours as needed). The study duration was 4 weeks. RESULTS: A total of 103 patients were randomly assigned to treatment (49 in the methadone group and 54 in the morphine group). The groups had similar baseline scores for pain, sedation, nausea, confusion, and constipation. Patients receiving methadone had more opioid-related drop-outs (11 of 49; 22%) than those receiving morphine (three of 54; 6%; P =.019). The opioid escalation index at days 14 and 28 was similar between the two groups. More than three fourths of patients in each group reported a 20% or more reduction in pain intensity by day 8. The proportion of patients with a 20% or more improvement in pain at 4 weeks in the methadone group was 0.49 (95% CI, 0.34 to 0.64) and was similar in the morphine group (0.56; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.70). The rates of patient-reported global benefit were nearly identical to the pain response rates and did not differ between the treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Methadone did not produce superior analgesic efficiency or overall tolerability at 4 weeks compared with morphine as a first-line strong opioid for the treatment of cancer pain. Buggy, D. J., et al. \"Lack of analgesic efficacy of oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in postoperative pain.\" *Pain.* 106, no. 1-2(2003): 169-72 UI 14581124. We have evaluated the efficacy of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, in postoperative pain. In a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose trial, we investigated 40 women undergoing elective abdominal hysterectomy. Randomization took place when postoperative patient-controlled analgesia was discontinued on the second postoperative day. When patients requested further analgesia, they received a single, identical capsule of either oral delta-9-THC 5 mg (n=20) or placebo (n=20) in a double-blind fashion. The primary outcome measure was summed pain intensity difference (SPID) at 6 h after administration of study medication derived from visual analogue pain scores on movement and at rest. Secondary outcome measures were time to rescue medication and adverse effects of study medication. Mean (SD) VAS pain scores before medication in the placebo and delta-9-THC groups were 6.3(2.6) and 6.4(1.3)cm on movement, and 3.2(1.9) and 3.3(0.9) on rest, respectively. There were no significant differences in mean (95% confidence interval of the difference) SPID at 6 h between the groups \[placebo 7.9, delta-9-THC 4.3(-1.8 to 9.0)cm h on movement; placebo 8.8, delta-9-THC 4.9(-0.2 to 8.1)cm h at rest\] and time to rescue analgesia \[placebo 217, delta-9-THC 163(-22 to 130)min\]. Increased awareness of surroundings was reported more frequently in patients receiving delta-9-THC (40 vs 5%, P=0.04). There were no other significant differences with respect to adverse events. This study demonstrates no evidence of an analgesic effect of orally administered delta-9-THC 5 mg in postoperative pain in humans. Bullington, J., et al. \"Meaning out of chaos: a way to understand chronic pain.\" *Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences.* 17, no. 4(2003): 325-31 UI 14629634. Pain is a multidimensional phenomenon lying at the intersection between biology and culture. The modern understanding of pain takes into account emotional, psychological, socio-political and existential aspects of pain as well as physiological, anatomical factors. Our aim in this study was to deepen the understanding of psychosocial, existential aspects of pain and to discuss how clinicians can better understand and treat patients with chronic pain. A focus group was formed consisting of a researcher and a group of clinicians (n = 3) with various backgrounds working at a specialized pain clinic. The group met once a month during a 6-month period. Questions concerning the life-world of the pain patient as well as inquiries into the conditions for \'the good clinical encounter\' were investigated. The results of this study consist of a systematization of the data (focus group meetings) collected and analysed in a collaborative effort between the researcher and group participants. The findings are presented in terms of themes. The main metaphor used to describe the path from the seeking of medical help to successful rehabilitation was order out of chaos. Ordering chaos was a process moving from diagnosis through a phase of heightened self-awareness towards responsibility-taking on the part of the patient. Related themes presented, illustrated and discussed in the paper concern problems of linkage, the role of flexibility and creativity in the healing process and the kind of clinical encounter conducive for the journey from chaos to the creation of new meaning. Butrick, C. W. \"Interstitial cystitis and chronic pelvic pain: new insights in neuropathology, diagnosis, and treatment.\" *Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology.* 46, no. 4(2003): 811-23 UI 14595223. Cascinu, S., et al. \"Pain and its treatment in hospitalized patients with metastatic cancer.\" *Supportive Care in Cancer.* 11, no. 9(2003): 587-92 UI 12905055. GOALS: The aim of this prospective study was to assess the quality of pain management hospitalized cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a quantitative and qualitative evaluation from six oncology centers in Italy, all consecutive cancer patients complaining of pain and hospitalized during the same 2 weeks were requested to fill in a McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ), a present pain intensity scale (PPI), and a hospital anxiety and depression acale (HADS), and to answer a questionnaire focused (QF) on the quality of medical and nursing care. The healthcare provider\'s antalgic prescriptions were assessed by an index of pain management (IPM). MAIN RESULTS: Of 120 patients with pain admitted to oncology divisions (65 men and 52 women; mean age 57 years, range 21-79 years), 117 completed the questionnaires. The quantitative evaluation (PPI) showed a significant pain reduction between admission and discharge pain levels-from 2.65 to 1.50 ( p\<0.001). While a significant reduction of anxiety (HADS) was also found-from 10.24 to 9.11 ( p\<0.001)-depression did not improve (9.83 and 9.72). The most relevant information from qualitative evaluation (QF) was: in 37.6% of patients, pain level was higher overnight; 47% waited for spontaneous decrease of pain intensity before asking for nurse or physician intervention; 69% asked for nurse help when pain level was really high. The health care response to patients\' pain was not completely satisfactory, since analgesic prescription was adequate in 56.52% but inadequate in 43.47%. CONCLUSIONS: Pain control in hospitalized cancer patients is not completely satisfactory. The physician\'s attitude is to underestimate and undertreat pain, while nurses are not adequately trained for timely intervention despite published guidelines for pain management. The findings of this study support the concern of inadequate knowledge and inappropriate attitudes regarding pain management, even in cancer patients hospitalized in medical oncology divisions. Chaitman, B. R., et al. \"Effects of ranolazine with atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem on exercise tolerance and angina frequency in patients with severe chronic angina: a randomized controlled trial.\[see comment\].\" *Jama.* 291, no. 3(2004): 309-16 UI 14734593. CONTEXT: Many patients with chronic angina experience anginal episodes despite revascularization and antianginal medications. In a previous trial, antianginal monotherapy with ranolazine, a drug believed to partially inhibit fatty acid oxidation, increased treadmill exercise performance; however, its long-term efficacy and safety have not been studied in combination with beta-blockers or calcium antagonists in a large patient population with severe chronic angina. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether, at trough levels, ranolazine improves the total exercise time of patients who have symptoms of chronic angina and who experience angina and ischemia at low workloads despite taking standard doses of atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem and to determine times to angina onset and to electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia, effect on angina attacks and nitroglycerin use, and effect on long-term survival in an open-label observational study extension. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: A randomized, 3-group parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 823 eligible adults with symptomatic chronic angina who were randomly assigned to receive placebo or 1 of 2 doses of ranolazine. Patients treated at the 118 participating ambulatory outpatient settings in several countries were enrolled in the Combination Assessment of Ranolazine In Stable Angina (CARISA) trial from July 1999 to August 2001 and followed up through October 31, 2002. INTERVENTION: Patients received twice-daily placebo or 750 mg or 1000 mg of ranolazine. Treadmill exercise 12 hours (trough) and 4 hours (peak) after dosing was assessed after 2, 6 (trough only), and 12 weeks of treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change in exercise duration, time to onset of angina, time to onset of ischemia, nitroglycerin use, and number of angina attacks. RESULTS: Trough exercise duration increased by 115.6 seconds from baseline in both ranolazine groups (pooled) vs 91.7 seconds in the placebo group (P =.01). The times to angina and to electrocardiographic ischemia also increased in the ranolazine groups, at peak more than at trough. The increases did not depend on changes in blood pressure, heart rate, or background antianginal therapy and persisted throughout 12 weeks. Ranolazine reduced angina attacks and nitroglycerin use by about 1 per week vs placebo (P\<.02). Survival of 750 patients taking ranolazine during the CARISA trial or its associated long-term open-label study was 98.4% in the first year and 95.9% in the second year. CONCLUSION: Twice-daily doses of ranolazine increased exercise capacity and provided additional antianginal relief to symptomatic patients with severe chronic angina taking standard doses of atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem, without evident adverse, long-term survival consequences over 1 to 2 years of therapy. Chandler, A., F. Kinnaird, and M. Wood. \"Developing and implementing a pain management benchmark.\" *Nursing Times.* 99, no. 39(2003): 46-7 UI 14562663. For most patients, pain is an inevitable part of the cancer journey. Pain may be acute or chronic, it may be related to the disease process or to treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy. For 80-90 per cent of patients with cancer, effective pain relief could be attained using the analgesic guidelines outlined by the World Health Organization (1996). However, in routine practice this is not achieved (Portenoy and Lesage, 1999), which highlights the need to review and improve practice continuously. Chung, J. W., and J. C. Lui. \"Postoperative pain management: study of patients\' level of pain and satisfaction with health care providers\' responsiveness to their reports of pain.\" *Nursing & Health Sciences.* 5, no. 1(2003): 13-21 UI 12603717. The present prospective survey was conducted in a 1200-bed hospital to examine postoperative patients\' current pain intensity, most intense pain experienced, satisfaction with postoperative pain management, and differences regarding pain and satisfaction levels. All adult patients admitted to a hospital in Hong Kong for surgery, except those receiving local anesthesia, were eligible to enter this study. The patient outcome questionnaire developed by the American Pain Society was used to solicit data about patients\' pain and satisfaction with pain relief. The subjects were 294 postoperative patients. Approximately 85% complained about varying degrees of pain during the 24 h prior to the assessment of their pain. When interviewed, most patients complained of mild to moderate pain (median = 2 on a 10-point scale), while the median for \'worst pain intensity\' was 5. Approximately 80% of the subjects indicated that both the nurses and physicians reminded them to report pain when it occurred. Only 143 (48.6%) agreed that the nurses and physicians sufficiently emphasized the importance of pain relief. Those who received acute pain services, provided by anesthetists, reported lower levels of current pain intensity. Over 65% of the subjects were satisfied with all levels of health care providers, regarding their postoperative pain management. Cohen, M. R. \"Patient controlled analgesia. Pushing for safe pain relief.\" *Nursing.* 33, no. 11(2003): 10 UI 14653251. Conroy, B. P., et al. \"Interscalene block for elective shoulder surgery.\" *Orthopedics.* 26, no. 5(2003): 501-3 UI 12755214. This study assessed patient experiences with interscalene block anesthesia for elective shoulder surgery. Routine use of interscalene anesthesia was introduced at our institution in 1997. All patients who underwent interscalene anesthesia during the first 3 years of our experience with this regional anesthetic technique were asked to respond to an anesthesia-related questionnaire. Overall patient satisfaction with interscalene anesthesia was 87%, and success rate in achieving a complete motor and sensory block was 79%. The duration of pain relief postoperatively was 10.5 hours for patients with a successful block. Patients consistently reported that having an interscalene block was less painful than anticipated; 90% said they would have interscalene anesthesia again for shoulder surgery. This study demonstrates that interscalene anesthesia for elective shoulder surgery is safe and well accepted in this patient population. Cook, P., J. Stevens, and C. Gaudron. \"Comparing the effects of femoral nerve block versus femoral and sciatic nerve block on pain and opiate consumption after total knee arthroplasty.\" *Journal of Arthroplasty.* 18, no. 5(2003): 583-6 UI 12934209. The goal of this study was to compare femoral and femoral plus sciatic nerve blocks in the postoperative pain management of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A total of 97 patients participated in a convenience sample, comparative study. Patients who received femoral nerve block only (n = 30) reported statistically higher pain scores (P \<.05) and showed 61% higher opiate consumption than those who received femoral and sciatic nerve blocks (n = 67) in the first 24 hours after surgery. The results suggest that the combined femoral and sciatic nerve block provides superior pain management in the early postoperative period after TKA. Crane, R. A., P. C. Wilson, and G. Behrens. \"Pain control in hospice home care: management guidelines.\" *American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care.* 7, no. 6(1990): 39-42 UI 14686472. Cremeans-Smith, J. K., et al. \"Spouses\' and physicians\' perceptions of pain severity in older women with osteoarthritis: dyadic agreement and patients\' well-being.\" *Pain.* 106, no. 1-2(2003): 27-34 UI 14581107. This study examined agreement between patients and two role partners (spouses and physicians) on patients\' pain severity and the relationships between dyadic agreement and patients\' well-being. We hypothesized that compared to disagreement between patients and role partners, dyadic agreement would be related to better psychological well-being (more disease-specific self-efficacy and positive affect, and less depression). Participants were 114 older women with osteoarthritis, their caregiving husbands, and their rheumatologists. Among patient-spouse dyads, agreement was associated with better well-being, especially when compared to spouses\' underestimation of patients\' pain. Contrary to predictions, patient-physician agreement was not related to better patient well-being. Agreement between patients and physicians was associated with less (rather than more) self-efficacy and positive affect when compared to physicians\' underestimation of patients\' pain. Cunliffe, J. \"Reflections on pain management: a case study.\" *International Journal of Palliative Nursing.* 9, no. 10(2003): 449-53 UI 14593283. This article discusses issues relating to pain management at the end of life. Through reflections on a case study of a single patient many aspects of pain management are highlighted. These include difficulties in assessing pain, the need to respect patient autonomy, out-of-hours concerns and the possible role of integrated care pathways. The need to be aware of the potential value of non-pharmaceutical approaches is also discussed. Dahl, J. L. \"The myths and realities of pain control with opioids.\" *Wmj.* 102, no. 5(2003): 19 UI 14621926. D\'Arcy, Y. \"Using tunneled epidural catheters to treat cancer pain.\" *Nursing.* 33, no. 9(2003): 17 UI 14562821. Dawkins, S. \"Patient-controlled analgesia after coronary artery bypass grafting.\" *Nursing Times.* 99, no. 47(2003): 30-1 UI 14689672. Patient-controlled analgesia is a method of pain control that allows the patient to self-administer opioid medication as and when it is needed. Pain is a personal experience and one pain-relieving intervention may not be effective for all patients. This article reviews the literature on patient-controlled analgesia, particularly with reference to patients after coronary artery bypass grafting. Pain policies and education programmes need to be proactive in addressing staff and patient gaps in knowledge and misconceptions about pain assessment and management. Nurses need to appreciate the nature and importance of research in promoting a more critical approach to patient care and the development of quality nursing practice. \[References: 19\] Debreceni, G., et al. \"Continuous epidural or intercostal analgesia following thoracotomy: a prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial.\" *Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.* 47, no. 9(2003): 1091-5 UI 12969101. BACKGROUND: Pain following thoracotomy is frequently associated with clinically important abnormalities of pulmonary function. The aim of the current study was to compare the efficacy of continuous thoracic epidural analgesia (EDA) to continuous intercostal (IC) block for postoperative pain and pulmonary function in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. METHODS: Fifty patients undergoing lung lobectomy for malignancies were randomized into two groups (25/group). Respiratory function (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume per 1 s/forced vital capacity, maximum midexpiratory flow rate, peak expiratory flow rate) were evaluated preoperatively, within 4 h after the operation and on the first postoperative day. Visual analog scale (VAS: 0-10) scores were evaluated four-hourly for 20 h. RESULTS: The VAS scores were significantly lower in the EDA versus IC group at the 4th, 8th, and 12th h of observation (mean +/- SD) 5.5 +/- 2.9 vs. 7.3 +/- 2.2 P = 0.04; 4.1 +/- 2.1 vs. 5.1 +/- 2.9 P = 0.02; 3.6 +/- 1.9 vs. 5.2 +/- 2.4 P = 0.01, respectively. Respiratory function parameters deteriorated significantly in both groups (P \< 0.001) with no significant difference between the groups. Only one major adverse effect was detected: one patient suffered from rib osteomyelitis after intercostal cannulation and healed following surgical repair. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study show that following thoracotomy in the early postoperative period continuous EDA is a better pain relieving method than continuous IC block, as indicated by the VAS scores. Dell, H. \"New compound fires up pain research.\" *Drug Discovery Today.* 8, no. 23(2003): 1053 UI 14693457. Dernedde, M., et al. \"Comparison of different concentrations of levobupivacaine for post-operative epidural analgesia.\" *Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.* 47, no. 7(2003): 884-90 UI 12859311. BACKGROUND: The relative effects of the mass, volume and concentration of local anaesthetic solution used for epidural anaesthesia and analgesia are still under debate. Clinical studies have shown discrepancies, probably because of limited consideration of total dose. METHODS: This prospective, randomized and blinded study evaluated the spread, the quality of post-operative analgesia and the incidence of side-effects of continuous thoracic epidural levobupivacaine 15 mg/h in three different concentrations: 1.5 mg/ml, 10 ml/h (n = 26), 5 mg/ml, 3 ml/h (n = 33) or 7.5 mg/ml, 2 ml/h (n = 31). The following variables were registered within 48 h: sensory block, pain scores, rescue morphine consumption, motor blockade, haemodynamics, sedation, nausea and vomiting, and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: The three groups were similar with regard to demographics, quality of analgesia, morphine consumption, and satisfaction rate. The upper level of sensory block was two segments higher in the 1.5 mg/ml group. Motor blockade in the lower limbs was low in the three groups. Haemodynamic profile was more stable in the higher concentration groups compared with the 1.5 mg/ml patient group (P \< 0.001). Nausea was more frequent in the 1.5 mg/ml group (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The same dose of levobupivacaine provides an equal quality of analgesia in low or high volume continuous thoracic epidural infusion with reduced haemodynamic instability and nausea in the low volume/high concentration groups. Derrode, N., et al. \"Influence of peroperative opioid on postoperative pain after major abdominal surgery: sufentanil TCI versus remifentanil TCI. A randomized, controlled study.\" *British Journal of Anaesthesia.* 91, no. 6(2003): 842-9 UI 14633756. BACKGROUND: Sufentanil and remifentanil are characterized by two different pharmacokinetic profiles. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of sufentanil and remifentanil administered using target-controlled infusion (TCI) on recovery and postoperative analgesia after major abdominal surgery. METHODS: Thirty adult patients scheduled for open colorectal surgery were included in a prospective, randomized study. Sufentanil TCI (sufentanil group) or remifentanil TCI (remifentanil group) was administered during surgery. In the remifentanil group, 30 min before the anticipated end of surgery, morphine 0.15 mg x kg(-1) was administered i.v. In the sufentanil group, an effect-site concentration of 0.25 ng x ml(-1) was targeted at extubation. In both groups, postoperative pain was controlled by titration of i.v. morphine and then patient-controlled analgesia with morphine. RESULTS: The extubation time was similar in the two groups (mean (SD) 13 (6) and 14 (6) min in the sufentanil and remifentanil groups respectively). Visual analogue scale scores were significantly greater during the first 2 h after tracheal extubation in the remifentanil group than in the sufentanil group. The time to first analgesic request in the postanaesthesia care unit was significantly longer in the sufentanil group than in the remifentanil group (55 (64) (range 2-240) vs 11 (7) (1-29) min; P\<0.001). The cumulative morphine dose for titration was significantly greater in the remifentanil group (P\<0.01). The cumulative morphine dose used during titration and patient-controlled analgesia was significantly greater in the remifentanil group 4, 12 and 24 h after extubation (P\<0.05). CONCLUSION: TCI sufentanil (0.25 ng ml(-1) effect-site concentration at extubation) is more effective than the intraoperative combination of remifentanil TCI infusion with morphine bolus (0.15 mg x kg(-1)) for postoperative pain relief after major abdominal surgery and does not compromise extubation and recovery. Diener, H. C. \"Important advances in headache.\" *Lancet. Neurology.* 3, no. 1(2004): 12 UI 14693101. Dowling, R., et al. \"Improved pain control after cardiac surgery: results of a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial.\[see \].\" *Journal of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery.* 126, no. 5(2003): 1271-8 UI 14665996. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether a continuous regional infusion of a local anesthetic delivered to the operative site would result in decreased levels of postoperative pain and narcotic requirements for patients who undergo a standard median sternotomy for cardiac surgery. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted at a single center. Patients who were undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery alone or combined with laser transmyocardial revascularization received bilateral intercostal nerve blocks with either ropivacaine or saline. At wound closure, 2 catheters with multiple side openings were inserted percutaneously and placed directly over the sternum. The same agent (ropivacaine vs saline) was then administered as a continuous regional infusion for 48 hours through an elastomeric pump. Requirements for postoperative systemic narcotic analgesics and pain assessment scores were recorded for 72 hours after the operation. Secondary outcome measures were hospital length of stay and pulmonary function test results. Pain scores and narcotic use on the second postoperative day were also compared to avoid the confounding influence of anesthesia administered at the time of the operation. RESULTS: The total amount of narcotic analgesia required by the ropivacaine group was significantly less than that of the control group (47.3 vs 78.7 mg, respectively; P =.038). The ropivacaine group required less narcotics on postoperative day 2 as well (15.5 vs 29.4 mg, P =.025). The mean overall pain scores for the ropivacaine group were significantly less than the mean overall scores for the normal saline group (1.6 vs 2.6, respectively; P =.005). Patients receiving ropivacaine had a mean length of stay of 5.2 days compared with 8.2 days for patients in the normal saline group (P =.001). Excluding the data from outliers (length of stay = 39 days), the normal saline group mean length of stay was 6.3 days (P \<.01). There was no difference in assessment of pulmonary function. CONCLUSION: Continuous delivery of local anesthetics significantly improved postoperative pain control while decreasing the amount of narcotic analgesia required in patients who underwent standard median sternotomy. There was also a significant decrease in hospital length of stay, which is likely to result in significant cost reductions. Du Manoir, B., et al. \"Randomized prospective study of the analgesic effect of nefopam after orthopaedic surgery.\" *British Journal of Anaesthesia.* 91, no. 6(2003): 836-41 UI 14633755. BACKGROUND: Balanced postoperative analgesia combines non-narcotic drugs and opioids. We organized a large study to evaluate nefopam analgesia and tolerance in combination with morphine for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) after orthopaedic surgery. METHODS: Two hundred and one patients scheduled to undergo hip arthroplasty were included in this multicentre (n=24), double-blind, randomized study comparing nefopam (20 mg every 4 h for 24 h) with placebo, the first dose being infused peroperatively. The primary outcome measure was the cumulative morphine dose received postoperatively by PCA over 24 h. Secondary outcome measures were the amount of morphine received as a loading dose in the postanaesthesia care unit (PACU) and during the 24-h observation period, and pain assessments using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a verbal pain scale (VPS), patient\'s satisfaction with analgesia and treatment tolerance. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable with respect to their characteristics and preoperative pain assessment. PCA-administered morphine over 24 h was significantly less for the nefopam group than the control group (21.2 (15.3) and 27.3 (19.2) mg respectively; P=0.02). This morphine-sparing effect was greater (35.1%) for patients with severe preoperative pain (VAS\>30/100). For the entire study period (loading dose and PCA), morphine use was less for the nefopam group (34.5 (19.6) vs 42.7 (23.6) mg; P=0.01). Pain VAS at PACU arrival and during the whole PACU period was significantly lower for the nefopam than for the placebo group (P=0.002 and 0.04 respectively). Patient satisfaction was similar for the nefopam and placebo groups. CONCLUSION: In combination with PCA morphine, nefopam gives significant morphine-sparing with lower immediate postoperative pain scores without major side-effects. This analgesic effect seems to be particularly notable for patients with intense preoperative pain. Dworkin, R. H., et al. \"Pregabalin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.\[see comment\].\" *Neurology.* 60, no. 8(2003): 1274-83 UI 12707429. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of pregabalin in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). METHODS: The authors conducted a multicenter, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 8-week, randomized clinical trial in PHN, defined as pain for 3 or more months following herpes zoster rash healing. Patients (n = 173) were randomized to treatment with pregabalin or placebo. Patients randomized to pregabalin received either 600 mg/day (creatinine clearance \> 60 mL/min) or 300 mg/day (creatinine clearance 30 to 60 mL/min). The primary efficacy measure was the mean of the last seven daily pain ratings. Secondary endpoints included additional pain ratings, sleep interference, quality of life, mood, and patient and clinician ratings of global improvement. RESULTS: Pregabalin-treated patients had greater decreases in pain than patients treated with placebo (endpoint mean scores 3.60 vs 5.29, p = 0.0001). Pain was significantly reduced in the pregabalin-treated patients after the first full day of treatment and throughout the study, and significant improvement on the McGill Pain Questionnaire total, sensory, and affective pain scores was also found. The proportions of patients with \>or=30% and \>or=50% decreases in mean pain scores were greater in the pregabalin than in the placebo group (63% vs 25% and 50% vs 20%, p = 0.001). Sleep also improved in patients treated with pregabalin compared to placebo (p = 0.0001). Both patients and clinicians were more likely to report global improvement with pregabalin than placebo (p = 0.001). Given the maximal dosage studied, pregabalin had acceptable tolerability compared to placebo despite a greater incidence of side effects, which were generally mild to moderate in intensity. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of PHN with pregabalin is safe, efficacious in relieving pain and sleep interference, and associated with greater global improvement than treatment with placebo. Eefting, F., et al. \"Randomized comparison between stenting and off-pump bypass surgery in patients referred for angioplasty.\" *Circulation.* 108, no. 23(2003): 2870-6 UI 14656913. BACKGROUND: Stenting improves cardiac outcome in comparison with balloon angioplasty. Compared with conventional surgery, off-pump bypass surgery on the beating heart without cardiopulmonary bypass may reduce morbidity, hospital stay, and costs. The purpose, therefore, was to compare cardiac outcome, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness 1 year after stenting and after off-pump surgery. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients referred for angioplasty (n=280) were randomly assigned to stenting (n=138) or off-pump bypass surgery. At 1 year, survival free from stroke, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization was 85.5% after stenting and 91.5% after off-pump surgery (relative risk, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.02). Freedom from angina was 78.3% after stenting and 87.0% after off-pump surgery (P=0.06). Quality-adjusted lifetime was 0.82 year after stenting and 0.79 year after off-pump surgery (P=0.09). Hospital stay after the initial procedure was 1.43 and 5.77 days, respectively (P\<0.01). Stenting reduced overall costs by 2933 dollars (26.2%) per patient (8276 dollars versus 11 209 dollars; P\<0.01). Stenting was more cost-effective in 95% of the bootstrap estimates. CONCLUSIONS: At 1 year, stenting was more cost-effective than off-pump surgery while maintaining comparable cardiac outcome and quality of life. Stenting rather than off-pump surgery, therefore, can be recommended as a first-choice revascularization strategy in selected patients. Ehrmann, E. H., H. H. Messer, and G. G. Adams. \"The relationship of intracanal medicaments to postoperative pain in endodontics.\" *International Endodontic Journal.* 36, no. 12(2003): 868-75 UI 14641427. AIM: To investigate the relationship of postoperative pain to three different medicaments placed in the root canal after a complete biomechanical debridement of the root canal system in patients presenting for emergency relief of pain. METHODOLOGY: Two hundred and twenty-three teeth belonging to 221 patients presenting as emergencies to the Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne were included in the study. Inclusion was limited to patients with a diagnosis of pulp necrosis and acute apical periodontitis. All teeth underwent conventional root canal treatment, which involved the instrumentation to the apices of each canal at the first visit. Canals were instrumented using a stepback technique and hand-files along with irrigants using Milton\'s (1% sodium hypochlorite) solution followed by 15% EDTAC. The canals were dried and one of the following three medicaments was inserted into the canal in random sequence: Group 1: Ledermix paste (Lederle Pharmaceuticals, Division of Cyanamid, Wolfratshausen, Germany); Group 2: calcium hydroxide paste (Calcipulpe, Septodont, France); and Group 3: no dressing. Before dismissal, the preoperative pain experienced on the previous night was recorded using a visual analogue pain scale. Patients were then instructed to record the degree of pain experienced 4 h after treatment and daily for a further 4 days. RESULTS: The mean score pain for all three groups was between 42 and 48 prior to treatment being commenced. After 4 days, the pain score for Group 2 was 10, for Group 3 was 7 and for Group 1 was 4. Mean preoperative pain level was 44.4 (of a maximum 100) for all groups, and declined by 50% (to 22.1) after 24 h. Patients in Group 1 (Ledermix) experienced significantly less (P = 0.04) postoperative pain than those in the other two groups. There was no significant difference between Group 2 (calcium hydroxide) and Group 3 (no dressing). CONCLUSION: Under the conditions of this study, painful teeth with acute apical periodontitis that had been dressed with Ledermix paste gave rise to less pain than that experienced by patients who had a dressing of calcium hydroxide or no dressing at all. Ledermix is an effective intracanal medicament for the control of postoperative pain associated with acute apical periodontitis, with a rapid onset of pain reduction. Enck, R. E. \"Complications in pain management.\" *American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care.* 7, no. 6(1990): 3-5 UI 14686463. Fava, M. \"The role of the serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems in the treatment of psychological and physical symptoms of depression.\" *Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.* 64, no. Suppl 13(2003): 26-9 UI 14552653. Major depressive disorder is a medical condition that includes abnormalities of affect and mood, cognition, and physical functioning. In particular, as many as 76% of patients suffering from depression are found to report somatic symptoms, including various types of pain such as headaches, stomach pain, back pain, and vague, poorly localized pain. Although the pathophysiology of depression is still unknown, there is significant evidence for abnormalities of the norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter systems in depressive disorders. Interestingly, both 5-HT and NE also appear to exert analgesic effects via descending pain pathways and therefore play a modulating role in pain. There are many effective antidepressant treatments available. However, residual symptoms are relatively common, among both partial responders and responders without remission. A recent study from our group has shown that responders who have not achieved remission have significantly more somatic symptoms than remitters following 8 weeks of treatment with fluoxetine. These data may suggest that antidepressants that are particularly effective in the treatment of pain and painful physical symptoms may yield higher remission rates in major depressive disorder. \[References: 34\] Faymonville, M. E., et al. \"Increased cerebral functional connectivity underlying the antinociceptive effects of hypnosis.\" *Cognitive Brain Research.* 17, no. 2(2003): 255-62 UI 12880897. The neural mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive effects of hypnosis are not well understood. Using positron emission tomography (PET), we recently showed that the activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (midcingulate area 24a\') covaries with the hypnosis-induced reduction of affective and sensory responses to noxious thermal stimulation \[Faymonville et al., Anesthesiology 92 (2000) 1257-1267\]. In the present study, we assessed changes in cerebral functional connectivity related to the hypnotic state, compared to simple distraction and the resting state. Nineteen highly hypnotizable right-handed volunteers were studied using H2(15)O-PET. The experimental conditions were hot noxious or warm non-noxious stimulation of the right hand during resting state, mental imagery and hypnotic state. Using a psychophysiological interaction analysis, we identified brain areas that would respond to noxious stimulations under the modulatory action of the midcingulate cortex in, and only in, the hypnotic state. Hypnosis, compared to the resting state, reduced pain perception by 50%. Pain perception during rest and mental imagery was not significantly different. Analysis of PET data showed that the hypnotic state, compared to normal alertness (i.e., rest and mental imagery), significantly enhanced the functional modulation between midcingulate cortex and a large neural network encompassing bilateral insula, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, pre-supplementary motor area, right prefrontal cortex and striatum, thalamus and brainstem. These findings point to a critical role for the midcingulate cortex in the modulation of a large cortical and subcortical network underlying its influence on sensory, affective, cognitive and behavioral aspects of nociception, in the specific context of hypnosis. Ferreira de Albuquerque, R., Jr., et al. \"Temporomandibular disorder or Eagle\'s syndrome? A clinical report.\" *Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.* 90, no. 4(2003): 317-20 UI 14564284. This clinical report describes the diagnosis and treatment of a patient under emotional stress with orofacial pain, headaches, and the feeling of a foreign body in the throat. An elongated styloid process at the beginning of the oral pharynx was diagnosed. Although these symptoms could be aspects of Eagle\'s syndrome, deflective occlusal interferences, tender muscles of mastication, and a clicking temporomandibular joint led to an evaluation for temporomandibular disorder related to malocclusion. An occlusal splint was used to confirm the diagnosis and to alleviate symptoms. Occlusal adjustments were subsequently performed. In a 10-year follow-up, the patient had no complaints. Fillingim, R. B. \"Hyperalgesia versus response bias in fibromyalgia.\" *Pain.* 105, no. 3(2003): 385-6 UI 14527698. Forster, J. G., et al. \"Epinephrine added to a lumbar epidural infusion of a small-dose ropivacaine-fentanyl mixture after arterial bypass surgery of the lower extremities.\" *Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.* 47, no. 9(2003): 1106-13 UI 12969104. BACKGROUND: The addition of epinephrine (2 micro g.ml-1) to a thoracic epidural infusion of an opioid-local anesthetic mixture improves analgesia. Here, we studied whether epinephrine could improve analgesia also at lumbar level, when added to an epidural infusion of a low-dose ropivacaine-fentanyl mixture after arterial bypass surgery of the legs. METHODS: Patients in group RFE (n = 21) received a postoperative epidural infusion containing ropivacaine (1 mg.ml-1), fentanyl (2 micro g.ml-1), and epinephrine (2 micro g.ml-1). Patients in group RF (n = 25) received a similar infusion without epinephrine. The infusion speed was 1 ml.10 kg-1. h-1. The infusion was scheduled for 48 h. RESULTS: Epinephrine did not reduce the need for rescue pain medication. Visual analog scale scores (VAS) for pain at rest were low and similar in the groups. Pain intensity was stronger during leg movement \[mean VAS 1.5-2.6 (range 0-9)\], but it was not affected by the coadministration of epinephrine. The groups did not differ concerning frequency and severity of side-effects. Epinephrine did not reduce fentanyl plasma concentrations. Ropivacaine concentrations were slightly lower in group RFE only in the samples 6 h from the start of the infusion, but not anymore on the first and second postoperative day. CONCLUSION: In the dosage used here, epinephrine did not improve epidural lumbar analgesia. Different distances from the epidural application site to the alpha2-adrenergic receptors of the spinal cord, and differing epinephrine dose requirements may explain why epinephrine as an additive improves epidural analgesia at thoracic, but not at lumbar level. Frerick, H., et al. \"Topical treatment of chronic low back pain with a capsicum plaster.\" *Pain.* 106, no. 1-2(2003): 59-64 UI 14581111. The efficacy and tolerance of a capsicum plaster in non-specific low back pain was investigated in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled multicentre parallel group study. A total of 320 patients were randomly assigned to two groups of n=160 subjects treated by the active or the placebo plaster. The main outcome measures used were a compound pain subscore of the Arhus low back rating scale (continuous variable), and a response criterion of a reduction in pain subscore=30% from baseline to final assessment (secondary, non-continuous variable). In addition, the partial pain scores, disability and mobility restriction subscores, the total score of the Arhus low back rating scale, the global evaluation of efficacy by investigator and patient, adverse events, a patient questionnaire on use of the plaster, and an evaluation of tolerance by investigator and patient were obtained. After 3 weeks treatment with capsicum and placebo plaster respectively, the compound pain subscore was reduced by 42% (capsicum) and 31% (placebo) from values on entry. Responder rate was 67% versus 49% (p=0.002). The investigators rated efficacy as \"excellent\" or \"good\" by 74% and 36%; the patient\'s efficacy rating \"symptomfree\" or \"improved\" reached 82% and 50%. Adverse local drug reactions were found in 12 patients (7.5%) on capsicum and 5 (3.1%) on placebo. No systemic side-effects were observed. The superiority of the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain with capsicum plaster compared to placebo was clinically relevant and highly statistically significant. The capsicum plaster offers a genuine alternative in the treatment of non-specific low back pain. Garrido, I. P., et al. \"Comparison of ischemia-modified albumin levels in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for unstable angina pectoris with versus without coronary collaterals.\" *American Journal of Cardiology.* 93, no. 1(2004): 88-90 UI 14697474. This study compared ischemia-modified albumin levels, a marker of ischemia in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Ischemia-modified albumin levels were significantly lower in patients with collateral circulation compared with those without collateral circulation. Gerard, S., B. H. Smith, and J. A. Simpson. \"A randomized controlled trial of spiritual healing in restricted neck movement.\[see comment\].\" *Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine.* 9, no. 4(2003): 467-77 UI 14499022. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effectiveness of visiting a spiritual healer in restricted neck movement. DESIGN: Pragmatic randomized controlled trial. SETTING/LOCATION: Spiritual-healing clinic in Aberdeen, Scotland. SUBJECTS: Sixty-eight (68) volunteers over the age of 18 years with restricted neck movement not currently receiving spiritual healing. INTERVENTION: Three weekly sessions of spiritual healing treatment lasting approximately 30 minutes each. Control group received normal care (no spiritual healing). OUTCOME MEASURES: Range of neck movement in three directions. Visual analog scales of pain and overall well-being, Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey general health questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Chronic Pain Grade were also measured. RESULTS: After treatment, the change from baseline in rotation and flexion-extension was significantly greater in the treatment group compared to the control group (mean standard deviation \[SD\]: 26.3 degrees (21.0 degrees) versus 2.1 degrees (15.1 degrees), p \< 0.001 and 20.7 degrees (23.0 degrees) versus -0.03 degrees (15.2 degrees), p \< 0.001, respectively). Subjects from the treatment group were also observed to have reduced their pain severity scores after 3 weeks of treatment compared to those of the control group (median change from baseline \[range\], -2.25 \[-8, 2\] versus 0 (-6, 4), p = 0.03). For SF-36, the treatment group had significantly improved their scores more than the control group for physical function and energy and vitality. There was a shift in the treatment group toward milder chronic pain grades but this was not significant. There were no significant differences between treatment and control groups in the other outcome measures. CONCLUSION: This study tentatively supports the effectiveness of visiting a spiritual healer in restricted neck movement. However, larger studies over longer periods, with placebo interventions, are required for corroboration and to gauge the scale of treatment effect. Gerlach, K., et al. \"Postoperative analgesia after preincisional administration of remifentanil.\" *Minerva Anestesiologica.* 69, no. 6(2003): 563-9, 569-73 UI 14564253. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess postoperative analgesia after preincisional and postincisional administration of remifentanil. METHODS: Randomized trial, 24 hours. Setting: University hospital, hospitalized care. Patients: 48 adult patients scheduled for lumbar vertebral surgery. Interventions: in group R5, patients received an infusion of 0.2 microg kg(-1) min(-1) remifentanil over 5 minutes, followed by a break of 15 minutes before anesthesia was started. Anesthesia was induced by infusion of 0.25 microg kg(-1) min(-1) remifentanil and a bolus of 1.5 microg kg(-1) propofol, followed by a continuous infusion of 2 to 3 microg kg(-1) h-1 propofol and 0.25 microg kg(-1) min(-1) remifentanil until end of anesthesia. In group R20, patients received 0.05 microg kg(-1) min(-1) remifentanil over 20 minutes before the induction of anesthesia. In group RL, anesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol. After surgery began, a remifentanil infusion of 0.5 microg kg(-1) min(-1) was given for 50 minutes, then reduced to 0.25 microg kg(-1) min(-1). The total remifentanil doses were similar in the 3 groups. Measures: patients used patient-controlled analgesia (piritramide) for postoperative pain management. They recorded pain on a numeric rating scale every half hour. Statistics: Kruskal-Wallis test, pairwise Mann-Withney U-test, orthogonal polynomials (pain scores). RESULTS: Patients given postincisional remifentanil (RL) had the slowest decrease in postoperative pain scores (p\<0.01) and the highest cumulative piritramide consumption (p\<0.08). CONCLUSION: The preincisional administration of remifentanil followed by a continuous infusion of 0.25 microg kg(-1) min(-1) appears to reduce pain scores and piritramid consumption when compared with a postincisional regimen. Gibler, W. B., A. L. Blomkalns, and S. P. Collins. \"Evaluation of chest pain and heart failure in the emergency department: impact of multimarker strategies and B-type natriuretic peptide.\" *Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine.* 4, no. Suppl 4(2003): S47-55 UI 14564228. In the emergency setting, acute chest pain and shortness of breath represent common patient presentations. Cardiac biomarkers including myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK)-MB, troponin, and b-type natriuretic peptide provide diagnostic and prognostic information for patients with chest pain and shortness of breath. This article reviews the use of cardiac biomarkers in the emergency department to evaluate acute coronary syndrome and congestive heart failure. \[References: 46\] Gimbel, J. S., P. Richards, and R. K. Portenoy. \"Controlled-release oxycodone for pain in diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial.\[see comment\].\" *Neurology.* 60, no. 6(2003): 927-34 UI 12654955. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Opioid treatment has played a limited role in the management of diabetic neuropathy, in part because of concerns about the responsiveness of neuropathic pain to opioid treatment. This controlled study evaluated the efficacy and safety of controlled-release (CR) oxycodone in subjects with moderate to severe pain due to diabetic neuropathy. METHODS: This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study included 159 subjects with moderate to severe pain due to diabetic neuropathy. Treatment began with either one 10-mg tablet of CR oxycodone (n = 82) or identical placebo (n = 77) every 12 hours. Doses could be increased every 3 days to a maximum of 6 tablets (60 mg CR oxycodone) every 12 hours. Treatment lasted up to 6 weeks. The primary efficacy variable was overall average daily pain intensity during study days 28 to 42. RESULTS: At an average (SD) dose of 37 (21) mg per day (range 10 to 99 mg/d), CR oxycodone provided more analgesia than placebo (p= 0.002) in the intent-to-treat cohort. From days 28 to 42, overall average daily pain intensity (least squares mean +/-SE), rated in subject diaries on a numeric scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as bad as you can imagine), was 4.1 +/- 0.3 in subjects given CR oxycodone and 5.3 +/- 0.3 in placebo-treated subjects. Overall, 80 (96%) of 82 subjects given CR oxycodone and 52 (68%) of 77 subjects who received placebo reported adverse events. The most common adverse events in the CR oxycodone group were opioid related. CONCLUSIONS: In this 6-week trial, CR oxycodone was effective for the treatment of moderate to severe pain due to diabetic neuropathy. Adverse events were typical of opioid-related side effects. Goodman, D., P. B. Hiniker, and J. M. Paley. \"How to improve home care pain management processes.\" *Home Healthcare Nurse.* 21, no. 5(2003): 325-34 UI 12792414. This article describes the process and tools one agency used when their ORYX indicator, \"managing a patient\'s pain,\" was consistently below the national benchmark. The process can be used for addressing Adverse Events through the OBQI Process as well. Goodman, M. B. \"Sensation is painless.\" *Trends in Neurosciences.* 26, no. 12(2003): 643-5 UI 14624845. Emily Dickinson declared: \'After great pain, a formal feeling comes\'. This formal feeling begins when sensory neurons are activated by noxious stimuli, such as stepping on a tack. Recently, Seymour Benzer\'s group identified sensory neurons in Drosophila larvae that mediate aversive responses to noxious heat and mechanical stimuli. Thresholds for behavioral and nerve responses are elevated by mutations in the painless gene, which encodes a TRP ion channel protein. Painless thus joins an elite group of TRPs implicated in sensory transduction in insects, nematodes, mammals and fish. \[References: 19\] Goolsby, M. J. \"Diagnosis and treatment of heel pain.\" *Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners.* 15, no. 11(2003): 485-6 UI 14685984. The American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAC) clinical practice guideline (CPG) summarizes the literature on the assessment and diagnosis of heel pain. The framework classifies heel pain depending on whether the cause is mechanical, neurological, arthritic, traumatic, or from another origin. Treatment strategies are included for the most common form of heel pain that are caused by mechanical problems. Graven-Nielsen, T., and L. Arendt-Nielsen. \"Induction and assessment of muscle pain, referred pain, and muscular hyperalgesia.\" *Current Pain & Headache Reports.* 7, no. 6(2003): 443-51 UI 14604503. Muscle pain can be induced and assessed experimentally by a variety of methods. Ischemic and exercise-induced muscle pain are typical endogenous pain models; external stimulation with mechanical, electrical, and chemical modalities constitute the exogenous models. These models are a good basis to study the muscle sensitivity, muscle pain responses under normal and pathophysiologic conditions, and drug efficacy on specific muscle pain mechanisms. When evaluating muscle pain in clinical or experimental settings, it is important to assess parameters related to the pain intensity, pain quality, referred and local distribution, and the deep tissue sensitivity in local and referred areas. The experimental test paradigm must include different stimulation modalities (multimodal) to obtain sufficiently advanced and differentiated information about the human nociceptive system under normal and pathophysiologic conditions because the different stimuli activate different receptors, pathways, and mechanisms. This may be a useful approach in future mechanism-based classification and treatment of muscle pain. Similarly, the multimodal approach is important in clinical studies to provide evidence for which specific muscle pain modalities and mechanisms are affected and how they are modulated by pharmacologic approaches. \[References: 72\] Griner, P. \"Pain and symptom control in patients with advanced cancer.\" *American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care.* 7, no. 6(1990): 8-9 UI 14686465. Groves, K. E. \"An introduction to the Micrel Micropump MP Daily portable syringe driver.\" *International Journal of Palliative Nursing.* 9, no. 11(2003): 468-73 UI 14676723. In this article the author describes the Micrel Micropump MP Daily (MP Daily) portable syringe driver. This follows the author\'s experience of a 4-month pilot of the device by an inpatient palliative care unit. Portable syringe drivers are commonly used to deliver continuous subcutaneous infusions in palliative care situations. Those in current use are not without problems and serious adverse events have occasionally been reported, mainly resulting from confusion between models. The MP Daily syringe driver addresses some of these issues while remaining small, lightweight and inexpensive, with a long battery life and fitting into the pocket of a shirt of pyjama jacket. Improvements over current models include an on/off button, the absence of facilities to set a zero rate or change the rate once the syringe driver is running, and the absence of a boost button. In addition, there are improved alarms, a message display system and a configuration menu. Although confusion remains a problem, and the ideal has not yet been reached, the MP Daily goes some considerable way towards reducing risks and opportunities for human error. \[References: 21\] Gunter, J. \"Chronic pelvic pain: an integrated approach to diagnosis and treatment.\" *Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey.* 58, no. 9(2003): 615-23 UI 12972837. Chronic pelvic pain affects upward of 15% of women and is a frustrating condition for both patients and physicians. Chronic pelvic pain is not a disease, but a syndrome that results from a complex interaction between neurologic, musculoskeletal, and endocrine systems that is further influenced by behavioral and psychologic factors. Traditional approaches to this disorder have been surgical, although long-term success rates have been disappointing. Placebo response to surgery is common, and many conditions that contribute to the pain cannot be identified or treated with a surgical approach. Many patients will require a combination of both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments in addition to various types of invasive procedures. It is now recognized that many disorders contribute to the chronic pelvic pain symptom complex; thus, an integrated multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment is essential to achieve the greatest success. TARGET AUDIENCE: Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completion of this article, the reader will be able to describe the pathophysiology of chronic pelvic pain, to outline the evaluation of a patient with chronic pelvic pain, and to explain the treatment options for patients with chronic pelvic pain. \[References: 87\] Hall, F. \"Use of exercise in the management of non-malignant chronic pain.\" *Professional Nurse.* 18, no. 7(2003): 412-4 UI 12674052. Many studies have shown that, when incorporated into a chronic pain management programme, exercise can be very beneficial for people with chronic non-malignant pain. The pain programme will use cognitive behavioural strategies with the aims of improving fitness, counteracting unhelpful beliefs and improving stress levels. Halperin, R., et al. \"Long-term follow-up (5-20 years) after uterine ventrosuspension for chronic pelvic pain and deep dyspareunia.\" *Gynecologic & Obstetric Investigation.* 55, no. 4(2003): 216-9 UI 12904695. OBJECTIVE: To examine the long-term outcome of patients undergoing uterine ventrosuspension for chronic pelvic pain and deep dyspareunia. METHODS: Eighty-two patients, presenting with retroverted uterus, pelvic pain and deep dyspareunia, underwent uterine ventrosuspension by laparotomy or laparoscopy during the period from 1981 to 1996. Only patients (56) with no pelvic pathologic condition, as identified intraoperatively, participated in the study. At the beginning of the year 2002, 41 out of 56 patients (73.2%) were attained by telephonic questionnaire, and they were asked to refer to the uterine ventrosuspension procedure. RESULTS: Patients\' average age was 32.3 years, and the mean duration of preoperative symptoms was 3 years. The mean follow-up period was 12 (range 5-20) years. The initial improvement in preoperative symptoms was observed in 70.7% of patients, whereas the final improvement was observed in 46.3% of patients, with no significant difference comparing the approach of laparotomy versus laparoscopy. Hysterectomy after uterine suspension was performed in 12.1% of patients (4.3% after laparotomy and 22.2% after laparoscopy). Twenty-three patients (56.1%) would recommend this operative procedure to others. CONCLUSION: The long-term outcome of patients undergoing uterine ventrosuspesnion approximates to 50% success rate, with no significant difference comparing the approach of laparotomy versus laparoscopy. Copyright 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel Henriksson, K. G. \"Hypersensitivity in muscle pain syndromes.\" *Current Pain & Headache Reports.* 7, no. 6(2003): 426-32 UI 14604501. The aim of this review is to present research that has a bearing on the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity in muscle pain syndromes. Allodynia and hyperalgesia in these syndromes can be segmental or generalized and temporary or permanent. Hypersensitivity in muscle pain conditions in the clinic is best diagnosed by determining the pressure pain threshold. In a disorder such as fibromyalgia, decreased pain thresholds also are found at sites where there is no tenderness. Pathogenetic mechanisms for allodynia and hyperalgesia can be identified at several levels of the nociceptive system, from the nociceptors in the muscle to the cortex. Central sensitization of nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horn and a disturbed balance between inhibitory and facilitatory impulses in the descending tracts from the brain stem to the dorsal horn are the main mechanisms for pain hypersensitivity. Changes in function, biochemical make-up, and synaptic connections in the nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horn are considered to be caused by neuronal plasticity. \[References: 59\] Hermsen, M. A., and H. A. ten Have. \"Moral problems in palliative care practice: a qualitative study.\" *Medicine, Health Care & Philosophy.* 6, no. 3(2003): 263-72 UI 14620463. Clarifying and analysing moral problems arising in the practice of palliative care was the objective of participatory observations in five palliative care settings. The results of these observations will be described in this contribution. The moral problems palliative caregivers have to deal with in their daily routines will be explained by comparison with the findings of a previously performed literature study. The specific differences in the manifestation of moral problems in the different palliative care settings will be highlighted as well. \[References: 25\] Howard, F. M. \"The role of laparoscopy in the chronic pelvic pain patient.\" *Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology.* 46, no. 4(2003): 749-66 UI 14595216. Hugel, H., J. E. Ellershaw, and A. Dickman. \"Clonazepam as an adjuvant analgesic in patients with cancer-related neuropathic pain.\" *Journal of Pain & Symptom Management.* 26, no. 6(2003): 1073-4 UI 14654258. Hutchings, C. B., et al. \"Patients with chest pain calling 9-1-1 or self-transporting to reach definitive care: which mode is quicker?\" *American Heart Journal.* 147, no. 1(2004): 35-41 UI 14691416. OBJECTIVE: We examined differences in transport times for patients with chest pain who used private transportation compared with patients who used emergency medical services (EMS) to reach definitive medical care. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study with data used from the Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) trial conducted in 20 US cities. Elapsed time to care was examined through the use of (1) decision to seek care to initial care (emergency department \[ED\] arrival versus EMS arrival on scene \[n=1209\]); (2) decision to ED arrival (for both groups \[n=2388\]); (3) time to thrombolytic therapy once admitted to the ED (for both groups \[n=309\]); and (4) decision to seek care to thrombolytic therapy (n=276). Elapsed travel times were ranked within Zip Codes and submitted to a nested analysis of variance model to determine if elapsed times were different between modes of transport. RESULTS: Private transportation (35 minutes) resulted in faster ED arrival than using EMS (39 minutes, P =.0014). However, if one considers EMS treatment to be initial care, calling 9-1-1 (6 minutes) resulted in much quicker care than patients using private transportation to the ED (32 minutes, P \<.001). Transport by EMS resulted in a shorter elapsed time to thrombolytic administration compared with patients using private transportation when considering ED \"door-to-needle\" time (32 vs 49 minutes, respectively \[P \<.001\]) or time from decision to seek care until administration of thrombolytic therapy (75 vs 92 minutes, respectively, \[P =.042\]). CONCLUSIONS: Although private transportation results in a faster trip to the ED, quicker care is obtained with the use of EMS. Iizuka, T., et al. \"Response to sumatriptan in headache of MELAS syndrome.\" *Neurology.* 61, no. 4(2003): 577-8 UI 12939448. Janicki, T. I. \"Chronic pelvic pain as a form of complex regional pain syndrome.\" *Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology.* 46, no. 4(2003): 797-803 UI 14595221. Jasmin, L., et al. \"Is noradrenaline a significant factor in the analgesic effect of antidepressants?\" *Pain.* 106, no. 1-2(2003): 3-8 UI 14581104. Jensen, J., et al. \"Direct activation of the ventral striatum in anticipation of aversive stimuli.\" *Neuron.* 40, no. 6(2003): 1251-7 UI 14687557. The brain \"reward\" system, centered on the limbic ventral striatum, plays a critical role in the response to pleasure and pain. The ventral striatum is activated in animal and human studies during anticipation of appetitive/pleasurable events, but its role in aversive/painful events is less clear. Here we present data from three human fMRI studies based on aversive conditioning using unpleasant cutaneous electrical stimulation and show that the ventral striatum is reliably activated. This activation is observed during anticipation and is not a consequence of relief after the aversive event. Further, the ventral striatum is activated in anticipation regardless of whether there is an opportunity to avoid the aversive stimulus or not. Our data suggest that the ventral striatum, a crucial element of the brain \"reward\" system, is directly activated in anticipation of aversive stimuli. Jensen, M. P., W. R. Nielson, and R. D. Kerns. \"Toward the development of a motivational model of pain self-management.\" *Journal of Pain.* 4, no. 9(2003): 477-92 UI 14636816. Adaptive management of chronic pain depends to a large degree on how patients choose to cope with pain and its impact. Consequently, patient motivation is an important factor in determining how well patients learn to manage pain. However, the role of patient motivation in altering coping behavior and maintaining those changes is seldom discussed, and theoretically based research on motivation for pain treatment is lacking. This article reviews theories that have a direct application to understanding motivational issues in pain coping and presents a preliminary motivational model of pain self-management. The implications of this model for enhancing engagement in and adherence to chronic pain treatment programs are then discussed. The article ends with a call for research to better understand motivation as it applies to chronic pain self-management. In particular, there is a need to determine whether (and which) motivation enhancement interventions increase active participation in self-management treatment programs for chronic pain. \[References: 100\] Jovey, R. D., et al. \"Use of opioid analgesics for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain\--a consensus statement and guidelines from the Canadian Pain Society, 2002.\" *Pain Research & Management.* 8, no. Suppl A(2003): 3A-28A UI 14685304. Jung, J., et al. \"Defibrillation efficacy and pain perception of two biphasic waveforms for internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.\" *Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology.* 14, no. 8(2003): 837-40 UI 12890046. Efficacy and Pain Perception of Two Biphasic Waveforms. INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the influence of the peak voltage of waveforms used for internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation on defibrillation efficacy and pain perception. A low peak voltage biphasic waveform generated by a 500-microF capacitor with 40% tilt was compared to a standard biphasic waveform generated by a 60-microF capacitor with 80% tilt. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 19 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (79% male, age 55 +/- 11 years, 21% with heart disease), the atrial defibrillation threshold (ADFT) was determined during deep sedation with midazolam for both waveforms in a randomized fashion using a step-up protocol. Internal cardioversion with a single lead (shock vector: coronary sinus to right atrium) was successful in 18 (95%) of 19 patients. ADFT energy and peak voltage were significantly lower for the low-voltage waveform (2.1 +/- 2.4 J vs 3.5 +/- 3.9 J, P \< 0.01; 100 +/- 53 V vs 290 +/- 149 V, P \< 0.01). Sedation then was reversed with flumazenil after ADFT testing. Two shocks at the ADFT (or a 3-J shock if ADFT \>3 J) were administered to the patient using each waveform in random order. Pain perception was assessed using both a visual scale and a numerical score. ADFTs were above the pain threshold in 17 (94%) of 18 patients, even though the ADFT with the 500-microF waveform was \<100 V in 63% of the patients. Pain perception was comparable for both waveforms (numerical score: 6.5 +/- 2.4 vs 6.3 +/- 2.6; visual scale: 5.4 +/- 2.6 vs 5.2 +/- 3.1; P = NS, 500-microF vs 60-microF). The second shock was perceived as more painful in 88% of the patients, independent of the waveform used. CONCLUSION: Despite a 66% lower peak voltage and a 40% lower energy, the 40% tilt, 500-microF capacitor biphasic waveform did not change the pain perceived by the patient during delivery of internal cardioversion shocks. Pain perception for internal cardioversion probably is not influenced by peak voltage alone and increases with the number of applied shocks. Kaplan, S. A., M. A. Volpe, and A. E. Te. \"A prospective, 1-year trial using saw palmetto versus finasteride in the treatment of category III prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.\" *Journal of Urology.* 171, no. 1(2004): 284-8 UI 14665895. PURPOSE: This study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of saw palmetto or finasteride in men with category III prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, randomized, open label, 1-year study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of saw palmetto and finasteride in the treatment of men diagnosed with CP/CPPS. Patients were randomized to finasteride (5 mg once daily) or saw palmetto (325 mg daily) for 1 year. Patients were evaluated using the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index, individual domains (pain, urinary symptoms, quality of life and mean pain score) and the American Urological Association Symptom Score at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: A total of 64 consecutive men 24 to 58 years old (mean age 43.2) with a diagnosis of CP/CPPS were equally randomized to the 2 treatment arms. All 64 men had previously received antibiotics (duration of 3 to 93 weeks), 52 (82%) had been on alpha-blockade. There were 61, 57 and 56 patients evaluable at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. At 1 year mean total National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index score decreased from 23.9 to 18.1 in the finasteride group (p \<0.003), and from 24.7 to 24.6 in the saw palmetto arm (p = 0.41). In the finasteride arm the quality of life and pain domains were significantly improved at 1 year; however, urination was not. Adverse events included headache (3 cases) in the saw palmetto group and decreased libido (2 cases) in the finasteride group. At the end of the trial 13 of 32 (41%) and 21 of 32 (66%) opted to continue saw palmetto and finasteride, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CP/CPPS treated with saw palmetto had no appreciable long-term improvement. In contrast, patients treated with finasteride had significant and durable improvement in all various parameters except voiding. Further studies are warranted to ascertain the mechanism and reproducibility of these effects in a placebo controlled trial. Katsarava, Z., et al. \"Abnormal habituation of \'nociceptive\' blink reflex in migraine\--evidence for increased excitability of trigeminal nociception.\" *Cephalalgia.* 23, no. 8(2003): 814-9 UI 14510928. We studied the habituation of the \'nociceptive\' blink reflex (nBR) in 15 healthy subjects and 17 migraine patients interictally as well as during unilateral migraine headache within six hours of onset and after treatment. In healthy volunteers the mean regression coefficient (MRC) was - 3.9 following right sided and - 4.9 left sided stimulation. This equals an amplitude loss of 19.5% (5 x -3.9) and 24.5% (5 x -4.9), respectively, across five consecutive sweeps. An augmentation of nBR responses was found in migraine patients interictally: MRC = 3.3 following stimulation of the headache side (HA) and MRC = 4.0 of the non-headache side (non-HA). The differences were statistically significant (anova: d.f. = 1, F = 25.8, P \< 0.001). During the migraine attack MRCs were negative both before (-5.0, HA and - 4.0, non-HA) and after treatment (-2.6, HA and - 1.9 non-HA) and significantly differed from those outside the migraine attack (anova: d.f. = 2, F = 12.4, P \< 0.001). The demonstrated lack of habituation of the nBR responses indicates an abnormal trigeminal nociceptive processing in migraine patients outside the migraine attack. Kelemen, K., Q. Q. Yu, and L. Howard. \"Small intestinal angiosarcoma leading to perforation and acute abdomen: a case report and review of the literature.\" *Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.* 128, no. 1(2004): 95-8 UI 14692839. A 76-year-old man presented to the emergency room with abdominal pain and fatigue. The patient had a history of gastrointestinal bleeding. An abdominal computed tomographic scan showed collections of free air in the abdomen with obstruction of the distal small intestine and multiple masses in the liver. Laparotomy revealed a widespread malignant neoplasm in the abdomen, with multiple tumor nodules in the ileal wall, mesentery, and liver. The ileal wall was perforated within the area of one of the tumors. Pathologic examination of the lesion showed a neoplasm composed of solid sheets of spindle and undifferentiated cells, forming interlacing delicate vascular channels with atypical endothelial cells. The tumor cells were positive for the endothelial marker CD31, whereas reactivity for a broad panel of epithelial and other endothelial markers was negative. This case demonstrates that although angiosarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract are rare, they should be considered in cases of intestinal perforation or severe bleeding, especially in the elderly. A broad panel of immunochemical markers might be necessary to establish the pathologic diagnosis. \[References: 15\] Kern, U., et al. \"Botulinum toxin type A influences stump pain after limb amputations.\" *Journal of Pain & Symptom Management.* 26, no. 6(2003): 1069-70 UI 14654254. Kharasch, E. D. \"Perioperative COX-2 inhibitors: knowledge and challenges.\" *Anesthesia & Analgesia.* 98, no. 1(2004): 1-3 UI 14693572. Kim, J. S. \"Central post-stroke pain or paresthesia in lenticulocapsular hemorrhages.\" *Neurology.* 61, no. 5(2003): 679-82 UI 12963762. Twenty patients were studied who developed central poststroke pain or paresthesia after lenticulocapsular hemorrhage. Pain or paresthesia occurred 0 to 24 months after the onset, more prominently in the leg than other body parts. The symptoms were described as numb, cold, burning, aching, swollen, and squeezing in various combinations. The mean score of the visual numerical scale was 5.6. The lesions involved the dorsal part of the posterior limb of the internal capsule, probably damaging the thalamocortical sensory pathway. Kumar, S., and R. J. Hall. \"Drug treatment of stable angina pectoris in the elderly: defining the place of calcium channel antagonists.\" *Drugs & Aging.* 20, no. 11(2003): 805-15 UI 12964887. Chronic stable angina pectoris (CSAP) resulting from coronary artery disease (CAD) is common in elderly patients, and significantly reduces their quality of life. Myocardial revascularisation procedures in this age group entail significant risks, largely related to comorbidities rather than advanced age itself. Coronary artery anatomy is more likely to be technically unsuitable for revascularisation and angina more resistant to drug treatment. Therefore, elderly patients often take combinations of antianginal drugs. Calcium channel antagonists (CCAs) are effective antianginal drugs first introduced for clinical use in the late 1970\'s. They reduce myocardial ischaemia by both causing vasodilatation of coronary resistance vessels and reducing cardiac workload (negative inotropic effect). However, adverse effects related to abrupt arterial vasodilatation limited the tolerability of these short acting \'first generation\' drugs (nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem). Furthermore, short acting nifedipine may occasionally increase both the frequency of angina pectoris and mortality in patients with CAD. Since then, long acting formulations of first generation agents and new chemical entities (second and third generation drugs) have been developed. These are well tolerated and effective at attenuating both myocardial ischaemia and the frequency and severity of angina pectoris in most patients with stable CAD. Current guidelines on the drug treatment of CSAP propose that beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (beta-blockers) should be used as first line medication primarily for their prognostic benefits, and that CCAs need only be introduced if beta-blockers are not tolerated, contraindicated or ineffective. Despite this, there is a wealth of evidence from clinical trials that demonstrate equal antianginal efficacy for CCAs and beta-blockers. The presence of chronic heart failure and prior myocardial infarction are clear indications for the use of beta-blockers in preference to CCAs for the treatment of CSAP. However, in patients with both CSAP and hypertension, second and third generation CCAs may offer prognostic benefits of similar magnitude to those provided by beta-blockers. Therefore, antianginal drug therapy must be tailored to the individual needs and comorbidities of each elderly patient. \[References: 91\] Kurella, M., W. M. Bennett, and G. M. Chertow. \"Analgesia in patients with ESRD: a review of available evidence.\[see comment\].\" *American Journal of Kidney Diseases.* 42, no. 2(2003): 217-28 UI 12900801. Moderate to severe pain frequently accompanies chronic diseases in general and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in particular. Several analgesic agents and associated metabolites show altered pharmacokinetics in the presence of reduced glomerular filtration rate. Drug-related side effects may exacerbate symptoms frequently observed in persons with chronic kidney disease (CKD; eg, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and constipation) or those often attributed to hemodialysis therapy (eg, orthostatic hypotension and impaired cognition). Persons with advanced CKD and ESRD are at increased risk for adverse effects of analgesic agents because of enhanced drug sensitivity, comorbid conditions, and concurrent medication use. Dose adjustment and avoidance of certain analgesics may be required in patients with advanced CKD and ESRD. We review the available evidence on pharmacokinetics and adverse drug effects of various analgesic agents commonly used in patients with advanced CKD and ESRD. Determining an optimal approach to the control of pain in patients with advanced CKD and ESRD will require additional research. \[References: 96\] Kvarnstrom, A., et al. \"The effectiveness of intravenous ketamine and lidocaine on peripheral neuropathic pain.\" *Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.* 47, no. 7(2003): 868-77 UI 12859309. BACKGROUND: Neuropathic pain is often severe and resistant to pharmacological treatment. The aims of the present study were to assess the analgesic effect of ketamine and lidocaine and to investigate if measurement of different variables of sensibility could be used to identify responders. We also wanted to study if treatment resulted in changes of sensibility. METHODS: Twelve patients with long-lasting peripheral neuropathic pain of traumatic origin were included. The effects of ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar, Parke Davis) 0.4 mg/kg and lidocaine hydrochloride (Xylocain, Astra) 2.5 mg/kg were investigated. Saline was used as placebo. The intensity of continuous pain was measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS). Warm and cold perception as well as heat and cold pain thresholds were assessed. Sensibility to touch was also tested. Systemic plasma concentrations of lidocaine and ketamine were assessed. RESULTS: The mean reduction in VAS-scores was 55%, 34% and 22% for ketamine, lidocaine and placebo, respectively. A significant difference was registered between ketamine and placebo (P = 0.009). Response to treatment (50% reduction in VAS-score during infusion) was recorded in 7/12 in the ketamine, 4/12 in the lidocaine and 2/12 in the placebo group. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) of thermal sensitivity and sensory tests for mechanical stimuli could not separate responders from non-responders and neither were the results from these assessments changed by the infusion of the drugs. Lidocaine and particularly ketamine were associated with frequent side-effects, the most common being somnolence and dizziness. CONCLUSION: Ketamine showed a significant analgesic effect. The clinical usefulness is, however, limited by disturbing side-effects. Lau, H., and N. G. Patil. \"Selective non-stapling of mesh during unilateral endoscopic total extraperitoneal inguinal hernioplasty: a case-control study.\" *Archives of Surgery.* 138, no. 12(2003): 1352-5 UI 14662538. HYPOTHESIS: Selective non-stapling of the mesh during unilateral endoscopic total extraperitoneal inguinal hernioplasty (TEP) may reduce postoperative pain and morbidity rate. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Division of general surgery at a university-affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Two hundred patients who underwent TEP. INTERVENTION: Endoscopic total extraperitoneal inguinal hernioplasty with and without stapling the mesh. The mesh was stapled when the diameter of the hernial defect was greater than 4 cm or there was an inadequate overlap of the defect by the mesh. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative pain score and morbidity rate were compared between patients who had stapling and selective non-stapling of the mesh during TEP. RESULTS: Demographic features, hernia types, and mean operative times of the 2 groups were comparable. Postoperative pain scores upon coughing from the day of operation to postoperative day 6 were lower in patients who had not had the mesh stapled, but the difference was not statistically significant. Comparisons of the mean length of hospital stay, postoperative morbidity, and time taken to resume normal activities showed no significant difference between the 2 groups. With a mean follow-up of 1 year, no neuralgia or recurrence was noted in either group during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Selective non-stapling of the mesh did not confer short-term benefits, such as reduced postoperative pain and morbidity, compared with those who had routine stapling of the mesh during TEP. For patients with a hernial defect measuring less than 4 cm, TEP can be performed without stapling the mesh. The selective non-stapling strategy also helps to reduce the cost of the operation and the potential for nerve entrapment. Lauretti, G. R., G. M. Oliveira, and N. L. Pereira. \"Comparison of sustained-release morphine with sustained-release oxycodone in advanced cancer patients.\" *British Journal of Cancer.* 89, no. 11(2003): 2027-30 UI 14647133. The antinociceptive effect of morphine and oxycodone is mediated preferentially at micro and kappa receptors, respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic profile of the combination of morphine and oxycodone in cancer pain, compared to the standard administration of morphine alone. Controlled-release formulations of oxycodone (CRO) and morphine (CRM) were compared in 26 patients. The study started with an open-label, randomised titration phase to achieve stable pain control for 7 days, followed by a double-blind, randomised crossover phase in two periods, 14 days each. At any point, patients were allowed to use oral immediate-release morphine (IRM) as needed, in order to keep visual analogue scale \< or =4. Pain, satisfaction, adverse effects and number of daily rescue morphine tablets were assessed. A total of 22 patients were evaluated. The weekly upload consumption ratio in morphine/oxycodone was 1 : 1.8 (1.80, 1.83, 1.76, 1.84). The weekly IRM consumption was higher in patients having CRM compared to patients having CRO (ratio morphine/oxycodone: 1.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1.7) (P\<0.05). Patients receiving oxycodone complained of less nausea and vomiting. The rescue morphine analgesic consumption was 38% higher in patients receiving only morphine, compared to patients receiving both morphine and oxycodone. The results suggest that the combination of morphine/oxycodone (opioids with differential preferential sites of action) can be a useful alternative to morphine alone, resulting in a better analgesia profile and less emesis. Lee, M. S., et al. \"Effects of Qi-therapy on blood pressure, pain and psychological symptoms in the elderly: a randomized controlled pilot trial.\" *Complementary Therapies in Medicine.* 11, no. 3(2003): 159-64 UI 14659379. Recently, we reported that Qi-therapy may be beneficial in reducing negative psychological symptoms and increasing melatonin levels, neutrophil function and natural killer cell cytotoxicity in young subjects. However, there is little scientific evidence of its efficacy in elderly subjects. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of Qi-therapy on anxiety, depression, fatigue, pain and blood pressure in elderly subjects. Ninety-four elderly subjects were randomly assigned to either Qi-therapy (n=47) or mimic therapy (n=47) groups. Both groups received a 10-min intervention period once using similar procedures. The Qi-therapy group exhibited greater reduction in anxiety, depression, fatigue, pain level and blood pressure compared to the placebo group; the difference in anxiety was significant (P=0.014). These results suggest that even a brief application of Qi-therapy may exert a positive psychological and physiological effect. However, further research is necessary in order to fully understand the long-term impact of Qi-therapy on psychological health and the cardiovascular system. Lee-Elliott, C. E., D. Dundas, and U. Patel. \"Randomized trial of lidocaine vs lidocaine/bupivacaine periprostatic injection on longitudinal pain scores after prostate biopsy.\" *Journal of Urology.* 171, no. 1(2004): 247-50 UI 14665886. PURPOSE: Periprostatic lidocaine reduces immediate post-prostate biopsy pain but still many men will not consent to re-biopsy. We performed a randomized study to assess whether adding long acting local anesthesia to a short acting agent would further reduce pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 300 men undergoing transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy were sequentially randomized to receive either short acting local lidocaine (lid) or short and long acting lidocaine and bupivacaine (lid/bup). A 7-day questionnaire was used to study daily pain (10-point visual analog score), bleeding (hematuria, PR bleeding, hematospermia), visits to the family doctor and analgesic use, and whether they would agree to future re-biopsy. RESULTS: Of the 256 questionnaires returned 250 were suitable for analysis. Cross-sectional comparison showed no intergroup differences in mean pain scores immediately after biopsy (2.24, 95% CI 1.94-2.5 vs 2.61, 95% CI 2.3-2.9, p = 0.88 in lid and lid/bup groups, respectively). There was a significant rebound in visual analog scale at 1 hour in the lid group but not in the lid/bup group (+ 0.9 vs + 0.09, p = 0.0006). Longitudinal analysis showed the global pain experience after lid/bup was better compared to lidocaine alone, with significantly less pain every subsequent day (p = 0.0006 to 0.002). No difference was seen in morbidity, analgesia usage or number refusing future re-biopsy (9.6% vs 9.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Long and short acting local anesthetics together significantly attenuate the 1-hour rebound increase in pain scores seen after short acting anesthesia alone. Improved pain scores were sustained during the subsequent week and we advocate routine combination use for transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. Leo, R. J. \"A word of caution about the implied role for duloxetine in pain management.\" *Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.* 64, no. 10(2003): 1270 UI 14658982. Maimone-Baronello, M., F. Piccoli, and V. La Bella. \"Great auricular neuralgia: a case report.\" *Headache.* 43, no. 9(2003): 1005-6 UI 14511279. Malmstrom, K., et al. \"Analgesic efficacy of etoricoxib in primary dysmenorrhea: results of a randomized, controlled trial.\" *Gynecologic & Obstetric Investigation.* 56, no. 2(2003): 65-9 UI 12900528. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of etoricoxib in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. METHODS: Seventy-three women were randomly assigned to receive single oral doses of etoricoxib 120 mg, placebo, or naproxen sodium 550 mg at the onset of moderate to severe pain associated with menses. During 3 consecutive menstrual cycles in this double-blind, 3-period, crossover study, pain intensity and pain relief were assessed over the 24-hour period following dosing, and global ratings of therapy were made at 8 and 24 h after dosing. Tolerability was assessed by spontaneous reports of adverse experiences. RESULTS: Etoricoxib 120 mg provided analgesic efficacy superior to placebo for the primary endpoint, total pain relief over 8 h (TOPAR8, p\<0.001), and for all secondary endpoints (p\<0.050). The analgesic effect of etoricoxib 120 mg over the first 8 h was similar to that of naproxen sodium 550 mg. All treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Etoricoxib 120 mg provided rapid and sustained analgesia that was superior to placebo and similar to that of naproxen sodium 550 mg. Copyright 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel Manias, E. \"Medication trends and documentation of pain management following surgery.\" *Nursing & Health Sciences.* 5, no. 1(2003): 85-94 UI 12603725. The purpose of the present study was to examine prescribing and administering activities for sedative and analgesic medication in postoperative patients, and to describe nurses\' documentation practices for pain management in nursing notes. A prospective audit was undertaken of medication order charts and nursing notes of 100 patients on the operation day and over the first four days following surgery. Almost all patients received some form of infusion, while the use of \'as required\' analgesics varied from one-third to over two-thirds of patients during the postoperative period. Few patients were prescribed fixed-order analgesics or sedative medications. An audit of nursing entries found that nurses had documented inadequately in four major areas: pain assessment, use of non-pharmacological interventions, use of pharmacological interventions, and outcome of interventions. The findings contribute to improving our understanding of nurses\' pain management and identify the need to use clinical judgement that is individualized to patients\' needs. Mann, E. \"Chronic pain and opioids: dispelling myths and exploring the facts.\" *Professional Nurse.* 18, no. 7(2003): 408-11 UI 12674051. Opioid use for chronic non-malignant pain remains controversial and is surrounded by myths and misconceptions. As new research emphasises the importance of early effective pain management, comprehensive, well-researched guidelines may help the care of patients with chronic non-malignant pain. Mannion, S., and T. O\'Brien. \"Ketamine in the management of chronic pancreatic pain.\" *Journal of Pain & Symptom Management.* 26, no. 6(2003): 1071-2 UI 14654257. Marchand, S., et al. \"Analgesic and placebo effects of thalamic stimulation.\" *Pain.* 105, no. 3(2003): 481-8 UI 14527708. Numerous clinical studies have reported successful relief of chronic pain with sensory thalamic stimulation. However, even with the extensive use of sensory thalamic stimulation as a clinical tool in the relief of chronic pain, the results are still inconsistent. This discrepancy could probably be explained by the fact that the majority of these studies are case reports or retrospective analyses, which have often used imprecise pain measurements that do not allow a rigorous statistical evaluation of pain relief. None of these studies measured the effect of stimulation on clinical pain for longer than a few hours per day, which is an important aspect considering that clinical pain can vary over time. Moreover, placebo controls are seldom included. In the current study, we measured patients\' pain perception at home over a 2-week period, both during days of normal stimulation of the sensory thalamus and during days without stimulation. Patients also came to the laboratory to assess the effects of thalamic and placebo stimulation on clinical pain, experimental heat pain, innocuous air puff and visual stimulation. A potential relation between the perceived paresthesia and analgesic efficacy during thalamic and placebo stimulation was also explored. We found that thalamic stimulation significantly affected clinical and experimental pain perception, but that an important placebo component also exists. On the other hand, neither thalamic nor placebo stimulation affected air puff and visual ratings, suggesting that the effect applies specifically to pain and hence is not caused by a general change in attention. The level of paresthesia elicited during the placebo manipulation was also directly correlated with the degree of placebo pain relief. These results suggest that thalamic stimulation produces a small but significant reduction in pain perception, but that a significant placebo effect also exists. Marcus, D. A. \"Gender differences in chronic pain in a treatment-seeking population.\" *Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine.* 6, no. 4(2003): 19-24 UI 14714446. OBJECTIVE: To compare pain characteristics, disability, and comorbid psychological distress between genders in a treatment-seeking sample of patients with chronic pain. METHODS: Consecutive patients with chronic pain were evaluated and assigned a pain diagnosis. Gender differences were compared on responses to questions about pain symptoms, associated disability, and psychological distress. RESULTS: The pain sample (N = 716) was predominately female (63%). Pain locations, diagnoses, and trigger factors were similar in male and female patients. Male patients reported a greater mean pain severity (7.16 males vs 6.82 females; P = 0.05), greater pain constancy (41.2% vs 26.7%; P \< 0.001), and more days per week with pain (6.37 vs 5.87; P \< 0.001). In addition, males reported higher levels of disability, with reduced activity more than 3 days per week in 70.2% of males and 56.0% of females, and complete disability more than 3 days per week in 55.9% of males and 37.3% of females (P \< 0.001). Quality of life measures were additionally reduced for both physical and psychological categories in men versus women (P = 0.05 to \< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: There are important gender differences in treatment-seeking patients with chronic pain. Males report higher levels of pain and disability, with reduced physical and psychological quality of life, as compared to females. These differences in treatment-seeking patients may reflect gender differences in treatment-seeking behavior. Marcus, J., G. Elkins, and F. Mott. \"The integration of hypnosis into a model of palliative care.\" *Integrative Cancer Therapies.* 2, no. 4(2003): 365-70 UI 14713329. There exists a need for a broad and inclusive model of integration of mind-body interventions for palliative care. Symptoms relating to psychological distress and existential concerns are even more prevalent than pain and other physical symptoms among those with life-limiting conditions. The hypnotic model\'s purpose is to improve the patient\'s total psychological, social, and spiritual well-being. A 4-stage model of interventions is offered to assist the clinician in developing and implementing appropriate hypnotherapeutic treatment for noncurative patients. The focus of the hypnotherapy is to ameliorate the effects of pain and dyspnea to restore a level of psychological and physical wellbeing. Within this model of therapy for patients with active, progressive, far-advanced disease and a short life expectancy, the goals of the hypnotic intervention are to provide relief from pain and shortness of breath. Other focuses include assisting the patient with the psychological adjustment to their noncurative and ultimately final state. Mata, M., J. Glorioso, and D. J. Fink. \"Development of HSV-mediated gene transfer for the treatment of chronic pain.\" *Experimental Neurology.* 184, no. Suppl 1(2003): S25-9 UI 14597322. Chronic pain is often difficult to treat effectively. We have exploited the high affinity of herpes simplex virus (HSV) for peripheral sensory neurons to create HSV-based vectors for the treatment of chronic pain. We have demonstrated that an HSV-based vector expressing proenkephalin reduces pain-related responses in rodent models of inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, and pain resulting from cancer in bone. A human trial has been proposed. McAloon, C., P. C. O\'Connor, and M. Boyer. \"Patient\'s perception of pain on admission and discharge from the emergency department.\" *New Jersey Nurse.* 33, no. 8(2003): 7 UI 14692389. Patients presenting to the emergency department have a common complaint of pain. Whether admitted to the hospital or discharged to home, patients are leaving the emergency department in a higher level of pain than would be considered tolerable or comfortable. Pain can be a major impediment to an adequate quality of life. Unrelieved or chronic pain causes anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, decreased self-esteem and self-worth, inactivity, altered family dynamics, financial stress and an increase in the number of health-care visits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients\' perception and report of pain in the ED from the time of arrival to the time of discharge. The sample consisted of 63 females and 62 males from an ED of an urban hospital in Trenton, New Jersey. The mean age for the males was 40 years, and the mean age for the females was 41 years. The pain level of the participants was measured by the use of a visual analogue scale at the time of arrival and at the time of discharge from the ED. A paired t-test for related samples revealed that the VAS scores decreased from 5.90 to 3.38 (p = .000). McCleane, G. \"Pharmacological management of neuropathic pain.\" *CNS Drugs.* 17, no. 14(2003): 1031-43 UI 14594443. In health, the nervous system exists in a balance between inhibitory and excitatory influences. This balance may be upset if neural tissue is damaged or irritated and may give rise to neuropathic pain. Such neuropathic pain does not respond consistently to opioid analgesics or NSAIDs and it may therefore be necessary to utilise other therapeutic agents with known activity on either the excitatory or inhibitory components of the pain pathway. These other agents are traditionally considered with reference to their original uses; we still refer to tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and anticonvulsant drugs when a consideration of their modes of action may allow more rational use. For example, carbamazepine is related to the TCAs by virtue of its chemical structure and proposed mode of action and yet is still classified as an anticonvulsant drug.With respect to the opioids, increasing evidence points to an analgesic effect in neuropathic pain, although concerns regarding tolerance and dependence still prevent more widespread use. The anticonvulsants comprise a group of compounds possessing anticonvulsant and analgesic properties, but each possesses differing modes of action and so several members of the class should be tried before a conclusion is reached that they, as a whole, are ineffective. TCAs may also have a role in the treatment of neuropathic pain. As with all drugs, if their use is not associated with pain relief in a defined period of time, their use should be terminated. Topical TCAs may also have a role where the area of neuropathic pain is small. Other options, such as SSRIs, membrane stabilisers, capsaicin, baclofen and clonidine may have potential in treating neuropathic pain.The available evidence regarding the efficacy of currently available agents for the treatment of neuropathic pain is sparse. With the knowledge of achieving analgesia, according to the modes of actions of various agents it is hoped that the treatment of this difficult condition may be more logical and successful. \[References: 133\] McCleane, G., B. Koch, and C. Rauschkolb. \"Does SPM 927 have an analgesic effect in human neuropathic pain? An open label study.\" *Neuroscience Letters.* 352, no. 2(2003): 117-20 UI 14625037. The aim of the study is to establish if the putative anticonvulsant SPM 927 has an analgesic effect in human neuropathic pain and to assess its tolerability. This is an open label study of 25 adult human subjects with resistant neuropathic pain. Subjects were treated with SPM 927 in a dose-escalating scheme to 600 mg daily, if tolerated. Treatment was continued for 4 weeks then withdrawn without tapering. Pain scores were recorded using a 11-point Likert score and a categorical pain-rating scale. Laboratory parameters and, electrocardiographs (ECGs) were collected; side effects were noted. Of the 25 enrolled subjects, 12 completed the study according to the protocol. The remaining subjects dropped out due to adverse events (n=12) or withdrawn consent. Mean daily pain scores (Likert score) fell by 0.83 (95% CI -1.77, +0.11) at the end of maintenance and rose by 0.58 (95% CI -0.23, +1.40) after withdrawal of SPM 927. Similar changes were seen in the categorical pain-rating scores. There were decreases in the mean scores for shooting pain, paraesthesia, and allodynia, but much less change in the numbness and burning-pain scores. The most common side effects were nausea, dizziness, leukocytosis, and increased ALT. No consistent changes in ECG recordings or haemodynamic variables were observed. SPM 927 may have an analgesic effect in human neuropathic pain and was reasonably well tolerated in this study. These data support the continued clinical development of SPM 927 for neuropathic pain. McGuigan, C., et al. \"Case report: recurrent temporalis muscle swelling and headache.\" *Neurology.* 60, no. 4(2003): 724-5 UI 12601126. Meier, T., et al. \"Efficacy of lidocaine patch 5% in the treatment of focal peripheral neuropathic pain syndromes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.\" *Pain.* 106, no. 1-2(2003): 151-8 UI 14581122. Peripheral neuropathic pain syndromes (PNPS) are difficult to treat because commonly used analgesics are often ineffective when, for example, touch-evoked allodynia, hyperalgesia, and pain paroxysms are present. To investigate whether lidocaine patch 5% treatment is also effective in postherpetic neuropathy (PHN) and in other PNPS, 40 patients with various forms and localizations of PNPS completed a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-way, cross-over study in three medical hospitals. Patients suffering from pain in a localized skin area with intensity above 40 mm visual analog scale (VAS) and a stable consumption of pain medication were included in this study. The study was divided into four phases: 3-day run-in phase, treatment phase 1, wash-out period, and treatment phase 2, each lasting 1 week. At the discretion of the patients, up to four patches (covering a maximum of 560 cm2) were applied onto the maximally painful area for 12 consecutive hours daily, always either by day or at night. Throughout the four phases, ongoing pain, allodynia, quality of neuropathic symptoms, quality of sleep, and adverse events were assessed. When, after the wash-out period, the pain intensity scores did not return to the pre-treatment values (+/-20%), these patients were excluded from the study. The present study revealed that, as an add-on therapy, the lidocaine patch 5% was clearly effective in reducing ongoing pain (P=0.017) and allodynia (P=0.023) during the first 8 h after application and that the patches also worked well over a period of 7 days (P=0.018) in diverse focal PNPS. Calculation of the numbers needed to treat (NNT) to obtain one patient with more than 50% relief of ongoing pain revealed that the NNT of 4.4 in the present study compared reasonably well with other studies of PHN, such as topically applied capsaicin (NNT: 5.3-infinity) or systemic treatment with gabapentin (NNT: 3.2-5.0). Meissner, W., et al. \"Acupuncture decreases somatosensory evoked potential amplitudes to noxious stimuli in anesthetized volunteers.\" *Anesthesia & Analgesia.* 98, no. 1(2004): 141-7, table of contents UI 14693608. The effect of acupuncture on pain perception is controversial. Because late amplitudes of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to noxious stimuli are thought to correlate with the subjective experience of pain intensity, we designed this study to detect changes of these SEPs before and after acupuncture in a double-blinded fashion. Sixteen volunteers were anesthetized by propofol and exposed to painful electric stimuli to the right forefinger. Then, blinded to the research team, the acupuncture group (n = 8) was treated with electric needle acupuncture over 15 min at analgesic points of the leg, whereas the sham group (n = 8) received no treatment. Thereafter, nociceptive stimulation was repeated. SEPs were recorded during each noxious stimulation from the vertex Cz, and latencies and amplitudes of the N150 and P260 components were analyzed by analysis of variance. P260 amplitudes decreased from 4.40 +/- 2.76 microV (mean +/- SD) before treatment to 1.67 +/- 1.21 microV after treatment (P \< 0.05), whereas amplitudes of the sham group remained unchanged (2.64 +/- 0.94 microV before versus 2.54 +/- 1.54 microV after treatment). In conclusion, this double-blinded study demonstrated that electric needle acupuncture, as compared with sham treatment, significantly decreased the magnitudes of late SEP amplitudes with electrical noxious stimulation in anesthetized subjects, suggesting a specific analgesic effect of acupuncture. IMPLICATIONS: This double-blinded study demonstrates that electric needle acupuncture, as compared with sham treatment, significantly decreases the magnitudes of late somatosensory evoked potential amplitudes with electrical noxious stimulation in anesthetized subjects, suggesting a specific analgesic effect of acupuncture. Meng, C. F., et al. \"Acupuncture for chronic low back pain in older patients: a randomized, controlled trial.\" *Rheumatology.* 42, no. 12(2003): 1508-17 UI 12890859. OBJECTIVE: To determine if acupuncture is an effective, safe adjunctive treatment to standard therapy for chronic low back pain (LBP) in older patients. METHODS: The inclusion criteria for subjects were: (i) LBP \> or =12 weeks and (ii) age \> or =60 yr; the exclusion criteria were (i) spinal tumour, infection or fracture and (ii) associated neurological symptoms. The subjects were randomized to two groups. The control group of subjects continued their usual care as directed by their physicians, i.e. NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, paracetamol and back exercises. Subjects in the acupuncture group in addition received biweekly acupuncture with electrical stimulation for 5 weeks. Outcome was measured by the modified Roland Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) at weeks 0, 2, 6 and 9. The primary outcome measure was change in RDQ score between weeks 0 and 6. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients were enrolled, with eight drop-outs. Twenty-four subjects were randomized to the acupuncture group and 23 were randomized to the control group. Acupuncture subjects had a significant decrease in RDQ score of 4.1 +/- 3.9 at week 6, compared with a mean decrease of 0.7 +/- 2.8 in the control group (P = 0.001). This effect was maintained for up to 4 weeks after treatment at week 9, with a decrease in RDQ of 3.5 +/- 4.4 from baseline, compared with 0.43 +/- 2.7 in the control group (P = 0.007). The mean global transition score was higher in the acupuncture group, 3.7 +/- 1.2, indicating greater improvement, compared with the score in the control group, 2.5 +/- 0.9 (P \< 0.001). Fewer acupuncture subjects had medication-related side-effects compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture is an effective, safe adjunctive treatment for chronic LBP in older patients. Mense, S. \"The pathogenesis of muscle pain.\" *Current Pain & Headache Reports.* 7, no. 6(2003): 419-25 UI 14604500. Nociceptive nerve endings in muscles and other tissues are equipped with a multitude of receptor molecules for endogenous pain-producing and sensitizing agents. Particularly interesting molecules are the purinergic receptors, which can be activated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the vanilloid receptor, which is sensitive to protons (low pH). The purinergic receptors are activated by tissue damage because cell necrosis is associated with the release of ATP. A low pH is present in many pathologic conditions such as ischemia and inflammation. At the spinal and medullar level, painful muscle lesions induce marked neuroplastic changes that result in hyperexcitability and hyperactivity of nociceptive neurons. This central sensitization is the basis for the spontaneous pain and hyperalgesia of patients. The transition from acute to chronic muscle pain is complete when the initially functional changes are transformed into structural ones. Patients with morphologic alterations in their nociceptive system are difficult to treat because the changes need time to normalize. \[References: 47\] Mercadante, S., et al. \"Celiac plexus block for pancreatic cancer pain: factors influencing pain, symptoms and quality of life.\" *Journal of Pain & Symptom Management.* 26, no. 6(2003): 1140-7 UI 14654266. Neurolytic celiac plexus block (NCPB) is claimed to be an effective method of pain control for pancreatic cancer pain. However, the factors that may influence long-term analgesia, adverse effects, and quality of life after performing NCPB have never been determined. In a prospective multicenter study, 22 patients who underwent NCPB were followed until death. Numerous parameters other than pain and symptom intensity were evaluated, including age, gender, initial site of cancer, sites of pain, possible peritoneal involvement, technique, and oncologic interventions. Indices were calculated to determine the opioid consumption ratio (EAS) and the trend of opioid escalation (OEI). NCPB was effective in reducing opioid consumption and gastrointestinal adverse effects for at least 4 weeks. In the last four weeks prior to death, there was the typical trend of increasing symptom intensity common to the terminal cancer population. None of the factors studied influenced the analgesic effectiveness of NPCB. NPCB, performed by skilled clinicians, regardless of the technique chosen, is a safe and useful means that should be considered as an adjuvant to common analgesic regimens at any stage, as it may allow the reduction of the visceral component of pancreatic pain that may prevail in certain phases of the illness. The analgesic and symptomatic effect of NCPB is presumably advantageous for about four weeks. A possible factor interfering with long-term outcome includes the capacity of cancer to involve the celiac axis, which can distort the anatomy and prevent neurolytic spread, or modify the pain mechanisms. Outcomes are strongly based on individual variation. Messin, R., et al. \"A pilot double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of molsidomine 16 mg once-a-day in patients suffering from stable angina pectoris: correlation between efficacy and over time plasma concentrations.\" *European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.* 59, no. 3(2003): 227-32 UI 12734607. OBJECTIVES: A new once-a-day (o.a.d.) formulation of molsidomine (16 mg) was evaluated in patients with stable angina pectoris. The aims were to characterize its pharmacokinetics after a single dose, to demonstrate its clinical efficacy and safety versus placebo and to investigate correlations between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. METHODS: Forty-two patients were recruited in a double-blind, crossover, randomized placebo-controlled trial. The pharmacokinetics of molsidomine and SIN-1, its active metabolite, were determined at specific time points (3, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22 and 24 h) after the administration of a single dose of molsidomine 16 mg o.a.d. in all patients distributed into seven groups. Twenty-eight of these 42 patients showed a positive baseline cycloergometric exercise test response during the run-in placebo period and were used to compare the efficacy of molsidomine to placebo. Relationships between plasma concentration in molsidomine or SIN-1 and ischemic threshold were assessed in 16 of the 28 patients with a positive exercise test at baseline. Indeed, the censored variable ischemia-limited tolerance to exercise could not be evaluated in those patients who did not show exercise-induced ischemia anymore under molsidomine 16 mg o.a.d. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships were evaluated using regression models and correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The highest average concentration in molsidomine and SIN-1 occurred after 6 h, then a plateau of 15-20 ng/ml molsidomine and 0.8-3.0 ng/ml SIN-1 was maintained for at least 8 h and the mean residual molsidomine concentration 24 h post-drug intake was around 8 ng/ml, still in the effective range of 5-10 ng/ml. A significant increase in total workload (+52 W min, P=0.009), total exercise time (+32 s, P=0.003) and time to angina (+25 s, P=0.016) was measured with molsidomine 16 mg o.a.d. relative to placebo. Using linear regression, significant correlation coefficients were determined between molsidomine plasma concentrations (but not SIN-1) and exercise test improvements (r=0.827, P\<0.001 for the total workload; r=0.772, P\<0.001 for the total exercise time; and r=0.566, P=0.028 for the time to 1 mm ST-segment depression). CONCLUSION: The pharmacokinetics of molsidomine 16 mg in patients with stable angina pectoris is compatible with a o.a.d. dosage regimen. This o.a.d. formulation is effective and well-tolerated, providing a 24-h therapeutic control of myocardial ischemia. A positive and significant linear relationship between molsidomine plasma concentration and the increase in exercise tolerance was observed. Milingos, S., et al. \"Laparoscopic management of patients with endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain.\" *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.* 997(2003): 269-73 UI 14644834. Endometriosis has been traditionally included among the most important causes of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in women of reproductive age. The main clinical manifestations of endometriosis are dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and chronic nonmenstrual pain. Despite the high prevalence of endometriosis in women suffering from CPP, controversy still exists regarding the true association between the stage and extent of this peculiar disease and the severity of pain. Over the last decade, advances in endoscopic technology have enabled gynecologic surgeons to recognize many atypical appearances of the endometriotic implants not known to exist before, thus allowing their complete excision or destruction. Laparoscopic surgery may offer considerable relief in patients with endometriosis and CPP. Although cases with advanced endometriosis seem to benefit the most, we also support surgical treatment in patients with early endometriosis diagnosed using laparoscopy, as many will experience improvement in their symptoms. \[References: 27\] Milling, L. S., M. R. Levine, and S. A. Meunier. \"Hypnotic enhancement of cognitive-behavioral interventions for pain: an analogue treatment study.\" *Health Psychology.* 22, no. 4(2003): 406-13 UI 12940397. Recent meta-analyses have shown that adding hypnosis enhances the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. This hypnotic enhancement effect was evaluated in the analogue treatment of pain. Individuals scoring in the high (n = 135) and low (n = 150) ranges of hypnotic suggestibility were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 conditions: Stress Inoculation Training, the same treatment provided hypnotically, nonhypnotic analgesia suggestions, hypnotic analgesia suggestions, a hypnotic induction treatment, or a control condition. The 5 analogue treatments reduced experimental pain more than the control condition, but were not different from one another. Under circumstances optimized to detect an enhancement effect, neither Stress Inoculation Training nor analgesia suggestions produced more relief when delivered in a hypnotic context than identical treatments provided nonhypnotically. Miyake, H., et al. \"Presacral extramedullary hematopoiesis.\" *Surgery.* 135, no. 1(2004): 112-3 UI 14694310. Montanini, S., and R. Siliotti. \"Analgesic therapy services and levels of essential care.\" *Minerva Anestesiologica.* 69, no. 6(2003): 479-80, 480-1 UI 14564247. Motl, R. W., B. D. Knowles, and P. J. O\'Connor. \"Examination of pain ratings associated with elicitation of the maximal H-wave and maximal M-wave in the soleus and flexor carpi radialis muscles.\" *International Journal of Neuroscience.* 113, no. 11(2003): 1477-86 UI 14585748. The present study involved an examination of pain ratings associated with elicitation of the maximal H-wave and maximal M-wave in the soleus and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscles. Sixteen male students provided pain intensity ratings associated specifically with elicitation of the maximal H-wave and maximal M-wave in the soleus and FCR muscles before and after a 1 h period of seated rest on two trials separated by 1 wk. There were no significant interactions or main effects of Muscle Group, Time, or Trials for the pain ratings associated with the maximal H-wave and maximal M-wave in the soleus and FCR muscles. Pain ratings and current were higher for the maximal M-wave than the maximal H-wave in both the soleus and FCR muscles. We concluded that pain ratings associated with the maximal H-wave and maximal M-wave do not differ between the soleus and the FCR muscles, and that pain ratings are higher for the maximal M-wave than the maximal H-wave. Naylor, W. \"Pain in fungating wounds: another perspective.\" *Ostomy Wound Management.* 49, no. 11(2003): 9-12 UI 14652409. Nikanne, E., et al. \"Ketoprofen for postoperative pain after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and tonsillectomy: two-week follow-up study.\" *Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery.* 129, no. 5(2003): 577-81 UI 14595282. OBJECTIVE: In our previous study, we reported that both uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) and tonsillectomy are associated with unacceptable intense pain during the first 24 hours after surgery. To investigate the pain progression at home, we followed the same 53 patients for 14 days after surgery. Twenty-two patients underwent tonsillectomy and 31 patients underwent UPPP. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, longitudinal, parallel-group study was conducted. METHODS: Beginning on the first postoperative day, the patients were allowed to use 50 mg ketoprofen capsules at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/24 hr. The patients evaluated their own pain four times a day for the first 5 days. Two weeks after the surgery during a follow-up visit patients reported the present pain; and a total consumption of analgesics, and all adverse events for 14 days. RESULTS: Patients in both study groups had significant pain, especially in the morning, for the first week after surgery. In half of the patients, severe pain interfered with eating and sleeping, and in one third of the patients, the pain lasted 2 weeks or longer. The need for ketoprofen was significantly higher after UPPP than that after tonsillectomy (P = 0.001). One patient after tonsillectomy and 3 patients after UPPP needed electrocautery to stop secondary bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Both UPPP and tonsillectomy are associated with intense postoperative pain. Standard ketoprofen capsules are too short-acting to ensure undisturbed sleep. North, R. A. \"The P2X3 subunit: a molecular target in pain therapeutics.\" *Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs.* 4, no. 7(2003): 833-40 UI 14619405. P2X receptors are hetero-oligomeric proteins that function as membrane ion channels and are gated by extracellular ATP. The P2X3 subunit is a constituent of the channels on a subset of sensory neurons involved in pain signaling, where ATP released by damaged and inflamed tissue can initiate action potentials. The tissue distribution of this subunit, along with experiments using antagonists, antisense oligonucleotides and gene knockouts, suggests that it may be a useful target for the development of pain therapeutics. This has been substantiated by the development by Abbott of a small molecule that selectively blocks P2X3 subunit-containing P2X receptors, and which is effective in a range of animal models of neuropathic and chronic inflammatory pain. \[References: 89\] Offenbacher, M., et al. \"Validation of a German version of the \'Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand\' questionnaire (DASH-G).\" *Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie.* 62, no. 2(2003): 168-77 UI 12721705. OBJECTIVE: In 1994 the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons\' outcome research committee developed and validated a functional outcome questionnaire for disabilities of the upper extremity (DASH). The objective of our study was to translate the DASH into German and to evaluate its reliability and validity for German-speaking patients with shoulder pain. METHODS: Translation-backtranslation of the DASH was performed according to published guidelines. Psychometric properties and validity were assessed in 49 consecutive patients with shoulder pain originating from within the shoulder girdle. Age, duration of symptoms and current pain were obtained. Test-retest reliability was assessed in a subset of 18 patients who filled in the questionnaire 10 days later. Internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach\'s alpha coefficient. Test-retest reliability was assessed using Spearman correlations and the Bland and Altman plot. To study the validity, we examined the correlation of the DASH with other measures of function of the upper extremity including the HAQ subscales relating to the upper extremity and pain measures (e.g. numerical rating scale, SF-36 pain scale). We also examined our hypothesis that the DASH is moderately correlated with measures of range-of-motion (e.g., forward flexion and abduction). RESULT: Translation-backtranslation revealed no major difficulties. The mean age of the patients was 59 years, mean duration of symptoms 60 months and current pain score 5.6 (NRS). Test-retest reliability was 0.90 for the total DASH. The internal consistency was 0.96. Strong correlations (p\<0.01) were found between the DASH and the mean among the five subscales of the HAQ representing upper extremity function (0.88) and pain as measured with the SF-36 bodily pain scale (-0.79). As hypothesized, the DASH was also moderately correlated with measures of range-of-motion (e.g. forward flexion rho=-0.49; abduction rho=-0.57). CONCLUSION: Our data confirm that the German version of the DASH retains the characteristics of the American original and is a reliable and valid instrument to measure functional disability in German speaking patients with shoulder pain. Okmen, E., et al. \"Effects of enoxaparin and nadroparin on major cardiac events in high-risk unstable angina treated with a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor.\" *Japanese Heart Journal.* 44, no. 6(2003): 899-906 UI 14711185. Clinical trials have reported the beneficial effects of platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists and low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) on major cardiac events (MACE) in patients presenting with unstable angina or non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. A number of studies have documented the significant superiority of low-molecular-weight heparins, especially enoxaparin, over unfractionated heparin in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two different LMWHs, enoxaparin and nadroparin, accompanied by platelet GP IIb/IIIa inhibition on MACE in high-risk unstable angina. The study was designed as an open-label and observational study. Sixty-eight patients presenting with unstable angina associated with high-risk criteria were randomly assigned to treatment with enoxaparin plus tirofiban (36 patients, mean age 57 +/- 11) or nadroparin plus tirofiban (32 patients, mean age: 58 +/- 8). In-hospital MACE including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), recurrent refractory angina, death, stroke, and urgent revascularization were compared between the study groups. Patient characteristics and durations of LMWH and tirofiban treatments were not different between the study groups. Coronary artery risk factors, except family history (which was observed more frequently in the enoxaparin group, P = 0.02), were also similar. MACE between the enoxaparin and nadroparin groups including AMI (5.5%, 6%), recurrent refractory angina (19%, 12%), death (0%, 3%), stroke (was not observed in either group), urgent revascularization (14%, 12%) and total MACE (19%, 15%) were not different. Enoxaparin and nadroparin, accompanied by GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy, have similar effects on the development of major cardiac events in patients presenting with unstable angina and high-risk characteristics. O\'Neal, M. G., T. Beste, and D. P. Shackelford. \"Utility of preemptive local analgesia in vaginal hysterectomy.\" *American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology.* 189, no. 6(2003): 1539-41; discussion 1541-2 UI 14710057. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether preemptive administration of long-acting local anesthetics before vaginal hysterectomy will improve postoperative pain. STUDY DESIGN: A blinded, randomized, trial of paracervical injection of 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine or normal saline solution placebo with epinephrine was conducted. Verbal analog pain scores were collected at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 24 hours after surgery. Morphine use in the postanesthesia care unit and by patient-controlled morphine analgesia was recorded. RESULTS: Twenty patients were enrolled. Nine were randomized to bupivacaine. There was no difference between groups regarding age, length of surgery, blood loss, or length of stay. Pain scores were lower in the bupivacaine group by analysis of variance (P=.03). Total morphine and patient-controlled analgesia morphine was significantly less in patients receiving bupivacaine (P=.01 and.04). CONCLUSION: Paracervical block with a 0.5% bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine before vaginal hysterectomy is associated with lower pain scores and a reduction in morphine requirements after surgery. Pappagallo, M. \"Newer antiepileptic drugs: possible uses in the treatment of neuropathic pain and migraine.\" *Clinical Therapeutics.* 25, no. 10(2003): 2506-38 UI 14667954. BACKGROUND: Both neuropathic pain and migraine are now being treated with a variety of newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The proven efficacy of gabapentin in postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN), and of divalproex sodium in the prevention of migraine has led to increased clinical investigation of the newer AEDs for these conditions. While basic and clinical research are expanding the knowledge base concerning the fundamental mechanisms of neuropathic pain and migraine, growing recognition of the similarities in the pathophysiology of epilepsy, migraine, and various chronic pain disorders has further heightened interest in exploring the newer AEDs in the treatment of these conditions.OBJECTIVE: The goals of this article were to review the empiric basis and scientific rationale for the use of AEDs in the treatment of neuropathic pain and migraine; summarize available clinical research on the use of 5 newer AEDs (gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, topiramate, and zonisamide) in these conditions; and provide a summary comparison of the dosing, tolerability, and drug-interaction potential of these agents.METHODS: Relevant English-language articles were identified through searches of MEDLINE (1990-March 2003), American Academy of Neurology abstracts (1999-2003), and American Epilepsy Society abstracts (2000-2002). The search terms were antiepileptic medication or drug, migraine headache, neuropathic pain, pathophysiology, treatment, mechanism of action, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, topiramate, and zonisamide.CONCLUSIONS: The newer AEDs possess the potential advantages of better tolerability and fewer drug-drug interactions compared with standard treatments such as tricyclic antidepressants or established AEDs. However, with the exception of data supporting the efficacy of gabapentin in PHS and PDN, there is currently insufficient evidence to determine whether the newer AEDs have equal or superior efficacy relative to proven pharmacotherapies. \[References: 144\] Parsanezhad, M. E., et al. \"Comparative, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intraperitoneal of bupivacaine and lidocaine for pain control after diagnostic laparoscopy.\" *Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists.* 10, no. 3(2003): 311-5 UI 14567803. STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of intraperitoneal bupivacaine and lidocaine on reducing pain after diagnostic laparoscopy. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (Canadian Task Force classification I). SETTING: University teaching hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred thirty-four women with unexplained infertility. INTERVENTION: Diagnostic laparoscopy with intraperitoneal administration of bupivacaine or lidocaine. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients were randomized into one of four groups. In group A, at the end of laparoscopy 0.125% bupivacaine 30 ml was instilled into the pelvic cavity and the same dose was instilled over the diaphragmatic vault. Groups B and C received the same volume of 5% lidocaine and normal saline, respectively. Group D received no intraperitoneal agent. The verbal pain scale questionnaire was used to assess postoperative pain. Pain scores 2 and 24 hours postoperatively were significantly lower for group A than for groups B and C (p = 0.0001). Scores in group B were also significantly lower than those in groups C and D (p = 0.0001). Women in group A required less additional analgesia than those in the other groups. CONCLUSION: Compared with lidocaine and placebo, intraperitoneal bupivacaine significantly decreased postoperative pain, and this effect was long lasting. Pasero, C. \"Epidural analgesia for postoperative pain, part 2.\" *AJN, American Journal of Nursing.* 103, no. 11(2003): 43-5 UI 14625423. Pasero, C., and M. McCaffery. \"Controlled-release oxycodone.\" *AJN, American Journal of Nursing.* 104, no. 1(2004): 30-2 UI 14707810. Patt, R. B. \"Non-pharmacologic measures for controlling oncologic pain.\" *American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care.* 7, no. 6(1990): 30-7 UI 14686471. Pepine, C. J., et al. \"Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on transient ischemia: the Quinapril Anti-Ischemia and Symptoms of Angina Reduction (QUASAR) trial.\[see comment\].\" *Journal of the American College of Cardiology.* 42, no. 12(2003): 2049-59 UI 14680725. OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACE-I) (i.e., quinapril) prevents transient ischemia (exertional and spontaneous) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). BACKGROUND: It is known that ACE-I reduces the risk of death, myocardial infarction (MI), and other CAD-related outcomes in high-risk patients. Numerous studies have confirmed that ACE-I improves coronary flow and endothelial function. Whether ACE-I also decreases transient ischemia is unclear, because no studies have been adequately designed or sufficiently powered to evaluate this issue. METHODS: Using a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter design, we enrolled 336 CAD patients with stable angina. None had uncontrolled hypertension, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, or recent MI, and all developed electrocardiographic (ECG) evidence of ischemia during exercise. They were randomly assigned to one of two groups: 40 mg/day quinapril (n = 177) or placebo (n = 159) for 8 weeks. Patients then entered an additional eight-week treatment phase to examine the full dose range. Those assigned to 40 mg quinapril continued that dose and those assigned to placebo were titrated to 80 mg/day. Treadmill testing, the Seattle Angina Questionnaire, and ambulatory ECG monitoring were used to assess responses at baseline and at 8 and 16 weeks. RESULTS: The groups did not differ significantly at entry or in terms of indexes assessing myocardial ischemia at 8 or 16 weeks of treatment. In this low-risk population, ACE-I was not associated with serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest short-term ACE-I in CAD patients without hypertension, LV dysfunction, or acute MI is not associated with significant effects on transient ischemia. Perry, C. P. \"Peripheral neuropathies and pelvic pain: diagnosis and management.\" *Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology.* 46, no. 4(2003): 789-96 UI 14595220. Petzke, F., et al. \"Increased pain sensitivity in fibromyalgia: effects of stimulus type and mode of presentation.\" *Pain.* 105, no. 3(2003): 403-13 UI 14527701. Fibromyalgia (FM) is defined in part by sensitivity to blunt pressure. Pressure pain sensitivity in FM is evaluated typically by the use of \'ascending\' testing methods such as tender point counts or dolorimetry, which can be influenced by response bias of both the subject and examiner. Methods that present stimuli in a random, unpredictable fashion might minimize the influence of these factors. In this study, we compared the results of ascending and random assessments of both pressure and thermal pain sensitivities in 43 FM patients and 28 age- and gender-matched controls. Even though FM is defined on the basis of pressure sensitivity, this group was also more sensitive to heat stimuli, presented in either ascending or random paradigms. In both the patient and control groups, the pain ratings to painful sensations evoked by both thermal and pressure stimuli were significantly greater in the random, compared with the ascending method. The number of subjects classified as \'expectant\' because they rated pain higher in ascending than random paradigms was similar for FM and control groups. Both patients and controls exhibited a similar degree of sensitization to pressure and thermal stimuli. The increased sensitivity to both pressure and thermal stimuli for threshold and suprathreshold stimuli in FM patients is consistent with central augmentation of pain processing. Pickering, T. G. \"Effects of stress and behavioral interventions in hypertension. Pain and blood pressure.\" *Journal of Clinical Hypertension.* 5, no. 5(2003): 359-61 UI 14564139. Piotrowski, M. M., et al. \"Massage as adjuvant therapy in the management of acute postoperative pain: a preliminary study in men.\" *Journal of the American College of Surgeons.* 197, no. 6(2003): 1037-46 UI 14644293. BACKGROUND: Opioid analgesia alone may not fully relieve all aspects of acute postoperative pain. Complementary medicine techniques used as adjuvant therapies have the potential to improve pain management and palliate postoperative distress. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective randomized clinical trial compared pain relief after major operations in 202 patients who received one of three nursing interventions: massage, focused attention, or routine care. Interventions were performed twice daily starting 24 hours after the operation through postoperative day 7. Perceived pain was measured each morning. RESULTS: The rate of decline in the unpleasantness of postoperative pain was accelerated by massage (p = 0.05). Massage also accelerated the rate of decline in the intensity of postoperative pain but this effect was not statistically significant. Use of opioid analgesics was not altered significantly by the interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Massage may be a useful adjuvant therapy for the management of acute postoperative pain. Its greatest effect appears to be on the affective component (ie, unpleasantness) of the pain. Portenoy, R. \"Drug therapy for cancer pain.\" *American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care.* 7, no. 6(1990): 10-9 UI 14686466. Post-White, J., et al. \"Therapeutic massage and healing touch improve symptoms in cancer.\" *Integrative Cancer Therapies.* 2, no. 4(2003): 332-44 UI 14713325. Complementary therapies are increasingly used to reduce side effects of cancer treatment, without evidence for their effectiveness. In a randomized, prospective, 2-period, crossover intervention study, the authors tested the effects of therapeutic massage (MT) and healing touch (HT), in comparison to presence alone or standard care, in inducing relaxation and reducing symptoms in 230 subjects. MT and HT lowered blood pressure, respiratory rate (RR), and heart rate (HR). MT lowered anxiety and HT lowered fatigue, and both lowered total mood disturbance. Pain ratings were lower after MT and HT, with 4-week nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use less during MT. There were no effects on nausea. Presence reduced RR and HR but did not differ from standard care on any measure of pain, nausea, mood states, anxiety, or fatigue. MT and HT are more effective than presence alone or standard care in reducing pain, mood disturbance, and fatigue in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Prasad, S. S., et al. \"MRI measurements of the cervical spine and their correlation to Pavlov\'s ratio.\" *Spine.* 28, no. 12(2003): 1263-8 UI 12811269. STUDY DESIGN: Pavlov\'s ratio from plain radiographs in patients with neck pain but no radicular symptoms was compared with the areas of the cervical spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid column on magnetic resonance scans. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The area of the cervical canal or cord obviously depends on both the sagittal and transverse diameters. Although the pathology in stenosis of the cervical spine is mainly in the sagittal plane, narrowing only in the sagittal diameter may not indicate significant reduction in the area of the canal. The transverse area of the cord has been shown to correlate well with the pathologic changes of the cord in cervical myelopathy. We correlated Pavlov\'s ratio on the plain radiographs to the area of the cerebrospinal fluid column and the area of the cord on the magnetic resonance scan. METHODS: We examined the lateral radiographs and axial and sagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance scans in the neutral position of the cervical spine (C4-C7) of 87 patients with 332 levels with neck pain but no radicular symptoms and normal magnetic resonance scans. On the magnetic resonance images, the sagittal diameters of the cerebrospinal fluid column and the cord were measured at the midvertebra level on T2 sagittal images from C4 to C7. From the T2 axial images, the area of the cord and the area of the cerebrospinal fluid column were measured at the same levels. RESULTS: The correlation between Pavlov\'s ratio and the area of cerebrospinal fluid column was moderate, with the highest value of 0.31 at C5. The sagittal diameter of the cerebrospinal fluid column showed variable correlation with the area of the cerebrospinal fluid column. The highest correlation was 0.68 between the sagittal diameter and the area of the cerebrospinal fluid column at C7. The correlation between Pavlov\'s ratio and the area of the cord is around zero, with the highest correlation of 0.21 at C4. The sagittal diameter of the cord showed a moderate correlation with the area of the cord. CONCLUSION: This study shows a poor correlation between Pavlov\'s ratio and the space available for the cord. Therefore, this ratio cannot be solely relied upon to predict the area changes in that plane of the cervical spinal canal. Rashiq, S., et al. \"The effect of opioid analgesia on exercise test performance in chronic low back pain.\" *Pain.* 106, no. 1-2(2003): 119-25 UI 14581118. The effect of opioid analgesia on tests of muscular function in chronic low back pain (CLBP) is unknown. Twenty-eight subjects with CLBP of at least moderate intensity performed the Sorensen isokinetic exercise test once after receiving 1 microg/kg fentanyl intravenously and once after placebo in a randomized-order double-blind crossover design. Naloxone 3 microg/kg was administered after the fentanyl phase. Fentanyl reduced mean+/-SD pain from 4.0+/-2.1 to 3.1+/-2.2 on a 0-10 verbal rating scale (P\<0.05). Mean+/-SD Sorensen test performance was 77+/-49 s in the fentanyl arm and 60+/-42 s in the placebo arm. This represents an increased performance with fentanyl of 28% (P\<0.001). We conclude that in addition to relieving pain in CLBP, the administration of 1 microg/kg fentanyl is associated with an improvement in lumbar exercise test performance. We presume that the pain relief resulted in increased test performance. Our result is at odds with those of randomized trials which have failed to demonstrate increased function following the treatment of pain with opioid analgesics. This highlights the complexity of the interaction between pain, analgesia and changes in function. Riggs, A. \"Controlling pain in the elderly: careful treatment can prevent suffering, improve quality of life.\" *Journal of the Arkansas Medical Society.* 100, no. 6(2003): 192-3 UI 14661400. Ringler, R., et al. \"BOLD effects in different areas of the cerebral cortex during painful mechanical stimulation.\" *Pain.* 105, no. 3(2003): 445-53 UI 14527705. The contribution of four cortical areas (S1, S2, insular cortex and gyrus cinguli) to pain processing was assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Phasic (mechanical impact) and tonic stimuli (squeezing) were applied to the back of a finger, both at two different strengths. Stimuli were adjusted to inflict weak and strong pain sensations. It had been shown before that stronger noxious mechanical stimuli induce a weaker input from myelinated mechanoreceptors, but a more vigorous input from nociceptive primary afferents, and vice versa. Sizes of activation clusters and percent increase of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal during activation were compared in the areas of interest. Phasic stimulus patterns were more closely reflected in the time course of the MR signal in S1, S2 and the cingulate than tonic patterns, since the tonic stimuli tended to induce slow MR signal increase also during the resting periods which is in parallel to the persisting character of the tonic pain sensations. In S1 only the contralateral side was activated in most cases, and the more painful stimuli did not induce greater BOLD responses compared to the less painful stimuli in this area. Paradoxically, more painful stimuli produced smaller activation clusters in S1, both in tonic and phasic stimulus trials. In contralateral S2 more painful phasic stimuli induced significantly stronger BOLD responses than the weaker stimuli. The responses to tonic stimuli did not differentiate painfulness and were significantly smaller than the phasic. Activation clusters in this area were also smaller for tonic stimuli. In the gyrus cinguli more painful phasic stimuli induced stronger BOLD responses, but no difference was seen between tonic stimulation of different strength. Though the insular cortex was often bilaterally activated, no significant differences between stimulus quality or intensity were found. Our results provide evidence for a contribution of the S2 projection area and of the cingulate cortex to the processing of the intensity dimension of phasic mechanical pain. Such evidence was not found for the S1 area, which probably receives dominant input from non-nociceptive mechanoreceptors. Roberts, R. O., et al. \"Low agreement between previous physician diagnosed prostatitis and national institutes of health chronic prostatitis symptom index pain measures.\" *Journal of Urology.* 171, no. 1(2004): 279-83 UI 14665894. PURPOSE: We evaluate the agreement between self-reported physician diagnosed prostatitis and pain questions from the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (CPSI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomly selected cohort of white men 47 to 90 years old from Olmsted County, Minnesota completed a study questionnaire on a history of physician diagnosed prostatitis in the preceding 2 years, including the CPSI questions. The medical records were also reviewed for physician diagnosis of chronic prostatitis during the preceding 10 years. RESULTS: Of 1,543 men 27 (1.7%) reported a physician diagnosis of prostatitis in the preceding 2 years. There were strong associations between self-reported prostatitis and pain at the tip of the penis (OR 6.3, 95% CI 1.4, 28.5), ejaculatory (5.9, CI 1.3, 26.6) and testicular (3.6, 1.2, 10.8) pain. The chance corrected agreement between self-reported prostatitis and pain symptoms was low at 0.01 (pubic pain) to 0.07 (pain at the tip of the penis, ejaculatory pain and testicular pain). Agreement in positive responses was also low at 3.7% (perineal pain) to 8% (pain at the tip of the penis, ejaculatory pain and testicular pain). The predictive value of the modified total CPSI score for prostatitis was 0.67, which was better than chance (0.5). Associations based on medical record ascertainment of prostatitis during followup were weak, and the area under the curve was 0.57, which was no better than chance. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate low agreement between CPSI-like pain measures and self-reported physician diagnosed prostatitis. The stronger associations between pain symptoms and self-reported diagnosed prostatitis, and the moderate predictive ability of the modified total CPSI score measures for self-reported prostatitis compared to medical record ascertainment demonstrate the sensitivity of the CPSI to prevalent symptoms. Thus, the tool may be best used to evaluate the severity of current symptoms rather than to assess the presence or absence of prostatitis. Robertson, P. A., A. S. Don, and M. V. Miller. \"Painful lumbosacral melorheostosis treated by fusion.\" *Spine.* 28, no. 12(2003): E234-8 UI 12811287. STUDY DESIGN: A case report of low back pain associated with a diagnosis of melorheostosis of the lumbosacral spine. OBJECTIVE: To describe a rare presentation of melorheostosis and subsequent successful surgical treatment. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Melorheostosis is a rare condition and spinal pain has not been described in association with the condition. METHODS: A patient with disabling low back pain and suspected melorheostosis of the lumbosacral spine responded favorably to diagnostic facet joint blocks. Treatment was lumbosacral fusion and biopsy of the abnormal bone. The densely sclerotic bone presented technical difficulties requiring modification of surgical technique. RESULTS: Dramatic pain and disability reduction occurred following lumbosacral fusion. Histologic examination was consistent with melorheostosis. CONCLUSION: Melorheostosis rarely causes severe low back pain that can respond favorably to fusion surgery. Rogers, R. M., Jr. \"Pelvic denervation surgery: what the evidence and anatomy teach us.\" *Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology.* 46, no. 4(2003): 767-72 UI 14595217. Roig, S., et al. \"Spontaneous coronary artery dissection causing acute coronary syndrome: an early diagnosis implies a good prognosis.\" *American Journal of Emergency Medicine.* 21, no. 7(2003): 549-51 UI 14655234. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is an unusual cause of acute coronary syndrome. We describe a series of cases that with an early diagnosis and aggressive treatment, which includes percutaneous angioplasty with stent implantation and cardiac surgery, had a good outcome. The objective was to study the demographic characteristics, clinical settings, treatments, and inhospital course of patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. We studied a retrospective case series in 3 coronary care units in third-level university hospitals. The spontaneous coronary artery dissection diagnosis was made by coronary angiography. Seven cases of spontaneous coronary artery dissections were recorded. They were 5 women and 2 men. The age range was 28 to 64 years. Two of them took oral contraceptives and one case occurred in the postpartum period. An acute anterior wall myocardial infarction was the most frequent clinical presentation, occurring in 4 of the 7 cases. In fact, the left anterior descending artery was involved in 6 cases. An urgent coronary angiogram was performed in all cases. Definitive treatment included percutaneous angioplasty and stent implantation in 3 cases, coronary artery bypass surgery in 2 case, and cardiac transplantation in another case. One patient was treated medically. None of the patients died in the hospital. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection remains an unusual cause of acute coronary syndrome. It should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, especially when it affects young, healthy females. An early clinical suspicion and diagnosis with urgent coronary angiography and aggressive treatment that includes percutaneous angioplasty with stent implantation and cardiac surgery could improve the prognosis of these patients. Rollins, G. \"COX-2 inhibitors reduce knee replacement surgery problems.\" *Report on Medical Guidelines & Outcomes Research.* 14, no. 24(2003): 1, 5-6 UI 14677563. Rollnik, J. D., et al. \"Repetitive magnetic stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain conditions.\" *Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology.* 56(2003): 390-3 UI 14677415. Salo, D., et al. \"Can patients accurately read a visual analog pain scale?\" *American Journal of Emergency Medicine.* 21, no. 7(2003): 515-9 UI 14655227. The objective of this study was too determine if patients can accurately read a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. A 100-mm visual analog pain scale designed for patient use was printed on the top page of carbonless copy paper with a perfectly aligned hatched scale on the second (bottom) page. Patients over the age of 18 in acute pain were enrolled in this prospective, descriptive study. Patients were asked demographic questions and to indicate their pain severity with a single mark through the 100-mm scale. Once scored, patients were asked to read the number from the hatched bottom scale. Two physician-raters, blinded to patients\' and each other\'s readings, then scored the VAS. Analysis of physician interrater reliability and correlation of patient and physician readings was performed. One hundred forty-five patients were enrolled. Seventy-nine patients (54.5%) read the VAS exactly as physician-readers. One hundred thirty-eight (95.2%) read their VAS within +/-2 mm of physician readings. Ninety-five percent of patients are able to read a VAS within +/-2 mm of physician readings. The data suggests this instrument could be used by discharged patients in longitudinal pain studies or with help in management of chronic pain. Schnoll, S. H., and M. F. Weaver. \"Addiction and pain.\" *American Journal on Addictions.* 12, no. Suppl 2(2003): S27-35 UI 12857661. The use of opioid medications for analgesia is associated with concerns about adverse side effects and the potential for development of physical dependence, tolerance, or addiction. Pain often is undertreated, which may provoke drug-seeking behavior by patients. Physicians must assess requests for more pain medication as stemming from either undertreatment of pain, development of physical tolerance, or addiction. Important tools for addiction screening include the use of questionnaires, patient interviews, and lab tests. In this study, the physiological and behavioral consequences of chronic pain and its treatment with opioids, along with guidelines for prescribing opioid pain medication, are presented. \[References: 26\] Schulte, H., et al. \"Pharmacological modulation of experimental phasic and tonic muscle pain by morphine, alfentanil and ketamine in healthy volunteers.\" *Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.* 47, no. 8(2003): 1020-30 UI 12904196. BACKGROUND: Muscle pain is a major clinical problem but the underlying mechanisms and its pharmacological modulation need further investigation. This study on 15 volunteers evaluates if two experimental muscle pain models are sensitive to micro -receptor agonists and to an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist. METHODS: In the left tibialis anterior, intramuscular electrical (IMES) pain thresholds were determined for single (SPTmuscle) and five (RPTmuscle) repeated stimuli. Also pain to suprathreshold stimulation at 150% of RPTmuscle, 10 s, was assessed on a visual analog scale (VAS) as AUCimes (area under the VAS curve). In the right TA muscle, pain intensity on infusion of 0.5 ml of hypertonic saline, 5% (AUCsaline) and pain distribution indicated as local and referred were evaluated. Pain variables were assessed before, during and after intravenous infusions of morphine (10 microg x kg-1 min-1, 10 min), alfentanil (target-controlled infusion, plasma concentration; 60 ng ml-1, 60 min) and ketamine (10 microg x kg-1 min-1, 60 min). All data were normalized to baseline pain values (before drug infusions were initiated) and compared with placebo (midazolam, 2 microg x kg-1 min-1, 10 min). RESULTS: SPTmuscle increased (log mean values +/- SD, mA) with morphine (0.11 +/- 0.17, P \< 0.05), alfentanil (0.28 +/- 0.24, P \< 0.001) and ketamine (0.19 +/- 0.18, P \< 0.01) as compared with placebo (-0.03 +/- 0.12). Alfentanil and ketamine also increased RPTmuscle (0.25 +/- 0.21, P \< 0.01 and 0.21 +/- 0.19, P \< 0.05, respectively) as compared with placebo (0.00 +/- 0.17). Pain to IMES (AUCimes) was reduced (median values \[25th-75th percentiles\], cm x s) by alfentanil and ketamine (-19.7 \[-14.6 - -29.6\] and-12.8 \[-8.3 - -27.8\], P \< 0.05, respectively) vs. placebo (-0.8 \[1.6 - -12.3\]). Similar drug effects were seen when pain to infusion of hypertonic saline (AUCsaline) was assessed (alfentanil:-388 \[-99 - -677\] and ketamine:-326 \[-227 - -573\], P \< 0.05 compared with placebo: 150 \[449\--240\]). Ketamine also reduced the size of the local pain area (-58.4 \[-21.2 - -176.1\], \< 0.05) as compared with placebo (-0.4 \[70.6 - -13.4\]). The frequency of referred pain was also lower when ketamine was given (3/13, P \< 0.05) vs. placebo (9/14). CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that experimental muscle pain induced in humans by electrical stimulation and infusion of hypertonic saline is sensitive to pharmacological modulation similar to preclinical animal tests and clinical trials. The data suggest that these models can be valuable tools in analgesic drug development. Sharp, H. T. \"Myofascial pain syndrome of the abdominal wall for the busy clinician.\" *Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology.* 46, no. 4(2003): 783-8 UI 14595219. Shaw, R. W. \"Evaluation of the role of laser treatment for the treatment of pain in endometriosis.\" *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.* 997(2003): 240-6 UI 14644831. There have been few appropriately conducted trials to evaluate the effectiveness of laser destruction of endometriosis in relieving pain symptoms, yet the techniques are increasingly being used. Laser destruction has been shown to be more effective than the placebo effect of laparoscopy alone in one trial, at least at 6-month follow-up. Longer-term studies suggest increasing recurrence of symptoms with time \[23% at 12 months in one study, and 44% by a mean of 19.7 months (5-60) follow-up\]. These recurrence rates are similar to those seen following 6 months medical treatment. It is unknown whether laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation (LUNA) in addition to destruction of lesions will produce better results, and appropriate trials are needed in several areas to determine the role of laser therapy. \[References: 8\] Shechter, M., et al. \"External counterpulsation therapy improves endothelial function in patients with refractory angina pectoris.\[see comment\].\" *Journal of the American College of Cardiology.* 42, no. 12(2003): 2090-5 UI 14680732. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of short-term external counterpulsation (ECP) therapy on flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). BACKGROUND: In patients with CAD, the vascular endothelium is usually impaired and modification or reversal of endothelial dysfunction may significantly enhance treatment. Although ECP therapy reduces angina and improves exercise tolerance in patients with CAD, its short-term effects on FMD in patients with refractory angina pectoris have not yet been described. METHODS: We prospectively assessed endothelial function in 20 consecutive CAD patients (15 males), mean age 68 +/- 11 years, with refractory angina pectoris (Canadian Cardiovascular Society \[CCS\] angina class III to IV), unsuitable for coronary revascularization, before and after ECP, and compared them with 20 age- and gender-matched controls. Endothelium-dependent brachial artery FMD and endothelium-independent nitroglycerin (NTG)-mediated vasodilation were assessed before and after ECP therapy, using high-resolution ultrasound. RESULTS: External counterpulsation therapy resulted in significant improvement in post-intervention FMD (8.2 +/- 2.1%, p = 0.01), compared with controls (3.1 +/- 2.2%, p = 0.78). There was no significant effect of treatment on NTG-induced vasodilation between ECP and controls (10.7 +/- 2.8% vs. 10.2 +/- 2.4%, p = 0.85). External counterpulsation significantly improved anginal symptoms assessed by reduction in mean sublingual daily nitrate consumption, compared with controls (4.2 +/- 2.7 nitrate tablets vs. 0.4 +/- 0.5 nitrate tablets, p \<0.001 and 4.5 +/- 2.3 nitrate tablets vs. 4.4 +/- 2.6 nitrate tablets, p = 0.87, respectively) and in mean CCS angina class compared with controls (3.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.3, p \<0.0001 and 3.3 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.5 +/- 0.5, p = 0.89, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: External counterpulsation significantly improved vascular endothelial function in CAD patients with refractory angina pectoris, thereby suggesting that improved anginal symptoms may be the result of such a mechanism. Simpson, D. M., et al. \"Lamotrigine for HIV-associated painful sensory neuropathies: a placebo-controlled trial.\" *Neurology.* 60, no. 9(2003): 1508-14 UI 12743240. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of lamotrigine (LTG) for the treatment of pain in HIV-associated sensory neuropathies. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind study, patients with HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) received LTG or placebo during a 7-week dose escalation phase followed by a 4-week maintenance phase. Randomization was stratified according to whether or not patients were currently using neurotoxic antiretroviral therapy (ART). RESULTS: The number of patients randomized was 92 (62 LTG, 30 placebo) in the stratum receiving neurotoxic ART and 135 (88 LTG, 47 placebo) in the stratum not receiving neurotoxic ART. Mean change from baseline in Gracely Pain Scale score for average pain was not different between LTG and placebo at the end of the maintenance phase in either stratum, but the slope of the change in Gracely Pain Scale score for average pain reflected greater improvement with LTG than with placebo in the stratum receiving neurotoxic ART (p = 0.004), as did the mean change from baseline scores on the Visual Analogue Scale for Pain Intensity and the McGill Pain Assessment Scale and patient and clinician ratings of global impression of change in pain (p \</= 0.02). The incidence of adverse events, including rash, was similar between LTG and placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Lamotrigine was well-tolerated and effective for HIV-associated neuropathic pain in patients receiving neurotoxic antiretroviral therapy. Additional research is warranted to understand the differing response among patients receiving neurotoxic antiretroviral therapy compared with those not receiving neurotoxic antiretroviral therapy. Sinatra, R. S., et al. \"Preoperative rofecoxib oral suspension as an analgesic adjunct after lower abdominal surgery: the effects on effort-dependent pain and pulmonary function.\" *Anesthesia & Analgesia.* 98, no. 1(2004): 135-40, table of contents UI 14693607. Rofecoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor that reduces pain and inflammation without inhibiting platelet function. We examined its effects on effort-dependent pain, postoperative morphine requirements, and pulmonary function in 48 patients recovering from open abdominal surgery. Spirometric measurement of forced expiratory volume(1) and vital capacity (FVC) were assessed preoperatively. One hour before the induction of a standardized general anesthetic, patients were given either placebo oral suspension (Group A), or rofecoxib oral suspension (25 mg \[Group B\] or 50 mg \[Group C\]) in a double-blinded manner. Postoperative pain control was provided with IV morphine in the postanesthesia care unit and IV-patient-controlled analgesia morphine on the patient care unit. Morphine dose, pain intensity at rest, and pain after respiratory effort (postoperative spirometry) were assessed at 12 and 24 h after study drug administration. The patient-controlled analgesia morphine dose at 24 h was reduced 44% in Group B (30.3 +/- 17.5 mg) and 59% in Group C (22.1 +/- 16.5 mg) versus Group A (53.7 +/- 31.1 mg); P \< 0.01 (A versus B). At 12 h, pain scores at rest and after spirometry were lower in Groups B and C than in A (P \< 0.05). At 24 h, resting pain scores were lowest in Group C (P \< 0.05). Twelve-hour FVC was best preserved in Group C (P \< 0.03). There were no inter-group differences in adverse effects or perioperative blood loss. Rofecoxib oral suspension provided a morphine-sparing effect, as well as improvements in pain control and 12-h FVC in patients recovering from open abdominal surgery. IMPLICATIONS: Rofecoxib belongs to class of analgesics known as cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors that reduce pain and inflammation with less risk of bleeding than standard nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. We found that patients treated with rofecoxib 25 or 50 mg before open abdominal surgery required less IV morphine during the first day of recovery. Despite reductions in morphine requirements, rofecoxib-treated patients reported lower pain intensity scores at rest and after a vigorous cough. In the 50-mg group, improvements in pain control correlated with greater preservation of baseline cough effectiveness (vital capacity) at 12 h. These findings may offer clinical advantages in patients with preexisting pulmonary disease. Sindrup, S. H., et al. \"Venlafaxine versus imipramine in painful polyneuropathy: a randomized, controlled trial.\" *Neurology.* 60, no. 8(2003): 1284-9 UI 12707430. BACKGROUND: Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) are often used in the treatment of painful polyneuropathy. Venlafaxine is a serotonin and weak noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor antidepressant with a different profile of other pharmacologic actions from those of TCA. OBJECTIVE: To test if venlafaxine would relieve painful polyneuropathy and compare its possible efficacy with that of the TCA imipramine. METHODS: The study design was randomized, double blind, and placebo controlled, with a three-way crossover. Forty patients were assigned to one of the treatment sequences, and 29 completed all three study periods. The daily doses were venlafaxine 225 mg and imipramine 150 mg. During the three treatment periods, each of 4 weeks\' duration, patients rated pain paroxysms, constant pain, and touch- and pressure-evoked pain by use of 0- to 10-point numeric rating scales. RESULTS: The sum of the individual pain scores during treatment week 4 was lower on venlafaxine (80% of baseline score; p = 0.006) and imipramine (77%; p = 0.001) than on placebo (100%) and did not show any statistical difference between venlafaxine and imipramine (p = 0.44). The individual pain scores for pain paroxysms, constant pain, and pressure-evoked pain showed a similar pattern, whereas touch-evoked pain was uncommon and was not altered by any of the drugs. Numbers needed to treat to obtain one patient with moderate or better pain relief were 5.2 for venlafaxine and 2.7 for imipramine. CONCLUSION: Venlafaxine relieves pain in polyneuropathy and may be as effective as imipramine. Sjoling, M., et al. \"The impact of preoperative information on state anxiety, postoperative pain and satisfaction with pain management.\" *Patient Education & Counseling.* 51, no. 2(2003): 169-76 UI 14572947. The primary objective of this study was to test whether specific information given prior to surgery can help patients obtain better pain relief after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Secondary objectives were to study the impact of preoperative information on state and trait anxiety, satisfaction with pain management and satisfaction with nursing care. The study was an intervention study with two groups of equal size (n=30). The intervention group was given specific information while the control group received routine information. Pain assessments were made preoperatively and every 3h for the first three postoperative days, using the visual analogue scale (VAS). The results of this study suggest that information does influence the experience of pain after surgery and related psychological factors. The postoperative pain declined more rapidly for patients in the treatment group, the degree of preoperative state anxiety was lower and they were more satisfied with the postoperative pain management. Small, E. J., et al. \"Combined analysis of two multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled studies of pamidronate disodium for the palliation of bone pain in men with metastatic prostate cancer.\[see comment\].\" *Journal of Clinical Oncology.* 21, no. 23(2003): 4277-84 UI 14581438. PURPOSE: Bone metastases occur in approximately 80% of patients with advanced prostate cancer. Pain is common in these patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an intravenous bisphosphonate, pamidronate disodium, on pain control in metastatic prostate cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials were conducted in patients with bone pain due to metastatic prostate cancer, with disease progression after first-line hormonal therapy. Intravenous pamidronate disodium (90 mg) or placebo was administered every 3 weeks for 27 weeks. Efficacy was measured via self-reported pain score (Brief Pain Inventory), analgesic use, the proportion of patients with a skeletal-related event (SRE; defined as pathologic fracture, radiation or surgery to bone, spinal cord compression, or hypercalcemia), and a pilot quantitative measurement of mobility. Laboratory evaluations included serum prostate-specific antigen, interleukin-6, bone alkaline phosphatase, and urinary bone resorption markers. RESULTS: Results of the two trials were pooled. There were no sustained significant differences between the pamidronate and placebo groups in self-reported pain measurements, analgesic use, proportion of patients with an SRE, or mobility at week 9 or 27. Urinary bone resorption markers were suppressed in the pamidronate group compared with placebo. CONCLUSION: Pamidronate disodium failed to demonstrate a significant overall treatment benefit compared with placebo in palliation of bone pain or reduction of SREs. Evaluation of more potent bisphosphonates in patients with prostate cancer is warranted. Somers, M. P., et al. \"Additional electrocardiographic leads in the ED chest pain patient: right ventricular and posterior leads.\" *American Journal of Emergency Medicine.* 21, no. 7(2003): 563-73 UI 14655239. In the evaluation of the patient with chest pain, the 12-lead electro cardiogram is a less-than-(ECG) perfect indicator of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), particularly when used early in the course of the acute ischemic event; this relative insensitivity for AMI results from many different issues, including a less-than-optimal imaging of certain areas of the heart. It has been suggested that the sensitivity of the 12-lead ECG can be improved if 3 additional body surface leads are used in selected individuals. Acute posterior (PMI) and right ventricular myocardial infarctions are likely to be underdiagnosed, because the standard lead placement of the 12-lead ECG does not allow these areas to be assessed directly. Additional leads frequently used include leads V(8) and V(9), which image the posterior wall of the left ventricle, and lead V(4R), which reflects the status of the right ventricle. The standard ECG coupled with these additional leads constitutes the 15-lead ECG, the most frequently used additional lead ECG in clinical practice. The use of the additional leads might not only confirm the presence of AMI, but also provide a more accurate reflection of the true extent of myocardial damage. Staats, P. S., et al. \"Intrathecal ziconotide in the treatment of refractory pain in patients with cancer or AIDS: a randomized controlled trial.\" *Jama.* 291, no. 1(2004): 63-70 UI 14709577. CONTEXT: Ziconotide (formerly SNX-111) selectively blocks N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels and may be effective in patients with pain that is refractory to opioid therapy or those with intolerable opioid-related adverse effects. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of intrathecal ziconotide in patients with pain that is refractory to conventional treatment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial conducted from March 12, 1996, to July 11, 1998, at 32 study centers in the United States, Australia, and the Netherlands. Patients were 111 individuals ages 24 to 85 years with cancer or AIDS and a mean Visual Analog Scale of Pain Intensity (VASPI) score of 50 mm or greater. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive ziconotide or placebo treatment. INTERVENTIONS: Intrathecal ziconotide was titrated over 5 to 6 days, followed by a 5-day maintenance phase for responders and crossover of nonresponders to the opposite treatment group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Mean percentage change in VASPI score from baseline to the end of the initial titration period. RESULTS: Of the evaluable population, 67 (98.5%) of 68 patients receiving ziconotide and 38 (95%) of 40 patients receiving placebo were taking opioids at baseline (median morphine equivalent dosage of 300 mg/d for the ziconotide group and 600 mg/d for the placebo group; P =.63, based on mean values), and 36 had used intrathecal morphine. Mean (SD) VASPI scores were 73.6 (1.8) mm in the ziconotide group and 77.9 (2.3) mm in the placebo group (P =.18). Mean VASPI scores improved 53.1% (95% confidence interval \[CI\], 44.0%-62.2%) in the ziconotide group and 18.1% (95% CI, 4.8%-31.4%) in the placebo group (P\<.001), with no loss of efficacy of ziconotide in the maintenance phase. Pain relief was moderate to complete in 52.9% of patients in the ziconotide group compared with 17.5% in the placebo group (P\<.001). Five patients receiving ziconotide achieved complete pain relief, and 50.0% of patients receiving ziconotide responded to therapy compared with 17.5% of those receiving placebo (P =.001). CONCLUSION: Intrathecal ziconotide provided clinically and statistically significant analgesia in patients with pain from cancer or AIDS. Stacey, B. R., and R. L. Glanzman. \"Use of gabapentin for postherpetic neuralgia: results of two randomized, placebo-controlled studies.\" *Clinical Therapeutics.* 25, no. 10(2003): 2597-608 UI 14667960. BACKGROUND: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), which affects up to 70% of elderly persons with herpes zoster, can have debilitating effects, including physical and social disability and significant psychological distress. A variety of agents have been used, either singly or in combination, to control PHN, including topical and oral analgesics, antidepressants, and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). However, PHN often proves refractory to these therapies. OBJECTIVE: This article reviews available data on the use of the newer AED gabapentin for the control of PHN. METHODS: A MEDLINE search was undertaken to identify all randomized, placebo-controlled trials on the use of gabapentin in PHN. The search terms were gabapentin and postherpetic neuralgia. RESULTS: The literature search identified 2 published studies of the efficacy of gabapentin in a total of 563 patients with PHN that had persisted for at least 3 months after the healing of herpes zoster rash. The studies employed multiple outcome measures, including visual analog and Likert scales for pain intensity, and quality-of-life and functional measures that included the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Profile of Mood States. At maximum target dosages of 1800 to 3600 mg/d, gabapentin produced significant reductions in mean daily pain scores compared with placebo on both visual analog(P \< 0.001) and Likert scales (P \< 0.01). Improvements were also seen on the SF-36 subscales for physical functioning, bodily pain, vitality, and mental health(P \< 0.01). CONCLUSION: Gabapentin may provide benefits in terms of alleviation of pain and overall quality of life in patients with chronic PHN. \[References: 27\] Stephens, J., et al. \"The burden of acute postoperative pain and the potential role of the COX-2-specific inhibitors.\" *Rheumatology.* 42, no. Suppl 3(2003): iii40-52 UI 14585917. Pain has been recognized as a problem of global proportions, and postoperative pain is one of the most common types of pain. Postoperative pain is acute and, although it is preventable and/or treatable, it is often undertreated. Lack of appropriate analgesic management has significant impact on clinical and economic outcomes. Negative clinical outcomes of inadequately managed acute postoperative pain include extended hospitalization, compromised prognosis, higher morbidity and mortality, and the development of a chronic pain state as a result of neuronal plasticity. Although estimating the economic burden of postoperative pain is difficult, this burden is considerable and results from direct costs due to excess health-care resource use, as well as indirect costs due to reduced patient functionality and productivity. These latter factors also have a significant adverse impact on patients\' quality of life and may be associated with the development of depression and anxiety. Thus, improved clinical outcomes are dependent not only on the availability of effective drugs but also on their appropriate utilization. A multimodal approach incorporating different drugs and techniques is effective in reducing postoperative pain but is limited by the currently available therapies. The efficacy of opioids is well established, but there are concerns about dependency, respiratory depression and side-effects, which patients often find intolerable. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective as adjunctive medication in a multimodal regimen but are associated with side-effects, such as platelet dysfunction and renal and gastrointestinal toxicity, that have special clinical significance in patients undergoing surgical procedures. Cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitors such as celecoxib, rofecoxib and valdecoxib, were developed to provide the efficacy of non-specific NSAIDs while limiting associated toxicity. These agents have demonstrated analgesic efficacy and an opioid-sparing effect in a variety of surgical procedures, suggesting their value as an alternative to non-specific NSAIDs. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of these drugs on clinical and economic outcomes when used in a programme of postsurgical pain management. \[References: 137\] Stephenson, N., J. A. Dalton, and J. Carlson. \"The effect of foot reflexology on pain in patients with metastatic cancer.\" *Applied Nursing Research.* 16, no. 4(2003): 284-6 UI 14608562. Thirty-six oncology inpatients participated in this third pilot study investigating the effects of foot reflexology in which equianalgesic dosing was calculated. Foot reflexology was found to have a positive immediate effect for patients with metastatic cancer who report pain, although there was no statistically significant effect at 3 hours after intervention or at 24 hours after intervention. Further study is suggested for foot reflexology delivered by family in the homes for management of cancer pain. Stute, P., et al. \"Analysis and treatment of different types of neuropathic cancer pain.\" *Journal of Pain & Symptom Management.* 26, no. 6(2003): 1123-31 UI 14654264. Neuropathic pain is a major problem in the treatment of cancer pain. We performed a retrospective analysis of 213 cancer patients with neuropathic pain treated by a pain service following the World Health Organization guidelines for relief of cancer pain. Of these, 79% presented with nerve compression pain, 16% with nerve injury pain, and 5% with sympathetically-maintained pain. Whereas nerve compression and nerve injury pain were caused most frequently by cancer growth, sympathetically-maintained pain was caused most frequently by cancer treatment. There were no significant differences in the use of analgesics, the mean pain intensity, or the efficacy of analgesic treatment among the three groups. Nerve injury pain and sympathetically-maintained pain were treated more frequently with adjuvant analgesics, especially antidepressants and anticonvulsants. The variety of different neuropathic pain syndromes should be separated in future studies of the efficacy of different treatment approaches. Sueda, S., et al. \"Did the widespread use of long-acting calcium antagonists decrease the occurrence of variant angina?\" *Chest.* 124, no. 6(2003): 2074-8 UI 14665482. BACKGROUND: We have not often encountered variant angina (VA) since the use of long-acting calcium antagonists (L-CAs) became widespread. OBJECTIVES: This study examined the frequency of VA retrospectively. METHODS: and results: We diagnosed angiographically confirmed coronary spastic angina (CSA) in 349 consecutive patients using selective spasm provocation tests from January 1991 to December 2002. During this period, 3,148 diagnostic cardiac catheterizations and 1,515 selective spasm provocation tests were performed. Seventy-four of these 349 patients (21.2%) had VA. Coronary spasms were defined as transient luminal narrowings of \> 99%, and VA was defined as an ST elevation during spontaneous attacks or noninvasive stress tests. We classified the 12 years of the study into four periods of 3 years each. No tendency to decrease for the ratio of the number of patients with CSA and the number of selective spasm provocation tests was observed among the four time periods (18%, 24%, 32%, and 23%, respectively). However, the number of patients with VA (28, 33, 9, and 4) and the VA/CSA ratio (32%, 28%, 14%, and 5%, respectively) in the four group significantly decreased. The frequency of administration of calcium antagonists (CAs) before hospital admission (49% vs 33%, respectively; p \< 0.05) was significantly higher in the last time period (from 2000 to 2002) than in the first period (from 1991 to 1993). L-CAs were administered in \> 90% of CSA patients who had been medicated with CAs before hospital admission in the last period (from 2000 to 2002), while L-CAs were administered in only 20% in the former period (from 1991 to 1993). The administration of statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers before hospital admission gradually increased according to the period passed, but not significantly. CONCLUSION: The frequency of VA has decreased in Japan, possibly due to the widespread use of therapy with L-CAs. Sugden, S., C. Dunbar, and K. A. Ka. \"Is there a need for an interactive teaching tool on pain management in cancer?\" *International Journal of Palliative Nursing.* 9, no. 11(2003): 485-8 UI 14676725. Svorkdal, N., C. American College of, and A. American Heart. \"Pro: anesthesiologists\' role in treating refractory angina: spinal cord stimulators, thoracic epidurals, therapeutic angiogenesis, and other emerging options.\" *Journal of Cardiothoracic & Vascular Anesthesia.* 17, no. 4(2003): 536-45 UI 12968247. Titler, M. G., et al. \"Acute pain treatment for older adults hospitalized with hip fracture: current nursing practices and perceived barriers.\" *Applied Nursing Research.* 16, no. 4(2003): 211-27 UI 14608555. This article examines acute pain management practices for patients 65 years of age and older who were hospitalized during 1999 for hip fracture. Data were collected from the medical records of patients (N = 709) admitted to 12 hospitals in the Midwest and from questionnaires on pain practices completed by nurses (N = 172) caring for these patients. The major variables examined were (1). pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments for acute pain in hospitalized elders, (2). nurses\' perceived stage of adoption for avoiding meperidine use and for administering analgesics around-the-clock, and (3). nurses\' perceived barriers to optimal treatment of acute pain in elders. Acetaminophen was the most frequently administered analgesic, but administered doses were far less than the maximum daily recommended dose. More than one third (39%) of the nurses reported that they always avoided the use of meperidine, and over half reporting avoiding its use sometimes. However, the majority of patients (56.8%) received at least one dose of meperidine, even though evidence suggests that other analgesic agents are more appropriate for treatment of acute pain in elders. Only 27% of patients received patient-controlled analgesia, and only 22.3% of patients received around-the-clock administration during the first 24 hours after admission of analgesics that had been ordered on a prn basis. The majority of nurses were aware that around-the-clock administration of analgesics was preferable, but only 33.7% were persuaded (believed) that this method should be used. Intramuscular injection was used for 52.2% of patients, even though this route is not recommended for older adults. The most frequently used nonpharmacological intervention was repositioning, followed by use of pressure relief devices and cold application. Nurses reported difficulty contacting physicians and difficulty communicating with them about type and/or dose of analgesics as the greatest barriers to pain management. Findings from this multi-site study show that active and focused \"translation\" interventions are needed to promote adoption of evidence-based acute pain management practices by health care providers. Tobinick, E. L. \"Targeted etanercept for treatment-refractory pain due to bone metastasis: two case reports.\" *Clinical Therapeutics.* 25, no. 8(2003): 2279-88 UI 14512134. BACKGROUND: Parallel bodies of research suggest both a central role for osteoclasts in tumor-induced destruction of bone and the ability of biologic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) antagonists to attenuate the osteoclast-mediated bone destruction that accompanies a variety of nonmalignant disorders. Additional studies have implicated TNF-alpha in the promotion of osteoclast-mediated malignant osteolysis and the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. TNF-alpha antagonists have the potential to interfere in both processes. OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the cases of 2 patients with treatment-refractory pain due to cancer metastases to bone who were given targeted injections of the biologic anti-TNF agent etanercept based on its potential to interfere directly with both malignant activation of osteoclasts and neuropathic pain. METHODS: One patient had a diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer and the other had a diagnosis of breast cancer. Both presented with treatment-refractory pain due to bone metastases. The 2 patients received etanercept 25 mg by targeted SC injection in anatomic proximity to the site of spinal metastasis for relief of their treatment-refractory pain. RESULTS: Both patients experienced rapid, substantial, and sustained relief of chronic refractory pain at the treatment site after targeted administration of etanercept. Symptomatic improvement was correlated with objective measures of improvement, including weight gain in 1 patient and decreased uptake of radioactive tracer at the targeted site on positron emission tomography in the other. CONCLUSIONS: Etanercept delivered by targeted SC injection may be of clinical benefit in selected patients with treatment-refractory pain caused by bone metastases. Clinical trials are needed to define the potential benefit of biologic TNF-alpha antagonists in the treatment and prevention of malignant osteolysis. Tornkvist, L., A. Gardulf, and L. E. Strender. \"Effects of \'pain-advisers\': district nurses\' opinions regarding their own knowledge, management and documentation of patients in chronic pain.\" *Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences.* 17, no. 4(2003): 332-8 UI 14629635. This study investigated whether district nurses\' opinions changed after the education and introduction of district nurses as \'pain-advisers\' at primary health care centres (PHCCs) regarding working conditions and satisfaction with pain control management at their PHCCs, their own knowledge of pain control and satisfaction with their own pain control management, pain assessment and nursing documentation of patients with chronic pain conditions. A study area (SA) with five PHCCs and a control area (CA) with seven PHCCs were selected. In the SA, 28 and in the CA, 25 district nurses answered a questionnaire both before and after the introduction of the \'pain-advisers\' into the SA. The district nurses in both areas in 1996 and 1998 considered many aspects of pain management to be unsatisfactory. According to the district nurses in the SA, several statistically significant improvements were achieved after the introduction of the \'pain-advisers\'; more district nurses reported that pain policies or other written information were now available at their PHCCs, that they were more satisfied with present overall routines at their PHCCs, that a better pain control was applied at their PHCCs regarding patients with leg ulcers, that they themselves to a greater extent performed individual pain assessments of the patients and that they more often used pain visual analogue scales to assess the patients\' pain and to evaluate the results of the pain treatment. They also reported an increased satisfaction with their own nursing documentation. Although much remains to be done, it must be acknowledged that the \'pain-advisers\', with relatively small resources, managed to make significant improvements. Trim, J., F. Fordyce, and S. Dua. \"Using clinical governance to standardise an epidural service.\" *Nursing Standard.* 18, no. 9(2003): 43-5 UI 14649193. Continual epidural infusions are an accepted intervention for the management of postoperative pain (McQuay and Moore 1998). Benchmarking nationally through an unpublished audit of Pain Society members identified variation in the concentrations prescribed and delivery systems used. These differences were reflected in local practice. As a result of the local disparity in the management and provision of epidural infusions, the acute pain service at Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust worked in conjunction with the pharmacy department to standardise the service provided to patients and staff. This process was complicated by the difficulty in obtaining anaesthetist consensus for a standard solution that was commercially available and funding for the dedicated delivery system. Tynecka-Turowska, M., et al. \"The use of instrumental examinations in the diagnosis of headaches.\" *Neurological Sciences.* 24, no. 4(2003): 305-7 UI 14658058. Headaches are the most common complaint reported by patients to their physician. They can be divided into spontaneous and symptomatic. The findings of the history and examination may suggest the need for diagnostic testing. The ancillary investigation and management of headache is discussed. Valle, R. F., and J. J. Sciarra. \"Endometriosis: treatment strategies.\" *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.* 997(2003): 229-39 UI 14644830. Endometriosis is often a perplexing medical condition for both the physician and the patient. Accordingly, development of treatment strategies based on the needs of the individual patient is highly desirable. Although endometriosis has been part of the clinical practice for almost a century, many questions remain relating to the relationship between endometriosis and infertility as well as endometriosis and pelvic pain. Endometriosis is a disease of reproductive-age women, and it is now well recognized that a genetic susceptibility appears probable. The prevalence in the general population has never been clearly established. Factors to consider in management include the age and reproductive desires of the patient, the stage of the disease, and, most importantly, the symptoms. Therapeutic options include no treatment, medical therapy, surgery, or combination therapy. Oral contraceptives, androgenic agents, progestins, and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs have all been used successfully, although at the present time, the latter preparations are the most popular medical therapy for endometriosis. Leuprolide acetate, goserelin acetate, and nafarelin acetate are all effective agents. Surgical therapy is appropriate, especially for advanced stages of the disease. Laparoscopy is an effective surgical approach with the goal of excision of visible endometriosis in a hemostatic fashion. Since endometriosis is a chronic condition, it is not uncommon for recurrences to occur. While endometriosis remains an enigmatic disease, the introduction of new pharmacologic agents, such as GnRH analogs and newer endoscopic methods of surgical treatment, have facilitated and improved the overall management of this disease. \[References: 26\] Van As, C., L. J. Mulder, and E. L. Spierings. \"Painful swelling of the abdomen.\" *Neurology.* 61, no. 1(2003): 138 UI 12847178. van Seventer, R., et al. \"Comparison of TTS-fentanyl with sustained-release oral morphine in the treatment of patients not using opioids for mild-to-moderate pain.\" *Current Medical Research & Opinion.* 19, no. 6(2003): 457-69 UI 14594516. OBJECTIVE: This randomised, multicentre, direct open comparative trial evaluated the efficacy, treatment convenience, tolerability and safety aspects of transdermal therapeutic system (TTS)-fentanyl and sustained-release oral morphine (SRM) in both opioid-naive patients with moderate-to-severe cancer-related pain and in patients who had already been using opioids for mild-to-moderate pain. The two treatment groups were run in parallel. Special attention was paid to constipation, nausea/vomiting, drowsiness and respiratory depression. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The 131 enrolled patients started the 4-week treatment at low doses of opioid (25 microg/h TTS-fentanyl for 3 days or 30 mg SRM every 12 h) and were individually titrated. Tolerability, efficacy and safety were assessed throughout the study period. Frequency of constipation was the primary study variable and accordingly the study was powered for this. Both patients and investigators made a global treatment evaluation. RESULTS: TTS-fentanyl and SRM were shown to be equally effective. Pain control and sleep quality improved with both treatments. None of the patients developed respiratory depression. Statistically significantly more patients in the SRM treatment group discontinued the trial prematurely (59% vs 27%; p \< 0.001), particularly due to adverse events (36% vs 4%; p \< 0.001). Fewer patients in the TTS-fentanyl than in the SRM treatment group reported constipation during the trial. This finding was statistically significant after 1 week of treatment (27% vs 57%; p = 0.003). The favourable tolerability profile of TTS-fentanyl was also reflected in both the patient and the investigator global evaluation of the treatment. Patient assessment favoured TTS-fentanyl treatment in terms of a significantly lower rate of troublesome side-effects (\'quite a bit\' to \'very much\' troublesome side-effects in 14% vs 36% of patients; p = 0.003) and less interruption of daily activities (absence of any interruption of daily activities in 88% vs 63% of patients; p = 0.012). Investigators scored TTS-fentanyl as significantly better with respect to \'side-effects\' (p = 0.039) and \'overall impression\' (p = 0.013). Sub-analyses of opioid-naive users gave similar results. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that TTS-fentanyl, when used as an opioid of first choice in the treatment of cancer-related pain, is as effective as, but better tolerated than, SRM, including in opioid-naive patients. van Tulder, M., et al. \"Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the cochrane collaboration back review group.\" *Spine.* 28, no. 12(2003): 1290-9 UI 12811274. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive method guidelines. OBJECTIVES: To help reviewers design, conduct, and report reviews of trials in the field of back and neck pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: In 1997, the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group published method guidelines for systematic reviews. Since its publication, new methodologic evidence emerged and more experience was acquired in conducting reviews. METHODS: All reviews and protocols of the Back Review Group were assessed for compliance with the 1997 method guidelines. Also, the most recent version of the Cochrane Handbook (4.1) was checked for new recommendations. In addition, some important topics that were not addressed in the 1997 method guidelines were included (e.g., methods for qualitative analysis, reporting of conclusions, and discussion of clinical relevance of the results). In May 2002, preliminary results were presented and discussed in a workshop. In two rounds, a list of all possible recommendations and the final draft were circulated for comments among the editors of the Back Review Group. RESULTS: The recommendations are divided in five categories: literature search, inclusion criteria, methodologic quality assessment, data extraction, and data analysis. Each recommendation is classified in minimum criteria and further guidance. Additional recommendations are included regarding assessment of clinical relevance, and reporting of results and conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic reviews need to be conducted as carefully as the trials they report and, to achieve full impact, systematic reviews need to meet high methodologic standards. Waddell, D. D., C. A. Cefalu, and D. C. Bricker. \"An open-label study of a second course of hylan G-F 20 for the treatment of pain associated with knee osteoarthritis.\" *Current Medical Research & Opinion.* 19, no. 6(2003): 499-507 UI 14594522. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a second course of hylan G-F 20 for the treatment of osteoarthritic knee pain in patients who experienced a clinical benefit with an initial course of therapy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this prospective, open-label study, men or women (\>/=40 years of age) with knee osteoarthritis (OA) received three weekly injections of hylan G-F 20. Consecutive patients who requested a second course of hylan G-F 20 therapy due to OA knee pain subsequent to pain relief with a first course of therapy were enrolled between October 26, 2000 and January 18, 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain while walking on a flat surface (Western Ontario and McMaster\'s Universities Osteoarthritis Index, WOMAC, question A1), WOMAC domain C (physical functioning), full WOMAC, and patient and investigator overall visual analog scales (VAS). Efficacy variables were measured at baseline and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 26. An analgesic washout was required before all efficacy evaluations. RESULTS: Patients receiving at least one injection of hylan G-F 20 (n = 71) were predominantly Caucasian (84.5%) and female (64.8%), with a mean age of 65.5 years and mean weight of 200.1 pounds. The mean time between the first and second courses of hylan G-F 20 was 19.6 months (median 17.6 months). With hylan G-F 20, pain while walking on a flat surface was significantly lower (p \< 0.001) than baseline at all time points up to week 26 (mean +/- SEM: -1.40 +/- 0.10 at week 26). Actual scores decreased from 2.4 +/- 0.10 at baseline to 0.97 +/- 0.11 at week 26. Scores for the WOMAC domain C, full WOMAC and patient and investigator overall VAS also significantly improved (p \< 0.001) at all time points. A second course of hylan G-F 20 was generally well-tolerated, based on the low incidence of local adverse events (AEs) - only one patient (1.4%) experienced a severe event, the types of AEs, and the fact that no patients discontinued the study due to these AEs. The types of related AEs observed were not qualitatively different from those listed in the current product information and published literature. CONCLUSION: A second course of hylan G-F 20 therapy is an appropriate therapy for the treatment of OA knee pain in patients who had a previous favorable clinical response. For continued relief of osteoarthritis knee pain, this study supports repeat use of hylan G-F 20 in these patients. Weerakkody, N. S., et al. \"Effects of local pressure and vibration on muscle pain from eccentric exercise and hypertonic saline.\" *Pain.* 105, no. 3(2003): 425-35 UI 14527703. In human subjects the triceps surae of one leg was exercised eccentrically by asking subjects to walk backwards on an inclined treadmill. Before the exercise controlled local pressure, applied to the muscle with an electromagnet, produced mild soreness, which was reduced when the pressure was combined with vibration. When delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) had set in, 24-48 h after the exercise, vibration increased pain from local pressure. Vibrating at different frequencies suggested 80 Hz as the optimal frequency. During 2-h testing post-exercise, evidence of a change in character of the effects of vibration was first detected at 6 h. It persisted up to 72 h post-exercise. When muscle pain was generated in an unexercised triceps by injection of hypertonic (5%) saline, controlled local pressure applied to the sore area increased pain levels by 32% while pressure plus vibration reduced this to 11%. In a subject with DOMS, local pressure again increased pain from saline by 32% but combining it with vibration increased pain further by an additional 20%. The effect of vibration on DOMS could be abolished with a large nerve fibre block applied to the sciatic nerve. It is concluded that the vibration effects are the result of stimulation of large-diameter mechanoreceptive afferents in the muscle which, it is speculated, play a role in generating DOMS. Weisse, C. S., P. C. Sorum, and R. E. Dominguez. \"The influence of gender and race on physicians\' pain management decisions.\" *Journal of Pain.* 4, no. 9(2003): 505-10 UI 14636818. This study set out to examine whether gender or race influences physicians\' pain management decisions in a national sample of 712 (414 men, 272 women) practicing physicians. Medical vignettes were used to vary patient gender and race experimentally while holding symptom presentation constant. Treatment decisions were assessed by calculating maximum permitted doses of narcotic analgesic (hydrocodone) prescribed for initial pain treatment and for follow-up care. No overall differences by patient gender or race were found in decisions to treat or in maximum permitted doses. However, for persistent back pain, female physicians prescribed lower doses of hydrocodone, especially to male patients. For renal colic, lower doses were prescribed to black versus white patients when the patient was female, whereas the reverse was true when patients were male. These findings challenge a fairly extensive literature suggesting that physicians treat women and minorities less aggressively for their pain, and results offer further evidence that pain treatment decisions are influenced physician gender. Wilson, G. R., and G. M. Reisfield. \"Morphine hyperalgesia: a case report.\" *American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care.* 20, no. 6(2003): 459-61 UI 14649563. We report a case of a patient with metastatic testicular cancer and intractable pain refractory to massive doses of oral, intravenous, and intrathecal (IT) opioids supported by analgesic adjuvants. During our efforts to control his pain, the patient exhibited opioid-induced hyperalgesia, an uncommon but important phenomenon seen with high-dose opioid therapy. With appropriate opioid adjustment\--in this case reduction of intrathecal morphine dosage by a factor of 100\--the condition rapidly resolved and the patient became pain-free and remained so until his death six weeks later. The keys to identifying this uncommon, but treatable, opioid side effect are recognizing it as a possibility when aggressive efforts to control pain with high doses of opioids, especially when administered neuraxially, are met with increasing pain. Yeung, C. K., M. C. Leung, and D. H. Chow. \"The use of electro-acupuncture in conjunction with exercise for the treatment of chronic low-back pain.\" *Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine.* 9, no. 4(2003): 479-90 UI 14499023. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of a series of electro-acupuncture (EA) treatment in conjunction with exercise on the pain, disability, and functional improvement scores of patients with chronic low-back pain (LBP). DESIGN: A blinded prospective randomized controlled study. Subjects and interventions: A total of 52 patients were randomly allocated to an exercise group (n = 26) or an exercise plus EA group (n = 26) and treated for 12 sessions. OUTCOME MEASURES: Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Aberdeen LBP scale, lumbar spinal active range of movement (AROM), and the isokinetic strength were assessed by a blinded observer. Repeated measures analysis of variance (R-ANOVA) with factors of group and time was used to compare the outcomes between the two groups at baseline (before treatment), immediately after treatment, 1-month follow-up, and 3-month follow-up. The level of significance was set at p = 0.05. RESULTS: Significantly better scores in the NRS and Aberdeen LBP scale were found in the exercise plus EA group immediately after treatment and at 1-month follow-up. Higher scores were also seen at 3-month follow-up. No significant differences were observed in spinal AROM and isokinetic trunk concentric strength between the two groups at any stage of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides additional data on the potential role of EA in the treatment of LBP, and indicates that the combination of EA and back exercise might be an effective option in the treatment of pain and disability associated with chronic LBP. Zelman, D. C., et al. \"Development of a metric for a day of manageable pain control: derivation of pain severity cut-points for low back pain and osteoarthritis.\" *Pain.* 106, no. 1-2(2003): 35-42 UI 14581108. The objective of this study was to adapt the concept of \'episode-free day\', a metric for measuring symptom relief in daily units, to the clinical outcome literature for persistent pain. The episode-free day metric is widely used in other medical literature, but no analogous measure exists in pain literature. Prior focus groups with this population suggested that a \'Day of Manageable Pain Control\' was an appropriate name for the metric. In the present study, in order to derive a statistical criterion for \'Manageable Day\', we used Serlin et al.\'s (Pain 61 (1995) 277) cut-point derivation method to derive a single cut-point on a 0-10 scale of average pain that divided groups with significant persistent pain optimally on pain-related functional interference. Participants were 194 patients with moderate-severe low back pain (n=96) or osteoarthritis (n=98). For both patient samples, \'5\' was the cut-point that optimally distinguished groups on pain-related interference. \'5-8\' and \'5-7\' were double cut-point solutions that optimally divided LBP and OA samples into three categories (e.g. lowest, medium and highest average pain), respectively. Derived cut-points were confirmed using a variety of measures of functional disability. Together with research that showed that average pain ratings of approximately 5 and below permit increased function and quality of life in patients with moderate to severe low back pain and osteoarthritis, our findings provide support for the use of 0-5 on a 0-10 numeric average pain severity scale as one possible criterion for a Manageable Day. Zissin, R. \"CT diagnosis of an acute epiploic appendagitis in a redundant sigmoid colon clinically suspected as acute appendicitis.\" *Israel Medical Association Journal: Imaj.* 5, no. 11(2003): 835-6 UI 14650118.

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GEOLOGIC ECONOMIC RESOURCE MODEL MODULE PSRK Geologic Economic Resource Model (Ver 8.29.2005) ************************************************ The Current UAI AAAAAHAG is for World Level - World Level Resources Country Level - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Region Level - MMS - ALASKA REGION Basin Level - NORTH ALEUTIAN BASIN Play Level - Play 6 - Mesozoic Basement - Buried 'Granite Hills' Geologist Sherwood / Comer / Larson Remarks 2005 Assessment Run date Date 16-SEP-05 Time 14:22:39 USER SUPPLIED PARAMETERS ------------------------ RECOVERABLE RESOURCES? > R B) Pool Size Distribution -------------------- Z PROB. ----------- ----------- EXPECTATION = 51951. S.D. = 0.13186E+06 MU = 9.8141 SIG.SQ. = 2.1702 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean % 51951. 10744. 4928.2 0.19916E+06 4730.9 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 474.44 13.058 55.427 2275.8 5.6622 TPF 98.00% 764.89 21.053 89.359 3669.0 9.1286 TPF 97.00% 1025.8 28.234 119.84 4920.5 12.242 TPF 96.00% 1286.9 35.420 150.34 6172.9 15.358 TPF 95.00% 1529.4 42.096 178.68 7336.4 18.253 TPF 90.00% 2755.7 75.849 321.94 13219. 32.888 TPF 85.00% 4048.8 180.67 465.49 19047. 75.544 TPF 80.00% 5472.0 296.03 623.47 25462. 122.49 TPF 75.00% 7065.3 410.99 799.93 32729. 172.12 TPF 70.00% 8838.5 538.93 996.32 40817. 227.35 TPF 65.00% 10803. 803.71 1199.1 49120. 336.91 TPF 60.00% 13055. 1107.3 1431.6 58639. 462.54 TPF 55.00% 15708. 1326.8 1733.0 70538. 541.88 TPF 50.00% 18904. 1591.4 2096.3 84879. 637.50 TPF 45.00% 22592. 2378.5 2442.0 98879. 997.62 TPF 40.00% 27163. 3353.9 2870.5 0.11623E+06 1443.9 TPF 35.00% 32903. 3876.3 3513.8 0.14185E+06 1524.8 TPF 30.00% 39969. 4519.5 4305.9 0.17340E+06 1624.5 TPF 25.00% 49368. 9401.8 4794.0 0.19361E+06 4061.2 TPF 20.00% 62220. 16077. 5461.4 0.22123E+06 7393.0 TPF 15.00% 82099. 13294. 8318.3 0.33496E+06 4970.9 TPF 10.00% 0.11550E+06 8618.1 13119. 0.52606E+06 901.21 TPF 5.00% 0.19300E+06 77072. 13572. 0.54338E+06 31869. TPF 4.00% 0.22448E+06 0.10488E+06 13757. 0.55042E+06 44448. TPF 3.00% 0.26953E+06 0.14466E+06 14020. 0.56048E+06 62447. TPF 2.00% 0.35135E+06 0.21694E+06 14499. 0.57877E+06 95144. TPF 1.00% 0.52942E+06 0.37422E+06 15542. 0.61857E+06 0.16629E+06 TPF 0.10% 0.16121E+07 0.13305E+07 21881. 0.86057E+06 0.59891E+06 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 C) No.of Pools Distribution ------------------------- Lower Support = 0 Upper Support = 15 Expectation = 1.31 Standard Deviation= 2.10 Rank 1 34.28% 0.14755E+06 0.37269E+06 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 34.28% 0.14755E+06 36930. 13306. 0.53322E+06 13709. TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 2679.3 73.744 313.01 12852. 31.976 TPF 98.00% 4529.4 219.62 518.83 21214. 91.395 TPF 97.00% 6166.5 346.14 700.39 28630. 144.12 TPF 96.00% 7668.9 454.54 866.78 35483. 190.92 TPF 95.00% 9054.2 568.01 1018.6 41729. 239.38 TPF 90.00% 15257. 1289.5 1681.8 68517. 528.40 TPF 85.00% 21155. 2071.9 2307.4 93425. 857.33 TPF 80.00% 26882. 3294.0 2844.2 0.11516E+06 1416.5 TPF 75.00% 32899. 3876.0 3513.4 0.14184E+06 1524.8 TPF 70.00% 39144. 4444.4 4213.4 0.16972E+06 1612.8 TPF 65.00% 45995. 7649.5 4618.8 0.18636E+06 3186.6 TPF 60.00% 53285. 11436. 4997.4 0.20203E+06 5076.7 TPF 55.00% 60873. 15378. 5391.5 0.21834E+06 7043.9 TPF 50.00% 70711. 14889. 6681.7 0.26981E+06 6358.5 TPF 45.00% 80333. 13542. 8064.5 0.32486E+06 5186.1 TPF 40.00% 93965. 11633. 10024. 0.40284E+06 3525.2 TPF 35.00% 0.10767E+06 9714.5 11993. 0.48125E+06 1855.4 TPF 30.00% 0.12688E+06 18671. 13185. 0.52860E+06 5449.2 TPF 25.00% 0.15449E+06 43056. 13347. 0.53477E+06 16480. TPF 20.00% 0.18039E+06 65935. 13499. 0.54056E+06 26831. TPF 15.00% 0.21695E+06 98224. 13713. 0.54873E+06 41438. TPF 10.00% 0.28986E+06 0.16262E+06 14139. 0.56503E+06 70571. TPF 5.00% 0.46870E+06 0.32059E+06 15187. 0.60500E+06 0.14203E+06 TPF 4.00% 0.51741E+06 0.36361E+06 15472. 0.61589E+06 0.16150E+06 TPF 3.00% 0.77406E+06 0.59031E+06 16974. 0.67326E+06 0.26405E+06 TPF 2.00% 0.10966E+07 0.87522E+06 18863. 0.74536E+06 0.39294E+06 TPF 1.00% 0.14160E+07 0.11574E+07 20733. 0.81675E+06 0.52057E+06 TPF 0.10% 0.62923E+07 0.54644E+07 49282. 0.19067E+07 0.24690E+07 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 2 31.38% 42042. 54598. Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 31.38% 42042. 5596.3 4413.6 0.17786E+06 2161.9 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 928.53 25.557 108.48 4454.0 11.082 TPF 98.00% 1547.1 42.582 180.74 7421.1 18.464 TPF 97.00% 2108.2 58.025 246.29 10112. 25.160 TPF 96.00% 2635.7 72.546 307.93 12643. 31.456 TPF 95.00% 3154.6 108.18 366.22 15016. 46.044 TPF 90.00% 5572.4 303.28 634.59 25920. 125.62 TPF 85.00% 7942.1 474.25 897.04 36729. 199.43 TPF 80.00% 10242. 728.08 1141.2 46748. 305.62 TPF 75.00% 12572. 1042.2 1381.7 56598. 435.60 TPF 70.00% 15037. 1271.3 1656.8 67530. 521.82 TPF 65.00% 17707. 1492.3 1960.3 79508. 601.69 TPF 60.00% 20524. 1937.1 2248.1 91027. 795.65 TPF 55.00% 23516. 2575.6 2528.6 0.10239E+06 1087.8 TPF 50.00% 26821. 3281.1 2838.5 0.11493E+06 1410.6 TPF 45.00% 30708. 3676.6 3267.9 0.13206E+06 1493.9 TPF 40.00% 34933. 4061.2 3741.4 0.15092E+06 1553.5 TPF 35.00% 39556. 4481.9 4259.6 0.17156E+06 1618.6 TPF 30.00% 45494. 7389.3 4592.8 0.18528E+06 3056.8 TPF 25.00% 52385. 10969. 4950.7 0.20009E+06 4843.4 TPF 20.00% 60850. 15366. 5390.3 0.21829E+06 7038.0 TPF 15.00% 73755. 14462. 7119.2 0.28723E+06 5987.5 TPF 10.00% 92962. 11773. 9879.5 0.39711E+06 3647.4 TPF 5.00% 0.13124E+06 22521. 13211. 0.52958E+06 7190.6 TPF 4.00% 0.14747E+06 36853. 13306. 0.53320E+06 13674. TPF 3.00% 0.16539E+06 52688. 13411. 0.53721E+06 20838. TPF 2.00% 0.18602E+06 70908. 13532. 0.54182E+06 29081. TPF 1.00% 0.23448E+06 0.11371E+06 13815. 0.55265E+06 48443. TPF 0.10% 0.50130E+06 0.34939E+06 15377. 0.61229E+06 0.15506E+06 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 3 25.63% 21479. 23891. Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 25.63% 21479. 2141.0 2337.7 94654. 888.95 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 514.66 14.165 60.126 2468.7 6.1422 TPF 98.00% 831.28 22.880 97.116 3987.5 9.9209 TPF 97.00% 1117.0 30.743 130.49 5357.9 13.330 TPF 96.00% 1389.7 38.249 162.35 6666.0 16.585 TPF 95.00% 1647.0 45.331 192.41 7900.1 19.656 TPF 90.00% 2885.1 86.334 336.30 13802. 37.155 TPF 85.00% 4095.1 184.42 470.63 19256. 77.070 TPF 80.00% 5341.2 285.43 608.95 24873. 118.17 TPF 75.00% 6647.9 380.88 753.71 30826. 159.12 TPF 70.00% 8007.9 479.00 904.33 37029. 201.48 TPF 65.00% 9420.5 617.38 1056.4 43277. 259.81 TPF 60.00% 10890. 815.43 1208.1 49487. 341.76 TPF 55.00% 12525. 1035.8 1376.8 56397. 432.95 TPF 50.00% 14327. 1212.6 1576.2 64346. 500.59 TPF 45.00% 16313. 1377.0 1801.9 73256. 560.00 TPF 40.00% 18585. 1565.0 2060.1 83449. 627.97 TPF 35.00% 21186. 2078.5 2310.3 93542. 860.34 TPF 30.00% 24209. 2723.5 2593.6 0.10502E+06 1155.5 TPF 25.00% 27831. 3414.8 2945.4 0.11921E+06 1453.3 TPF 20.00% 32467. 3836.7 3465.0 0.13991E+06 1518.7 TPF 15.00% 38591. 4394.1 4151.4 0.16725E+06 1605.0 TPF 10.00% 47632. 8499.7 4703.8 0.18988E+06 3611.0 TPF 5.00% 64334. 15781. 5765.3 0.23333E+06 7135.4 TPF 4.00% 70899. 14862. 6708.8 0.27089E+06 6335.5 TPF 3.00% 78422. 13809. 7789.9 0.31392E+06 5419.0 TPF 2.00% 91196. 12021. 9625.7 0.38701E+06 3862.5 TPF 1.00% 0.11192E+06 9119.2 12604. 0.50558E+06 1337.3 TPF 0.10% 0.20421E+06 86975. 13638. 0.54589E+06 36349. TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 4 18.20% 13403. 14286. Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 18.20% 13403. 1136.1 1471.1 60200. 472.94 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 310.26 8.5395 36.246 1488.3 3.7028 TPF 98.00% 557.42 15.342 65.122 2673.8 6.6525 TPF 97.00% 742.92 20.448 86.793 3563.6 8.8664 TPF 96.00% 911.08 25.077 106.44 4370.3 10.873 TPF 95.00% 1076.4 29.627 125.75 5163.2 12.846 TPF 90.00% 1854.8 51.052 216.69 8897.3 22.137 TPF 85.00% 2611.4 71.877 305.09 12527. 31.166 TPF 80.00% 3392.2 127.44 392.60 16088. 53.883 TPF 75.00% 4187.4 191.90 480.87 19672. 80.114 TPF 70.00% 5045.3 261.45 576.11 23539. 108.42 TPF 65.00% 5955.3 330.91 677.00 27667. 137.55 TPF 60.00% 6921.1 400.59 783.96 32072. 167.63 TPF 55.00% 7990.4 477.74 902.39 36949. 200.94 TPF 50.00% 9120.3 576.92 1025.4 42008. 243.07 TPF 45.00% 10369. 745.19 1154.3 47285. 312.70 TPF 40.00% 11779. 935.31 1299.9 53246. 391.37 TPF 35.00% 13357. 1132.3 1465.9 59993. 471.56 TPF 30.00% 15254. 1289.3 1681.5 68505. 528.32 TPF 25.00% 17604. 1483.7 1948.5 79044. 598.60 TPF 20.00% 20478. 1927.3 2243.8 90853. 791.17 TPF 15.00% 24267. 2736.0 2599.1 0.10524E+06 1161.2 TPF 10.00% 29959. 3608.5 3184.0 0.12871E+06 1483.3 TPF 5.00% 39952. 4518.0 4304.0 0.17333E+06 1624.2 TPF 4.00% 43735. 6475.4 4501.5 0.18150E+06 2600.7 TPF 3.00% 48169. 8778.7 4731.7 0.19103E+06 3750.2 TPF 2.00% 55263. 12464. 5100.1 0.20628E+06 5589.3 TPF 1.00% 67953. 15275. 6285.4 0.25403E+06 6694.5 TPF 0.10% 0.11821E+06 11009. 13135. 0.52666E+06 1982.8 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 5 11.15% 9384.9 9733.0 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 11.15% 9384.9 612.58 1052.7 43126. 257.83 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 209.64 5.7700 24.491 1005.6 2.5019 TPF 98.00% 406.70 11.194 47.514 1950.9 4.8538 TPF 97.00% 556.03 15.304 64.960 2667.2 6.6360 TPF 96.00% 680.48 18.729 79.498 3264.1 8.1212 TPF 95.00% 801.05 22.048 93.584 3842.5 9.5602 TPF 90.00% 1359.2 37.410 158.79 6519.8 16.221 TPF 85.00% 1893.3 52.110 221.18 9081.7 22.595 TPF 80.00% 2437.0 67.076 284.71 11690. 29.084 TPF 75.00% 3002.9 95.881 349.38 14333. 41.040 TPF 70.00% 3597.8 144.11 415.43 17015. 60.667 TPF 65.00% 4222.8 194.77 484.80 19832. 81.283 TPF 60.00% 4911.6 250.61 561.26 22936. 104.00 TPF 55.00% 5640.4 308.19 642.13 26231. 127.74 TPF 50.00% 6466.1 367.76 733.56 29996. 153.45 TPF 45.00% 7357.5 432.08 832.29 34062. 181.22 TPF 40.00% 8366.2 504.85 944.01 38663. 212.64 TPF 35.00% 9501.6 628.30 1064.8 43619. 264.33 TPF 30.00% 10776. 800.11 1196.3 49007. 335.43 TPF 25.00% 12368. 1014.7 1360.7 55736. 424.23 TPF 20.00% 14347. 1214.2 1578.4 64433. 501.17 TPF 15.00% 16998. 1433.6 1879.6 76326. 580.47 TPF 10.00% 20862. 2009.3 2279.9 92313. 828.72 TPF 5.00% 27817. 3413.5 2943.8 0.11915E+06 1453.1 TPF 4.00% 30320. 3641.3 3224.3 0.13032E+06 1488.4 TPF 3.00% 33386. 3920.3 3568.0 0.14401E+06 1531.6 TPF 2.00% 38030. 4343.0 4088.5 0.16475E+06 1597.1 TPF 1.00% 46395. 7857.4 4639.6 0.18722E+06 3290.4 TPF 0.10% 79022. 13725. 7876.1 0.31736E+06 5345.9 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 6 5.92% 7095.8 7186.8 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 5.92% 7095.8 413.19 803.30 32868. 173.07 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 156.38 4.3041 18.269 750.12 1.8663 TPF 98.00% 300.52 8.2715 35.109 1441.5 3.5866 TPF 97.00% 445.32 12.257 52.025 2136.1 5.3147 TPF 96.00% 547.66 15.074 63.982 2627.0 6.5361 TPF 95.00% 639.64 17.605 74.727 3068.2 7.6338 TPF 90.00% 1071.7 29.496 125.20 5140.5 12.790 TPF 85.00% 1487.0 40.928 173.72 7132.8 17.747 TPF 80.00% 1902.7 52.369 222.28 9126.7 22.707 TPF 75.00% 2331.8 64.182 272.42 11185. 27.829 TPF 70.00% 2776.9 77.563 324.29 13314. 33.586 TPF 65.00% 3262.7 116.94 378.22 15504. 49.612 TPF 60.00% 3768.8 157.97 434.41 17785. 66.308 TPF 55.00% 4323.6 202.94 495.99 20286. 84.608 TPF 50.00% 4936.9 252.66 564.07 23050. 104.84 TPF 45.00% 5599.9 305.26 637.64 26046. 126.47 TPF 40.00% 6375.7 361.24 723.56 29584. 150.64 TPF 35.00% 7228.4 422.76 818.00 33474. 177.20 TPF 30.00% 8244.3 496.06 930.51 38107. 208.84 TPF 25.00% 9430.1 618.67 1057.4 43318. 260.35 TPF 20.00% 10860. 811.39 1205.0 49361. 340.09 TPF 15.00% 12787. 1071.1 1403.9 57505. 447.57 TPF 10.00% 15599. 1317.9 1720.7 70053. 538.64 TPF 5.00% 20835. 2003.5 2277.4 92210. 826.07 TPF 4.00% 22465. 2351.3 2430.1 98394. 985.16 TPF 3.00% 24864. 2863.4 2655.0 0.10750E+06 1219.5 TPF 2.00% 28207. 3449.0 2987.6 0.12089E+06 1458.6 TPF 1.00% 34340. 4007.2 3675.0 0.14827E+06 1545.1 TPF 0.10% 57494. 13623. 5216.0 0.21108E+06 6167.9 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 7 2.74% 5663.4 5611.3 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 2.74% 5663.4 309.84 644.66 26335. 128.45 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 124.50 3.4268 14.545 597.22 1.4859 TPF 98.00% 236.80 6.5178 27.665 1135.9 2.8261 TPF 97.00% 349.80 9.6278 40.866 1677.9 4.1747 TPF 96.00% 463.50 12.757 54.149 2223.3 5.5316 TPF 95.00% 539.56 14.851 63.035 2588.2 6.4393 TPF 90.00% 892.25 24.558 104.24 4280.0 10.649 TPF 85.00% 1233.6 33.954 144.12 5917.4 14.723 TPF 80.00% 1566.8 43.125 183.04 7515.7 18.699 TPF 75.00% 1912.7 52.646 223.46 9175.1 22.828 TPF 70.00% 2273.6 62.578 265.62 10906. 27.134 TPF 65.00% 2651.3 72.974 309.74 12718. 31.642 TPF 60.00% 3064.2 100.85 356.18 14609. 43.064 TPF 55.00% 3506.2 136.68 405.25 16601. 57.644 TPF 50.00% 3975.5 174.73 457.35 18717. 73.126 TPF 45.00% 4520.4 218.90 517.84 21173. 91.099 TPF 40.00% 5115.7 267.15 583.92 23856. 110.74 TPF 35.00% 5799.1 319.63 659.70 26954. 132.68 TPF 30.00% 6600.6 377.47 748.47 30610. 157.65 TPF 25.00% 7551.2 446.05 853.75 34946. 187.26 TPF 20.00% 8708.6 529.55 981.92 40224. 223.30 TPF 15.00% 10233. 726.92 1140.3 46712. 305.14 TPF 10.00% 12416. 1021.1 1365.6 55936. 426.87 TPF 5.00% 16392. 1383.5 1810.8 73609. 562.35 TPF 4.00% 17771. 1497.6 1967.6 79797. 603.62 TPF 3.00% 19532. 1725.3 2155.2 87261. 698.79 TPF 2.00% 22055. 2263.8 2391.7 96839. 945.15 TPF 1.00% 26677. 3250.2 2824.9 0.11438E+06 1396.4 TPF 0.10% 44396. 6819.1 4535.8 0.18292E+06 2772.2 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 8 1.12% 4702.1 4564.9 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 1.12% 4702.1 233.62 538.00 21992. 97.092 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 103.70 2.8542 12.115 497.42 1.2376 TPF 98.00% 195.15 5.3714 22.799 936.11 2.3291 TPF 97.00% 287.26 7.9066 33.560 1377.9 3.4283 TPF 96.00% 380.03 10.460 44.398 1823.0 4.5355 TPF 95.00% 473.49 13.032 55.316 2271.2 5.6508 TPF 90.00% 773.58 21.292 90.375 3710.7 9.2323 TPF 85.00% 1054.5 29.023 123.19 5058.1 12.585 TPF 80.00% 1343.2 36.970 156.92 6443.1 16.031 TPF 75.00% 1628.9 44.833 190.30 7813.4 19.440 TPF 70.00% 1930.6 53.139 225.55 9260.9 23.041 TPF 65.00% 2248.3 61.881 262.66 10784. 26.832 TPF 60.00% 2584.0 71.122 301.88 12395. 30.839 TPF 55.00% 2950.8 91.658 343.59 14098. 39.322 TPF 50.00% 3352.7 124.24 388.21 15909. 52.579 TPF 45.00% 3785.2 159.30 436.22 17859. 66.847 TPF 40.00% 4275.5 199.04 490.65 20069. 83.020 TPF 35.00% 4842.7 245.02 553.61 22626. 101.73 TPF 30.00% 5474.3 296.20 623.73 25473. 122.56 TPF 25.00% 6276.4 354.07 712.56 29131. 147.55 TPF 20.00% 7227.7 422.71 817.91 33470. 177.18 TPF 15.00% 8491.2 513.87 957.85 39233. 216.53 TPF 10.00% 10278. 732.98 1144.9 46902. 307.65 TPF 5.00% 13438. 1139.0 1475.1 60356. 473.98 TPF 4.00% 14533. 1229.6 1599.6 65270. 506.75 TPF 3.00% 15910. 1343.6 1756.1 71447. 547.94 TPF 2.00% 18042. 1520.0 1998.3 81009. 611.70 TPF 1.00% 21701. 2188.4 2358.5 95497. 910.64 TPF 0.10% 35710. 4131.8 3828.5 0.15439E+06 1564.4 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 9 0.40% 4021.0 3831.0 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 0.40% 4021.0 178.41 462.39 18922. 74.624 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 89.226 2.4559 10.424 428.00 1.0649 TPF 98.00% 166.15 4.5732 19.411 797.01 1.9830 TPF 97.00% 243.68 6.7071 28.469 1168.9 2.9082 TPF 96.00% 321.82 8.8577 37.597 1543.7 3.8407 TPF 95.00% 400.57 11.025 46.798 1921.5 4.7806 TPF 90.00% 681.88 18.768 79.662 3270.8 8.1379 TPF 85.00% 928.27 25.550 108.45 4452.7 11.078 TPF 80.00% 1177.3 32.403 137.54 5647.2 14.050 TPF 75.00% 1427.8 39.299 166.80 6848.9 17.040 TPF 70.00% 1685.0 46.378 196.85 8082.6 20.110 TPF 65.00% 1958.0 53.891 228.74 9392.0 23.367 TPF 60.00% 2247.6 61.864 262.58 10782. 26.825 TPF 55.00% 2556.7 70.370 298.69 12264. 30.513 TPF 50.00% 2895.6 87.185 337.47 13849. 37.502 TPF 45.00% 3273.8 117.84 379.45 15554. 49.977 TPF 40.00% 3686.4 151.29 425.26 17414. 63.589 TPF 35.00% 4151.1 188.96 476.85 19509. 78.919 TPF 30.00% 4712.4 234.46 539.15 22039. 97.433 TPF 25.00% 5353.5 286.43 610.31 24928. 118.58 TPF 20.00% 6182.2 347.28 702.13 28702. 144.61 TPF 15.00% 7232.1 423.02 818.40 33490. 177.31 TPF 10.00% 8747.5 532.36 986.24 40402. 224.52 TPF 5.00% 11407. 885.21 1261.5 51675. 370.64 TPF 4.00% 12288. 1003.9 1352.4 55398. 419.76 TPF 3.00% 13431. 1138.4 1474.3 60326. 473.78 TPF 2.00% 15130. 1279.1 1667.4 67949. 524.62 TPF 1.00% 18209. 1533.8 2017.3 81760. 616.71 TPF 0.10% 29587. 3574.6 3142.2 0.12705E+06 1478.1 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 10 0.13% 3516.6 3292.7 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 0.13% 3516.6 137.53 406.41 16649. 57.988 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 78.659 2.1650 9.1895 377.31 0.93875 TPF 98.00% 144.97 3.9901 16.936 695.39 1.7301 TPF 97.00% 211.82 5.8301 24.746 1016.1 2.5280 TPF 96.00% 279.23 7.6854 32.621 1339.4 3.3324 TPF 95.00% 347.20 9.5562 40.562 1665.4 4.1436 TPF 90.00% 613.81 16.894 71.709 2944.3 7.3255 TPF 85.00% 835.28 22.990 97.584 4006.7 9.9687 TPF 80.00% 1051.4 28.938 122.83 5043.3 12.548 TPF 75.00% 1278.8 35.198 149.40 6134.2 15.262 TPF 70.00% 1502.3 41.350 175.51 7206.3 17.929 TPF 65.00% 1740.8 47.915 203.38 8350.5 20.776 TPF 60.00% 1995.0 54.910 233.07 9569.7 23.809 TPF 55.00% 2267.0 62.396 264.84 10874. 27.055 TPF 50.00% 2559.8 70.456 299.05 12279. 30.550 TPF 45.00% 2884.1 86.259 336.20 13798. 37.125 TPF 40.00% 3251.1 116.00 376.93 15451. 49.228 TPF 35.00% 3657.6 148.95 422.06 17284. 62.638 TPF 30.00% 4121.5 186.56 473.56 19375. 77.942 TPF 25.00% 4699.2 233.39 537.69 21979. 96.999 TPF 20.00% 5381.7 288.71 613.44 25055. 119.51 TPF 15.00% 6313.5 356.75 716.67 29301. 148.70 TPF 10.00% 7623.8 451.28 861.78 35277. 189.51 TPF 5.00% 9909.6 683.31 1106.9 45344. 287.09 TPF 4.00% 10633. 780.80 1181.6 48401. 327.44 TPF 3.00% 11636. 916.00 1285.1 52640. 383.38 TPF 2.00% 13011. 1101.3 1427.0 58450. 460.04 TPF 1.00% 15555. 1314.2 1715.6 69852. 537.30 TPF 0.10% 25071. 2907.5 2674.4 0.10829E+06 1239.6 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 11 0.04% 3128.0 2880.3 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 0.04% 3128.0 106.03 363.27 14897. 45.170 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 70.631 1.9441 8.2516 338.81 0.84295 TPF 98.00% 128.87 3.5469 15.055 618.14 1.5379 TPF 97.00% 187.59 5.1633 21.916 899.85 2.2388 TPF 96.00% 246.83 6.7937 28.836 1184.0 2.9458 TPF 95.00% 306.58 8.4382 35.816 1470.6 3.6588 TPF 90.00% 561.88 15.465 65.643 2695.2 6.7058 TPF 85.00% 764.09 21.031 89.266 3665.2 9.1191 TPF 80.00% 954.92 26.283 111.56 4580.6 11.397 TPF 75.00% 1156.0 31.817 135.05 5545.0 13.796 TPF 70.00% 1362.8 37.509 159.21 6537.0 16.264 TPF 65.00% 1572.9 43.293 183.76 7545.0 18.772 TPF 60.00% 1799.0 49.516 210.17 8629.5 21.470 TPF 55.00% 2041.4 56.189 238.50 9792.4 24.364 TPF 50.00% 2303.1 63.390 269.06 11048. 27.486 TPF 45.00% 2587.7 71.224 302.31 12413. 30.883 TPF 40.00% 2908.1 88.199 338.86 13905. 37.914 TPF 35.00% 3274.3 117.89 379.51 15556. 49.994 TPF 30.00% 3687.6 151.39 425.39 17419. 63.628 TPF 25.00% 4175.4 190.93 479.53 19618. 79.718 TPF 20.00% 4797.1 241.32 548.55 22420. 100.23 TPF 15.00% 5579.6 303.80 635.39 25953. 125.84 TPF 10.00% 6735.2 387.17 763.37 31224. 161.84 TPF 5.00% 8728.6 531.00 984.14 40316. 223.93 TPF 4.00% 9395.3 613.97 1053.8 43170. 258.40 TPF 3.00% 10240. 727.79 1140.9 46739. 305.50 TPF 2.00% 11459. 892.11 1266.8 51891. 373.49 TPF 1.00% 13611. 1153.3 1494.8 61133. 479.17 TPF 0.10% 21637. 2174.7 2352.5 95253. 904.36 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 12 0.01% 2813.9 2546.4 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 0.01% 2813.9 80.566 328.40 13481. 34.808 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 64.286 1.7694 7.5103 308.37 0.76722 TPF 98.00% 116.13 3.1964 13.567 557.06 1.3860 TPF 97.00% 168.43 4.6358 19.677 807.92 2.0101 TPF 96.00% 221.19 6.0879 25.841 1061.0 2.6398 TPF 95.00% 274.42 7.5530 32.059 1316.3 3.2750 TPF 90.00% 520.69 14.331 60.830 2497.6 6.2141 TPF 85.00% 701.15 19.298 81.913 3363.3 8.3679 TPF 80.00% 878.07 24.168 102.58 4212.0 10.479 TPF 75.00% 1057.9 29.117 123.59 5074.4 12.625 TPF 70.00% 1248.3 34.359 145.84 5988.0 14.898 TPF 65.00% 1439.1 39.610 168.13 6903.1 17.175 TPF 60.00% 1641.2 45.172 191.73 7872.4 19.587 TPF 55.00% 1859.3 51.174 217.21 8918.5 22.189 TPF 50.00% 2095.0 57.663 244.75 10049. 25.003 TPF 45.00% 2351.9 64.732 274.76 11281. 28.068 TPF 40.00% 2634.4 72.510 307.77 12637. 31.441 TPF 35.00% 2959.6 92.378 344.58 14138. 39.615 TPF 30.00% 3334.9 122.80 386.24 15830. 51.995 TPF 25.00% 3768.5 157.94 434.37 17784. 66.296 TPF 20.00% 4308.0 201.68 494.26 20216. 84.093 TPF 15.00% 5014.7 258.97 572.71 23401. 107.41 TPF 10.00% 6024.3 335.88 684.63 27981. 139.69 TPF 5.00% 7790.7 463.33 880.27 36038. 194.72 TPF 4.00% 8362.5 504.58 943.59 38646. 212.52 TPF 3.00% 9102.0 574.44 1023.5 41931. 242.05 TPF 2.00% 10170. 718.40 1133.8 46444. 301.61 TPF 1.00% 12037. 970.04 1326.5 54335. 405.74 TPF 0.10% 18869. 1588.5 2092.3 84720. 636.45 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 13 0.00% 2536.7 2250.5 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 0.00% 2536.7 69.820 296.35 12168. 30.274 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 58.916 1.6216 6.8830 282.61 0.70314 TPF 98.00% 105.35 2.8997 12.308 505.35 1.2573 TPF 97.00% 152.19 4.1890 17.780 730.05 1.8164 TPF 96.00% 199.46 5.4898 23.302 956.76 2.3804 TPF 95.00% 247.14 6.8024 28.873 1185.5 2.9495 TPF 90.00% 485.66 13.367 56.738 2329.6 5.7961 TPF 85.00% 647.47 17.821 75.642 3105.8 7.7273 TPF 80.00% 812.33 22.358 94.902 3896.6 9.6947 TPF 75.00% 973.69 26.800 113.75 4670.6 11.621 TPF 70.00% 1144.7 31.507 133.73 5490.9 13.661 TPF 65.00% 1323.8 36.436 154.66 6350.0 15.799 TPF 60.00% 1504.4 41.407 175.75 7216.4 17.954 TPF 55.00% 1700.4 46.801 198.65 8156.4 20.293 TPF 50.00% 1912.7 52.644 223.45 9174.7 22.827 TPF 45.00% 2144.2 59.016 250.50 10285. 25.590 TPF 40.00% 2399.1 66.033 280.28 11508. 28.632 TPF 35.00% 2683.3 73.855 313.48 12871. 32.024 TPF 30.00% 3018.7 97.168 351.14 14404. 41.564 TPF 25.00% 3411.4 129.00 394.73 16174. 54.517 TPF 20.00% 3879.6 166.95 446.70 18284. 69.960 TPF 15.00% 4505.6 217.70 516.20 21107. 90.612 TPF 10.00% 5374.0 288.09 612.59 25021. 119.26 TPF 5.00% 6918.9 400.43 783.72 32062. 167.56 TPF 4.00% 7431.1 437.39 840.45 34398. 183.52 TPF 3.00% 8093.6 485.18 913.81 37419. 204.15 TPF 2.00% 9008.7 561.87 1013.9 41536. 236.84 TPF 1.00% 10613. 778.12 1179.5 48317. 326.32 TPF 0.10% 16466. 1389.6 1819.2 73939. 564.56 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 14 0.00% 2243.1 1948.9 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 0.00% 2243.1 61.738 262.05 10760. 26.770 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 53.367 1.4689 6.2347 255.99 0.63691 TPF 98.00% 94.196 2.5926 11.005 451.84 1.1242 TPF 97.00% 135.38 3.7261 15.816 649.38 1.6157 TPF 96.00% 176.92 4.8696 20.669 848.66 2.1115 TPF 95.00% 218.83 6.0231 25.566 1049.7 2.6117 TPF 90.00% 434.17 11.950 50.722 2082.6 5.1816 TPF 85.00% 591.15 16.271 69.062 2835.6 7.0551 TPF 80.00% 740.51 20.382 86.512 3552.1 8.8376 TPF 75.00% 884.51 24.345 103.34 4242.9 10.556 TPF 70.00% 1034.4 28.470 120.84 4961.7 12.345 TPF 65.00% 1193.9 32.860 139.47 5726.7 14.248 TPF 60.00% 1358.8 37.399 158.74 6517.8 16.216 TPF 55.00% 1529.0 42.083 178.62 7334.1 18.247 TPF 50.00% 1715.2 47.208 200.38 8227.3 20.470 TPF 45.00% 1918.4 52.801 224.12 9202.0 22.895 TPF 40.00% 2142.3 58.965 250.28 10276. 25.567 TPF 35.00% 2392.3 65.845 279.48 11475. 28.551 TPF 30.00% 2675.9 73.651 312.62 12836. 31.935 TPF 25.00% 3018.3 97.134 351.09 14402. 41.550 TPF 20.00% 3433.0 130.75 397.12 16271. 55.229 TPF 15.00% 3952.7 172.88 454.82 18614. 72.372 TPF 10.00% 4719.9 235.07 539.98 22072. 97.681 TPF 5.00% 6036.2 336.74 685.96 28036. 140.06 TPF 4.00% 6469.0 367.97 733.89 30010. 153.54 TPF 3.00% 7013.5 407.25 794.19 32493. 170.51 TPF 2.00% 7834.6 466.50 885.14 36238. 196.08 TPF 1.00% 9216.5 589.88 1035.3 42415. 248.43 TPF 0.10% 14139. 1197.0 1554.7 63499. 494.94 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07 Rank 15 0.00% 1838.4 1596.5 Prob. BOE (MBbl) Oil (MBbl) COil(MBbl) Gas (MMcf) SGas(MMcf) ---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Mean 0.00% 1838.4 50.600 214.77 8818.4 21.940 TPF 100.00% 12.884 0.35461 1.5052 61.801 0.15376 TPF 99.00% 43.799 1.2055 5.1169 210.09 0.52272 TPF 98.00% 75.006 2.0645 8.7627 359.79 0.89516 TPF 97.00% 106.51 2.9316 12.443 510.92 1.2712 TPF 96.00% 138.32 3.8072 16.160 663.51 1.6508 TPF 95.00% 170.44 4.6913 19.912 817.59 2.0342 TPF 90.00% 335.94 9.2465 39.247 1611.5 4.0093 TPF 85.00% 496.98 13.679 58.060 2383.9 5.9312 TPF 80.00% 612.87 16.869 71.600 2939.8 7.3143 TPF 75.00% 735.73 20.250 85.953 3529.1 8.7806 TPF 70.00% 856.14 23.564 100.02 4106.8 10.218 TPF 65.00% 981.70 27.020 114.69 4709.0 11.716 TPF 60.00% 1116.7 30.736 130.46 5356.5 13.327 TPF 55.00% 1262.7 34.753 147.51 6056.7 15.069 TPF 50.00% 1412.0 38.864 164.96 6773.1 16.852 TPF 45.00% 1574.6 43.339 183.96 7553.1 18.792 TPF 40.00% 1756.5 48.346 205.21 8425.6 20.963 TPF 35.00% 1961.0 53.974 229.09 9406.4 23.403 TPF 30.00% 2194.8 60.409 256.41 10528. 26.194 TPF 25.00% 2468.2 67.935 288.35 11840. 29.457 TPF 20.00% 2800.7 79.497 326.94 13422. 34.373 TPF 15.00% 3242.0 115.27 375.93 15411. 48.930 TPF 10.00% 3849.8 164.54 443.39 18150. 68.978 TPF 5.00% 4932.2 252.28 563.55 23029. 104.68 TPF 4.00% 5276.4 280.18 601.76 24581. 116.04 TPF 3.00% 5741.4 315.48 653.31 26691. 130.88 TPF 2.00% 6414.1 364.01 727.81 29760. 151.84 TPF 1.00% 7574.5 447.73 856.32 35052. 187.98 TPF 0.10% 11661. 919.34 1287.6 52745. 384.76 TPF 0.00% 0.79524E+07 0.69307E+07 59001. 0.22777E+07 0.31324E+07

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Hopewell Archeology:**\ **The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley\ Volume 7, Number 1, December 2006**\ ------------------------------------------------** **3. Development of a Protocol to Detect and Classify Colorants in Archaeological Textiles and its Application to Selected Prehistoric Textiles from Seip Mound in Ohio. PhD Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, 2005\ **By Christel M. Baldia The goal of this dissertation research was the development of a protocol to study colorants applied to archaeological perishable materials such as textiles even if these colors are no longer visible to the unaided eye. The protocol is composed of a sequence of non-destructive or minimally destructive methods designed to yield a classification of the colorants that were used prehistorically as inorganic or organic and pigment or dye. This protocol was then applied to selected textiles from Hopewellian Seip Mound Group in southern Ohio to test its effectiveness on actual artifacts. The protocol consists of a succession of analytical methods that have been adapted to be used with very small sample sizes. If these are sequenced properly, the efficacy of the protocol is further optimized, thereby maximizing the acquisition of critical data while minimizing the need for large amounts of sampling material, and thus preserving the integrity of the artifacts. The methods used were forensic photography using different lighting conditions (simulated daylight, infrared and ultraviolet), optical and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for elemental analysis. All methods were first tested on replicated materials thereby establishing suitable parameters for their application to archaeological textiles. During the course of working with the replicas, limitations of the analytical methods were discovered and addressed for their use on archaeological materials, i.e. a limited quantity of material with an unknown chemical composition. These materials have potentially undergone degradation processes and could have been exposed to a variety of contaminants, which all must be considered during the analysis. For example, the digestion of the sampled material for the ICP was refined and a more appropriate instrument was selected based on the results of working with the replicas. To reach the goal of using a minimal amount of sampling material, it is essential that the series of steps within the protocol are performed in the suggested sequence. One step builds on the previous one with several key tasks that must be performed before continuing with the analysis. First, a comprehensive and systematic visual examination of the textile fragments (obverse and reverse side) must be conducted. Much can be learned if this is done meticulously. For instance, many details that had not been expected were discovered when the textiles were turned to the reverse side. The lighting conditions must be controlled for this process to guarantee reproducibility. Otherwise, the results will differ as the lighting temperature differs. Then suitable textiles that represent types within an assemblage based on the results of the visual examination are selected. For instance, the Hopewell textiles were grouped by commonalities in color and physical condition such as charring. Magnification should be used if necessary so no details are overlooked while also controlling the lighting. Next, non-destructive forensic photography is used as a precursor to all the other steps. Before any other analytical method can be employed, the photography of the textiles in different lighting conditions must be performed because it reveals different chemical signatures due to colorant/substrate interaction even if these are no longer visible. This optical behavior is used to discriminate areas of diverse chemistry that can be correlated to colorant application or contamination. Thereby, the photography facilitates selective sampling of these areas, while areas of like chemistry do not need to be sampled. Thus, purposive sampling enables focused stratified sampling, increasing the opportunities for critical data acquisition while decreasing the need for the copious sampling of the material. At this point, particulate matter should be collected. This dust-like particulate matter could consist of small textile fiber fragments and contaminants, which gives the first indication to the researcher about the textiles' state of degradation. The more particulate matter there is, the more likely the textiles are severely fragile due to degradation or mineralization. Furthermore, the particulate can give detailed information about the textile as a whole, and it can be used for optical microscopy and possibly other analyses that pertain to the continuous textile such as infrared spectroscopy. After that, a detailed macroscopic examination, which also should be done in controlled lighting conditions, must be performed. Information about the physical state of the fibers can be gained. For instance, some of the Seip textiles showed many fractured and fragments of fibers within a yarn structure that still appeared to be intact, therefore making it very fragile. Furthermore, the colorant penetration and levelness of color can be determined, and adhering particulate can be observed. This should be followed by the sub-sectioning the samples to divide the materials for further analysis. Subsequently, optical microscopy (OM) of the sub-samples can be performed to reveal fiber morphology and optical behavior. Additionally, the particulate that was collected earlier should be studied. This process should not be hurried since it takes some time to get accustomed to the samples and to recognize what is important in these samples. Images of these micrographs should be collected, and if a digital camera is used, the colors that are seen on the screen should be calibrated and matched to the colors seen in the microscope. Next, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the sub-samples should be performed. One of the strengths of SEM is the ability to capture detailed surface morphology that may not otherwise be detected. Furthermore, the great magnification that can be achieved with SEM shows details such as degraded scales from hair fibers or even the medulla cells that otherwise cannot be detected by optical microscopy. While collecting images with the SEM, energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) of the fibers and all their components, i.e. fibers and particulate adhering to them should also be performed. The EDS only gives the relative ratio of elemental composition of fibers and adhering materials, which cannot replace quantitative analysis. However, EDS is a good qualitative method to detect elemental composition. EDS constitutes a key step that allows the evaluation of carbon compared to the zero baseline, hence indicating the presence or absence of organic compounds such as dyes. If organic components are present, organic analysis methods should follow as the next step, while the inorganic path of analysis should be taken if inorganic constituents are present. Furthermore, the relative ratios of elements detected by EDS in different areas of one fiber can be compared to each other, to other fibers or to the elemental content of the particulate adhering to the fibers. Thereby, EDS can give information about ratio of organic and heavy elements, presence of mineral based colorants, the degree and variability of fiber mineralization, and possible contaminants. For the inorganic path of analysis, such methods as ICP-MS/OES or LA-ICP-MS can be used. For these analyses, the potential problems that may occur during the digestion process that prepares spectrometry samples to be analyzed with various potentially suitable instruments were explored. When dealing with archaeological textile materials, it must be assumed that the samples will not digest well and that sample size is very small; and therefore, appropriate adjustments must be made. Knowing the relative ratio of elements present in the samples from results of the EDS will ease this process greatly, because appropriate replicas can be created, and the most likely successful digestion agent can be chosen to perform the spectrometry. For the organic path of analysis, such methods as gas or liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry, micro-infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy must be explored. It must be assumed that problems similar to those found when preparing the samples for ICP-MS will also be found when other methods such as chromatography are used. Therefore, a successful trial run of every analytical method with replicated materials must be conducted before using artifacts. Thereby, subsequent analyses of the artifact material are most likely to be successful without having to be repeated; thereby the amount of sample material that is needed will be kept at the absolute minimum. Based on an initial visual examination, eleven Seip textiles were selected and divided into three main color groups: (1) yellow/brown, (2) turquoise/white, and (3) charred. These are representative of textiles from the actual assemblage. An extensive, painstaking visual examination under controlled light and description of the selected textiles' obverse and reverse sides was conducted. Then both sides of the selected textiles were photographed in UV, warm and cool visible, and IR lighting. Based on the findings of the forensic photography, purposive sampling of the artifacts was conducted. Although the sample sizes were small, they were representative of the studied textile assemblage.\ The yellow/brown textiles showed some encrustations on the fiber surfaces and severe fragmentation of the fibers. The fabrics were constructed of rabbit hair with colorant saturated fibers, which indicates that dyes were used as colorant sources. There were some surface deposits, but these could not be linked to the colors of the fibers. Many of the colored fibers showed no deposits at all. The elemental composition of the materials from the three colors in this group did not show any differences between the colors. All colors contained a large amount of copper, some iron and small amounts of soil minerals, but they also contained large amounts of carbon, and some sulfur indicating organic materials in the fibers. It was concluded that the organic constituents of the fibers had been partially replaced by copper in a mineralization process. While these textiles were not reported to have been in contact with copper, they must have been saturated by copper corrosion products carried by ground water, i.e. they were near copper albeit not directly adjacent to it. The encrustations that were observed in the optical microscopy and the severe brittleness of the fibers support this statement. The textiles belonging to the turquoise/white group were made of milkweed fibers that were painted with different pigments. These colorants had not penetrated into the fibers, but adhered to the fiber surface. Different lighting conditions during the photography showed various dissimilar aspects of the patterns, indicating differences in chemical signatures, and thereby different colorants that had been applied. The elemental analysis indicated large amounts of copper, and small amounts of other elements. It was concluded that the white color was likely kaolin and that some of the other colors had been mixed with the kaolin or some other types of clay. These textiles were relatively stable when comparing them to the state of degradation of those from the two other groups. The charred textiles were extremely fragile. Patterns no longer visible in fluorescent white light were visible using photography, and the simulated daylight showed them best. Ovate motifs in blue, ochre color and different shades of grey were found. When magnified, it could not be determined if the colored fibers were penetrated by dyes, because they are too charred to transmit light. However, different inorganic particulates adhered to the outside of these colored fibers, and some of these deposits were iridescent. Large amounts of iron were found in these colored fibers, but also some copper. The orange/red substance without any fiber material showed the same spectra as did the fiber but with lesser carbon peak, thereby verifying that the fibers still contain some amount of organic material. Fibers without any colorant on them had less iron and higher carbon and calcium peaks. Two textiles were identified as composite upon examination. Both consisted of a combination of several layers of materials: fabric, leather and matting. Due to the complicated nature of these specimens, they were only described but could not be addressed otherwise. **Considerations for Further Research** All research seems to create as many questions as it provides answers, and with that it provides room for more work. This research is no exception. Based on the findings of this study, these are some suggestions for further work. 1. For the digestion process to prepare samples for spectrometry, ultrasound needs to be applied to the nitric acid/sample mixture to achieve better digestion. 2. Different potential digestion solutions or a combination of these such as hydrochloric acid (HCL) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) should be explored. Since these can cause problems such as the matrix effect, they must be tested with replicated materials. 3. The phytochemistry of many plants that were used by Native Americans has not been analyzed yet. Colorant constituents must be identified in such genera that are known to yield dyes such as the native Indigofera species. 4. Standards of North American dye plants and their colorants must be created for potentially applicable methods such as Infrared and Raman spectra. 5. The methods to detect organic dye constituents such as micro-Raman, micro-IR, GC-MS need to be explored, tested with replicated materials and then applied to actual artifacts. 6. The compositional data reported herein should be explored as to which inorganic pigments could have rendered the color to the textiles. 7. Quantitative elemental analysis should be conducted to link the colorants from the textiles to potential color producing minerals. 8. Composite images from the pictures that were taken should be created, thereby creating a likeness of what the textile might have looked like in the past, but also to potentially differentiate and sequence tasks in the production process. 9. The research done by Song and Thompson on the structures of the Seip textiles should be correlated with the chemical analysis and microscopy from this research. 10. Trace element analysis of copper artifacts should be done and compared to the copper content of the textiles. 11. With the discovery of a bast fiber that had not been identified before, new aspects of Seip material culture came to light. This bast needs to be identified. 12. The two textiles that were identified as composite herein need to be studied in a separate project. 13. The insect piece that was found should be identified, and further research should consider when insect infestation of the textile occurred. The dissertation will be available in full length to the public through Ohio Link in 8/02:\ Click [[here]{.underline}](http://library.osu.edu/) for dissertation. **In the mean time, please refer to:** Baldia, Christel M. and Kathryn A. Jakes 2006 *Photographic Methods to Detect Colorants in Archaeological Textile*. Journal of Archaeological Sciences; in press. 2006 *Toward the Classification of Colorants in Archaeological Textiles in Eastern North America*. In: Archaeological Chemistry: Analytical Techniques and Archaeological Interpretation, American Chemical Society Monograph Series; in press. Baldia, Christel M, Kathryn A. Jakes and Maximilian O. Baldia 2006 *Polychrome Hopewell Textiles: Dye Technology at Seip Mound in Southern Ohio* In Proceedings Textile History Forum, Meeting on October 6-7th at the Museum in Winterthur DE. In preparation: *Social Implications of the Colorant Application Technology to Textiles from the Hopewellian Seip Mound Site*. American Antiquity. *Small Things in Big places: Textiles and Colors from the Seip Burial Mound Group in Ohio*. In Acts of the XVth UISPP Congress, University of Lisbon, Portugal, 4-10 September 2006. BAR International Series, Oxford, England.

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JUN 10, 2008 GSA Acquisition Letter V-08-04 MEMORANDUM FOR ALL GSA CONTRACTING ACTIVITIES FROM: DAVID A. DRABKIN ACTING CHIEF ACQUISITION OFFICER (V) SUBJECT: INTERAGENCY AGREEMENTS---ACCEPTANCE AND OBLIGATION OF FUNDS **1. [Purpose:]{.underline}** This Acquisition Letter establishes GSA policy for accepting funds under an Interagency Agreement (IA). For the purposes of this Acquisition Letter, the term \"Interagency Agreement\" includes Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), Memorandum of Agreement (MOA), Reimbursable Work Authorization (RWA), or any other interagency assisted acquisition service agreement (including stand-alone Military Interdepartmental Purchase Request (MIPR)). **2. [Background:]{.underline}** It is GSA's mission to help Federal agencies better accomplish their missions by providing premier acquisition services to obtain goods, services and real property at best value. GSA must properly manage customer expectations with regard to the timely contractual obligation of funds and adherence to applicable laws, regulations, and fiscal policies. Customer agencies are required to obligate their funds during the funds\' period of availability \-- in the typical case of annual appropriations, by the end of the given fiscal year. Customer agencies can obligate funds via an IA with GSA for bona fide needs. GSA, in accepting the IA under its statutory authorities, must then act reasonably and expeditiously to contract for the customer agency's needs in a timely manner. This is particularly important in certain DoD requirements because, should GSA accept an IA late in the fiscal year but fail to award a contract before the end of the funds' original availability, GSA may be required to return the unused funds to the customer agency, which likely will not be able to apply them to new obligations. For additional details, please see the Administrator's memorandum of November 21, 2006, entitled \"Implementation of the DoD Policy -- Non-Economy Act Orders, Dated October 16, 2006\" (see section 9 for links to this document and other guidance/memoranda referenced in this Acquisition Letter)*.* [Appendix A]{.underline} provides the policies for determining what is a "reasonable time" in specific cases. -2- [Appendix B]{.underline} provides the required steps for accepting Interagency Agreements. [Appendix C]{.underline} provides a brief discussion of key fiscal law principles and terminology such as \"bona fide needs,\" \"obligation,\" \"contractual obligation,\" \"severable services,\" \"non-severable services,\" \"multiple year funds,\" and \"no-year funds.\" [Appendix D]{.underline} provides the required timeframes for contractual obligation of customer funds from DoD and other civilian agencies. **3. [Cancellation]{.underline}:** This Acquisition Letter supersedes Acquisition Letter V- 0704. **4. [Effective Date:]{.underline}** Immediately **5.** **[Termination Date:]{.underline}** This Acquisition Letter remains in effect until revoked or terminated. **6. [Applicability:]{.underline}** This Acquisition Letter applies to all IAs entered into between GSA and Federal agencies/departments or non-Federal entities as authorized by law for the procurement of goods and services. This Acquisition Letter does not apply to\-- > a\) GSA's provision of space and services for which GSA charges and > collects rent pursuant to 40 U.S.C. 586; > > b\) Orders issued through the FED/MILSTRIP process; or > > c\) GSA's internal purchasing requirements. **7. [Policy:]{.underline}** It is GSA's policy to enter into an IA and accept funds solely for the "bona fide needs" (31 U.S.C. 1502(a)) of the customer agency. GSA should not, at any time during the fiscal year, accept an IA that lacks information or specificity to such a degree that it is not feasible to award or modify a contract or task/delivery order (i.e., \"contractually obligate\") within a \"reasonable time\" (see Appendix A). In addition to complying with all laws and regulations, GSA is committed to follow any policy restrictions of customer agencies (see for example, the restrictions on agreements with DoD set out in [Appendix D]{.underline}.). This policy is particularly important during the last months of the fiscal year, when the need to obligate funds prior to their expiration date is greatest. Further implementing guidance will be issued by each Service. -3- **8. [Fiscal Year Cut-Off Dates:]{.underline}** The decision to accept funds near the fiscal year end must be a case-by-case determination taking into consideration the minimum time required for GSA to properly contractually obligate the funds. Each GSA Service, based on the guidance provided in [Appendix D]{.underline}, shall devise cut-off dates that are appropriate for the organization. Consideration should be given that IAs accepted after the cut-off dates may not allow sufficient time for proper execution under normal circumstances and require special management attention. Under no circumstances may an IA citing "expired" funds be accepted from a customer agency (e.g., after September 30 if the funding authority is from the previous year\'s annual appropriations). The accepting office must also bear in mind that multiple-year funding may have reached its year of expiration depending on the term of such funding and the year it was first appropriated. The cut-off dates do not apply when accepting no-year funds or multiple year funds that are not expiring in the same fiscal year. However, at no time should an IA that fails to set out a bona fide need be accepted. Further, GSA must expeditiously and diligently begin work on all IAs it accepts. **9.** **[Reference Documents]{.underline}:** *Available at the **InSite** [OCAO Acquisition Policy Library]{.underline}\--* under GSA InSite \> Reference & Resources \> OCAO Acquisition Policy Library; or [http://insite.gsa.gov/acquisitionlibrary]{.underline} PBS Commissioner Memorandum dated 2/13/2007, Subject: PBS Guidance on Implementing DoD Policy \-- Non-Economy Act Order. FAS Commissioner Memorandum dated 1/18/2007, Subject: Federal Acquisition Service Guidance for the Implementation of DOD Policy Regarding Non-Economy Act Orders and GSA Administrator Memorandum of November 21, 2006. GSA Administrator Memorandum dated 11/21/2006, Subject: Implementation of the DOD Policy - Non-Economy Act Orders. DoD Comptroller Memorandum dated 10/16/2006, Subject: Non-Economy Act Orders. http://www.acq.osd.mil/dpap/specificpolicy/ General Counsel and Chief Financial Officer's Memorandum dated 9/13/2005, Subject: GSA Authority for Interagency Transactions. FSS Commissioner's Memorandum dated 6/3/2005, Subject: Special Order Program -- Policy. PBS\' Reimbursable Work Authorization National Policy Document dated 5/4/2005. -4- GSA Acquisition Letter V-05-06 dated 4/27/2005, Subject: Purchases on Behalf of Other Agencies. FTS Commissioner and Chief Financial Officer's Memorandum dated 6/7/2004, Subject: Guidance and Information Concerning Interagency Transactions and Proper Management of Reimbursable Agreements in Revolving Funds. GSA Order OGP 2800.1 dated 1/1/2004, Subject: Acquisition Planning. OMB Memorandum M-07-03 dated 11/13/2006, Subject: Business Rules for Intergovernmental Transactions,. TFM Bulletin No. 2007-03, Subject: Intergovernmental Business Rules. **[Appendix A:]{.underline}** **GSA POLICIES FOR DETERMINING "REASONABLE TIME"** a\) [Reasonable time]{.underline}. \"Reasonable time\" refers to the acquisition lead time required for GSA to contractually obligate the accepted funds (except for a reasonable amount/balance to cover contingencies, GSA labor charges, fees, close-out costs (e.g., paying DCAA to perform audit), and other miscellaneous potential costs/liabilities) in accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and the customer agency\'s requirements. \"Reasonable time\" depends on\-- - The type and complexity of requirements (e.g., supplies/services, simple/complex, commercial/non-commercial, routine/unique); - The method of procurements (e.g., orders under Federal Supply Schedules (FSS), Government-Wide Acquisition Contracts (GWACs), Multi-Agency Contracts (MACs), or agency Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity contracts (IDIQs); open market purchases under FAR Parts 13, 14, or 15; or sole-source/competed); - Other workload, and - Availability of staffing resources. For the purposes of this Acquisition Letter, GSA has defined \"reasonable time\" to mean the amount of acquisition lead time, based on the complexities of the requirement, mutually agreed upon and documented between the customer agency and GSA at the time of funds\' acceptance, or a longer period that has been justified by executing a written justification. If no separate agreement has been made, a \"reasonable time\" of 90 calendar days shall be presumed (all days in this Acquisition Letter are calendar days unless stated otherwise). The date of acceptance is the date GSA acknowledges acceptance of the funding document (e.g., in the case of a DoD customer, signing DD Form 448-2, \"Acceptance of MIPR\"; for RWAs, date specified on GSA Form 2957, box 30B). Except for the funds that come with customer-specific fiscal policy restrictions as described in section App A(b), GSA has reasonable time to contractually obligate the accepted funds even if award occurs in a subsequent fiscal year (see [Appendix D]{.underline} for details). b\) [DoD restrictions on reasonable time]{.underline}. This \"reasonable time\" may be [further restricted]{.underline} by customer-specific fiscal policy attached to the funds. DoD\'s policy on Non-Economy Act Orders, dated 10/16/2006 (see section 9 for the link to this memo), prohibits GSA from taking any contractual action with fiscal year funds after the fiscal year end. For example, regardless of when GSA accepts DoD\'s FY 2008 funds (or multiple year funds if FY 2008 is the last year of funding availability), GSA must contractually obligate the funds by the last day of FY 2008. This means that, for DoD funds received on or after 7/2/2008 (90 days from FY 2008 fiscal year end), GSA will [NOT]{.underline} have the full \"reasonable time\" period. -2- This may not be a problem if the requirement is simple and a contract or task/delivery order can be awarded/modified (i.e., \"contractually obligated") quickly before the fiscal year end (but see [Appendix D]{.underline} for delivery of goods). But for complex requirements, an acquisition lead time of less than 90 days is often impractical and may seriously impair the contracting officer\'s ability to properly structure the acquisition and provide the best value. For that reason, it is crucial that, prior to accepting [any]{.underline} funds at [any]{.underline} time, the receiving official (i.e., GSA official who accepts funds or is responsible for accepting if done electronically) determine whether contractual obligation of the funds can be made within the time period required by the fiscal law and the customer agency\'s restrictions governing the funds in accordance with the procedures in [Appendix B]{.underline}. **[Appendix B:]{.underline}** **REQUIRED STEPS FOR ACCEPTING FUNDS** Incorporate the following steps when accepting funds under Interagency Agreements (IAs)\-- > **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** > > **[Step A]{.underline}**. Ensure that each IA clearly identifies or > accompanies (i.e., either by reference to the previously executed IA > or the requirements package)\-- > > 1\) The type of funds to be used (i.e., annual/multiple-year/no-year), > amount, and the funds\' expiration date; > > 2\) The authority for the IA (e.g., 40 U.S.C. §§ 501-506, 592(b)(2) > (formerly the Property Act) or 40 U.S.C. §§ 11101-11704 (the > Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 (ITMRA), also > known as the Clinger-Cohen Act)) (The Economy Act should not be used > except in rare circumstances); > > 3\) The type of requirements (i.e., supplies, severable services, > non-severable services; if the IA covers several requirements, > indicate as such); > > 4\) Specific, definite, and concise description of requirements > sufficient to demonstrate the bona fide needs at the time of GSA\'s IA > acceptance; and, > > 5\) Any special customer agency restrictions attached to the funds. > > **[Step B]{.underline}**. Use [Appendix D]{.underline} and the > customer agency request to determine the time by which contractual > obligation of the funds must be made. > > **[Step C]{.underline}**. Determine, in consultation with contracting > personnel in the office that will be handling the requirements, if GSA > can meet that time requirement. Consider other workload and > availability of staffing resources. > > **[Step D]{.underline}**. Reject the IA if the required timeframe is > unattainable. > > **[Step E]{.underline}**. If the decision is to accept the funds, > clearly indicate the acceptance date and ensure that everyone involved > is aware that the funding authority may have to be returned to the > customer if a contract/modification is not awarded within the time > required in [Appendix D]{.underline}. > > **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **[Appendix C:]{.underline}** **FISCAL LAW TERMINOLOGY IN INTERAGENCY CONTRACTING** *\*Quoted parts below are from the GAO\'s [Principles of Federal Appropriations Law]{.underline}, often referred to as the \"Red Book.\" Emphases have been added.* \"\[A\]n "**[obligation]{.underline}**" is some action that creates a legal liability or definite commitment on the part of the government, or creates a legal duty that could mature into a legal liability by virtue of an action that is beyond the control of the government.\" (Red Book, p. 7-3). It is a binding commitment against an appropriation that will require expenditure at some later time. In interagency contracting, funds accepted under a valid Interagency Agreement (IA) constitute an obligation on the part of the customer agency. (See 31 U.S.C. 1301, and GAO\'s legal opinion in Library of Congress case, B-302760 (5/17/2004)). GSA then awards or modifies contracts or task/delivery orders using the accepted funds. Obviously, this is also an obligation. However, to distinguish the two, this Acquisition Letter uses the term \"**[contractual obligation]{.underline}**\" for the latter. \"If an agency fails to obligate its annual funds by the end of the fiscal year for which they were appropriated, they cease to be available for incurring and recording new obligations and are said to have "**[expired]{.underline}**."\" (Red Book, p. 5-6). Once GSA accepts funds, an obligation has occurred on the part of the customer agency and the funds remain available to liquidate the obligation following GSA\'s execution (i.e., contractual obligation). However, GSA\'s ability to contractually obligate the funds will still be subject to time restrictions set out in [Appendices A and B]{.underline} or a customer\'s specific requirements such as DoD\'s fiscal policy (see [Appendix D]{.underline} for details). When the accepted funds are no longer usable because of GSA\'s failure to timely contractually obligate, the funds will have to be returned to the customer agency to be deobligated. To provide clarity, this Acquisition Letter proposes calling this \"**[funds subject to deobligation]{.underline}**\" rather than \"**[expired funds]{.underline}**,\" as they are commonly referred to. \"The **[bona fide needs]{.underline}** rule is one of the fundamental principles of appropriations law: A fiscal-year appropriation may be obligated only to meet a legitimate, or *bona fide*, need arising in, or in some cases arising prior to but continuing to exist in, the fiscal year for which the appropriation was made.\" (Red Book, p. 5-11). The bona fide needs rule is statutory, 31 U.S.C. 1502. Because obligation occurs when GSA accepts a customer\'s funds, there has to be a documented bona fide need assessment at time of IA acceptance. In practice, this means there must be, at a minimum, a \"**[specific, definite, and concise]{.underline}**\" description of the requirements associated with the funds at the time of IA acceptance (see \"Non-Economy Act Acquisition Package Checklist\" attached to DoD Comptroller 10/16/2006 Memorandum). It is important to note that, while further development of the Statement of Work (or PWS/SOO) may occur later, a sufficiently detailed requirements description must be documented in the IA to satisfy the bona fide needs rule to accept the IA and for the customer to record an obligation. -2- Even after the acceptance of funds, the bona fide needs established at the time of initial obligation may be questioned if GSA takes too much time executing the funds. Excessive and unreasonable delay or inaction by GSA may be viewed as an indication that there may not be a true bona fide need or that the obligation was an attempt to \"park\" the funds. To avoid this, once funds are accepted, GSA and the customer agency must proceed reasonably and diligently to complete the contract action. **[Severable services]{.underline}** are services that are continuing and ongoing in nature -- such as help-desk support, maintenance, or janitorial services -- for which benefit is received each time the service is rendered. **[Non-severable services]{.underline}** involve work that results in a final product or end-item and for which benefit is received only when the entire project is complete, such as systems design, building construction, or environmental study. \"\[T\]here is a fairly simple test that is often helpful in determining whether a given service is severable or nonseverable. Suppose that a service contract is to be performed half in one fiscal year and half in the next. Suppose further that the contract is terminated at the end of the first fiscal year and is not renewed. What do you have? In the case of a window-cleaning contract, you have half of your windows clean, a ***[benefit]{.underline}*** that is not diminished by the fact that the other half is still dirty. What you paid for the first half has not been wasted. These services are clearly severable. Now consider a contract to conduct a study and prepare a final report, as in 65 Comp. Gen. 741 (1986). If this contract is terminated halfway through, you essentially have nothing. The partial results of an incomplete study, while perhaps beneficial in some ethereal sense, do not do you very much good when what you needed was the complete study and report. Or suppose the contract is to repair a broken \[widget\]. If the repairs are not completed, certainly some work has been done but you still don't have an operational \[widget\]. The latter two examples are nonseverable.\" (Red Book, p. 5-28). \"**[Annual appropriations]{.underline}** (also called fiscal-year or one-year appropriations) are made for a specified fiscal year and are available for obligation only during the fiscal year for which made. . . . All appropriations are presumed to be annual appropriations unless the appropriation act expressly provides otherwise.\" (Red Book, p. 5-4). Thus, **[annual funds]{.underline}**. \"**[Multiple year appropriations]{.underline}** are available for obligation for a definite period in excess of one fiscal year. (Red Book, p. 5-7). Thus, **[multiple year funds]{.underline}**. \"A **[no-year appropriation]{.underline}** is available for obligation without fiscal year limitation. . . . The standard language used to make a no-year appropriation is "to remain available until expended."\" (Red Book, p. 5-7). Thus, **[no-year funds]{.underline}**. **[Appendix D:]{.underline}** **Restrictions Applicable to Funds Accepted Under Interagency Agreements (IAs)** I. DoD Annual Funds[^1] (or Multiple Year Funds That Are in the Last Year of Availability) Received on or after 10/16/2006. ------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------------- **TYPE OF **TIME RESTRICTIONS** REQUIREMENTS** GOODS Contracts/orders must be The delivery of goods may awarded[^2] within a [not]{.underline} be specified reasonable time[^3] but no to occur in the subsequent later than fiscal year end fiscal year (see footnote below (for example, for funds for complete instructions).[^4] received after 7/1/2008, reasonable time is *[further restricted]{.underline}* by 9/30/2008). SEVERABLE SERVICES Contract or task order period of performance must begin no later than the last day of the fiscal year and may be up to 1 year. NON-SEVERABLE Contract or task order period of SERVICES performance may extend across fiscal years until complete. No incremental funding of contracts/orders is permitted.[^5] ------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------------- II\. Non-DoD Fiscal Year Funds +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | **TYPE OF | **TIME RESTRICTIONS** | | REQUIREMENTS** | | +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | GOODS or | Contracts/orders must be awarded within a | | | reasonable time (even if awards occur in a | | NON-SEVERABLE | subsequent fiscal year). | | SERVICES | | +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | SEVERABLE | Contracts/orders must be awarded within a | | SERVICES | reasonable time (even if awards occur in a | | | subsequent fiscal year). Period of performance | | | may be up to 1 year. | +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ [^1]: e.g., Operation & Maintenance (O&M) funds. [^2]: Refers to \"contractual obligation\" by GSA. \"Contractual-obligation\" means awards or modifications of a contract or task/delivery order (see [Appendix A]{.underline} for explanation). [^3]: Defined in Appendix A. [^4]: DoD requires that the funds be returned \"*unless the request for goods was made during the period of availability of the funds **and** the item(s) could not be delivered within the funds period of availability solely because of delivery, production or manufacturing lead time, or unforeseen delays that are out of the control and not previously contemplated by the contracting parties at the time of contracting. Thus, where materials cannot be obtained in the same fiscal year in which they are needed and contracted for, provisions for delivery in the subsequent fiscal year do not violate the bona fide need rule as long as the time intervening between contracting and delivery is not excessive and the procurement is not for standard commercial off the shelf (COTS) items readily available from other sources. The delivery of goods may not be specified to occur in the year subsequent to funds availability.*\" (see p. 4, DoD Comptroller Memorandum, 10/16/2006; available at the [OCAO Acquisition Policy Library]{.underline}). [^5]: Period or quantity options are permitted.

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STS-104 Report # 08 Sunday, July 15, 2001 - 6 p.m. CDT The five-member crew of Atlantis will spend their fifth day in space working with the Expedition Two crew aboard the International Space Station to continue the activation of the station's new airlock, named Quest. Today's work will include testing nitrogen and oxygen lines that will be used during future shuttle missions to replenish the airlock's tanks of high-pressure oxygen and nitrogen; testing the airlock's space walk equipment; and installing valves that will connect Quest to the station's environmental control system. In addition to checking and activating Quest's systems, the crews will remove the motor controllers from the airlock's berthing mechanism, which are no longer needed now that the airlock is firmly attached to the station. The shuttle crew's day began at 4:04 p.m. with a wake-up call from Mission Control playing the song "No Woman No Cry" by Bob Marley for Mission Specialist Mike Gernhardt. On board the space station, Commander Yury Usachev and Flight Engineers Jim Voss and Susan Helms awoke at 5:04 p.m. After the airlock was attached to the station early Sunday morning, and the first part of its checkout was completed, the shuttle and station crews held a ribbon cutting for the new addition. Station Commander Yury Usachev and Atlantis Commander Steve Lindsey cut a white ribbon that had been strung across the entrance of Quest's crew lock. Lindsey and Usachev made two cuts to the ribbon, each on either side of the word Quest to christen the new compartment. This evening's checkout of Quest will help prepare for the mission's third space walk, scheduled for Thursday evening. That space walk, during which two air tanks will be installed on Quest, will be the first to originate from the new airlock. Yesterday, a decision was made to bring home a spare space suit aboard Atlantis that had experienced a leaking battery. Controllers were worried that the leaking battery may have damaged portions of the suit and decided to bring the suit home for inspection and cleaning. The originial plan had been to leave the suit aboard the station for use by future crews. All systems continue to function normally aboard both the Space Shuttle Atlantis and the International Space Station. Later this evening, a little after 8 p.m., the shuttle's engines will be used to perform an hour-long reboost of the station's altitude.

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From owner-nwchem-users@emsl.pnl.gov Wed Jun 30 16:28:23 2004 Received: from odyssey.emsl.pnl.gov (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by odyssey.emsl.pnl.gov (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5UNSMHQ024333 for <nwchem-users-outgoing@odyssey.emsl.pnl.gov>; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 16:28:22 -0700 (PDT) Received: (from majordom@localhost) by odyssey.emsl.pnl.gov (8.12.10/8.12.10/Submit) id i5UNSMft024332 for nwchem-users-outgoing; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 16:28:22 -0700 (PDT) Date: Wed, 30 Jun 2004 19:27:47 -0400 From: "Michael E. Green" <green@sci.ccny.cuny.edu> Subject: Fwd: two questions ISSUE=522 PROJ=11 To: nwchem-users@emsl.pnl.gov Message-id: <web-3354184@cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: CommuniGate Pro Web Mailer v.4.0.5 Content-type: multipart/mixed; boundary="_===3354184====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_" Sender: owner-nwchem-users@emsl.pnl.gov Precedence: bulk This is a multi-part MIME message --_===3354184====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_ Content-Type: text/plain; charset="ISO-8859-1"; format="flowed" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- the forwarded message follows --- --_===3354184====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_ Content-Type: message/rfc822 From: "Michael E. Green" <green@sci.ccny.cuny.edu> Subject: Fwd: two questions ISSUE=522 PROJ=11 To: nwchem-users@emsl.pnl.gov X-Mailer: CommuniGate Pro Web Mailer v.4.0.5 Date: Tue, 29 Jun 2004 21:55:54 -0400 Message-ID: <web-3349523@cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="_===3349523====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_" This is a multi-part MIME message --_===3349523====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_ Content-Type: text/plain; charset="ISO-8859-1"; format="flowed" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Following the advice in the message below, I am forwarding these questions. Michael E. Green City College of New York --- the forwarded message follows --- --_===3349523====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_ Content-Type: message/rfc822 Return-Path: <fp-admin@emsl.pnl.gov> Received: from atlas.pnl.gov ([130.20.248.194] verified) by cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu (CommuniGate Pro SMTP 4.0.5) with SMTP id 3349097 for green@sci.ccny.cuny.edu; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 19:39:01 -0400 Received: from emailfilter2.pnl.gov (emailfilter2.pnl.gov [130.20.248.24]) by pnl.gov (PMDF V6.2-X17 #30796) with ESMTP id <0I03009CTGD1G5@pnl.gov> for green@sci.ccny.cuny.edu; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 16:39:01 -0700 (PDT) Received: from europa.pnl.gov (Not Verified[130.20.248.195]) by emailfilter2.pnl.gov with NetIQ MailMarshal (v5.5.6.6) id <BB0081b553>; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 16:39:01 -0700 Received: from footprints.pnl.gov ([130.20.248.105]) by pnl.gov (PMDF V6.2-X17 #30796) with ESMTP id <0I03001BBGD0Q3@pnl.gov> for green@sci.ccny.cuny.edu; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 16:39:00 -0700 (PDT) Received: (from root@localhost) by footprints.pnl.gov (8.12.9+Sun/8.12.9) id i5TNd0SU005516; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 16:39:00 -0700 (PDT) Date: Tue, 29 Jun 2004 16:38 -0700 From: MSCF Scientific Consulting <mscf-consulting@emsl.pnl.gov> Subject: two questions ISSUE=522 PROJ=11 To: green@sci.ccny.cuny.edu Reply-to: mscf-consulting@emsl.pnl.gov Message-id: <200406292339.i5TNd0SU005516@footprints.pnl.gov> When replying, type your text above this line. ---------------------------------------------- Notification of Issue Change Status: Open Description: Entered on 06/29/2004 at 16:38:48 by Bert de Jong: Dear Michael, I would urge you to send these specific NWChem user questions to the nwchem-users@emsl.pnl.gov . With kind regards, Bert de Jong MSCF VISUS Entered on 06/29/2004 at 07:33:06 by green@sci.ccny.cuny.edu: Hi, I have two questions: 1) I have just gotten my first long calculation to converge, using nw-chem to optimize a system with 166 atoms. Some of the atoms were frozen. I noticed that in cases where I extended the number of iterations, using Maxiter, the later Steps tended to go further away from convergence. I wound up using the geometry from Steps between 10 and 20 (and, for the penultimate round, less than 10). The calculation converged in about three cycles this way. I assume the reason this worked better than going on to an equivalent number of cycles with a high value of Maxiter is that the Hessian is recalculated (I changed the file name, to force a complete start, not a restart; also, the PERMANENT_DIR line worked two or three times, and then, for no reason I can figure out, it gave an error; however, at that point, I wasn't using it any more, anyway, so I removed it.) QUESTION: Is there any way to write a script that starts the calculation over, or is there any way to force recalculation of the Hessian every ten or so iterations? (or am I wrong as to the reason the calculation seemed to do so much better?) 2) The calculation was done at scf/3-21G* level. I would like to do the central part at B3LYP/6-311G**, or possibly B3LYP/6-311++G**, level (perhaps 20-25 atoms), the rest remaining at 3-21G*. Can ONIOM be used with set geometry:actlist? (This question doesn't seem to be answered in the manual.) If so, would it be the same as the way I have been using it so far, or would it have to be specified separately for fixed atoms, and for atoms in the different ONIOM layers? Thanks for your help. Michael Green City College of New York --_===3349523====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_-- --_===3354184====cgate.sci.ccny.cuny.edu===_--

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*This is an archive page. The links are no longer being updated. 1993.09.20 : Eighth Special Report on Alcohol and Health Contact: NIH/NIAAA (301) 443-3860 September 20, 1993 HHS Secretary Donna E. Shalala today released the Eighth Special Report on Alcohol and Health, showing U.S. declines in per capita alcohol consumption and liver cirrhosis deaths, as well as increased abstention and decreased heavy drinking across a broad range of age, sex and demographic groups. The report was prepared for Congress by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. It details recent scientific progress in understanding, preventing and treating alcoholism and alcohol abuse and their consequences. The institute estimates that more than 15 million Americans 18 and older meet standard diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse or alcoholism. In addition, many others are involved in alcohol- related traffic crashes, or suffer from injuries and other problems associated with single drinking incidents. Alcohol also is a substantial factor in a wide range of safety and behavioral problems, including domestic and criminal violence and high-risk sexual behaviors. The report says raising the minimum drinking age has contributed to reduced fatal traffic crashes among persons under 21 years old. In particular, alcohol-related fatal crashes decreased between 1982 and 1989 by 47 percent among drivers 16 through 18 and 33 percent among drivers 18 through 20. Despite the raised legal drinking age, alcohol remains the most frequently used drug among U.S. high school seniors. The report also shows that estimated rates of alcohol abuse and alcoholism in young women are converging with rates for young men. "The Eighth Special Report documents that heavy and chronic drinking can harm virtually every organ and body system," said Secretary Shalala. NIAAA Director Enoch Gordis, M.D., said, "Heavy drinking has been linked with hypertension, weakened heart muscle, and arrhythmias, and chronic alcohol abuse with adverse effects on immune, endocrine and reproductive functions, among other consequences." Moderate drinking may reduce risk for coronary heart disease, but moderate use also has been associated with added risk of hemorrhagic stroke, motor vehicle crashes and adverse drug interactions. Alcoholism treatment research, conducted with increasingly sophisticated study designs, has documented promising psychological and pharmacological interventions. In recent studies, researchers identified pharmacological agents that appear to reduce alcohol craving and relapse in alcoholism treatment patients. "The ultimate success of treatment efforts lies in uncovering the mechanisms involved in craving, impaired control and other disease features of alcoholism," Gordis said. In this pursuit, scientists are exploiting new tools in molecular biology, genetics and neuroscience, including advanced biochemical tests, gene mapping and a variety of brain imaging technologies. One of 17 National Institutes of Health, NIAAA is the lead institute for biomedical and behavioral research on the causes and consequences of alcohol abuse, alcoholism and related problems. NIH is one of the eight U.S. Public Health Service agencies in HHS. The Eighth Special Report on Alcohol and Health will be available later this fall from (800) 729-6686. An overview is available now by mail or messenger from (301) 443-3860.

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# Presentation: 399127 ## Aranesp® (darbepoetin alfa) Therapy for Oncology Patients **Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee****May 4, 2004** ## Amgen Guests **Jeffrey Crawford, MD**** ****Professor of Medicine **** ****Duke University School of Medicine**** ** **David DeMets, PhD**** ****Professor and Chair of Biostatistics**** ****University of Wisconsin** **John Glaspy, MD, MPH**** ****Professor of Medicine**** ****University of California at Los Angeles **** ****School of Medicine** **Harvey Lodish, PhD**** ****Professor of Biology and Professor of **** ****Bioengineering at MIT**** ****Member of Whitehead Institute** **Douglas Losordo, MD**** ****Associate Professor of Medicine**** ****Tufts University School of Medicine**** ** **Marc Pfeffer, MD, PhD**** ****Senior Physician in Cardiology**** ****Professor of Medicine**** ****Brigham and Women’s Hospital** **Joseph Eschbach, MD**** ****Senior Research Advisor**** ****Northwest Kidney Center**** ****Clinical Professor Medicine**** ****University of Washington** ## Independent Investigators **Principal Investigator**** ****Study Group**** ****Institution** **J. Overgaard, MD** **The Danish Head**** ****Dept. Experimental Clinical Oncology **** ****and Neck Cancer **** ****Aarhus University Hospital**** ****Study Group**** ****Aarhus C. Denmark**** ****(DAHANCA)** **R. Delarue, MD** **Groupe d’Etude des**** ****Adult Hematology Dept** **Lymphomes de l’Adulte**** ****Hospital Necker, Paris, France****A. Bosley, MD** **(GELA)**** ****Hematology Dept.**** **** ****UCL Mont Godinne, Belgium** **U. Nitz, MD** **Westdeutschen**** ****Gynecological Clinic**** ****Studiengruppe (WSG)**** ****Dusseldorf University**** **** ****Dusseldorf, Germany** **S. Kahlert, MD** **Gynecological**** ****Clinic and Polyclinic for **** ****Oncology Study**** ****Obstetrics and Gynecology,**** **** ****Group (AGO)**** ****Grosshadern Clinic, Ludwig-**** **** ****Maximillian University**** **** ****Munich, Germany** ## Presentation Outline ** ** **Background **** ****Dawn Viveash, MD** VP of Regulatory Affairs and Safety **EPO-R Considerations** **Harvey Lodish, PhD** Professor of Biology and Bioengineering - MIT **Clinical Observations**** ****David Parkinson, MD** VP of Oncology Clinical Development ## Distinct Properties of Aranesp - Altered amino acid sequence permits attachment of2 additional carbohydrate side chains - Increase in negative charge - Increase in molecular weight and size - 5-fold reduction in receptor binding affinity - 3-fold increase in serum half life - Leads to improved in vivo biological activity **Molecular Differences Compared with Epoetin***** *** **Physical Differences Compared with Epoetin** **Biological Differences Compared ****with Epoetin**** ** ## Aranesp Approvals - September 2001 US Nephrology Approval - Aranesp is indicated for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal failure, including patients on dialysis and patients not on dialysis - July 2002 US Oncology Approval - Aranesp is indicated for the treatment of anemia in patients with non-myeloid malignancies where anemia is due to the effect of concomitantly administered chemotherapy ## Aranesp Product Labeling - Warnings: Cardiovascular events (including thrombotic events) - Association with high hemoglobin and rate of rise - Description of Besarab1 study including mortality - Guidance regarding hemoglobin target and rate of rise - Adjust dose to achieve and maintain a target Hb 12 g/dL and rate of rise of Hb not to exceed 1 g/dL in two weeks - Precautions: Theoretical concern regarding growth factor potential - Adverse reactions: Thrombotic events - Overall incidence 6.2% for Aranesp and 4.1% for placebo; specific mention of pulmonary embolism and thrombosis **1****Besarab et al. *****NEJM*****. 339(9):584;1998.** ## Comprehensive Risk Assessment:Preclinical Data with Darbepoetin alfa - Not genotoxic1 - No proliferative or hyperplastic signals inlong-term animal toxicology studies1 - No tumor progression in tumor xenograft models2,3 - Beneficial effect (decrease in tumor progression) in association with radiotherapy3 **1****Amgen data on file.** **2****Kirkpatrick et al. 2003.****3****Ning et al. 2003.** ## Comprehensive Risk Assessment:Clinical Data - Epidemiological analysis of thrombotic events - Review of completed and ongoing Aranesp trials - Post-marketing oncology experience ## Aranesp Safety Observations - No detrimental effect on survival - No tumor progression signal - Thrombotic event rate consistent across pre-and post-approval studies - Product label appropriately represents relevant safety information ## Presentation Outline ** ** **Background **** ****Dawn Viveash, MD** VP of Regulatory Affairs and Safety **EPO-R Considerations** **Harvey Lodish, PhD** Professor of Biology and Bioengineering - MIT **Clinical Observations**** ****David Parkinson, MD** VP of Oncology Clinical Development ## Characteristics of Established Oncogenes - Chromosome translocation - Gene amplification - Gene mutation - Protein over-expression - Protein truncation - Auto-phosphorylation - Signaling in absence of ligand - Transforming - Prognostic indicator - Therapeutic target ## The EPO-R and Tumorgenicity - The EPO-R is not an oncogene - No amplification of the EPO-R gene in any tumor except for 2 erythroleukemic cell lines - No activating EPO-R point mutations in any human or animal tumor - Humans with EPO-R truncations are hypersensitive to EPO but have no increase in tumor incidence - EPO transgenic mice and humans over-expressing EPO are polycythemic but have no increase in tumor incidence ## EPO-R Expression in Erythroid Cells - Over 90% of receptors are in the cytoplasm, not on the cell surface - Only 1000 - 2000 receptors are present on the cell surface - Surface expression requires JAK-2 and possibly other accessory proteins - 2 EPO-R:1 EPO complex is required for signaling ## Measuring EPO-R in Fixed or Frozen Primary Tumor Biopsies - RT-PCR - Measures EPO-R transcripts, not functional EPO-R mRNA, EPO-R protein, or functional receptor - Requires separation of tumor from other cells - Immunohistochemistry - Measures EPO-R in the cytoplasm and on the cell surface - Too insensitive to detect cell surface EPO-R - Existing antibodies not sufficiently specific ## Measuring EPO-R in Fresh Primary Tumor Biopsies - All methods require purifying tumor cells from other cells and at least 108 cells per sample - Binding with radio-labeled EPO - Difficult to detect specific, saturable binding to EPO-R versus non-specific, non-saturable binding - Difficult to detect low numbers of low-affinity (Kd >1 nM) receptors - Proliferation in response to EPO - Fresh tumor cells generally are not viable in culture - EPO-induced signal transduction pathways - EPO-induced phosphorylation of EPO-R, JAK-2, STAT-5, etc - Requires immunoprecipitation – Western blot analysis - Very insensitive, low signal to background ratio in non-erythroid cells ## Presentation Outline ** ** **Background **** ****Dawn Viveash, MD** VP of Regulatory Affairs and Safety **EPO-R Considerations** **Harvey Lodish, PhD** Professor of Biology and Bioengineering - MIT **Clinical Observations**** ****David Parkinson, MD** VP of Oncology Clinical Development ## Clinical Observations **Benefits associated with treatment of anemia** - Thrombotic Events Analyses in Oncology - Epidemiology - Clinical trials - Survival Analyses of Aranesp Clinical Trials - Ongoing Aranesp Clinical Trials in Oncology - Amgen-sponsored - Independent-investigator sponsored ## Anemia is a Significant Complication of Chemotherapy Treatment in Patients with Cancer - Anemia is a highly prevalent comorbidity1-5 - ~90% of chemotherapy patients will develop anemia (grade 1-4) - Up to 30% of patients develop grade 3-4 anemia - Anemia has a significant impact in quality of life and commonly results in transfusions6 - 40 - 60% of anemic patients will require transfusions7,8 - 61% of patients believe fatigue affects their quality of life more than pain - 78% of patients with cancer experience fatigue **1****Chau L, et al. *****Br J Haem.***** 2003;120:970-977; ****2****Louvet C, et al. *****J Clin Oncol. *****2002;20:4543-4548; ****3****Scheithauer W, et al. *****J Clin Oncol.***** 2003;21:1307-1312; ****4****Hitt R, et al. *****Ann Oncol.***** 2002;13:1665-1673; ****5****Schiller JH, et al. *****N Engl J Med***** 2002;346:92-98; ****6**** Vogelzang N, et al. *****Semin Hematol.***** 1997;34(suppl 2):4–12; ****7****Tandem audit; ****8****Amgen data on file.** ## Aranesp Increases Hemoglobin and Reduces Transfusions ## Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines by ASH/ASCO and NCCN - Confirmed the benefits of anemia treatment regarding transfusion requirements and improvement in HRQOL1-5 - Guidelines provide recommendations regarding: - Hemoglobin target (11 – 12 g/dL)4 - Thresholds for withholding erythropoietic protein therapy - Amgen supports these independent evidence-based guidelines - They are consistent with the US package insert for Aranesp **1****Seidenfeld et al. 2001; ****2****Bohlius. 2003; ****3****Crawford et al. 2002; ****4****Sabbatini et al. 2004; ****5****Rizzo et al. 2001.** ## Clinical Observations - Benefits associated with treatment of anemia **Thrombotic Events Analyses in Oncology** **Epidemiology** **Clinical trials** - Survival Analyses of Aranesp Clinical Trials - Ongoing Aranesp Clinical Trials in Oncology - Amgen-sponsored - Independent-investigator sponsored ## Analysis of Thrombotic Events in Oncology Patients - Thrombotic event terms as defined in approved US product label - Methods: - Analysis of epidemiologic databases - General Practice Research Database (108,000 patient-years) - Medstat Marketscan Database (~7,000 patient years) - Analysis of Amgen clinical trial data - 11 Aranesp oncology trials completed by November 2003 - 1,807 Aranesp and 444 Placebo subjects ## Patients with Cancer Receiving Epoetin alfa and Epoetin beta Have a Higher than Background Risk of Thrombotic Events - Amgen analysis of Medstat Claims Database(1,305 patients) - Adjusted RR1 = 1.40 [95% CI: 0.90-2.16] - Bohlius et al. [2003]2 meta-analysis: 12 controlled trials (1,737 patients) - RR = 1.55 [95% CI: 0.93-2.59] - Does not include BEST or ENHANCE studies - Amgen analysis (Aranesp) - Confirms stable rate since approval - Prior TE history and poor performance status are independent risk factors **1****Adjusted for age, sex, cancer type, and comorbidities** **2****Bohlius, et al. *****Blood*****. 2003;102:203a. Abstract 709. ** ## Clinical Observations - Benefits associated with treatment of anemia - Thrombotic Events Analyses in Oncology - Epidemiology - Clinical trials **Survival Analyses of Aranesp Clinical Trials** - Ongoing Aranesp Clinical Trials in Oncology - Amgen-sponsored - Independent-investigator sponsored ## Survival Analysis in Aranesp Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials in CIA **1****Vansteenkiste J, et al. *****J Natl Cancer Inst. ***** 2002;94:1211-1220. (Study 980297)** **2****Hedenus M, et al. *****Br J Haematol. ***** 2003;122:394-403.**** (Study 20000161)** **3****Hedenus M, et al. *****Br J Haematol. ***** 2002;119:79-86.**** (Study 980291)** **4****Kotasek D, et al. *****Eur J Cancer. ***** 2003;39:2026-2034.**** (Study 990114)** **Studies:**** ****Characteristics:** **Lung cancer****1 ****N = 314**** ****Homogeneous patient population**** **** ****Platinum-based therapy**** **** ****Long-term follow-up** **Lymphoid malignancies****2 ****N = 344**** ****Less homogeneous patient populations**** **** ****Long-term follow-up** **Mixed solid tumor****3 ****N = 405 **** ****Heterogeneous patient population****Lymphoid malignancies****4 ****N = 66**** ****Follow-up (16 weeks)** ## Aranesp Lung Cancer Study **Randomization****N = 314** **Chemotherapy****1** **Aranesp ** **2.25 ****μg/kg/week** **for 12 weeks** **Chemotherapy****1**** ** **Placebo ** **for 12 weeks** _**Endpoint**_ **RBC** **Transfusion** **Long-term** **Follow-up** **for Survival ** **And Progression** **Median follow up time:****16 months** ** **** **** **** **** ****Placebo**** ****Aranesp ** **Number of patients**** ****159**** ****155** **Histology**** ****NSCLC**** ****114 (72%)**** ****108 (70%)**** ****SCLC**** ****45 (28%)**** ****47 (30%)** **1****Platinum-based** **Study 980297** **Hb entry: ********11 g/dL** **Withhold dose: Hb >14g/dL ** ## Progression-free Survival in Lung Cancer Patients **Placebo** **Percent** **20** **40** **60** **80** **100** **Months from 1st Dose** **0** **3** **6** **9** **12** **15** **18** **21** **24** **Subjects at risk:** **Placebo** **Aranesp** **159** **155** **114** **116** **50** **63** **26** **35** **14** **16** **7** **13** **4** **6** **1** **5** **Study 980297** **1****Adjusted for histology** ** ****Total **** ****Events** **Aranesp**** ****155**** ****131** **Placebo**** ****159**** ****145** **Hazard Ratio****1** **0.81 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.03)** **0** **0** **1** ## Overall Survival in Lung Cancer Patients **Placebo** **20** **40** **60** **80** **100** **0** **3** **6** **9** **12** **15** **18** **21** **24** **Subjects at risk:** **Placebo** **Aranesp** **159** **155** **127** **133** **86** **94** **58** **74** **44** **49** **30** **34** **16** **16** **3** **7** ** ****Total **** ****Deaths** **Aranesp**** ****155**** ****100** **Placebo**** ****159**** ****119** **Hazard Ratio****1** **0.78 (95% CI: 0.60, 1.01)** **Percent** **Months from 1st Dose** **0** **0** **1** **Study 980297** **1****Adjusted for histology** ## Aranesp Lymphoid Malignancy Study **Median follow-up time:****27 months** ** **** ****Placebo**** ****Aranesp** **Number of patients**** ****169**** ****175**** ****NHL**** ****45 (27%)**** ****39 (22%)**** ****HD**** ****9 (5%)**** ****12 (7%)**** ****CLL**** ****26 (15%)**** ****29 (17%)**** ****MM**** ****83 (49%)**** ****90 (51%)**** ****Waldenstrom’s **** ****6 (4%)**** ****5 (3%)**** ** **Randomization****N = 344** **Chemotherapy**** ****+** **Aranesp ** **2.25 ****μg/kg/week** **for 12 weeks** **Chemotherapy**** ****+****Placebo ** **for 12 weeks** _**Endpoint**_ **RBC** **Transfusion** **Long-term** **Follow-up** **for Survival ** **And Progression** **Study 20000161** **Hb entry: ********11 g/dL** **Withhold dose: Hb >14g/dL ** ## Aranesp Lymphoid Malignancy Study: Baseline Characteristics ** **** ****Placebo**** ****Aranesp**** **** ****N = 169**** ****N = 175**** **** ****n (%)**** ****n (%)** **Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma**** ****45 (27)**** ****39 (22)**** **** ****Indolent**** **** 29 (64)**** **** 20 (51)**** ****Aggressive**** **** 16 (36)**** **** 17 (44)** **International Prognostic Index**** **** ****0 – 2**** **** 30 (67)**** **** 22 (56)**** **** ****3 – 5 **** **** 15 (33)**** **** 17 (44)** **Multiple myeloma**** ****83 (49)**** ****90 (51)**** ****Stage I + II**** **** 28 (34)**** **** 36 (40)**** **** ****Stage IIIA + B**** **** 55 (66)**** **** 54 (60)** **Chronic lymphocytic leukemia **** ****26 (15)**** ****29 (17)**** ****Stage A + B**** **** 14 (54)**** **** 11 (34)**** ****Stage C**** **** 11 (42)**** **** 17 (59)** **Study 20000161** ## Progression-free Survival in Patients with Lymphoid Malignancies **Study 20000161** **1****Adjusted for disease type, stage and IPI score** **Aranesp** **Placebo** **Percent** **20** **40** **60** **80** **100** **Months from 1st Dose** **0** **3** **6** **9** **12** **15** **18** **21** **24** **Subjects at risk:** **Placebo** **Aranesp** **169** **175** **150** **146** **119** **125** **104** **109** **96** **100** **85** **85** **71** **72** **63** **60** ** ****Total **** ****Events** **Aranesp**** ****175**** ****120** **Placebo**** ****169**** ****113** **Hazard Ratio****1** **1.11 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.44)** **0** **49** **43** ## Overall Survival in Patients withLymphoid Malignancies - Overall Survival in Patients withLymphoid Malignancies **Placebo** **20** **40** **60** **80** **100** **0** **3** **6** **9** **12** **15** **18** **21** **24** **Subjects at risk:** **Placebo** **Aranesp** **169** **175** **160** **162** **146** **150** **135** **136** **132** **126** **124** **122** **116** **117** **113** **101** ** ****Total **** ****Deaths** **Aranesp**** ****175**** ****80** **Placebo**** ****169**** ****61** **Hazard Ratio****1** **1.33 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.86)** **Percent** **Months from 1st Dose** **0** **Study 20000161** **1****Adjusted for disease type, stage and IPI score** **93** **76** ## Pooled Analysis of Four Amgen Completed Trials Concerning Tumor Progression and Survival - Number of Patients Tumor Type - 314 Lung cancer 410 Lymphoid cancer 405 Mixed Solid Tumor - 1,129 - (708 Aranesp, 421 Placebo) - 933 Patient-years of follow-up ## Progression-free Survival in Four Pooled1 Placebo Controlled Trials – 16 Week Data **Percent** **80** **85** **90** **95** **100** **Weeks After 1st Dose** **0** **4** **8** **12** **16** **Subjects at risk:** **Placebo** **Aranesp** **421** **708** **405** **680** **372** **642** **349** **572** **Hazard Ratio****2** **1.02 (95% CI: 0.78, 1.33)** **1****Studies 980297, 20000161, 980291, 990114** **2****Adjusted for study, disease type, stage and IPI score** **0** **252** **313** ## Overall Survival in Four Pooled1 Placebo Controlled Trials – 16 Week Data **80** **85** **90** **95** **100** **Weeks After 1st Dose** **0** **4** **8** **12** **16** **Subjects at risk:** **Placebo** **Aranesp** **421** **708** **411** **687** **387** **660** **368** **600** **294** **358** **Hazard Ratio****2** **1.02 (95% CI: 0.67, 1.54)** **0** **Percent** **1****Studies 980297, 20000161, 980291, 990114** **2****Adjusted for study, disease type, stage and IPI score** ## Pooled1 Analyses: Progression-free Survival Hazard Ratios Associated with Aranesp (A) vs Placebo (P) by Tumor Type **1****Studies 980297, 20000161, 980291, 990114** **Hazard Ratio (95% CI)** **0.1** **1.0** **10** **Ovarian ****(A = 11/49, P = 3/12)** **Breast ****(A = 16/94, P = 6/23)** **GI Other ****(A = 15/54, P = 4/13)** **SCLC ****(A = 40/60, P = 42/47)** **NSCLC ****(A = 99/146, P = 109/130)** **Lymphoma ****(A = 29/70, P = 32/60)** **Myeloma ****(A = 66/105, P = 57/86)** **CLL ****(A = 26/39, P = 22/28)** **Other ****(A = 23/91, P = 5/22)** **Overall ****(A = 325/708, P = 280/421)** ## No Negative Impact on Progression or Survival Outcomes with Hb 13 g/dL or 1 g/dL in 14 Days **Pooled analyses of Aranesp trials; ****Studies 980297, 20000161, 980291, 990114;****Models stratified by study; adjusted for treatment therapy and baseline Hb value;** **Hb increase and Hb target were time-dependent covariates; Hb values within 28 days ****of a transfusion are excluded.** ** **** ****Hazard**** ****Endpoint**** ****ratio**** ****95% CI** ******1 g/dL Hb **** ****Progression-****increase in 14 days**** ****free Survival**** ****0.51**** ****0.42, 0.62** ** ****Survival**** ****0.43**** ****0.34, 0.56** **Achieved Hb of **** ****Progression-********13 g/dL**** ****free Survival**** ****0.66**** ****0.51, 0.84** ** ****Survival**** ****0.56**** ****0.40, 0.79** **(857/1129)** **(272/1129)** ## Summary of Safety Experience with Aranesp® - Thrombotic event rate is appropriately represented in the Aranesp prescribing information - No effect on tumor progression or survival has been observed in Aranesp oncology clinical trials - Safety profile of Aranesp remains unchanged and excellent since its approval for oncology and nephrology indications - Benefit / Risk of Aranesp remains favorable ## Clinical Observations - Benefits associated with treatment of anemia - Thrombotic Events Analyses in Oncology - Epidemiology - Clinical trials - Survival Analyses of Aranesp Clinical Trials **Ongoing Aranesp Clinical Trials in Oncology** **Amgen-sponsored** **Independent-investigator sponsored** ## Rationale for the Investigation of Anemia Treatment on Tumor Progression and Survival - Well-established association between anemia and decreased survival in multiple malignancies - Overall increase in mortality risk: RR = 1.65 (1.54, 1.77)1 - Pre-clinical correlations between anemia, tumor oxygenation, tumor response and survival in the setting of radiotherapy2-4 - Trends toward improved survival in some chemotherapy induced anemia trials in oncology - Observed with Aranesp in SCLC [RR = 0.62 (0.38,1.01)]5 - Cochrane Meta-analysis with epoetin alfa and beta also suggest a benefit [RR = 0.80 (0.65, 1.00)]6 **1 ****Caro et al. *****Cancer.***** 2001;91:2214; ****2 ****Grogan M, et al. *****Cancer*****. 1999;86:1528–1536;**** ** **3 ****Overgaard J. *****Sem. Rad. Oncol.***** 1996;6:10-21;**** ****4**** ****Glaser CM. *****Int.J.Radiat.Oncol.Biol.Phys. *****2001;50:705-715;**** ****5**** ****Vansteenkiste J, et al. *****J NCI ***** 2002;94:1211-1220;**** ****6**** Bohlius et al, *****Blood.***** 2003;102:203a, abs 709.** ## Amgen-Sponsored and Investigator-Initiated Studies of Aranesp in Oncology - Purpose: - Testing hypothesis of potential Aranesp survival benefit for multiple oncology settings - Process: - All Aranesp oncology studies worldwide reviewed - Hemoglobin baseline, target, dosing algorithms - Safety monitoring - Design appropriateness for survival assessment - Outcome: - Five large randomized, controlled trials comprise a survival focused clinical development program - One Amgen sponsored - Four investigator initiated, independently conducted, cooperative group trials ## Ongoing Survival Clinical Trials Program: Design Elements - Randomized, controlled - Aranesp vs. placebo (double-blind) or Aranesp vs. no epoetin (open-label) - Aranesp administration during chemotherapy or radiotherapy - Progression and survival endpoints - Safety endpoints monitored including thrombotic and cardiovascular events - Homogeneous populations - Stratification for prognostic variables - Long-term follow-up ## Ongoing Survival Clinical Trials Program: Sample Size and Tumor Type - Patient Population - Follow-up: over 9,000 patient-years ** ****# of Patients**** ****Tumor Type**** ** - 1,720 Breast cancer (2 trials) 600 Head and neck cancer 600 Lymphoma 600 Small-cell lung cancer - 3,520 ## Amgen Small Cell Lung Cancer Study **Randomization****Double-blind****N = 600** **Cis/Carboplatin +****Etoposide + Aranesp** _**Endpoint**_ **Survival ** **Follow-up** **Study endpoints:** **Survival** **Change in Hb** **FACT-F** **Cis/Carboplatin +****Etoposide + Placebo** **Hb entry: 9 - 13 g/dL** **Withhold dose: Hb >14g/dL ** ## AGO Breast Cancer StudyDr. M. Untch et al. **Randomization****N = 720** **Sequential****Therapy****(EC********T)** **Sequential****Dose-intensified****Therapy****(E********T********CMF)** _**Endpoint**_ **Relapse-free****and ****Overall****Survival** **Follow-up** **Aranesp** **Supportive****care** **Aranesp** - S u r g e r y **Study endpoints:** **Relapse-free and overall survival** **Complete pathological response** **Quality of life** **E = epirubicin** **C = cyclophosphamide** **T = paclitaxel** **M = methotrexate** **F = flourouracil** **Withhold dose: Hb >14g/dL ** **Supportive****care** ## WSG Adjuvant Breast Cancer StudyDr. U. Nitz et al. **Randomization** **N = 1000** **CEF or TAC****+ radiotherapy****+ Aranesp** **CEF or TAC ****+ radiotherapy only** _**Endpoint**_ **Relapse-free****Survival** **Follow-up** **CEF = cyclophosphamide/epirubicin/5-floururacil** **TAC = taxotere/Adriamycin/cyclophosphamide** **Study Endpoints:** **Relapse-free survival** **Overall survival** **Hemoglobin response** **Cognitive function** **Surgery** **Hb entry: ********13.5 g/dL** **Withhold dose: Hb >14g/dL ** ## GELA Diffuse Large Cell Lymphoma StudyDr. R. Delarue, Dr. A. Bosley et al. **Randomization****N = 600** **R-CHOP-14** **R-CHOP-21** _**Endpoint**_ **Relapse-free****survival** **Follow-up** **Aranesp** **Aranesp** **Study endpoints:** **Relapse-free survival** **Overall survival** **Disease-free survival** **Response rate** **Hb entry: ********13 g/dL** **Withhold dose: Hb >14 g/dL ** **Supportive****care** **Supportive****care** ## DAHANCA Head and Neck Cancer StudyDr. J. Overgaard et al. **Randomization** **N = 600** **Radiotherapy****+ Aranesp** **Radiotherapy****alone** _**Endpoint**_ **Local-Regional****Control** **Follow-up** **Study endpoints:** **Local-regional control (T+N)** **Overall survival** **Hemoglobin response** **Hb entry: ********13 g/dL** **Withhold dose: Hb >15 g/dL ** ## Amgen-Sponsored Trial and Independent-Investigator Trials ** **** ****Accrual**** **** ****Detectable ****Sponsor/**** ****Tumor**** ****through**** ****Projected**** ****Differences****Investigator**** ****type**** ****April ‘04**** ****Control**** ****(80% power)** **GELA/**** **** **** ****R. Delarue, **** ****NHL**** ****22/600**** ****62% at**** ****A. Bosley**** **** **** ****3 years**** ****11%**** ** **AGO/**** ****Neo-adjuvant**** **** ****80% at**** ****M.Untch**** ****Breast**** ****400/720**** ****5 years**** ****10%** **WSG/**** ****Adjuvant**** ****12/1000**** ****75% at**** ****U. Nitz**** ****Breast**** **** ****5 years**** ****7%**** ** **DAHANCA/**** ****Head/Neck**** ****260/600**** ****60% at**** ****J. Overgaard**** **** **** ****5 years**** ****11%**** ** **Amgen**** ****SCLC**** ****213/600**** ****50% at**** **** **** **** **** ****9 months**** ****11%**** ** **Overall Survival ** ## Amgen-Sponsored and Investigator-Initiated Trials **0** **10** **20** **30** **40** **50** **60** **70** **80** **90** **100** **GELA** **AGO** **WSG** **DAHANCA** **Amgen** **1.0** **1.1** **1.2** **1.3** **1.4** **1.5** **Power** **Hazard Ratio** ## Amgen-Sponsored and Investigator-Initiated Trials: Patient Experience **2003** **2005** **2007** **2009** **2011** **1000** **2000** **3000** **4000** **5000** **6000** **7000** **8000** **9000** **0** **Projected Patients** **Projected Cumulative****Patient-years of Follow-up** ## Amgen-Sponsored and Investigator-Initiated Trials **0** **10** **20** **30** **40** **50** **60** **70** **80** **90** **100** **1.0** **1.1** **1.2** **1.3** **1.4** **1.5** **Power** **Hazard Ratio** **A meta-analysis with ****results from all ****five trials has 80% power ****to detect a hazard ratio ****of 1.15 or greater ** **BEST Survival HR = 1.31** **ENHANCE Survival HR = 1.39** ## Strengths of the Ongoing Aranesp Clinical Trials Program - Design elements involve either double-blind, placebo-controlled or Aranesp vs. no epoetin with pre-defined survival or tumor progression endpoints - Ongoing trials across multiple tumor types - 1700 breast cancer (2 studies) - 600 head and neck cancer - Cumulative meta-analyses of 3500 patients will provide assessment over time of tumor progression and survival - Over 900 patients accrued to date - Studies include appropriate safety monitoring, including collection of thrombotic events - Head and neck study interim performed at 260 patients - AGO breast cancer trial incorporates tissue collection ## Conclusions - After detailed review of Aranesp pre-clinical and clinical experience, no significant survival or tumor progression signal observed - Benefits from treatment of CIA with Aranesp are well-established - Thrombotic event rate remains consistent with label - Substantial clinical trials program in place to further investigate survival outcomes ## Aranesp® (darbepoetin alfa) Therapy for Oncology Patients **Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee****May 4, 2004** ## TREAT: Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events with Aranesp Therapy **Aranesp Group (Target hemoglobin 13 g/dL)** **Placebo Group** **Study Population** ** ****Hemoglobin ******** 11 g/dL** ** ****GFR 20-60 mL/min/1.73m****2** ** ****Type 2 DM** **N = 2000** **N = 2000** **Enrollment ******** 1.5 years** **Follow-up period ******** 2.5 years** **Final Analysis** **Baseline** **Primary Endpoint- Time to the composite event, comprising:** **Mortality** **Non-fatal cardiovascular events: Myocardial infarction, acute myocardial ischemia, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident ** - TREAT: Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events with Aranesp Therapy ## Pooled Oncology Analysis: Potential Interaction between Prior TE and Treatment **% of Subjects ** ** ** **NESP****(N=1807)** ** ** **Placebo****(N=444)** ** ** - No Prior Thrombotic Event - 6% - (97 - / - 1703) - 3% - (11/412) - Prior Thrombotic Event - 13% - (14/104) - 12% - (4/32)

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# Presentation: 237416 - Elden Pueblo - Case Study - Public Archeology **Current Program** **“****It’s not what you find, it’s what you find out”** - Alternate model to “traditional” / NPS interpretation - Hands-On Archeology – visitors discover site on own terms - Focus on personal services – developed program as one on one interpretation of site - Undeveloped - Lack of facilities - No paved trail - Minimal signage - Public Programs - April – October season - 2 public days/month –20-30 people avg, reservations in time blocks - 2 school programs/week – 5th thru 7th graders - Minimal fee for school programs, public days free - Non-personal services - Trail Guide - Signs focus on etiquette and rules and regs - Management relies on partnerships and volunteers **Goals of Education Program** - Define Archeology - Techniques - Research Driven - Interpretation of Past - Experimental Archeology - (garden plots, cinder mulch) - Connect modern tribes to past cultures with explanations of how connections are understood - Build stewardship ethic and connections with Flagstaff community - In-class curriculum / preparation - Archeology as recreation – interactive and experiential **Management Issues** - Highway and nearby neighborhoods - Access – Road signs (lack of), safety issues - (but inability to find may aid preservation) - Not staffed – Potential for vandalism - ADA accessible? - Environmental Impacts - Erosion - Vegetated – unnatural fuel load, - non-native plants - Bark beetle kill - Inadequate USFS monetary support - Rely on cooperative groups/agencies - No long-term security for program - LE presence? **Project Team Management** - Project Team: - Project Director – Peter Pilles - Program Mgr – Grad Student - Crew Chief and Volunteers - Driven by Peter Pilles – Passion! - Only professional archeologist managing the site - Anti-bureaucratic - “Just do it” attitude - - Works within the system - Solicits input from Hopi - informal **Role of Team & Success on Interpretation Planning** - Does not use team approach now - Used in earlier stages of planning? - Very successful at interpretation - Passion - Experience - Focused - Personality - Support from management - Ad Hoc Advisory Board Disbanded **Critique of Current Programs & Recommendations** - Signs? Do we need more? Should we change the current signs? - All current signs are rules/regulations - Replace with more interpretive message regarding site etiquette - (ie. why not walk on walls) - Standardize signs - Consider introduction/orientation sign in parking lot - 65 rooms, Sinagua, site data, Hopi ancestral site - importance of public archeology at the site - public event dates - Maintain undeveloped feel of site – opportunity for self-discovery - Public programs effective – connection with community - Publish results – professional and public oriented - Consider thinning vegetation **Brochure Suggestions** ** “****Stories of Elden Pueblo”** - Sinagua Inhabitants - Hopi Ties/ Oral Traditions - Fewkes and Early Archeology – start of public archeology - Modern Archeology Techniques – Experiential Education, Accessible Archeology - Flagstaff’s Heritage – Place of Science - Preservation for the future **Recommendations for Future Interpretation** - Train replacement for Peter - Look to coordinating groups as interest/availability of USFS archeologist not guaranteed - Consider re-establishing Advisory Group for continuity - Clear mandate to group - How does the program continue hands-on experience as areas appropriate for excavation are eliminated - “Replicated” excavations - Switch to more artifact processing - Non-invasive techniques of site investigation (resistivity survey, - ground-penetrating radar) - Excavation of agricultural areas - Stabilization projects - Consider excavation of historic trading post - Interpret site without hands-on experience with an explanation of - why excavations stopped - Consider partnering with NPS and other agencies for cyclic maintenance of the ruin

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> INTERAGENCY WILDLAND FIREFIGHTER MEDICAL QUALIFICATIONS STANDARDS > WAIVER/ACCOMMODATION PROCESS 5 CFR Part 339 Medical Qualification Determinations requires agencies to "...waive a medical standard or physical requirement ... when there is sufficient evidence that an applicant or employee, with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential duties of the position without endangering the health and safety of the individual or others." The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, prohibits employment discrimination against people with disabilities and requires employers to provide "reasonable accommodation" to employees with disabilities. However, a waiver, waiver with restriction(s), or waiver with accommodation(s) is not automatic, and may not be afforded though local management or the firefighter may appear to have presented relevant employment history. Granting a waiver, waiver with restriction(s), or waiver with accommodation(s) confirms that the medically disqualified firefighter can perform the full range of functions including those functions which may be rarely if every required to perform. The ability to perform the full range of functions quantifies the Agency's expectation that the firefighter can perform the full range of duties at any time and at any place, maintaining continuity of operations at all times. Acute or chronic, permanent or ongoing, medical concerns not meeting the Interagency medical qualification standards preclude the Agency from utilizing all available resources to accomplish the mission. Until management reaches an informed, individualized, fact based, case by case decision and the waiver/accommodation process ends, the firefighter is restricted from continuing or participating in arduous duty. This restriction is mandatory as the requirements of the job may aggravate, exacerbate, accelerate, or permanently worse the disease process which affects the safety of the individual. The probability of sudden incapacitation or inability to mitigate the hazards inherent with the medical concern, pose a danger to self and threaten the safety of others. The Interagency Wildland Firefighter Medical Qualification Standards Program (MSP) developed a two level waiver/accommodation process based on 5 CFR Part 339. The purpose of a two level waiver/accommodation process is to provide the applicant/incumbent the opportunity to request a higher level review should the results of their 1^st^ level waiver/accommodation request be nonconcurrence or a decision of No Waiver. Additional information on the MSP and waiver/accommodation process is found at: <http://www.nifc.gov/medical_standards/index.htm> **The Waiver/Accommodation process provides the applicant/incumbent\* an opportunity to request a:** ***Waiver -*** (waives the requirement to meet a medical standard) when there is sufficient evidence that the applicant/incumbent can perform the essential functions of the job safely and efficiently, without endangering the health and safety of the individual or others.); or, ***Waiver with Restriction(s)*** - same definition as a **w*aiver***; however a waiver with restriction(s) also place specific restriction(s) on the applicant/incumbent when performing arduous duties and/or prohibit(s) the performance of a specific duty/duties); or, ***Waiver with Accommodation(s)*** - (applicant/incumbent who meets the definition of a qualified individual with a disability can request "reasonable accommodation"). Reasonable accommodation is defined as any change or adjustment to a job or work environment that permits a qualified individual with a disability to perform the essential functions of the position without endangering the health and safety of the individual or others. *\* And an AD/EFF **IF** their Agency makes a determination the position they would occupy is "mission critical".* NOTE: Applicant/incumbent should carefully consider whether to request a waiver, a waiver with restriction(s), or a waiver with accommodation(s) as 5CFR339 does not allow an opportunity to change from one type of request to another once the DRAFT waiver, waiver with restriction(s), or waiver with accommodation(s) memo is forwarded for a decision at the 1^st^ level of the waiver/accommodation process. *For example, an applicant submits a request for a waiver with restriction at the 1^st^ level and received a nonconcurrence decision; the applicants request at the 2^nd^ level must also be for a waiver with restriction(s).* **Waiver/Accommodation Process - (1st level)** 1) Comprehensive Health Services (CHS) Central Medical Consultant (CMC) determines the applicant/incumbent does not meet a medical standard; sends the non-clearance letter to the MSP Staff. 2) MSP Staff obtains signed confidentiality agreement from the SHRO/FMO contacts listed on the CHS non-clearance letter. *(Note: If confidentiality agreement is already on file MSP Staff moves to next step.)* 3) MSP Staff sends email to SHRO (cc to FMO); includes copy of CHS non-clearance letter and information on notifying applicant/incumbent of opportunity to request waiver/accommodation. 4) SHRO prepares the non-clearance notification/opportunity to request waiver/accommodation memo and sends to applicant/incumbent (cc to FMO). 5) Applicant/incumbent receives memo and notifies SHRO (within 5 days for GS/WG temporary or 30 days for Perm/CS/Term) they are requesting a waiver, a waiver with restriction(s), or a waiver with accommodation(s). Applicant/incumbent provides SHRO with supporting documentation on their current mitigation methods, qualifications/experience/training/performance, supporting statements, etc. *IF applicant/incumbent decides not to request waiver/accommodation they notify SHRO, SHRO notifies MSP Staff, and the waiver/accommodation process terminates.* 6) SHRO/FMO review/analyze applicant/incumbent request for a waiver, waiver with restriction(s), or waiver with accommodation(s) and the supporting documentation. If request/information is sufficient SHRO/FMO develops a DRAFT waiver/accommodation memo with input from the applicant/incumbent. *If insufficient, SHRO/FMO request additional information/supporting documentation from applicant/incumbent. If SHRO/FMO does not support the request for waiver/accommodation, "No Waiver," the SHRO will forward their decision to the MSP Fire Management Specialist (DRAFT memo not sent to MSP Fire Management Specialist). SHRO notifies applicant/incumbent in writing of opportunity to appeal to the IMRB (2^nd^ level).* 7) SHRO forwards DRAFT waiver/accommodation memo (***via email***) to MSP Fire Management Specialist. 8) MSP Fire Management Specialist coordinates the review and concurrence/nonconcurrence decision with the designated Agency representative. 9) MSP Fire Management Specialist sends decision via email to SHRO (concurrence on DRAFT as written, concurrence on DRAFT with proposed revision(s), or non-concurrence). ```{=html}  ``` a) If concurrence of DRAFT as written; SHRO finalizes memo and obtains signatures (SHRO and applicant/incumbent); b) If concurrence on DRAFT with proposed revision(s); SHRO shares/discusses revision(s) with FMO and applicant/incumbent. If FMO and applicant/incumbent accept revision(s), SHRO finalizes memo and obtains signatures (SHRO and applicant/incumbent). If FMO and applicant/incumbent don't accept revision(s), move to step *9) c)*; c) If nonconcurrence of DRAFT as written, SHRO notifies applicant/incumbent in writing (*Denial of Waiver/Accommodation memo),* with a cc to FMO and MSP Manager. ***See 2nd level waiver/accommodation process (IMRB) for additional information.*** ```{=html}  ``` 10) SHRO faxes copy of signed waiver/accommodation memo to MSP Staff, files original in applicant/incumbent Official Personnel Folder as a condition of employment. 11) MSP Staff sends email to CHS (cc to SHRO) to change applicant/incumbent clearance in CAS. 12) CHS changes applicant/incumbent clearance in CAS. Interagency Medical Review Board (IMRB) > The IMRB is scheduled by the Federal Fire and Aviation Safety Team > (FFAST) to meet three times per fiscal year (the 1st Wednesday in > October, February, & June). The IMRB is responsible for completing a > higher-level agency review for an applicant/incumbent who received a > nonconcurrence or No Waiver decision at the 1^st^ level of the > waiver/accommodation process. > > The IMRB is responsible for considering all information provide by the > applicant/incumbent in addition to following an established criteria > that considers the following: 1) medical disqualification issue(s); 2) qualifications, experience, and training; 3) significant threshold shifts; 4) stability of medical disqualification issue; 5) conditions of employment; 6) physical limitation(s); 7) body stature and PPE; and/or 8) ADA determinations. > After the review, the IMRB provides a sound > **[recommendation(s)]{.underline}** to the applicant's/employee's > Agency management. Agency management (determined by Agency) issues the > final waiver/accommodation decision memo to applicant/incumbent. > > The IMRB is made up of voting members and non-voting subject matter > experts as follows: - IMRB Chair -- MSP Manager (Non-voting) - FFFAST Representatives or alternate (Voting) - DOI Occupational Safety & Health Program Fire Management Specialist (Voting) - IMRB Independent Medical Evaluation (IME) from Federal Occupational Health physician (Non-voting subject matter expert) - OPM Attorney (Non-voting subject matter expert on medical qualification determinations) - NIFC Employee Relations Specialist/FS Agency Representative (Non-voting subject matter expert in employee relations) - National/Regional SHRO (Non-voting subject matter expert) - Union Representative (Non-voting observer when requested by WLFF included in a bargaining unit) - MSP Fire Management Specialist (Non-voting) - Recorder -- MSP Deputy Program Manager (Non-voting) IMRB Process - (2nd level waiver/accommodation process) 1) If nonconcurrence of DRAFT memo as written or No Waiver decision at the 1^st^ level by FMO/SHRO, the SHRO notifies applicant/incumbent in writing (*Denial of Waiver/Accommodation memo),* with a cc to FMO and MSP Manager. 2) Applicant/incumbent notifies MSP Manager (within 5 days for GS/WG temporary or 30 days for Perm/CS/Term) requesting a higher level review by the IMRB and provides any additional supporting documentation on their qualifications/experience/training/performance, current mitigation methods, supporting information/statements, etc. *IF applicant/incumbent decides to not request a higher level review (or an extension) during the given timeframes, the SHRO notifies the MSP Manager, and the waiver/accommodation process is terminated.* 3) MSP Staff schedules applicant/incumbent request for an IMRB. 4) MSP Staff obtains a copy of the applicant/incumbent medical file from CHS. 5) MSP Staff obtains a copy of the applicant/incumbent 1st level waiver/accommodation file from the SHRO. 6) MSP Staff copies all information and sends a copy of the entire IMRB file to the IME physician. 7) IME physician reviews file and prepares an independent medical review on the medical disqualification issue(s) for presentation at the IMRB. 8) MSP Staff copies all information in the IMRB file and sends a copy to the appropriate Agency FFAST Representative and IMRB ER and SHRO subject matter experts. 9) IMRB reviews case and votes to concur/not concur with the applicant/incumbent request for waiver/accommodation. 10) MSP Staff finalizes IMRB case review notes and sends to the appropriate Agency IMRB SHRO subject matter expert. 11) Agency IMRB SHRO subject matter expert advises/assists Agency management official with preparation of IMRB decision memo. 12) IMRB decision memo issued to applicant/incumbent with copy to their next level supervisor and the MSP Manager.

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12 Windows in this < Xronos Window File > 0 Time Wind.: start stop (days) 0 Phase Wind.: epoch period (days)/ start stop (0->1) phases max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 1 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for New Bins in Series 1 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for Intervals in Series 1 : min max (c/s) max 10 1 Exps. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 1 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.00 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for New Bins in Series 1 : min max (0->50) max 1 1.99 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for Intervals in Series 1 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.0 50.0 1 0 Ints. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 2 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for New Bins in Series 2 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for Intervals in Series 2 : min max (c/s) max 10 1 Exps. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 2 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.00 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for New Bins in Series 2 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.00 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for Intervals in Series 2 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.0 50.0 1 0 Ints. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 3 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for New Bins in Series 3 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for Intervals in Series 3 : min max (c/s) max 10 1 Exps. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 3 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.00 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for New Bins in Series 3 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.00 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for Intervals in Series 3 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.0 50.0 1 0 Ints. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 4 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for New Bins in Series 4 : min max (c/s) max 10 0 Ints. Wind. for Intervals in Series 4 : min max (c/s) max 10 1 Exps. Wind. for Orig. Bins in Series 4 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.00 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for New Bins in Series 4 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.00 50.0 1 1 Exps. Wind. for Intervals in Series 4 : min max (0->50) max 1 0.0 50.0 1

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CRUISE SHIP JUL_DAY GREG_DAY PRIN_IN RECOR_BY INST TIME_ZULU STATION GROUP DEG_LAT MIN_LAT LAT_HEMI DEG_LONG MIN_LONG LONG_HEMI SAMP_TYPE DEPTH_ALT DEP_OR_ALT SAMP_NUMB COMMENTS PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1316 930951316 28 46.80 N 90 5.13 W "B04,B05" 20 D SED ARRAY DEPLOYED PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1400 930951400 28 46.68 N 90 5.03 W B02 31 D P04053AA PNF PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1418 930951418 28 46.74 N 90 4.09 W H16 5.5 D SECCHI DISK PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1758 930951758 28 46.67 N 90 5.02 W B02 34 D P04053AC PNF PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1804 930951804 28 46.65 N 90 5.09 W H16 5 D SECCHI DISK PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1941 930951941 28 46.58 N 90 5.03 W "H16,B02,B28,H10" D PE93F00 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2226 930952226 28 45.57 N 90 5.53 W B09 D ZM 001 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2330 930952330 28 44.85 N 90 5.78 W B09 D ZM 002 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1400 930961400 28 45.54 N 90 13.58 W B02 31 D P04063AA PNF PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1406 930961406 28 45.59 N 90 13.65 W H16 4.5 D SECCHI DISK PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1545 930961545 28 45.85 N 90 14.08 W B02 27 D P04063AB PNF PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1550 930961550 28 45.85 N 90 14.08 W H16 4 D SECCHI DISK PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 400 930960400 28 45.00 N 90 0.00 W "H16,H10,B02,B28" D PE93F03 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1745 930961745 28 46.18 N 90 14.48 W "H16,H10,B02,B28" D PE93F04 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 800 930970800 28 46.98 N 90 18.94 W "B04,B05" 20 D SED TRAP ARRAY RECOVERED PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1545 930971545 28 38.50 N 89 49.00 W "B02,B28,H10,H16" D PE93F05 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1603 930971603 28 39.01 N 89 49.28 W B09 D ZM 003 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1701 930971701 28 44.07 N 89 49.16 W B09 D ZM 004 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1705 930971705 28 44.64 N 89 49.15 W B09 D PE93V03 OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER TAPE 3 PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1711 930971711 28 45.00 N 89 49.00 W "B02,B28,H10,H16" D PE93F06 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1801 930971801 28 49.81 N 89 49.01 W B09 D ZM 005 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1901 930971901 28 53.92 N 89 49.24 W B09 D ZM 006 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1959 930971959 28 58.12 N 89 49.80 W B09 D PE93V04 OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER TAPE 5 PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2005 930972005 28 58.65 N 89 49.79 W B09 D ZM 007 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2113 930972113 29 3.87 N 89 49.56 W B09 D ZM 008 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2202 930972202 29 8.11 N 89 49.11 W B09 D PE93V05 OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER TAPE 5 PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2203 930972203 29 9.02 N 89 49.11 W B09 D ZM 009 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 2219 930972219 29 9.02 N 89 30.00 W B09 D ZM 010 ZOOPLANKTON 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V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 231 930980231 29 0.00 N 89 30.07 W B09 D PE93V09 OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER TAPE 9 PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 400 930980400 28 55.21 N 89 30.15 W B09 D ZM 015 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 431 930980431 28 52.23 N 89 30.33 W B09 D PE93V10 OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER TAPE 10 PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 500 930980500 28 50.45 N 89 30.18 W B09 D ZM 016 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 600 930980600 28 45.93 N 89 29.91 W B09 D ZM 017 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 658 930980658 28 41.87 N 89 30.77 W B09 D PE93V11 OOPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER TAPE 11 PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 704 930980704 28 41.90 N 89 31.10 W B09 D ZM 018 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 807 930980807 28 44.32 N 89 34.96 W B09 D ZM 019 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 900 930980900 28 48.90 N 89 35.25 W B09 D ZM 020 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 902 930980902 28 49.55 N 89 35.52 W B09 D PE93V12 OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER TAPE 12 PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1002 930981002 28 54.50 N 89 35.78 W B09 D ZM 021 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1104 930981104 28 59.56 N 89 35.15 W B09 D ZM 022 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER (RDC) AOML 1127 930981127 29 0.90 N 89 35.00 W B09 D ZM 023 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1356 930931356 28 51.08 N 91 16.05 W "H10,H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" "8,4,0" D 1 "CTD #1, NUTS, CHL, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1533 930931533 28 55.28 N 91 20.84 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1601 930931601 28 57.09 N 91 22.16 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1630 930931630 28 54.23 N 91 23.65 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1700 930931700 28 9.03 N 91 25.06 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1730 930931730 28 3.13 N 91 26.31 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1800 930931800 28 5.71 N 91 28.31 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1830 930931830 29 8.79 N 91 30.67 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1900 930931900 29 10.97 N 91 23.02 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1930 930931930 29 11.06 N 91 35.26 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2000 930932000 29 10.97 N 91 38.41 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2030 930932030 29 10.88 N 91 41.70 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2100 930932100 29 10.79 N 91 45.19 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2130 930932130 29 10.69 N 91 48.30 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2200 930932200 29 10.82 N 91 51.59 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2230 930932230 29 10.96 N 91 54.88 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2300 930932300 29 10.94 N 91 57.34 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2325 930932325 29 11.00 N 92 0.01 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "MIDAS NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 93 4/3/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2333 930932333 29 11.00 N 92 0.00 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "7,4,0" D 2 "CTD 2, NUTS, CHL, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 0 930940000 29 10.22 N 92 0.82 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 30 930940030 29 8.07 N 92 0.54 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 100 930940100 29 5.61 N 92 0.18 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 130 930940130 29 3.25 N 91 59.99 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 140 930940140 29 3.04 N 91 59.93 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "16,10,5,0" D 3 "CTD 3, NUTS, CHL, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 300 930940300 29 2.35 N 91 57.72 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 330 930940330 29 2.08 N 91 56.27 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 400 930940400 29 1.19 N 91 53.71 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 430 930940430 29 0.05 N 91 50.87 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 500 930940500 28 59.11 N 91 48.19 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 530 930940530 28 57.90 N 91 45.25 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 600 930940600 28 56.76 N 91 42.45 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 630 930940630 28 55.61 N 91 39.50 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 700 930940700 28 54.38 N 91 36.44 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 730 930940730 28 53.45 N 91 33.81 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 800 930940800 28 52.34 N 91 30.61 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "NUTS, CHL FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 811 930940811 28 51.89 N 91 29.93 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "17,10,5,0" D 4 "CTD 4, CHL, NUTS, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 836 930940836 28 51.66 N 91 28.90 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 900 930940900 28 50.81 N 91 26.39 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 930 930940930 28 49.95 N 91 23.88 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1000 930941000 28 48.23 N 91 21.69 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1030 930941030 28 47.09 N 91 19.31 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1100 930941100 28 46.33 N 91 17.33 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1130 930941130 28 45.85 N 91 15.20 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1200 930941200 28 45.56 N 91 13.30 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1230 930941230 28 46.26 N 91 11.10 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1300 930941300 28 44.60 N 91 9.04 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1330 930941330 28 43.86 N 91 6.93 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1400 930941400 28 42.96 N 91 4.51 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1430 930941430 28 42.15 N 91 2.53 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1500 930941500 28 41.30 N 91 0.09 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 94 4/4/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1515 930941515 28 40.95 N 91 0.03 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "12,8,4,0" D 5 "CTD 5, NUTS, CHL, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 826 930950826 28 46.83 N 90 5.10 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "32,15,5,0" D 6 "CTD 6, NUTS, CHL, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1335 930951335 28 46.83 N 90 5.15 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "35,30,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 7 "CTD 7, NUTS, CHL, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1609 930951609 28 46.78 N 90 5.16 W "B08,B04" "7,0" D 8 "CTD 8, MICRO GRAZING" PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1738 930951738 28 46.68 N 90 5.53 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "35,30,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 9 "CTD 9, CHL, NUTS, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2316 930952316 28 44.85 N 90 5.84 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "35,30,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 10 "CTD 10, CHL, NUTS, DO" PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1645 930951645 28 0.00 N 90 0.00 W B09 35 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 315 930960315 28 43.88 N 90 8.12 W B09 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 330 930960330 28 43.88 N 90 8.12 W B09 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 455 930960455 28 43.84 N 90 8.97 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "35,30,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 11 "CTD 11, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 922 930960922 28 44.32 N 90 11.80 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "22,15,7,0" D 12 "CTD 12, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1315 930961315 28 45.55 N 90 13.45 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "29,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 13 "CTD 13, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1715 930961715 28 45.93 N 90 14.40 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "28,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 14 "CTD 14, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1828 930961828 28 46.40 N 90 14.29 W B09 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2304 930962304 28 46.43 N 90 14.43 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "26,20,15,10,5,0" D 15 "CTD 15, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 359 930970359 28 46.29 N 90 17.67 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "22,15,10,5,0" D 16 "CTD 16, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 910 930970910 28 46.98 N 90 18.78 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" "20,15,10,5,0" D 17 "CTD 17, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1502 930971502 28 37.10 N 89 48.99 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "150,100,75,50,30,20,10,0" D 18 "CTD 18, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1633 930971633 28 41.54 N 89 49.22 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1700 930971700 28 44.07 N 89 49.16 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1730 930971730 28 46.94 N 89 49.09 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1800 930971800 28 49.81 N 89 49.01 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1830 930971830 28 51.59 N 89 49.09 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1900 930971900 28 53.45 N 89 49.24 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1925 930971925 28 55.83 N 89 49.49 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2000 930972000 28 58.12 N 89 49.80 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2030 930972030 29 0.74 N 89 49.73 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2100 930972100 29 2.98 N 89 49.62 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2130 930972130 29 5.29 N 89 49.59 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2200 930972200 29 8.06 N 89 49.13 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2222 930972222 29 9.02 N 89 30.00 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" "18,15,10,5,0" D 19 "CTD 19, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2300 930972300 29 8.29 N 89 47.85 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2330 930972330 29 7.21 N 89 45.66 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 0 930980000 29 6.12 N 89 43.46 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 30 930980030 29 4.29 N 89 40.74 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 100 930980100 29 3.71 N 89 38.10 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 130 930980130 29 2.54 N 89 35.46 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 200 930980200 29 1.40 N 89 32.81 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 234 930980234 29 0.00 N 89 30.07 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" "12,8,4,0" D 20 "CTD 20, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 330 930980330 28 56.91 N 89 30.06 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 400 930980400 28 54.59 N 89 30.28 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 430 930980430 28 52.23 N 89 30.33 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 500 930980500 28 49.52 N 89 30.15 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 610 930980610 28 44.89 N 89 29.95 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 635 930980635 28 43.23 N 89 40.00 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 702 930980702 28 41.90 N 89 31.13 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 730 930980730 28 42.06 N 89 33.56 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 800 930980800 28 43.67 N 89 34.97 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 832 930980832 28 46.77 N 89 34.97 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 900 930980900 28 48.90 N 89 35.25 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 930 930980930 28 51.69 N 89 36.01 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1000 930981000 28 54.29 N 89 35.80 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1030 930981030 28 56.78 N 89 35.48 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1100 930981100 28 59.18 N 89 35.22 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1126 930981126 29 0.90 N 89 35.00 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" "12,8,4,0" D 21 "CTD 21, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1313 931001313 28 51.45 N 89 34.53 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" "70,50,40,30,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 22 "CTD 22, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1707 931001707 28 51.37 N 89 35.46 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" "68.2,50,40,30,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 23 "CTD 23, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1850 931001850 28 52.28 N 89 37.72 W B09 50 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1905 931001905 28 52.32 N 89 37.61 W B09 50 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 1953 931001953 28 52.07 N 89 37.39 W 42 D 24 WATER COLLECTION PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2021 931002021 28 52.08 N 89 37.50 W 42 D 25 WATER COLLECTION PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG AMY GORMAN LUMCON 2053 931002053 28 52.05 N 89 37.47 W 42 D 26 WATER COLLECTION PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2115 931002115 28 52.09 N 89 37.59 W 42 D 27 WATER COLLECTION PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 2303 931002303 28 51.66 N 89 37.26 W 42 D 28 ABORTED CTD CAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 7 931010007 28 51.06 N 89 37.03 W "H10,H22,H24,H25,H26" 42 D 29 "RECAST OF ABORTED CTD #28 - NUTS, CHL" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 305 931010305 28 49.58 N 89 37.27 W B09 50 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 315 931010315 28 49.64 N 89 37.42 W B09 50 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 502 931010502 28 49.05 N 89 39.29 W "H10,H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" "65,50,40,30,25,20,15,10,5,0" D 30 "CTD 30, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 931 931010931 28 48.14 N 89 43.77 W "H10,H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" "20.5,10.3,4.2,1.9,2" D 31 "CTD 31, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1004 931011004 28 43.38 N 89 44.72 W "H10,H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" 2.4 D 32 CTD 32 PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1239 931011239 28 48.07 N 89 46.76 W "H10,H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" 2.4 D 33 "CTD 33, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1430 931011430 28 44.02 N 89 44.82 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1500 931011500 28 41.54 N 89 43.57 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1530 931011530 28 38.74 N 89 42.13 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1600 931011600 28 36.19 N 89 41.06 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1633 931011633 28 36.32 N 89 40.53 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02" D "CHL, NUTS FROM MIDAS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1714 931011714 28 28.35 N 89 39.89 W "H22,H24,H25,H26,B02,H10" "300,200,120,100,75,60,50,40,30,20,15,0" D 34 "CTD 34, CHL, NUTS" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1830 931011830 28 29.81 N 89 39.05 W B09 300 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1846 931011846 28 30.33 N 89 38.79 W B09 100 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 MIKE DAGG RORY TOON LUMCON 1850 931011850 28 30.54 N 89 38.74 W B09 100 D NET TOW PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1306 931001306 28 51.46 N 89 34.43 W "B04,B05" "15,25" D SEDIMENT TRAP DEPLOYED PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1405 931001405 28 51.38 N 89 35.23 W B02 50 D P04103AA PNF LIGHT CAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1416 931001416 28 51.37 N 89 35.46 W H16 1 D SECCHI DISK PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1729 931001729 28 52.11 N 89 36.95 W B02 50 D P04103AB PNF LIGHT CAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1736 931001736 28 52.18 N 89 36.98 W H16 1.33 D SECCHI DISK PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 931 931010931 28 48.17 N 89 43.77 W "B01,B02,B80,H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" 65 D 31 "CTD 31, PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, NUTS, CHL, PI, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1004 931011004 28 43.38 N 89 44.72 W "B01,B02,B80,H22,H24,H25,H26,H10" 2.4 D 32 "CTD 31, PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, NUTS, CHL, PI, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1327 931011327 28 48.58 N 89 46.71 W B02 50 D P04113AA PNF LIGHT CAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1333 931011333 28 48.65 N 89 46.87 W H16 1 D SECCHI DISK PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1756 931011756 28 29.44 N 89 39.48 W B02/H16 100/~26 D P04113AB/- PNF/SECCHI DISK PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE ROBIN KREST USM/CMS 1748 931001748 28 52.18 N 89 36.98 W "B02,B28,H10,H16" 50 D PE93F13 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER AOML 205 931010205 28 51.00 N 89 37.00 W "B02,B28,H10,H16" 50 D PE93F14 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER AOML 1318 931011318 28 48.58 N 89 46.80 W "B02,B28,H10,H16" 2 D PE93F15 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER AOML 1418 931011418 28 45.50 N 89 45.50 W B09 2 D ZM25 ZOOPLANKTON FROM MIDAS PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER AOML 1520 931011520 28 39.50 N 89 42.57 W B09 2 D ZM26 ZOOPLANKTON FROM MIDAS PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER AOML 1630 931011630 28 33.65 N 89 39.99 W B09 2 D ZM27 ZOOPLANKTON FROM MIDAS PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER AOML 1909 931011909 28 30.83 N 89 38.39 W "B02,B28,H10,H16" 100 D PE93F16 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 926 930950926 28 46.83 N 90 5.10 W B08 "0,5,15,33" D QD1 PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1335 930951335 28 46.83 N 90 5.15 W B08 "0,5,15,25,35" D QD2 PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1738 930951738 28 46.68 N 90 5.53 W B08 "0,5,15,30" D QD3 PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 2316 930952316 28 45.18 N 90 5.84 W B08 "0,5,15,30" D QD4 PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 455 930960455 28 43.84 N 90 8.97 W B08 "0,5,15,25,30" D QD5 PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 922 930960922 28 44.32 N 90 11.80 W B08 "0,7,15,22" D QD6 PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1715 930961715 28 45.93 N 90 14.40 W B08 "0,5,10,15,20" D QD7 PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 2304 930962304 28 46.43 N 90 14.43 W B08 "0,5,10,15,20" D QD8 PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 359 930970359 28 46.29 N 90 17.67 W B08 "0,5,10,15" D QD9 PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 910 930970910 28 46.98 N 90 18.78 W B08 "0,5,10,15" D QD10 PE930403 R V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 800 930970800 28 46.98 N 90 18.94 W B08 D HYPOXIA SEDIMENT TRAP PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1303 931001303 28 51.45 N 89 34.53 W B08 "0,10,15,20,25" D QD11 PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1707 931001707 28 51.89 N 89 36.90 W B08 "0,10,15,20,25" D QD12 PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 7 931010007 28 51.06 N 89 37.03 W B08 "0,10,15,20,25" D QD13 PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 502 931010502 28 49.05 N 89 39.29 W B08 "0,10,15,20,25" D QD14 PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 931 931010931 28 48.17 N 89 43.77 W B08 "0,4,10,20" D QD15 PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1004 931011004 28 43.38 N 89 44.72 W B08 2.5 D QD15 PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1302 931011302 28 48.58 N 89 46.98 W B08 "15,25" D "MS01,MS02" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 QUAY DORTCH RANDY ROBICHAUX LUMCON 1714 931011714 28 28.35 N 89 39.89 W B08 "0,15,30,50,60,75" D QD16 PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 S. E. LOHRENZ XIAOGANG CHEN USM/CMS 926 930950926 28 46.83 N 90 5.10 W "B01,B03,H90" "0,5,15" D "PI CURVES, SPM, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 S. E. LOHRENZ XIAOGANG CHEN USM/CMS 1738 930951738 28 46.68 N 90 5.53 W "B01,B03,H90" "0,5,15" D "PI CURVES, SPM, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 S. E. LOHRENZ XIAOGANG CHEN USM/CMS 922 930960922 28 44.32 N 90 11.80 W "B01,B03,H90" "0,5,15" D "PI CURVES, SPM, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 S. E. LOHRENZ XIAOGANG CHEN USM/CMS 1313 931001313 28 51.45 N 89 34.53 W "B01,B03,H90" "0,15,25" D "PI CURVES, SPM, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 100 4/10/93 S. E. LOHRENZ XIAOGANG CHEN USM/CMS 1707 931001707 28 51.89 N 89 36.90 W "B01,B03,H90" "0,15,25" D "PI CURVES, SPM, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 S. E. LOHRENZ XIAOGANG CHEN USM/CMS 931 931010931 28 48.17 N 89 43.77 W "B01,B03,H90" "1.7,2.4,4.2" D "PI CURVES, SPM, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 S. E. LOHRENZ XIAOGANG CHEN USM/CMS 1714 931011714 28 28.35 N 89 39.89 W "B01,B03,H90" "0,15,60" D "PI CURVES, SPM, DIC" PE930403 R V PELICAN 101 4/11/93 PETER ORTNER PETER ORTNER AOML 0 0 0.00 N 0 0.00 W D PE930403 R/V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 M. DAGG P. ORTNER AOML 1941 930951941 28 46.58 N 90 5.03 W "B02, B28, H10, H16" 30 D PE93F1/2 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R/V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 M. DAGG P. ORTNER AOML 400 930960400 28 45.00 N 90 0.00 W "B02, B28, H10, H16" 30 D PE93F03 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R/V PELICAN 96 4/6/93 M. DAGG P. ORTNER AOML 1745 930961745 28 46.18 N 90 14.48 W "B02, B28, H10, H16" 25 D PE93F04 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R/V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 M. DAGG P. ORTNER AOML 1545 930971545 28 38.50 N 89 49.00 W "B02, B28, H10, H16" 2 D PE93F05 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R/V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 M. DAGG P. ORTNER AOML 1711 930971711 28 45.00 N 89 49.00 W "B02, B28, H10, H16" 2 D PE93F06 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R/V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 M. DAGG P. ORTNER AOML 2221 930972221 29 9.02 N 89 30.00 W "B02, B28, H10, H16" 2 D PE93F07 VFIN/BEAST PE930403 R/V PELICAN 98 4/8/93 M. DAGG P. ORTNER AOML 1127 930981127 29 0.90 N 89 35.00 W B09 1 D ZM 023 ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLE PE930403 R/V PELICAN 95 4/5/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE "KREST, R." USM/CMS 1316 930951316 28 46.80 N 90 5.13 W "B04, B05" 20 D SEDIMENT ARRAY DEPLOYED PE930403 R/V PELICAN 97 4/7/93 LOHRENZ/REDALJE "KREST, R." USM/CMS 800 930970800 28 46.98 N 90 18.94 W "B04, B05" 20 D SEDIMENT ARRAY RECOVERED

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SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES Forty-one percent (46/113) of respondents recommended action related to public education, including: o Conduct media campaigns at the national, State, and local levels. Use printed materials and television and radio public service announcements, and request that local television and radio talk shows run segments on breastfeeding. o Work toward making breastfeeding the normative mode of infant feeding, through media campaigns, but also by advocating for positive depiction of breastfeeding on television shows, including soap operas and prime time series and movies. o Incorporate information about breastfeeding and human lactation in elementary and secondary school biology, health, and family life curricula. o Target programs for Hispanics, blacks, and low-income women o Designate a breastfeeding month at the national or State level. 26 SUPPORT IN THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM Recommendation: Strengthen the support for breastfeeding in the health care system ACTIVITIES REPORTED The 1984 Surgeon General's workshop recognized that increasing support for breastfeeding in the health care system is crucially important in breastfeeding promotion efforts. The workshop report states: "Support for breastfeeding needs to be conspicuous in primary care, prenatal care, and postpartum care provided in a wide variety of ambulatory care settings as well as labor, delivery, postpartum, and infant care provided in hospital settings" (DHHS 1984, p. 69). Seventy-three percent (83/113) of respondents indicated that they engage in some activities related to this recommendation. Activities reported include developing policies, standards, and protocols; establishing hospital-community liaisons; establishing laws and regulations; and training peer counselors as a way of strengthening support in the health care system. Policies, Standards, and Protocols Sixty-four percent (72/113) of the respondents reported that they promoted coordinated policies and practices to increase support for breastfeeding in the health care system. Activities described include developing prenatal breastfeeding promotion protocols, issuing standards for staff education, and instituting hospital policies regarding breastfed babies (e.g., allowing rooming- in or continuous feeding and prohibiting supplemental feedings). Several examples of such efforts are described below. In 1990 the United States signed a WHO/UNICEF joint statement, the Innocenti Declaration, as one of the participants in the WHO/UNICEF policymakers' meeting on "Breastfeeding in the 1990s: A Global Initiative" (see appendix I, page 106). This meeting, cosponsored by the United States Agency for International Development and the Swedish International Development Authority, was held at the Spedale degli Innocenti in Florence, Italy, from July 30 to August 1, 1990. The declaration describes the current state of breastfeeding promotion worldwide, and outlines goals to be reached by 1995. One of these goals is for governments to ensure "that every facility providing maternity services fully practices all ten of the Ten Steps to Successful Breast-feeding set out in the joint WHO/UNICEF statement Protecting, Promoting, ad Supporting Breast-feeding: The Special Role of Maternity Services. " Two sections of that statement-the Ten Steps to Successful Breast- feeding, and the Checklist for Evaluating the Adequacy of Support for Breast- 27 feeding in Maternity Hospitals, Wards, and Clinics-are reprinted in appendix J, on page 108. The Maternal and Child Health Bureau, DHHS, has allocated funds for 15 maternal and child health improvement SPRANS projects, designed to assist States to develop a continuing State program capacity in breastfeeding promotion. Arkansas, Colorado, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Wisconsin were awarded grants for 3 years beginning in October 1990. Five additional grants were awarded in October 1991, and another five will be awarded in 1992. These projects are implementing a variety of activities, including providing education to professionals and patients, as well as working to enhance support for breastfeeding in the health care system through the adoption of breastfeeding policies, standards, and protocols. In 1990 the National Association of WIC Directors (NAWD) issued Grtidelines for Breastfeenng Promotion in the WIG Program, in order to assist State and local agencies in initiating and/or strengthening existing breastfeeding promotion and support programs. Each of the nine guidelines set forth is accompanied by specific strategies for implementation. (The guidelines are reprinted in appendix H, see page 98). In early 1991, the NAWD Breastfeeding Promotion Committee surveyed State WIC agencies to determine the utilization of the guidelines. The survey showed that 46 out of 59 programs surveyed had implemented activities coordinated with health care programs and professional organizations in 1990, and 47 planned to do so in 1991. In 1988, the Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies coalition conducted a survey of hospital practices related to breastfeeding. The questionnaire included a request form to enable the respondent to obtain an assortment of resources on breastfeeding at no charge. Nearly 900 hospitals responded, and the survey results were analyzed by the Center to Prevent Childhood Malnutrition. In 1989, a followup survey was conducted in order to determine the usefulness of the publications which had been distributed and to assess changes in hospital breastfeeding promotion efforts. Thirty-five percent of the hospitals responding reported that they had organized breastfeeding committees at their institution. The goal of the Arkansas Best Start Breastfeeding Promotion Project (funded through a SPRANS grant from MCHB) is to increase the incidence and duration of breastfeeding throughout the State-particularly among the WIC and MCH clients of the Pulaski Central Health Unit of Pulaski County-by developing and implementing a comprehensive breastfeeding promotion program for low- income women. Hospitals in Pulaski County with maternity services are being surveyed about their breastfeeding practices and policies. Pediatricians, obstetricians, and family practitioners in the area are also being surveyed about their breastfeeding management and patient education practices. This information will then be utilized to determine recommended practices and policies for in-hospital breastfeeding management. Training sessions on the recommended practices and policies will be offered to interested hospital health professionals. There are also plans to review current breastfeeding policies and counseling standards in the State maternity and child health manuals; to draft and review policies related to commitment to breastfeeding; and to provide support and training for all staff in targeted clinics in order to 28 promote and support attitudes and approaches that provide positive reinforcement for breastfeeding families. The Alameda County (California) Infant Feeding Project, an MCHB-funded SPRANS project, worked with low-income minority women from areas with high infant mortality rates who gave birth at a county public hospital. In- hospital and prenatal protocols which promote breastfeeding have been completed, and the project staff are planning ways to find funding for continuing breastfeeding counseling in the hospital. In Florida, the State breastfeeding coordinator worked with the Florida Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies coalition and the Florida Section of NAACOG to develop hospital protocols for breastfeeding. The WIC program has awarded a grant to the Florida HMHB coalition for the development of a training manual to implement the hospital protocols, Model Hospital Policies arui Protocols to Support Breastfeeditq Mothers: Trainitlg Program for Hospital Staf/I Staff from 57 of the 100 hospitals in Florida participated in these training >essions. These facilities account for more than 70 percent of the hospital beds in the State. Participants also included 9 of the 10 target hospitals selected for special attention because they provide care to most of the WIG program patients in the State. Indiana's Breastfeeding Promotion Program, another MCHB-funded SPRANS project, also sought to increase the percentage of infants who are breastfed. A breastfeeding advisory council met quarterly to guide this project, and three working subcommittees were responsible for implementation of activities. The Health Care Systems Subcommittee focused on activities which helped to develop institutional and professional policies that were congruent with the project's breastfeeding promotion philosophy. The project completed a survey of physicians and hospitals in order to evaluate breastfeeding management practices and assist in developing a training curriculum for education of health professionals on breastfeeding. One of the goals of the Montgomery County (Maryland) Breastfeeding Coalition is to identify and support pathways to a satisfying breastfeeding experience during the prenatal period, in the hospital, in the community, and in the workplace. The coalition has distributed model hospital policies from Wellstart and UNICEF to all hospitals in the county, and also urged hospitals, health department maternity clinics, and WIC programs to develop their own policies. The coalition plans to continue to work within the health care system in order to encourage and support the development and implementation of model policies, standards, protocols, and curricula that reflect a concern for lactation and the promotion of breastfeeding. In 1991, the Tennessee Department of Health and Environment implemented a policy for all health departments in the State against the display of infant formula products and materials. The policy calls for all print materials, audiovisual materials, and office supplies to be free of formula product names; for health department staff to exhibit a positive attitude toward breastfeeding and to make appropriate educational materials available to patients; and for efforts to be made to provide an area for women to breastfeed their infants in the program or clinic setting. 29 The Family Resource Center, Charleston Area Medical Center, under contract with the West Virginia Maternal and Child Health Program, is currently developing breastfeeding protocols to increase the rate of breastfeeding within its client population. To date, promotional and educational materials have been developed, prenatal and postnatal breastfeeding classes have been planned, two nurse-lactation specialists have been hired, and a hospital "warm-line" has been established to answer questions from discharged patients to facilitate the maintenance of breastfeeding. Hospital-Community Liaisons Liaisons between community agencies and hospitals are important in fostering coordination and continuity of breastfeeding promotion activities in the health care system. Forty-two percent (47/113) of respondents reported that they worked to establish hospital-community liaisons. Several of these efforts are described below. Arkansas' Best Start Program has developed a joint multidisciplinary team with representatives from the Arkansas Department of Health, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and the University of Arkansas Hospital. The team is participating in the first field trial of the curriculum entitled "Health Professionals Curriculum in Lactation Management," which was developed by Wellstart in 1990. Its objective is to establish a model system for breastfeeding management and support using the facilities of the University of Arkansas Hospital and a large local health unit in the same county. In December 1986, the Arizona Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies coalition formed a breastfeeding task force. This interdisciplinary task force includes hospital nurses, private lactation consultants, public health nutritionists, and physicians. The task force issued a model breastfeeding hospital policy which was endorsed by 14 health professional organizations, developed a hospital breastfeeding education protocol, and completed a survey of hospital breastfeeding practices. The Tennessee Hospital Association, in conjunction with the Tennessee Department of Health and Environment, has sponsored two mailings to all Tennessee hospitals and public and private prenatal and pediatric health care providers addressing the Best Start campaign and the need for supportive hospital practices. A third letter is planned to encourage hospital staff to complete the infant feeding information on the metabolic newborn screening form so statewide data on the incidence of breastfeeding in the hospital can be obtained. The letter will outline ways in which the information from the form is being put to practical use. Laws and Regulations The USDA's Food and Nutrition Service has established regulatory provisions for the WIC program and Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP) to encourage mothers to breastfeed and to provide appropriate 30 nutritional support for breastfeeding participants. For example, both WIG and CSFP have designated breastfeeding women to be at a higher level of nutritional risk than nonbreastfeeding, postpartum women, and thus they have a higher priority for receiving services. In early 1991, NAWD conducted a survey of WIC programs in 48 States and 11 American Indian nations and territories in order to determine how well the State agencies were progressing with the implementation of the new WIC Reauthorization Act breastfeeding provisions and the NAWD guidelines. The survey showed that the majority of WIG programs conducted activities related to the new provisions and guidelines in 1990, and plan to conduct more such activities in 1991. For example, 42 programs reported appointing a breastfeeding coordinator. Examples of activities undertaken by two WIC programs to implement the new requirements are described below. The Florida WIC program reported implementing several activities related to the new regulations. These included appointing a State breastfeeding coordinator and establishing a breastfeeding promotion team. AI1 WIC local agencies were asked to develop a breastfeeding promotion plan, identify a staff member to be the local breastfeeding coordinator, and provide training on breastfeeding management and promotion for local coordinators. Sixteen State grants were awarded to local agencies for breastfeeding promotion activities. The Nebraska Department of Health reported that its WlC program had designated a breastfeeding promotion coordinator, established policies for a positive clinic environment, and identified other promotion efforts at the local level. Training Peer Counselors Twenty-eight percent (32/113) of respondents reported training peer counselors as a way to strengthen support for breastfeeding in the health care system. Peer counselor programs are discussed in greater detail in the fifth chapter, Support Services in the Community (see page 33). BARRIERS TO BREASTFEEDING Of respondents who listed barriers to breastfeeding, 33 percent (28/84) mentioned the problems that exist in the health care system. Characteristics of the hospital environment-such as separation of the mother and infant, glucose water feeding, and negative attitude of the staff-were mentioned by 31 percent (26/84) of respondents. Advertising by formula companies, distributing free formula packs at hospitals and clinics providing health care for maternity patients and infants, as well as through WIC programs, and mailing formula packs and coupons to new mothers were mentioned as having a negative impact by 26 percent (22/84) of respondents. Physical problems such as maternal illness or cesarean section were reported by 13 percent (11/84) as a barrier to breastfeeding. 31 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES Twenty-seven percent (30/113) of respondents suggested improving support for breastfeeding in the health care system, including the following: o Develop and advocate for adoption of hospital policy guidelines that support breastfeeding. Issues that should be addressed are distribution of discharge formula or coupons, separation of mother and infant, breastfeeding on demand, use of glucose water, and availability of lactation management services and support. o Establish and distribute national guidelines for perinatal care, including proper breastfeeding management. o Work to coordinate breastfeeding promotion efforts and services provided by different agencies and by private health care providers. o Make clinic and hospital environments more supportive of breastfeeding by removing formula company materials, displaying posters and other materials which promote breastfeeding, and providing an area in the waiting room where women can breastfeed. 32 SUPPORT SERVICES IN THE COMMUNITY Recommendation: Develop a broad range of support services in the community .kl-IVITIES REPORrED In order to cope with questions and problems related to breastfeeding and lactation, women need to have access to services which encourage and assist lactation and breastfeeding during the prenatal, delivery, and postpartum periods. The report of the 1984 Surgeon General's workshop stated that community support services should: ". . _ 1) emphasize the strengths of the family; 2) respect the variations found within different cultural, ethnic, and economic groups as well as life styles; 3) offer a continuum of care for the mother and baby throughout the reproductive cycle and infancy; and 4) effectively use community resources" (DHHS 1984, p. 19). This recommendation has received considerable attention from the respondents to our survey: 74 percent (84/113) reported engaging in at least one activity related to this recommendation. Activities reported by respondents include providing client education and followup services, developing support groups, and providing telephone hotlines. Client Education and Followup Services The delivery of breastfeeding information, counseling, and support to expectant and new mothers is an important component of breastfeeding promotion. These mothers need information to help them with their infant feeding decisions; require instruction at the initiation of breastfeeding; and benefit from lactation management, counseling, and support services throughout the breastfeeding period. Many programs offer client education and followup services; some are described below (see table 6). Table G-Client education and followup services Type of Activity Percentage of Respondents Reporting (kll3) Client education 70% (79) Prenatal period 61% (69) Hospital stay 29% (33) Postdischarge 50% (57) Individual counseling of clients and families 58% (65) Follow-up services related to breastfeeding management 42% (48) 33 The Children's Rehabilitation Unit at the University of Kansas Medical Center in Kansas City, Kansas, provides client counseling and community outreach as part of its breastfeeding promotion effort. The program is staffed by a pediatric nurse practitioner for 20 hours each week and by a registered dietitian for 5 hours each week. The program goal of the breastfeeding project of the Missouri Department of Health is to facilitate and support the woman's decision to breastfeed. Questionnaires are administered to clients in order to assess their knowledge and attitudes about breastfeeding and to identify and eliminate misconceptions. Pregnant women in this WIC program participate in no less than two group discussions/classes about breastfeeding, and information about what to expect at the hospital is provided to pregnant women at 32-40 weeks' gestation. A nutritionist has established daily communication with the nursing staff at the University of Missouri Hospitals and Clinic in order to identify mothers who have recently delivered and who are breastfeeding. The nutritionist and a peer counselor make contact with new mothers during a hospital or home visit to offer support and answer questions. The Oregon Health Sciences University (OHSU) in Portland, Oregon, established a breastfeeding service in 1985. This program offers prenatal classes, provides management of OHSU patients, and accepts community referrals for inpatients and outpatients. The Texas Children's Hospital Lactation Support Program, in order to encourage feeding hospitalized infants their own mother's milk, provides equipment, instructions, and supplies for expressing breastmilk, as well as facilities for storage and for screening for contamination. It also provides for lactation counseling and assistance with establishment of suckling following term and preterm deliveries, fortification of maternal milk for feeding premature infants, home visits, and an outpatient lactation clinic. The program is staffed by nurses (assigned to the program as lactation counselors), a neonatologist, and a lactation physiologist. Approximately 100 women participate each month. This number is expected to grow in the next few years as the program expands. The agencies collaborating on this project are Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Nutrition Research Center, and St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital. Support Groups The provision of culturally appropriate support groups which provide assistance and counseling for breastfeeding women was one of the strategies to strengthen community support for breastfeeding suggested by the Surgeon General's workshop. Support groups, which 37 percent (42/l 13) of respondents reported utilizing, are commonly a gathering of new mothers who meet regularly to discuss their experiences with breastfeeding. The groups can be a formal class led by a professional, or a less formal discussion led by a peer. Most of the groups described by respondents were peer support groups. Descriptions of a few of these activities follow. 34 La Leche League's Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Program was piloted in Illinois in 1987. It has trained 60 program coordinators and over 100 mothers as peer counselors in the Illinois area. These women assist health professionals in breastfeeding promotion programs, talk to mothers in clinic waiting rooms, lead breastfeeding support groups, and provide phone help to mothers who have questions about breastfeeding. There are currently 10 of these programs in Florida, as well. The Colorado Departrnent of Health reported that a chapter of the Nursing Mothers Counsel (NMC) has been organized in the State. NMC is a nonaffiliated, nonprofit, volunteer organization whose goal is to help mothers enjoy a relaxed and happy relationship with their babies. NMC members provide one-on-one counseling for new and expectant parents. Telephone contact is made to provide information and answer questions about breastfeeding. The counselor then remains available to the mother after the birth and throughout the mother's nursing experience to offer any additional information, support, and encouragement needed. NMC chapters also exist in California and Indiana. The Ohio State University Research Foundation was awarded a SPRANS grant by MCHB in order to improve breastfeeding rates in a low-income, urban population. An integral component of this project was the use of peer counselors in both the prenatal education and postpartum support aspects of the program. Project evaluation showed that women who, in addition to receiving education from professional staff, were introduced to a peer counselor of similar ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic background, were more likely to have chosen to breastfeed at delivery than women who received the education component only. The Tennessee Department of Health and Environment (TDHE) and the Center to Prevent Childhood Malnutrition have initiated Breastfeeding and Baby Care Support Group Projects designed to encourage local women to take charge of bringing their peers together for support and to share information on breastfeeding. In June 1989, three WIC participants in two rural southwest Tennessee counties were hired to work 10 hours a week to organize and lead these monthly breastfeeding peer support meetings. These peer counselors were trained and supervised by the coordinator of a SPRANS breastfeeding promotion project targeting the WIC programs in the two rural counties. Since September 1989 these peer counselors have led breastfeeding support meetings and organized "enrichment" meetings, where guest speakers talk to the group about topics important to them, such as exercising with their baby, dressing on a budget, using coupons, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The peer counselors also contact 50 to 80 women a month by telephone to invite them to meet with breastfeeding counselors, inquire about their breastfeeding, and to administer a self-esteem questionnaire. The project has now been expanded to include eight peer counselors. The Center to Prevent Childhood Malnutrition is evaluating this project for its impact on self-esteem and on breastfeeding rates. The TDHE has implemented six projects statewide based on this model. 35 The San Antonio Breastfeeding Project is an l&month program designed to test the hypothesis that women who receive prenatal intervention from a culturally sensitive, breastfeeding doula (peer counselor) will have higher breastfeeding rates than those who receive education only and those who receive no intervention. Women in the experimental group viewed a breastfeeding skills training video and discussed cultural concerns about breastfeeding with a peer counselor who was breastfeeding during the discussion session. Study results are currently being compiled. The Breastfeeding Peer Counseling Program developed by Children's Hospital in Washington, DC, is designed to train mothers in the WIC program to serve as breastfeeding support and peer counselors. The program has produced the Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Manual which describes program implementation, peer counselor training and monitoring, followup training activities, and program evaluation measures. The West Virginia WIC program has developed a peer counselor training manual, using the Best Start counseling strategy, to teach mothers with breastfeeding experience to counsel, encourage, and educate women in the art of breastfeeding. These trained peer counselors will give prenatal and postnatal breastfeeding support and information to women in local WIC clinics and specific prenatal health clinics. Telephone Hotlines The use of telephone hotlines as a method of providing outreach and followup support to lactating women was reported by 22 percent (25/113) of respondents. A variety of types of hotlines were reported. Some were staffed by peer counselors and others by community health professionals such as dietitians. Phone lines were in operation from 24 hours per day for 7 days a week to 6 hours per day for 3 days a week. The Arkansas Best Start Program has implemented a statewide breastfeeding helpline to provide information and problem-solving services to breastfeeding families and health care professionals. The line is answered during working hours by the staff of the breastfeeding center. La Leche League International provides a national toll-free phone information service. Callers can get referrals to local La Leche League groups, a free catalog of breastfeeding and parenting literature, and answers to breastfeeding questions. The New Hampshire Division of Public Health reported that one local WIC agency has received funding from a foundation for the "Breastfeeding Connection," a telephone support system for breastfeeding mothers. It has been operated by a staff nutritionist for several years. North Carolina's First Step Hotline provides information and referral on all aspects of prenatal and infant care, including breastfeeding. The hotline is jointly sponsored by the North Carolina Division of Maternal and Child Health, the March of Dimes, the Governor's Commission on Infant Mortality, and the Healthy Start Foundation. The phone number for the telephone counseling service of the Children's 36 Nutrition Research Center (CNRC) in Texas is given to all individuals who refer potential research subjects to CNRC and to a11 potential research volunteers referred. In addition, some 1,000 women are contacted each month either prenatally or 2 weeks postnatally and offered lactation consultation if needed. Lactation consultants, dietitians, and a lactation physiologist are available during working hours to answer questions. In addition, backup and consultation is provided by pediatricians, neonatologists, nutritionists, pediatric gastroenterologists, and other faculty members. The target audience for this service includes nurses, physicians, dietitians, and research volunteers in the Houston area, but calls are received from throughout the United States. The agencies collaborating in this effort are Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Children's Nutrition Research Center, St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Methodist Hospital, and the MacGregor Clinics. BARRIERS TO BREASTFEEDING Of the 84 respondents who listed barriers to breastfeeding, 60 percent (50/84) mentioned barriers related to community support services (see table 7). Table 7-Community support services barriers to initiation and continuation of breostfeeding Barriers Percentage of Respondents (N--84) Lack of support from family and friends 52% (44) Lack of knowledge, education among women 45% (38) Lack of postpartum support services 26% (22) Lack of role models who breastfeed 17% (14) SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES Thirty-five percent (40/l 13) of respondents recommended improving or expanding breastfeeding support services, including: o Sponsor peer support groups and train peer counselors. o Provide toll-free information hotlines and telephone support systems. o Expand the use of lactation counselors, both in the hospital and in the community. o Provide postpartum followup for new mothers via home visits or phone calls. o Promote breastfeeding in prenatal classes. o Include families in breastfeeding education efforts. 37 SUPPORT IN THE WORKPLACE Recommendation: Initiate a National Breastfeeding Promotion Effort Directed to Women in the World of Work ACTIVITIES REPORTED The 1984 Surgeon General's Workshop on Breastfeeding and Human Lactation identified several barriers women often encounter in the workplace and at school, including lack of information on the part of the public, employers, and health care providers; logistical problems such as lack of time, equipment, and space for nursing or using breast pumps; and a social, psychological, and political climate which significantly separates the worlds of work and home that can be hostile to a working woman's attempts to combine breastfeeding and employment. Forty-four percent (50/113) of the survey respondents reported some activities related to building support for breastfeeding in the workplace. Such activities included educating employees and employers; providing breastfeeding facilities and implementing policies in the respondent's own workplace; promoting policies and guidelines for other workplaces; conducting surveys and assessments; initiating breast pump loan programs; and implementing model or demonstration projects. Education Provision of education and educational materials was the most commonly reported activity. Twenty-nine percent (33/113) of the respondents provided education to employees and 14 percent (16/113) provided education to employers. The Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies coalition's Subcommittee on Breastfeeding Promotion has prepared a resource list of publications which address breastfeeding and working women, and is developing a breastfeeding fact sheet to send to employers. In addition, the Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies National Conference, held in the fall of 1991, had a workshop which focused on breastfeeding and working women. The Arizona Department of Health Services staff have provided support to the Nutrition Council of Arizona Breastfeeding Advocates, which is developing a consumer guide on storing and feeding breastmilk, preparing a list of electric breast pump rental stations, and distributing these materials to hospitals and health care professionals. The department has also provided training sessions on working and breastfeeding at three meetings: the Childbirth Education Association of Greater Phoenix Conference in November 1986, the Northern 38 Arizona Nutrition Education Workshop in July 1987, and the Nutrition Council of Arizona Annual Meeting in April 1989. The Oregon Health Sciences University has developed information for employers on the establishment of facilities to promote breastfeeding among working women. Breastfeeding Facilities and Practices in Respondents' Workplaces The provision of facilities for employees to pump and store breastmilk and/or the implementation of practices to support breastfeeding employees at the respondent's workplace were reported by 22 percent (25/113) of respondents (see table 8). In Arizona, two county health departments have implemented formal policies which enable breastfeeding employees to bring infants up to 4 months of age to work. The Center to Prevent Childhood Malnutrition, in Bethesda, Maryland, provides its employees with 3 months of maternity leave, and allows breastfed infants to be brought to work until at least 6 months of age. Through combined efforts the New Mexico Department of Health and Environment's Division of Health Promotion and the New Mexico Breastfeeding Task Force are providing two electric breast pumps for use by working mothers employed in the health department's South Capitol Complex. The Division of Maternal and Child Health of the Ohio Department of Health permits a 6-month maternity leave, which makes it easier for women to establish a breastfeeding relationship with their infants in the early months of life. In addition, Ohio's Governor has mandated that day care facilities be incorporated into each new State office building. As a result, two day care facilities have recently been established in downtown Columbus, thus allowing breastfeeding mothers easier access to their infants. At the Children's Nutrition Research Center (CNRC) in Texas, individual assistance from a lactation consultant is provided to employees upon request. In addition, the CNRC, in conjunction with Texas Children's Hospital, provides a private room, an electric pump, sterile collection kits, and freezer space for lactating employees. In November 1991, a room equipped with a breast pump and refrigeration was established for nursing mothers at the Food and Nutrition Service, USDA, in Alexandria, Virginia. A baseline survey was completed to assess attitudes toward breastfeeding and employee needs and to provide input for better project planning. A pamphlet providing basic information on breastfeeding, expressing and storing breastmilk, and the services available through the breastfeeding mothers' room will be produced and distributed to interested employees. La Leche League International reported that employees at the National Security Agency (NSA) in Washington, DC-with the help of the NSA Medical Center and a parent group at NSA called the Child Development Care 39 Association-have acquired five electric breast pumps and several rooms for the use of breastfeeding employees. At Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, DC, two electric breast pumps are available for staff use in a special private area of the hospital's Lactation Center. Refrigeration is available in most work areas. Table g--Respondents who reported provision of breastfeeding facilities and/or implementation of practices to support breastfeeding in their workplace University Medical Center Tucson, AZ Wellstart San Diego, CA Denver Department of Health and Hospitals Denver, CO Community Health Centers, inc. Colorado Springs, CO Georgetown University Hospital Washington, DC Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services WIC and Nutrition Services Tallahassee, FL Grady Memorial Hospital Atlanta, GA University of Illinois School of Public Health Chicago, I1 La Leche League International Franklin Park, IL American Academy of Pediatrics Elk Grove Village, IL Indiana State Board of Health Maternal and Child Health Division Indianapolis, IN Indian Health Service Rockvile, MD Northern Michigan Hospitals Petoskey, MI Community Nutrition Resource Center Butte, MT Montana Migrant Council, Inc. Billings, MT New Mexico Health and Environment Department Public Health Division Santa Fe, NM Nevada WIC Program Carson City, NV New York State Department of Health Bureau of Nutrition Albany, NY Columbia University School of Public Health New York, NY Children's Hospital/The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH Oregon Health Sciences University Portland, OR South Dakota Department of Health Nutritional Services Spearfish, 5 D Children's Nutrition Research Center Houston, TX Food and Nutrition Service, USDA Alexandria, VA Washington Department of Health and Social Services Division of Parent/Child Health Services Olympia, WA 40 Policies and Guidelines Sixteen percent (18/l 13) of respondents reported promoting workplace policies and practices supportive of breastfeeding. These efforts frequently took the form of the issuance of guidelines or recommendations for employers. TWO examples of these efforts are described below. The New Mexico Breastfeeding Task Force has developed workplace recommendations for the support of breastfeeding. These recommendations outline the minimum workplace conditions needed to support breastfeeding as well as additional conditions that help women maximize their parenting and breastfeeding skills. The Texas Department of Health pledges in its policy statement on breastfeeding to encourage industry to promote and support breastfeeding by providing information on practices that foster a positive environment for the breastfeeding employee. Surveys and Assessments of Need Several respondents reported conducting surveys of employers' breastfeeding facilities and policies, while others reported conducting assessments of the need for services for working women. These efforts are outlined below. The nationwide survey of 900 hospitals conducted in 1988 by the Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies coalition included questions on what provisions the hospitals made for their own breastfeeding employees. Sixty-two percent of the responding hospitals reported providing facilities for lactating employees. Of these, 83 percent had a place for employees to express breastmilk, 67 percent provided an electric pump, and 86 percent had a refrigerator. The Nutrition/Breastfeeding Subcommittee of the Connecticut Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies coalition sent questionnaires to 70 hospitals and health care facilities in order to examine the level of support which these employers provide for women who continue breastfeeding after returning to work. Thirty-eight responses were received. Forty percent of respondents allowed infants to be brought to work to be breastfed, but only one hospital allowed infants to be kept at work all day. Between 30 percent and 40 percent said that extended lunch and flextime hours were available. Day care was provided at 34 percent of the facilities, and at an additional 44 percent provision of day care was being planned. Twenty-six percent of the respondents had a women's lounge. Half of these lounges were private, and 60 percent were smokefree. All facilities had a refrigerator. Additional activities planned by the Nutrition/Breastfeeding Subcommittee include sending breastfeeding packets to the hospitals which participated in the survey and expanding the survey to other types of employers. The Day Care/Industry Subcommittee of the Indiana State Board of Health's SPRANS breastfeeding promotion project sent surveys to 600 employers in Indiana, and 157 surveys were returned. Thirty-six percent of the respondents provided a refrigerator, 23 percent provided a private space for women to breastfeed or express milk, 10 percent allowed extended breaks for collecting 41 milk, 7 percent offered flextime, 2 percent provided onsite day care, and less than 1 percent allowed mothers to bring their infants to work or had an electric pump available. The Oregon Health Sciences University (OHSU) conducted a survey of its employees who returned to work 6 months or less after giving birth, in order to assess the need for facilities and policies allowing working women to continue breastfeeding. As a result of this survey, OHSU has made a room and a breast pump available to its lactating employees. The Texas Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies coalition conducted a survey of workplace policies and facilities related to breastfeeding. Questionnaires were sent to 350 employers who had 50 or more employees in central Texas; 37 employers completed the survey. Fifty-nine percent of the respondents provided a refrigerator; 32 percent made flextime, job sharing, or part-time employment available; 24 percent provided a private space for breastfeeding or milk expression; 16 percent provided extended breaks for collecting milk; and 11 percent had onsite day care. None of the employers allowed women to bring their infants to work. Breast Pump Loan Programs Three respondents-all WIC State agencies-described breast pump loan programs. The Indiana WIC program has made breast pumps available to breastfeeding women-including those returning to work-who may benefit from having a pump. The New Mexico WIC program has purchased 16 electric breast pumps which are available for limited loan to mothers enrolled in the WIC program throughout the State. These pumps are intended for use when there is a critical situation involving separation and/or a medical problem. Working mothers of twins or triplets are eligible to borrow a pump. Other working mothers may also be considered, but they have a lower priority. The Tennessee WIC program has three breast pump loan programs available to its patients: (1) A manual breast pump program for which sterilization procedures for both the patient and the health department have been developed; (2) portable electric pumps for women whose infants are hospitalized for prematurity or other medical complications; and (3) electric pumps for inhospital use by WIC patients, on permanent loan to the hospitals serving a large caseload of WIC participants. Model/Demonstration Programs The Maternal and Child Health Bureau, DHHS, has funded two breastfeeding SPRANS demonstration projects which focused on breastfeeding and the workplace. These projects are described below. One of the major goals of the Indiana State Board of Health's Breastfeeding Promotion Project was to address the lack of support for breastfeeding mothers in the workplace. As described above in the Surveys and Assessment section, the Day Care/Industry Subcommittee completed an employer survey of support 42 and facilities available to breastfeeding women. The subcommittee also developed and distributed an educational brochure for employers, What Does Your Business Have in Common With a Breastfed Baby?, which outlines steps employers can take to support lactating workers and discusses ways in which support of lactating workers can benefit employers. Promoting Breastfeeding at the Worksite and in the Neighborhood, a SPRANS project implemented by the National Child Nutrition Project in Philadelphia, sought to increase the incidence and duration of breastfeeding among low-income women who were returning to work or school. Activities included producing educational materials for women, health professionals, child care providers, and employers; developing working parent advocacy committees; and implementing a peer counseling program. BARRIERS TO BREASTFEEDING Problems associated with women's return to work or school soon after giving birth were the most frequently cited barriers to the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding. Sixty-nine percent (58/84) of respondents who listed barriers to breastfeeding cited women's need to return to work and the lack of flexible schedules, maternity leave, and facilities for pumping and storing breastmilk. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES Eighteen percent (20/l 13) of respondents made recommendations related to reducing barriers to breastfeeding in the workplace, including: . Encourage employers to provide maternity leave, facilities for expressing and storing breastmilk, breaks for breast pumping, flextime, job sharing, onsite day care, and the like. o Advocate for legislation on issues such as maternity leave and day care. o Provide education to employers and employees on the importance of breastfeeding and ways to make it possible for working women to breastfeed. o Provide facilities in State and Federal buildings for breastfeeding and for pumping and storing breastmilk to set an example. o Set up a model project in a local industry which demonstrates how work and breastfeeding can be combined. o Involve consumer groups, trade unions, and women's groups in breastfeeding promotion committees and other breastfeeding promotion activities which address the issue of supporting breastfeeding in the workplace, since these groups may have more influence than health professionals on employers. 43 RESEARCH Recommendation: Expand research in human lactation and breastfeeding ACTIVITIES REPORTED The 1984 Surgeon General's workshop emphasized the need for research on breastfeeding and human lactation in order to improve knowledge, guide policy, improve strategies, and evaluate programs. Forty-seven percent (53/l 13) of the respondents reported being involved in research related to breastfeeding and human lactation. The types of research activities reported focused mainly on social and behavioral factors related to breastfeeding practices, program evaluation, and nutritional and physiological aspects of human lactation. Examples of these reported research projects are described below. Research on Social and Behavioral Factors Most of the research reported in this category focused on determining factors which influence the mother's decision to initiate breastfeeding and factors which influence the continuation of breastfeeding. Twenty-five percent (28/113) of respondents reported being involved in social or behavioral research, although only a few projects-outlined below-were described in any detail. The Department of Family Studies and Consumer Sciences and the School of Public Health's Division of Maternal and Child Health at San Diego State University, California, have conducted a study designed to identify the causes of lactation failure among 10 Hispanic primiparous low-income women. The mothers received one to three indepth, l-hour assessments, depending upon how long each woman continued to breastfeed. Data was obtained on duration of breastfeeding, initiation of formula supplementation, and introduction of solid foods; maternal attitudes toward infant feeding methods; and maternal perception of social and familial pressures and support related to breastfeeding, bottle feeding, and introduction of solids. Problem areas identified in this study will be used to improve the assessment instrument for clinical use. As discussed in the third chapter, the Best Start Program is a joint effort by eight Southeastern States to implement a comprehensive campaign of breastfeeding promotion based on social marketing techniques. As part of this project, 35 focus groups were conducted with economically disadvantaged women living in the Southeastern United States in order to determine their attitudes about breastfeeding. It was found that factors that attracted women to breastfeeding included the desire for a special, close relationship with the baby, 44 and the health benefits of breastmilk. Barriers to breastfeeding included embarrassment, lack of confidence, loss of freedom and lifestyle restrictions, and the return to work or school. Determinants of Infant Feeding: Breast vs. Bottle, a SPRANS-funded study conducted from 1986 to 1988 at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, analyzed the major determinants of infant feeding behavior in new mothers. Women enrolled in the study were contacted by telephone or in person, once during the prenatal period and three times during the postpartum period. The study of women who prenatally stated an intention to breastfeed identified four variables that were significant predictors of failure to breastfeed for more than 7 days: (1) lack of confidence in ability to breastfeed, (2) less certainty in the decision to breastfeed, (3) delayed first breastfeeding, and (4) not having the baby rooming-in. The study also found that, while planning to be employed within 6 months postpartum did not affect breastfeeding incidence rates, actually being employed during that time period had a negative affect on breastfeeding duration rates. Cornell University Cooperative Extension is conducting a study on the infant feeding decisions of low-income women. The project is designed to elucidate the complex interrelationships existing among personal, social, and cultural factors that influence women's infant feeding expectations and decisions. Women's learning philosophies will also be studied to understand how they influence both learning about breastfeeding and infant feeding practices. The research will be conducted through indepth, open-ended, personal interviews with 50 low-income, nulliparous pregnant women ages 18 years and older. The goals of Acculturation, Psychosocial Predictors, and Breastfeeding, a SPBANS-funded study at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, are to identify the reasons mothers from the United States-Mexico border population choose to breastfeed, to determine factors important to the maintenance of breastfeeding, and to study infant health and nutritional status as a function of breastfeeding. A number of psychosocial variables will be measured to assess their importance in the initiation of breastfeeding, and these data will be analyzed within ethnic groups by degree of acculturation. Program Evaluation Program-related research-monitoring and/or evaluating a program's breastfeeding intervention strategy to determine its effectiveness-was reported by 20 percent (23/113) of respondents. Two examples of these research activities are described below. The USDA's WIC Breastfeeding Promotion Study and Demonstration evaluated the implementation of selected breastfeeding promotion approaches at seven WIG local agencies. These approaches included three major components: (1) A special group, such as a task force or committee, which coordinated breastfeeding promotion and support activities for WIC participants; (2) a prenatal component addressing participants' concerns and lack of knowledge about breastfeeding, and incorporating positive peer 45 influence; and (3) an in-hospital/postpartum component providing support after birth. These demonstration projects are described in detail in the two- volume set, WIC Breastfeeding Promotion Study and Demonstration: Phase IV Report (see appendix E, page 79). Operation Breastfeed, a research project conducted by the Texas Department of Health, is designed to increase the number of participants in the WIC program who are breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum and to measure the impact of nutrition education on the decision to breastfeed. Activities include surveys of pregnant and postpartum participants on their attitudes regarding breastfeeding, monthly nutrition education classes for pregnant and lactating women which emphasize breastfeeding, and breastfeeding support for new mothers. Nutritional and Physiological Research Thirteen percent (15/113) of respondents reported engaging in nutrition research, and 9 percent (10/113) reported involvement in physiological research related to breastfeeding and human lactation. Nutrition research reported was related to the nutritional needs of lactating mothers, the nutritional status of breastfed babies, and the nutrient composition of breastmilk. Physiological research reported was focused on the factors related to the production of breastmilk; the ability of the infant to utilize breastmilk; the transmission of infectious diseases, drugs, and alcohol through breastmilk; and the immunological impact of breastmilk on the infant. Two examples of these research efforts are described below. The purpose of the research program at the Children's Nutrition Research Center (CNRC) in Texas is to define the nutritional requirements that will ensure the health of pregnant and lactating women and their infants. The CNRC has conducted numerous nutritional and physiological studies, including research on infant nutrition and growth and on breastmilk composition. The CNRC is funded in part by the USDA's Agricultural Research Service. Federal agencies within the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Agriculture have funded a variety of studies related to human lactation. The Maternal and Child Health Bureau, DHHS, funds research projects related to breastfeeding through its SPRANS grants, many of which have been described in this report. The National Institutes of Health, DHHS, primarily through the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, supports numerous research projects related to the physiology of lactation, maternal and nutritional aspects of lactation, infant physiology and nutrition related to lactation, immunological aspects of lactation, effects of environmental exposures on human milk, and the composition of human milk (see appendix K, page 112). Research on human lactation and breastfeeding supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture has also focused on maternal nutrition and infant nutrition and on developmental aspects related to lactation (see appendix L, page 115). 46 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES The Institute of Medicine's study, Nutrition During Lactation (described in the second chapter), assessed current research on the nutritional needs of lactating women, and recommended the following topics in need of further research: (1) the development of indicators of nutritional status for lactating women; (2) identification of groups of lactating women in the United States who are at nutritional risk or who could benefit from nutrition intervention programs; and (3) the effects of maternal diet and nutritional status on milk volume, milk composition, maternal health, and infant nutritional status, growth, and health. 47 DATA COLLECTION Data collection is a very important part of monitoring the Nation's progress toward the achievement of the year 2000 health objective for breastfeeding. One of the strategies proposed in the 1984 Report of the Surgeon General's Workshop on Breastfeeding and Human Lactation was to develop a national data base on the initiation and duration of lactation. To followup on this particular strategy, survey respondents were asked to describe any data collection activities they undertook in order to monitor breastfeeding rates and to include the definition(s) of breastfeeding which were used. Fifty-two percent (59/113) of respondents answered this data collection question. DEFINITIONS OF BREASTFEEDING Fifty-nine percent (35/59) of respondents who answered this data collection question included a description of the definition of breastfeeding which was used. Definitions varied widely, as did the time at which the assessment of feeding method was made. "Ever breastfed for any duration and frequency" was the most commonly reported definition of breastfeeding (37 percent, or 13/35). Other definitions reported include: "breastfed one or more times per day" (29 percent, 10/35); "partially breastfed, with infant formula supplementation" (23 percent, or 8/35); "exclusively breastfed" (6 percent, or 2/35) ; and "nurse's determination of infant feeding method at the hospital after delivery" (6 percent, or 2/35). In April 1988, the Institute for International Studies in Natural Family Planning (now the Institute for Reproductive Health) at Georgetown University, with support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), moderated a meeting of the Interagency Working Group on Breastfeeding in Washington, DC. The goal of this meeting of national and international health and development agencies was to develop a simple means of presenting definitions and types of information essential to accurately describe breastfeeding practices throughout the world. The breastfeeding definitions developed are based on frequency of breastfeeding episodes, usual length of time for each feeding, and amounts of other foods or liquids given (see figure 5). DATA COLLECTION ACTIVITIES Forty-two percent (47/113) of respondents indicated that they collected data on the incidence of breastfeeding, while only 24 percent (27/113) reported 48 1 ] BREASTFEEDING , I Full 71 Exclusive No other liquid or solid is given to the infant. Reproduced with the permission of the Population Council, from Miriam Labbok and Katherine Krasovec, "Toward Consistency in Breastfeeding Definitions," Studies in Family Planning Vol. 21, no. 4 (july/August 1990): 27. / :;<;~::o 1 juice or rikalistic f&ds g&n collecting data on the duration of breastfeeding. For the most part, the maximum length of time for which breastfeeding duration was tracked by the respondents ranged from 2 weeks to 6 months postpartum, although some research projects tracked their subjects through the first year of the infant's life. The types of data collection activities undertaken differed widely among respondents (see figure 6). The most commonly reported activity was collecting data on participants in the WIC program (36 percent, or 17/48). Data collection activities for the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Surveillance Systems were also frequently cited (24 percent, or 1 l/48) by respondents. These CDC-related data collection activities are described in more detail below. Other forms of data collection reported include data collection for research purposes, documentation of infant feeding method at hospital discharge, documentation of infant feeding method on newborn metabolic screening forms in the hospital, and collection of data for statewide data systems. Brief descriptions of some of the reported breastfeeding data collection activities follow. National Data Collection Activities In order to compile the required report entitled Biennial Report to Congress on the Characteristics of Participants irl the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, aild Children, the Food and Nutrition Service collects statistics on WIC programs and program participants, including some information on breastfeeding rates. The Food and Nutrition Service does not require States to collect and submit data on breastfeeding incidence and duration, but breastfeeding incidence and duration data have been designated optional items Figure 64lreastfeeding data collection activities reported by respondents (N=48) Other 10% (5/481 WIG State agency 36% (17/48) CDC surveillance 24% (11148) 50

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# Presentation: 439253 ## Replica Manager and Replica Location Service *An Overview* ## Firewall **Worker Nodes** **Permanent Storage System** **at Tier1 Center** - Michael Ernst ## Replication: Copying ~automatically - GDMP: Grid Data Mirroring Package - Born in CMS - Implements subscription-based replication - Lots of - New files - Replica catalogue - Michael Ernst ## Data Grid Architecture incl. RLS - Michael Ernst ## Use Case: Dataset Replication - User *replicateDataSet (LDN, SE)* *query (LDN)* *LFN []* *getSFNs (LFN0)* *SFN0[]* *reserveSpace (space)* *getAccessCost (SFN0 [])* *SFN0Costs []* *copyFile (SFN0,nSFN0)* *add (LFN0, nSFN0)* *notify job finished* - replicaManagement - Service - metaData - Service - replicaLocation - Service - replicaOptimization - Service - SE: - storageElement *Use Case: Dataset Replication* - Michael Ernst ## . . . - SRM - FS - SRM - Grid - FTP - SRMpreparetoGet( SURL) - TURL - Open - Read - Read - Close **SE** - LAN - Grid - Grid - Middle - Ware - Permanent - Store - Worker Nodes - SRMreserveSpace - SFNs - 1.1 - SRMcopy - 1.2 - 2.1 - 2.2 - 3.1 - 3.2 - 3.4 - GridFTP - 4.2 - SRMcopy 4.1 - Michael Ernst - GridFTP protocol for secure, efficient WAN data transfer - File Transfer service for reliable transfer of files between storage systems - Replica Location Service (RLS) - a reliable replication service that provides coordinated, fault-tolerant data movement and RLS updates - a metadata service containing information that describes logical files - one or more higher level data management services (master copy management, workflow management, etc.) - application-oriented data services that implement application-specific semantics and policies such as preferences for replica selection or access - Michael Ernst ## EDG TB2: Replica Management Services **“****Reptor”** **Replica ****Management ****Services** **Optimization** **Replica Metadata** **Subscription** **Client** **Replica Location** **File Transfer** - Michael Ernst ## Replica Manager Componentsand name changes... **ERM: EDG Replica Manager client interface and API** - Entry point for all clients **ROS: Replication Optimization Service** - Replica selection based on network metrics (WP7) **RSH: Replication Storage Handler **(what was GDMP) - Subscription-based replication **RLS: Replica Location Service **(replacing replica catalogue) - Local Replica Catalog services LRC: Logical to Physical file mappings - Replica Location Index services RLI: index on Logical names **RMC:Replication Metadata Catalogue** - Similar to Spitfire with RDBMS backend and specialized schema - Michael Ernst ## Changes: Replica Catalogue to RLS - edg-replica-catalogue being phased out - For Replica Location Service (RLS) - collaboration with Globus - Local Replica Catalogs (LRCs) on the SEs hold the actual GUID -> PFN mappings [GUID is what used to be LFN] - Replica Location Indices (RLIs) redirect inquiries to LRCs actually having the file - LRCs are configured to send index updates to any number of RLIs - Much more scalable architecture - The lookup time for an entry is independent of the number of catalogs. Tested for up to 108 entries. - The catalog withstands simultaneous user queries of over 1000 queries or inserts per second. - Michael Ernst ## Changes: Web services - Most software has been redesigned to use web services - Much of the server-side stuff now written in Java - Retain security: GSI-enabled web-services - Services have been modified to expose an API in WSDL - For client programming, the client API libraries are auto-generated from the WSDL - For command-line, the tools are still there, but now talk to the server using web services. - What the applications user sees should not have changed as a result of adopting web services! - Michael Ernst ## Replica Manager Architecture - Michael Ernst ## File mappings - Logical - Physical - LFN0 / Grid Unique ID - Michael Ernst ## Replica Catalogue - LFN -> PFN (1:many) - One logical file name mapping to many physical instances of the file - With appropriate utility functions, applications might never need to know the PFN. Use the LFN, and the middleware does the mapping for you in the background. - Michael Ernst ## LFNs, PFNs, GUIDs - Due to application requirement from LCG, a couple of changes: - PFN1, Fermilab - PFN2, CERN - PFN3, Bologna - GUID - 1223423-ASSDF4-11223-35465464 - LFN1 - LFN2 - LFN3 - Michael Ernst ## Replica location problem - Replica Location Service: - maintains information on the physical location of files - maintains mapping between the logical identifier of data and all its physical instances - provides access to this information - Given a unique logical identifier for some given data, determine the physical location of one or more physical instances of this data - Michael Ernst ## Meta-data storage - Spitfire meta-data storage - Two faces - Spitfire browser - Spitfire client API - Spitfire-browser allows a client to use web-browser to view the results of canned queries from a database or make canned inserts into the database. - Client uses their grid cert embedded in their web browser to authenticate (and then authorize) to the service. - DB - Michael Ernst ## RLS Requirements - Versioning & read only data - distinct versions of files can be uniquely identified - data published to the community are immutable - Size - scale to hundreds of replica sites, 50 x 108 LFNs, 500 x 108 PFNs - Performance - 200 updates/second, average response time < 10ms - Security - knowledge and existence of private data must be protected - storage system protects integrity of data content - Consistency - view of all available PFNs most likely not consistent - Reliability - no single point of failure, - local and global state decoupled, - failure of remote component does not hinder access to local component - Michael Ernst ## Giggle Framework - Giggle: A Framework for Constructing Scalable Replica Location Services - Joint collaboration between WP2 and Globus - Independent local state maintained in Local Replica Catalogues : LRCs - Unreliable collective state maintained in Replica Location Indices : RLIs - Soft state maintenance of RLI state - relaxed consistency in the RLI, full state information in LRC - Compression of soft states - compress LFN information based on knowledge of logical collections - Membership and partitioning information maintenance - RLS components change over time : failure, new components added - Service discovery and system policies - Michael Ernst ## Local Replica Catalogue (LRC) - Maintains replica information at a single site - Complete locally consistent record - Queries across multiple sites not supported - Maintains mappings between LFNs and PFNs on associated storage systems - Coordinates its contents with those of the storage system - Responds to the following queries: - Given an LFN, find the set of PFNs associated with that LFN - Given a PFN, find the set of LFNs associated with that PFN - Supports authentication and authorisation when processing remote requests - Periodically sends information about its state to the RLIs - Michael Ernst ## Replica Location Index (RLI) - Index structure needed to support queries across multiple sites - One or more RLIs to map LFNs to LRCs - Structure w.r.t LRCs can be freely defined - redundancy, performance, scalability - Geographical partitioning – all PFNs of a set of LRCs are indexed - Namespace partitioning 1 – for load balancing purposes - Namespace partitioning 2 – only LFNs adhering to a specified pattern are indexed for all LRCs - Many identical RLIs may be set up for load balancing - Michael Ernst ## RLS Architecture (1) - A 2 level RLS layout: The RLIs contain pointers to LRCs only. - Michael Ernst ## RLS Architecture (2) - A hierarchical RLS topology: The RLIs point to LRCs and RLIs - Michael Ernst ## Performance results - Time to add/create/delete/read an LFN entry - Number of entries in LRC from 0 -> 1000k - ~ 15-16 ms , no noticeable increase in time with database size - Time to perform soft state update - Increases linearly with the number of entries in the LRC - ~8 secs for 1000 entries in LRC - ~10000 secs for 1000k entries in the LRC - ~1667 queries/sec, 67 updates/second - Michael Ernst ## Replica Management Architecture - Michael Ernst ## Replica Management- A Proposal for CMS - HRM: dCache/Enstore - Michael Ernst ## Generalizing the Concept: Need to Standardize APIs - Michael Ernst ## Action Items - Investigate and understand - RLS and RLI functionality and their interfaces (APIs, etc.) to - CMS applications - Data transport mechanisms according to the “Grid File Access” proposal - Provide a presentation/paper describing the results - Depending on the availability/maturity of the RLS/RLI code - install various components required to provide a prototype service for CMS applications, i.e. - Reptor, Optor, Giggle, RepMeC ... - test of functionality and performance - using application substitutes (simply testing APIs, interfaces etc.) - understand relationship/test with POOL - Provide a presentation/paper describing the results - Michael Ernst

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# Presentation: 815503 ## Thin Film Deposition System forSuperconducting Materials **Thin Film Deposition System for****Superconducting Materials** **S**mall **B**usiness **I**nnovation **R**esearch **CVC Products, Inc** - Rochester, NY **INNOVATION** - Deposition process for thin films of high temperature good quality superconductors over large areas (2” sq. ) ** ****ACCOMPLISHMENTS** - Developed a sputtering process for depositing thin films of superconducting material (YbCO) - Deposited thin films that were used to demonstrate ferroelectric capacitors - Processes transferred to an automated production machine - **COMMERCIALIZATION** - Sales of deposition system total $1 million - Thin film coating service also available - Future market potential includes systems for depositing ferroelectric and electro-optic materials **GOVERNMENT/ SCIENCE APPLICATIONS** - Microwave system components such as power dividers, combiners, switched filters and phase shifters - Communication systems components - Switched filters for the Deep Space Network ***Sputtering Deposition System*** - Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Success Story #029 - 1988 Phase II; NAS7-1113 - NASA/JPL Contact - Daniel Rascoe - Company Contact - Paul Ballentine

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Required Report - public distribution **Date:** 4/18/2005 **GAIN Report Number:** ID5008 ID5008 **Indonesia** **Sugar** **Annual** **2005** **Approved by:** ![](media/image1.wmf)Fred Kessel U.S. Embassy, Jakarta **Prepared by:** Chris Rittgers/Niniek S. Alam **Report Highlights:** Sugarcane production is forecast to decline marginally to about 25.5 million tons in 2005/06. Similarly, cane sugar output is forecast to decline to 1.8 million tons in 2005/06. Sugar consumption is forecast to grow moderately to 3.8 million tons in 2005/06. Sugar imports are forecast at approximately 1.8 million tons for 2005/06. The GOI has yet to announce any major changes in the sector, notwithstanding the continued status of "strategic commodity" for sugar. Includes PSD Changes: Yes Includes Trade Matrix: No Annual Report Jakarta \[ID1\] \[ID\] Table of Contents [General Summary 3](#general-summary) [Sugar Cane for Centrifugal 3](#sugar-cane-for-centrifugal) [Centrifugal Sugar 4](#centrifugal-sugar) [Production 5](#production) [Consumption 5](#consumption) [Stocks 5](#stocks) [Prices 5](#prices) [Trade 5](#trade) [Policy 5](#policy) # General Summary The Indonesian sugar industry faces numerous obstacles. Smallholder farmers, who lack the resources to invest for increased productivity, dominate sugarcane production. Furthermore, the milling sector, largely GOI owned, is inefficient and requires significant investment to attain any sort of business viability. Because of these fundamental problems, sugarcane yields and production and recovery rates are forecast to decline in 2005/06. Sugarcane production is estimated to decline marginally to 25.5 million tons in 2005/06. Optimal growing conditions (wet during growing season and dry during maturity), timely harvest, and millings boosted the sugar recovery rate for the 2004/05 crop to about 7.7 percent. For the forecast year recovery is expected to decline to about 7.0 percent. Despite relatively high retail prices for sugar at the retail level: Rp. 4,300/kg (US\$ 462/MT) in 2004 and Rp. 5,265/kg (US\$ 566/MT) in the first quarter of 2005, consumption is forecast to increase to 3.8 million tons in 2005/06. Total imports for 2006 are forecast at 1.8 million tons raw value to meet growing demand from industrials and domestic consumption. ## Sugar Cane for Centrifugal +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | PSD Table | | | | | | | +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Country | #### | | | | | | | | ## Ind | | | | | | | | onesia | | | | | | +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Commodity | Sugar | | | | (1000 | | | | Cane | | | | HA | | | | for | | | | )(1000 | | | | Centr | | | | MT) | | | | ifugal | | | | | | +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | 2004 | R | 2005 | Es | 2006 | Fo | | | | evised | | timate | | recast | +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | USDA | Post | USDA | Post | USDA | Post | | | Of | Es | Of | Es | Of | Es | | | ficial | timate | ficial | timate | ficial | timate | | | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | | | [Old\] | [New\] | [Old\] | [New\] | [Old\] | [New\] | +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Market Year | | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | | Begin | | 5/2003 | | 5/2004 | | 5/2005 | +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Area Planted | 375 | 375 | 0 | 360 | 0 | 375 | +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Area | 350 | 350 | 0 | 345 | 0 | 350 | | Harvested | | | | | | | +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Production | 25600 | 25600 | 0 | 26750 | 0 | 25500 | +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | TOTAL SUPPLY | 25600 | 25600 | 0 | 26750 | 0 | 25500 | +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Utilization | 25600 | 25600 | 0 | 26750 | 0 | 25500 | | for Sugar | | | | | | | +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Utilization | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | | for Alcohol | | | | | | | +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | TOTAL | 25600 | 25600 | 0 | 26750 | 0 | 25500 | | UTILIZATION | | | | | | | +---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ Note: Unit in 1,000 Ha. and 1,000 MT. Data in the \"Old\" column reflect FAS/Washington data. For Post's previous PS&D refer to report ID4014. ### ## Centrifugal Sugar ------------------ ------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- PSD Table Country Indonesia Commodity Sugar, (1000 MT) Centrifugal 2004 Revised 2005 Estimate 2006 Forecast USDA Official Post USDA Post USDA Post \[Old\] Estimate Official Estimate Official Estimate \[New\] \[Old\] \[New\] \[Old\] \[New\] Market Year Begin 05/2003 05/2004 05/2005 Beginning Stocks 1340 1340 1170 1170 970 1120 Beet Sugar 0 0 0 0 0 0 Production Cane Sugar 1730 1730 1950 2050 0 1800 Production TOTAL Sugar 1730 1730 1950 2050 0 1800 Production Raw Imports 900 900 950 800 0 800 Refined Imp.(Raw 600 600 400 650 0 1000 Val) TOTAL Imports 1500 1500 1350 1450 0 1800 TOTAL SUPPLY 4570 4570 4470 4670 970 4720 Raw Exports 0 0 0 0 0 0 Refined Exp.(Raw 0 0 0 0 0 0 Val) TOTAL EXPORTS 0 0 0 0 0 0 Human Dom. 3400 3400 3500 3550 0 3800 Consumption Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 Disappearance Total 3400 3400 3500 3550 0 3800 Disappearance Ending Stocks 1170 1170 970 1120 0 920 TOTAL DISTRIBUTION 4570 4570 4470 4670 0 4720 ------------------ ------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Note: Data in the \"Old\" column reflect FAS/Washington data. For Post's previous PS&D refer to report ID4014. # Production Encouraged by a higher floor price (increased to Rp. 3,410/kg or US\$ 366.7/MT in 2004), sugarcane production is estimated to have increased considerably to 2.0 million tons in 2004/05 but forecast to decline to 1.8 million tons in 2005/06 to reflect the decline in local supplies of raw material. The GOI is expected to increase floor price to Rp. 4,000/kilogram or US\$ 430.1/MT before the upcoming cane-planting season started in May. The sugar recovery rate is estimated to be 7.7 percent in 2004/05. With 46 state sugar mills and 2 private mills, The island of Java contributes 63 percent of sugar production. In terms of ownership, state owned sugar mills (46 in Java and 5 out of Java) account for 68 percent of Indonesia's sugar production. # Consumption Total annual sugar consumption is estimated to increase moderately from 3.6 million tons in 2004/05 to around 3.8 million tons in 2005/06. Direct consumption of sugar is estimated at approximately 2.7 million tons per year, and the expanding food and beverage industries are responsible for the balance of consumption. Raw sugar import allocation will soon be announced for the four existing sugar refineries. Total installed refinery capacity for those four facilities is 1.3 million tons, but they are reportedly running at much less than full capacity. # Stocks Ending stocks are forecast to decline slightly to 900,000 tons in 2005/06. # Prices The industry has proposed to the GOI to increase sugar floor prices (the price received by farmers) from the current level of Rp. 3,410/kg (US\$ 366.7/MT at an exchange rate of Rp. 9,300/US\$1) to Rp. 4,000/kg (US\$ 430.1/MT). The average retail price for local sugar was Rp. 4,300/kg or US\$ 462.4/MT during 2004, compared to imported sugar, which was Rp. 4,105/kg (US\$ 441.4/MT). Responding to increasing domestic fuel price, local sugar price in 2005 (Jakarta) has increased to Rp. 5,260/kilogram (US\$ 565.6/MT). It is expected that sugar prices in the local market will decline with the start of the milling season. # # Trade To control imports, the Minister of Trade (MOT) grants import licenses to selected sugar mills for specific quantities, ports, and times of delivery. Imports are only allowed outside of the milling season. In 2005, four state sugar mills have been licensed to import 500,000 tons of white sugar: 300,000 tons for Jan-Feb, and 200,000 tons for Feb-March. However, because the import quotas were not filled (due to difficulties on funding and transportation), the time frame has been extended until April 20 (Java) and April 31 (outside of Java). # # # Policy Indonesian sugar policy resides with four different ministries: Agriculture, Trade, Industry and Finance. As a consequence of the diffuse policy responsibilities and often competing interests of the various ministries and their respective constituents, policy formulation often appears arbitrary, uncoordinated and non-transparent. To date the new GOI, installed in October 2004, has yet to provide much in the way of focus for the industry as a whole. It is unclear when or if substantive changes may be proposed, and which direction that Indonesian sugar policy might take should consensus be found. /media/pszemraj/PeterTrove/project-files/DATA/ms-word-files/big-DOC/823310.doc

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-CITE- 49 USC CHAPTER 107 - RATES 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES -HEAD- CHAPTER 107 - RATES -MISC1- SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY Sec. 10701. Standards for rates, classifications, through routes, rules, and practices. 10702. Authority for rail carriers to establish rates, classifications, rules, and practices. 10703. Authority for rail carriers to establish through routes. 10704. Authority and criteria: rates, classifications, rules, and practices prescribed by Board. 10705. Authority: through routes, joint classifications, rates, and divisions prescribed by Board. 10706. Rate agreements: exemption from antitrust laws. 10707. Determination of market dominance in rail rate proceedings. 10708. Rail cost adjustment factor. 10709. Contracts. SUBCHAPTER II - SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES 10721. Government traffic. 10722. Car utilization. SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS 10741. Prohibitions against discrimination by rail carriers. 10742. Facilities for interchange of traffic. 10743. Liability for payment of rates. 10744. Continuous carriage of freight. 10745. Transportation services or facilities furnished by shipper. 10746. Demurrage charges. 10747. Designation of certain routes by shippers. -End- -CITE- 49 USC SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10701 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10701. Standards for rates, classifications, through routes, rules, and practices -STATUTE- (a) A through route established by a rail carrier must be reasonable. Divisions of joint rates by rail carriers must be made without unreasonable discrimination against a participating carrier and must be reasonable. (b) A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may not discriminate in its rates against a connecting line of another rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part or unreasonably discriminate against that line in the distribution of traffic that is not routed specifically by the shipper. (c) Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section and unless a rate is prohibited by a provision of this part, a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may establish any rate for transportation or other service provided by the rail carrier. (d)(1) If the Board determines, under section 10707 of this title, that a rail carrier has market dominance over the transportation to which a particular rate applies, the rate established by such carrier for such transportation must be reasonable. (2) In determining whether a rate established by a rail carrier is reasonable for purposes of this section, the Board shall give due consideration to - (A) the amount of traffic which is transported at revenues which do not contribute to going concern value and the efforts made to minimize such traffic; (B) the amount of traffic which contributes only marginally to fixed costs and the extent to which, if any, rates on such traffic can be changed to maximize the revenues from such traffic; and (C) the carrier's mix of rail traffic to determine whether one commodity is paying an unreasonable share of the carrier's overall revenues, recognizing the policy of this part that rail carriers shall earn adequate revenues, as established by the Board under section 10704(a)(2) of this title. (3) The Board shall, within one year after January 1, 1996, complete the pending Interstate Commerce Commission non-coal rate guidelines proceeding to establish a simplified and expedited method for determining the reasonableness of challenged rail rates in those cases in which a full stand-alone cost presentation is too costly, given the value of the case. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 809; amended Pub. L. 104-287, Sec. 5(22), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Prior sections 10701 and 10701a were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Section 10701, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1371; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 13(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 803; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 201(b)(1), (2), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1899, 1900; Pub. L. 97-261, Sec. 9(a), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1109; Pub. L. 103-180, Sec. 2(a), (b), (g), Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2044, 2047, 2049, related to standards for rates, classifications, through routes, rules, and practices. See sections 10701, 13701, 13709, and 15501 of this title. Section 10701a, added Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 201(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1898; amended Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 4(j)(19), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to standards for rates for rail carriers. See section 10701 of this title. AMENDMENTS 1996 - Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 104-287 substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of this paragraph". EFFECTIVE DATE Chapter effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104-88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104-88, set out as a note under section 701 of this title. -TRANS- ABOLITION OF INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION Interstate Commerce Commission abolished by section 101 of Pub. L. 104-88, set out as a note under section 701 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10702 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10702. Authority for rail carriers to establish rates, classifications, rules, and practices -STATUTE- A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall establish reasonable - (1) rates, to the extent required by section 10707, divisions of joint rates, and classifications for transportation and service it may provide under this part; and (2) rules and practices on matters related to that transportation or service. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 810.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 10702, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1372; Pub. L. 103-180, Sec. 6(a), Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2050; Pub. L. 103-311, title II, Sec. 206(a), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1684, related to authority for carriers to establish rates, classifications, rules, and practices, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10702 and 15502 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10703 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10703. Authority for rail carriers to establish through routes -STATUTE- Rail carriers providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall establish through routes (including physical connections) with each other and with water carriers providing transportation subject to chapter 137, shall establish rates and classifications applicable to those routes, and shall establish rules for their operation and provide - (1) reasonable facilities for operating the through route; and (2) reasonable compensation to persons entitled to compensation for services related to the through route. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 810.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 10703, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1372; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 22(a), (h), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 812, 814; Pub. L. 97-449, Sec. 5(g)(5), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443; Pub. L. 98-216, Sec. 2(11), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 99- 521, Sec. 7(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2994; Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 5(m)(21), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1377, related to authority for carriers to establish through routes, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10703 and 13705 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10704 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10704. Authority and criteria: rates, classifications, rules, and practices prescribed by Board -STATUTE- (a)(1) When the Board, after a full hearing, decides that a rate charged or collected by a rail carrier for transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, or that a classification, rule, or practice of that carrier, does or will violate this part, the Board may prescribe the maximum rate, classification, rule, or practice to be followed. The Board may order the carrier to stop the violation. When a rate, classification, rule, or practice is prescribed under this subsection, the affected carrier may not publish, charge, or collect a different rate and shall adopt the classification and observe the rule or practice prescribed by the Board. (2) The Board shall maintain and revise as necessary standards and procedures for establishing revenue levels for rail carriers providing transportation subject to its jurisdiction under this part that are adequate, under honest, economical, and efficient management, to cover total operating expenses, including depreciation and obsolescence, plus a reasonable and economic profit or return (or both) on capital employed in the business. The Board shall make an adequate and continuing effort to assist those carriers in attaining revenue levels prescribed under this paragraph. Revenue levels established under this paragraph should - (A) provide a flow of net income plus depreciation adequate to support prudent capital outlays, assure the repayment of a reasonable level of debt, permit the raising of needed equity capital, and cover the effects of inflation; and (B) attract and retain capital in amounts adequate to provide a sound transportation system in the United States. (3) On the basis of the standards and procedures described in paragraph (2), the Board shall annually determine which rail carriers are earning adequate revenues. (b) The Board may begin a proceeding under this section only on complaint. A complaint under subsection (a) of this section must be made under section 11701 of this title, but the proceeding may also be in extension of a complaint pending before the Board. (c) In a proceeding to challenge the reasonableness of a rate, the Board shall make its determination as to the reasonableness of the challenged rate - (1) within 9 months after the close of the administrative record if the determination is based upon a stand-alone cost presentation; or (2) within 6 months after the close of the administrative record if the determination is based upon the methodology adopted by the Board pursuant to section 10701(d)(3). (d) Within 9 months after January 1, 1996, the Board shall establish procedures to ensure expeditious handling of challenges to the reasonableness of railroad rates. The procedures shall include appropriate measures for avoiding delay in the discovery and evidentiary phases of such proceedings and exemption or revocation proceedings, including appropriate sanctions for such delay, and for ensuring prompt disposition of motions and interlocutory administrative appeals. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 810; amended Pub. L. 104-287, Sec. 5(23), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 10704, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1373; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 13(b), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 803; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 205(b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1906; Pub. L. 97-261, Sec. 9(b), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1109; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2994, related to authority and criteria for rates, classifications, rules, and practices prescribed by Interstate Commerce Commission, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10704, 13701, and 15503 of this title. AMENDMENTS 1996 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104-287 substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of the ICC Termination Act of 1995". -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10705 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10705. Authority: through routes, joint classifications, rates, and divisions prescribed by Board -STATUTE- (a)(1) The Board may, and shall when it considers it desirable in the public interest, prescribe through routes, joint classifications, joint rates, the division of joint rates, and the conditions under which those routes must be operated, for a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part. (2) The Board may require a rail carrier to include in a through route substantially less than the entire length of its railroad and any intermediate railroad operated with it under common management or control if that intermediate railroad lies between the terminals of the through route only when - (A) required under section 10741, 10742, or 11102 of this title; (B) inclusion of those lines would make the through route unreasonably long when compared with a practicable alternative through route that could be established; or (C) the Board decides that the proposed through route is needed to provide adequate, and more efficient or economic, transportation. The Board shall give reasonable preference, subject to this subsection, to the rail carrier originating the traffic when prescribing through routes. (b) The Board shall prescribe the division of joint rates to be received by a rail carrier providing transportation subject to its jurisdiction under this part when it decides that a division of joint rates established by the participating carriers under section 10703 of this title, or under a decision of the Board under subsection (a) of this section, does or will violate section 10701 of this title. (c) If a division of a joint rate prescribed under a decision of the Board is later found to violate section 10701 of this title, the Board may decide what division would have been reasonable and order adjustment to be made retroactive to the date the complaint was filed, the date the order for an investigation was made, or a later date that the Board decides is justified. The Board may make a decision under this subsection effective as part of its original decision. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 811.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Prior sections 10705 and 10705a were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Section 10705, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1375; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 22(b)-(g), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 813; Pub. L. 96- 448, title II, Sec. 218, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1925; Pub. L. 97- 449, Sec. 5(g)(4), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443, related to authority for through routes, joint classifications, rates, and divisions prescribed by Interstate Commerce Commission. See sections 10705 and 13701 of this title. Section 10705a, added Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 217(a)(1), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1916; amended Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 4(j)(20), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to joint rate surcharges and cancellations. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10706 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10706. Rate agreements: exemption from antitrust laws -STATUTE- (a)(1) In this subsection - (A) the term "affiliate" means a person controlling, controlled by, or under common control or ownership with another person and "ownership" refers to equity holdings in a business entity of at least 5 percent; (B) the term "single-line rate" refers to a rate or allowance proposed by a single rail carrier that is applicable only over its line and for which the transportation (exclusive of terminal services by switching, drayage or other terminal carriers or agencies) can be provided by that carrier; and (C) the term "practicably participates in the movement" shall have such meaning as the Board shall by regulation prescribe. (2)(A) A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part that is a party to an agreement of at least 2 rail carriers that relates to rates (including charges between rail carriers and compensation paid or received for the use of facilities and equipment), classifications, divisions, or rules related to them, or procedures for joint consideration, initiation, publication, or establishment of them, shall apply to the Board for approval of that agreement under this subsection. The Board shall approve the agreement only when it finds that the making and carrying out of the agreement will further the transportation policy of section 10101 of this title and may require compliance with conditions necessary to make the agreement further that policy as a condition of its approval. If the Board approves the agreement, it may be made and carried out under its terms and under the conditions required by the Board, and the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1, et seq.), the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12, et seq.), the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41, et seq.), sections 73 and 74 of the Wilson Tariff Act (15 U.S.C. 8 and 9), and the Act of June 19, 1936 (15 U.S.C. 13, 13a, 13b, 21a) do not apply to parties and other persons with respect to making or carrying out the agreement. However, the Board may not approve or continue approval of an agreement when the conditions required by it are not met or if it does not receive a verified statement under subparagraph (B) of this paragraph. (B) The Board may approve an agreement under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph only when the rail carriers applying for approval file a verified statement with the Board. Each statement must specify for each rail carrier that is a party to the agreement - (i) the name of the carrier; (ii) the mailing address and telephone number of its headquarter's office; and (iii) the names of each of its affiliates and the names, addresses, and affiliates of each of its officers and directors and of each person, together with an affiliate, owning or controlling any debt, equity, or security interest in it having a value of at least $1,000,000. (3)(A) An organization established or continued under an agreement approved under this subsection shall make a final disposition of a rule or rate docketed with it by the 120th day after the proposal is docketed. Such an organization may not - (i) permit a rail carrier to discuss, to participate in agreements related to, or to vote on single-line rates proposed by another rail carrier, except that for purposes of general rate increases and broad changes in rates, classifications, rules, and practices only, if the Board finds at any time that the implementation of this clause is not feasible, it may delay or suspend such implementation in whole or in part; (ii) permit a rail carrier to discuss, to participate in agreements related to, or to vote on rates related to a particular interline movement unless that rail carrier practicably participates in the movement; or (iii) if there are interline movements over two or more routes between the same end points, permit a carrier to discuss, to participate in agreements related to, or to vote on rates except with a carrier which forms part of a particular single route. If the Board finds at any time that the implementation of this clause is not feasible, it may delay or suspend such implementation in whole or in part. (B)(i) In any proceeding in which a party alleges that a rail carrier voted or agreed on a rate or allowance in violation of this subsection, that party has the burden of showing that the vote or agreement occurred. A showing of parallel behavior does not satisfy that burden by itself. (ii) In any proceeding in which it is alleged that a carrier was a party to an agreement, conspiracy, or combination in violation of a Federal law cited in subsection (a)(2)(A) of this section or of any similar State law, proof of an agreement, conspiracy, or combination may not be inferred from evidence that two or more rail carriers acted together with respect to an interline rate or related matter and that a party to such action took similar action with respect to a rate or related matter on another route or traffic. In any proceeding in which such a violation is alleged, evidence of a discussion or agreement between or among such rail carrier and one or more other rail carriers, or of any rate or other action resulting from such discussion or agreement, shall not be admissible if the discussion or agreement - (I) was in accordance with an agreement approved under paragraph (2) of this subsection; or (II) concerned an interline movement of the rail carrier, and the discussion or agreement would not, considered by itself, violate the laws referred to in the first sentence of this clause. In any proceeding before a jury, the court shall determine whether the requirements of subclause (I) or (II) are satisfied before allowing the introduction of any such evidence. (C) An organization described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph shall provide that transcripts or sound recordings be made of all meetings, that records of votes be made, and that such transcripts or recordings and voting records be submitted to the Board and made available to other Federal agencies in connection with their statutory responsibilities over rate bureaus, except that such material shall be kept confidential and shall not be subject to disclosure under section 552 of title 5, United States Code. (4) Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection, one or more rail carriers may enter into an agreement, without obtaining prior Board approval, that provides solely for compilation, publication, and other distribution of rates in effect or to become effective. The Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 et seq.), the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12 et seq.), the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.), sections 73 and 74 of the Wilson Tariff Act (15 U.S.C. 8 and 9), and the Act of June 19, 1936 (15 U.S.C. 13, 13a, 13b, 21a) shall not apply to parties and other persons with respect to making or carrying out such agreement. However, the Board may, upon application or on its own initiative, investigate whether the parties to such an agreement have exceeded its scope, and upon a finding that they have, the Board may issue such orders as are necessary, including an order dissolving the agreement, to ensure that actions taken pursuant to the agreement are limited as provided in this paragraph. (5)(A) Whenever two or more shippers enter into an agreement to discuss among themselves that relates to the amount of compensation such shippers propose to be paid by rail carriers providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, for use by such rail carriers of rolling stock owned or leased by such shippers, the shippers shall apply to the Board for approval of that agreement under this paragraph. The Board shall approve the agreement only when it finds that the making and carrying out of the agreement will further the transportation policy set forth in section 10101 of this title and may require compliance with conditions necessary to make the agreement further that policy as a condition of approval. If the Board approves the agreement, it may be made and carried out under its terms and under the terms required by the Board, and the antitrust laws set forth in paragraph (2) of this subsection do not apply to parties and other persons with respect to making or carrying out the agreement. The Board shall approve or disapprove an agreement under this paragraph within one year after the date application for approval of such agreement is made. (B) If the Board approves an agreement described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph and the shippers entering into such agreement and the rail carriers proposing to use rolling stock owned or leased by such shippers, under payment by such carriers or under a published allowance, are unable to agree upon the amount of compensation to be paid for the use of such rolling stock, any party directly involved in the negotiations may require that the matter be settled by submitting the issues in dispute to the Board. The Board shall render a binding decision, based upon a standard of reasonableness and after taking into consideration any past precedents on the subject matter of the negotiations, no later than 90 days after the date of the submission of the dispute to the Board. (C) Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to change the law in effect prior to October 1, 1980, with respect to the obligation of rail carriers to utilize rolling stock owned or leased by shippers. (b) The Board may require an organization established or continued under an agreement approved under this section to maintain records and submit reports. The Board may inspect a record maintained under this section. (c) The Board may review an agreement approved under subsection (a) of this section and shall change the conditions of approval or terminate it when necessary to comply with the public interest and subsection (a). The Board shall postpone the effective date of a change of an agreement under this subsection for whatever period it determines to be reasonably necessary to avoid unreasonable hardship. (d) The Board may begin a proceeding under this section on its own initiative or on application. Action of the Board under this section - (1) approving an agreement; (2) denying, ending, or changing approval; (3) prescribing the conditions on which approval is granted; or (4) changing those conditions, has effect only as related to application of the antitrust laws referred to in subsection (a) of this section. (e)(1) The Federal Trade Commission, in consultation with the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice, shall prepare periodically an assessment of, and shall report to the Board on - (A) possible anticompetitive features of - (i) agreements approved or submitted for approval under subsection (a) of this section; and (ii) an organization operating under those agreements; and (B) possible ways to alleviate or end an anticompetitive feature, effect, or aspect in a manner that will further the goals of this part and of the transportation policy of section 10101 of this title. (2) Reports received by the Board under this subsection shall be published and made available to the public under section 552(a) of title 5. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 812; amended Pub. L. 104-287, Sec. 5(24), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Sherman Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), (4), is act July 2, 1890, ch. 647, 26 Stat. 209, as amended, which is classified to sections 1 to 7 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1 of Title 15 and Tables. The Clayton Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), (4), is act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, 38 Stat. 730, as amended, which is classified generally to sections 12, 13, 14 to 19, 21, and 22 to 27 of Title 15 and sections 52 and 53 of Title 29, Labor. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 12 of Title 15 and Tables. The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), (4), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of chapter 2 of Title 15. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of Title 15 and Tables. Sections 73 and 74 of the Wilson Tariff Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), (4), are sections 73 and 74 of act Aug. 27, 1894, ch. 349, 28 Stat. 570, which enacted sections 8 and 9, respectively, of Title 15. Act of June 19, 1936, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), (4), is act June 19, 1936, ch. 592, 49 Stat. 1526, popularly known as the Robinson-Patman Anti-discrimination Act and also as the Robinson- Patman Price Discrimination Act, which enacted sections 13a, 13b, and 21a of Title 15 and amended section 13 of Title 15. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 13 of Title 15 and Tables. -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 10706, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1377; Pub. L. 96-258, Sec. 1(7), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 426; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 14(a), (c), (d), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 803, 808; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 219(a)-(e), 224(b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1926-1929; Pub. L. 97-261, Sec. 10(a)-(d), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1109, 1110; Pub. L. 98-216, Sec. 2(12), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to exemption from antitrust laws of rate agreements, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10706 and 13703 of this title. AMENDMENTS 1996 - Subsec. (a)(5)(C). Pub. L. 104-287 substituted "October 1, 1980," for "the effective date of the Staggers Rail Act of 1980". -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10707 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10707. Determination of market dominance in rail rate proceedings -STATUTE- (a) In this section, "market dominance" means an absence of effective competition from other rail carriers or modes of transportation for the transportation to which a rate applies. (b) When a rate for transportation by a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part is challenged as being unreasonably high, the Board shall determine whether the rail carrier proposing the rate has market dominance over the transportation to which the rate applies. The Board may make that determination on its own initiative or on complaint. A finding by the Board that the rail carrier does not have market dominance is determinative in a proceeding under this part related to that rate or transportation unless changed or set aside by the Board or set aside by a court of competent jurisdiction. (c) When the Board finds in any proceeding that a rail carrier proposing or defending a rate for transportation has market dominance over the transportation to which the rate applies, it may then determine that rate to be unreasonable if it exceeds a reasonable maximum for that transportation. However, a finding of market dominance does not establish a presumption that the proposed rate exceeds a reasonable maximum. (d)(1)(A) In making a determination under this section, the Board shall find that the rail carrier establishing the challenged rate does not have market dominance over the transportation to which the rate applies if such rail carrier proves that the rate charged results in a revenue-variable cost percentage for such transportation that is less than 180 percent. (B) For purposes of this section, variable costs for a rail carrier shall be determined only by using such carrier's unadjusted costs, calculated using the Uniform Rail Costing System cost finding methodology (or an alternative methodology adopted by the Board in lieu thereof) and indexed quarterly to account for current wage and price levels in the region in which the carrier operates, with adjustments specified by the Board. A rail carrier may meet its burden of proof under this subsection by establishing its variable costs in accordance with this paragraph, but a shipper may rebut that showing by evidence of such type, and in accordance with such burden of proof, as the Board shall prescribe. (2) A finding by the Board that a rate charged by a rail carrier results in a revenue-variable cost percentage for the transportation to which the rate applies that is equal to or greater than 180 percent does not establish a presumption that - (A) such rail carrier has or does not have market dominance over such transportation; or (B) the proposed rate exceeds or does not exceed a reasonable maximum. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 815.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10709 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Prior sections 10707 and 10707a were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Section 10707, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1380; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 207, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1907; Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 4(j)(21), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to investigation and suspension of new rail carrier rates, classifications, rules, and practices. Section 10707a, added Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 203(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1901; amended Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 4(j)(22), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to zone of rail carrier flexibility. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10708 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10708. Rail cost adjustment factor -STATUTE- (a) The Board shall, as often as practicable, but in no event less often than quarterly, publish a rail cost adjustment factor which shall be a fraction, the numerator of which is the latest published Index of Railroad Costs (which index shall be compiled or verified by the Board, with appropriate adjustments to reflect the change in composition of railroad costs, including the quality and mix of material and labor) and the denominator of which is the same index for the fourth quarter of every fifth year, beginning with the fourth quarter of 1992. (b) The rail cost adjustment factor published by the Board under subsection (a) of this section shall take into account changes in railroad productivity. The Board shall also publish a similar index that does not take into account changes in railroad productivity. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 816.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10712 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). A prior section 10708, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1382; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 11, July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 801; Pub. L. 97-261, Secs. 11, 12(a), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1112, 1113; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to investigation and suspension of new nonrail carrier rates, classifications, rules, and practices, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10709 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AUTHORITY -HEAD- Sec. 10709. Contracts -STATUTE- (a) One or more rail carriers providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may enter into a contract with one or more purchasers of rail services to provide specified services under specified rates and conditions. (b) A party to a contract entered into under this section shall have no duty in connection with services provided under such contract other than those duties specified by the terms of the contract. (c)(1) A contract that is authorized by this section, and transportation under such contract, shall not be subject to this part, and may not be subsequently challenged before the Board or in any court on the grounds that such contract violates a provision of this part. (2) The exclusive remedy for any alleged breach of a contract entered into under this section shall be an action in an appropriate State court or United States district court, unless the parties otherwise agree. This section does not confer original jurisdiction on the district courts of the United States based on section 1331 or 1337 of title 28, United States Code. (d)(1) A summary of each contract for the transportation of agricultural products (including grain, as defined in section 3 of the United States Grain Standards Act (7 U.S.C. 75) and products thereof) entered into under this section shall be filed with the Board, containing such nonconfidential information as the Board prescribes. The Board shall publish special rules for such contracts in order to ensure that the essential terms of the contract are available to the general public. (2) Documents, papers, and records (and any copies thereof) relating to a contract described in subsection (a) shall not be subject to the mandatory disclosure requirements of section 552 of title 5. (e) Any lawful contract between a rail carrier and one or more purchasers of rail service that was in effect on October 1, 1980, shall be considered a contract authorized by this section. (f) A rail carrier that enters into a contract as authorized by this section remains subject to the common carrier obligation set forth in section 11101, with respect to rail transportation not provided under such a contract. (g)(1) No later than 30 days after the date of filing of a summary of a contract under this section, the Board may, on complaint, begin a proceeding to review such contract on the grounds described in this subsection. (2)(A) A complaint may be filed under this subsection - (i) by a shipper on the grounds that such shipper individually will be harmed because the proposed contract unduly impairs the ability of the contracting rail carrier or carriers to meet their common carrier obligations to the complainant under section 11101 of this title; or (ii) by a port only on the grounds that such port individually will be harmed because the proposed contract will result in unreasonable discrimination against such port. (B) In addition to the grounds for a complaint described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, a complaint may be filed by a shipper of agricultural commodities on the grounds that such shipper individually will be harmed because - (i) the rail carrier has unreasonably discriminated by refusing to enter into a contract with such shipper for rates and services for the transportation of the same type of commodity under similar conditions to the contract at issue, and that shipper was ready, willing, and able to enter into such a contract at a time essentially contemporaneous with the period during which the contract at issue was offered; or (ii) the proposed contract constitutes a destructive competitive practice under this part. In making a determination under clause (ii) of this subparagraph, the Board shall consider the difference between contract rates and published single car rates. (C) For purposes of this paragraph, the term "unreasonable discrimination" has the same meaning as such term has under section 10741 of this title. (3)(A) Within 30 days after the date a proceeding is commenced under paragraph (1) of this subsection, or within such shorter time period after such date as the Board may establish, the Board shall determine whether the contract that is the subject of such proceeding is in violation of this section. (B) If the Board determines, on the basis of a complaint filed under paragraph (2)(B)(i) of this subsection, that the grounds for a complaint described in such paragraph have been established with respect to a rail carrier, the Board shall, subject to the provisions of this section, order such rail carrier to provide rates and service substantially similar to the contract at issue with such differentials in terms and conditions as are justified by the evidence. (h)(1) Any rail carrier may, in accordance with the terms of this section, enter into contracts for the transportation of agricultural commodities (including forest products, but not including wood pulp, wood chips, pulpwood or paper) involving the utilization of carrier owned or leased equipment not in excess of 40 percent of the capacity of such carrier's owned or leased equipment by major car type (plain boxcars, covered hopper cars, gondolas and open top hoppers, coal cars, bulkhead flatcars, pulpwood rackcars, and flatbed equipment, including TOFC/COFC). (2) The Board may, on request of a rail carrier or other party or on its own initiative, grant such relief from the limitations of paragraph (1) of this subsection as the Board considers appropriate, if it appears that additional equipment may be made available without impairing the rail carrier's ability to meet its common carrier obligations under section 11101 of this title. (3)(A) This subsection shall cease to be effective after September 30, 1998. (B) Before October 1, 1997, the National Grain Car Council and the Railroad-Shipper Transportation Advisory Council shall make recommendations to Congress on whether to extend the effectiveness of or otherwise modify this subsection. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 817; amended Pub. L. 104-287, Sec. 5(24), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10713 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Prior sections 10709 to 10713 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Section 10709, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1382; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 202, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1900, related to determination of market dominance in rail carrier rate proceedings. See section 10707 of this title. Section 10710, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1383, related to elimination of discrimination against recyclable materials. Section 10711, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1383, related to effect of former sections 10701(a), (b), 10707, 10709, 10727, and 10728 of this title on rail rates and practices. Section 10712, added Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 206(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1906, related to inflation-based rate increases. Section 10713, added Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 208(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1908; amended Pub. L. 97-468, title V, Sec. 502, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2552; Pub. L. 99-509, title IV, Sec. 4051, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1910, related to contracts between rail carriers and purchasers of rail services. See section 10709 of this title. AMENDMENTS 1996 - Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104-287 substituted "October 1, 1980," for "the effective date of the Staggers Rail Act of 1980". -End- -CITE- 49 USC SUBCHAPTER II - SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER II - SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER II - SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10721 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER II - SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES -HEAD- Sec. 10721. Government traffic -STATUTE- A rail carrier providing transportation or service for the United States Government may transport property or individuals for the United States Government without charge or at a rate reduced from the applicable commercial rate. Section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5) does not apply when transportation for the United States Government can be obtained from a rail carrier lawfully operating in the area where the transportation would be provided. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 819.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 10721, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1383; Pub. L. 96-454, Sec. 10(b), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2022; Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 5(m)(22), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, related to Government traffic, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10721, 13712, and 15504 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10722 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER II - SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES -HEAD- Sec. 10722. Car utilization -STATUTE- In order to encourage more efficient use of freight cars, notwithstanding any other provision of this part, rail carriers shall be permitted to establish premium charges for special services or special levels of services not otherwise applicable to the movement. The Board shall facilitate development of such charges so as to increase the utilization of equipment. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 819.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10734 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Prior sections 10722 to 10726 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Section 10722, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1384; Pub. L. 97-261, Sec. 29(a), (b), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1128; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(e), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to special passenger rates. Section 10723, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1385; Pub. L. 97-261, Sec. 29(c), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1128; Pub. L. 102- 54, Sec. 13(s), June 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 282; Pub. L. 102-240, title IV, Sec. 4011, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2156, related to transportation for charitable purposes. Section 10724, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1386, related to rates for emergency transportation. Section 10725, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1387; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(f), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to special freight forwarder rates. Section 10726, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1387; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 220, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1928, related to long and short haul transportation. A prior section 10727, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1388, authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to maintain standards and procedures to permit seasonal, regional, or peak- period demand rates and required the Commission to submit an annual report to Congress on implementation of those rates and recommendations for additional legislation needed to make it easier to establish those rates, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 209, title VII, Sec. 710(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1910, 1966, effective Oct. 1, 1980. A prior section 10728, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1388, related to separate rates for distinct rail services, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). A prior section 10729, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1389, authorized rail carrier to establish rate, classification, rule, or practice requiring total capital investment of at least $1,000,000 to implement upon notice to Interstate Commerce Commission and opportunity for Commission proceeding and final decision within 180 days after notice and provided that Commission could not suspend or set aside any rate that became final for period of five years but could revise rate to level equal to variable costs of providing transportation when Commission found level then in effect reduced going concern of carrier, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 210(a), title VII, Sec. 710(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1910, 1966, effective Oct. 1, 1980. Prior sections 10730 to 10735 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Section 10730, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1389; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 12, July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 802; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 211(a), (b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1911; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(g), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to rates and liability based on value. Section 10731, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1389; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 204, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1905; Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 4(j)(23), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to investigation of discriminatory rail rates for transportation of recyclable or recycled materials. Section 10732, added Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 8(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 798; amended Pub. L. 100-690, title IX, Sec. 9113, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4535, related to food and grocery transportation. See section 13713 of this title. Section 10733, added Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 32(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 824, related to rates for transportation of recyclable materials. Section 10734, added Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 225(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1930, related to car utilization. See section 10722 of this title. Another prior section 10734 was renumbered section 10735 of this title. Section 10735, added Pub. L. 96-454, Sec. 4(a), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2012, Sec. 10734; renumbered Sec. 10735, Pub. L. 98-554, title II, Sec. 227(b)(1), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2852; amended Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 5(m)(23), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, related to household goods rates, estimates, and guarantees of service. See section 13704 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10741 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- Sec. 10741. Prohibitions against discrimination by rail carriers -STATUTE- (a)(1) A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may not subject a person, place, port, or type of traffic to unreasonable discrimination. (2) For purposes of this section, a rail carrier engages in unreasonable discrimination when it charges or receives from a person a different compensation for a service rendered, or to be rendered, in transportation the rail carrier may perform under this part than it charges or receives from another person for performing a like and contemporaneous service in the transportation of a like kind of traffic under substantially similar circumstances. (b) This section shall not apply to - (1) contracts described in section 10709 of this title; (2) rail rates applicable to different routes; or (3) discrimination against the traffic of another carrier providing transportation by any mode. (c) Differences between rates, classifications, rules, and practices of rail carriers do not constitute a violation of this section if such differences result from different services provided by rail carriers. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 819.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 10741, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1390; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 33(d), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 825; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 212, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1912; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(h), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to prohibitions against discrimination by common carriers, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10741 and 15505 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10742 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- Sec. 10742. Facilities for interchange of traffic -STATUTE- A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall provide reasonable, proper, and equal facilities that are within its power to provide for the interchange of traffic between, and for the receiving, forwarding, and delivering of passengers and property to and from, its respective line and a connecting line of another rail carrier or of a water carrier providing transportation subject to chapter 137. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 819.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 10742, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1391, related to facilities for interchange of traffic, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10742 and 15506 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10743 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- Sec. 10743. Liability for payment of rates -STATUTE- (a)(1) Liability for payment of rates for transportation for a shipment of property by a shipper or consignor to a consignee other than the shipper or consignor, is determined under this subsection when the transportation is provided by a rail carrier under this part. When the shipper or consignor instructs the rail carrier transporting the property to deliver it to a consignee that is an agent only, not having beneficial title to the property, the consignee is liable for rates billed at the time of delivery for which the consignee is otherwise liable, but not for additional rates that may be found to be due after delivery if the consignee gives written notice to the delivering carrier before delivery of the property - (A) of the agency and absence of beneficial title; and (B) of the name and address of the beneficial owner of the property if it is reconsigned or diverted to a place other than the place specified in the original bill of lading. (2) When the consignee is liable only for rates billed at the time of delivery under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the shipper or consignor, or, if the property is reconsigned or diverted, the beneficial owner, is liable for those additional rates regardless of the bill of lading or contract under which the property was transported. The beneficial owner is liable for all rates when the property is reconsigned or diverted by an agent but is refused or abandoned at its ultimate destination if the agent gave the rail carrier in the reconsignment or diversion order a notice of agency and the name and address of the beneficial owner. A consignee giving the rail carrier, and a reconsignor or diverter giving a rail carrier, erroneous information about the identity of the beneficial owner of the property is liable for the additional rates. (b) Liability for payment of rates for transportation for a shipment of property by a shipper or consignor, named in the bill of lading as consignee, is determined under this subsection when the transportation is provided by a rail carrier under this part. When the shipper or consignor gives written notice, before delivery of the property, to the line-haul rail carrier that is to make ultimate delivery - (1) to deliver the property to another party identified by the shipper or consignor as the beneficial owner of the property; and (2) that delivery is to be made to that party on payment of all applicable transportation rates; that party is liable for the rates billed at the time of delivery and for additional rates that may be found to be due after delivery if that party does not pay the rates required to be paid under paragraph (2) of this subsection on delivery. However, if the party gives written notice to the delivering rail carrier before delivery that the party is not the beneficial owner of the property and gives the rail carrier the name and address of the beneficial owner, then the party is not liable for those additional rates. A shipper, consignor, or party to whom delivery is made that gives the delivering rail carrier erroneous information about the identity of the beneficial owner, is liable for the additional rates regardless of the bill of lading or contract under which the property was transported. This subsection does not apply to a prepaid shipment of property. (c)(1) A rail carrier may bring an action to enforce liability under subsection (a) of this section. That rail carrier must bring the action during the period provided in section 11705(a) of this title or by the end of the 6th month after final judgment against it in an action against the consignee, or the beneficial owner named by the consignee or agent, under that section. (2) A rail carrier may bring an action to enforce liability under subsection (b) of this section. That carrier must bring the action during the period provided in section 11705(a) of this title or by the end of the 6th month after final judgment against it in an action against the shipper, consignor, or other party under that section. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 819.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10744 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). A prior section 10743, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1391; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(i), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to payment of rates, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See section 13707 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10744 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- Sec. 10744. Continuous carriage of freight -STATUTE- A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may not enter a combination or arrangement to prevent the carriage of freight from being continuous from the place of shipment to the place of destination whether by change of time schedule, carriage in different cars, or by other means. The carriage of freight by those rail carriers is considered to be a continuous carriage from the place of shipment to the place of destination when a break of bulk, stoppage, or interruption is not made in good faith for a necessary purpose, and with the intent of avoiding or unnecessarily interrupting the continuous carriage or of evading this part. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 821.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10745 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). A prior section 10744, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1391, related to liability for payment of rates, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See sections 10743 and 13706 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10745 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- Sec. 10745. Transportation services or facilities furnished by shipper -STATUTE- A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may establish a charge or allowance for transportation or service for property when the owner of the property, directly or indirectly, furnishes a service related to or an instrumentality used in the transportation or service. The Board may prescribe the maximum reasonable charge or allowance a rail carrier subject to its jurisdiction may pay for a service or instrumentality furnished under this section. The Board may begin a proceeding under this section on its own initiative or on application. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 821.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10747 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). A prior section 10745, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1392, related to continuous carriage of freight, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). See section 10744 of this title. -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10746 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- Sec. 10746. Demurrage charges -STATUTE- A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall compute demurrage charges, and establish rules related to those charges, in a way that fulfills the national needs related to - (1) freight car use and distribution; and (2) maintenance of an adequate supply of freight cars to be available for transportation of property. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 821.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10750 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). A prior section 10746, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1393, related to transportation of commodities manufactured or produced by rail carrier, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). -End- -CITE- 49 USC Sec. 10747 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE IV - INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION PART A - RAIL CHAPTER 107 - RATES SUBCHAPTER III - LIMITATIONS -HEAD- Sec. 10747. Designation of certain routes by shippers -STATUTE- (a)(1) When a person delivers property to a rail carrier for transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, the person may direct the rail carrier to transport the property over an established through route. When competing rail lines constitute a part of the route, the person shipping the property may designate the lines over which the property will be transported. The designation must be in writing. A rail carrier may be directed to transport property over a particular through route when - (A) there are at least 2 through routes over which the property could be transported; (B) a through rate has been established for transportation over each of those through routes; and (C) the rail carrier is a party to those routes and rates. (2) A rail carrier directed to route property transported under paragraph (1) of this subsection must issue a through bill of lading containing the routing instructions and transport the property according to the instructions. When the property is delivered to a connecting rail carrier, that rail carrier must also receive and transport it according to the routing instructions and deliver it to the next succeeding rail carrier or consignee according to the instructions. (b) The Board may prescribe exceptions to the authority of a person to direct the movement of traffic under subsection (a) of this section. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 104-88, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 821.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10763 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Prior sections 10747 to 10751, 10761 to 10767, and 10781 to 10786 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 102(a). Section 10747, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1393, related to transportation services or facilities furnished by shippers. See section 10745 of this title. Section 10748, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1393, related to transportation of livestock by rail carrier. Section 10749, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1393; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 10(c), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 800; Pub. L. 97-468, title VI, Sec. 615(b)(3), Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2578; Pub. L. 98- 216, Sec. 2(13), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(j)(1), (2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995; Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 4(j)(24), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to exchange of services and limitation on use of common carriers by household goods freight forwarders. Section 10750, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1394, related to demurrage charges. See section 10746 of this title. Section 10751, added Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 33(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 824; amended Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 215(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1915; Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 4(j)(25), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to business entertainment expenses. See section 14901 of this title. Section 10761, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1394; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 33(c), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 825; Pub. L. 103-311, title II, Sec. 206(b), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1684, related to prohibition of transportation without tariff. See section 13702 of this title. Section 10762, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1394; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 5(c), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 796; Pub. L. 96-448, title II, Sec. 216, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1915; Pub. L. 97-261, Sec. 12(b), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1113; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(k), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995; Pub. L. 103-180, Sec. 5, Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2050; Pub. L. 103-311, title II, Sec. 206(c)- (e), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1684, 1685, related to general tariff requirements. See sections 13702 and 13710 of this title. Section 10763, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1396, related to designation of certain routes by shippers or Interstate Commerce Commission. See section 10747 of this title. Section 10764, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1397, related to arrangements between carriers and required copies of arrangements to be filed with Commission. Section 10765, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1397, related to water transportation under arrangements with certain other carriers. Section 10766, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1398; Pub. L. 96-296, Sec. 10(d), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 801; Pub. L. 99-521, Sec. 7(l), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to freight forwarder traffic agreements. Section 10767, added Pub. L. 103-180, Sec. 7(a), Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2051, related to billing and collecting practices. See section 13708 of this title. Section 10781, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1398, related to investigations and reports by Commission on value of carrier property. Section 10782, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1399, related to requirements for establishing value. Section 10783, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1400, related to cooperation and assistance of carriers. Section 10784, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1400; Pub. L. 96-258, Sec. 1(8), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 426, related to revision of property valuations. Section 10785, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1401, related to finality of valuations, notices, protests, and review. Section 10786, Pub. L. 95-473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1401, related to applicability of sections 10781 to 10786 of this title. -End-

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Federal Trade Commission Received Documents July 19, 1995 B18354900230 P.O. Box 57 Westmoreland City, PA 15692 15 July, 1995 FTC Office of the Secretary "Made in the U.S.A." 6th Street and Pennsylvania Avenues, NW Washington, DC 20580 Dear Sir, In response to the enclosed article from USA Today, I believe that companies should be held to the EXACT meaning of their words. For example: Made in U.S.A. MEANS that all materials and parts are made in, and assembled in the United States. Anything else should have to read - Assembled in U.S.A. from imported materials (or parts). OR Assembled in East. Jabip from American parts, OR Made in Japan from American steel, OR exactly whatever is necessary to give the consumer the clarity we deserve. And we do deserve that clarity. We have the right. to support - or not to support any country's economy for personal reasons. The only way for citizen-consumers to do this is by having direct and easy access to information which is now being withheld. If companies want the marketing tool of being able to say "Made in the U.S.A.", let them earn it by supporting the manufacturing base. Thanks for hearing me! Yours truly, Leslie Eberman

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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 98-92 SEC Charges 41 People in 13 Actions Involving More Than $25 Million in Microcap Fraud Fight Against Microcap Fraud "Paying Dividends" Washington, DC, September 24, 1998 -- The Securities and Exchange Commission announced today the filing of thirteen enforcement actions against forty-one defendants across the country for their involvement in fraudulent microcap schemes that bilked investors of more than $25 million. Some of the fraudulent schemes involved bogus medical "breakthroughs," sham hotel renovations, phony stock certificates and the stock manipulation of on-line department store Shopping.com. In nine injunctive actions and two administrative proceedings the SEC alleges that the defendants violated the antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws by manipulating thirteen microcap stocks. In many of these cases the defendants engaged in "pump and dump" schemes and manipulated the stock price of microcap companies by disseminating materially false and misleading information about the financial condition, business relationships and future stock price of those companies, among other things. SEC Director of Enforcement Richard H. Walker said, "We are dedicated to ferreting out and prosecuting those who prey on innocent investors. Our actions against the scam artists charged in today's actions, who issue and sell these phony investments, demonstrate that the Commission's coordinated attack against microcap fraud is paying dividends." The defendants in these cases profited from the fraud, often by selling cheap insider stock after pumping up the stock price, receiving a total of approximately $25 million in ill-gotten gains. Among the schemes: * A Florida company allegedly in the business of building golf practice facilities instead taught its investors an expensive lesson. The company was really running a Ponzi scheme, cheating more than 350 investors in 16 states out of approximately $15 million. (SEC v. James T. Staples, et al.) * A Utah company claimed to have developed a new data transmission technology called "Digital Wave Modulation," and the company's stock soared from $3.50 to more than $40 a share. Prices collapsed when the company failed to produce a promised prototype, but not before the company's chairman and his children sold approximately $3 million worth of their shares in this classic "pump and dump" scheme. (SEC v. International Automated Systems, Inc., et al.) * A biotech firm in Las Vegas falsely claimed the company had an exclusive license to market "breakthrough" medical devices. The company also lied about its efforts to market a new line of nutritional supplements. (SEC v. Bio-Tech Industries, Inc., et al.) * Con artists in South Florida sold unregistered shares in bogus hotel renovation and condominium projects. In fact, they printed the certificates themselves and kept the money from their sale. (SEC v. VII Visionary Investments, Inc., et al.) * A Los Angeles area broker-dealer racked up more than $4 million for itself by rigging the market for shares of an on- line retailer, Shopping.com. (SEC v. Waldron & Co., Inc.) * The Commission charged three defendants with publishing purportedly "independent" news reports about 50 microcap companies that paid the defendants almost $400,000 in stock and cash to promote them. The newsletter was sent to approximately 60,000 readers each month. (SEC v. Hall, et al.) SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt said, "Putting microcap fraudsters out of business is a top priority of this Commission, and I am pleased with the progress we've made. Investors can help this effort and protect themselves by asking tough questions, not giving their money to strangers and reporting suspicious behavior. While securities fraud may never become extinct, we are working to put microcap fraudsters on the endangered species list." Prior to charging the defendants in these actions, the Commission had suspended trading in the stock of eight of the issuers involved in the pump and dump schemes for a single, ten-day period based on the dissemination of false and misleading information about the companies. The Commission's suspension of trading stopped the ongoing manipulations and placed an additional burden on broker- dealers to update their files with accurate information about the companies, pursuant to Rule 15c2-11 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, before they resumed or began quoting the securities. Preventing Microcap Fraud The SEC encourages investors to get the facts before they invest. They should call the SEC or their state's securities regulator to find out whether the investment is registered. They should also ask their state's securities regulator whether the broker and the firm are licensed to do business in the state and whether either has a history of complaints. Investors should avoid being swept away by a sales pitch, especially one that promises spectacular returns or emphasizes unproven products in development. They should learn as much as they can about the company, including how long it has been in business, what its products or services are, and whether it has made money for investors in the past. If the investment is touted by broadcast or print media or on the Internet, investors should ask whether payments have been made to promote the investment. For more tips on how to invest wisely and protect against investment fraud, investors should call the SEC toll- free at (800) SEC-0330 or visit the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. These enforcement actions are part of the Commission's four-pronged approach to attacking microcap fraud: enforcement, inspections, investor education and regulation. For more information about the SEC's response to Microcap fraud and the litigation releases for each of these cases, visit the SEC's Microcap Fraud Information Center at http://www.sec.gov/news/extra/microcap.htm. The SEC acknowledges the valuable assistance of the staff of the National Association of Securities Dealers Regulation, Inc. in referring a number of these matters. # # #

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Site Lat Lon Continent Country Place further location information 1 39.0000 -76.8667 North and Central America United States Greenbelt Maryland (state), Prince Georges (county), 2 21.3000 -157.8500 North and Central America United States Honolulu Hawaii (state), Honolulu (county), Oahu (island), 3 43.0667 -89.4000 North and Central America United States Madison Wisconsin (state), Dane (county), 4 27.7667 -82.6667 North and Central America United States SaintPetersburg Florida (state), Pinellas (county), 5 44.5500 -123.2500 North and Central America United States Corvallis Oregon (state), Benton (county), 6 43.5500 -96.7000 North and Central America United States SiouxFalls South Dakota (state), Minnehaha (county), 7 61.2167 -149.9000 North and Central America United States Anchorage Alaska (state), Anchorage (division (national)), 8 32.9500 -117.0333 North and Central America United States Poway California (state), San Diego (county), 9 33.1833 -80.0000 North and Central America United States MoncksCorner South Carolina (state), Berkeley (county), 10 46.8667 -113.9833 North and Central America United States Missoula Montana (state), Missoula (county), 11 40.7500 -111.8833 North and Central America United States SaltLakeCity Utah (state), Salt Lake (county), 12 30.4500 -91.1500 North and Central America United States BatonRouge Louisiana (state), East Baton Rouge (parish (political)), 13 - 42.9000 147.3000 Oceania Australia Hobart Tasmania (state), 14 - 23.7000 133.8667 Oceania Australia AliceSprings Northern Territory (territory), 15 - 31.9667 115.8167 Oceania Australia Perth Western Australia (state), 16 1.2833 103.8500 Asia Singapore Singapore Singapore (island), 17 56.4667 -3.0000 Europe United Kingdom Dundee Scotland (country), Dundee (unitary authority), 18 13.7500 100.5200 Asia Thailand Bangkok Bankok Metropolis (region), Krung Thep Mahanakhon (province), 19 55.7500 37.7000 Asia Russia Moscow Rossiya (republic), Moskva (autonomous city), 20 47.2333 39.7000 Asia Russia RostovnaDonu Rossiya (republic), Rostov (oblast), 21 46.3000 44.2333 Asia Russia Elista Kalmykia-provisional (republic), 22 62.1667 129.8333 Asia Russia Yakutsk Sakha (republic), 23 48.5000 135.1000 Asia Russia Chabarovsk Rossiya (republic), Khabarovsk (territory), 24 43.2500 76.9500 Asia Kazakhstan Almaty Alma-Ata (oblast), 25 56.8667 60.5833 Asia Russia Yekaterinburg Rossiya (republic), Sverdlovskaya Oblast' (oblast), 26 52.3000 104.2500 Asia Russia Irkutsk Rossiya (republic), Irkutskaya Oblast' (oblast), 27 46.9667 142.7500 Asia Russia YuzhnoSakhalinsk Rossiya (republic), Sakhalinskaya Oblast (oblast), Sakhalin, Ostrov (island), 28 69.7000 19.0000 Europe Norway Tromso Troms (county), Tromsy (island), 29 37.5333 127.0000 Asia South Korea Seoul Soul-t'ukpyolsi (special city), 30 59.4000 13.5333 Europe Sweden Karlstad Vrmland (county), 31 67.8571 20.9643 Europe Sweden Kiruna Norrbotten (county), 32 27.7629 -15.6338 Europe Spain Maspalomas Canary Islands (autonomous community), Palmas, Las (province), Gran Canaria (island), 33 40.6667 16.6167 Europe Italy Matera Basilicata (region), Matera (province), 34 48.7333 -3.4500 Europe France Lannion Brittany (region), Ctes-du-Nord, Dpartement des (department), 35 - 25.7500 28.2000 Africa South Africa Pretoria Gauteng (province), 36 23.0500 72.6667 Asia India Ahmadabad Gujarat (state), 37 48.1167 11.3000 Europe Germany Oberpfaffenhofen Bavaria (state), Oberbayern (district (national)), 38 - 15.5333 -56.0833 South America Brazil Cuiaba Centro-Oeste (region), Mato Grosso (state), 39 - 31.4000 -64.1833 South America Argentina Cordoba Crdoba (province), 40 39.9167 116.4333 Asia China Beijing Beijing Shi (municipality), 41 43.7167 87.6333 Asia China Urumqi Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (autonomous region), 42 23.1333 113.3333 Asia China Canton Guangdong (province), 43 34.3833 132.4500 Asia Japan Hiroshima Chugoku (region), Hiroshima-ken (prefecture), 44 32.8333 130.7000 Asia Japan Kumamoto Kyushu-chiho (region), Kumamoto-ken (prefecture), 45 35.9333 139.8667 Asia Japan Noda Kanto (region), Chiba-ken (prefecture), 46 35.7500 139.5000 Asia Japan Tokyo Kanto (region), Tokyo (metropolis), 47 35.6333 140.1167 Asia Japan Chiba Kanto (region), Chiba-ken (prefecture), 48 38.9667 -76.8500 North and Central America United States Lanham Maryland (state), Prince Georges (county), 49 33.4167 -111.8167 North and Central America United States Mesa Arizona (state), Maricopa (county), 50 64.8333 -147.7000 North and Central America United States Fairbanks Alaska (state), Fairbanks North Star (division (national)), 51 39.9667 9.5167 Europe Italy VillagrandeStrisaili Sardinia (region), Nuoro (province), 52 - 34.8140 138.6120 Oceania Australia MawsonLakes South Australia (state), 53 24.9500 121.2167 Asia Taiwan Chungli T'ao-yan Chen (county), 54 39.9167 116.4333 Asia China Beijing Beijing Shi (municipality), 55 30.2667 -97.7333 North and Central America United States Austin Texas (state), Travis (county), 56 50.8167 8.7667 Europe Germany Marburg Hesse (state), Giessen (district (national)), 57 39.9167 116.4333 Asia China Beijing Beijing Shi (municipality), 101 21.0167 105.8667 Asia Vietnam HaNoi H So'n Bnh, Tinh (province), 102 55.3800 43.8300 Asia Russia Sarov Rossiya (republic), Nizhniy Novgorod (oblast), ??? 103 53.3500 83.7500 Asia Russia Barnaul Rossiya (republic), Altayskiy Kray (territory), 104 35.6667 51.4333 Asia Iran Tehran Tehran (province), 105 56.3333 44.0000 Asia Russia NizhniyNovgorod Rossiya (republic), Nizhniy Novgorod (oblast), Sites numbered greater than 100 are from http://www.scanex.ru/stations/eoscan.htm

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823318

# Presentation: 823318 ## BY 2005 CPIC and A-11 Changes Training - April 2, 2003 - Part II.A - Architecture Responding to OMB Questions *Leslie Roberts, Senior Enterprise Architect, * *Office of the Chief Information Officer* ## Exhibit 300 **Part II. Additional Business Case Criteria for Information Technology** **Exhibit 300** **Part I. Capital Asset Plan and Business Case (All Assets)** - A. --- - B. --- - C. ---- - D. ----- - A. Enterprise Architecture ** **1. Business - 2. Data - 3. Applications and Technology - B. Security and Privacy - ----- - ----- ## Architecture - The Questions - A. Is this project identified in your agency’s enterprise architecture? If not, why not? - B Explain how it conforms to your departmental (entire agency) enterprise architecture. - C Briefly describe how this initiative supports the identified Lines of Business and Sub-Functions of the Federal Business Architecture. - D Was this project approved through the EA Review committee at your agency? - E What are the major process simplification/reengineering/design projects that are required as part of this initiative? - F What are the major organization restructuring, training, and change management projects that are required? **Architecture - The Questions** ## Architecture - The Questions (continued) - A. What types of data will be used in this project? (Add examples of data types such as health, etc.) - B. Does the data for this project already exist at the Federal, State, or Local level? If so, what are your plans to gain access to that data? - C. Are there legal reasons why this data cannot be transferred? If so, what are they and did you adress them in the barriers and risk sections above? - D. If this initiative processes spatial data, identify planned investments for spatial data and demonstrate how the agency ensures compliance with the Federal Geographic Data Committee standards required by OMB Circular A-16? - E. If this activity involves the acquisition, handling, or storage of information that will be disseminated to the public or used to support information that will be disseminated to the public, explain how it will comply with your agency’s Information Quality guidelines. - NOTE: OMB intents to add a records management tracking question, however, the details of the question have not yet been established. **Architecture - The Questions (continued)** ## Architecture - The Questions (continued) - Discuss this initiative/project in relationship to the application and technology layers of the EA. Include a discussion of hardware, applications, infrastructure, e-business technologies, web technologies, component based architectures, etc. - Include information from the Federal Enterprise Architecture – specifically the Solutions Reference Model and the Technical Reference Model. - B Are all of the hardware, applications, and infrastructure requirements for this project included in the Technical Reference Model? If not, please explain. **Architecture - The Questions (continued)** ## The Architectures **The Architectures** **Federal** – 24 Lines of Business, 5 models/layers **Interior** **Department** 17 Lines of Business - IEA **BIA** Supplement - IEA **BOR** Supplement - IEA **NBC** Supplement - IEA **BLM **Supplement - IEA **GS** Supplement ## Section II. A. Enterprise Architecture ** ****II.A.1 Business** ** **A. Is this project identified in your **agency's** **enterprise architecture**? If not, why? - B. Explain how this project conforms to your **departmental (entire agency) enterprise architecture.** ** ** **Exhibit 300 Architecture – Responses to OMB Questions** - _This means the DOI IEA!_ ## How OMB Views the Ideal Architecture ## How OMB Views the Ideal Architecture - Infrastructure - Security - Applications - Data Mgmt ## A. Is this project identified in your agency's enterprise architecture? If not, why? - Response is based on the scope and phase of the project: | Interior wide or Cross-Bureau | New or Developmental | | --- | --- | | Interior wide or Cross-Bureau | Operational or Near-Operational | | Bureau Unique | New or Developmental | | Bureau Unique | Operational or Near-Operational | - Scope of Initiative - Life Cycle Phase _**II. A. 1. Business**_ ## Language For New and Developmental Projects: *This project* is being developed in accordance with the IEA documents, and they or any future revision of them will be included as requirements in any contracts for this project. Any exceptions are noted in the subsequent questions related to the specific architecture layers.” - Interior-wide or cross-bureau - New or Developmental ***If your project is Interior-wide or cross-bureau, ***The IEA applies, and language similar to the following may be used: _**Language For New and Developmental Projects:**_ ## Language for Operational or Near-Operational Systems: - This project was initiated and developed prior to development of the architecture. As such, it is part of Interior’s “As Is” architecture. It has been compared against the IEA guidance requirements, and meets some of them. As the project is modified or replaced, each iteration will move toward fuller conformance with the IEA.” _**Language for Operational or Near-Operational Systems:**_ - Interior-wide or cross-bureau - Operational or Near Operational ***If your project is Interior-wide or cross-bureau, ***The IEA applies, and language similar to the following may be used: ## “Interior has developed its high-level Enterprise Architecture, and is currently in the process of mid-level development. The IEA is a federated model, with only a certain percentage of it pertaining to cross cutting initiatives. Only the Interior Enterprise Architecture Bureau supplemental architecture applies to this project because its requirements are bureau unique.” _***If your project or initiative is confined solely to your bureau***__**:**_ - Bureau Unique - It is a Bureau-Specific Initiative, and the _IEA should be applied to the extent possible_. In addition, each bureau with such unique business needs is required to develop supplemental architectural requirements and guidance for those specific cases, and the initiative should adhere to those bureau-specific architectural artifacts. _**Language similar to the following should be used:**_ **< and either >** ## B. This project was initiated and developed prior to development of either the IEA or the bureau supplemental architecture. As the bureau architecture supplement is developed, and the project is modified or replaced, each iteration will move toward fuller enterprise architectural conformance to the extent possible.” (operational systems) - A. The project is being developed in conformance with the <name of bureau> supplemental enterprise architecture, and with the overall IEA to the extent possible” - (**new and developmental projects**) - Bureau Unique - New or Developmental **< Or >** - Bureau Unique - Operational or Near Operational ## The Interior Enterprise Architecture is described in the: *Common Requirements Vision (CRV), * *Conceptual Architecture Principles (CAP), and the * *Technical Reference Model (TRM). * *located at *_[http://www.doi.gov/OCIO/architecture](http://www.doi.gov/OCIO/architecture)__._ _*You, the project manager, need to review each document, and identify which areas your project relates to, and how it conforms.*_ - B. Explain how this project conforms to your departmental (entire agency) enterprise architecture - _[http://](http://www.doi.gov/OCIO/architecture)__[www.doi.gov](http://www.doi.gov/OCIO/architecture)__[/OCIO/architecture](http://www.doi.gov/OCIO/architecture)_***.*** _**II. A. 1. Business (cont.)**_ - (Conformance with Agency Enterprise Architecture) ## Classic Development Process and DOI Model to Date - Business - Data - Applications - Technology - (Conformance with Agency Enterprise Architecture, cont) ## Business Layer – Compare your project to the Common Requirements Vision, the Conceptual Architecture Principles, and the Agency Strategic and annual performance plans. Note any items that do not apply, or which your project does not conform to. Explain why. _*Data Layer*_* - Compare your project to applicable sections of the CRV and Conceptual Architecture, but also specifically with the Data Management Domain. ****Note any items that do not apply, or which your project does not conform to. Explain why.*** - More Specifically: - (Conformance with Agency Enterprise Architecture) ## Application Layer – Discuss in relation to the CRV, The Conceptual Architecture Principles and the TRM as it relates to Application Development *. * *Respond by listing what your project requires in these areas, and compare to each appropriate entry in the IEA TRM. Rate each of the components/ applications, etc. chosen for the project according to its classification in the TRM. (Preferred, contained, etc.) **http://www.doi.gov/OCIO/architecture* _*Application Layer*_* – Discuss in relation to the CRV, The Conceptual Architecture Principles and the TRM as it relates to Application Development* _*Technology Layer*_* – How does this project relate to the applicable TRM domains, e.g. Platforms, Networks, Middleware, etc.* - (Conformance with Agency Enterprise Architecture. Cont.) ## II. A. 1. Business (cont.) - C. Briefly describe how this initiative supports the identified Lines of Business and sub-Functions of the **Federal Business Architecture.** - _[http://](http://www.feapmo.gov/)__[www.feapmo.gov](http://www.feapmo.gov/)_***.*** _**II. A. 1. Business (cont.)**_ - Federal Business Architecture ## (Federal Business Architecture, cont) ## Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) _**Business Reference Model (BRM)**_ - Lines of Business - Agencies, Customers, Partners _**Service Component Reference Model (SRM)**_ - Capabilities and Functionality - Services and Access Channels _**Technical Reference Model (TRM)**_ - IT Services - Standards _**Data Reference Model (DRM)**_ - Business-focused data standardization - Cross-Agency Information exchanges _**Performance Reference Model (PRM)**_ - Government-wide Performance Measures & Outcomes - Line of Business-Specific Performance Measures & Outcomes **Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA)** **Owned by** **Line of Business** **Owners** **Owned by** **CIO ** **Council** - The FEA is being constructed through a collection of inter-related “reference models” designed to facilitate cross-agency collaboration, and horizontal / vertical information sharing - (Federal Business Architecture, cont) ## DOI Layers - Business - Performance - Applications /Solutions - Data/ Information - Technical - Federal Models - We will be aligning this terminology in the near future **Business Reference Model (BRM)** - • - Lines of Business - • - Agencies, Customers, Partners **Service Component Reference Model (SRM)** - • - Capabilities and Functionality - • - Services and Access Channels **Technical Reference Model (TRM)** - • - IT Services - • - Standards **Data Reference Model (DRM)** - • - Business - - - focused data standardization - • - Cross - - - Agency Information exchanges **Business** **-** **Driven Approach** **Business** **-** **Driven Approach** **Performance Reference Model (PRM)** - • - Government - - - wide Performance Measures & Outcomes - • - Line of Business - - - Specific Performance Measures & Outcomes - (Federal Business Architecture, cont) ## FEA Service for Citizens Business Lines ***FEA Service for Citizens Business Lines*** - Reported Interior Line of Business and Sub-Function Mapping to Federal Business Reference Model - (Federal Business Architecture, cont) ## Reported Interior Line of Business and Sub-Function Mapping to Federal Business Reference Model ***FEA *** ***Modes of Delivery*** - (Federal Modes of Delivery Totals: - 7 Lines of Business 20 subfunctions) - (Federal Business Architecture, cont) ## Federal Service for Citizens Business Area Total: - Federal Service for Citizens Business Area Total: - 20 Lines of Business 73 subfunctions ***FYI...*** - (Federal Business Architecture, cont) ## At Interior, the IT Management Council, consisting of the CIOs and their Deputies, performs the function of the EA Review committee. *Your capital planning official should be able to advise you as to when your project is presented to the ITMC, when it is approved, and whether the project needs additional work.* *All projects meeting the thresholds must come before the ITMC via the capital planning process, whether cross-cutting or bureau-specific.* - D. Was this project approved through the EA Review committee at your agency? _**II. A. 1. Business (cont.)**_ ## E. What are the major process simplification/ reengineering /design projects that are required as part of this initiative? *Self explanatory.* - F. What are the major organization restructuring, training, and change management projects that are required? *Self explanatory.* _**II. A. 1. Business (cont.)**_ ## A. What types of data will be used in this project? Add examples of data types such as health, etc. - B. Does the data needed for this project already exist at the Federal, State, or Local level? If so, what are your plans to gain access to that data? - C. Are there legal reasons why this data cannot be transferred? If so, what are they and did you address them in the barriers and risk sections above? *Self explanatory* *Self explanatory* *Self explanatory* _**II.A.2 Data**_ ## D. If this initiative processes spatial data, identify planned investments for spatial data and demonstrate how the agency ensures compliance with the Federal Geographic Data Committee standards required by OMB Circular A-16. *Self explanatory. * *Also, describe how the project conforms to the Geospatial Domain guidance in the IEA Technical Reference Model. **http://www.doi.gov/ocio/architecture* _**II.A.2. Data (continued)**_ ## II.A.2. Data (continued) - E. If this initiative involves the acquisition, handling, or storage of information that will be disseminated to the public or used to support information that will be disseminated to the public, explain how it will comply with your agency’s Information Quality guidelines. - Interior’s Information Quality guidelines can be found at: - F. NOTE: OMB plans to add a records management tracking question, however, the details of this question have not yet been established. You will receive notification when the question has been prepared. - http://www.doi.gov/ - Select “About DOI” (2nd line center) ## II.A.3 Application and Technology * *_*Application Layer*_* – The IEA has not identified specific applications in the architecture to date, however, application projects must be developed in accordance with the Conceptual Requirements Visions, the Conceptual Architecture Principles, and the TRM sections applicable to applications, such as system development and data management. **Note any items that do not apply, or which your project does not conform with. Explain why. Initiatives will be evaluated at the ITMC and the MIT to ensure that proposed applications move us in the direction of the target architecture.* * * _*Technology Layer*_* – How does this project relate to the applicable TRM domains, e.g. Platforms, Networks, Middleware, etc .**** ****Note any items that do not apply, or which your project does not conform with. Explain why.* - A. Discuss this initiative/project in relationship to the application and technology layers of the EA. Include a discussion of hardware, applications, infrastructure, e-business technologies, web technologies, component based architectures,etc. ## B. Are all of the hardware, applications, and infrastructure requirements for this project included in the EA Technical Reference Model? - B***. ***Are all of the hardware, applications, and infrastructure requirements for this project included in the EA Technical Reference Model? - **If not, please explain** *** ****Respond by listing what your project’s requirements are in the areas of hardware, applications, and infrastructure. Compare each to the appropriate section of the TRM. Rate each of you project’s requirements according to the classification (Preferred, contained, etc.) stated in the TRM.* _**II.A.3**__** **__** Application and Technology (continued)**_ - _NOTE: Your bureau architect may be able to help you with this._ ## Interior Architecture Working Group ## Federal Enterprise Architecture Program Management Office (FEA PMO) - _http://www.feapmo.gov_ - Interior Enterprise Architecture - _http://www.doi.gov/ocio/architecture_ - Interior Enterprise Architecture Program Management Office - Faye Lee, Chief Architect 202-208-5436 faye_lee@ios.doi.gov - Leslie Roberts, Sr. Enterprise Architect 202-208-5439 leslie_roberts@ios.doi.gov - Suzanne Acar, Data Resource Program Manager 202-208-3216 suzanne_acar@ios.doi.gov

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531587

# Presentation: 531587 ## Irrigation Scheduler Program-EOT Soil and Water Conservation District ## OBJECTIVES OF SCHEDULER PROGRAM: - The Irrigation Scheduler Management Program is designed to give the farmer a second opinion on in-field soil moisture status that can assist the farmer’s decision on if and when to irrigate. - Prevent crop loss due to insufficient moisture. - Prevent ground water contamination due to over application of water and leaching of nutrients. - **The success of the Scheduler Project depends on the working relationship between the farmer and the technician. ## SERVICES PROVIDED BY TECHNICIAN: - Provide weekly visits to check soil moisture (includes a rain gauge for the season). - Furnish weekly computer soil moisture graphs along with watering recommendations. - Access to the daily crop water "ET" telephone message-(218)346-4260 Ext.119 (Also available via radio...Chad Moyer....Wadena (KWAD, KNSP,KKWS). - A year-end summary (graph) showing irrigation total (s), rainfall amount, and potential leaching events. ## Responsibilities of the Irrigator: - The farmer needs to notify the SWCD office of weekly irrigation and rainfall amounts before 9:00 AM each assigned day at 346-4260 ext. 120 or can be e-mailed. - Inform technician of crop emergence dates. - Spraying dates (**when** **pesticide application may restrict re-entry).** - Harvesting dates/Alfalfa cutting dates. ## WHAT DOES THE PROGRAM COST? - Time...for reading rain gauges and reporting rainfall and irrigation amounts to the technician (done weekly). - Cost would be $200.00 per field/crop or $350.00 for 2 fields/crops. - If a 2 year contract is signed, the cost of scheduler services would be $175.00 per year per field. ****** The SWCD defines a field as having only one crop on it. ## HOW DO YOU SIGN UP FOR THE PROGRAM? - Provide your name, address, phone number, township and section number of the field and the crop to be grown. - Complete a contract with the irrigation scheduler technician. - Make full payment within 30 days of billing. Payments are to be made to the East Otter Tail Soil & Water Conservation District with a 1 1⁄2 % interest charge per month being added after 30 days. ## QUESTIONS? - If you have question now......ASK - If you have questions later.....Call 218-346-4260 and ask for Arnold Rethemeier or stop in and visit at the office at 801 Jenny Avenue in Perham.

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[Link to GCH-0015](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0015LOPS.doc) [Link to GCH-0016](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0016LOPS.doc) [Link to GCH-0017](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0017LOPS.doc) [Link to GCH-0018](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0018LOPS.doc) [Link to GCH-0019](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0019LOPS.doc) Legal Opinion: GCH-0086 Index: 2.245 Subject: PH Due Process Determination June 2, 1993 DUE PROCESS DETERMINATION for the STATE OF OHIO TABLE OF CONTENTS ANALYSIS I. Jurisdiction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II\. Elements of due process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III\. Overview of Ohio eviction procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 IV\. Analysis of Ohio eviction procedures for each of the regulatory due process elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A. Adequate notice to the tenant of the grounds for terminating the tenancy and for eviction (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(1)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 B. Right to be represented by counsel (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(2)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 C. Opportunity for the tenant to refute the evidence presented by the PHA, including the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(3)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 D. Opportunity to present any affirmative legal or equitable defense which the tenant may have (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(3)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 E. A decision on the merits (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(4)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 V. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ANALYSIS I. Jurisdiction: State of Ohio. II\. Elements of due process Section 6(k) of the United States Housing Act of l937 (42 U.S.C. 1437d(k), as amended by section 503(a) of the National Affordable Housing Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101-625, approved November 28, 1990), provides that: For any grievance concerning an eviction or termination of tenancy that involves any criminal activity that threatens the health, safety, or right to peaceful enjoyment of the premises of other tenants or employees of the public housing agency or any drug-related criminal activity on or near such premises, the agency may . . . exclude from its grievance procedure any such grievance, in any jurisdiction which requires that prior to eviction, a tenant be given a hearing in court which the Secretary determines provides the basic elements of due process . . . . The statutory phrase \"elements of due process\" is defined by HUD at 24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c) as: . . . an eviction action or a termination of tenancy in a State or local court in which the following procedural safeguards are required: $l$ Adequate notice to the tenant of the grounds for terminating the tenancy and for eviction; $2$ Right of the tenant to be represented by counsel; $3$ Opportunity for the tenant to refute the evidence presented by the PHA including the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses and to present any affirmative legal or equitable defense which the tenant may have; and $4$ A decision on the merits. HUD\'s determination that a State\'s eviction procedures satisfy this regulatory definition is called a \"due process determination.\" The present due process determination is based on HUD\'s analysis of the laws of the State of Ohio to determine if an action for forcible entry and detainer (FED action) under those laws requires a hearing with all of the regulatory \"elements of due process,\" as defined in Section 966.53(c). HUD finds that the requirements of Ohio law governing a FED action in the Ohio municipal or county courts under sections 1923.01-1923.15 of the Ohio Revised Code (FED statute) include all of the elements of basic due process, as defined in 24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c). This conclusion is based on requirements contained in the State Constitution, Ohio Revised Code, Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure (Civ. R.), Ohio Rules of Evidence (Evid. R.) and case law. III\. Overview of Ohio eviction procedures In Ohio, an action for unlawful detainer may be brought in county or municipal court or a court of common pleas. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.01(A) (Anderson 1992). The Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure apply generally to all civil actions. Civ. R. 1(A). The Civil Rules apply to an FED action except \"to the extent that they would by their nature be clearly inapplicable.\" Civ. R. 1(C). Article I, section 16 of the Ohio State Constitution states that \"every person . . . shall have remedy by due course of law.\" The Ohio Supreme Court has construed this provision as affording due process protections equivalent to those afforded by the United States Constitution. Cody v. Jones, 456 N.E. 2d 813 (1983). The following analysis shows that Ohio law governing a FED action requires a pre-eviction hearing which meets all elements of HUD\'s regulatory due process definition. IV\. Analysis of Ohio eviction procedures for each of the regulatory due process elements A. Adequate notice to the tenant of the grounds for terminating the tenancy and for eviction (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(1)) A civil action, including a FED action, is commenced by filing a complaint with the court. Civ. R. 3(A). A civil action complaint must contain \"a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.\" Civ. R. 8(A). In a FED action, the complaint must \"particularly describe the premises\" and set forth the unlawful detention. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.05 (Anderson 1992). Thus, the complaint must state the cause of action in sufficient terms to allow the defendant to prepare a defense. Pursuant to the FED statute and the Civil Rules, a summons must be served on the tenant. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.06(A) (Anderson 1992); Civ. R. 4. The summons may not be issued until the complaint has been filed. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.05 (Anderson 1992). A copy of the complaint must be attached to the summons. Civ. R. 4(B). The summons is prepared by the Clerk of Courts, and must be in the form specified. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.06 (Anderson 1992). The summons notifies the tenant of the opportunity to appear and defend. Civ. R. 4(B). In a FED action, the summons must contain the following language printed in a conspicuous manner: A complaint to evict you has been filed with this court. No person shall be evicted unless his right to possession has ended and no person shall be evicted in retaliation for the exercise of his lawful rights . . . . Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.06(B) (Anderson 1992). Service of the summons and complaint in accordance with the FED statute and the Civil Rules provides adequate notice of the FED action, and of the grounds for terminating the tenancy and for eviction. Adequate notice is also presumably required by Article I, section 16 of the Ohio Constitution, since that provision is construed to provide due process protections. B. Right to be represented by counsel (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(2)) The summons in a FED action must inform the defendant of the defendant\'s right to employ counsel. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.06(B) (Anderson 1992). The summons must contain the following language: You have a right to seek legal assistance. If you cannot afford a lawyer, you may contact your local legal aid or legal service office. If none is available, you may contact your local bar association. Id. Thus, a tenant has the right to be represented by counsel in a FED action. The due process clause of the Ohio State Constitution also affords the right to be represented by counsel. Article I, section 16. C. Opportunity for the tenant to refute the evidence presented by the PHA, including the right to confront and cross- examine witnesses (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(3)) The Ohio Rules of Evidence govern court proceedings in a FED action. Evid. R. 101(A). All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by the United States Constitution, the Ohio State Constitution, statute or the rules applicable to the Ohio courts. Evid. R. 402. \"Relevant evidence\" is defined as \"evidence having a tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.\" Evid. R. 401. The tenant has the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses. Ohio Rule of Evidence 611(B) provides that \"cross-examination shall be permitted on all relevant matters and matters affecting credibility.\" In addition, \"when a party calls a hostile witness, an adverse party, or a witness identified with an adverse party, interrogation may be by leading questions.\" Evid. R. 611(C). Rule 32 of the Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure permits the use of a deposition at trial in specified circumstances, but only against a party who had an opportunity to appear at the taking of the deposition. This limitation is evidently designed to prevent the use of deposition evidence where a party has not had the opportunity to confront and cross-examine the witness. In addition, the Civil Rules severely limit the purposes for which a deposition may be offered at trial. These limitations are intended to restrict the presentation of evidence by a deponent not present for cross-examination at trial. Rule 32(A)(3) explicitly notes \"the importance of presenting the testimony of witnesses orally in open court.\" Article I, section 16 of the Ohio State Constitution also appears to require that a tenant must have the opportunity to refute PHA evidence, and to confront and cross-examine witnesses. Such opportunity is a fundamental aspect of procedural due process in a proceeding to determine whether the tenant has a right to remain in an assisted unit. Article I, section 16 of the Ohio Constitution is construed to provide due process protections equivalent to the United States Constitution. Based on the foregoing, a tenant in a FED action has the opportunity to refute the evidence presented by the PHA, including the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses. D. Opportunity to present any affirmative legal or equitable defense which the tenant may have (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(3)) The FED statue expressly provides that \"any defense\" may be asserted at trial. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.06.1 (Anderson 1992). There is no restriction on presentation in the FED action of any affirmative defense available under State landlord and tenant law. The general rules of pleading under section 8 of the Ohio Civil Rules are applicable in a FED action. Rule 8(B) provides without restriction that a party shall state the party\'s defenses to each claim asserted. Rule 8(C) provides that the party may present \"any . . . matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense.\" There are no restrictions under Ohio law on the tenant\'s right to raise any affirmative defense in the FED action, whether the affirmative defense is equitable or legal in character. E. A decision on the merits (24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c)(4)) An eviction action may be tried before a judge or jury. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Sections 1923.09, 1923.10 (Anderson 1992); see also Title VI of the Civil Rules (Trials). Even if a defendant fails to appear at the trial, the plaintiff must present evidence to the court sufficient to prove the allegations contained in the complaint. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Section 1923.07 (Anderson 1992). The FED statute provides that whether the trial is to the court or to the jury, judgment is entered at the conclusion of the hearing. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Sections 1923.09, 1923.11 (Anderson 1992). If the facts are tried to a jury, the court must instruct the jury on the law. Civ. R. 51(A). When questions of fact are tried by the court without a jury, the court must, at the request of a party, state in writing separate conclusions of fact and of law. Civ. R. 52. As in the FED statute, the Civil Rules provide that judgment is entered after the trial. Civ. R. 58. The specific provisions noted above, as well as the general structure of the FED statute, the Civil Rules and the Rules of Evidence, clearly imply that the purpose of the trial is a just determination on the facts and law as found by the court. As noted above, the purpose of the evidence rules \"is to provide procedures for the adjudication of causes to the end that the truth may be ascertained and proceedings justly determined.\" Evid. R. 102. A just determination on the merits is also required by Article I, section 16 of the Ohio Constitution. V. Conclusion Ohio law governing a FED action in the municipal or county courts requires that the tenant have the opportunity for a pre-eviction hearing in court which provides the basic elements of due process as defined in 24 C.F.R. Section 966.53(c) of the HUD regulations. By this HUD determination under section 6(k) of the U.S. Housing Act of l937, a PHA in Ohio may evict a public housing tenant pursuant to a municipal or county court decision in a FED action, for any criminal activity that threatens the health, safety, or right to peaceful enjoyment of the premises of other tenants or employees of the PHA, or for any drug-related criminal activity on or near the premises. The PHA is not required to first afford the tenant the opportunity for an administrative hearing on the eviction.

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# Presentation: 828585 ## The NDBC Tropical Expansion: Overview and Emerging PIRATA Partnership - Don Conlee - Chief Scientist - National Data Buoy Center - Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 ## Project Background - Congressional Supplemental following active 2004 U.S. tropical season (Dec. 05) - NCEP/NHC prioritized from 51 previously-identified NCEP locations of buoy needs - Enough Funding for 7 buoys - 6 new - Maintain Pensacola buoy scheduled for removal - Desired availability – Start of next Atlantic tropical season (1 June 05) ## Requirements/Priorities - Required: Continuous Wind Sampling, Surface Pressure, Waves - Desired: - SST, Air Temp, Humidity (Provided) - Upper Ocean Heat Content, Rain (Partial/Planned) - High Reliability/Survivability - Large Hulls (12m and 10m Discus, 6m NOMAD) - Quadruple Instrument Redundancy - 2 complete integration systems per buoy - Backup Communications (Goes + Iridium) ## 12m - Placeholder for some cool pics from Stuart. ## In the Locks... ## 10m Launch ## 6m NOMAD High Reliability Variant - 6m NOMAD High Reliability Variant - 12m (Yucatan) – Late April, Early May - 10m (Central Carib.) – Late May - 6m (Atlantic) – Late May - PIRATA - 38°W Line - WHOI - NTAS ## PIRATA Partnership - Tropical Expansion briefed at PIRATA-10 in Fortaleza, Dec. 2004 - Asked PIRATA SSC to consider desirability of “PIRATIZING” easternmost buoys. - Letter of 2 February asked NDBC to consider adding instrumentation, including subsurface - NDBC is accommodating on a non-interference basis with primary mission - Opportunity to test emerging capabilities and gain experience with tropical climate observation - Build relationship with PIRATA principals - Better satisfy original NWS/NCEP/NHC requirement ## “Piratizing”, Phase 1 - Add Rain and Precision SW Radiation to 6m NOMAD buoys - Add CT capability to small companion buoy - (ADCP and Dir. Waves = Lagniappe) - Enhanced calibration, add post-calibration - Associated Data Management and Distribution ## NDBC 1.8m Wave Buoy ## 1.8m with ADCP - 1.8m w/CT String Mooring Design **Notes:** Maximum depth error: 3.5% (500m), Taut would be about half the error. ## Next Steps - Deploy 1.8m companion at easternmost buoy if unable to include on CG initial deployment - Evaluate effectiveness with PIRATA - Use interface for rain and radiation to improve resolution and sampling - Add current meter at 10m ## More Climate Partnerships - Continuing and Expanding Radiation Observations on MON – WHOI - Provide NTAS data to NHC (no GTS/model input) - CO2 on Coastal MON buoy this summer –PMEL (Sabine)

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---- ----------- ------------------------------------------------ --------- 6 52.212-03 Offeror Representations And Certifications - January Commercial Items. 2005 ---- ----------- ------------------------------------------------ --------- An offeror shall complete only paragraph (j) of this provision if the offeror has completed the annual representations and certifications electronically at http://orca.bpn.gov. If an offeror has not completed the annual representations and certifications electronically at the ORCA website, the offeror shall complete only paragraphs (b) through (i) of this provision. $a$ Definitions. As used in this provision: \"Emerging small business\" means a small business concern whose size is no greater than 50 percent of the numerical size standard for the NAICS code designated. \"Forced or indentured child labor\" means all work or service- $1$ Exacted from any person under the age of 18 under the menace of any penalty for its nonperformance and for which the worker does not offer himself voluntarily; or $2$ Performed by any person under the age of 18 pursuant to a contract the enforcement of which can be accomplished by process or penalties. \"Service-disabled veteran-owned small business concern\"\-- $1$ Means a small business concern\-- $i$ Not less than 51 percent of which is owned by one or more service-disabled veterans or, in the case of any publicly owned business, not less than 51 percent of the stock of which is owned by one or more service-disabled veterans; and $ii$ The management and daily business operations of which are controlled by one or more service-disabled veterans or, in the case of a service-disabled veteran with permanent and severe disability, the spouse or permanent caregiver of such veteran. $2$ Service-disabled veteran means a veteran, as defined in 38 U.S.C. 101(2), with a disability that is service-connected, as defined in 38 U.S.C. 101(16). \"Small business concern\" means a concern, including its affiliates, that is independently owned and operated, not dominant in the field of operation in which it is bidding on Government contracts, and qualified as a small business under the criteria in 13 CFR part 121 and size standards in this solicitation. \"Veteran-owned small business concern\" means a small business concern\-- $1$ Not less than 51 percent of which is owned by one or more veterans (as defined at 38 U.S.C. 101(2)) or, in the case of any publicly owned business, not less than 51 percent of the stock of which is owned by one or more veterans; and $2$ The management and daily business operations of which are controlled by one or more veterans. \"Women-owned business concern\" means a concern which is at least 51 percent owned by one or more women; or in the case of any publicly owned business, at least 51 percent of its stock is owned by one or more women; and whose management and daily business operations are controlled by one or more women. \"Women-owned small business concern\" means a small business concern\-- $1$ That is at least 51 percent owned by one or more women; or, in the case of any publicly owned business, at least 51 percent of the stock of which is owned by one or more women; and $2$ Whose management and daily business operations are controlled by one or more women. $b$ Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) (26 U.S.C. 6109, 31 U.S.C. 7701). (Not applicable if the offeror is required to provide this information to a central contractor registration database to be eligible for award.) $1$ All offerors must submit the information required in paragraphs (b)(3) through (b)(5) of this provision to comply with debt collection requirements of 31 U.S.C. 7701(c) and 3325(d), reporting requirements of 26 U.S.C. 6041, 6041A, and 6050M, and implementing regulations issued by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). $2$ The TIN may be used by the Government to collect and report on any delinquent amounts arising out of the offeror\'s relationship with the Government (31 U.S.C. 7701(c)(3)). If the resulting contract is subject to the payment reporting requirements described in FAR 4.904, the TIN provided hereunder may be matched with IRS records to verify the accuracy of the offeror\'s TIN. $3$ Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN). \[ \] TIN: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. \[ \] TIN has been applied for. \[ \] TIN is not required because: \[ \] Offeror is a nonresident alien, foreign corporation, or foreign partnership that does not have income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States and does not have an office or place of business or a fiscal paying agent in the United States; \[ \] Offeror is an agency or instrumentality of a foreign government; \[ \] Offeror is an agency or instrumentality of the Federal Government. $4$ Type of organization. \[ \] Sole proprietorship; \[ \] Partnership; \[ \] Corporate entity (not tax-exempt); \[ \] Corporate entity (tax-exempt); \[ \] Government entity (Federal, State, or local); \[ \] Foreign government; \[ \] International organization per 26 CFR 1.6049-4; \[ \] Other \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. $5$ Common parent. \[ \] Offeror is not owned or controlled by a common parent; \[ \] Name and TIN of common parent: Name \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. TIN \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. $c$ Offerors must complete the following representations when the resulting contract will be performed in the United States or its outlying areas. Check all that apply. $1$ Small business concern. The offeror represents as part of its offer that it \[ \] is, \[ \] is not a small business concern. $2$ Veteran-owned small business concern. \[Complete only if the offeror represented itself as a small business concern in paragraph (c)(1) of this provision.\] The offeror represents as part of its offer that it \[ \] is, \[ \] is not a veteran-owned small business concern. $3$ Service-disabled veteran-owned small business concern. \[Complete only if the offeror represented itself as a veteran-owned small business concern in paragraph (c)(2) of this provision.\] The offeror represents as part of its offer that it \[ \] is, \[ \] is not a service-disabled veteran-owned small business concern. $4$ Small disadvantaged business concern. \[Complete only if the offeror represented itself as a small business concern in paragraph (c)(1) of this provision.\] The offeror represents, for general statistical purposes, that it \[ \] is, \[ \] is not a small disadvantaged business concern as defined in 13 CFR 124.1002. $5$ Women-owned small business concern. \[Complete only if the offeror represented itself as a small business concern in paragraph (c)(1) of this provision.\] The offeror represents that it \[ \] is, \[ \] is not a women-owned small business concern. Note: Complete paragraphs (c)(6) and (c)(7) only if this solicitation is expected to exceed the simplified acquisition threshold. $6$ Women-owned business concern (other than small business concern). \[Complete only if the offeror is a women-owned business concern and did not represent itself as a small business concern in paragraph (c)(1) of this provision.\] The offeror represents that it \[ \] is a women-owned business concern. $7$ Tie bid priority for labor surplus area concerns. If this is an invitation for bid, small business offerors may identify the labor surplus areas in which costs to be incurred on account of manufacturing or production (by offeror or first-tier subcontractors) amount to more than 50 percent of the contract price: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ $8$ Small Business Size for the Small Business Competitiveness Demonstration Program and for the Targeted Industry Categories under the Small Business Competitiveness Demonstration Program. \[Complete only if the offeror has represented itself to be a small business concern under the size standards for this solicitation.\] $i$ \[Complete only for solicitations indicated in an addendum as being set-aside for emerging small businesses in one of the four designated industry groups (DIGs).\] The offeror represents as part of its offer that it \[ \] is, \[ \] is not an emerging small business. $ii$ \[Complete only for solicitations indicated in an addendum as being for one of the targeted industry categories (TICs) or four designated industry groups (DIGs).\] Offeror represents as follows: $A$ Offeror\'s number of employees for the past 12 months (check the Employees column if size standard stated in the solicitation is expressed in terms of number of employees); or $B$ Offeror\'s average annual gross revenue for the last 3 fiscal years (check the Average Annual Gross Number of Revenues column if size standard stated in the solicitation is expressed in terms of annual receipts). (Check one of the following): Number of Employees Average Annual Gross Revenues \_\_ 50 or fewer \_\_ \$1 million or less \_\_ 51\--100 \_\_ \$1,000,001\--\$2 million \_\_ 101\--250 \_\_ \$2,000,001\--\$3.5 million \_\_ 251\--500 \_\_ \$3,500,001\--\$5 million \_\_ 501\--750 \_\_ \$5,000,001\--\$10 million \_\_ 751\--1,000 \_\_ \$10,000,001\--\$17 million \_\_ Over 1,000 \_\_ Over \$17 million $9$ \[Complete only if the solicitation contains the clause at FAR 52.219-23, Notice of Price Evaluation Adjustment for Small Disadvantaged Business Concerns, or FAR 52.219-25, Small Disadvantaged Business Participation Program\--Disadvantaged Status and Reporting, and the offeror desires a benefit based on its disadvantaged status.\] $i$ General. The offeror represents that either\-- $A$ It \[ \] is, \[ \] is not certified by the Small Business Administration as a small disadvantaged business concern and identified, on the date of this representation, as a certified small disadvantaged business concern in the database maintained by the Small Business Administration (PRO-Net), and that no material change in disadvantaged ownership and control has occurred since its certification, and, where the concern is owned by one or more individuals claiming disadvantaged status, the net worth of each individual upon whom the certification is based does not exceed \$750,000 after taking into account the applicable exclusions set forth at 13 CFR 124.104(c)(2); or $B$ It \[ \] has, \[ \] has not submitted a completed application to the Small Business Administration or a Private Certifier to be certified as a small disadvantaged business concern in accordance with 13 CFR 124, Subpart B, and a decision on that application is pending, and that no material change in disadvantaged ownership and control has occurred since its application was submitted. $ii$ \[ \] Joint Ventures under the Price Evaluation Adjustment for Small Disadvantaged Business Concerns. The offeror represents, as part of its offer, that it is a joint venture that complies with the requirements in 13 CFR 124.1002(f) and that the representation in paragraph (c)(9)(i) of this provision is accurate for the small disadvantaged business concern that is participating in the joint venture. \[The offeror shall enter the name of the small disadvantaged business concern that is participating in the joint venture:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.\] $10$ HUBZone small business concern. \[Complete only if the offeror represented itself as a small business concern in paragraph (c)(1) of this provision.\] The offeror represents, as part of its offer, that--- $i$ It \[ \] is, \[ \] is not a HUBZone small business concern listed, on the date of this representation, on the List of Qualified HUBZone Small Business Concerns maintained by the Small Business Administration, and no material change in ownership and control, principal office, or HUBZone employee percentage has occurred since it was certified by the Small Business Administration in accordance with 13 CFR part 126; and $ii$ It \[ \] is, \[ \] is not a joint venture that complies with the requirements of 13 CFR part 126, and the representation in paragraph (c)(10)(i) of this provision is accurate for the HUBZone small business concern or concerns that are participating in the joint venture. \[The offeror shall enter the name or names of the HUBZone small business concern or concerns that are participating in the joint venture: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.\] Each HUBZone small business concern participating in the joint venture shall submit a separate signed copy of the HUBZone representation. $d$ Representations required to implement provisions of Executive Order 11246\-- $1$ Previous contracts and compliance. The offeror represents that\-- $i$ It \[ \] has, \[ \] has not participated in a previous contract or subcontract subject to the Equal Opportunity clause of this solicitation; and $ii$ It \[ \] has, \[ \] has not filed all required compliance reports. $2$ Affirmative Action Compliance. The offeror represents that\-- $i$ It \[ \] has developed and has on file, \[ \] has not developed and does not have on file, at each establishment, affirmative action programs required by rules and regulations of the Secretary of Labor (41 CFR parts 60-1 and 60-2), or $ii$ It \[ \] has not previously had contracts subject to the written affirmative action programs requirement of the rules and regulations of the Secretary of Labor. $e$ Certification Regarding Payments to Influence Federal Transactions (31 U.S.C. 1352). (Applies only if the contract is expected to exceed \$100,000.) By submission of its offer, the offeror certifies to the best of its knowledge and belief that no Federal appropriated funds have been paid or will be paid to any person for influencing or attempting to influence an officer or employee of any agency, a Member of Congress, an officer or employee of Congress or an employee of a Member of Congress on his or her behalf in connection with the award of any resultant contract. $f$ Buy American Act Certificate. (Applies only if the clause at Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) 52.225-1, Buy American Act\--Supplies, is included in this solicitation.) $1$ The offeror certifies that each end product, except those listed in paragraph (f)(2) of this provision, is a domestic end product and that the offeror has considered components of unknown origin to have been mined, produced, or manufactured outside the United States. The offeror shall list as foreign end products those end products manufactured in the United States that do not qualify as domestic end products. The terms \"component\", \"domestic end product\", \"end product\", \"foreign end product\", and \"United States\" are defined in the clause of this solicitation entitled \"Buy American Act\--Supplies.\" $2$ Foreign End Products: Line Item No. Country of Origin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \[List as necessary\] $3$ The Government will evaluate offers in accordance with the policies and procedures of FAR Part 25. (g)(1) Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act Certificate. (Applies only if the clause at FAR 52.225-3, Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act, is included in this solicitation.) $i$ The offeror certifies that each end product, except those listed in paragraph (g)(1)(ii) or (g)(1)(iii) of this provision, is a domestic end product and that the offeror has considered components of unknown origin to have been mined, produced, or manufactured outside the United States. The terms \"component\", \"domestic end product\", \"end product\", \"foreign end product\", and \"United States\" are defined in the clause of this solicitation entitled \"Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act\" $ii$ The offeror certifies that the following supplies are end products of Australia, Canada, Chile, Mexico, or Singapore,or Israeli end products as defined in the clause of this solicitation entitled \"Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act\": End Products of Australia, Canada, Chile, Mexico, or Singapore or Israeli End Products: Line Item No. Country of Origin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \[List as necessary\] $iii$ The offeror shall list those supplies that are foreign end products (other than those listed in paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this provision) as defined in the clause of this solicitation entitled \"Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act.\" The offeror shall list as other foreign end products those end products manufactured in the United States that do not qualify as domestic end products. Other Foreign End Products: Line Item No. Country of Origin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \[List as necessary\] $iv$ The Government will evaluate offers in accordance with the policies and procedures of FAR Part 25. $2$ Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act Certificate, Alternate I (JAN 2004). If Alternate I to the clause at FAR 52.225-3 is included in this solicitation, substitute the following paragraph (g)(1)(ii) for paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of the basic provision: (g)(1)(ii) The offeror certifies that the following supplies are Canadian end products as defined in the clause of this solicitation entitled \"Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act\": Canadian End Products: Line Item No. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \[List as necessary\] $3$ Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act Certificate, Alternate II (JAN 2004). If Alternate II to the clause at FAR 52.225-3 is included in this solicitation, substitute the following paragraph (g)(1)(ii) for paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of the basic provision: (g)(1)(ii) The offeror certifies that the following supplies are Canadian end products or Israeli end products as defined in the clause of this solicitation entitled \"Buy American Act\--Free Trade Agreements\--Israeli Trade Act\": Canadian or Israeli End Products: Line Item No. Country of Origin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \[List as necessary\] $4$ Trade Agreements Certificate. (Applies only if the clause at FAR 52.225-5, Trade Agreements, is included in this solicitation.) $i$ The offeror certifies that each end product, except those listed in paragraph (g)(4)(ii) of this provision, is a U.S.-made or designated country end product, as defined in the clause of this solicitation entitled \"Trade Agreements.\" $ii$ The offeror shall list as other end products those end products that are not U.S.-made or designated country end products. Other End Products: Line Item No Country of Origin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \[List as necessary\] $iii$ The Government will evaluate offers in accordance with the policies and procedures of FAR Part 25. For line items covered by the WTO GPA, the Government will evaluate offers of U.S.-made or designated country end products without regard to the restrictions of the Buy American Act. The Government will consider for award only offers of U.S.-made or designated country end products unless the Contracting Officer determines that there are no offers for such products or that the offers for such products are insufficient to fulfill the requirements of the solicitation. $h$ Certification Regarding Debarment, Suspension or Ineligibility for Award (Executive Order 12549). (Applies only if the contract value is expected to exceed the simplified acquisition threshold.) The offeror certifies, to the best of its knowledge and belief, that the offeror and/or any of its principals\-- $1$ \[ \] Are, \[ \] are not presently debarred, suspended, proposed for debarment, or declared ineligible for the award of contracts by any Federal agency; and $2$ \[ \] Have, \[ \] have not, within the three-year period preceding this offer, been convicted of or had a civil judgment rendered against them for: commission of fraud or a criminal offense in connection with obtaining, attempting to obtain, or performing a Federal, state or local government contract or subcontract; violation of Federal or state antitrust statutes relating to the submission of offers; or commission of embezzlement, theft, forgery, bribery, falsification or destruction of records, making false statements, tax evasion, or receiving stolen property; and $3$ \[ \] Are, \[ \] are not presently indicted for, or otherwise criminally or civilly charged by a Government entity with, commission of any of these offenses. $i$ Certification Regarding Knowledge of Child Labor for Listed End Products (Executive Order 13126). \[The Contracting Officer must list in paragraph (i)(1) any end products being acquired under this solicitation that are included in the List of Products Requiring Contractor Certification as to Forced or Indentured Child Labor, unless excluded at 22.1503(b).\] $1$ Listed end products. Listed End Product Listed Countries of Origin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ $2$ Certification. \[If the Contracting Officer has identified end products and countries of origin in paragraph (i)(1) of this provision, then the offeror must certify to either (i)(2)(i) or (i)(2)(ii) by checking the appropriate block.\] \[ \] (i) The offeror will not supply any end product listed in paragraph (i)(1) of this provision that was mined, produced, or manufactured in the corresponding country as listed for that product. \[ \] (ii) The offeror may supply an end product listed in paragraph (i)(1) of this provision that was mined, produced, or manufactured in the corresponding country as listed for that product. The offeror certifies that it has made a good faith effort to determine whether forced or indentured child labor was used to mine, produce, or manufacture any such end product furnished under this contract. On the basis of those efforts, the offeror certifies that it is not aware of any such use of child labor. (j)(1) Annual Representations and Certifications. Any changes provided by the offeror in paragraph (j) of this provision do not automatically change the representations and certifications posted on the Online Representations and Certifications Application (ORCA) website. $2$ The offeror has completed the annual representations and certifications electronically via the ORCA website at http://orca.bpn.gov. After reviewing the ORCA database information, the offeror verifies by submission of this offer that the representations and certifications currently posted electronically at FAR 52.212-3, Offeror Representations and Certifications---Commercial Items, have been entered or updated in the last 12 months, are current, accurate, complete, and applicable to this solicitation (including the business size standard applicable to the NAICS code referenced for this solicitation), as of the date of this offer and are incorporated in this offer by reference (see FAR 4.1201), except for paragraphs \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. \[Offeror to identify the applicable paragraphs at (b) through (i) of this provision that the offeror has completed for the purposes of this solicitation only, if any. These amended representation(s) and/or certification(s) are also incorporated in this offer and are current, accurate, and complete as of the date of this offer. Any changes provided by the offeror are applicable to this solicitation only, and do not result in an update to the representations and certifications posted on ORCA.\] (End of provision)

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![](media/image1.wmf){width="0.7395833333333334in" height="0.49583333333333335in"} -------------------- -------------------------------------------------- **\ \ ** -------------------- -------------------------------------------------- This page intentionally left blank UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Rural Utilities Service **BULLETIN 1753F-152** **SUBJECT:** **[Specifications and Drawings for Construction of]{.underline}** > **[Aerial Plant, RUS Form 515c]{.underline}** **TO:** All Telecommunications Borrowers RUS Telecommunications Staff **EFFECTIVE DATE:** September 17, 2001 **OFFICE OF PRIMARY INTEREST:** Outside Plant Branch, Telecommunications Standards Division. **AVAILABILITY:** This bulletin supersedes RUS Bulletin 345-153, Specifications and Drawings for Construction of Pole Lines, Aerial Cables and Wires, RUS Form 515f, issued May 25, 1989. This bulletin can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.usda.gov/rus/telecom/publications/bulletins.htm **PURPOSE:** This specification provides Contractors, Engineers, and RUS Borrowers with assembly unit descriptions, materials, construction and installation, and drawings for aerial plant associated with RUS Form 515, Telecommunications System Construction Contract. [Roberta D. Purcell]{.underline} [8/21/01]{.underline} ### Roberta D. Purcell Date Assistant Administrator Telecommunications Program **RUS Bulletin 1753F-152** **Specifications and Drawings for Construction of** **Aerial Plant, RUS Form 515c** **TABLE OF CONTENTS** # [Page]{.underline} List of Changes i Part I -- Description of Assembly Units and Proposal and Contract Sections 1 Part II -- Specifications and Materials 14 1\. Scope 14 2\. General 14 3\. Poles 14 4\. Miscellaneous 14 Part III -- Specifications for Construction and Installation 14 1\. General 14 2\. Pole Lines 15 3\. Mounting Hardware and Guys 17 4\. Anchors 17 5\. Self Supporting Fiber Optic Cable 18 6\. Suspension Strand 19 7\. Filled Aerial Cable 20 8\. Filled Aerial Cable Placement 20 9\. Cable Splicing and Terminals 22 10\. Clearing Right-of-Way 23 List of Construction Drawings and Plans 24 INDEX ### ASSEMBLY UNITS: Cable Plant, Aerial **CABLE:** Aerial Cable Plant Construction Assembly Units ### CONSTRUCTION: Aerial Cable Plant Fiber Optic Cable Plant ### POLES LINES: Design of **POLES:** Numbering **RIGHT-OF-WAY:** Clearing and Trimming Assembly Units ### SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS: Outside Plant **WIRE:** Seven Wire Aluminum Clad Steel Strand Steel, 7 Wire Galvanized Strand LIST OF CHANGES 1\. Modification of Pole Units from Section 1 to Section A. 2\. Elimination of Section C and Section CF. 3\. Addition of Section CFO, Self Supporting Filled Fiber Optic Cable Assembly Units. 4\. Modification of CO and CW units as follows: $a$ Provide for compensation on a per foot basis; > $b$ Redefined compensation to include the sum of the cable distances > between supporting structures as indicated by the sequential foot > markings; > > $c$ Specified utility grade galvanized steel strand as the default > type. 5\. Elimination of suffixes \"N\" and \"R\" under Section HA. For ready access splice closures specified under the \"R\" suffix, a new unit designated HR was created. 6\. Addition of Section HR, Ready Access Splice Closure Assembly Unit. 7\. Modification of Section HC as follows: > $a$ Redefined unit to provide compensation on a single pair basis; > > $b$ Created HC5 unit in order to provide compensation for > terminating cable pairs on a terminal block within a ready access > closure. 8\. Modification of Section HO to provide compensation for testing a fiber. 9\. Elimination of section PC and section PDS. 10\. Modification of Section PE to indicate utility grade galvanized steel as the default type. 11\. Elimination of Section PG. The terminal blocks are now included under Section PM. 12\. Modification of PM21 and PM22 to provide for a more generalized description. 13\. Addition of PM25, Filled Terminal Block Assembly Unit. 14\. Modification of Section R to provide compensation on a per foot basis. 15\. In part III, section 2, elimination of information on pole facing. 16\. In part III, the Figure 8 cable was changed to describe Self Supporting Fiber Optic Cable. 17\. In part III, eliminated references to load coils, pressurized cable, and air-core cable. For editorial or other minor technical changes, refer to the body of the document. **[Part I - DESCRIPTION OF ASSEMBLY AND PROPOSAL AND]{.underline}** **[CONTRACT SECTIONS]{.underline}** The Contractor's Proposal form is divided into sections and the sections approved for construction shall be listed in the Construction Agreement by the Owner. The sections are as follows: Section A - Pole Units Section CFO - Self Supporting Filled Fiber Optic Cable > Assembly Units Section CO - Aerial Filled Fiber Optic Cable Assembly Units Section CW - Aerial Filled Copper Cable Assembly > Units # Section HA - Aerial Splice Closure Assembly Units Section HC - Copper Splicing Assembly Units # Section HO - Fiber Optic Splicing Assembly Units Section HR - Ready Access Closure Assembly Units Section PE - Guy Assembly Units Section PF - Anchor Assembly Units Section PM - Miscellaneous Assembly Units Section R - Right-of-Way Clearing and Trimming Units # Section W - Rearrangement Units Section XX - Nonreusable Materials Removal Units Section XZ - Reusable Materials Removal Units Each assembly unit includes only the materials listed on the corresponding Installation and Construction Guide Drawings or description of unit where no drawing exists. The various installation and construction units, which are included in this Proposal and upon which quotations are required, are defined by the following descriptions: [Section A - POLE UNITS]{.underline} Consists of one (1) pole in place. It does not include the pole top assembly units or other parts attached to the pole. Poles shall be of the height and class as designated by the Engineer. The pole plan, species of timber, kind of preservative and method of treatment are designated in the Proposal. [Example]{.underline}: A35-7 A 35 foot \[10.7 meters (m)\] class 7 pole. Section CFO -- SELF SUPPORTING FILLED FIBER OPTIC CABLE ASSEMBLY UNITS Consists of one (1) foot (0.305 m) of self supporting filled fiber optic cable in place including all supporting hardware, cable guards, insulating tapes, and bonding of the armor (when present) and supporting member in accordance with the Construction Sheets. A. The length of the self supporting cable measured for compensation purposes includes the sum of the cable distances between supporting structures as indicated by the sequential foot markings. > B. This unit does not include labor and material for fiber splicing, > splice closures, housings, or organizers. The labor and material for > these items are provided for in other units. C. This unit includes the spiraling of the self supporting cable in accordance with the method shown in the Construction Sheets. Each self supporting filled fiber optic cable unit is listed in accordance with the number of optical fibers. Each unit is prefixed by the letters CFO. The following illustration indicates the method of designating the material required. CFO16 A self supporting filled fiber optic > cable with 16 fibers. [Section CO - AERIAL FILLED FIBER OPTIC CABLE ASSEMBLY UNITS]{.underline} Consists of one (1) foot (0.305 m) of aerial filled fiber optic cable in place including supporting messenger of galvanized steel strand, lashing wire, attachments to strand, bonding of the armor (when present) and strand in accordance with the Construction Sheets. Options designated by the following suffixes apply: [Suffix]{.underline} [Description]{.underline} A Aluminum-clad steel strand. C Class C galvanized steel utility grade strand for > corrosion areas. D Two or more cables are to be initially lashed to the same suspension strand. E Cables are lashed to existing strand and cable(s). A. The length of aerial cable measured for compensation purposes includes the sum of the cable distances between supporting structures as indicated by the sequential foot markings. B. This unit does not include labor and material for fiber splicing, splice closures, housings or organizers. The labor and material for these items are provided for in other units. C. Class A galvanized steel utility grade strand shall be provided unless another type is specified by the appropriate suffix. Each aerial filled fiber optic cable assembly unit is listed in accordance with the number of optical fibers. Each unit is prefixed by the letters CO. The following illustrations indicate the method of designating the material required. CO16(6M) An aerial filled fiber optic cable with 16 fibers, supported by 6000 pound (lbs) \[26,688 Newtons (N)\] > Class A galvanized steel utility grade strand. CO8E An aerial filled fiber optic cable with 8 fibers, lashed to existing strand and cables(s). [Section CW - AERIAL FILLED COPPER CABLE ASSEMBLY UNITS]{.underline} Consists of one (1) foot (0.305 m) of aerial filled copper cable in place including supporting messenger of galvanized steel strand, lashing wire, attachments to strand, bonding of the shield and strand in accordance with the Construction Sheets. Options designated by the following suffixes apply: [Suffix]{.underline} [Description]{.underline} A Aluminum-clad steel strand. C Class C galvanized steel utility grade strand is required for corrosion areas. D Two or more cables are to be initially lashed to the same suspension strand. E Cables are to be lashed to existing strand and cable(s). H Screened cable designated for T1 carrier systems. H1C Screened cable designated for T1C carrier systems. A. This unit includes labor and material for installation of the splice closure, and other labor and materials for straight splicing cables of the same size and gauge required only for the purpose of joining such cables in one continuous length (reel ends). B. When specified in the Proposal, this unit includes the spiraling of cable around the suspension strand at the locations shown on the Construction Sheets. C. The length of aerial cable measured for compensation purposes includes the sum of the cable distances between supporting structures as indicated by the sequential foot markings. > D. Where aerial cables are supported by separate through-bolts on the > same pole, messenger bonds required as shown on the Construction > Sheets are included as a part of this unit. E. Class A galvanized steel utility grade strand shall be provided unless another type is specified by the appropriate suffix. Each aerial filled copper cable assembly unit is listed in accordance with the number of pairs and gauge of conductors. Each unit is prefixed by the letters CW. The following illustrations indicate the method of designating the material required. CW50-24(6M) A 50-pair, 24-gauge aerial filled copper cable supported by 6000 lbs (26,688 N) Class A galvanized steel utility grade strand. CW50-24(6M)C A 50-pair, 24-gauge aerial filled copper cable supported by 6000 lbs (26,688 N) Class C galvanized steel utility grade strand. [Section HA - AERIAL SPLICE CLOSURE ASSEMBLY UNITS]{.underline} Consists of an aerial splice closure and the closure manufacturer's provided encapsulating material if required, installed in place and the labor and material for setting up in preparation for installing the closure, such as, opening the sheath or jacket of the cable, bonding of cable shields, filling the closure if required, closing the closure, and, when applicable, pressure testing, all in accordance with the manufacturer\'s instructions. It also includes all necessary hardware items to support the cable adjacent to the closure and to terminate the lashing wire. Cable splicing shall be compensated under the appropriate splicing units. The assembly units are defined as follows: HAC( ) [Aerial Free-Breathing, Nonfilled Closure]{.underline} -- A free-breathing, nonfilled splice closure with pair count and gauge for each cable to be spliced. HAF( ) [Aerial Filled Closure]{.underline} -- A filled splice closure with pair count and gauge for each cable to be spliced. HAP( ) [Aerial Pressurized Closure]{.underline} -- A pressurized splice closure with pair count and gauge for each cable to be spliced. For Fiber Optic applications use the following suffix: [Suffix]{.underline} [Description]{.underline} O Splice closure and organizer for fiber optic cables. The closure manufacturer shall specify the appropriate organizer. The following illustrations indicate the method of designating the material required. HAC(100-24) Aerial free-breathing, nonfilled splice closure enclosing two cable ends with same pair count and gauge. HAF(100-24)(50-24) Aerial filled splice closure enclosing two cable ends with different pair counts. HACO(24) Aerial free-breathing, nonfilled fiber optic splice closure and organizer capable of accommodating a minimum of 24 fibers. HAP(100-24) Aerial pressurized splice closure enclosing two cable ends with same pair count and gauge. HAPO(12) Aerial pressurized fiber optic splice closure and organizer capable of accommodating a minimum of 12 fibers. [Section HC - COPPER SPLICING ASSEMBLY UNITS]{.underline} HC1 Consists of the labor and material necessary in the wire work and splicing of one (1) cable pair in any cable, including any non-working pair in an existing cable in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401 (PC-2) using individual mechanical splicing connectors. The splice may be straight, bridged, or pieced out and bridged. Pairs that are to be tested, capped, or tested and capped, when specified by the Engineer are considered to be part of this unit. Only those pairs on which splicing, testing, and/or capping operations are performed are counted and each pair is counted only once at each location. On aerial inserts, each end of the fuse link is considered as a splice. HC3 Consists of the labor and material necessary in the wire work and splicing of one (1) cable pair in any cable, including any non-working pair in an existing cable in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401 (PC-2) using splicing modules. The splice may be straight, bridged or pieced out and bridged. Pairs that are to be tested, capped, or tested and capped, when specified by the Engineer are considered to be part of this unit. Only those pairs on which splicing, testing, and/or capping operations are performed are counted and each pair is counted only once at each location. On aerial inserts, each end of the fuse link is considered as a splice. HC5 Consists of the labor and material necessary for terminating one (1) pair on a terminal block within a ready access closure, including a non-working pair in existing cables in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401 (PC-2). Pairs that are to be tested, when specified by the Engineer, are considered to be part of this unit. [Section HO - FIBER OPTIC SPLICING ASSEMBLY UNITS]{.underline} Consists of all labor and material necessary to splice and/or test one (1) glass fiber in any cable in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401(PC-2). The labor shall include initial measurement, minimizing the attenuation, splicing and stowing the spliced fiber in a fiber organizer. The labor and material for the fiber organizer is part of the appropriate splice closure unit. [Suffix]{.underline} [Description]{.underline} HO1 Fusion Splice HO2 Mechanical Splice HO3 Connector Splice ### Section HR -- READY ACCESS SPLICE CLOSURE ASSEMBLY UNITS Consists of a ready access closure containing unprotected filled terminal blocks installed in place and includes the labor and material for setting up in preparation for installing the ready access closure, such as, opening the sheath or jacket of the cable, bonding of cable shields, and closing the closure in accordance with the manufacturer\'s instructions. It also includes all necessary hardware items to support the cable adjacent to the closure and to terminate the lashing wire. Cable splicing shall be compensated under the appropriate splicing units. When protected filled terminal blocks are to be specified, the unit shall be suffixed by the letter \"P\". Ready access closures not containing filled terminal blocks shall be suffixed with the letter \"U\". Under this option, installation of filled terminal blocks shall be compensated under other units. The assembly units are defined as follows: HR1( )( ) A straight splice ready access closure. HR2( )( ) A branch splice ready access closure. The first set of parentheses shall indicate the main cable diameter (dia.), in inches (in.) \[millimeters (mm)\], as shown in the illustration. The second set of parentheses shall indicate the number of terminals within the ready access closure. When the unit is suffixed with the letter \"U\" the second set of parentheses is not applicable. ##### The following illustrations indicate the method of designating the material required. HR1(2.0)(12) Ready access closure, accommodating a straight splice with a maximum cable diameter of 2.0 in. (50.8 mm), and equipped with filled terminal blocks with a total of 12 terminations. HR2(1.0)(6) Ready access closure, accommodating a branch splice with a maximum cable diameter of > 1.0 in. (25.4 mm), and equipped with filled terminal blocks with a > total of 6 terminations. HR1(2.0)U Ready access closure, accommodating a straight splice with a maximum cable diameter of 2.0 in. (50.8 mm), without any terminal blocks installed. [Section PE - GUY ASSEMBLY UNITS]{.underline} Consists of strand and hardware; and insulators or ground connection where required. For guying purposes, when a cable messenger strand is extended one or more spans to a deadend structure, the strand in each such span shall be considered as an overhead guy for the appropriate size of strand used. The assembly units are defined as follows: PE1-2 Down Guy for 6M strand PE1-3 Down Guy for 10M strand PE1-4 Down Guy for 16M strand PE1-2G Down Guy, Ground Connection Type for 6M strand PE1-3G Down Guy, Ground Connection Type for 10M strand PE1-4G Down Guy, Ground Connection Type for 16M strand PE2-2 Overhead Guy for 6M strand PE2-3 Overhead Guy for 10M strand PE2-4 Overhead Guy for 16M strand PE2-2G Overhead Guy, Ground Connection Type for 6M strand PE2-3G Overhead Guy, Ground Connection Type for 10M strand PE2-4G Overhead Guy, Ground Connection Type for 16M strand Note: When the above Guy Assembly Units are to be installed on existing poles, the assembly unit designation is prefixed by the letter \"N\". Unless otherwise indicated by an additional suffix, the strand furnished on the Project will be seven-wire, Class A galvanized steel utility grade. The following suffix may be used: [Suffix]{.underline} [Type of Strand]{.underline} A Aluminum - Clad steel C Class C galvanized steel utility grade [Section PF -- ANCHOR ASSEMBLY UNITS]{.underline} Consists of the anchor with rod, complete and in place, ready for attaching the guy strand. The assembly units are defined as follows: PFl-3 Expanding Anchor - 6,000 lbs (26,688 N) PFl-5 Expanding Anchor - 10,000 lbs (44,480 N) PFl-7 Expanding Anchor - 16,000 lbs (71,168 N) PF2-3 Plate Anchor - 6,000 lbs (26,688 N) PF2-5 Plate Anchor - 10,000 lbs (44,480 N) PF2-7 Plate Anchor - 16,000 lbs (71,168 N) PF3-3 Screw Anchor - 6,000 lbs (26,688 N) PF3-5 Screw Anchor - 10,000 lbs (44,480 N*)* PF3-7 Screw Anchor - 16,000 lbs (71,168 N*)* PF5-3 Rock Anchor - 3/4 in. dia. (19 mm) rod PF5-4 Rock Anchor - 1 in. dia. (25.4 mm) rod PF6-3 Swamp Anchor - 10 in. dia. (254 mm) PF6-4 Swamp Anchor - 12 in. dia. (305 mm) PF6-5 Swamp Anchor - 15 in. dia. (381 mm) Note: When twineye rods are required for the above anchor assembly units, the unit designation is suffixed by the letter \"A\". #### Section PM - MISCELLANEOUS ASSEMBLY UNITS Consists of all labor and materials to construct and install the units defined individually below required for the installation and construction of the aerial portions of the Project: PM1 Pole Lightning Protection Assembly PM2 Pole Ground Assembly PM2-1 Auxiliary Ground Rod Assembly PM2A Ground wire assembly for bonding aerial cable strand or support wire to electric system neutral or pole ground assembly. PM4 Cable Extension Arm (Short) PM4A Cable Extension Arm (Long) PM5 Pole Stepping Assembly PM6 One Wood Pole Key PM7 Two Wood Pole Keys PM8 One Wood Key and One Metal Expanding Key PM9 Two Wood Keys and One Metal Expanding Key PM11 Guy Guard PM12( ) Consists of all labor and material to install a sidewalk guy arm. The guy, guy guard and anchor assembly units will be specified separately. The length in feet (meters) of a single piece of > 2 in.(50.8 mm) galvanized steel pipe shall be indicated in the > parentheses. PM14 Push Brace Accessories PM21 [Cable Entrance]{.underline} -- Consists of the necessary labor and material to terminate copper and/or fiber optic outside plant cables as shown on the detailed drawings as specified by the Engineer. PM22 [Grounding System]{.underline} -- Consists of the necessary labor and material to construct a grounding system as shown on the detailed drawings as specified by the Engineer. This unit shall include all ground electrodes, trenching, backfilling, bonding the auxiliary ground electrodes to each other and to the primary ground electrodes, and bonding to the master ground bar (MGB). PM25( ) [Filled Terminal Block Assembly Unit]{.underline} - Consists of an unprotected filled terminal block, mounted in place in a ready access closure (separately specified) and connected to the conductors of the cable as specified by the Engineer. Splicing of the cable conductors shall be in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401 (PC-2). The pair count of the terminal block shall be indicated in the parentheses. When protected filled terminal blocks are to be specified, the unit shall be suffixed by the letter \"P\". PM52 Pole Marking, Per Pole, Route and Pole Number. [Section R - RIGHT-OF-WAY CLEARING AND TRIMMING UNITS]{.underline} [Aerial Plant]{.underline} A. Clearing Units are defined as follows: R1-5 Is one (1) foot (0.305 m) in length and 5 feet (1.52 m) in width (to be measured on one side of the pole line) of actual clearing of right-of-way. The unit applies to clearing right-of-way along new or existing telecommunications pole lines and along existing power pole lines. This includes clearing of underbrush, tree removal, and such tree trimming as may be required to leave an unobstructed right-of-way from the ground up on one side of the line of poles carrying wire or cable. The length of actual clearing shall be measured in a straight line parallel to the line between poles and across the maximum dimension of foliage cleared (not trunk) projected to the ground line. All trees and underbrush across the width of the right-of-way shall be considered to be grouped together as a single length in measuring the total length of clearing. Lengths along the right-of-way in which no trees are to be removed or trimmed or underbrush cleared shall be omitted from the total measurement. This unit includes the removal, or topping (cutting out the top of the tree so that if the remaining portions of the tree fall, they will not endanger the line) at the option of the Contractor, of danger trees outside of the right-of-way when so designated by the Engineer. (Danger trees are defined as dead or leaning trees, which, in falling, would affect the operation of the line.) The Contractor shall not remove or trim shade, fruit, or ornamental trees unless so directed by the Engineer. R1-10 Identical to R1-5 except that width is 10 feet (3.05 m). R2-5 Identical with R1-5, except that width 10 feet (3.05 m); to be measured 5 feet (1.52m) on each side of the pole line. R2-10 Identical with Rl-5, except that width 20 feet (6.1 m), to be measured 10 feet (3.05m) on each side of the pole line. Note: The letter \"M\" added as a suffix to the above \"R\" units designates units for reclearing existing right-of-way. With the exception of the substitution of the word \"reclearing\" for \"clearing\", the remaining description of the \"R\" assembly units applies for the units suffixed with the letter \"M\". B. The Trimming Unit is defined as follows: R3-5 Is one (1) foot (0.305 m) in length and consists of the trimming of foliage and branches from trees growing on or adjacent to the right-of-way so as to provide a clearance of not less than 5 feet (1.52 m) in all directions from telecommunications cable. This unit is measured parallel to the pole line across the maximum width of foliage trimmed. All trees, underbrush or shrubbery across the width trimmed shall be considered to be grouped together as a single length in measuring the total length of trimming. Lengths along the right-of-way in which no trimming is performed shall be omitted from the total measurement. Any trimming included in Rl or R2 right-of-way clearing units, shall not be considered a part of the measurement of the unit. The Contractor shall not trim any shade, fruit or ornamental trees unless so directed by the Engineer. When so designated by the Engineer, a tree may be trimmed of its branches with the trunk left extending into the zone to be trimmed. [Section W - REARRANGEMENT UNITS]{.underline} Specific rearrangement units shall be designated and described by the Engineer on the \"List of Special Arrangement Units\" table of RUS Form 515. Existing plant assembly units to be rearranged are designated by a prefix \"W\". [Section XX - NONREUSABLE MATERIALS REMOVAL UNITS]{.underline} These units cover the furnishing of all labor for the removal of construction assembly units from existing lines, and transportation of the removed materials for proper disposal. The Contractor will be permitted to use the most economical method of removing these units. The removal units are designated by the prefix \"XX\" followed by the assembly unit designation of the unit to be removed. [Section XZ - REUSABLE MATERIALS REMOVAL UNITS]{.underline} These units cover the furnishing of all labor for the removal of construction assembly units from existing lines and all labor and transportation of the removed materials to a location designated by the Owner. The Contractor will be charged by the Owner for the materials removed under this section at the unit material values shown in column 2 of the \"Value and Disposition of Units to be Removed\" table of RUS Form 515. The number of units to be charged to the Contractor and the extended value of these units are shown in columns 3 and 4. Such charges will be placed against the Contractor as assembly units are removed and the unit material values will be deducted from the total value of assembly units constructed on this project for determination of the work accomplished for purposes of the monthly progress payments to the Contractor. Of the assembly units listed in the \"Value and Disposition of Units to be Removed\" table to be removed from existing lines certain units are to be reused in the construction of the project. The quantity of such units to be reused is listed in the \"Value and Disposition of Units to be Removed\" table, column 5. These units where installed in the project will be inventoried as new assembly units and compensated for at the unit bid prices. The quantity of assembly units listed in column 6 of the \"Value and Disposition of Units to be Removed\" table is the maximum quantity of removed assembly units that are to be returned to the Owner for credit which will be allowed at the unit material prices in column 2. Column 7 indicates the extended value of the units to be returned to the Owner. The Contractor will be allowed credit for assembly units listed in column 6 which, in the opinion of the Engineer, have not been damaged by the Contractor in removal and handling. Such credits will be allowed the Contractor as the assembly units are returned to a location designated by the Owner and shall be added to the total value of installed assembly units for determination of work accomplished for the purposes of the monthly progress payments to the Contractor. The removal units are specified by the prefix \"XZ\" followed by the assembly unit designation of the existing assembly unit to be removed. ### Part II - SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS **1. SCOPE** This part of the specification is concerned with the various materials required for the construction of the outside aerial cable plant of the rural telecommunications system as shown on the Plans, Specifications, and Construction Sheets. **2. GENERAL** All materials used in the construction of the rural telecommunications system except those listed in Paragraph 4 below shall be listed in RUS Informational Publication (IP) 344-2, \"List of Materials Acceptable for Use on Telecommunications Systems of RUS Borrowers,\" unless specific written approval has been granted by the Administrator. **3. POLES** **3.1** The pole plan, method of treatment, kind of preservative and general procedure applying to all poles shall be in accordance with the latest RUS specifications for these items in effect at the time the bids are received. All poles shall be framed in accordance with the framing guide attached to the specifications. **3.2** Poles shall be of the length and American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) class specified in the Proposal. **4. MISCELLANEOUS** Items which do not appear in RUS IP 344-2, \"List of Materials Acceptable for Use on Telecommunications Systems of RUS Borrowers,\" shall be of a quality suitable for the application for which they are intended. **[Part III - SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION]{.underline}** **1. GENERAL** **1.1** All construction and installation work shall be done in a thorough and workmanlike manner in accordance with the Plans, Specifications and Construction Sheets and shall be subject to acceptance by the Owner and the Administrator. **1.2** All material to be used in construction of the Project shall be stored so as to be protected from deteriorating effects of the elements. **1.3** All guy strand, suspension strand, aerial cables, and accessory materials used in the construction of the Project shall be handled with care. Each reel of aerial cable shall be inspected for damage. All damage shall be repaired to the satisfaction of the Engineer and in accordance with the methods or other instructions described in the appropriate paragraphs of Part III. If reel wrap is present, the reel wrap shall remain intact on the reel until the cable is ready to be placed. **1.4** Deviations from the Plans, Specifications and Construction Sheets shall not be permitted except upon written permission of the Engineer. **1.5** The latest revision of the National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) and the National Electrical Code (NEC) shall be followed in every case except where local regulations are more stringent, in which case local regulations shall govern. **1.6** The Contractor shall maintain conductor polarity (tip and ring) identification at the main distributing frame, cable terminals, wire terminals, terminal blocks, and in the service entrance, all in accordance with the Specifications and Construction Sheets (see guide drawing 815). **2. POLE LINES** **2.1** Poles shall be handled carefully. Damaged poles shall not be used. **2.2** The pole hole shall be of sufficient diameter to permit the pole to settle freely to the bottom of the hole without trimming the butt and still have sufficient space between the pole and the sides of the hole to permit proper tamping of the backfill at every point around the pole, and throughout the entire depth of the hole. **2.3** The setting depth, in feet (or meters), for poles of various lengths shall be as follows: # Length of Setting Setting [Pole]{.underline} [in Soil]{.underline} [in Solid Rock]{.underline} 20 (6.10) 4.0 (1.22) 3.0 (0.91) 25 (7.62) 5.0 (1.52) 3.5 (1.07) 30 (9.14) 5.5 (1.68) 3.5 (1.07) 35 (10.67) 6.0 (1.83) 4.0 (1.22) 40 (12.19) 6.0 (1.83) 4.0 (1.22) 45 (13.72) 6.5 (1.98) 4.5 (1.37) 50 (15.24) 7.0 (2.13) 4.5 (1.37) 55 (16.76) 7.5 (2.29) 5.0 (1.52) 60 (18.29) 8.0 (2.44) 5.0 (1.52) **2.4** The \"Setting in Soil\" depth as shown in paragraph 2.3, shall apply where poles are to be set in soil only; where there is a layer of soil more than 2 feet (0.61 m) in depth over solid rock; or where the pole in solid rock is not substantially vertical or the diameter of the hole at the surface of the rock exceeds approximately twice the diameter of the pole at the same level. **2.5** The \"Setting in Solid Rock\" depth as shown in paragraph 2.3, shall apply where solid rock is encountered at the ground line and where the hole is substantially vertical, approximately uniform in diameter, and large enough to permit the use of tamping bars the full depth of the hole. **2.6** Where there is a layer of soil 2 feet (0.61 m) or less in depth over solid rock, the depth of the hole shall be the depth of the soil in addition to the depth specified in paragraph 2.3 under \"Setting in Solid Rock,\" provided, however, that such depth shall not exceed the depth specified under \"Setting in Soil.\" **2.7** On sloping ground the depth of the hole shall be measured from the low side of the hole. Where a pole is to be set on the side of a steep grade where soil erosion appears to be a consideration, the hole should be one (1) foot (0.305 m) deeper than specified in paragraph 2.3 under \"Setting in Soil.\" **2.8** When an earth boring machine is employed for holes for guyed poles, the bottom of the hole shall be thoroughly tamped to compact any loose earth that may be present. **2.9** All holes shall be backfilled with soil or small rock and all pole holes in rock shall be inspected and approved by the Engineer before being backfilled. **2.10** Backfill shall be thoroughly tamped the full depth of the pole hole. Earth must be banked around the pole to a minimum height of 6 in. \[15.24 centimeters (cm)\] above ground level. **2.11** Holes in soil for poles at unguyed corners where the pole will not be keyed shall be one (1) foot (0.305 m) deeper than the \"Setting in Soil\" depth as shown in paragraph 2.3. For holes in solid rock the \"Setting in Solid Rock\" depth will apply. **2.12** The Contractor shall be responsible for setting poles in alignment according to the staking sheets. If the Contractor should find stakes out of alignment, the Engineer shall, upon request of the Contractor, realign the stakes according to the construction sheets. **2.13** Poles shall be set plumb except at corners where they shall be set and raked against the load so that the pole top will be in line after the load is applied. The rake in pole shall not exceed 6 in. (15.24 cm) for each 10 feet (3.05 m) of pole length after the conductors are installed at the required tension. Deadend shall be set so as to be plumb and in line after the load it applied. **2.14** Pole lightning protection shall be a #6 AWG bare copper wire installed in accordance with assembly unit drawing PM1. **3. MOUNTING HARDWARE AND GUYS** **3.1** All bolts employed for the mounting of hardware items on poles shall be long enough to fully engage the nut (including locknut, where applicable) but shall not extend more than 2 in. (50.8 mm) beyond the nut after the nut is tightened. The ends of bolts shall not be cut. **3.2** The Engineer shall determine all guy locations and shall specify the type of guy. Guys shall be installed before conductors or cable suspension strands are placed. **4. ANCHORS** **4.1** Anchor assembly units shall be installed at locations designated on the construction sheets. **4.2** All anchors and rods shall be in line with the load and shall be so installed that the eye of the rod is above grade. Not more than 6 in. (152 mm) of rod shall remain out of the ground after the load is applied. **4.3** When an expansion type anchor is used, the anchor shall be fully expanded and shall be expanded into undisturbed earth before backfilling the anchor hole. **4.4** Backfill shall be thoroughly tamped the full depth of all anchor holes. **4.5** Rock anchors shall be placed in accordance with the detailed instructions of the Engineer. Where a rock is encountered below the surface of the ground, instructions from the Engineer shall be obtained before placing an anchor at that location. **5. SELF SUPPORTING FIBER OPTIC CABLE** **5.1** Where physical obstructions make it necessary to pull cable along the line from a stationary reel, cable stringing blocks shall be used to support the cable during all placing and tensioning operations. Ladders, cable cars and other equipment shall not be placed on or against the cable. **5.2** Splicing of the optical fibers shall be performed in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401 (PC-2). Splicing of the support member shall be performed in accordance with the method specified by the Engineer. **5.3** During installation, maximum pulling tension and minimum bending radius of the self supporting fiber optic cable shall not exceed the cable manufacturer\'s recommendations. **5.4** Initial stringing tension, maximum permissible span length, and sagging shall be in accordance with the cable manufacturer\'s recommendations. **5.5** Self supporting fiber optic cable shall be spiraled in accordance with the method shown on Construction Guide Drawing 250-1. Spiraling of the cable shall be performed within 24 hours of the tensioning operation. **5.6** The insulation shall not be removed from the support member except at bonding and ground points; and at points where ends of the support member are terminated in splicing and deadend devices. **5.7** The support member of self supporting fiber optic cable shall be made electrically continuous throughout its entire length. **5.8** At junctions between self supporting fiber optic cable and aerial fiber cable, or buried fiber cable, the support messenger shall be bonded to the aerial cable strand or buried cable armor. **5.9** The support member of self supporting fiber optic cable shall be grounded at locations specified by the Engineer by connecting the support wire to a pole ground wire as shown on the Construction Sheets. **5.10** When specified by the Engineer, the insulation of the support member at deadend fittings, splices and bridged grounding connections shall be restored in accordance with the method shown in Construction Guide Drawing 360. **5.11** Damaged portions of the self supporting fiber optic cable shall be cut out and the support member spliced in accordance with the method specified by the Engineer. **6. SUSPENSION STRAND** **6.1** The cable shall be installed within a reasonable time after the strand is installed and tensioned. If a delay in installing cable in excess of 24 hours is encountered, temporary dampers shall be installed on the strand. **6.2** When tensioning strand the cable suspension clamps shall be loose enough to allow free movement of the strand. **6.3** Suspension strand shall be placed in accordance with the Construction Sheets and shall be tensioned in accordance with instructions, which shall be furnished, to the Contractor by the Engineer. **6.4** The suspension strand shall be placed on the roadside of the pole line unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. **6.5** In tangent construction, the lip of the suspension strand clamp shall point toward the pole. At angles in the line, the suspension strand clamp lip shall point away from the load. **6.6** In level construction the suspension strand clamp shall be placed in such a manner that it shall hold the strand below the through-bolt. At points where there is an up-pull on the strand, the clamp shall be so placed that it shall support the strand above the through-bolt. **6.7** When a thimbleye bolt is used both to mount the suspension strand clamp and to make the guy attachment, the size of the suspension strand clamp shall be governed by the size of the thimbleye bolt required for the guy. **6.8** The air temperature at the time and place of tensioning the strand shall be determined by means specified by the Engineer. **6.9** The suspension strand shall be made electrically continuous throughout its entire length as indicated on the Construction Sheets. **6.10** Suspension strands shall be bonded to other bare cable suspension strands, and guys on the same pole and grounded by connection to ground leads at locations specified by the Engineer and in the manner specified by the Engineer. Where the strand is to be grounded to a multigrounded neutral on a pole which does not carry a vertical pole ground wire, a #6 AWG bare copper wire shall be left coiled and taped to permit it to be extended up the pole and connected to the multiground neutral by a representative of the power company. **7. FILLED AERIAL CABLE** **7.1** The Contractor and Engineer shall jointly inspect all reels of cable for damage prior to installation. **7.2** Cable ends shall be kept sealed at all times, i.e., during transportation, in storage, and during cable placement to prevent moisture entry into the cable core. Acceptable cable end caps shall be used for this purpose. **7.3** Cable shall be taken from the reel only as it is placed. Bends of small radii and twists shall be avoided in handling cable. **7.4** If the jacket is deformed in handling the cable, the Engineer shall be notified. If directed by the Engineer, the deformed section of the jacket shall be removed; the insulation and conductors shall be examined and if damaged shall be repaired. The opening in the jacket shall then be closed by means of a suitable enclosure. Repairs so made shall be done in accordance with appropriate specifications. **8. FILLED AERIAL CABLE PLACEMENT** **8.1** During placing operations, copper cables shall not be bent in a radius less than 10 times the outside diameter of the cable and fiber optic cables shall not be bent in a radius less than 20 times the outside diameter of the cable. Temporary supports where necessary, shall be placed sufficiently close together and proper tensioning of the cable shall be employed to prevent bending in excess of the above requirements. **8.2** In those instances where spiraling of cable is involved, the mounting of closures for purposes of splicing and distribution shall be accomplished after the spiraling operation has been completed. **8.3** Cable guards shall be applied over the cable at points of potential abrasion such as at supports, and in locations where tree trimming is not permitted. **8.4** Cable shall be lashed with lashing wire to the suspension strand by means of a suitable lashing machine. **8.5** The pitch of the lashing wire may be from 10 to 15 in. (254 to 381 mm) but must be constant for any section of cable of the same size and gauge. For cables of 3/4 in. (19 mm) or larger in diameter, the lashing wire shall be placed with a tension of 35 to 40 lbs (156 to 178 N). Cables having a smaller diameter less than 3/4 in. (19 mm) shall be lashed with a lashing wire tension of 18 to 25 lbs (80 to 111 N). **8.6** During the placing operation, precautions shall be taken to prevent slippage of the cable sheath or jacket over the core. **8.7** The cable shall be snug against the suspension strand throughout the span. It shall be supported in a position directly below the strand insofar as possible, except where spiraling has been specified. Where more than one cable is placed on a strand, the cables shall be arranged as shown on the Construction Sheets so that the cables are snug against the suspension strand and against each other. **8.8** The lashing wire shall be terminated at each pole and the cable shall be supported and protected at the suspension clamp in accordance with the Construction Sheets. **8.9** At lashing wire terminating points, the tension placed in the lashing wire by the lashing machine shall be maintained. No slack in the lashing wire shall be permitted to run into the span. **8.10** When lashing wire is spliced in a span, the splice shall be made by means of a compression type splicing sleeve. The completed splice shall be placed on the strand in such a position that it shall not result in damage to the cable sheath or jacket. **8.11** Where suspension strand attachments such as suspension strand cross-over, suspension strand pull-offs, etc., are encountered in the span, a positive separation shall be provided between the suspension strand attachment and the cable, and the cable shall be supported and protected in accordance with the Construction Sheets. **8.12** At splices where the cable is not cut, no slack shall be left in the cable. So that no slack can run into the span, the lashing wire shall be securely clamped to the strand until the splice is completed, at which time the lashing wire shall be terminated in accordance with the Construction Sheets. **8.13** At cut splices in the cable, sufficient overlap shall be provided to permit splicing without piecing out the conductors. **8.14** Spiraling of lashed cable where specified shall be performed in accordance with the method shown on the Construction Guide Drawing 250. Spiraling of the cable shall be performed within 48 hours of the tensioning operation. **8.15** Where the new cable is to be lashed to existing strand and cable(s), the preceding requirements for placement of lashed cable shall also be adhered to, except as modified and/or supplemented as follows: **8.15.1** The cable shall be lashed to the existing strand and cable(s) so that it and the existing cable(s) shall be as snug against the existing strand as is practicable. Note: If the existing cable is spiraled, the spiraling shall first be removed. The existing cable after unspiraling and the new cable shall then be lashed, without either being spiraled, to the existing strand in the same lashing operation. **8.15.2** The lashing wire shall be terminated on both sides of all splices and devices in/on the existing cable where interference with the lashing operation is encountered. **8.15.3** Cable spacers and cable straps, as required, shall be used at all points of lashing wire termination to maintain proper separation and support for the new cable. **8.15.4** Spacers shall be added to the existing suspension clamp mountings, where required, to maintain proper separation between the cable and the surface of the pole. **8.15.5** Ready-access closures to be installed on the new cable(s) shall be equipped with extension fittings so that they will be located below and separate from the existing cable. **8.16.6** The existing lashing wire, fittings and attachments shall be adjusted as necessary to maintain proper security of the new cable and the existing cable, and to maintain adequate separations and clearances. **9. CABLE SPLICING AND TERMINALS** **9.1** Splicing for copper cable and fiber optic cable shall be in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401 (PC-2). **9.2** Aerial cable terminals and ready-access closures equipped with filled terminal blocks shall be installed in accordance with the Construction Sheets and connected in accordance with the cable schematic drawings furnished by the Engineer. Splicing shall be performed in accordance with RUS Splicing Standard Bulletin 1753F-401 (PC-2). **10. CLEARING RIGHT-OF-WAY** **10.1** In clearing the right-of-way, trees shall be removed or trimmed and underbrush cleared in accordance with the Construction Sheets. Trees fronting the side of the right-of-way shall be trimmed symmetrically unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. **10.2** Dead trees beyond the right-of-way, which would strike the line in falling, shall be removed. **10.3** Leaning trees beyond the right-of-way which would strike the line in falling and which would require topping if not removed, may be removed or topped at the option of the Contractor; however, the Contractor shall trim and not remove shade, fruit, or ornamental trees unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. **[LIST OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS AND PLANS]{.underline}** [Assembly Unit Drawings]{.underline} HR1 Ready-Access Enclosure, Lashed > Cable Straight Splice HR2 Ready-Access Enclosure, Lashed > Cable Branch Splice # # PE1-2, PE1-3, and PE1-4 Down Guy PE1-2G, PE1-3G, and PE1-4G Down Guy, Ground Connections PE2-2, PE2-3, and PE2-4 Overhead Guy PE2-2G, PE2-3G, and PE2-4G Overhead Guy, Ground Connections PF1-3, PF1-5, and PF1-7 Expanding Anchor Assembly PF3-3, PF3-5, and PF3-7 Screw Anchor Assembly PF5-3 and PF5-4 Rock Anchor Assembly PF6-3, PF6-4, and PF6-5 Swamp Anchor Assembly PM1 Pole Lightning Protection Assembly PM2 Pole Ground Assembly PM2-1 Auxiliary Ground Rod Assembly PM2A Ground Wire Assembly PM4 Cable Extension Arm Assembly (Short) PM4A Cable Extension Arm Assembly (Long) PM5 Pole Stepping Assembly PM6 and PM7 Pole Key Assemblies PM8 and PM9 Pole Key Assemblies PM12 Sidewalk Guy Arm Assembly PM14 Push Brace Accessories PM52 Pole Marking [Construction Guide Drawings]{.underline} 201 Suspension Strand Mounting 201-1 Self Supporting Filled Fiber Optic Cable Support 202 Suspension Strand Mounting (Pull Away from Pole) 202-1 Suspension Strand Mounting (Pull Against Pole) 3. Self Supporting Filled Fiber Optic Cable Support, ###### Corner 203 Suspension Strand Mounting (Corners) 1. Self Supporting Filled Fiber Optic Cable Support, ###### Corner 204 Suspension Strand Deadend 206 Branch Suspension Strand 207 Branch Suspension Strand 208 Suspension Strand Pull-Off 209-1 Suspension Strand Bonding 211 False Deadend 212 Strand Layouts 214 Arrangement Details of Cables at Pole Supports 241 Lashed Cable Support at Pole 242 Lashing Wire Terminations 243 Lashing Wire Terminations at Suspension Strand Crossovers 250 Method of Spiraling Aerial Cable 250-1 Method of Spiraling Self Supporting Filled Fiber > Optic Cable (Figure 8 Design) 312-1 Aerial Plastic Cable, Details of Wire Connections to Terminal blocks 360 Method of Restoring Insulation on Support Member of Self Supporting Filled > Fiber Optic Cable (Figure 8 Design) 812 Guy Hook, Details of Installation 815. Conductor Polarity (Tip and Ring) Diagram (Aerial Plant) NOTE: On the Assembly Unit or Guide Drawings an asterisk (\*) in the ITEM column indicates items that are no longer listed in RUS IP 344-2, \"List of Materials Acceptable for Use on Telecommunications Systems of RUS Borrowers.\"

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**8 September 2000** # ![](media/image1.png) The Edge ![](media/image1.png) **BNL Toastmasters, Club 8069, District 46** **Meetings are held the 1^st^ and 3^rd^ Tuesday at 5:30 PM and the 4^th^ Tuesday at 12:05** **Biology Building 463, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973** ### The mission of a Toastmasters Club is to provide a mutually supportive and positive learning environment in which every member has the opportunity to develop communication and leadership skills, which in turn foster self-confidence and personal growth. ## [Upcoming Events]{.underline} Tue, Sept 19, 2000 Club Meeting, 5:30 Theme: Food Room 160, Bldg 463 Tue, Sept 26, 2000 Club Meeting, 12:05 Theme: Retirement Room 154, Bldg 463 Tue, Oct 3, 2000 Club Meeting, 5:30 Theme: The Olympics Room 160, Bldg 463 ### Officers ### 2000-2001 **President:** Ronnie Evans **VP Education:** Nancy Manning **VP Membership:** Frank MacKay **VP Public Relations:** Nand Narain **Secretary:** Amy Halsted **Treasurer:** Claire Heil **Sergeant at Arms:** Beth Lin **Newsletter Editors:** Amy Halsted ### Beth Lin Nancy Manning **September 5 Meeting** The September 5 meeting was the annual humorous speech and table topics contest. Contest chair was Beth Lin; Chief Judge, Nancy Manning; judges: Ronnie Evans, and our guests from Munich, Germany: Christopher and Denise Magyar. Timer was Patty Ludlam, Margaret Conover was Ballot Counter and Margaret Foster interviewed contestants. Welcome to new member Margaret Conover! Christine Brakel attended as a visitor. Chris and Denise are an American couple who live and work in Germany, are long term Toastmasters, and belong to a number of TM clubs. Harry Aneziris, member of the Suffolk/Stonybrook TM club, also visited. Pat Astre and Amy Halsted were contestants in the humorous speech contest. Amy\'s speech was titled \"Outhouses and Those Who Love Them.\" Her father had renovated an outhouse and as a result she learned that a lot of people care about outhouses and outhouse lore. Pat\'s talk was titled \"We Have a Long Way to Go.\" His subject was the crazy warnings we see on everyday products, warning us against doing things with them that noone in his or her right mind would ever do. After the contest speeches, Kim Pellechi gave a speech about her family\'s recent trip to Hershey Park. We really enjoyed her descriptions of the different roller coasters she rode on. Her gestures and body language enriched her speech and made it funny too. The table topics contest followed, with Pat, Amy and Kim as contestants. After the ballots were tallied, Contest Chair Beth announced that Pat Astre had won both contests. Congratulations Pat! He\'ll go on to compete at the area level. Good luck and nice work! Ronnie collected dues when the meeting adjourned, and then Harry entertained us with a practice run of his entry into the Stonybrook TM humorous speech contest. There was a lot going on at this busy, fun and exciting meeting. **Do the Dues:** For those who haven\'t done it yet, it\'s time to pay dues. Bring a check for \$25.50 (or \$51.00 for a full year\--see below) made out to *BNL Toastmasters* to the next meeting or mail to Claire Heil, P.O. Box 431, Ridge, NY, 11961. Toastmasters International (TMI) requires dues payment in six month increments, and timely submission of dues payment twice each year is one of the goals the club sets for itself. To relieve the Treasurer of the burden of complete dues collection twice each year we will experiment with accepting membership dues payment annually, at \$51.00 instead of twice a year at \$25.50. Note that refunds will not be possible except under unusual circumstances. # ***The Edge, Page 2 September 7, 2000*** BNL Toastmasters Regular Meeting Schedule ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ------------------- **Date** **September 19** **September 26** **October 3** **Theme** Food Retirement The Olympics **TMOD** Amy Nancy Linda **Joke** **Word** **Timer** **Ah counter** Pat **Grammarian** **Table Topics** **Speech #1** Beth Kim **#2** Pat Nancy **#3** Ronnie **#4** Patty **#5** Kim **General Eval.** **Evaluator #1** **#2** **#3** Beth **#4** **#5** **Quiz Master** Margaret C. **Educational Talk** **Absent** Margaret F. Pat ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ------------------- *Sign up for roles at the coming meetings! Contact [Nancy](mailto:nmanning@bnl.gov), VPE.* Check the drafted Web pages at <http://avenger.bio.bnl.gov/~oeder/bnltm.html> and submit your comments and suggestions. Congratulations to all who participated in the Club Speech Contests -- you are all winners! Thank you to all who worked to make the evening a success. We had a full house, with no less than 5 visitors. Good luck to Pat as he goes on to represent us at the Area Contest. Members\' Progress Report -------------------- ----------------- -------------------------------- **Member** **Speeches **Achievements** completed** Pat A. 3 Susan C. 5 Margaret C. Ronnie E. 9 ATM-G, CL, 4 CTMs Margaret F. DTM Linda G. CTM Amy H. 6 Claire H. 4 Beth L. ATM-G, CL, 5 CTMs Patty L. 2 Frank M. 9 CTM Nancy M. 1 ATM-B, CL Nand N. ATM-S Kimberly P. 4 Betsy S. 5 Becky S. 7 Steve S. 3 Eric S. 5 -------------------- ----------------- -------------------------------- ![](media/image2.wmf)

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# Presentation: 923385 ## Proposed National Marketing Plan - Proposed National Marketing Plan ## Status Briefing **Public Affairs Mission** - “The mission of the Civil Air Patrol Public Affairs (PA) program is to inform internal and external audiences of Civil Air Patrol’s national importance, safeguard the image and assets of the corporation, and strengthen relations with key audiences and customers, which enables the organization to grow.” ## Where We Are **Integrated Marketing Communications** - **Integrated Marketing Communications-**a planning process designed to assure that all brand contacts received by a customer or prospect for a product, service or organization are *relevant* to that person and *consistent* over time. (American Marketing Association) ## Where We Are **Long-term Branding Strategy** ** ****Brand**- A name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's good or service as distinct from those of other sellers. The legal term for brand is trademark. A brand may identify one item, a family of items, or all items of that seller. If used for the firm as a whole, the preferred term is trade name. (American Marketing Association) ## Click Here to View Movie ## How We Got Here ## How We Got Here **Why?**** ** **What can be done to reverse the trend?** **Step One: Research!** - CAP Officers Focus Group ## Click Here to View Movie ## How We Got Here **Why?**** ** **What can be done to reverse the trend?** **Step One: Research!** - CAP Officers Focus Group - Current & Former CAP Members Survey - National Phone Poll ## Slide 10 ## Slide 11 ## Plan of Action **Do Three Things:** - Garner greater awareness - Gain more new members - Retain more current members ## Objective I - Establish brand synergy among internal and external CAP audiences so that every communication piece speaks with one voice by Spring 2008. ## “Citizens Serving Communities” - “Citizens Serving Communities” - “Service Before Self” - “Performing Missions for America” - “Everyday Heroes of the U.S. Air Force Auxiliary” ## Tagline Toolkit Uniforms Uniform explanation paragraph Brand standards policy - Toolkit - Uniforms - Uniform explanation paragraph - Brand standards policy - How? ## Objective II - Improve awareness among all stakeholder groups so that baseline awareness from the 2006 Southeast Research, Inc. Report increases 30% over three years. ## Produce PSA Place at least one article in local print or online media each quarter. - Place at least one article in local print or online media each quarter. - How? ## “Gilchrist reserved special gratitude for the Civil Air Patrol, of which 21 members spent the extended weekend parking cars, providing security and directing traffic. In fact, the group lived on the fair grounds during their tour of duty. ‘We couldn’t run the show without the Civil Air Patrol. Those kids and adults did a fantastic job.’” - “Gilchrist reserved special gratitude for the Civil Air Patrol, of which 21 members spent the extended weekend parking cars, providing security and directing traffic. In fact, the group lived on the fair grounds during their tour of duty. ‘We couldn’t run the show without the Civil Air Patrol. Those kids and adults did a fantastic job.’” ## Slide 19 ## Secure local TV coverage at least once per year (with National Headquarters successfully garnering broader media coverage at least twice per quarter). Speak at local civic clubs, schools, association meetings or other community-based gatherings at least three times per year. - Speak at local civic clubs, schools, association meetings or other community-based gatherings at least three times per year. ## Boost visibility within local communities by actively partnering with Points of Light Foundation on a national and local level to connect CAP members with community service opportunities. ## Click Here to View Movie ## Send press release EVERY time! Employ a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on a national level with The Weather Channel and create relationships at the local level with hometown media outlets to provide SDIS images and ride-along opportunities as appropriate in exchange for on-air credit. Have MOU in place BEFORE news breaks! - Employ a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on a national level with The Weather Channel and create relationships at the local level with hometown media outlets to provide SDIS images and ride-along opportunities as appropriate in exchange for on-air credit. - Have MOU in place BEFORE news breaks! **Notes:** Don’t forget RayCom sister stations multiply effect! ## Click Here to View Movie ## Increase name and brand recognition by providing car/van wraps for every sanctioned CAP vehicle over three years. Strengthen awareness among military members nationwide by having PAOs near each military base meet with the PAO of that base and arrange a meeting between the Wing Commander and Base Commander at least once per year. Examples Follow Captain Steven Solomon’s lead! Edwards Air Force Base online newsletter coverage - Strengthen awareness among military members nationwide by having PAOs near each military base meet with the PAO of that base and arrange a meeting between the Wing Commander and Base Commander at least once per year. - Examples - Follow Captain Steven Solomon’s lead! - Edwards Air Force Base online newsletter coverage ## Improve Congressional ties by having each Wing PAO include the Congressional office in their state in the distribution of items of interest and other branded communications. ## Objective III - Increase new memberships by 5% above the 2006 level during year one, 10% during year two and 25% during year three. ## Slide 28 ## Purposefully foster relationships with local groups who have a natural affinity for patriotism, civic duty, aerospace education, leadership development and service to community. YOU know your community better than anyone! - YOU know your community better than anyone! ## Retired Air Force groups/associations Chaplains at local Air Force bases, hospitals, prisons, etc. Home school associations Local ROTC squadrons Boy Scouts/ Girl Scouts AARP Local Red Cross Local pilots/smaller community airports Ham Radio Operators American Legion, VFW - Retired Air Force groups/associations - Chaplains at local Air Force bases, hospitals, prisons, etc. - Home school associations - Local ROTC squadrons - Boy Scouts/ Girl Scouts - AARP - Local Red Cross - Local pilots/smaller community airports - Ham Radio Operators - American Legion, VFW - Community Groups ## Use current members and donors to reach potential members and/or donors in their circle of influence. Encourage others to engage in conversation. Use free online sources to create buzz & awareness. Update current National & Unit websites to be more interactive. Discuss the possibility of having CAP participate in base-level “Warrior Start” briefings. - Encourage others to engage in conversation. - Use free online sources to create buzz & awareness. - Update current National & Unit websites to be more interactive. - Discuss the possibility of having CAP participate in base-level “Warrior Start” briefings. ## Partner with the military to specifically market to retiring or resigning servicemen and women. Place Volunteer magazines at your nearest military base as appropriate - Place *Volunteer *magazines at your nearest military base as appropriate ## Try to share database information - Discuss with the possibility of having CAP participate in - base-level out-briefings for retiring service members. ## Objective IV - Cultivate greater retention rates among current members by 25% during 2008-09 and 50% by 2010, with 2006 figures serving as the baseline. ## Foster sense of community and belonging nationwide by providing online forums for discussion and idea sharing. Expand CAP Website utilities to include more interactivity among members nationwide. - Expand CAP Website utilities to include more interactivity among members nationwide. ## Encourage YOUR cadets and senior members to include CAP in their online activities - MySpace - Facebook ## Create and maintain a clean, comprehensive, real-time database of members and donors nationwide. Make sure all information is current and updated often! Develop a “welcome” system used when active members move to a new city or state. Have closest squadron in new location engage recent transfer ASAP. Many let membership lack simply because they move to a new location. ...Don’t let this happen! - Make sure all information is current and updated often! - Develop a “welcome” system used when active members move to a new city or state. Have closest squadron in new location engage recent transfer ASAP. - Many let membership lack simply because they move to a new location. **...Don’t let this happen!** ## Consistently administer exit surveys to aid in better understanding reasons for decreasing retention rates. Every time you are aware that someone has not renewed or does not plan to renew membership, follow through with them by sending them the exit survey. Follow through! - Every time you are aware that someone has not renewed or does not plan to renew membership, follow through with them by sending them the exit survey. - Follow through! ## Your PAO Manual **Status Briefing** **Plan of Action** ## Official Documents Weather Channel MOU Points Of Light Foundation MOU CAP Regulation 190-1 CAP Media Policy CAP Public Affairs Crisis Policy CAP Exit Survey - Weather Channel MOU - Points Of Light Foundation MOU - CAP Regulation 190-1 - CAP Media Policy - CAP Public Affairs Crisis Policy - CAP Exit Survey ## Timesavers - Volunteer Center Directory - Members of Congress Directory - Military Base Information & Contact Directory

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**Substance Abuse Treatment** **Advisory** ***News for the Treatment Field*** **June 2006, Volume 5, Issue 3** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Treatment www.samhsa.gov **Anabolic SteroidS** Recent events, especially in professional sports, have triggered increased media coverage and congressional hearings on anabolic steroid use. Awareness is growing that steroid use can cause significant physical and mental harm and may be life threatening. Some studies have identified steroids as gateway drugs to other substance use, including opioids.^1^ People who inject steroids risk diseases passed by needle sharing. Substance abuse treatment programs are logical resources for steroids education and treatment, but most are not well informed. Providers may believe that steroids are not addictive or the effects self-correct after stopping. Programs may lack guidelines for screening, assessment, and treatment. **What are anabolic steroids?** Anabolic steroids---more specifically anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS)---are synthetic compounds that have muscle-building (anabolic) and masculinization (androgenic) effects. Medical uses include prevention of tissue wasting in some diseases. People also use AAS to boost athletic performance or look more muscular. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) categorizes AAS as schedule III controlled substances (substances with accepted medical uses, which may cause moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence). The Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004 lists 59 AAS. Although controlled, AAS are relatively easy to obtain.^2^ The number of people abusing AAS nationwide is unknown.^3^ The last comprehensive survey of AAS use in the United States was in 1994. The 2004 Monitoring the Future report noted declining adolescent AAS use in grades 8 and 10 but not among 12th graders.^4^ **Can AAS use cause dependence?** Evidence is growing that some people lose control of AAS use. One review documented at least 165 cases that met dependence criteria.^5^ Many people cycle on and off AAS and combine them with other AAS or supplements (known as pyramiding and stacking) to control AAS effects and avoid tolerance. Those who lose control of AAS cycles may develop neuroadaptations in brain reward systems, which cause craving or withdrawal symptoms on discontinuation. These symptoms compel them to increase dosage or shorten periods of nonuse until they may use daily for months at a time. Such individuals need specialized treatment to stop using AAS.^6^ **What are AAS-related behavioral, psychological, and physical disorders?** AAS use has been linked to severe mental disorders, including mania, depression, suicidality, and psychoses. High AAS dosages can cause uncontrolled anger or combative behavior ("roid rage"). These episodes may be manifestations of an AAS-induced hypomanic syndrome, which begins with feelings of invincibility and worsens as dosages increase. Some people using AAS experience a body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) called muscle dysmorphia, the obsessive belief that they are not adequately muscular or "chiseled." Some people start using other drugs to ease mood swings or conditioning pain. For example, they may add an opioid analgesic such as nalbuphine to their AAS regimen and progress to pure opioids.^1^ These individuals often learn about illicit drugs from other people who use AAS and buy their drugs from the people who sell them AAS. Psychological barriers to injection have been breached by AAS use, so injecting other drugs may seem like a small step. Reports exist, for example, of people who used AAS and then developed opioid addiction. In one study of 227 men admitted to opioid addiction treatment, 21 (9%) reported beginning their substance use with AAS.^7^ Significant physical harm has been linked to long-term use, including damage to liver, heart, and sexual organ systems.^3^ Adolescent AAS use has been linked to stunted growth, usually permanent.^3^ Needle injection increases risk of blood-borne diseases.^3^ []{.mark} **How should treatment providers screen and assess AAS use?** Treatment providers should screen for AAS use in muscular clients. During screening, providers should look for visual or behavioral "red flags" of AAS use. []{.mark} If any red flags are present, the provider should ask^6^--- 1. About athletic or fitness activities. Young males who lift weights are at greatest risk to use AAS. 2. About use of mail-order or over-the-counter supplements (e.g., protein shakes, creatine, dehydroepiandrosterone \[commonly called DHEA\]). Use of supplements is commonly associated with AAS use. 3. Whether the client knows anyone who has tried AAS. 4. Whether the client has tried or thought about trying AAS. If the client admits AAS use, the provider should note it. Then ask the following: - What are the client's perceptions of AAS benefits and consequences? - What are the dates of first and last use, AAS names and dosages, sources (e.g., prescription diversion, veterinary sources, Internet), routes of administration, and use patterns? - What measures are taken to avoid detection? - Is there depression during withdrawal periods? How severe? How does the client cope? - Has the client used other drugs to augment AAS effects, reduce side effects, or mask use? During physical assessment, physicians should look for needle marks in large muscles (gluteals, thighs, deltoids). Men may present with enlarged breasts and/or testicular atrophy. Male pattern baldness, excessive hair, hypertension, enlarged liver or prostate, right upper-quadrant abdominal pain, and jaundice are possible. Although women are much less likely to use AAS, some women who use AAS develop excessive hair and a deepened voice. Urinalysis must be at a laboratory that can test for AAS. Standard urine tests do not screen AAS, particularly variants produced to elude drug tests. However, standard tests should be ordered as well, given the association of AAS with other substance use. Blood testosterone levels may be grossly depressed because AAS inhibit endogenous testosterone production. **"Red Flags" for AAS Use** - Very low body fat, extreme muscularity, disproportionately large upper torso - Acne on face, shoulders, back - Pigmented striae on skin - Excessive facial or body hair - Superficial confidence; feelings of invincibility or grandiosity - Restlessness, anxiety, guardedness - Frustration or excessive argumentativeness to the point of rage - Obsession with weight training, conditioning, body image, appearance - Dissatisfaction with appearance despite what others perceive - Extremely baggy or loose clothing **How are AAS use and its effects treated?** - The treatment plan needs to address all substances being used.^8^ - Counselors should acknowledge the muscle development ability of AAS, while emphasizing AAS risks. To achieve credibility, counselors need to understand the body-building lifestyle, how AAS are used, and AAS slang. Clients are likely to be very educated about using AAS to achieve specific body building or muscle strengthening goals. They are unlikely to perceive AAS use as addictive.^6^ - Stopping AAS use reverses most physical and psychological changes---but not all. Voice deepening and other signs of masculinization in females may be irreversible. Stunted growth in adolescents is often permanent. Organ system damage may be irreversible. Prolonged sexual side effects may require hormonal therapy by an endocrinologist. The client should be advised about and tested for blood-borne diseases.^3,6^ - Depression is common during AAS withdrawal, typically easing without medication after several weeks. Severe depression may lead to suicidal ideation.^3^ Clients with severe depression should be treated by mental health professionals. Severe or persistent symptoms respond to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine, which is also effective for BDDs.^6^ - Manic symptoms usually remit when AAS use is stopped. Temporary treatment can include neuroleptics or other antimanic drugs. If a client has a history of mood disorders or manic/psychotic symptoms persist over 2 weeks, an underlying disorder should be investigated. Standard approaches such as cognitive--behavioral therapy are appropriate for AAS disorders.^6^ - The client may need to change lifestyles to maintain abstinence. This could entail switching gyms, workout friends, competitive events, and/or sports. Discussions of body image issues may be necessary. Counselors may need to refer clients to specialists who can help them develop healthy fitness regimens. Programs are advised to form strong relationships with experts in sports medicine for advice and referral.^9^ **Resources for Additional Information** *Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)* 1 Choke Cherry Road Room 8-1054 Rockville, MD 20857 Phone: 240-276-2130 (Office of Communications) Web: www.samhsa.gov *SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI)* Phone: 800-729-6686 Español: 877-767-8432 TDD: 800-487-4889 Web: www.ncadi.samhsa.gov *National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)* 6001 Executive Boulevard Bethesda, MD 20892-9561 Phone: 301-443-1124 Web: www.drugabuse.gov/drugpages/steroids.html *and* www.steroidabuse.gov *U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)* 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857-0001 Phone: 888-INFO-FDA (888-463-6332) Web: www.fda.gov ***Substance Abuse Treatment Advisory*** *Substance Abuse Treatment Advisory* was written and produced under contract number 270-04-7049 by the Knowledge Application Program (KAP), a Joint Venture of JBS International, Inc., and The CDM Group, Inc., for the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of SAMHSA or HHS. **Public Domain Notice:** All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission; citation of the source is appreciated. However, this publication may not be reproduced or distributed for a fee without the specific, written authorization of the Office of Communications, SAMHSA, HHS. **Electronic Access and Copies of Publication:** This publication can be accessed electronically at www.kap.samhsa.gov. Additional free print copies can be ordered from SAMHSA's NCADI at 800-729-6686. **Recommended Citation:** Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Anabolic steroids. *Substance Abuse Treatment Advisory*. Volume 5, Issue 3, June 2006. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 06-4169 Printed 2006 ^1^Kanayama, G., Cohane, B.A., Weiss, R.D., and Pope, H.G., Jr. Past anabolic-androgenic steroid use among men admitted for substance abuse treatment: An underrecognized problem? *Journal of Clinical Psychiatry* 64(2):156--160, 2003. ^2^Grassley, C. The Abuse of Anabolic Steroids and Their Precursors by Adolescent and Amateur Athletes. Opening remarks to a hearing before the Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control, July 13, 2004. drugcaucus.senate.gov/steroids04grassley.html \[accessed April 27, 2006\]. ^3^Volkow, N.D. Consequences of the Abuse of Anabolic Steroids---Before the Committee on Government Reform---United States House of Representatives: Statement for the Record, May 17, 2005. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. www.drugabuse.gov/testimony/3-17-05testimony.html \[accessed March 30, 2006\]. ^4^Johnston, L.D., O'Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., and Schulenberg, J.E. *Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use---Overview of Key Findings, 2004.* NIH Publication No. 05-5726. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2005, p. 4. ^5^Brower, K.J. Anabolic steroid abuse and dependence. *Current Psychiatry Report* 4(5):377--387, 2002. ^6^Pope, H.G., Jr., and Brower, K.J. Anabolic-androgenic steroids. In: Galanter, M., and Kleber, H.D., eds. *The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment,* 3d ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2004, pp. 301--309. ^7^Pope, H.G., Jr., and Kanayama, G. Can you tell if your patient is using steroids? *Current Psychiatry in Primary Care* 1(2):28--34, 2005. ^8^Arvary, D., and Pope, H.G. Anabolic-androgenic steroids as a gateway to opioid dependence (letter). *New England Journal of Medicine* 342:1532, 2000. ^9^National Institute on Drug Abuse. *Anabolic Steroids.* NIDA Community Drug Alert Bulletin, April 2000 (last updated December 2004). www.nida.nih.gov/SteroidsAlert/SteroidAlert.html \[accessed April 10, 2006\].

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# Presentation: 862877 ## Mercury MACT Development for Coal-fired Power Plants - A Presentation by the - WEST Associates - at the - EPA’s HAPs MACT Working Group - Washington DC, September 9, 2002 ## Overview - Introduction to WEST Associates - Endorses Industry Recommendations, But WEST has Additional Concerns - Mercury Emissions from Western Coal-fired Power Plants: Nature, Extent, and Fate - Unique Western Concerns Related to the Role of Chlorine contents of Coal on Hg Emissions - Recommendations ## Who is WEST Associates? **17 public and private electric utility companies** **Serves 15 million consumers in the rapidly-growing 11 Western states and North Dakota** **Played a constructive role since 1964 on energy and environmental issues in the West** **1990 Clean Air Act Amendments** **Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission (GCVTC)** **Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP)** ## Who is WEST Associates? **AZ**** **Arizona Electric Power Cooperative - Pinnacle West Capital Corp. - Salt River Project - Tucson Electric Power Co. **CA**** **Glendale Public Service Dept. - Los Angeles Dept. of Water & Power - Southern California Edison - OR PacifiCorp **ID**** **Idaho Power Company - NV Nevada Power Co/ Sierra Pacific Power Co **NM**** **Public Service Co of NM, Xcel Energy and - Tri-State G & T **CO** Colorado Springs Utilities - Xcel Energy - Platte River Power Authority - Tri-State G & T **UT**** **PacifiCorp/Utah Power and Light **WY **PacifiCorp, - Xcel Energy and - Tri-State G & T - ND Basin Electric Power ## Slide 5 ## Slide 6 ## Western Representation on Working Group - Western States are not represented on the Working Group - Western utilities are not represented on the Working Group - Western utilities believe that unique Western issues of Hg emissions, deposition, and air quality are not being adequately addressed - WEST Associates appreciates its recent inclusion in Working Group’s activities ## Western Mercury Issues - EPA’s “Regulatory Finding” in Dec. 2000 recognized the distinctly different Hg conditions in the West, stating - “EPA may also consider other relevant factors such as geographic conditions in establishing subcategories” - Western coal has lower Hg, sulfur, and chlorine content resulting in lower Hg emissions, mostly as elemental Hg - Western Hg emissions are less than 10% of Eastern Hg emissions in roughly the same size geographic area - Western Hg deposition levels are significantly lower than in the East ## Source: 1997 EPA Report to Congress ## Slide 10 ## Slide 11 ## Slide 12 ## Slide 13 ## Slide 14 ## Slide 15 ## Sub-categorization by Coal Rank - Heat content and agglomeration-based ASTM method of coal ranking does not distinguish the magnitude and controllability of Hg emissions, or Hg species causing different public health and environmental impacts - Same mine can produce coals of differing ranks (e.g., Black Mesa in Arizona -- bituminous & sub-bituminous) - Coal chlorine content affects controllability of Hg emissions and it should be taken into account when using ICR data to set MACT levels - Hg control costs for Western coals are higher than those for Eastern coals at plants with PM and SO2 controls ## ICR Data Analysis/Hg Tests - Our analysis of ICR data shows that coal rank, coal mercury content, and the ratio of coal mercury to chlorine content are the three most statistically significant factors to be considered in setting MACT levels - Additional Hg characterization measurements have just been completed using Black Mesa coal - Results from these tests and a comparison of results with ICR data will be available by the October 17 Working Group meeting ## Recommendations - WEST Associates recommends that sub-categorization by coal rank be augmented with consideration of chlorine content of coal within coal rank - Leaving out consideration of chlorine content in setting MACT levels may render Hg control efficiency data in the ICR database inappropriate in the case of Western coals - WEST Associates would like to work with other stakeholders and EPA to develop appropriate adjustment factors to coal rank-based MACT levels to enable continued use of Western coal

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REMARKS OF FCC COMMISSIONER MICHAEL J. COPPS PRACTICING LAW INSTITUTE/FCBA WASHINGTON, DC DECEMBER 15, 2006 Good morning and thanks for inviting me over. I see a lot of old friends out in the audience, some of whom I've had the privilege and pleasure of working with for many years, and I see some new faces, too, and I'm glad to be with all of you. I've been looking forward to this occasion since Dick Wiley first mentioned it to me. My thanks to Dick and his distinguished co-chairs Kathleen Abernathy, Henry Rivera, and Clark Wadlaw. This esteemed group represents many years of senior leadership dedicated to serving the bar association and the public interest. And thanks to the Practicing Law Institute and the FCBA for putting this conference together. It's always an important and high visibility event. The second week in December typically kicks-off the litany of Year-in-Review shows. And while I don't expect to see myself, or dare I say anyone here, starring in "The Year in Sports," "The Year in Entertainment" or "The Year in Fashion," my first inclination for today was to present a look back at the year that was in telecom, to review our accomplishments, and where, perhaps, we might have taken a different path. But upon reflection it seemed to me that this would not be the best use of the few minutes we have together. There certainly have been successes this past year as was the case in establishing the Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau, the completion of the AWS auction, and the opening up of White Spaces. There are other areas where I have great concerns. I worry about the consolidation underway in our media; the need to protect, as Senator Dorgan puts it, Internet freedom; and the real world impact of things like privacy, disabilities access, and universal service in a Title One world. But the truth is that most of the people in this room generally know where I have been on the issues that faced us this past year. If not, a quick check of the FCC website under Commissioners backslash Copps backslash statements 2006 can tell you all that. Therefore our time may be better spent looking to the future in what will in all likelihood be a momentous year at the FCC. I do believe that 2007 presents us with a moment in time to think anew. Shortly we will have a new year, a new Congress, and a new opportunity to develop ideas for the communications industries that are going to be even more central in determining the future of our country through the first half of the twenty-first century. What can we do to ensure that our citizens, our businesses, and our economy stay on top (or get to the top as the case may be)? How do policy makers make good decisions in a fast-moving, paradigm-shifting environment? How do we create a landscape that really fosters innovation and keeps our country competitive among nations? How do we create an environment of regulatory stability and predictability that helps businesses to make right decisions about the future? And, most importantly, how do our actions benefit consumers? The telecom industry has a critical role to play in all this when you consider its resources, its impact on our daily lives and its entrepreneurial genius. Today, I want to discuss a few overarching challenges we should address in the year ahead and some ideas on the role the FCC can play in the coming year. Let me begin with this proposition: a primary goal of the FCC ought to be making its expertise in telecom issues more available and useful to the other branches of government through white papers, reports, and any other forms that could prove helpful. I believe that our agency has a lot to offer in helping other agencies, as well as Congress and the White House, to work through the difficult issues that arise at the congested crossroads of policy, engineering, economics, and law. The FCC certainly has the talent to achieve this goal. While oftentimes the folks who occupy offices on the eighth floor grab the headlines, it is the 2000 or so talented employees in the agency who make things go. I know the Chairman and all my colleagues are committed to making the FCC the best it can be. The health of our communications industries and the well-being of consumers can only benefit from this wider sharing of Commission expertise. One example of where the FCC can play a larger role is public safety. How do we mobilize the great power of our communications and broadcast and information systems to serve the safety and security of all our people? Now I know many of you have heard me talk about the importance of homeland security and public safety over the years, but I think it merits inclusion in today's discussion because the safety of the people must always be the first and foremost responsibility of government. We are now over five years since the tragedy of 9/11 and over a year since Hurricane Katrina, and we know this: America is not as ready as it could be and should be for the next attack or natural disaster whenever that awful day should come. Recently, several public safety proposals have surfaced that raise important and difficult questions that lie at that intersection of policy, economics, and engineering. These proposals would, in varying ways, authorize innovative public-private arrangements whereby public safety agencies and commercial providers would share the same or adjoining spectrum bands. Now, the problems these plans address are quite real. I certainly don't think there are any real disagreements about the policy objectives here. Everyone understands the need to provide the nation's first responders with interoperable equipment when they charge into a burning building or perform the thousands of dangerous tasks each year that keep us safe. Everyone understands the importance of making sure that these dedicated public servants have the resources and funding they need to keep us -- and themselves -- safe. And everyone understands that public safety providers must be able to avail themselves of all the extraordinary advances that high-tech companies and commercial providers have made in network architecture and advanced hardware. But even though there is broad consensus on the right policy objectives when it comes to our nation's heroic first responders, there are still open questions about if and how these recently proposed plans would actually work in the real world. On the pro side, we now have the new Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau to help us find out. The Bureau brings together a lot of talent and gives that talent focus. Our charge now is to make sure the Bureau has the resources to do the work we're all counting on it to do. Part of that work is acting as a clearinghouse for ideas and proposals to address public safety---an idea I suggested early-on. Why should every jurisdiction and first responder and health care facility have to start from scratch in devising a plan when others have tried many different solutions, some of which worked, some of which didn't work. If folks could contact an FCC that had this record, think how they could profit from the experience of others. Think of the effort, the time, maybe even the lives, that could be saved. The new Bureau has started down this road, I am happy to report. But to do it right will take resources and ongoing commitment. Here, too, I am looking forward to working with Chairman Martin, as well as my colleagues, to put this agency's unparalleled knowledge of these issues even more at the service of the other branches of government and other stakeholders. Other agencies are attempting to do work that the FCC should be doing and the resulting lack of expertise, coordination and organization that we too often see is helping neither public safety nor the people of this great country. What I'm talking about regarding public safety would build upon what we have already begun doing in the White Spaces. Again, I think most everyone agrees on the pressing need for new unlicensed spectrum, especially as it applies to the problem of broadband deployment in rural areas. At the same time, I believe that most of us -- certainly me -- believe in the fundamental importance of maintaining free, over-the-air television, both before and after the digital transition. I am optimistic that existing or future technology can accommodate both goals. I applaud Chairman Martin for setting our Office of Engineering and Technology on the task of working through these complicated issues. I believe the process we have put in motion---a process that draws upon the enormous expertise of private industry when it comes to new technologies---will lead to expanded choices for consumers who, after all, want both clear television signals *and* a new generation of wireless broadband devices. Let's move now to how we might deploy the Commission more robustly in the area of broadband. Some of you have already heard me say that I believe broadband is ***the*** great infrastructure challenge of our time. I have talked often about how I see broadband networks as the turnpikes and canals and railroads and highways of the Information Age. This isn't just personal opinion because most of the technology innovators I talk to tell me that, too. And many of these same innovators are mightily worried about the broadband road we're heading down. The President set out the goal of universal broadband access by 2007. We didn't make it. And the problem is that as a country we had no strategy to realize that objective. We do know this: nearly every industrialized country, except the United States, has a national strategy for broadband deployment. And they're cleaning our clock. The ITU has developed a Digital Opportunity Index that ranks how nations are doing in the transition to a digital world. Your country and mine ranked twenty-first, right after---some of you know what's coming---Estonia and in a dead heat with Slovenia. That's twenty rungs too low when Asian and European consumers are getting broadband speeds of 25 to 100 megabits per second at a fraction of the cost Americans are paying for much less bandwidth. In Japan, not only are consumers getting faster speeds, but according to one recent report I saw, 80% of fiber-to-the-home in the world is being deployed in that country---not America. One part of this broadband penetration challenge that doesn't receive as much attention as it should is the need to ensure that we are doing everything we can to foster innovation. According to a report by the National Research Council released this past summer, industry-driven innovation over the last several decades is in decline and the United States' role as the global leader in technology innovation is seriously at risk. The NRC concludes that over the last few decades there has been "decreased industry support for long term telecommunications research and a general shift in research focus from the long term to the short term." Our companies find themselves operating with tighter margins, and fewer resources are being dedicated to research agendas that may pay out in 20 years instead of 20 months. The NRC also found that federal support has not increased sufficiently to replace the decline in industry involvement. Some may call that scaled back industry effort a saving---I call it a waste. To be clear, the FCC doesn't regulate innovation *per se*. And I'm not suggesting it should. But I do think we need to be more attentive to the needs of innovation in our Commission analysis and in all of our proceedings. It used to be that the Commission as a matter of course looked at the impact of mergers and acquisitions on innovation, research and development, and the competitive posture of the nation. When a deal is cut and then has to be financed, does that lead to less R&D? That seems to have happened in some other industries---what's happening here? We don't know. We need to know. You need to know. Perhaps it's time for the Commission to start asking these questions again because without innovation and research, there's not much hope that our country can maintain the technology edge that made us the world's greatest power. Nor will there be much hope that we can move up from that paltry Number 21 ranking in the Digital Opportunity Index. That's why we need to better understand the nature of research and development in our telecom industries---who is doing it, how it is done, what factors make it or break it, and how our decisions at the FCC should factor into this. It's important that our decisions make it easier for new ideas to get to market. We need to ask what do Joseph Schumpeter's famed "gales of creative destruction" mean in today's market. We should consider when regulations hurt innovation, and when they might nourish nascent ideas. We should survey history and consider the role research and development play in big companies with large resources. And we should consider the role that scrappy start-ups play. When it comes to innovation, the private sector should always lead the way. But there is clearly a role that government-funded research and development have played in making America strong. And we need to ensure that our policies and proceedings going forward clear the way for innovation and make it possible for new ideas to blossom and to grow. This isn't about ideology or some simplistic feud between regulation and deregulation. It's about getting a job done for the country---one of the most important jobs we face. And to get a job done right, we need the facts, and then we need to understand those facts. The place to start the Commission's broadband analysis is with the collection of solid, useful, and reliable data on who in this country actually has access to broadband. Put most simply, how many broadband options does the consumer have, at what speeds, and at what cost? While we may think we know the answer for consumers in most major American cities, we don't actually know what's available in vast areas of this country. No business in its right mind would make decisions based on the weak set of statistics and data that currently constitute our broadband information inventory. Our mission should be to provide Congress and the Executive Branch with the information and analytical tools they need to formulate a national broadband strategy. I should mention that Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act directs the Commission to encourage the deployment of advanced telecommunications capability---broadband---to all Americans. If the Commission finds that this is not being accomplished in a reasonable and timely fashion, Congress directs us to take action to accelerate such deployment. It has been over two years since the Commission issued its last report. That's just the 706 ***report*** that I'm talking about, not the deployment action. We don't have that kind of time to get our act together. So I am hopeful that the Commission will begin the 706 process quickly in the New Year. It's our duty under the law to perform this study and we should view it as an important tool to craft our broadband approach. Until we get the right kind of 706 study, we're flying without the fuel that makes for good decisions. As part of this study, we should look at what other countries are doing. Other countries are not only beating us in broadband penetration---they are beating us in broadband analysis, too. Do you think there might be a connection here? Japan, I am told, does a pretty granular job of collecting and releasing data concerning exactly the types of technologies and broadband services that are available to subscribers in each of the country's 47 prefectures. I propose we go them one better by collecting data on a neighborhood-by-neighborhood basis, maybe even house-by-house. At a minimum, let's commit now to take a far more serious look at what others are doing. I'm not saying we need to emulate what other countries with different economies and cultures may be doing, but let's at least recognize that there are some pretty creative broadband penetration initiatives going on out there beyond America's borders and there may just be a lesson or two in them for us. We also need to look within our own borders, specifically at what so many towns and municipalities have done to deploy broadband themselves, issuing bonds, entering private-public partnerships, and experimenting in different areas within a city to get the job done. What do these partnerships tell us? Why are some jurisdictions going down this road? With what success? And what lessons does this have for other localities? So, as these few examples hopefully illustrate, there is an important role for the FCC to play as our nation's communications expert. Of late we have been taken to task for our lack of rigor. In May of this year, the GAO set out to determine the extent of broadband deployment in America. The GAO's principal conclusion: the FCC's "data may not provide a highly accurate depiction of deployment of broadband infrastructures." Why is that? Well, the FCC still hasn't fully completed its divorce from the assumption that if there is a single subscriber to 200 kilobit broadband in a zip code---yes, I said 200 kilobit---then broadband is being reasonably and timely deployed throughout that area. It's like---as someone once told me---finding one driver of a Mercedes in each zip code and concluding, ergo, everyone there drives a Benz. More recently, the GAO issued another report, this time on special access services. There is no need to read beyond the title to identify its conclusion: "FCC Needs to Improve Ability to Monitor and Determine the Extent of Competition in Dedicated Access Services." Particularly bothersome was the auditors' conclusion that "without more complete and reliable data, \[the\] FCC is unable to determine whether its deregulatory policies are achieving their goals." There is some good news. I'm glad to see that we have been making some progress in the current Commission with additional analysis and data gathering for our cable reports and price surveys. But there is certainly more we should look at doing. We have an opportunity to demonstrate our commitment to better research in the media ownership proceeding. I commend the Chairman for recognizing the need for studies, but in some ways the initial notice raised more questions in the public mind than it answered. How were the researchers selected? What instructions regarding content and methodology for the research were provided? What are the costs of these studies? What type of peer review is envisioned? When you consider how roundly the Commission was criticized during the last go-around three years ago for its lack of meaningful research, we should be bending over backwards to be transparent about the research and to ensure that we get it right this time. The answer to whether we will repeat the mistakes of the past will only become apparent in the months ahead. Now having said all of this, it is no doubt correct that the FCC has not cornered the market on good ideas. The Congress, state and local governments, and the telecommunications industry all have important contributions to make. As I said at the start, industry has the genius, the resources and the incentives to accomplish great things for America. It is certainly the case that many of the important ideas that the FCC eventually supports are first suggested by industry. The opening of White Spaces, reconfiguring the 800 MHz band for public safety, and access charge reform spurred by CALLS are just a few examples of policies where the FCC has benefited from the technical expertise that industry brings to the table. In these types of cases, the FCC\'s role is really as an honest broker---assessing the proposals that industry brings forth and deciding (in a way that the American people can trust) whether these ideas are in the public interest. One part of our job is to make sure the FCC never stands in the way of progress, while also never defining progress so narrowly that whole classes of stakeholders are left behind. So by now you may be thinking, "Well that's all fine and good, but you're not a think tank. The FCC's job is to tend to the administration of the statutes and the agency's rules and regulations." I understand the frustration that sometimes exists over the pace of decision-making at the Commission, and we need to fix that. There is a backlog of long standing and the Commission should realize that business cannot operate with a question mark, as your friend and mine, Fritz Hollings, so colorfully put it. But our duties extend beyond day-to-day administration of the rules. We are a public agency in a democratic country charged with matters important to the American people and the future of our nation. We have an obligation to think larger thoughts and to provide both the public and private sectors with the best thinking that our 2000 experts can devise. We need to be developing creative options. If we can implement forward-looking initiatives, we should do so. If it is up to others to make a particular decision, we will have provided a public service by enhancing their understanding of the challenges they confront. At the end of the day, I am optimistic about the Commission and about our future. I firmly believe that the questions you and I are grappling with are the questions that will play a formative role in determining how well our country fares in this still-new century. So I look forward to working with you, with my colleagues at the Commission, with Congress, with other agencies and jurisdictions---surely including states and localities---and with all the diverse set of stakeholders that make up our great country in order to make it happen. Thanks for your attention, and from everyone at the Copps office, I extend to each and every one of you and your families our best wishes for the holiday season and for a great new year.

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RD Instruction 2030-C Table of Contents Page 1 PART 2030 - COMMUNICATIONS Subpart C - Written Communications--National Office Table of Contents Sec. Page 2030.101 Purpose. 1 2030.102 Authorities and responsibilities. 1 2030.103 Routing, signature authority, and clearing correspondence. 1 (a) Routing. 1 (b) Signature authority. 2 (c) Clearance. 2 2030.104 Correspondence controlled by Rural Development. 3 2030.105 Correspondence controlled by the Department. 3 2030.106 Types of communication. 4 (a) Letters. 4 (b) Facsimile transmission. 4 (c) Electronic mail (EM). 4 2030.107 Informal methods and forms for expediting correspondence. 5 (a) Transmittal letters. 5 (b) Form RD 2006-6, "Clearance and Routing of Rural Development Issuance." 5 2030.108 Statement of Action (SOA) on Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports. 5 2030.109 Preparation of envelopes and labels. 6 2030.110 Types of envelopes and mailing labels. 6 (a) Bulk mail envelopes. 6 (b) Window envelopes. 7 (c) Envelopes without the Postage and Fees Paid Indicia (Metered Mail System). 7 (d) Standard Form 65-B, "U.S. Government Messenger Envelope." 7 (e) Certified mail services. 7 (f) Non-standard mail. 7 (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Table of Contents Page 2 Sec. Page 2030.111 Mail pick-up messenger service. 8 (a) National Office. 8 (b) Departmental courier/messenger service. 8 (c) Reporters Building. 8 (d) School Street. 9 2030.112 "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" correspondence. 9 2030.113 Federal Express. 9 2030.114 Personal correspondence. 10 2030.115 - 2030.150 [Reserved] 10 Exhibit A Formal Letter Format Exhibit B - Unnumbered Letters - Preparation and Processing Exhibit C - Rural Development STOP Codes Exhibit D - Informal Letter Format Exhibit E - [Reserved] Exhibit F [Reserved] Exhibit G - Instructions for Preparing and Processing Statements of Action on Government Accountability Office Reports Exhibit H - Sample Address Formats Exhibit I - Abbreviations for Street Designators (Street Suffixes) Exhibit J - Standard Address Abbreviations oOo RD Instruction 2030-C PART 2030 - COMMUNICATIONS SUBPART C - Written Communications--National Office 2030.101 Purpose. National Office employees will be guided by this subpart and its exhibits in conducting official business by correspondence. 2030.102 Authorities and responsibilities. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) subscribes to the standards in the U.S. Government Correspondence Manual (USGCM). The Departmental Regulation (DR) 3060-1, "USDA Correspondence Management Regulation," is to be used as a basic guide in preparing USDA correspondence. It can be found at http://www.ocio.usda.gov/directives/files/dr/DR3060-001.pdf. Rural Development also established certain requirements to meet internal needs as reflected in this subpart. 2030.103 Routing, signature authority, and clearing correspondence. (a) Routing. (1) All outgoing correspondence which is beyond the authority of the Division/Staff Director to sign will be routed to the applicable Assistant Deputy Administrator, the Deputy Administrator, the Associate Administrator, and the Administrator. (2) Officials will use judgment in routing correspondence of an unusual nature to the Administrator or Associate Administrator. (3) Electronic mail (EM) requires the same signature as regular mail. _____________________________________________________________________________ DISTRIBUTION: W in Washington, DC only Administrative Services Communications 1 (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.103(a) (Con.) (4) The name and title of the signing official will be typed on all letters/memoranda prepared. When an official other than the signing official signs a letter, the word "for" will be written before the typed name of the signing official. (See example below.) for John G. Doe Director Support Services Division (b) Signature authority. Correspondence will be signed by National Office officials who have delegated signature authority. (c) Clearance. Outgoing letters will be cleared by officials primarily concerned with the subject matter. Letters recommending changes or establishing policy will be cleared through the Assistants or Assistant Deputies and Deputy Administrators. All congressional correspondence must be cleared through the Legislative and Public Affairs Staff (LAPAS). The Regulations and Paperwork Management Branch (RPMB), Support Services Division (SSD), and LAPAS (if necessary) will review the letter after staff office clearances, but before the Office of the General Counsel (OGC) clearance (if necessary) and signature by the Administrator or other official with delegated authority. (1) Only those offices having a substantial interest in the subject of the correspondence shall be requested to concur. (2) It is sufficient to send informational copies of the completed correspondence to those officials concerned with the subject matter. (3) Use Form RD 2006-6, "Clearance and Routing of Rural Development Issuance," for routing letters addressed to all State Directors, National Office officials, all Rural Development employees, all National Office employees, or all field office employees. See Exhibit B of this subpart for preparation and processing of unnumbered letters. (4) Use Form RD 2006-6 for correspondence requiring clearance or signature by another office. (5) Stamp or type "Official Agency File Copy" on the bottom of the last page of the Agencys official record copy for all correspondence prepared in the Agency. The originating office will place the concurrence stamp on the bottom of the last page of the official Agency file copy and insert the designated file code from RD Instruction 2033-C, Exhibit A. Concurring officials will write 2 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.103(c)(5) (Con.) in their Unit, then initial and date on this copy. The Division/Staff Director will initial and date Form RD 2006-6 and send to the next clearance official. __________________________________________________ | Unit | Initial & Date || Unit | Initial & Date | | | || | | | | || | | | | || | | 2030.104 Correspondence controlled by Rural Development. All congressional letters addressed to officials within Rural Development and any congressional letters initiated by Rural Development should be sent to the Office of the Executive Secretariat (OES) for assignment of a control number and logging into the Document Management System (DMS). 2030.105 Correspondence controlled by the Department. (a) The OES assigns a control number for correspondence such as White House (Presidential) mail, congressional mail, and special public mail (public mail defined as mail from governors and other State and local government officials; officials of major businesses, trade and farm organizations; unions; and other private citizens). These letters are usually prepared for the signature of a departmental official. (b) The OES assigns a priority control number to congressional letters and certain letters from the general public. These letters are signed by the Secretary, Under Secretary, or the Administrator. 2030.106 Types of communication. (a) Letters. (1) Informal. The informal letter format (To: and Subject: format) will be used for most day-to-day correspondence in the transaction of daily routine business within the Department and with other Federal agencies. The informal format will not be used for correspondence outlined in paragraph (2) of this section. (See Exhibit D of this Instruction and USGCM Part I, Chapter 1.) 3 (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.106(a) (Con.) (2) Formal. The formal letter format contains an inside mailing address, salutation, and complimentary close, and will be used when the addressee would expect to receive a more personalized letter. This format will be used when writing to the general public, mayors, governors, foreign officials, independent agencies, heads of departments, Government Accountability Office (GAO), and Members of Congress. (See Exhibit A of this Instruction and USGCM Part I, Chapter 1.) (b) Facsimile transmission. All correspondence sent by facsimile transmission requires the same clearance procedures and signature authority as hard copy correspondence. All information to be transmitted by facsimile should be accompanied by a cover sheet. (1) When faxing information that contains the name of a borrower or other sensitive information, the recipient of the facsimile should be notified when the fax is being sent and asked to stand by for receipt. This will minimize the risk of nonessential disclosure of sensitive information. (2) Facsimile machine usage is restricted to "Official Government Business." The use of facsimile equipment for personal use is strictly prohibited. (c) Electronic mail (EM). EM is a service that provides for the electronic transfer of information data, correspondence, and messages between individuals and/or organizations. (1) Formal correspondence statements of policy, and the implementation or changes of directives or instructions that are transmitted by EM require the same clearance procedures and signature authority as hard copy correspondence (Refer to 2030.103). No Agency official is authorized to sign and send, by EM, any formal correspondence which either exceeds the authority of the signer or would be in conflict with any existing Agency policy or procedure. 4 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.106(c) (Con.) (2) EM may be used by Rural Development employees for the informal exchange of business-related information that might otherwise occur via telephone or note. (3) EM is restricted to "Official Government Business." 2030.107 Informal methods and forms for expediting correspondence. (a) Transmittal letters. A letter of transmittal need not be written unless it adds to that which is being transmitted. Appropriate mailing notations such as the date and to whom the material was sent may be made on the file copy(ies) of the material which was transmitted. In some cases, Optional Form 41, "Routing and Transmittal Slip," may be used instead of a transmittal letter. (b) Form RD 2006-6, "Clearance and Routing of Rural Development Issuance." This form must be used for Unnumbered Letters and Administrative Notices requiring clearance from the RPMB, SSD, and the Administrator and for correspondence requiring clearance or signature by another office. This form should be stapled to the "Official Agency File Copy" prior to sending the document to the Central File Unit. 2030.108 Statement of Action (SOA) on Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports. A Statement of Action (SOA) is USDA's report of corrective action(s) taken or planned on the recommendation(s) contained in a Government Accountability Office (GAO) final report. Public Law 97-258, Section 720, states that an SOA must be submitted to Congress within 60 days from the date of issuance of a GAO final report. (a) The Secretary of USDA requested that the Office of Inspector General (OIG) provide liaison, coordination, and cooperation for USDA SOAs. The Food and Marketing Division of the Office of the Assistant Inspector General for Audit is USDA's designated GAO Liaison Manager. (b) The Financial Management Division (FMD) is Rural Development's designated GAO Liaison Office, with an FMD Program Analyst assigned to GAO audits designated as Rural Development's GAO Liaison Officer. 5 (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.108 (Con.) (c) The SOA is prepared by the designated lead USDA agency. (See Exhibit G of this subpart for instructions on preparing an SOA.) (1) If Rural Development is the designated lead USDA agency, the Rural Development GAO Liaison Officer will forward the GAO final report to the appropriate Rural Development agency officials for preparation of the SOA and submission to FMD for further processing, clearance, and delivery to the GAO Liaison Manager. (2) If Rural Development is not the designated lead USDA agency, FMD will coordinate and provide Rural Development's response (to be included in the SOA) to the designated lead USDA agency. 2030.109 Preparation of envelopes and labels. (a) The following format (see Exhibit H of this subpart) will be used in preparing envelopes: (1) Use all capital letters. (2) No punctuation. (3) Abbreviate street suffixes. (See Exhibit I of this subpart.) (4) Abbreviate states and territories. (See Exhibit J of this subpart.) (5) Use Zone Improvement Program (ZIP) code + 4, when available. (b) All envelopes prepared in Rural Development must reflect this format. This format will reduce postal costs for all Government agencies. 2030.110 Types of envelopes and mailing labels. Provide envelopes large enough to adequately contain all enclosures. However, to keep postage costs at a minimum, use the smallest envelope necessary to accommodate the enclosure. (a) Bulk mail envelopes. These envelopes are prepared by the Departmental Mail Unit, Room 0421, to transmit mail to each State Office. Therefore, individual envelopes will not be prepared for these offices except "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" correspondence as prescribed in 2030.112 of this subpart. 6 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.110 (Con.) (b) Window envelopes. These envelopes will be used, when applicable, to eliminate one typing operation and the possibility of transcription errors. They also eliminate the time-consuming process of matching letters to envelopes. (c) Envelopes without the Postage and Fees Paid Indicia (metered mail system). The National Office is using the metered mail system. The postage for all outgoing mail will be applied by the Departmental Mail Unit with the exception of Secretarial letters. (d) Standard Form 65-B, "U.S. Government Messenger Envelope." Messenger envelopes must now be used for all mail addressed to Rural Development offices and other USDA agencies within the Department's Washington D.C. complex. To assure proper delivery, the addressee's name and STOP Code (See Exhibit C for STOP Code), must be shown on the messenger envelope. (e) Certified mail services. When certified mail service is required, the sender is responsible for filling out the necessary forms. On Postal Service (PS) Form 3811, "Domestic Return Receipts," item 3 should contain the receiver's address, item 4 should contain the article number (which is the number on the PS Form 3800, "Certified Mail Receipt"), and the type of service requested as certified. Also, fill out the return address on the reverse side of PS Form 3811. The PS Form 3800 only needs the receiver's address to be completed. Paper clip or fasten both forms to the package and send to the Departmental Mail Unit for shipping. (f) Non-standard mail. First Class Mail will be non-standard if any of the following size limitations are exceeded and the WEIGHT is one ounce or less: (1) Length exceeds 11 1/2 inches, or (2) Height exceeds 6 1/8 inches, or (3) Thickness exceeds 1/4 inch, or (4) The length divided by the height is less than 1.3 or more than 2.5. Example: Placing one or two pieces of paper flat in a 9" x 12" envelope. 7 (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.110 (f) (Con.) (5) A surcharge will be levied against First Class Mail weighing one ounce or less and not meeting the above-size limitations. In order to avoid the penalty surcharge, fold all material that permits folding and use the smallest size envelope necessary to accommodate the enclosure. This is especially applicable to travel vouchers being mailed to the National Finance Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. 2030.111 Mail pick-up messenger service. (a) National Office. (1) All Rural Development mail must be processed through the Departmental Mail Unit. If, after the last messenger pick-up, you have mail that should be sent that day, it must be hand-carried to the Departmental Mail Unit, Meter Section by 4:30 p.m. The reason for this deadline is that the postage meter is shut down at 5:00 p.m., and daily readings of the meter are taken. (2) Place all outgoing letters in the "OUT" box as early as possible each day. Each office is responsible for hand-carrying to the next office important "deadline"-type correspondence, including all correspondence assigned a control number by OES. Special messenger service is not available for this purpose. Scheduled drop off and pick-up times are: 9:30 a.m., 12:00 p.m. and 3:00 p.m. (b) Departmental courier/messenger service. Scheduled courier/ messenger mail pick-up trips (time for leaving Departmental Mail Unit) are: 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. (c) Reporters Building. Scheduled drop-off and pick-up times are: 9:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., and 3:00 p.m. Do Not address any United States Postal Service (USPS) mail to Rural Development staff located at the Reporters Building, 300 7th Street, SW, Washington, DC 20024. The following address should be used: (NAME OF PERSON) (NAME OF DIVISION) RURAL DEVELOPMENT/USDA STOP CODE NUMBER WASHINGTON DC 20250-(STOP CODE NUMBER) 8 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.111 (Con.) (d) School Street. Do Not address any USPS mail to Human Resources Training (HR), at 501 School Street SW., Washington, D.C. The following address should be used: (NAME OF PERSON) HUMAN RESOURCES TRAINING DIVISION RURAL DEVELOPMENT/USDA STOP CODE 0732 WASHINGTON DC 20250-0732 2030.112 "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" correspondence. The term "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" will be used in identifying non-defense classified material which requires limited access handling or restricted processing. No other term will be used. (a) "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" will be placed two lines above the subject of an informal letter, or two lines above the inside address of a formal letter, flush with the left margin. (b) Material designated "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" should be placed in a plain envelope and identified as such when sent by bulk mail. If the envelope is to be opened only by the one to whom it is addressed, "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY--TO BE OPENED BY ADDRESSEE ONLY" should be written or typed on the envelope. 2030.113 Federal Express. (a) All Rural Development employees are required to process shipment labels via the Federal Express internet site which can be found at www.fedex.com for their Federal Express letters and packages. Rural Development is now a registered member of the FedEx Ship Manager (Passkey) system. (b) All Rural Development employees who process Federal Express shipments must have a user id and password to log on to the FedEx Passkey. To obtain a user id and password, you must contact the Passkey Administrator at 202-692-0027. 9 (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C 2030.113 (Con.) (c) Hand carry Federal Express items to the fourth wing loading dock FedEx drop off box in the South building by 4:00 p.m. or the second floor FedEx drop off box in the Reporters Building by 2:00 p.m. 2030.114 Personal correspondence. This subpart does not restrict in any way the right of an employee to correspond with any person or public official with respect to matters of concern to the employee as a private citizen. All employees, however, are advised to acquaint themselves fully with the provisions of RD Instruction 2045-CC. 2030.115 - 2030.150 [Reserved] Attachments: Exhibits A, B, C, D, E [Reserved], F [Reserved], G, H, I, and J. o0o 10 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit A FORMAL LETTER FORMAT [ON LETTERHEAD] 3 lines December 1, 2003 14 lines down to show through window Honorable John G. Doe U.S. House of Representatives 123 Russell House Office Building Washington, D.C. 20522 3 lines Dear Congressman Doe: 2 lines This exhibit illustrates the format for preparing formal letters throughout the United States Government. The formal letter should be used when protocol dictates, or when the addressee would expect or should receive a more formal or personalized letter. The date may be typed or stamped approximately three lines below the letterhead. Left and right margins are at least 1 inch and not more than 1 and inches. Each part of the letter is double-spaced from the previous text. The signing officials name and title are typed at least five lines below the complimentary close. Start typing the signer's name flush with the left margin on the fifth line below the complimentary closing. Please refer to this exhibit for the complete signature block. 2 lines Sincerely, 5 lines JANE DOE Administrator Agency Name 2 lines Enclosure [DR-3060-1 14(q)(1)] oOo (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit B Page 1 UNNUMBERED LETTERS SUBJECT: Preparation and Processing TO: ATTENTION: Unnumbered Letters are written communications in the memorandum format addressed to all State Directors, National Office officials, all Rural Development employees, all National Office employees, or all field office employees. Unnumbered Letters will be used to provide general information and not to establish, change, or modify authorized directives. l. Requirements. a. Sufficient time must be allowed for the necessary clearances, final signature, date stamping, issuance, and timely arrival. b. Attachments must be indicated in the body of the letter and below the signature block. c. Provide Unnumbered Letters to the Regulations and Paperwork Management Branch (RPMB) on a disk so that they can be posted on the Internet. Notify RPMB if the Unnumbered Letter contains sensitive information and should not be posted on the Internet. d. Unnumbered Letters must be sent by electronic mail (except letters with attachments that are not on the computer) to field offices and National Office officials. 2. Preparation. a. An "ATTENTION" line should be placed below the "TO" line on all Unnumbered Letters requiring action or attention by the State Office employee(s) other than the State Director. Attention lines help State Office personnel to quickly route letters to the intended recipient(s). EXPIRATION DATE: FILING INSTRUCTIONS: April 30, 2004 Administrative/Other Programs (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit B Page 2 b. Place the "EXPIRATION DATE" at the bottom left corner of the first page. The expiration date is the responsibility of the writer. c. Place "FILING INSTRUCTIONS" at the bottom right corner of the first page. The originator is responsible for designating one of the following three broad program areas as the filing instructions: Housing Programs, Community/Business Programs, and Administrative/Other Programs. 3. Clearance and Signature Authority. a. The originating office is responsible for obtaining the necessary clearances. Place Form RD 2006-6, "Clearance and Routing of Rural Development Issuance," on top of the original, fill in the applicable clearance officials on the form, and forward the document to the first clearance official. If the final is changed during clearance by a clearing official, the official agency file copy of the original containing the page change should be stapled to the corrected official agency file copy. The legend should be updated to reflect the name of the official requiring the revision. b. RPMB will review the letter after staff office clearances, but before the Office of the General Counsel (OGC) clearance (if necessary) and signature by the Administrator or other official with delegated authority. 4. Distribution of Unnumbered Letters. a. After the Unnumbered Letter is signed, it will be returned to RPMB for a final check and given to the originating office to send electronically if appropriate. After electronic transmission, the originating office will return the Unnumbered Letter (both hard copy and disk) to RPMB. b. Unnumbered Letters transmitted electronically will not be reproduced except for the required file copies. RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit B Page 3 c. Unnumbered Letters not transmitted electronically will be duplicated and distributed by RPMB. d. When special attachments such as preprinted pamphlets, diskettes, etc., are prepared, RPMB will return the letter to the division/staff for assembly. 5. Filing. After distribution, the original letter, with any extra copies will be returned to the originating office and retained for no longer than 1 year. Future requests for extra copies of an Unnumbered Letter should be referred to the originating office. JAMES L. DOE Administrator Attachments (if appropriate) One of the following sentences is to be typed below the signature line of the letter to describe further handling. If the memo is one page, one of the following lines will be placed after the expiration date and filing instruction line. * Sent by Electronic Mail on (date)_________at (time) ______by ________(office). The State Director should advise other personnel as appropriate. * Sent by Electronic Mail on (date) ________at (time) _______by ________(office). oOo (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit C Page 1 RURAL DEVELOPMENT STOP CODES Stop Codes replace the use of room numbers on internal and external envelopes. The first 2 digits of the code identifies the Agency and the last 2 digits identifies the organizational unit within the Agency. The STOP codes also represent the ZIP + 4 digit code. OFFICE/DIVISION STOP CODE Operations and Management Deputy Administrator for Operations and Management 0720 Civil Rights Staff 0703 Office of the Chief Financial Officer Office of the Deputy Chief Financial Officer 0721 Budget Division 0722 Financial Management Division 0707 Policy and Analysis Division 0708 Assistant Administrator for Procurement and Administrative Services 0740 Procurement Management Division 0741 Support Services Division 0742 Central File Unit 0747 Office of the Chief Information Officer 0750 Management Control Staff 0751 Customer Services Division 0753 Management Services Division 0752 Information Technology Division 0754 Information Resource Management 0750 Rural Utilities National Development Branch 1534 Assistant Administrator for Human Resources 0730 Mission Area Personnel Services Division 0730 Human Resources Training Division 0732 Labor Relations Staff 0733 Headquarters Personnel Services Branch 0730 Legislative and Public Affairs Staff 0705 Alternative Dispute Resolution 0790 Policy and Analysis Division 0786 (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit C Page 2 Office of Community Development Empowerment Program Division 3203 Community Resource Development Division 3203 National Rural Development Partnership 3203 Rural Business-Cooperative Service Office of the Administrator 3201 Resource Coordination Staff 3204 Deputy Administrator for Business Programs 3220 Special Projects/Programs Oversight Division 3221 Business and Industry Division 3224 Specialty Lenders Division 3225 Deputy Administrator for Cooperative Services 3250 Statistics 3256 Cooperative Marketing Division 3252 Cooperative Resources Management Division 3253 Cooperative Development Division 3254 Rural Housing Service Office of the Administrator 0701 Program Support Staff 0761 Deputy Administrator for Single Family Housing 0780 Single Family Housing Direct Loan Division 0783 Single Family Housing Guaranteed Loan Division 0784 Deputy Administrator for Multi-Family Housing 0780 Multi-Family Housing Processing Division 0781 Multi-Family Housing Portfolio Management Division 0782 Deputy Administrator for Community Programs 0788 Guaranteed Loan Division 0787 Direct Loan and Grant Processing Division 0787 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit C Page 3 Rural Utilities Service Office of the Administrator 1510 Financial Services Staff 1516 Assistant Administrator for Program Accounting and Regulatory Analysis 1530 Program Accounting Services Division 1523 Program Development and Regulatory Analysis 1522 Assistant Administrator for Electric Program 1560 Northern Regional Division 1566 Southern Regional Division 1567 Power Supply Division 1568 Electric Staff Division 1569 Assistant Administrator for Telecommunications 1590 Eastern Area Telecommunications 1599 Southwest Area Telecommunications 1597 Northwest Area Telecommunications 1595 Telecommunications Standards Division 1598 Advanced Services Division 1550 Program Advisor 1541 Assistant Administrator for Water and Environmental Programs 1548 Water Programs Division 1570 Engineering and Environmental Staff 1571 o0o (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit D INFORMAL LETTER FORMAT [ON LETTERHEAD] 2 lines down from letterhead May 1, 2003 (Added after signature) 3 lines down TO: Rural Development 2 tabs Support Services Division STOP 0742 Washington, D.C. 20250-0742 2 lines FROM: (Option **) 2 lines SUBJECT: 3 lines to body of the informal letter This informal letter shall be prepared on letterhead. It illustrates the informal letter format used throughout the United States Government. This format will be used to prepare most day-to-day letters in the transaction of routine business within the Department and with other Federal agencies. Begin the body of the informal letter three lines below the last line of the subject. Single space lines in the paragraph and double space between paragraphs. Short letters of 10 lines or less, double space between lines and triple space between paragraphs. The name of the signer will be typed on the fifth line below the last line of an informal letter, flush with the margin. If more than one line is needed for the signer's title, begin succeeding line indented two spaces. The entire signature element should not run over four lines. **When using FROM: There is no signature block at the bottom of the informal letter. 5 lines Jane Doe Director Agency name 2 lines cc: T. Randall (May be typed on original M. Monroe if so determined by writer) (USGCM part 1 Chapter 1 figures 5&6) 2 lines Attachments oOo (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Page 1 INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARING AND PROCESSING STATEMENTS OF ACTION ON GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE REPORTS FORMAT Attachment 1 of this exhibit is an example of an original and salmon copy Statement of Action (SOA). Preparation Prepare the SOA on 8 1/2 x 11-inch plain white bond paper. Also prepare a salmon copy for use in obtaining Department of Agriculture (USDA) clearances (to be attached to the OES signature sheet). Use 12-point Times New Roman type with 1-inch margins on all sides. Style preferences are provided later in these instructions (this exhibit). Heading Title the SOA using the full Government Accountability Office (GAO) report title and report number as shown on the cover of the final report. Preparation Date Insert the date of preparation (or the date the SOA was last revised during clearance) immediately following the heading title. Introductory Paragraph Using the "Highlights" section located on the first page of the GAO report, paraphrase GAOs findings and synopsis of the recommendations cited (further details are described on Attachment 1 of this exhibit). (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Page 2 General Comments Include comments of a general nature, if applicable, that are not specifically relevant to the recommendations. If no general comments are given, omit the "General Comments" section in the SOA. GAO Recommendation and Cite each GAO recommendation and follow USDA Response with the USDA response; continue this pattern for each recommendation. Describe actions that have been completed or planned, along with the estimated dates of completion. Also include any reasons for disagreement with the recommendations. Note: An SOA should "speak in one voice" on behalf of USDA. Any agency disagreements concerning responses to recommendations should be reconciled prior to writing the Departmental response. Number of Copies Using the original, make three photocopies. The copies must be clear, legible, and free from any marks or handwritten corrections. Additional photocopies will be made once the document is delivered to the Office of Inspector General (OIG). Agency Identification on On the last page of the salmon copy, type Clearance Copy (Salmon) the name of the preparing agency/office, the writer's name and telephone number, the typist's initials, and the date. This information must not appear on the original or the photocopies. RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Page 3 Correspondence Control Prepare a Correspondence Control Cover to Cover Preparation route the SOA through clearance. An Office of Executive Secretariat (OES) control number (obtained by OIG) is assigned to the package. This control number should be referenced at all times. Cite the GAO report number, the date, and title in the appropriate areas of the form. Address the SOA package to the attention of June Hill, OIG, Room 450-E, Jamie L. Whitten Building. Attachment 2 of this exhibit is an example of a completed Correspondence Control Cover. A blank form will be forwarded via e-mail to the agency GAO Liaison Officer when the control number is obtained by OIG from OES. "35" Control Number The "35" controlled correspondence number is obtained by OIG and will be provided to the agency GAO Liaison Officer when assigned (usually within a week after receipt of the GAO final report). OES Signature Sheet Prepare an OES Signature Sheet to obtain Preparation approval signatures at the preparing agency head level and above. Include in the first column (as appropriate) acronyms for the preparing (lead) agency, agency head, appropriate Under/Assistant Secretary, etc. Attachment 3 of this exhibit is an example of the OES Signature Sheet. The sheet may be modified to accommodate the agencys clearance preferences (below the Office of the General Counsel (OGC)/Office of Budget and Program Analysis (OBPA) level). A blank form will be forwarded via e-mail (along with the Correspondence Control Cover) to the agency GAO Liaison Officer when the control number is obtained by OIG from OES. (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Page 4 SOA Package Clearances The appropriate agency head(s); Under Secretary(ies)/Assistant Secretary(ies), and/or Director(s); the OGC; and the OBPA should sign and date the OES clearance sheet of the SOA prior to submission to OIG. Each signature should appear in the "Final" block of the OES clearance sheet. To expedite clearance, the SOA should be hand carried by the agency GAO Liaison Officer to each successive appropriate clearance office. Internal clearances below the agency head level should not appear on the OES signature sheet. Requirements for such clearances are established at the discretion of the individual agency. SOA Package and Routing A pocket folder (portfolio) should be used. The completed Correspondence Control Cover should be stapled to the top of the portfolio. At minimum, the SOA package should contain: In the right-hand side pocket: (1) The original; and (2) Three stapled copies of the SOA. RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Page 5 SOA Package and Routing (Con.) In the left-hand side pocket: (1) The salmon copy of the SOA with the OES signature sheet (on white paper attached to the top of the salmon) showing the appropriate clearance signatures to be obtained; (2) A copy of the GAO final report; and (3) A disk containing an electronic version of the SOA. Once appropriate clearances have been obtained (up to and including OBPA), the SOA package should be hand carried by the agency GAO Liaison Officer to the GAO Liaison Manager (June Hill), OIG, Room 450-E, Jamie L. Whitten Building for further processing. Transmittal Letters No transmittal or memorandum is required for the SOA package to be sent to OIG. OIG will prepare the necessary transmittal letters to the congressional committees, the Office of Management and Budget, and GAO. Note: Controlled correspondence to incoming letters ("35s") need not be accompanied by informational memoranda. Agency Copies After the Secretary has signed the transmittal letters, OIG will furnish the agency GAO Liaison Officer with a copy of all correspondence. (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Page 6 STYLE In working with OES, the following style preferences have been requested and should be used when preparing the SOA for submission to the Secretary. Heading and Date The heading should be centered and should appear in 12-point boldface Times New Roman type, followed by the date of preparation or last revision. Format of SOA Body In general, all subhead and text type should appear flush left in 12-point regular Times New Roman. Subheads should appear in boldface type. Acronyms Acronyms should be used sparingly to avoid confusing the reader. The first time a name (e.g., the name of a department, organization, or program) is used, it should be spelled out in full. If the name is to be used again, an acronym may be included in parentheses immediately after the first mention of the name and used thereafter instead of the full name. If the name is used only once, the acronym should not be used. Bulleted Items In using bulleted items, be sure to use a "stem" to lead the reader conceptually into the material. Begin each bulleted item with a capital letter, and end it with a period (not a semi-colon). The first sentence of each bulleted item may be italicized if appropriate. Include a line of space between each of the bulleted items. References References, if used, should be indicated in the text by a number (not a superscript) in parentheses, for example: USDA will review the GAO lists (1) and the EPA lists (2) periodically. RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Page 7 Proofreading The SOA should be proofread for accuracy and for adherences to the elements of style detailed in the U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual (29th edition, 2000; http://www.gpoaccess.gov/stylemanual/index.html). The reviewer should also ensure: * Proper reference to an agency title or program name (i.e., Office of the General Counsel, not Office of General Counsel). * Proper use of initial caps when referring to: o Department o State, Federal o Congress * The particle "the" is no longer required if an acronym begins a sentence (unless the sentence reads awkwardly). PLEASE CONTACT JUNE HILL, OIG, ON (202) 720-6772 IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS OR REQUIRE FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS. oOo (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Attachment 1 Page 1 EXAMPLE OF ORIGINAL AND SALMON GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE STATEMENT OF ACTION U.S. Department of Agriculture Statement of Action on the U.S. Government Accountability Office Final Report [INSERT GAO REPORT NUMBER], [INSERT THE FULL TITLE AS SHOWN ON THE COVER OF THE GAO REPORT] [INSERT DATE example July 8, 2004] The purpose of this INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH is to orient the reader to the remainder of the report. This paragraph should include information on the "who, what, why, where, and when" to provide the reader with instant understanding of the gist of the piece. It is recommended that you paraphrase the "Highlights" section located on the first page of the Government Accountability Office (GAO) report. This section gives an explanation of why GAO conducted the study and a synopsis of the recommendations. The last sentence of this paragraph should lead the reader to the recommendations cited. For example, The following addresses those recommendations made specifically to the Department of Agriculture (USDA). General Comments Include any comments of a general nature, if applicable, that are not specifically relevant to an individual recommendation. If no general comments provided, omit this section from the statement of action (SOA). Any use of acronyms, including those cited in the GAO recommendations, should be written out the first time they are used with the acronym in parenthesis. GAO Recommendation Cite the first GAO recommendation reflected in the report. If at all possible, the GAO recommendation(s) should be stated in the same words as shown in the report. USDA Response (or Comment) Describe what action has been completed, what additional action is planned, and the estimated date(s) of completion. If there is disagreement with the GAO recommendation, state the reason. If more than one agency is responding to the GAO recommendation, prepare one Departmental response to the recommendation that represents USDAs position. Describe what actions have been completed, what additional actions are planned overall, and the estimated dates of completion. Note: This response should "speak in one voice" on behalf of USDA. Any agency disagreements concerning responses to recommendations should be reconciled prior to writing the SOA. (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Attachment 1 Page 2 Statement of Action on [Report Number, Short Title] Page 2 GAO Recommendation Cite the next GAO recommendation reflected in the report. If the SOA is more than one page, insert a "continuous page break on the first page and title the succeeding pages as noted above using the GAO report number and a short title (e.g., SOA on GAO-03-541, Rural Development: USDAs Outreach). This text should be italicized 12-point Times New Roman type. USDA Response (or Comment) Again, describe what action has been completed, what additional action is planned, and the estimated date(s) of completion. If there is disagreement with the GAO recommendation, state the reason. CONTINUE THIS PATTERN FOR EACH GAO RECOMMENDATION, IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWED BY THE USDAS RESPONSE(S)/COMMENT(S). On last page (of salmon copy only) include AGENCY IDENTIFICATION (EXAMPLE: RHS/SWhite:202-720-1615:dm:7/8/04) oOo RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Attachment 2 EXAMPLE OF COMPLETED CORRESPONDENCE CONTROL COVER NOTE: A blank form will be e-mailed to the Government Accountability Office (GAO) Liaison Officer for the agencys use CORRESPONDENCE CONTROL COVER for U.S. Government Accountability Office Statement of Action Package TO: Office of Inspector General ATTN: June Hill Room 450-E, Jamie Whitten Bldg. DATE: July 9, 2004 JACKET NO: 35-4119681 FILE DESIGNATION: GAO-04-937 TITLE OF GAO AUDIT REPORT: Rural Housing Service: Updated Guidance and Additional Monitoring Needed for Rental Assistance Distribution Process PREPARING AGENCY: RHS PHONE NUMBER: (202) 692-0085 CONTACT POINT IN AGENCY: Betty O'Loughlin REMARKS: For Secretary's signature. To be hand carried at all times. If problems arise, please contact June Hill, OIG, on 202-720-6772. DO NOT return package back to originating agency. Thank you. Letters to the members of Congress, GAO, and OMB (in accordance with PL 97-258 and OMB Circular OMB A-50) will be prepared by OIG. SENT TO ROOM NO. DATE IN DATE OUT INITIALS 1. Administrator, RHS 5014-S 2. Under Secretary, Rural Development 206-W 3. General Counsel, OGC 1518-S 4. Director, OBPA 101-A 5. OIG: June Hill 450-E 6. Inspector General, OIG 117-W 7. OES 116-A 8. PRIORITY -- HANDLE PROMPTLY KEEP THIS JACKET ON TOP OF CORRESPONDENCE AT ALL TIMES Note: Add other reviewers at agency level or above, as appropriate oOo (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit G Attachment 3 EXAMPLE OF OES SIGNATURE SHEET *Printed on white paper and modified to reflect clearances necessary for your agency. To be placed on TOP of the salmon copy of the statement of action. U. S. Department of Agriculture Office of the Executive Secretariat Official Clearance Sheet DRAFT REWRITE FINAL AGENCY: (Signature) (Date) AGENCY HEAD: Administrator, RHS (Signature) (Title) (Date) UND/ASST. SEC: Rural Development (Signature) (Title) (Date) ADDTL UND/ASST: if applicable (Signature) (Title) (Date) OGC: (Signature) (Title) (Date) OBPA: (Signature) (Title) (Date) OIG: (Signature) (Title) (Date) OES: (Signature) (Title) (Date) EXEC. ASST: (Signature) (Title) (Date) SEC/AUTOPEN: OES-1 (modified for GAO SOA) 10/20/04 NOTE: Include clearance lines for other reviewers as appropriate (i.e., other USDA agencies that provided responses if more than one agency was involved; or as instructed by OIG). oOo (04-20-05) PN 385 Exhibit H in PDF ONLY. RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit I ABBREVIATIONS FOR STRET DESIGNATORS (STREET SUFFIXES) Alley ALY Fort FT Plaza PLZ Annex ANX Freeway FWY Point PT Arcade ARC Gardens GDNS Port PRT Avenue AVE Gateway GTWY Prairie PR Bayou BYU Glen GLN Radial RADL Beach BCH Green GRN Ranch RNCH Bend BND Grove GRV Rapids RPDS Bluff BLF Harbor HBR REST RST Bottom BTM Haven HVN Ridge RDG Boulevard BLVD Heights HTS River RIV Branch BR Highway HWY Road RD Bridge BRG Hill HL Row ROW Brook BRK Hills HLS Run RUN Burg BG Hollow HOLW Shoal SHL Bypass BYP Inlet INLT Shoals SHLS Camp CP Island IS Shore SHR Canyon CYN Islands ISS Shores SHRS Cape CPE Isle ISLE Spring SPG Causeway CSWY Junction JCT Springs SPGS Center CTR Key KY Spur SPUR Circle CIR Knolls KNLS Square SQ Cliffs CLFS Lake LK Station STA Club CLB Lakes LKS Stravenue STRA Corner COR Landing LNDG Stream STRM Corners CORS Lane LN Street ST Course CRSE Light LGT Summit SMT Court CT Loaf LF Terrace TER Courts CTS Locks LCKS Trace TRCE Cove CV Lodge LDG Track TRAK Creek CRK Loop LOOP Trail TRL Crescent CRES Mall MALL Trailer TRLR Crossing XING Manor MNR Tunnel TUNL Dale DL Meadows MDWS Turnpike TPKE Dam DM Mill ML Union UN Divide DV Mills MLS Valley VLY Drive DR Mission MSN Viaduct VIA Estates EST Mount MT View VW Expressway EXPY Mountain MTN Village VLG Extension EXT Neck NCK Ville VL Fall FALL Orchard ORCD Vista VIS Falls FLS Oval OVAL Walk WALK Ferry FRY Park PARK Way WAY Field FLD Parkway PKY Wells WLS Fields FLDS Pass PASS Flats FLT Path PATH Ford FRD Pike PIKE Forest FRST Pines PNES Forge FRG Place PL Fork FRK Plain PLN Forks FRKS Plains PLNS oOo (04-20-05) PN 385 RD Instruction 2030-C Exhibit J STANDARD ADDRESS ABBREVIATIONS TWO-LETTER STATE AND POSSESSION ABBREVIATIONS Alabama AL Missouri MO Alaska AK Montana MT Arizona AZ Nebraska NE Arkansas AR Nevada NV American Samoa AS New Hampshire NH California CA New Jersey NJ Colorado CO New Mexico NM Connecticut CT New York NY Delaware DE North Carolina NC District of Columbia DC North Dakota ND Federated States of Northern Mariana Islands MP Micronesia FM Ohio OH Florida FL Oklahoma OK Georgia GA Oregon OR Guam GU Palau PW Hawaii HI Pennsylvania PA Idaho ID Puerto Rico PR Illinois IL Rhode Island RD Indiana IN South Carolina SC Iowa IA South Dakota SD Kansas KS Tennessee TN Kentucky KY Texas TX Louisiana LA Utah UT Maine ME Vermont VT Marshall Islands MH Virginia VA Maryland MD Virgin Island VI Massachusetts MA Washington WA Michigan MI West Virginia WV Minnesota MN Wisconsin WI Mississippi MS Wyoming WY DIRECTIONAL ABBREVIATIONS North N East E South S West W Northeast NE Southeast SE Southwest SW Northwest NW Note: For certain computerized addressing needs, the National Five-Digit Zip Code & Post Office Directory contains two additional tables of official U.S. Postal Service abbreviations: (1) an Extended Suffix Table, containing suffix forms which appear in some address files, and the corresponding USPS suffixes as coded in the ZIP+4 National Directory File, and (2) abbreviations for postal names which cannot be reduced to 15 positions through use of standard abbreviations. oOo (04-20-05) PN 385

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[Federal Register: July 30, 1999 (Volume 64, Number 146)] [Proposed Rules] [Page 41709-41743] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov] [DOCID:fr30jy99-38] [[Page 41709]] _______________________________________________________________________ Part V Department of Health and Human Services _______________________________________________________________________ Food and Drug Administration _______________________________________________________________________ 21 CFR Parts 801, 878, and 880 Surgeon's and Patient Examination Gloves; Reclassification and Medical Glove Guidance Manual Availability; Proposed Rule and Notice [[Page 41710]] DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration 21 CFR Parts 801, 878, and 880 [Docket No. 98N-0313] RIN 0910-AB74 Surgeon's and Patient Examination Gloves; Reclassification AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS. ACTION: Proposed rule. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is proposing regulations to reclassify all surgeon's and patient examination gloves as class II medical devices because it believes that general controls are insufficient to provide a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness. The reclassified gloves, including those made of natural rubber latex (NRL) or synthetic material, will be regulated in four categories: Powdered surgeon's gloves, powder-free surgeon's gloves, powdered patient examination gloves, and powder-free patient examination gloves. The proposed special controls are in the form of a proposed guidance document entitled ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual,'' which includes recommended protein and glove powder limits, and new label caution statements including protein and powder labeling requirements. FDA is also proposing to require expiration dating. This proposed rule is intended to reduce the adverse health effects from allergic and foreign body reactions caused by the natural latex (NL) protein allergens and glove powder found on surgeon's and patient examination gloves and to reduce the adverse health effects from defects in the barrier integrity and quality of surgeon's and patient examination gloves. DATES: Written comments by October 28, 1999. Written comments on the information collection requirements should be submitted by August 30, 1999. ADDRESSES: Submit written comments to the Dockets Management Branch (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Submit written comments on the information collection requirements to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), New Executive Office Bldg., 725 17th St. NW., rm. 10235, Washington, DC 20503, Attn.: Wendy Taylor, Desk Officer for FDA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Donald E. Marlowe, Center for Devices and Radiological Health (HFZ-100), Food and Drug Administration, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, 301-827-4777. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Background Surgeon's and patient examination gloves are intended to provide an effective barrier against potentially infectious materials and other contaminants. However, the use of surgeon's and patient examination gloves has been associated with a number of adverse health effects in patients and users, including allergic reactions, foreign body reactions, and irritation. NL is a milky fluid that consists of extremely small particles of rubber obtained from plants, principally from the Heavea brasiliensis (rubber) tree, dispersed in an aqueous medium. NL contains a variety of naturally occurring substances, including plant proteins, which are believed to be the primary allergens associated with NL allergy. NL is employed in the natural rubber latex manufacturing process. Products made by the natural rubber latex manufacturing process, such as medical gloves, are referred to as containing or made of NRL. For a more complete description of the NRL manufacturing process and further definition of related terms, see the final rule entitled ``Natural Rubber-Containing Medical Devices; User Labeling,'' published on September 30, 1997 (62 FR 51021), and codified in part 801 (21 CFR part 801) at Sec. 801.437. Glove powder is defined as the total particulate matter on a finished glove, including donning and dusting powder, as well as former-release (or mold-release) compounds and manufacturing debris. The main component of donning and dusting powder is most commonly cornstarch. Health care workers, comprised of physicians, dentists, pharmacists, nurses, technologists, technicians, and phlebotomists, use millions of NRL gloves during procedures involving millions of patients; this makes NRL gloves a significant source of exposure to NL allergens (Ref. 1). Studies of health care workers, blood donors, and ambulatory surgical patients have demonstrated an appreciable prevalence of NL sensitivity (Refs. 2 to 8). FDA has received 330 reports of adverse events attributed to NL allergy occurring in patients and health care workers, which suggests that allergic reaction to NRL products in health care settings manifests itself in a variety of symptoms ranging from dermatitis to anaphylaxis (Ref. 9). The general population is directly exposed to NRL from a variety of sources, including consumer products such as industrial gloves and NRL balloons, as well as medical devices such as barrier contraceptives and NRL gloves. FDA has significant concerns about the role of glove powder as a carrier of airborne allergens, because NL allergens have been shown to bind to cornstarch. A number of published clinical and experimental studies support this conclusion (Refs. 10 to 14). In addition to the role of glove powder as a carrier of airborne allergens, FDA is also aware that glove powder contributes to a number of other adverse health effects. As particulate matter, it can cause foreign body reactions, resulting in inflammation, granulomas and adhesions of peritoneal tissues after surgery (Refs. 15 to 19). Glove powder may serve as an absorbent or adsorbent for unbound chemicals that may be irritants or chemical contact sensitizers. In addition, glove powder from nonsterile patient examination gloves may also support microbial growth and act as a carrier for endotoxins (Ref. 20). These multiple concerns of adverse health effects associated with particulate matter from the surface of medical gloves constitute compelling reasons for FDA to reduce the amount of powder on all gloves, as well as to ensure that both powdered gloves and powder-free alternatives are clearly labeled so users and consumers may make informed choices. Although data is not currently available to quantify a maximum allowable level of glove powder, decreased exposure to glove powder will decrease the prevalence of adverse health effects. Therefore, FDA is recommending a powder level it believes is achievable by industry. In June 1997, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) issued a safety alert recommending the use of powder- free, reduced protein content NRL or synthetic gloves as a means to reduce exposure to NL allergens, specifically via the airborne route of exposure (Ref. 21). While FDA agrees with the goal of reducing exposure to airborne allergens, FDA is concerned that efforts to produce powder- free gloves with satisfactory donning properties may require additional manufacturing processes that, if not appropriately controlled, have deleterious effects on physical properties, performance, and shelf-life of the gloves (Refs. 22 and 23). [[Page 41711]] II. Statutory Authority The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act), as amended by the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (the 1976 amendments) (Public Law 94-295), the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990 (SMDA) (Public Law 101- 629), and the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA) (Public Law 105-115), established a comprehensive system for the regulation of medical devices intended for human use. Section 513 of the act (21 U.S.C. 360c) established three categories (classes) of devices, depending on the regulatory controls needed to provide a reasonable assurance of their safety and effectiveness. The three categories of devices are class I (general controls), class II (special controls), and class III (premarket approval). The effect of classifying a device into class I is to require that the device meet only the general controls that are applicable to all devices. The effect of classifying a device into class II is to require the device to meet special controls as well as general controls, which together provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the device. Class II devices are devices which cannot be classified in class I because general controls by themselves are insufficient to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness and for which there is sufficient information to establish special controls to provide such assurance, including the issuance of performance standards, postmarket surveillance, patient registries, and guidelines (see section 513(a)(1)(B) of the act). The effect of classifying a device into class III is to require each manufacturer of the device to submit to FDA a premarket approval application (PMA) that includes information concerning safety and effectiveness of the device. Under section 513 of the act, devices that were in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976 (the date of enactment of the amendments), generally referred to as preamendments devices, are classified after FDA has: (1) Received a recommendation from a device classification panel (an FDA advisory committee); (2) published the panel's recommendation for comment, along with a proposed regulation classifying the device; and (3) published a final regulation classifying the device. FDA has classified most preamendments devices under these procedures. A device that is first offered in commercial distribution after May 28, 1976, generally referred to as a postamendments device, and which FDA determines to be substantially equivalent to a device classified under this scheme, is classified into the same class as the device to which it is substantially equivalent. The agency determines whether new devices are substantially equivalent to previously offered devices by means of premarket notification procedures in section 510(k) of the act (21 U.S.C. 360(k)) and part 807 of the regulations (21 CFR part 807). A device that was not in commercial distribution prior to May 28, 1976, and that has not been found by FDA to be substantially equivalent to a legally marketed device, is classified automatically by statute (section 513(f) of the act) into class III, without any FDA rulemaking proceeding. Reclassification of classified preamendments devices is governed by section 513(e) of the act (21 U.S.C. 360c(e)). This section provides that FDA may, by rulemaking, reclassify a device (in a proceeding that parallels the initial classification proceeding) based upon ``new information.'' The reclassification can be initiated by FDA or by the petition of an interested person. The term ``new information,'' as used in section 513(e) of the act, includes information developed as a result of the reevaluation of the data before the agency when the device was originally classified, as well as information not presented, not available, or not developed at that time. (See, e.g., Holland Rantos v. United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 587 F.2d 1173, 1174 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1978); Upjohn v. Finch, 422 F.2d 944 (6th Cir. 1970); Bell v. Goddard, 366 F.2d 177 (7th Cir. 1966).) Reevaluation of the data previously before the agency is an appropriate basis for subsequent regulatory action where the reevaluation is made in light of changes in ``medical science.'' (See Upjohn v. Finch, supra, 422 F.2d at 951.) However, regardless of whether data before the agency are past or new data, the ``new information'' on which any reclassification is based is required to consist of ``valid scientific evidence,'' as defined in section 513(a)(3) of the act (21 U.S.C. 360c(a)(3)) and 21 CFR 860.7(c)(2). FDA relies upon ``valid scientific evidence'' in the classification process to determine the level of regulation for devices. For the purpose of reclassification, the valid scientific evidence upon which the agency relies must be publicly available. Publicly available information excludes trade secret and/or confidential commercial information. On November 21, 1997, the President signed into law FDAMA. Section 206 of FDAMA added a new section 510(m) (21 U.S.C. 360(m)) to the act. Section 510(m)(2) of the act provides that FDA may, on its own initiative or upon petition of an interested person, exempt a class II device from the requirement of premarket notification in section 510(k) of the act, if FDA determines that a 510(k) submission is not necessary to provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the device. Such an exemption would permit manufacturers to introduce the generic type of device into commercial distribution without first submitting a premarket notification to FDA. Section 701(a) of the act (21 U.S.C. 371(a)) authorizes FDA to issue substantive binding regulations for the efficient enforcement of the act. (Weinberger v. Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc., 412 U.S. 609 (1973); see also Weinberger v. Bentex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 412 U.S. 645, 653 (1973); National Ass'n of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers v. FDA, 637 F.2d 877 (2d Cir. 1981); National Confectioners Ass'n v. Califano, 569 F.2d 690 (D.C. Cir. 1978); National Nutritional Foods Ass'n v. Weinberger, 512 F.2d 688 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 825 (1975).) Section 502(a) of the act (21 U.S.C. 352(a)) provides that a device is misbranded ``[I]f its labeling is false or misleading in any particular.'' Section 201(n) of the act (21 U.S.C. 321 (n)) provides that, in determining whether labeling of a regulated article (such as a device) is misleading * * * there shall be taken into account * * * not only representations made or suggested by statement, word, design, device, or any combination thereof, but also the extent to which the labeling * * * fails to reveal facts material in light of such representations * * * with respect to consequences which may result from the use of the article to which the labeling * * * relates under the conditions of use prescribed in the labeling or advertising thereof or under such conditions of use as are customary or usual. The courts have upheld FDA's authority to prevent false or misleading labeling by issuing regulations requiring label warnings and other affirmative disclosures (See, e.g., Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association v. Schmidt, 409 F. Supp. 57 (D.D.C. 1976), aff'd without opinion, Civil No. 75-1715 (D.C. Cir. August 19, 1977), even in the absence of a proven cause-and-effect relationship between product usage and harm (Council for Responsible Nutrition v. Goyan, Civil No. 80-1124 (D. D. C. August 1, 1980)). FDA may impose testing requirements in a labeling regulation issued under its general rulemaking authority. (See, e.g., [[Page 41712]] American Frozen Food Inst. v. Mathews, 413 F. Supp. 548 (D.D.C. 1976), aff'd per curiam sub nom. American Frozen Food Inst. v. Califano, 555 F.2d 1059 (D.C. Cir. 1977); see also National Nutritional Foods Ass'n v. Weinberger, supra.) Thus, FDA may require that all manufacturers use the same conditions to test aging to ensure that the expiration date reflects the period of time a product can be used safely. Similar requirements are imposed in Sec. 801.430(f) for absorbency testing for menstrual tampons, and in Sec. 801.420(c)(4) on hearing aid manufacturers and distributors who must determine and state technical data values for hearing aid labeling in accordance with specified test procedures. The hearing aid regulation has been upheld. (American Speech and Hearing Ass'n v. Califano, Medical Devices Report (CCH) No. 77-1327 Secs. 15004, 15007 (D.D.C. August 23, 1977) aff'd No. 77-1327 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 19, 1977).) Food regulations issued under section 701(a) of the act also impose many such specific testing requirements (see e.g., 21 CFR 113.40 (tests for low-acid canned foods); 21 CFR 155.190(b)(2)(i) (test for determining drained weight of canned tomatos); 21 CFR 161.190 (method for determining color designation of tuna). III. Powder and Protein Concerns Although FDA has been concerned about airborne NL allergens associated with the use of powdered medical gloves and has undertaken continued efforts to address these concerns, recent heightened awareness within the health care community and State and Federal Government agencies of adverse health effects has prompted this proposed action. Over the past 3 years, FDA has received requests to ban the use of all glove powders. These requests have been based on a number of clinical and experimental studies reporting that cornstarch on surgical gloves can reduce tissue resistance to infection, enhance the development of infection, cause formation of granulomas and adhesions, act as a carrier of NL protein from NRL products, and serve as a potential source of occupational asthma. Although a ban of all powdered medical gloves has been requested by petitioners and would reduce the problem of airborne powder, it would not completely address the problem of NL allergy and would potentially leave a significant and important need for high quality barrier products unmet. One of the concerns regarding glove powder, in general, is its capability, as particulate material, to cause foreign body reaction, resulting in inflammation, granulomas and adhesions of peritoneal tissues after surgery (Refs. 15 to 19). Although cornstarch was considered to be absorbable by United States Pharmacopeia (USP), changes in the sterilization processes have reduced absorbability significantly (Ref. 15). Cornstarch represents a growth source for bacteria, and it is also a carrier of endotoxin, which can play a role in enhancing both delayed and immediate hypersensitivity (Ref. 20). Clinical experience suggests that powder on NRL gloves, in addition to its role in Type I allergy, may also be a contributing factor in the development of irritant dermatitis and Type IV allergy. Irritant skin reactions have been observed in association with frequent exposure to glove powder. Compromised skin barrier properties resulting from such reactions may permit penetration of allergens and other substances into the skin, thereby increasing chances for the development of both Type I and Type IV allergy (Ref. 24). In addition, a significant concern, specific to NL gloves, exists regarding the role of glove powder as a carrier of airborne NL allergens. A number of respiratory problems and episodes of bronchial spasms in hospital employees and patients, reported since the mid 1980's, were ascribed to inhalation of airborne NL allergens in settings with heavy use of powdered gloves (Refs. 25 to 30). The implication of glove powder in the previous clinical reports was based on medical histories of individuals presenting with symptoms, on positive skin tests, positive tests for the presence of antibodies to NL allergens in blood and, in some cases, on positive inhalation challenge tests. A number of published clinical and experimental studies support this conclusion. Binding of NL proteins to cornstarch was demonstrated in recent laboratory studies, which support a causal relationship between asthmatic reactions in individuals with NL allergy and the exposure to airborne particles from NL products (Refs. 10 and 11). The level of exposure and the severity of the reactions depend on both the amount of powder and the amount of NL protein allergens on the finished products. Measurements of airborne particle levels in environments where NL gloves were used frequently demonstrated that the level of airborne allergen is directly related to the frequency of powdered NL glove usage in particular areas and to the level of allergen and/or powder on the gloves used (Refs. 12 and 14). Direct evidence that NL protein allergens, bound to the glove powder particles, provoke respiratory allergic reactions and asthma- like attacks has been documented by the bronchial provocation tests with powders on NL gloves. The bronchial provocation tests were performed by having allergic individuals inhale the extracts from powder-free surgeon's gloves, from powdered surgeon's gloves, and from cornstarch powder not exposed to NL. The studies indicated that cornstarch powder not exposed to NL did not cause any reaction in sensitized subjects, while nebulized powdered NL surgeon's glove extract, and to some extent, nebulized powder-free glove extract induced bronchoconstriction in tested subjects (Ref. 31). However, the scientific data to define the quantitative relationship between respiratory allergic reactions and powder level on NL gloves are not available at this time. Such data and the specific dose-response relationship would be difficult to establish, because allergenicity of the airborne glove powder depends on the amount of powder and also on the amount of powder-bound allergenic proteins. Standardized methods for measuring the amount of powder-bound proteins or allergens and the amount of inhaled powder are not available. NL protein has been widely reported as a cause of Type I sensitivity in individuals who have been exposed to NL devices (Refs. 2 to 8). Repeated exposure to NL protein is considered to increase the probability that an individual will become sensitized. Total water- extractable protein on the finished NL product is considered an indirect measure of the potential allergenicity. Because several NL proteins have already been identified as allergenic and others may be identified in the future, exclusion of any proteins from the evaluation may result in an inaccurate determination of potential allergenicity. The total water-extractable protein level measured using the standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 5712 method was found to correlate well with currently used allergen measurement methods. Most importantly, a total water-extractable protein level correlates also with the skin prick test, which is a direct measure of allergic response in sensitized individuals (Ref. 32). Since May 1991, FDA has advised manufacturers of NL devices to reduce the water- extractable protein on their NL devices. This reduction is now addressed in the Quality System (QS) Regulation at 21 CFR 820.3(p) and 820.70(h). [[Page 41713]] Initially, a labeling claim for a protein level was not accepted in a 510(k) submission because a standard test method for measuring water- extractable protein in NL did not exist. In 1995, with the help of industry and FDA, ASTM published the ``ASTM Standard Test Method for Analysis of Protein in Natural Rubber and its Products, D 5712-95.'' FDA subsequently issued a document entitled ``Interim Guidance On Protein Content Labeling Claim For Latex Medical Gloves,'' which is based on this test method. Manufacturers were allowed to use this guidance to submit a 510(k) submission for NL gloves identifying the level of water-extractable protein for the device. FDA is now proposing that a recommended limit on water-extractable protein per glove and the actual protein level appear on the label. The amount of powder required for satisfactory donning of gloves has not been quantified, and the level of glove powder used varies greatly. Limited laboratory data from measurements of a number of surgeon's and patient examination gloves demonstrated that powder levels ranged from 70 to 375 milligrams (mg) per glove for surgeon's gloves and from 50 to 426 mg per glove for patient examination gloves (Ref. 31). Because of the multiple concerns regarding adverse health effects associated with particulate matter from the surface of surgeon's and patient examination gloves, FDA is now proposing that a recommended limit on glove powder and the actual level of glove powder appear on the label. FDA recognizes there is a correlation between powder level and ease of glove donning and that powder level is correlated with adverse health effects. For this reason, FDA is encouraging industry to find the balance between donning requirements and reducing the risks of adverse health effects. Lowering the powder level and the amount of protein on surgeon's and patient examination gloves will reduce exposure to NL allergens and benefit both allergic individuals and those at risk to develop allergy. In addition, the reduction of glove powder levels will help reduce exposure to particulate materials responsible for foreign body reactions. However, the reduction of powder and protein levels must be accomplished by methods that do not compromise the availability of or barrier properties of surgeon's and patient examination gloves. IV. Barrier and Other Quality Issues In the Federal Register of October 21, 1980 (45 FR 69723), FDA issued a final rule classifying the patient examination glove into class I and exempting manufacturers of the device from compliance with premarket notification procedures under section 510(k) of the act and certain requirements of the current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) regulation. FDA granted the exemptions in the 1980 regulation because, at that time, no adverse experiences had been related to patient examination gloves. Furthermore, the role of the gloves as a protective barrier against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission was not recognized and the concomitant risks associated with glove failure were not well understood. In the Federal Register of January 19, 1982 (47 FR 2810 at 2852), FDA proposed that the surgeon's glove be classified into class II because of concerns about tissue compatibility and the risk of infection if the devices were not properly sterilized. Comments offered in response to the proposed classification stated that those problems could be addressed through general controls, including labeling and CGMP adherence, and recommended that the device be classified into class I because of the history of its safe and effective use. In the Federal Register of June 24, 1988 (53 FR 23856), FDA issued a final rule classifying the surgeon's glove into class I without exemptions. Manufacturers and importers of surgeon's gloves have been required to comply with the premarket notification and CGMP regulations since the initial classification of the device. Over the years, many issues regarding surgeon's and patient examination gloves have been brought to the attention of FDA. The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic resulted in an elevated reliance on medical gloves as a barrier against blood-borne viral transmission. The increased demand for gloves soon outstripped the domestic supply. Foreign glove manufacturers began to meet the demand for additional gloves. Many manufacturers with little or no medical glove manufacturing experience began operations, resulting in large quantities of gloves of uncertain quality entering the U.S. market. Following the advent of AIDS as a major public health concern and recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that health care workers use appropriate barrier precautions to prevent exposure to the HIV virus, FDA recognized the need for greater assurance that cross-contamination between patients and health care workers be prevented. Accordingly, in the Federal Register of January 13, 1989 (54 FR 1602), FDA revoked the exemption for patient examination gloves from certain CGMP requirements in order to assure that manufacturers provide an acceptable manufacturing quality level. FDA similarly revoked the exemption from premarket notification requirements for patient examination gloves. On December 12, 1990 (55 FR 51254), FDA published regulations describing certain circumstances under which surgeon's and patient examination gloves would be considered adulterated, and establishing the sampling plans and test methods the agency would use to determine whether gloves were adulterated (Sec. 800.20 (21 CFR 800.20)). Subsequently, FDA initiated inspections of glove manufacturers to assure conformance with the acceptable quality levels (AQL) identified in that regulation. FDA has sought to address many concerns regarding the quality and barrier integrity of medical gloves. Certain processes or conditions can often contribute to degradation of the barrier. NL degrades if it is not correctly formulated and processed. Proper formulation includes the use of stabilizers, antiozonants, and antioxidants to reduce degradation. Improper curing can also cause thin spots on the glove surface, which may lead to early barrier failure. Gloves composed of synthetic polymer, such as nitrile, are produced by essentially the same processes as NL. The same accelerators, antioxidants, and stabilizers are used to reduce degradation. Thus, improper formulation and processing may also lead to rapid degradation of synthetic gloves. Storage conditions can also cause degradation of the polymers, whether natural or synthetic. These storage conditions include the temperature at which the material is held, the humidity of their environment, and any radiation (for example, sunlight or fluorescent lights) to which the material may be exposed. Additionally, chlorination is widely used to reduce the tackiness of NL gloves and thus eliminate the need for donning powder. Chlorination works by degrading the surface of the gloves. Therefore, chlorination must be carefully controlled in order to prevent destruction of the glove barrier. Improperly chlorinated gloves rapidly degrade, and breaks in the latex film may occur in a matter of months. Another concern has been the presence of minute defects known as pinholes, which directly affect the barrier integrity of the gloves. FDA studies of micro-photographs of [[Page 41714]] defective NL devices have shown that dust, dirt, rust, paint chips, charred starch, insect parts, and other debris may cause pinholes. Therefore, appropriate environmental and processing controls, as required by the QS regulation, are needed. Manufacturers also need to control other causes of pinholes such as former vibration, air bubbles in the dipping tanks, dirty formers, incorrect formulation, and excessive curing temperatures. If gloves have pinholes, breaks or tears, viruses can potentially penetrate the glove wall, eliminating or reducing the gloves' effectiveness as a barrier. On April 6 and 7, 1989, the University of Maryland, in conjunction with FDA, held a conference entitled ``Latex as a Barrier Material,'' which reiterated the value of NL as a barrier film and generated continued support towards more research in this area by industry and FDA. Although manufacturers have data to show that their gloves meet their company AQL for defects when the gloves are shipped, for some manufacturers, the same gloves which passed the manufacturer's tests are sometimes rejected at the port of entry in the United States because the gloves fail the FDA water leak test at that point. This test result disparity, whether due to degradation or for other reasons, is a primary reason why, upon importation, the gloves of some manufacturers have been detained without physical examination. Manufacturers should assure, by means of stability testing, that their surgeon's and patient examination gloves will continue to meet the manufacturers' specifications over the expected life of the gloves. FDA is aware that microbial growth on gloves also can be a problem. The QS regulation requires manufacturers to control processing, shipping and storage environment, and contamination when these can adversely affect the product. Therefore, processing controls should include: Using only cornstarch with an acceptable bioburden, properly storing the cornstarch until it is used, applying cornstarch by established procedures, cooling the cornstarch slurry and/or using an antimicrobial in the cornstarch slurry tanks, checking finished gloves on a sampling basis to assure that excessive cornstarch is not applied, keeping the finished gloves clean, establishing and meeting a dryness specification for finished gloves, and protecting finished gloves from adverse environmental conditions. Although synthetic materials have improved in recent years, NL gloves may be superior to some synthetic gloves in regard to barrier properties (Ref. 34). Both NL and synthetic surgeon's and patient examination gloves provide protection against microorganisms; however, it has been demonstrated that compared to vinyl, NL has more effective and durable barrier qualities (Refs. 35 and 36). There are other safety and performance issues related to gloves and other barrier devices that are currently being considered by industry and FDA. These issues include puncture resistance, tear resistance, reliability, and biocidal claims. V. The Proposed Rule Based upon new information that was not presented, not available, or not developed when FDA originally classified surgeon's and patient examination gloves, FDA has reevaluated its classification in light of changes in the medical science discussed in sections III and IV of this document. The new, publicly available, valid scientific evidence demonstrates that these gloves should not remain as class I devices because of: (1) Barrier integrity concerns; (2) degradation of quality during storage; (3) contamination concerns; and (4) concerns about exposure to NL allergens and the role of glove powder as a carrier of airborne NL allergens, and the inability of general controls to address these concerns. The agency believes that general controls are no longer sufficient to provide reasonable assurance of the gloves' safety and effectiveness and, therefore, FDA is proposing that these gloves be reclassified into class II. Surgeon's and patient examination gloves are intended for use as an effective barrier against potentially infectious materials and other contaminants. Risk to the user or patient may result from lack of barrier integrity from degradation, pinholes, breaks, tears, or loss of quality during storage, potentially causing penetration of the glove wall by viruses or other infectious materials. When glove powder comes into contact with compromised human tissue, risk to the user or patient may result from foreign body reactions caused by NL allergens bound to the glove powder. Allergic reactions may also be caused by inhalation of NL allergens bound to the glove powder. Reducing the degree of risk to acceptable levels depends on effective maintenance of the barrier properties of the gloves and on reducing exposure to NL allergens, particularly exposure to airborne NL allergens. The highest risk products are those with large amounts of glove powder and NL protein and those products with poor barrier properties. In order to enable users to distinguish between powdered and powder-free gloves and to choose the glove type appropriate for their needs, FDA proposes to reclassify surgeon's gloves into two separate classifications, based on powder level: Powdered surgeon's gloves, and powder-free surgeon's gloves. FDA similarly proposes to reclassify patient examination gloves into two categories: Powdered patient examination gloves, and powder-free patient examination gloves. FDA is proposing that these gloves be subject to two special controls: A guidance document entitled, ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual,'' and new user labeling requirements. FDA believes that the proposed guidance document and user labeling requirements are necessary to provide reasonable assurance of the safe and effective use of the devices. The guidance is currently being issued in draft as a Level 1 guidance consistent with the good guidance practices (GGP's) FDA adopted for the development, issuance, and use of guidance documents (62 FR 8961, February 27, 1997). Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, FDA is announcing the availability of the guidance in draft form, to provide an opportunity for comment. The proposed guidance document recommends that manufacturers of powdered surgeon's and patient examination gloves limit the amount of powder to no more than 120 mg of powder per glove, regardless of glove size. In order to limit total exposure to the user, a ``per glove'' measurement (mg per glove) is used instead of the ``per unit'' dose (mg per gram (g) of glove material). Under the proposed labeling requirements, manufacturers of all powdered gloves would be required to include the actual level of glove powder on the label. FDA believes that the recommended limit should be sufficient for proper donning of gloves, but would reduce exposure to airborne glove powder particles. In addition to the role of glove powder as a carrier of airborne allergens, FDA is also aware that glove powder contributes to a number of other adverse health effects. As particulate matter, it can cause foreign body reactions, resulting in inflammation, granulomas and adhesions of peritoneal tissues after surgery (Refs. 15 to 19). Glove powder may serve as an absorbent or adsorbent for unbound chemicals that may be irritants or chemical contact sensitizers. The proposed guidance document further recommends that manufacturers of powder-free surgeon's and patient [[Page 41715]] examination gloves limit the amount of total trace (residual) powder to no more than 2-mg particulate weight (based on the ASTM test standard D 6124-97) per glove, regardless of glove size. Previously, this limit was recommended to manufacturers who wanted to market gloves with a powder-free labeling claim. A number of premarket notification submissions based on this claim already have been cleared for market. The proposed guidance document also recommends that manufacturers of NL surgeon's and patient examination gloves limit the amount of water-extractable protein on the gloves to no more than 1,200 micrograms (<greek-m>g) of protein per glove, regardless of glove size. In order to limit total exposure to the user, a ``per glove measurement'' (mg per glove) is used instead of a ``per unit'' dose (mg per g of glove material). Under the proposed labeling requirements, labeling on all NL gloves would be required to include the level of water-extractable protein measured, as recommended in the guidance, by the currently recognized ASTM D 5712 modified Lowry method. The lowest acceptable amount of water-extractable protein that may be stated in the labeling will be limited by the sensitivity of the current ASTM D 5712 test method to 50 <greek-m>g of protein per g of natural rubber product (which translates to 300 <greek-m>g per glove for a 6 g glove, i.e., 6 x 50 = 300). FDA believes that without a more sensitive standard method, lower claims would be misleading. The proposed labeling requirements are a special control intended to provide guidance to users of surgeon's and patient examination gloves. They would require manufacturers to provide new caution statements, which would include both the FDA recommended limit for glove powder and protein levels, as well as the actual glove powder and protein levels present in the manufacturer's gloves. The labeling special control provides essential decisionmaking information for health professionals, patients, and lay users. The information required under the proposed regulations would assist health care professionals, patients and lay users to select a lower risk device by providing information about protein and glove powder levels. The proposed caution statements would be required to appear on all device labels and other labeling, including the principal display panel of the device packaging, the outside package, container or wrapper, and the immediate device package, container or wrapper. The proposed caution statements for powdered and powder-free NL gloves (surgeon's and patient examination) would supersede the caution statements in Sec. 801.437(d) for devices containing NRL currently required in the regulation published in the Federal Register of September 30, 1997 (effective September 30, 1998). Labeling for powdered surgeon's and patient examination gloves containing NL that contacts humans would be required to bear the following statement: ``Caution: This product contains natural rubber latex which may cause allergic reactions. FDA recommends that this product contain no more than 120 mg powder and 1,200 <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove. This product contains no more than [insert level] mg powder and no more than [insert level] <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove.'' Labeling for powder-free surgeon's and patient examination gloves containing NL that contacts humans would be required to bear the following statement: ``Caution: This product contains natural rubber latex which may cause allergic reactions. FDA recommends that this product contain no more than 1,200 <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove. This product contains no more than [insert level] <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove.'' FDA is also proposing new labeling requirements for powdered gloves made of synthetic material. FDA proposes that labeling for those gloves bear the following statement: ``Caution: Glove powder is associated with adverse reactions. FDA recommends that this product contain no more than 120 mg powder per glove. This product contains no more than [insert level] mg powder per glove.'' FDA is proposing no new labeling for powder-free surgeon's gloves and patient examination gloves made of synthetic materials. FDA is also proposing to require expiration dating on the labeling of all powdered surgeon's and patient examination gloves and powder- free surgeon's and patient examination gloves. Previously, expiration dating has not been required for surgeon's or patient examination gloves, although it is customary for surgeon's gloves to bear an expiration date for sterility. A few glove manufacturers have voluntarily used expiration dates based on real-time data to support the integrity of the gloves throughout the shelf-life period. In view of the quality concerns discussed in section IV of this document, especially those relating to degradation of barrier integrity over time, FDA believes that expiration dating is necessary to allow users to correctly store and use stock of gloves, and to allow users to avoid gloves that may have degraded. Users must be aware of the potential for degradation of gloves in order to safely use such products to provide a barrier from infectious agents. Accordingly, FDA believes that shelf life is a fact material to the consequences of use of surgeon's and patient examination gloves. Therefore, FDA is now proposing that all surgeon's and patient examination gloves be required to bear an expiration date on their primary and retail packaging and shipping carton. The expiration date should consist of the month and year for which data exists to support the shelf-life of the gloves. The time period upon which the expiration date is based starts with the date of manufacture. This expiration date must be based on testing conducted according to a validated stability study protocol to determine the shelf-life of the gloves. The stability study protocol should employ tests commonly used by industry to demonstrate the physical and mechanical integrity of the gloves over their claimed shelf-life. Manufacturers will not be required to provide new section 510(k) of the act submissions to demonstrate the shelf-life of gloves. However, for each distinct glove design, the records of study protocols and test data must be retained for a period equivalent to the design and expected life of the gloves, and must be made available for inspection by FDA personnel. Expiration dates for sterile surgeon's or patient examination gloves should either be based on the shelf-life determined by stability studies as outlined in the proposed rule, or on the sterility shelf- life, whichever is shorter. Only one expiration date should appear on each product. FDA does not intend to require a new submission under section 510(k) of the act based upon labeling changes or reductions in glove powder or NL protein made to comply with any final regulation based upon this proposed regulation, provided that no other changes requiring a new 510(k) submission under Sec. 807.81 are made to the device. Section 510(m) of the act allows FDA to exempt a class II device from the requirement of premarket notification in section 510(k) of the act. FDA does not intend to exempt powdered or powder-free surgeon's or patient examination gloves from premarket notification because of FDA's concerns regarding the effective maintenance of barrier properties and adverse health effects associated with NL allergens, glove powder and residual chemical sensitizers and irritants. This proposed rule would not impose requirements on glove users or user facilities. Therefore, it would not affect [[Page 41716]] the authority of the Secretary of Labor, under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH act), to enforce regulations, standards, or other directives issued under the OSH act. VI. Specific Request for Comments FDA recognizes that this regulation affects surgeon's and patient examination gloves in different ways, depending on glove powder level. FDA also recognizes that manufacturing processes for powdered and powder-free gloves vary. FDA welcomes comments on all aspects of the proposed regulation, but particularly invites comments on the following issues: 1. FDA requests comments on the timeframe for implementation of the proposed rule considering the need for changes in production, technology, and labeling, as well as the immediate need to address adverse health concerns associated with medical gloves. Although FDA prefers a 1-year effective date, FDA is proposing a 2-year effective date based on indications from industry that the necessary changes could not be made in 1 year and that a shortage of medical gloves could result. 2. In the proposed guidance document, FDA recommends a limit of no more than 120 mg powder per powdered glove, regardless of size, as the maximum level in order to reduce exposure to particulates and airborne allergens. FDA requests comments on the recommended limit with regard to the minimum level of powder needed for adequate donning of gloves. 3. FDA requests comments on the feasibility and desirability of additional labeling requiring manufacturers to state the primary ingredients in glove powder in the product labeling. 4. In the proposed guidance document, FDA is recommending no more than 2 mg powder per glove, regardless of size, as the recommended powder level for those surgeon's and patient examination gloves labeled ``powder-free.'' FDA requests comments on the proposed limit. FDA is also seeking comments on the possible impact of this powder limit on barrier properties and shelf-life of NL gloves. 5. FDA is also considering a future requirement that all surgeon's and patient examination gloves marketed in the United States be powder- free. FDA requests comments as to whether a continued need for powdered gloves exists, and, if so, the reason for this need. 6. FDA considered restrictions on the sale (advertising), distribution, and use of powdered surgeon's and patient examination gloves. FDA is seeking comments on the feasibility of such restrictions. 7. In the proposed guidance document, FDA is recommending an upper limit of no more than 1,200 <greek-m>g protein per NL glove, regardless of size, as the maximum level for NL surgeon's and patient examination gloves. FDA is seeking comments on the proposed recommended limit. 8. FDA's objectives in this proposed rulemaking are to reduce adverse health effects from allergic reactions and foreign body reactions by controlling the levels of water-extractable protein and glove powder on NL gloves. FDA requests comments as to whether there are feasible alternative approaches to achieve these objectives. If other alternatives or data submitted present feasible methods to protect the public health or suggest that different powder or protein levels are adequate to protect the public health, FDA may incorporate such data or approaches in a final rule. 9. FDA also invites comments on the issue of whether the recommended limits on powder and protein proposed in this rule should be recommended limits or required limits. 10. FDA considered allowing manufacturers to establish an initial tentative shelf-life up to a certain duration based on accelerated aging data, provided that manufacturers initiate concurrent real-time shelf-life studies to confirm and extend the tentative shelf-life. FDA has been unable, however, to determine whether any validated stability study protocols exist employing accelerated aging methodologies. The agency invites comments or information on the availability of accelerated aging stability study protocols which are predictive of glove shelf-life. If convincing information concerning such protocols is available, FDA may incorporate such an approach in a final rule. 11. FDA considered requiring the use of a special air handling system at the point of use for those facilities using powdered surgeon's and patient examination gloves with powder levels over 120 mg per glove, regardless of glove size. FDA is seeking comments on the appropriateness of this restriction. 12. FDA seeks comments as to whether a provision permitting affected persons to request exemptions or variances from the labeling requirements or restrictions on distribution and use proposed in this rule should be added. VII. General Request for Comments Interested persons may submit written comments regarding this proposed rule by October 28, 1999, to the Dockets Management Branch (address above). Comments regarding the information collection provisions should be submitted by August 30, 1999, to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget (address above). Two copies of any comments are to be submitted, except that individuals may submit one copy. Comments are to be identified with the docket number found in brackets in the heading of this document. Received comments may be seen in the office above between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday. VIII. Access to Special Control The availability of the special control entitled ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual'' is being announced elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register. A copy of the ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual'' may be seen by interested persons in the Dockets Management Branch (address above) between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday. Persons interested in obtaining a copy of the guidance may also do so using the World Wide Web (WWW). FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), maintains an entry on the WWW for easy access to information including text, graphics, and files that may be downloaded to a PC with access to the Web. The CDRH home page is updated on a regular basis and includes the draft ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual;'' device safety alerts; Federal Register reprints; information on premarket submissions (including lists of approved applications and manufacturers' addresses); small manufacturers' assistance; and information on video conferencing and electronic submissions, mammography matters, and other device-oriented information. The CDRH home page may be accessed at ``http:// www.fda.gov/cdrh''. Submit written requests for single copies of the draft guidance to the Division of Small Manufacturers Assistance, Center for Devices and Radiological Health (HFZ-220), Food and Drug Administration, 1350 Piccard Dr., Rockville, MD 20850. Send two self-addressed adhesive labels to assist that office in processing your request, or fax your request to 301-443-8818. To receive the directions via fax machine on receiving the proposed guidance document, call CDRH Facts-on-Demand system at 800-399-0381, or 301-827-0111 from a touch-tone telephone. At the first voice prompt, press 1 to access the Division of Small Manufacturers Assistance (DSMA) Fax, at the second voice prompt, press 2, and then enter the document number 852 [[Page 41717]] followed by the pound sign (#). Then follow the remaining voice prompts to complete your request. IX. Analysis of Impacts FDA has examined the impacts of the proposed rule under Executive Order 12866, under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601-612), and under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (Public Law 104-4). Executive Order 12866 directs agencies to assess all costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, when regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public health and safety, and other advantages; distributive impacts; and equity). Unless the agency certifies that the rule is not expected to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, the Regulatory Flexibility Act requires agencies to analyze regulatory options that would minimize any significant economic impact of a rule on small entities. Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act requires that agencies prepare an assessment of anticipated costs and benefits before proposing any rule that may result in an expenditure by State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100 million in any one year (adjusted annually for inflation). The agency believes that this proposed rule is consistent with the principles set out in the Executive Order and in these two statutes. The rule is an economically significant regulatory action as defined by the Executive Order. With respect to the Regulatory Flexibility Act, FDA does not believe that this proposal will have a significant effect on a substantial number of small entities, but recognizes the uncertainty of its estimates. Therefore, the agency has prepared an IRFA. FDA is not required to conduct a cost-benefit analysis according to the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act, because the rule will not impose any mandates on State, local, or tribal governments, or the private sector, that will result in an annual expenditure of $100 million or more. Furthermore, in accordance with the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1995 (Public Law 104-121), it has been determined that this proposed rule would be a major rule for the purpose of congressional review. A. Objectives of the Proposed Regulations The objectives of this proposed regulation are to reduce the adverse health effects from allergic and foreign body reactions caused by the NL protein allergens and glove powder found on surgeon's and patient examination gloves, and from defects in the barrier integrity and quality of surgeon's and patient examination gloves. The rule will accomplish these objectives by encouraging manufacturers to limit both the level of water-extractable protein allowed on gloves and the level of powder packaged with the gloves, and by requiring the inclusion of caution statements and the actual level of protein and powder in the labeling of the gloves. In addition, labeling will include expiration dates to ensure that the gloves provide adequate barrier protection and that all medical gloves meet quality standards specified in the special control guidance referenced elsewhere in this preamble. FDA believes that by reducing the amount of powder dispersed, these special controls will reduce the incidence and severity of the allergic reactions caused by NL proteins without compromising the barrier performance of these products. B. Risks of NL Protein Allergic Reactions FDA recognizes that no systemic epidemiological data exist to identify the risk of airborne NL protein allergens. However, several sources indicate that a proportion of the U.S. population have developed NL sensitivity (Refs. 1 to 8) due to increased exposure to NL proteins. The increased use of NL gloves with unlimited powder and protein levels in recent years is believed to contribute to these adverse events. FDA's Adverse Experience Reporting System received a total of 330 NL allergy Medical Device Reports (MDR's) associated with medical gloves for the 12-month period of August 15, 1996, through August 15, 1997 (Ref. 9). These reports included reactions of 435 affected persons. Despite the lack of representative sampling and the unconfirmed nature of these reports, FDA believes these data may provide a reasonable measure of the magnitude of existing risk. Table 1 classifies these reports by type and severity of reaction and shows the results by number of affected patients. Table 1.--Number of Patients Reporting to FDA Natural Rubber Latex Allergies Reactions Associated with Medical Gloves Between August 15, 1996, and August 15, 1997 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Type of Allergic Reaction1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Respiratory Requiring Systemic Topical (i.e., Systemic Respiratory Aggressive Treatment Local Topical rash not in area with (e.g., wheezing, (e.g., anaphylaxis, direct contact) shortness of breath) hospitalization) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of Patients Reporting Reaction 20 21 294 100 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\Includes 40 patients with unclassified reactions that were distributed by proportion of reported reactions. FDA has long been aware that MDR's received by the agency may account for as little as one percent of the actual events (Ref. 37). If true, the reports received for allergic reactions associated with medical gloves could represent as many as 43,500 allergic incidents during the 12-month period. Because patients may often fail to connect an allergic incident to use of gloves, FDA believes that this estimate better reflects the true number of incidents associated with medical gloves. Given that approximately 22.0 billion gloves (Ref. 38) were used and 2.16 billion patient visits occurred during that period (Ref. 39), the projected baseline rate of annual allergic reaction incidents to the total population (0.0001626) at current protein/powder levels does not seem unreasonable. Despite the widespread under-reporting cited in the General Accounting Office (GAO) report, FDA believes that those allergic reactions that require the most aggressive treatment would be subject to less under-reporting. For this analysis, FDA has assumed that MDR's for patients with severe allergic reactions are under-reported by 33 percent, and the other three categories are proportionally [[Page 41718]] increased to account for the total under-reporting (Table 2). Specifically, FDA believes that the 100 reported incidents of respiratory allergic reactions requiring aggressive treatment (from Table 1) represent only 150 actual such incidents; not 1,000 as would be indicated by MDR underreporting. The difference of 850 expected incidents were distributed to the remaining three categories to result in 43,500 total incidents. Table 2 also shows the proportion of each category of reactions reporting long-term and short-term effects, based on reported lost work-time due to recovery. As expected, only 6 percent of all topical local reactions were considered long-term, while almost half of the serious systemic reports were long-term. As discussed in the benefits section (section IX.F of this document), FDA has assumed, based on discussions with clinicians, that short-term impacts have a duration of 1 day and long-term impacts a duration of 2 months. Table 2 also presents FDA's estimated annual number of each type of allergic reaction. Although no mortalities were reported in the MDR's for this period, anaphylaxis carries a risk of mortality that FDA statisticians place at up to 2 percent, even in health care settings. Because not all reported serious systemic respiratory reactions were anaphylaxis, FDA assigned a probability of 0.002 to the adjusted reports to account for potential fatalities due to anaphylactic shock caused by NL allergens. (This assumes that only 10 percent of all respiratory reactions that require aggressive treatment were due to anaphylaxis.) Given the estimated under-reporting rate, this implies an annual risk of 0.3 mortalities. FDA expects that by encouraging lower protein and powder levels for medical gloves, the proportion of allergic reactions to NL protein allergens will be reduced. Table 2.--Estimated Number of Patients Experiencing Natural Rubber Latex Allergic Reaction Associated With Medical Gloves From August 15, 1996, to August 15, 1997, and Proportion Experiencing Short- and Long-Term Effects -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Type of Allergic Reaction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Respiratory Requiring Aggressive Systemic Treatment Local Topical Systemic Topical Respiratory --------------------------------------- Other Reactions Mortality -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Estimated Number of Patients Experiencing Reaction 2,588 2,717 38,045 149.7 0.3 Proportion Exhibiting Short-Term Effects (duration 94% 74% 73% 51% NA of 1 day) Proportion Exhibiting Long-Term Effects (duration of 6% 26% 27% 49% NA 2 months) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C. Costs of the Proposed Regulation This section develops estimates of the costs of compliance with the proposed rule by comparing the expected costs of using surgeon's and patient examination gloves after the rule is in effect to the costs that would have been incurred in the absence of the rule. Regulatory costs occur in four categories. First, the proposed regulation is expected to accelerate the trend of the glove market towards more costly, powder-free products. Second, higher average glove purchase prices will result from the increased cost of gloves with recommended levels of powder and NL proteins compared to the cost of gloves with unregulated levels of powder and NL proteins. Third manufacturers will be required to conduct shelf-life testing on gloves in order to support expiration dates. Fourth, increased labeling costs will result from the addition of protein and powder levels and/or expiration dating to each package of surgeon's and patient examination gloves. Because many of the estimates are derived from uncertain projections based on limited data, sensitivity analyses are presented for the most critical variables and assumptions. D. Baseline Conditions 1. Annual Number of Gloves To measure the incremental costs of the regulation against a baseline of nonregulation, FDA first projected future glove sales. An estimated 22.0 billion surgeon's and patient examination gloves were used in the United States in 1997, more than an 11-fold increase from the approximately 2.0 billion gloves used in 1987 (Ref. 38). The major contributors to this growth were the recognition of the potential risk from AIDS infection and the publication of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations requiring barrier protection for patients and employees exposed to blood borne pathogens (Ref. 40). FDA assumed that the demand for surgeon's and patient examination gloves will continue to grow as a result of expected increases in employment within the health services industry (Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 80). The Bureau of Labor Statistics has suggested that employment within this industry may continue to grow at an annual rate of 3.9 percent (Ref. 41). Assuming that annual glove use per employee remains at current levels of approximately 10 pairs per day, the agency projected that the annual demand for gloves will increase over the next 10 years at an approximate rate of 3.9 percent per year (see Table 3). As expected growth in employment or patient health service visits may also predict future glove use. FDA tested this assumption by forecasting alternative rates of growth in the sensitivity analyses presented in section IX.G of this document. About 65 percent of the current glove market consists of powdered gloves (Ref. 38), but both health service facilities and glove manufacturers agree that the market share of powdered gloves is decreasing rapidly as facilities gain awareness of the potential adverse health effects associated with NL protein allergens. Manufacturers, however, explain that powdered gloves will not soon disappear, because new chlorinators and production lines associated with powder-free glove production take at least 18 months to [[Page 41719]] install and because powdered gloves are still desired by a proportion of customers. However, manufacturers have estimated that even in the absence of this regulation, the market share of powder-free gloves could reach as high as 60 percent within 18 months (Ref. 38). For this analysis, FDA assumed that, even in the absence of regulation, the market share for powdered gloves would decrease from the current 65 percent down to 20 percent within 4 years. Concurrently, the market share for powder-free gloves would increase from 35 percent up to 80 percent over the same period (see Table 3). Next, FDA estimated that gloves manufactured with synthetic materials (referred to as synthetic gloves), which are available in both powdered and powder-free varieties, account for approximately 10 percent of the current market. Most synthetic gloves are manufactured of vinyl, but other polymers are also used. Synthetic gloves are generally believed to provide less acceptable barrier protection after extended use and reduced tactile sensitivity compared to NL. FDA assumed that, in the absence of regulation, this market share would increase slightly each year, accounting for 20 percent of the market within 5 years. Table 3 includes the projected market shares for each glove type. Because these projections contain considerable uncertainty, FDA analyzed several alternative assumptions in the sensitivity analysis section presented in section IX.G of this document. These scenarios assume that, in the absence of this rule, the anticipated baseline market adjustments would take either 10 years, or would not occur at all. [[Page 41720]] Table 3.--Surgeon's and Patient Examination Glove Market Shares--Baseline Estimate -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All Surgeon's and Synthetic Gloves Natural Rubber Latex Gloves Patient ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Examination Year Gloves Number of Number of ------------------- Number for Powder- Powdered Total (billion) Number of Powder- Powdered Total (billion) Number of Gloves Free (billion) (billion) Free (billion) (billion) (billion) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Current 22.00 0.77 1.43 2.20 6.93 12.87 19.80 1 22.86 1.37 1.37 2.74 10.06 10.06 20.12 2 23.75 1.99 1.33 3.32 12.25 8.17 20.42 3 24.68 2.76 1.18 3.95 14.51 6.22 20.73 4 25.64 3.69 0.92 4.61 16.82 4.20 21.02 5 26.64 4.26 1.07 5.33 17.05 4.26 21.31 6 27.68 4.43 1.11 5.54 17.71 4.43 22.14 7 28.76 4.60 1.15 5.75 18.40 4.60 23.00 8 29.88 4.78 1.20 5.98 19.12 4.78 23.90 9 31.04 4.97 1.24 6.21 19.87 4.97 24.83 10 32.25 5.16 1.29 6.45 20.64 5.16 25.80 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [[Page 41721]] 2. Baseline Glove Cost There are an estimated 198 current marketers of surgeon's and patient examination gloves in the United States, 10 of which are domestic manufacturers. Approximately 95 percent of all gloves purchased in the United States are imported. Although individual marketers of surgeon's and patient examination gloves operate in a highly competitive industry and face highly elastic demand curves, the aggregate market demand for the gloves is assumed to be price inelastic, because of workplace regulations that require gloves as barrier protection (Ref. 42). Demand is inelastic if the percentage increase in price exceeds the percentage decrease in quantity sold. Consequently, most glove manufacturing cost increases would be passed on to health care facilities in the form of industry wide price increases. Although over 95 percent of the manufacturing facilities are located overseas and the world wide demand for gloves is high, the United States market dominates global sales. According to Malaysian manufacturers (Ref. 38), about 80 percent of their gloves are for U.S. customers. Current prices of powdered NL gloves average $3.90 per 100, while powder-free NL gloves average $5.80 per 100 (Ref. 38). Prices were reported as averages of both surgeon's and patient examination gloves. The price difference of $1.90 per 100, or almost $.02 per pair, is attributable to a number of factors, but the predominant reason is the increased cost of removing former-release powder and/or applying other lubricants to produce powder-free gloves. The estimated cost for synthetic gloves is $4.15 per 100 for powdered and $5.03 per 100 for powder-free. Vinyl gloves account for 90 percent of the synthetic glove market, with the remaining gloves manufactured from polymers and other materials. The nation's annual expenditures for surgeon's and patient examination gloves are currently estimated at over $1.0 billion. Even in the absence of regulation, FDA expects that these outlays would increase to $1.1 billion within 1 year and $1.7 billion within 10 years. E. Estimation of Compliance Costs The net costs of compliance with the proposed regulation is the difference between glove-related costs with and without the regulation. As noted earlier, industry comments suggest that even in the absence of this regulation, the market share of powder-free gloves is expected to increase from 35 percent to about 80 percent over a 4-year period. With regulation, this trend will be accelerated. Although the market effects of the rule cannot be known with certainty, FDA estimates that powder- free gloves will achieve the 80 percent market share 2 years earlier, or within 2 years of the rule's implementation. In addition, manufacturers would experience increased costs due to the recommendation to limit the level of protein to 1,200 g per glove and the level of powder on NL and synthetic powdered gloves to 120 mg per glove. These costs would be passed through to health care facilities in the form of higher prices. Finally, each package of NL gloves must include labeling that includes protein and powder levels and expiration dating, and shelf-life testing must support this labeling. 1. Accelerated Market Share for Powder-Free and Synthetic Gloves Figure 1 illustrates FDA's forecast that powder-free gloves would gain 80 percent of the surgeon's and patient examination glove market share within 4 years without regulation and within 2 years with regulation. Manufacturers have indicated (Ref. 38) that if U.S. facilities are willing to bear the market price for powder-free gloves, the powder-free supply to other parts of the world could be shifted to meet U.S. demand and powder-free market shares could reach as high as 60 percent within 18 months. FDA forecasts that the proposed regulations will accelerate this trend by reinforcing incentives for facilities to use powder-free gloves. The shaded area of the chart measures the expected substitution of powder-free for powdered gloves caused by facilities choosing to increase use of powder-free gloves in response to regulatory controls. In addition, FDA projects that the synthetic market share will rise from 10 to 20 percent within 5 years without regulation, but within 2 years with regulation. The expected market shares with the proposed regulation in place are shown in Table 4. FDA also examined the potential of this regulation to result in domestic shortages of latex gloves and concluded that there would be minimal disruption to the U.S. market, as it constitutes such a major proportion of global sales (up to 80 percent (Ref. 38)). If other countries do not restrict glove powder, it is possible that the number of powder-free gloves sold in those markets would fall in the short- term, while producers adjusted to the demand shift. FDA solicits public comment on how manufacturers would respond to these altered market forces. [[Page 41722]] Table 4.--Surgeon's and Patient Examination Glove Market Shares with Regulation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Surgeon's and Synthetic Gloves Natural Rubber Latex Gloves Patient ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Examination Year Gloves Number of Number of ------------------- Number of Powder- Powdered Total (billion) Number of Powder- Powdered Total (billion) Total Number Free (billion) (billion) Free (billion) (billion) (billion) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Current 22.00 0.77 1.43 2.20 6.93 12.87 19.80 1 22.86 1.37 1.37 2.74 10.06 10.06 20.12 2 23.75 2.47 1.33 3.80 12.97 6.98 19.95 3 24.68 3.95 0.99 4.94 15.79 3.95 19.74 4 25.64 4.10 1.03 5.13 16.41 4.10 20.51 5 26.64 4.26 1.07 5.33 17.05 4.26 21.31 6 27.68 4.43 1.11 5.54 17.71 4.43 22.14 7 28.76 4.60 1.15 5.75 18.40 4.60 23.00 8 29.88 4.78 1.20 5.98 19.12 4.78 23.90 9 31.04 4.97 1.24 6.21 19.87 4.97 24.83 10 32.25 5.16 1.29 6.45 20.64 5.16 25.80 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [[Page 41723]] Because the regulation would not be implemented until 2 years after publication of the final rule (as shown in Figure 1), no costs would be incurred in the first year. Moreover, there would be no market share- associated costs expected after the fourth year, because, by that time, there would be no difference in the respective market shares of powdered and powder-free gloves. Based on these assumptions, the accelerated increase in the powder-free market share results in increased regulatory costs of $18.9 million in the second year and $37.3 million in the third year. In the fourth year following implementation of the rule, costs would fall by $2.9 million due to the increased use of lower cost synthetic gloves. As shown in Table 5, the average annualized costs (at a 7 percent discount rate over a 10-year period) attributable to the accelerated market share for powder-free gloves are calculated at $6.4 million. BILLING CODE 4160-01-F [[Page 41724]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP30JY99.004 BILLING CODE 4160-01-C [[Page 41725]] 2. Increased Costs for Powdered Gloves Limiting the amount of protein and powder permitted on gloves would increase the production cost and therefore raise the purchase price of gloves to health care facilities. Although the limits are only recommended, both the actual and recommended levels of protein and powder must be included on the product label. Thus, FDA believes it likely that most glove manufacturers will meet the recommended levels. According to tests conducted by FDA, current powder levels on powdered gloves vary between 50 mg and 426 mg per glove. For this analysis, FDA assumed that a typical powdered NL or synthetic glove contains 260 mg of powder (based on the observed distribution). Current glove protein levels vary widely. Several manufacturers indicated that even minimal recommendations on powder and protein would result in cost increases of as much as five percent. These increases would be due to the increased testing and validation required to ensure that gloves did not exceed limits, the slower production times resulting from more controlled processes, the increased inventory damage when stripping gloves from molds, the increased controls for slurry mixtures, the increased time spent cleaning or replacing filters and other equipment, and the other costs associated with more careful controls for the entire manufacturing process. Manufacturers stated that limiting powder is more a question of adding controls in the production process than adding new production lines or facilities. Equipment such as slurries and tumblers are currently in place, and controls are likely to consist of simply weighing finished gloves or weighing the slurry filters. However, these costs are expected to result in increased contract prices for U.S. health facilities, because there are no substitute products for medical gloves. To calculate the costs of alternative permissible powder limits, FDA estimated an average cost function where the cost of reducing each mg of powder increases as the proportion of powder remaining on the manufactured glove decreases. Because current powdered NL gloves cost $3.90 per 100 and powder-free gloves cost $5.80 per 100, FDA calculated that the $1.90 cost of removing the average 260 mg of powder per 100 gloves is about $0.0073 per mg ($1.90/260 mg). If the cost function were linear, the incremental cost of reducing powder levels by 140 mg (i.e., from the current average 260 mg of powder to the recommended level of 120 mg) would be calculated as $0.0073 times 140, or $1.022 per 100 gloves. However, FDA believes that the relationship is unlikely to be linear as several manufacturers indicated that significant control costs would be needed to achieve even modest reductions in powder levels, after which average costs would rise slowly and then more steeply as powder concentrations approach zero. Such a functional form is typical of many manufacturing processes and illustrated by the solid sigmoid curve shown in Figure 2 (Refs. 44 and 45). A cost equation fitting this illustrated functional form is: Y = 0.00365 + 0.0292(X - 0.5)3 Where: Y equals the cost per mg removed per 100 gloves, and X equals the proportion of powder removed. Figure 2 includes the estimated cost function for removing powder from synthetic gloves as the hashed line. The expected costs per mg removed are less than for NL gloves because the current price difference between powder-free and powdered synthetic gloves ($0.88 per 100) is less than the difference for NL gloves ($1.90 per 100). On the assumption that these equations approximate the actual relationships, FDA estimates that the cost of limiting powder to 120 mg per 100 NL gloves is about $0.003652 per mg removed, or about $0.511 per 100 NL gloves. For synthetic gloves, the estimated costs are $0.001693 per mg removed, or about $0.237 per 100 synthetic gloves. As shown in Figure 3, the control costs rise sharply for limits below 120 mg. For example, a proposed powder limit of 100 mg per NL and synthetic glove would result in costs over 15 percent greater than the proposed 120 mg limit. Because of the control processes required, FDA assumes that the previous estimates would also account for the cost of limiting protein levels for NL gloves. Table 5 shows these estimated costs over a 10-year period. Because the regulation is expected to be implemented 2 years after publication of the final rule, no increased powdered glove costs are incurred in the first year. In year 2, the higher prices for powdered NL gloves result in increased costs of $35.7 million. In year 3, these costs fall to $20.2 million. Thereafter, the yearly incremental compliance costs associated with NL glove powder and protein limits vary between $21.0 and $26.4 million. The average annualized contribution of this cost category (at a 7 percent discount rate over 10 years) equals $21.4 million. Within 2 years, higher costs for powdered synthetic gloves will equal $3.1 million. The yearly incremental compliance cost for powdered synthetic gloves is expected to decrease to $2.3 million in year 3, and then increase slightly each year throughout the evaluation period. The average annualized contribution of this cost category (at a 7 percent discount rate over 10 years) equals $2.4 million. BILLING CODE 4160-01-F [[Page 41726]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP30JY99.005 [[Page 41727]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP30JY99.006 BILLING CODE 4160-01-C [[Page 41728]] Table 5.--Compliance Costs Over 10-Year Period -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cost of Increased Cost of Cost of Shelf-Life Testing Accelerated Powdered NRL Synthetic -------------------------------- Labeling Cost Total Cost ($ Year Market Share Gloves ($ Gloves ($ Test Cost ($ Lost Inventory ($ million) million) ($ million) million) million) million) ($ million) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 18.9 35.7 3.1 1.6 3.0 1.6 63.9 3 37.3 20.2 2.3 1.2 1.3 0.6 62.9 4 2.9 21.0 2.4 1.2 1.1 0.5 23.3 5 0.0 21.8 2.5 1.3 1.4 0.7 27.7 6 0.0 22.6 2.6 1.3 1.2 0.5 28.2 7 0.0 23.5 2.7 1.5 1.1 0.6 29.4 8 0.0 24.4 2.8 1.5 1.6 0.8 31.1 9 0.0 25.5 2.9 1.4 1.3 0.6 31.7 10 0.0 26.4 43.1 1.5 1.3 0.6 32.9 Total 53.3 221.0 24.6 12.5 13.3 6.5 331.2 Average Annualized (7 percent discount 6.4 21.4 2.4 1.2 1.3 0.7 33.4 rate) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Costs of Shelf-life Testing and Inventory Loss The proposed regulation will require manufacturers of patient examination and surgical gloves to develop and affix labeling to their products that will include expiration dating. To ensure that medical gloves will maintain adequate barrier protection for the entire stated period, manufacturers will likely conduct real-time shelf-life testing of gloves. The compliance costs of this testing includes both the actual cost of conducting laboratory tests, and the lost revenues of inventory lost due to sampling. a. Shelf-life testing. FDA contracted with the Eastern Research Group (ERG), an economic consulting firm, to contact domestic and foreign glove manufacturers and research laboratories to determine the expected unit costs of shelf-life testing, and to determine current levels of industry compliance. ERG developed a cost model that estimated compliance costs according to the size of the manufacturer (Ref. 45a). ERG estimated that the expected marketing life for each glove model is approximately 3 years. During this period, stability testing is likely to occur at 6-month, 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year intervals. The actual tests were assumed to consist of a combination of real-time and accelerated tests. Overall, the estimated costs of a shelf-life test was found to approximate $265 for foreign tests and $865 for domestic tests. (The difference in testing costs are attributable to the lower purchasing power parity per capita in foreign countries that produce medical gloves.) As explained in Ref. 45a, almost 3,000 separate glove models are currently produced by 198 separate manufacturers. Only 160 models are marketed by the 10 domestic manufacturers. Given the expected growth in the demand for gloves, and the shift to powder-free and synthetic glove models, the estimated costs of shelf-life testing varies with FDA's projected number of future glove models. It was assumed that new models would have two shelf-life tests during the year of introduction while models already marketed would have one annual shelf-life test. Finally, ERG and industry sources estimated the current level of shelf-life testing based on both domestic/foreign and size characteristics. Based on these assumptions, the greatest increase in shelf-life testing is expected during year 2, with over 6,000 additional tests due to this proposed regulation. The total cost of conducting these tests equals $1.6 million, of which $0.1 million is incurred by domestic glove manufacturers. Amortizing the annual testing costs by 7 percent over 10 years, the average annualized costs of conducting the required shelf-life tests equals $1.2 million. b. Inventory losses. As part of these tests, manufacturers will be required to set inventory aside from which test samples will be selected. ERG, with discussions with laboratories and manufacturers, has determined that small glove manufacturers would be likely to set 10,000 gloves per model aside for shelf-life testing while large manufacturers would set 30,000 gloves per model. Given the industry characteristics as discussed in Ref. 45a, this implies that over 115 million gloves would be set aside in year 2. In addition, the relative market shares of synthetic, NL, powdered and powder-free gloves is expected to change over time which will affect the average lost revenue per sample. FDA analyzed the impact of this future inventory loss and found that during year 2 of the evaluation period, the value of lost inventory for testing is expected to equal over $3.0 million for the entire industry. The average annualized cost of this lost inventory (as shown in Table 5) at 7 percent over 10 years equals $1.3 million. 4. Costs of Labeling. ERG also developed estimates of the costs of developing the proposed enhanced labeling for gloves. These estimates included the costs of artwork, design, regulatory review, production and application, as shown in Ref. 45a. Overall, the average cost of developing a label for a foreign medical glove model was estimated to equal $411, while a domestic model would cost $1,444. The number of domestic and foreign glove models expected to be introduced throughout the 10-year evaluation period and the market characteristics as discussed in Ref. 45a, indicate that the costs of labeling will equal $1.4 million in year 2. These yearly costs will then decrease to as low as $0.3 million by the 10th year. The average annualized cost of developing and producing labeling for medical gloves attributable to this proposed regulation is estimated to equal $0.7 million, as shown in Table 5. 5. Total Incremental Costs Figure 4 presents the estimated annual expenditures imposed by the proposed rule. Overall, costs of $63.9 million are expected in year 2. These costs decreased to $62.9 million in year 3, and then decrease to $23.3 million in the third year. Costs are expected to [[Page 41729]] increase slightly for each subsequent year. Most of the incremental costs, as shown in Table 5, are due to increases in glove costs (powdered NL and synthetic gloves with limited powder levels). The estimated average annualized cost over a 10-year period (at a 7 percent discount rate) is $33.4 million. BILLING CODE 4160-01-F [[Page 41730]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP30JY99.007 [[Page 41731]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP30JY99.008 BILLING CODE 4160-01-C [[Page 41732]] F. Benefits of the Proposed Regulations 1. Expected Risk Reduction As discussed previously, the estimated annual proportion of the population (0.0001626) that experiences allergic reactions associated with medical gloves is assumed to be related to the prevalence of environmental protein and powder. Consequently, reducing protein and powder levels would reduce the proportion of the population expected to experience an allergic reaction. Decreases would be expected in NL sensitization as well as allergic reactions. To estimate this relationship, FDA assumed that the proportion of the population affected would vary directly with the total quantity of environmental protein/powder. The annual level of environmental protein/powder was calculated from the expected annual number of powdered NL gloves multiplied by the average level of powder per glove. The current market share of powdered NL gloves (Table 3) and the current average level of glove powder (260 mg) yield an aggregate estimate of 3.346 billion g of protein/powder. This quantity of protein/powder is associated with allergic reactions in 0.0001626 of the population, or 0.000049 reactions per billion g. If the relationship between the number of reactions and the quantity of protein/powder were linear, the model implies a 30 percent reduction in allergic prevalence for each billion g of powder reduction. Alternatively, the function relationship may take other forms, and FDA suspects that the increasing number of reports of allergic reactions to NL in recent years likely indicates a nonlinear relationship. Figure 5 presents a polynomial projection that FDA tentatively adopts as a plausible estimate for this analysis. The equation of the function illustrated in Figure 5 is: Y = (0.0000143)X2 Where: Y equals the proportion of the population with NL allergic reactions, and X equals the level of environmental protein/powder (in billions of g). Although the exact relationship is speculative, FDA believes that an exponential relationship as shown in Figure 5 is most likely. As shown in section IX.G of this document, the agency's sensitivity analysis indicates that due to the rising baseline projection, this polynomial projection yields smaller benefits than a linear model. Table 6 shows the expected number of allergic reactions associated with protein/powder levels with and without the proposed regulation. The protein/powder amounts are derived from the expected numbers of powdered NL gloves shown in Tables 3 and 4, the current average glove powder level (260 mg per glove), and the new recommended glove powder level (120 mg per glove). Powdered synthetic gloves do not affect this relationship because no NL proteins are associated with those products. Table 6 shows that in the absence of the proposed regulation, the expected increased market share of powder-free gloves would reduce the number of annual allergic reactions attributable to medical gloves from 43,500 to only 4,800 within 4 years. With the proposed regulation in place, the expected number of allergic reactions would decrease to only 900 within 3 years, and consistently remain several thousand fewer than those expected without regulations. 2. Benefits To estimate the potential benefits of the proposed rule, the number of reduced expected allergic reactions shown in Table 6 were distributed in proportion to the categories shown in Table 2. Assuming that the decreased number of reactions would not modify the severity distribution as reported in the MDR's (as adjusted to account for under-reporting), the proposed regulation would reduce annual allergic reactions by 15,100 within 2 years. The characteristics of these second year avoided reactions are shown in the first four columns of Table 7. [[Page 41733]] Table 6.--Expected Number of Allergic Reactions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the Absence of Regulation1 With Regulation2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Difference in Number of Number of Allergic Year Powdered Natural Level of Powder Estimated Number Powdered Natural Level of Powder Estimated Number Reactions with Rubber Latex (billion g) of Allergic Rubber Latex (billion g) of Allergic Regulation (000) Gloves (billion) Reactions (000) Gloves (billion) Reactions (000) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Current 12.87 3.35 43.5 - NA - - NA - - NA - - NA - 1 10.06 2.62 26.9 10.06 2.62 26.9 0.0 2 8.17 2.13 17.9 6.98 0.84 2.8 (15.1) 3 6.22 1.62 10.4 3.95 0.47 0.9 (9.5) 4 4.20 1.09 4.8 4.10 0.49 1.0 (3.8) 5 4.26 1.11 5.0 4.26 0.51 1.1 (3.9) 6 4.43 1.15 5.4 4.43 0.53 1.2 (4.3) 7 4.60 1.20 5.9 4.60 0.55 1.3 (4.7) 8 4.78 1.24 6.4 4.78 0.57 1.4 (5.1) 9 4.97 1.29 7.0 4.97 0.60 1.5 (5.5) 10 5.16 1.34 7.6 5.16 0.62 1.6 (6.0) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Powder level of 0.260 g per glove \2\ Powder level of 0.120 g per glove [[Page 41734]] There is no methodology that permits a precise assignment of monetary values to regulatory health benefits. However, one approach recently described in the health economics literature (Refs. 47 and 48) combines relative states of well-being with observed willingness to pay for risk avoidance. FDA adopted this methodology and used the Kaplan- Bush Indices of Well-Being (Refs. 49 and 50) to estimate the value of reducing the number of allergic reactions. The first step was to assign to each category of reaction a functional index based on mobility/physical/sociability scales. The index of relative well-being (as described in Refs. 49 and 50) utilize functionality levels as a basis for estimating well-being. The functionality scales are described in Table 8. Baseline levels of well- being were defined for 43 distinct combinations of mobility, physical activity, and sociability. For example, if a hypothetical patient could drive a car and use transportation without help (mobility equals 5), could walk without a physical problem (physical activity equals 4), and had no morbidity symptoms or problem, then this patient would have an assigned well-being of 1.0000. However, if this hypothetical patient could perform all of these activities, but suffered from any morbidity (including requiring eyeglasses), the assigned baseline level of well- being was found to equal 0.7433. The baseline levels of well-being are then adjusted, either up or down, based on the predominant symptom or problem that is on-going. This methodology is described in detail in Refs. 49 and 50. For example, a local topical reaction is unlikely to interfere with normal activities, such as driving a car or performing housework. A patient suffering from a local topical reaction is expected to continue to be able to interact with others in a normal manner. This functional state is assigned a relative well-being rate of 0.7433, or roughly 74 percent of optimum well-being. This baseline functional index is based on the prevailing medical problem. In this case, the problem/symptom is identified as ``burning and/or itching of skin'' and the 0.0171 value for this problem/symptom (from Refs. 49 and 50) is added to the basic functional state. Thus, by combining these indices, a person suffering a local, topical allergic reaction is expected to have a relative well-being of 0.7604. Each of the categories of reactions have been assigned values, as included in Table 7. Mortalities are valued as 0.0000. Next, optimum values of well-being were derived for both short-term durations (1 day) and long-term durations (2 months). The economic literature includes many attempts to quantify society's willingness-to- pay (WTP) to avoid risks. Various methodologies have resulted in an average value of approximately $5.0 million as a measure of the WTP to avoid a statistical death (Refs. 51, 52, and 53). By amortizing this value to account for life expectancy and expected disability-days (Refs. 54 and 55), FDA estimates that a quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) has an approximate value of $373,000. Using this estimate, the expected value of a quality-adjusted life-day is approximately $1,022 and the expected value of two quality-adjusted life-months is $62,166. The relative wellness values for each category shown in Table 7 represent the proportion of wellness relative to an optimum level. The willingness of society to pay for avoiding each incident were reflected as the difference between the wellness state and an optimum level multiplied by the duration of the event. For example, a local topical allergic reaction has an expected wellness value of 0.7604, or 0.2396 below optimum. This difference is used to calculate the amount that society is willing to pay to avoid a reaction of this type. [[Page 41735]] Table 7.--Characteristics of Reductions in Second Year Allergic Reactions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of Number of Value per Value per Category Number of Avoided Avoided Problem/ Value per Value per Short-Term Long-Term of Avoided Short-Term Long-Term Functional Symptom Relative Short-Term Long-Term Reaction Reaction Total Value Reaction Reactions Reactions Reactions State\1\ Weight\2\ Wellness Reaction Reaction ($ Avoided ($ Avoided ($ ($ 000) (000) (000) (000) 000) 000) 000) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Local 0.89 0.84 0.05 0.7433 0.0171 0.7604 245 14,900 205 794 999 Topical Systemic 0.94 0.69 0.24 0.6065 0.0171 0.6236 385 23,400 267 5,709 5,976 Topical Systemic 13.24 9.66 3.57 0.525 -0.0075 0.5175 493 30,000 4,764 107,194 111,958 Respira tory Respirat 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.5284 -0.1507 0.3777 636 38,700 17 972 989 ory Requiri ng Aggress ive Treatme nt Mortalit 0.00 NA NA 0 0 0 NA NA NA NA 514\3\ y Totals 15.11 11.22 3.90 120,436 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Functional states: Mobility - 5; Physical activity - 4; Social - 5 = 0.7433 Mobility - 4; Physical activity - 4; Social - .4 = 0.6065 Mobility - 4; Physical activity - 3; Social - 3 = 0.525 Mobility - 4; Physical activity - 1; Social - 2 = 0.5284 Mortality = 0.0000 \2\ Problem/Symptom Adjustments: Burning or itching rash on body = +0.0171 Wheezing or shortness of breath = -0.0075 Loss of consciousness, fainting = -0.1507 \3\ Value per mortality is $5 million. May not add due to rounding. [[Page 41736]] For 1 day, this value is $245 ($1,022 x .2396) and for 2 months, the estimated value per reaction is $14,895. The derived values for each of the reaction categories and terms are shown in Table 7. The values for each category, when multiplied by the number of decreased reactions expected due to this regulation, result in the expected annual benefit. Table 7 includes this estimate for only the second evaluation year. It indicates that society would be willing to pay a value of approximately $120.4 million to avoid 15,100 allergic reactions to NL protein. Taking these steps for each year in the evaluation period yields estimates of the willingness to pay to avoid these reactions as shown in Table 9. The undiscounted benefits equal $120.4 million in year 2, then decrease to $30.4 million in year 4. Between years 4 and 10, the estimated annual benefit increases to a value of $47.5 million. The estimated annualized benefit of avoiding these reactions is $46.9 million. FDA notes that other potential benefits, such as the avoidance of third-party payments as a result of treating fewer allergic reactions, the value of reduced anxiety due to lowering NL sensitization, the reduction in defects in glove barrier integrity, and the reduction in other foreign body reactions caused by glove powder have not been quantified at this time. FDA recognizes the considerable uncertainty of all of these estimates, however, and requests comment on all of the data and assumptions. Table 8.--Description of Inputs to Functionality Levels ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mobility Physical Activity Social Activity ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5-Drove car and used transportation 5-Did work, school, or housework and without help other activities 4-Did not drive, needed help with 4-Walked without physical problem 4-Did work, school, or housework, transportation but other activities limited 3-In house 3-Walked with physical problem 3-Limited in work, school or housework 2-In hospital 2-Moved own wheelchair without help 2-Performed self-care 1-In special unit 1-In bed or chair 1-Had help in self-care ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Kaplan, Bush, et. al. (Refs. 49 and 50) Table 9.--Expected Benefit of Decreased NRL Allergic Reactions Due to Regulation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Net Present Value of Year Decreased Reactions (000) Value of Decreased Reactions Decreased Reactions ($ ($ million) millions) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Current NA NA NA 1 0.0 NA NA 2 (15.1) 120.4 105.2 3 (9.5) 76.0 62.0 4 (3.8) 30.4 23.2 5 (3.9) 31.1 22.2 6 (4.3) 34.0 22.7 7 (4.7) 37.1 23.1 8 (5.1) 40.3 23.4 9 (5.5) 43.7 23.8 10 (6.0) 47.5 24.2 Average Annual 46.9 Benefit ($ million) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- G. Sensitivity Analyses FDA examined the impact of various assumptions that affect future conditions. These analyses are as follows: 1. Growth Rate of the Demand for Surgical and Patient Examination Gloves FDA used 1992 to 1994 rates of employment growth within the health services industry (SIC 80) to project a 3.9 percent annual growth in the future demand for surgical gloves (Ref. 41). However, more recent data obtained for the period up to 1998 suggest the more modest growth rate of 2.7 percent for this industry (Ref. 55a). Examining the expected costs and benefits after lowering the expected growth for surgical and patient examination gloves to 2.7 percent indicates that average annual costs decrease from $33.4 to $31.5 million and average annual benefits decrease from $46.9 to $42.1 million. If the forecast relied instead on the growth of total employment hours in the health service industry (Ref. 55b), the rate in recent years has been approximately 2.0 percent. Using this rate as the expected growth rate for surgical and patient examination gloves results in average annual costs of $30.4 million and average annual benefits of $39.6 million. FDA notes that under the alternative assumptions, both costs and benefits are lower than under the scenario presented earlier, but the regulation would still be justified. 2. Market Shares of Powder-Free and Synthetic Gloves FDA has estimated that in the absence of regulation, within 4 years, 80 percent of the glove market would consist of powder-free gloves; and within 5 years, 20 percent of all gloves would be manufactured of synthetic material. The proposed regulation is expected to accelerate these trends to within 2 years of implementation. To examine the sensitivity of these assumptions, FDA calculated the costs and benefits of the rule assuming that, in the absence of regulation, it would take 10 years rather than 4 years for powder-free gloves to account for 80 percent of the market and 10 years rather than 5 years for synthetic gloves to account for 20 percent of the market. The expected average annual costs in this scenario equal $72.7 million, and the average annual benefits equal $112.1 million. FDA also examined the impact of assuming no expected change in baseline market share from the first implementation year, in the absence of regulation. In this case, the average [[Page 41737]] annual costs equal $135.7 million, and the average annual benefits equal $283.2 million. 3. Linear Relationship between Environmental Protein/Powder and Allergic Reactions FDA expects that an exponential relationship exists between protein/powder levels and allergic reactions, but the agency also examined the effect of a linear relationship. The linear model increased the expected average annual benefit of reducing exposure from $46.9 million to $75.7 million, by increasing the number of avoided incidents as protein/powder levels were decreased. Table 9 indicates the magnitude of the expected decrease in NL reactions using the expected exponential relationship. A total of 57,900 avoided reactions were forecast. If the actual relationship were linear, the rule would be expected to result in the avoidance of 88,100 incidents over the same period. 4. Conclusion FDA has tested several key assumptions used in the analysis of impacts. Each simulation resulted in estimated benefits exceeding costs. Nonetheless, FDA recognizes the significant uncertainty in this analysis and requests any additional information that would improve the projections. H. Small Business Impact 1. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis FDA believes that the proposed regulation will not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities, but conducted an initial regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) to ensure that impacts on small entities were assessed and to alert any potentially impacted entities to the opportunity to submit comments to the agency. 2. Description of Impact The objectives of the proposed regulation are to reduce the adverse health effects attributable to allergic and foreign body reactions from NL allergens and glove powder and to defects in barrier protection and quality of surgeon's and patient examination gloves. The proposed regulation will accomplish these objectives by reclassifying surgeon's and patient examination gloves into class II products, and requiring product labeling. In addition, the proposed regulation recommends protein and powder levels for surgeon's and patient examination gloves. FDA's statutory authority for the proposed rulemaking under the act is discussed in section II of this document. Two separate industries will be affected by the proposed regulation: Manufacturers of surgeon's and patient examination gloves (found in Standard Industrial Classification 3842, Medical Equipment and Supplies) and Health Facilities (found in SIC 80). Table 10.--Non-Health Care Industries That Use Gloves as Protection ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Number of Number of Industry Sector SIC Code Establishments Employees ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Government 9,461 10,893 56,345 Residential Care 836 2,423 NA Personal Services 7,362 1,348 163,477 Funeral Services 726 19,890 57,013 Health Units in NA 202,540 178,732 Industry Non-Health 8,221 1,453 89,159 Research Laboratories Linen Services 7,218 1,250 50,000 Medical Equipment 384 1,076 6,185 Repair Law Enforcement 9,221 4,946 341,546 Fire and Rescue 9,224 3,174 252,048 Lifesaving 9,229 100 5,000 Schools 9,411 6,321 4,132 Waste Removal 4,953 940 13,300 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Source: OSHA (Ref. 40) FDA considered the potential impact of the proposed regulation on a number of nonhealth industries, but found that any impact would be insignificant. When OSHA issued its final regulations on blood-borne pathogens (Ref. 40), it considered a wide-range of establishments including: Law enforcement agencies, schools, linen services, and funeral parlors (see Table 10). While a substantial number of these establishments are small under the Small Business Administration definition, this proposed regulation does not require the use of FDA- regulated medical gloves at these sites. OSHA assumed that many of these industries would use utility gloves or consumer-grade gloves to provide barrier protection. For example, janitorial services and waste removal establishments were assumed to use utility work gloves, while law enforcement agencies were expected to use consumer-grade vinyl gloves. Few industries or establishments were expected to use FDA- regulated medical gloves in nonmedical settings. However, even in settings where medical gloves may be used, the frequency of glove usage was much less in these sectors. OSHA estimated that an average school would use approximately eight pairs of gloves per day. In contrast, a small physician/dental office would be expected to use 30 pairs of gloves per day. Both the relative frequency of glove use and the concentration of FDA-regulated medical gloves convinced FDA to focus on the Health Services Industry (Table 11) as the area of largest potential impact. Table 11.--Establishment and Employment in the Health Services1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of Number of Average Number of Establishments and (Standard Industrial Classification Establishments Employees Employees per Codes) (thousand) (thousand) Establishment ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total Health Services (80) 1,030.0 11,000.0 10.7 [[Page 41738]] Clinics and Offices of MD's (801) 328.9 1,908.4 5.8 Clinics and Offices of Dentists (802) 138.5 709.4 5.1 Clinics and Offices of Osteopathy (803) 18.4 60.6 3.3 Other Health Practitioners (804) 243.0 483.6 2.0 Nursing Facilities (805) 57.7 2,011.8 34.9 Hospitals (806) 7.1 4,496.5 633.3 Medical/Dental Laboratories (807) 29.4 229.3 7.8 Home Health Services (808) 99.9 743.9 7.4 Other Allied Services (809) 107.7 356.5 3.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ 1992 Census of Service Industries and Bureau of Labor Statistics projections of employment trends in the health services industries. Glove manufacturers will be affected by labeling that requires additional warnings and statements concerning recommended protein and powder limits, testing and validation measures that are necessary to ensure the accuracy of this information, and limitations on the use of powder for mold release. Health facilities will face increased expenditures for surgeon's and patient examination gloves by either shifting from powdered gloves to more expensive powder-free products or continuing to use powdered gloves that cost more due to production cost increases. Manufacturers classified within the four-digit SIC code 3842 are typically small. Only 38 percent of all establishments had 20 or more employees in 1992 (Ref. 56), and companies had an average of 1.12 separate establishments. The manufacturers are highly specialized, with over 92 percent of their products considered within the medical equipment and supplies industry, and 94 percent of all medical equipment and supplies manufactured by these firms. The Small Business Administration classifies as small any entity within this industry with 500 or fewer employees (Ref. 57), capturing the majority of establishments. However, the affected manufacturers of surgeon's and patient examination gloves have some product-specific characteristics that distinguish them from the average establishment in this industry. FDA's registration system for medical devices shows 198 manufacturers of surgeon's and patient examination gloves, the vast majority of which are located outside the United States and operate in a world-wide market, although the U.S. constitutes the most significant regional market. FDA examined the records of current manufacturers and identified 10 domestic manufacturers of surgeon's and patient examination gloves out of the total 198 marketers. Only 1 of these 10 domestic manufacturers reported employment of fewer than 1,200 employees. However, FDA acknowledges that additional small domestic manufacturers could enter the market in the future. The main impacts of the proposed regulations on small manufacturers would occur if the manufacturer had to conduct additional validation tests to ensure the accuracy of protein and powder levels displayed on the product labeling and if increased inventory loss or slower production times occurred due to limited uses of powder as a mold release. Although FDA does not stipulate the acceptable validation test method in the regulation, and is soliciting comments on this issue in order to minimize its impact, it is possible that a chemist would be required on a contract basis to ensure that the actual levels of protein and powder matched the levels on the label. FDA is working with industry groups to ensure that an acceptable and reliable test method is chosen. Despite this outreach, the selected test method could impose additional and disparate costs to a small manufacturer. Similarly, increased inventory loss because of tearing in the production process due to limited powder would affect small production runs to a greater degree than large production runs. Discussions with manufacturers have indicated that any additional validation testing or negative impacts on production capability could increase the production costs of medical gloves by 5 percent or more. As discussed earlier in the analysis of impacts section (section IX.D of this document), the demand for medical gloves is highly price inelastic due to the regulatory requirement for health facilities (SIC 80) to provide barrier protection (Ref. 40) and the lack of substitute products (Ref. 42). The characteristics of the medical glove market therefore indicate that production cost increases resulting from the proposed rule are likely to be passed through in the form of higher contract prices. In addition, many facilities are currently accepting increased glove prices by establishing powder-free environments in the absence of any rule-making. Thus, production cost increases by glove manufacturers are likely to be offset by revenue gains for these same manufacturers, with the result of shifting the cost impact to the health facilities. Small health facilities therefore will also bear some regulatory impact. The Small Business Administration has defined as small any ``for-profit'' health facility with annual revenues of $5 million or less (Ref. 57). Most hospitals and nursing facilities would be considered large under this definition. However, nonprofit facilities not dominant in their field are also considered small entities. Industry characteristics of the health facility industry are shown in Table 11. Approximately 95 percent of the hospitals and nursing facilities are considered as small entities (6,700 hospitals and 54,800 nursing facilities). FDA examined the potential impact of the proposed regulations on two types of health care user facilities: Small physician/dental facilities and small hospitals. A small physician or dental facility may use as many as 25,000 (based on 120 patient visits per week) gloves each year. If the facility substitutes powder-free for powdered gloves as a result of this regulation, costs would increase by $475 per year ((25,000/100) x $1.90). Similarly, a small hospital is also likely to experience increased annual costs of acquiring gloves. An extremely small hospital with only 6 beds and a staff of 11 might use about 22,000 gloves annually. If the facility faced increased glove costs, the total increase in costs could amount to about $950. FDA wishes to collect additional information on the nature of the impacts on small entities in order to ensure that all such impacts are noted. In addition, [[Page 41739]] other public facilities such as prisons, and police or fire departments may face higher glove prices due to this regulation. FDA does not expect these costs to be significant, but solicits comments on this potential burden. 3. Analysis of Alternatives FDA has examined and rejected the following alternatives to the proposed rule:(1) Banning powdered gloves; (2) mandating protein and powder levels on medical gloves; (3) requiring all users of powdered gloves to comply with restrictions on distribution and use; (4) retaining the class I classification for all (or some) of the medical gloves; and (5) excluding powdered synthetic gloves from this rulemaking; and (6) providing for a shorter or longer compliance period. FDA has rejected the alternatives at this time for the following reasons: Alternative 1: A ban of all powdered medical gloves has been requested in a citizen petition submitted to FDA. FDA considered banning powdered gloves because that action would meet the stated objective of eliminating airborne powder and greatly reducing exposure to airborne allergens associated with the use of medical gloves. However, FDA did not select this alternative because a ban would not address exposure to NL allergens from medical gloves with high levels of NL proteins. Moreover, such a ban of powdered gloves might compromise the availability of high quality medical gloves and greatly increase the annual costs by almost as much as $64 million over the selected alternative. Alternative 2: FDA also considered mandating powder and protein levels for medical gloves because this alternative would accomplish the stated objectives more completely than banning. FDA rejected mandating powder and protein levels for medical gloves because the agency believes that the increased regulatory flexibility of the proposed rule may reduce the costs of compliance by allowing for more efficient methods of reaching the goal. Inventories could be lowered and industry capacity could be assured. Mandating specific protein and powder levels, as well as the acceptable test method, may preclude all parties from developing a more efficient system. In addition, FDA inspectional and compliance costs are minimized by relying on recommended levels of powder and protein. By ensuring user access to relevant information, the agency believes that users will move the market to a more efficient level. Alternative 3: FDA considered restricting the distribution and use of powdered NRL or synthetic material medical gloves by requiring that establishments using powdered gloves establish and maintain written procedures for selecting, purchasing and distributing gloves. FDA further considered restricting the distribution and use of powdered NRL or synthetic material medical gloves by requiring establishments using powdered gloves with more than the recommended powder levels to establish and maintain written procedures to evaluate, monitor and control airborne particulate matter at the point of use, through the use of an externally exhausted air handling system, HEPA filtration, or other system. FDA believes that these restrictions would reduce the risk of adverse foreign body and allergic reactions associated with powdered glove use. However, the extent of the expected reduction is uncertain. The expected costs of complying with these restrictions was estimated to be over $21 million. Furthermore, any such workplace restrictions may impede or preempt the authority of OSHA to regulate gloves and glove powder in the workplace. Before rejecting this alternative, the agency had examined the feasibility of exempting small facilities from the requirements of developing written procedures and air quality measures. Based on the expectation that small establishments with 10 or fewer employees would be able to communicate and control risks associated with powdered medical easier than larger institutions. Exempting small medical facilities from these controls lowers the added costs to $6.6 million. However, FDA rejected this alternative because the expected benefits of restricting glove use remained uncertain, and the potential overlap of authority with OSHA would still exist. Alternative 4: FDA considered retaining the class I classification for all or some of the medical gloves. This alternative was rejected because it did not meet the stated objectives. In light of new information concerning barrier integrity, degradation of quality during storage, contamination concerns and concerns about exposure to foreign bodies and allergens, FDA found that general controls are no longer sufficient to provide reasonable assurances of the safety and effectiveness of medical gloves. Moreover, such concerns were not limited to only powdered gloves. To require a device to meet special controls as well as general controls, a device must be classified (or reclassified) into class II. Consequently, although compliance costs would have been reduced by this alternative, retaining some or all gloves as class I devices was rejected. Alternative 5: Alternative 5 (excluding powdered synthetic gloves for this rulemaking) was considered in order to reduce cost by as much as $2.4 million per year. FDA rejected this alternative because it would not meet the stated objective of the applicable statutes. While synthetic gloves do not contain NL proteins, FDA is concerned about foreign body reactions caused by glove powder. These reactions occur whether the powder is present on a NRL or synthetic glove. Consequently, FDA is rejecting exempting powdered synthetic gloves from this regulation. Alternative 6: FDA considered providing a shorter compliance period for implementation of the regulation. A compliance period of 90 days or 1 year would significantly increase the expected benefits of the rule by decreasing the number of annual allergic reactions. FDA estimates that a 90-day or 1-year implementation period would result in between 3,300 and 3,600 fewer annual allergic reactions to NL proteins than the number expected with the selected 2-year compliance period. However, FDA is concerned that the lead times necessary to manufacture limited powder gloves would make compliance difficult. As stated earlier, manufacturing equipment used to control glove powder levels is currently backordered as much as 18 months, and short compliance periods may result in inadequate supplies of medical gloves. Not including the potential of shortages, FDA has estimated that average annualized costs of shorter compliance periods could equal $10 million to $16 million more than the selected alternative. The 2-year compliance period allows firms to combine recommended changes with any other market driven changes, and will allow firms to deplete their supply of existing labels. As set forth above, however, FDA is soliciting comment on the timeframe for implementation to determine whether a 2-year compliance period is really needed. FDA also rejected providing a longer compliance period. FDA has tentatively determined that the decrease in costs is outweighed by the decrease in benefits if the compliance period is lengthened to as many as 3 years. While annual costs would decrease by almost $9 million, allowing such a long compliance period would result in about 1,800 additional average annual allergic reactions as compared to the selected alternative and benefits would be reduced to $32.0 million. Since glove manufacturers would have ample opportunity to comply within the [[Page 41740]] selected 2-year period, FDA does not believe that additional time is justified. FDA solicits comments on other alternatives that meet the stated objectives. 4. Assuring Small Entity Participation in Rulemaking At this time, FDA does not believe that the proposed regulation will have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. However, the agency recognizes that many facilities will be affected. The impact may range from increased glove manufacturing costs due to validation testing and control of mold powder to increased contract prices of powdered gloves used by health facilities. FDA solicits comments from affected entities to ensure that this impact is analyzed. FDA plans to provide for access to the Federal Register analysis through FDA's website on the Internet. Notice of the availability of this proposed rule and request for comment will be communicated to all glove-related associations and include a request for comments. FDA is currently preparing an article for publication in latex- related trade publications that will highlight the proposed requirements. In addition, notice of the proposed rulemaking and request for comments will be available in health-related publications and sent to trade organizations. FDA actively seeks input into this proposal and requests comments on all aspects of the analysis of impacts and the regulatory flexibility analysis. X. Conclusion FDA has examined the impacts of the proposed regulation of protein and powder levels of NL gloves. Based on these estimates, the average annual quantifiable benefits ($46.9 million) exceed the average annual quantifiable costs ($32.5 million). Given the high level of uncertainty and the existence of unquantified benefits, FDA solicits comment on this analysis and all of its assumptions and projections. XI. Environmental Impact FDA has determined under 21 CFR 25.30(k) and 25.34(b) that this action is of the type that does not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment. Therefore, neither an environmental assessment nor an environmental impact statement is required. XII. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 This proposed rule contains information collections provisions that are subject to review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520). A description of these provisions is given below with an estimate of the annual reporting burden. Included in the estimate is the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing each collection of information. FDA invites comments on: (1) Whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FDA's functions, including whether the information will have practical utility; (2) the accuracy of FDA's estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used; (3) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and (4) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information on respondents, including through the use of automated collection techniques, when appropriate, and other forms of information technology. Title: Labeling and Written Procedures Requirements for Powdered and Powder-Free Patient Examination Gloves, and Powdered and Powder- Free Surgeon's Gloves. Description: The proposed rule intends to provide users with material information to safely use patient examination and surgeon's gloves. The proposed rule expands the labeling for medical gloves to include: (1) Caution statements including the actual levels of protein and powder on the gloves, and (2) expiration dating. The proposed labeling requirements would require manufacturers to conduct tests to support the protein and glove powder levels and expiration date. The proposed special control, a guidance document entitled ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual,'' recommends that protein levels be measured by the ASTM D 5712 modified Lorry method and that glove powder levels be measured by the ASTM D6124-97 method. The labeling requirements also require stability testing to support the expiration date. The special control recommends that stability testing include tensile strength, elongation and water leak tests. The labeling is intended to communicate useful information to users about FDA's guidance recommending the use of gloves with no more than 1,200 <greek-m>g of protein and 120 mg of glove powder (or 2 mg of powder, for powder-free gloves) and to ensure that the labeling contains adequate directions for use. The labeling would require manufacturers to indicate the actual levels of protein and powder on the gloves so that the user can ascertain if the gloves meet the recommended limits on protein and powder, which are intended to reduce exposure to particulates and airborne allergens. The expiration date labeling is intended to ensure that medical glove users have appropriate information regarding shelf life to enable them to use medical gloves safely by avoiding products that may have degraded. Description of Respondents: Businesses or other for profit organizations. Table 12.--Estimated Annual Reporting Burden1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Annual 21 CFR Section No. of Frequency per Total Annual Hours per Total Hours Total Capital Respondents Response Responses Response Costs ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 801.440(a) 180 1 180 22 3,960 $985,248 801.440(b) 18 1 18 14 252 801.440(c) 178 1 178 16 2,848 801.440(d) 376 42 1,504 72 108,288 Total 115,348 $985,248 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ There are no operating and maintenance costs associated with this collection of information. \2\ The annual burden reported here represents the first year in which a manufacturer would have conducted testing at 0 days, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. FDA expects in any succeeding years, testing would only be done at 6-month intervals. [[Page 41741]] For the proposed labeling requirements, the hours per response included the hours estimated, based upon communications with industry, to run the tests to support the powder and protein levels and the expiration date, as well as the hours estimated to change the respondent's labeling. The total capital costs were derived from multiplying the total annual responses for protein testing and multiplying it by the estimated costs of buying a spectrometer and a plate reader, instruments that are necessary to conduct the protein testing. That cost was then annualized over a 5-year period. Based on communication with industry, FDA estimates that a respondent would take approximately 8 hours to run the protein tests necessary to obtain a protein level to add to the labeling. FDA bases its estimate on the ASTM D 6124-97 protein test. Based on communication with industry, FDA estimates that a respondent would take approximately 6 hours to run the powder tests necessary to obtain a powder level to add to the labeling. FDA bases its estimate on the ASTM D 5712 modified Lowry method powder test. Based on communication with industry, FDA estimates that a respondent would take approximately 16 hours to run the elongation, tensile strength, and waterleak tests recommended to support the expiration date. In the first year, FDA estimates that the tests would be run 4 times, at 0 days, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year (16 X 4 = 64). In the second, or succeeding years, FDA expects the tests to be run twice a year. FDA estimates that a respondent would take approximately 8 hours to change the labeling and approximately 8 hours to change the promotional materials to include the appropriate caution statement and the expiration date. This 16 hours is divided between the labeling changes proposed in Sec. 801.440(a) and (d) resulting in 8 hours being assessed for the caution statement and 8 hours being assessed for the expiration date. FDA estimates the number of burden hours per response for Sec. 801.440(a) is 22. That burden comes from the sum of the hours for running the powder and protein tests (8 hours plus 6 hours) and the hours for changing the labeling (8 hours). FDA estimates the number of burden hours per response for Sec. 801.440(b) is 14. That burden comes from the sum of the hours for running the powder tests (6 hours) and the hours for changing the labeling (8 hours). FDA estimates the number of burden hours per response for Sec. 801.440(c) is 16. That burden comes from the sum of the hours for running the protein tests (8 hours) and the hours for changing the labeling (8 hours). FDA estimates the number of burden hours per response for Sec. 801.440(d) is 72. That burden comes from the sum of the hours for running the elongation, tensile strength, and waterleak tests four times in the first year (64 hours) and the hours for changing the labeling (8 hours). FDA believes that manufacturers already have the equipment necessary to do the tests to support the powder levels and expiration dating because such equipment is currently being used to test the gloves. In order to do the protein tests recommended by FDA, FDA believes a manufacturer would need to obtain a spectrometer and a plate reader. FDA estimates that buying this equipment would cost approximately $22,000 (approximately $10,000 for the spectrometer and $12,000 for the plate reader). In addition, FDA assumed a 7 percent discount on the price of the equipment and that the equipment would be annualized over a 5-year period. In order to obtain a per annualized year estimate, FDA multiplied the cost by the discount ($22,000 x .244). FDA added the discounted amount ($5,368) to the cost of the equipment ($22,000) for a total equipment cost of $27,368. That cost annualized over a 5-year period is $5,473.60. FDA multiplied that cost by the number of respondents testing for protein levels (180) for a total capital cost of $985,248. In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3507(d)), FDA has submitted the information collection provisions of this proposed rule to OMB for review. Interested persons are requested to send comments regarding information collection by August 30, 1999, to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, OMB, New Executive Office Bldg., 725 17th St. NW., rm. 10235, Washington, DC 20503, Attn.: Wendy Taylor, Desk Officer for FDA. XIII. References The following references have been placed on display in the Dockets Management Branch (address above) and may be seen by interested persons between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday. 1. Kaczmarek, R., R. Moore, J. McCrohan, et al., ``Glove Use by Health Care Workers: Results of a Tri-state Investigation,'' American Journal of Infection Control, 19:228-232, 1991. 2. Kibby, T., and M. Akl, ``Prevalence of Latex Sensitization in a Hospital Employee Population,'' Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 78:41-44, 1997. 3. Kaczmarek, R., B. Silverman, T. Gross, et al., ``Prevalence of Latex-specific IgE Antibodies in Hospital Personnel,'' Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 76:51-56, 1996. 4. Arellano, R., J. Bradley, and G. Sussman, `` Prevalence of Latex Sensitization Among Hospital Physicians Occupationally Exposed to Latex Gloves,'' Anesthesiology, 77:905-908, 1992. 5. Lagier, F., D. Vervioet, I. Lhermet, et al., `` Prevalence of Latex Allergy in Operating Room Nurses,'' Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 90:319-322, 1992. 6. Yassin, M., M. Lierl, T. Fischer, et al., ``Latex Allergy in Hospital Employees,'' Annals of Allergy, 72:245-249, 1994. 7. Ownby, D., H. Ownby, J. McCullough, and A. Shafer, ``The Prevalence of Anti-latex IgE Antibodies in 1000 Volunteer Blood Donors [Abstract],'' Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 97:1188-1192, 1996. 8. Lebenbom-Mansour, M., J. Oesterle, et al., ``The Incidence of Latex Sensitivity in Ambulatory Surgical Patients: A Correlation of Historical Factors with Positive Serum Immunoglobin E Levels,'' Anesthesia and Analgesia, 85:44-49, July 1997. 9. FDA, Medical device reporting databases of adverse event reports, Rockville, MD, 1996-1997 (World Wide Web access: http:// www.fda.gov/cdrh/mdr.html). 10. Beezhold, D. and W. Beck, ``Surgical Glove Powders Bind Latex Antigens,'' Archives of Surgery, 127:1354-1357, 1992. 11. Tomazic, V., E. Shampaine, A. Lamanna, T. Withrow, N. Adkinson, Jr., and R. Hamilton, ``Cornstarch Powder on Latex Products Is an Allergen Carrier,'' Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 93:751-758, 1994. 12. Tarlo, S., G. Sussman, A. Contala, and M. Swanson, ``Control of Airborne Latex by Use of Powder-free Latex Gloves,'' Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 93:985-989, 1994. 13. Swanson, M., M. Bubak, L. Hunt, J. Yunginger, M. Warner, and C. Reed, ``Clinical Aspects of Allergic Disease: Quantification of Occupational Latex Aeroallergens in a Medical Center,'' Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 94:445-451, 1994. 14. Heilman, D., R. Jones, M. Swanson, and J. Yunginger, ``A Prospective, Controlled Study Showing that Rubber Gloves Are the Major Contributor to Latex Aeroallergen Levels in the Operating Room,'' Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 98:325-330, 1996. 15. Ellis, H., ``The Hazards of Surgical Glove Dusting Powders,'' Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics, 171: 521-527, 1990. 16. Edlich, R., ``A Plea for Powder-free Surgical Gloves,'' The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 12:69-71, 1994. 17. Hunt, T., J. Slavin, and W. Goodson, ``Starch Powder Contamination of Surgical Wounds,'' Archives of Surgery, 129: 825- 828, 1994. 18. Luijendijk, R., D. deLange, C. Wauters, W. Hop, et al., ``Foreign Material in Postoperative Adhesions,'' Annals of Surgery, 223: 242-248, 1996. [[Page 41742]] 19. Holmdahl, L., B. Risberg, D. Beck, et al., ``Adhesions: Pathogenesis and Prevention-Panel Discussion and Summary,'' European Journal of Surgery, Supplement, 163 (Suppl. 577), 56-62, 1997. 20. Williams, P., and J. Halsey, ``Endotoxin as a Factor in Adverse Reactions to Latex Gloves,'' Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, 79:303-310, October 1997. 21. Department of Health and Human Services (NIOSH), ``National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Alert: Preventing Allergic Reactions to Natural Rubber Latex in the Workplace,'' Publ. No. 97-135, June 1997. 22. Aziz, N., ``Chlorination of Gloves,'' Paper No. 5 of the Latex Protein Workshop of the International Rubber Technology Conference, June 1993, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 23. FDA, CDRH, ``Environmental Degradation of Latex Gloves: The Effects of Elevated Temperature on Tensile Strength,'' Division of Mechanics and Materials Science Report # 96-05, D. Walsh, D. Chwirut, R. Kotz, and J. Dawson, Rockville, MD, 1997. 24. McLelland, J., S. Shuster, and J. Matthews, ``Irritants Increase the Response to an Allergen in Allergic Contact Dermatitis,'' Archives of Dermatology, 127:1016-1019, 1991. 25. van der Meeren, H., and P. van Erp, ``Life-threatening Contact Urticaria from Glove Powder,'' Contact Dermatitis, 14:190- 191, 1986. 26. Seggev, J., T. Mawhinney, J. Yunginger, and S. Braun, ``Anaphylaxis Due to Cornstarch Surgical Glove Powder,'' Annals of Allergy, 65:152-155, 1990. 27. Assalve D., C. Cicioni, P. Pernio, and P. List, ``Contact Urticaria and Anaphylactoid Reaction from Cornstarch Surgical Glove Powder,'' Contact Dermatitis, 19:61, 1988. 28. Ruff, F., P. Thomas, and B. Przybilla, ``Natural Rubber Latex as an Aeroallergen in the General Environment,'' Contact Dermatitis, 35:46-47, 1996. 29. Vandenplas, O., J. P. Delwiche, and Y. Sibille, ``Occupational Asthma Due to Latex in a Hospital Administrative Employee,'' Thorax, 51:452-453, 1996. 30. Kujala, V., and K. Reijula, ``Glove-related Rhinopathy Among Hospital Personnel,'' American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 30:164-170, 1996. 31. Pisati, G., A. Baruffini, Bernabeo, and R. Stanizzi, ``Bronchial Provocation Testing in the Diagnosis of Occupational Asthma Due to Latex Surgical Gloves,'' European Respiratory Journal, 7:332-336, 1994. 32. Palosuo, T., S. Makinen-Kiljunen, H. Alenius, et al., ``Measurement of Natural Rubber Latex Allergen Levels in Medical Gloves by Allergen-specific IgE-ELISA Inhibition, RAST Inhibition and Skin Prick Test,'' Allergy, 53:59-67, 1998. 33. FDA, CDRH, ``Glove Powder Content on Surgical and Examination Gloves,'' V. Tomazic, Division of Life Sciences Progress Report, 1998. 34. Rabussay, D., and D. Korniewicz, ``Improving Glove Barrier Effectiveness,'' AORN Journal, 66:1043-1063, 1997. 35. Korniewicz, D., ``Barrier Protection of Latex,'' Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 15/1:123-137, 1995. 36. Korniewicz, D., M. Kirwin, K. Cresci, et al., ``In-use Comparison of Latex Gloves in Two High-Risk Units: Surgical Intensive Care and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,'' Heart & Lung, 21:81-84, 1992. 37. U. S. General Accounting Office, ``Medical Devices: Early Warning of Problems Is Hampered by Severe Underreporting,'' GAO/T- PEMD-87-1, 1987. 38. U.S. FDA, CDRH, ``Medical Glove Powder Report,'' 1997. 39. U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, ``National Health Interview Survey,'' 1996. 40. U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration, final rule on ``occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens'' (29 CFR 1910.1030) (56 FR 64004, December 6, 1991). 41. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Industrial Outlook, 1994. 42. Katz, M. L., and H. Rosen, Microeconomics, 2d Ed., Irwin Press, 1998. 43. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Service Industries, 1992. 44. Ramey, V., ``Nonconvex Costs and the Behavior of Inventories,'' Journal of Political Economy, 99:306-334, April 1991. 45. Hall, G., ``Non-Convex Costs and Capital Utilization: A Study of Production Scheduling at Automobile Assembly Plants,'' Yale University Press, November 1997. 45a. Eastern Research Group; ``Preliminary Estimates: Labeling and Related Testing Costs for Medical Glove Manufacturers,'' Memorandum, January 18, 1999. 46. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor Review, 120, No. 11. 1997. 47. French M. T., J. A. Mauskopg, et al., ``Estimating the Dollar Value of Health Outcomes from Drug Abuse Interventions,'' Medical Care, 34(9):890-910, 1996. 48. Johnson, F., E. Fries, et al., ``Valuing Morbidity: An Integration of Willingness-to-Pay and Health-status Index Literatures,'' Journal of Economic Literature, December 1996. 49. Kaplan, R., J. Bush, et al., ``Health status: Types of Validity and the Index of Well-being,'' Health Services Research, Winter 1976: 478-507. 50. Kaplan, R., and J. Bush, ``Health-Related Quality of Life Measurement for Evaluation Research and Policy Analysis,'' Health Psychology, 1(1):61-80, 1982. 51. Viscusi, K., ``Fatal Tradeoffs: Public and Private Responsibilities for Risk,'' Oxford University Press, 1992. 52. Fisher, A., L. Chestnut, et al., ``The Value of Reducing Risks of Death: A Note on New Evidence,'' Journal of Policy, Analysis and Management, 8(1):88-100. 1989. 53. Mudarri, D., EPA, ``The Costs and Benefits of Smoking Restrictions: An Assessment of the Smoke-free Environment Act of 1993 (H.R. 3434),'' 1994. 54. Chen, M., and J. Bush, `` Social Indicators for Health Planning and Policy Analysis,'' Policy Sciences, 6:71-89, 1975. 55. FDA, Office of Planning and Evaluation and Eastern Research Group, Economic Impact Analysis of Regulations Under the Mammography Quality Standards Act of 1992, 1997. 55a. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, ``Monthly Labor Review,'' 1995. 55b. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, ``Employment and Earnings,'' September 1998. 56. U.S. Bureau of Census, ``Census of Manufacturers,'' 1992. 57. U.S. Small Business Administration, ``Table of Size Standards,'' 1996. List of Subjects 21 CFR Part 801 Labeling, Medical devices, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. 21 CFR Parts 878 and 880 Medical devices. Therefore, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and under authority delegated to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, it is proposed that 21 CFR parts 801, 878, and 880 be amended as follows: PART 801--LABELING 1. The authority citation for 21 CFR part 801 is revised to read as follows: Authority: 21 U.S.C. 321, 331, 351, 352, 360c, 360i, 360j, 371, 374. 2. Section 801.437 is amended by revising paragraph (d) to read as follows: Sec. 801.437 User labeling for devices that contain natural rubber. * * * * * (d)(1) As described in paragraph (b) of this section, devices containing natural rubber latex that contacts humans, except natural rubber latex surgeon's and patient examination gloves shall bear the following statement in bold print on the device labeling: ``Caution: This Product Contains Natural Rubber Latex Which May Cause Allergic Reactions.'' This statement shall appear on all device labels, and other labeling, and shall appear on the principal display panel of the device packaging, the outside package, container, or wrapper, and the immediate device package, container, or wrapper. (2) Natural rubber latex surgeon's and patient examination gloves shall bear the appropriate caution statement delineated in Sec. 801.440(a) or (c). This statement shall appear on all device labels, and other labeling, and shall appear on the principal display panel of the device packaging, the outside package, container, or wrapper, and the immediate device package, container, or wrapper. * * * * * 3. Section 801.440 is added to subpart H to read as follows: [[Page 41743]] Sec. 801.440 User labeling for powdered and powder-free surgeon's and patient examination gloves. The caution statements required in this section shall appear on all device labels, and other labeling, and shall appear on the principal display panel of the device packaging, the outside package, container, or wrapper, and the immediate device package, container, or wrapper. (a) Natural rubber latex powdered surgeon's gloves and powdered patient examination gloves shall bear the following statement: ``Caution: This product contains natural rubber latex which may cause allergic reactions. FDA recommends that this product contain no more than 120 mg powder and 1,200 <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove. This product contains no more than [insert level] mg powder and no more than [insert level] <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove.'' (b) Synthetic material powdered surgeon's or powdered patient examination gloves shall bear the following statement: ``Caution: Glove powder is associated with adverse reactions. FDA recommends that this product contain no more than 120 milligrams powder per glove. This product contains no more than [insert level] mg powder per glove.'' (c) Natural rubber latex powder-free surgeon's gloves and powder- free patient examination gloves shall bear the following statement: ``Caution: This product contains natural rubber latex which may cause allergic reactions. FDA recommends that this product contain no more than 1,200 <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove. This product contains no more than [insert level] <greek-m>g extractable protein per glove.'' (d) All surgeon's and patient examination gloves shall bear an expiration date as follows: (1) The expiration date shall state the month and year of the shelf-life as supported by data from the studies described in paragraph (d)(3) of this section; (2) The expiration date must be prominently displayed on the exterior of the primary and retail package, and on the shipping carton; (3) The expiration date must be supported by stability studies demonstrating acceptable physical and mechanical integrity of the product over the shelf-life of the product from its date of manufacture; (4) For each glove design, the testing data and stability study protocol supporting an expiration date must be maintained by the manufacturer for a period equivalent to the design and expected life of that glove type, and shall be made available for inspection and copying by FDA; and (5) Sterile surgeon's and patient examination gloves that have a date of expiration based on sterility that is different from the expiration date based upon physical and mechanical integrity testing shall bear only the earlier expiration date. PART 878--GENERAL AND PLASTIC SURGERY DEVICES 4. The authority citation for 21 CFR part 878 continues to read as follows: Authority: 21 U.S.C. 351, 360, 360c, 360e, 360j, 360l, 371. 5. Section 878.4460 is revised to read as follows: Sec. 878.4460 Surgeon's gloves, powdered. (a) Identification. A powdered surgeon's glove is a disposable device made of natural rubber latex or synthetic material that bears powder to facilitate donning, and it is intended to be worn on the hands, usually in surgical settings, to provide a barrier against potentially infectious materials and other contaminants. The lubricating or dusting powder used on these gloves is classified separately in Sec. 878.4480. (b) Classification. Class II special controls are as follows: (1) Guidance document. The Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual,'' as revised. The guidance document is available from the Division of Small Manufacturers Assistance (HFZ-220), Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, 1350 Piccard Dr., Rockville, MD 20850. (2) Labeling. User labeling requirements in Sec. 801.440 of this chapter. 6. Section 878.4461 is added to subpart E to read as follows: Sec. 878.4461 Surgeon's gloves, powder-free. (a) Identification. A powder-free surgeon's glove is a disposable device made of natural rubber latex or synthetic material that may bear a trace amount of glove powder and is intended to be worn on the hands, usually in surgical settings, to provide a barrier against potentially infectious materials and other contaminants. (b) Classification. Class II special controls are as follows: (1) Guidance document. The Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual,'' as revised (See Sec. 878.4460(b)(1)). (2) Labeling. User labeling requirements in Sec. 801.440 of this chapter. PART 880--GENERAL HOSPITAL AND PERSONAL USE DEVICES 7. The authority citation for 21 CFR part 880 continues to read as follows: Authority: 21 U.S.C. 351, 360, 360c, 360e, 360j, 371. 8. Section 880.6250 is revised to read as follows: Sec. 880.6250 Patient examination gloves, powdered. (a) Identification. A powdered patient examination glove is a disposable device made of natural rubber latex or synthetic material that bears powder to facilitate donning and is intended to be worn on the hand or finger(s) for medical purposes to provide a barrier against potentially infectious materials and other contaminants. (b) Classification. Class II special controls are as follows: (1) Guidance document. The Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual,'' as revised. The guidance document is available from the Division of Small Manufacturers Assistance (HFZ-220), Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, 1350 Piccard Dr., Rockville, MD 20850. (2) Labeling. User labeling requirements in Sec. 801.440 of this chapter. 9. Section 880.6251 is added to subpart G to read as follows: Sec. 880.6251 Patient examination gloves, powder-free. (a) Identification. A powder-free patient examination glove is a disposable device made of natural rubber latex or synthetic material that may bear a trace amount of glove powder and is intended to be worn on the hand or finger(s) for medical purposes to provide a barrier against potentially infectious materials and other contaminants. (b) Classification. Class II special controls are as follows: (1) Guidance document. The Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, ``Medical Glove Guidance Manual,'' as revised (See Sec. 880.6250(b)(1)). (2) Labeling. User labeling requirements in Sec. 801.440 of this chapter. Dated: March 2, 1999. Jane E. Henney, Commissioner of Food and Drugs. Donna E. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services. [FR Doc. 99-19191 Filed 7-29-99; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4160-01-F

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# Presentation: 216399 ## People Living with HIV/AIDS 200242 million worldwide **Latin America** **1.5 million** **E. Europe/Central Asia** **1.2 million** **E. Asia/Pacific** **1.2 million** **Sub-Saharan Africa** **29.4 million** **N. Africa/Mid-East** **550,000** **South/S.E. Asia** **6 million** **Caribbean** **440,000** - Source: UNAIDS, AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2002 ## AIDS Deaths in 20023.1 million worldwide **Latin America** **60,000** **E. Europe/Central Asia** **25,000** **E. Asia/Pacific** **45,000** **Sub-Saharan Africa** **2.4 million** **N. Africa/Mid-East** **37,000** **South/S.E. Asia** **440,000** **Caribbean** **42,000** - Source: UNAIDS, AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2002 ## New HIV Infections in 20025 million worldwide **Latin America** **150,000** **E. Europe/Central Asia** **250,000** **E. Asia/Pacific** **270,000** **Sub-Saharan Africa** **3.5 million** **N. Africa/Mid-East** **83,000** **South/S.E. Asia** **700,000** **Caribbean** **60,000** - Source: UNAIDS, AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2002 ## Global HIV Infections by Mode of Transmission - Source: USAID ## Regional HIV/AIDS Statistics 2002 | | People Living with HIV/AIDS | New HIV Infections in 2001 | Adult HIV Prevalence Rate | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Sub-Saharan Africa | 29.4 million | 3.5 million | 8.8% | | North Africa & Middle East | 550,000 | 83,000 | 0.3% | | South & Southeast Asia | 6 million | 700,000 | 0.6% | | East Asia & Pacific | 1.2 million | 270,000 | 0.1% | | Latin America | 1.5 million | 150,000 | 0.6% | | Caribbean | 440,000 | 60,000 | 2.4% | | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | 1.2 million | 250,000 | 0.6% | - Source: UNAIDS, AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2002 ## HIV-Positive Men and Women by Region - Source: UNAIDS, Global Epidemic Update, December 2002

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**Before the** **Federal Communications Commission** **Washington, D.C. 20554** In the Matter of ) File No. EB --00-IH-0057 ) **Matrix Telecom, Inc.** ) NAL/Acct. No. X32080022 ## ## NOTICE OF APPARENT LIABILITY FOR FORFEITURE **Adopted: July 21, 2000 Released: July 27, 2000** By the Commission: ## I. INTRODUCTION 1\. In this Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture (\"NAL\"), we find that Matrix Telecom, Inc. has apparently violated Section 254(d) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended (the "Act"), and Section 54.706 of the Commission's rules by willfully and repeatedly failing to make required contributions to universal service support programs. [^1] Based on our review of the facts and circumstances in this case, we conclude that Matrix is apparently liable for a forfeiture in the amount of \$113,000. # # II. BACKGROUND ### 2\. In 1996, Congress amended the Act to require that: > Every telecommunications carrier that provides interstate > telecommunications services shall contribute, on an equitable and > nondiscriminatory basis, to the specific, predictable, and sufficient > mechanisms established by the Commission to preserve and advance > universal service.[^2] In implementing Section 254, the Commission authorized the Universal Service Administrative Company ("USAC") to administer universal service support mechanisms and to perform billing and collection functions.[^3] As to these matters, the Commission directed USAC to distribute, receive and process the Universal Service Worksheet (now the Telecommunications Reporting Worksheet) ("Worksheet"), which is used to report certain categories of revenue for the purpose of calculating a carrier's universal service contribution, and to adjust carriers' contributions in accordance with factors established by the Commission.[^4] In addition, the Commission gave USAC the authority to bill carriers monthly, starting in February 1998.[^5] In order to foster compliance with universal service requirements, the Commission's rules provide that a carrier's failure "to submit the required . . . contributions may subject the contributor to the enforcement provisions of the Act and any other applicable law."[^6] 3\. Matrix, a provider of interstate telecommunication services, does not appear to dispute its liability for universal service contributions and has paid a portion of the amount it owes for universal service. USAC's records reflect that since January 1999, Matrix has made over fourteen payments to USAC, totaling more than \$1.3 million. During that period, however, Matrix has missed eight monthly payments and failed to cure its arrearages. As a result, USAC's records indicate that, as of April 17, 2000, Matrix owed over \$1 million in universal service payments. 4\. In February 2000, the Enforcement Bureau sent a letter to Matrix explaining that Matrix was the subject of a potential enforcement action. [^7] In its response, Matrix states that it "wishes to ensure full compliance with the Commission's Rules and seeks to retire its outstanding universal service obligation as soon as practicable."[^8] In a follow-up letter, Matrix explained that Platinum Equity Holdings, LLC acquired Matrix from Netlojix Communications, Inc. (formerly Avtel) on November 30, 1999 and a new management team is now in place.[^9] Also in that letter, Matrix reported that it had presented USAC with a payment plan designed to cure its current arrearage in thirty-six months. Matrix represented that each month it will pay an amount equal to its current monthly obligation and an additional \$21,500 toward the amount it is in arrears. Matrix has been making payments pursuant to this plan since May 2000. **III. DISCUSSION** 5\. We conclude that Matrix is apparently liable for forfeiture for willful and repeated violations of Section 254 of the Act and the Commission's rules governing universal service contributions. Since early 1999, Matrix has paid only a portion of its universal service obligations. As noted above, Section 254(d) of the Act and Sections 54.706 and 54.709 of the Commission's rules require that interstate telecommunications carriers make universal service contributions in the amount calculated by USAC. [^10] We find that Matrix's failure to make the required contributions is both willful and repeated. The term "willful" means that the violator knew that it was taking the action in question, irrespective of any intent to violate the Commission's rules,[^11] and "repeated" means more than once.[^12] Considering the record before us, it appears that Matrix knowingly failed to make universal service payments in the full amounts set forth in USAC's monthly invoices. 6\. Section 503(b)(1)(B) of the Act provides that any person who willfully or repeatedly fails to comply with the Act or the Commission's rules shall be liable for a forfeiture penalty.[^13] Section 503(b)(2)(B) of the Act authorizes the Commission to assess a forfeiture of up to \$110,000 for each violation, or each day of a continuing violation, up to a statutory maximum of \$1,100,000 for a single act or failure to act.[^14] In assessing a forfeiture, we take into account the statutory factors set forth in Section 503(b)(2)(D) of the Act, which include the nature, circumstances, extent and gravity of the violation, and, with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior offenses, ability to pay, and such other matters as justice may require.[^15] 7\. Although Matrix's delinquency has continued since early 1999, we limit the scope of this NAL to Matrix's apparent failures to make the contributions assessed in USAC invoices for November and December 1999,[^16] each of which sought a monthly contribution of \$149,614 for the universal service programs. Although, in the past, we have sanctioned carriers for failure to make the required universal service contributions for only one month of a continuing violation, we expressly stated that: > \[I\]n light of the accumulating record of non-compliance, we are > prepared to impose substantially greater forfeitures in the future. . > . . \[O\]ur future notices likely will cover greater periods of > non-payment than a single month . . . \[and\] will be based on some > variant of \[our\] formula, which includes, as a component of the > forfeiture, one half of the unpaid contribution amount for the period > in question.[^17] 8\. Taking into account the factors listed in Section 503(b)(2)(D) of the Act,[^18] as well as Commission precedent, we find Matrix apparently liable for a forfeiture of \$113,000. This forfeiture consists of three components. First, we have assessed a base figure of \$40,000 as a general fixed penalty of \$20,000 for each of the two violations at issue.[^19] As we noted in the [Conquest Forfeiture Order]{.underline}, it is necessary to set a base figure designed to deter delinquencies regardless of their amount.[^20] Second, consistent with the [ConQuest Forfeiture Order]{.underline}, we have added to the base amount of \$40,000 an amount equal to one half of the unpaid \$299,228 universal service contributions for the months of November and December1999, or an addition of \$149,614.[^21] We have imposed this component of the forfeiture to illustrate that a delinquent carrier's culpability and the consequential damage it causes to the goal of universal service may vary with the size of the contributions it fails to make.[^22] 9\. Finally, for the reasons explained below, we have applied a downward adjustment of \$76,614, approximately 40% of the sum of the first two components. The Act and the Commission's rules provide a framework for adjusting the forfeiture amounts imposed depending on the facts and circumstances of the particular case.[^23] Although Matrix has repeatedly failed to pay in full outstanding balances when due, Matrix has acknowledged its liability for the amounts assessed, and has made significant efforts to rectify its failure to make required universal service contributions. As noted, since January 1999, Matrix has made over fourteen payments totaling over \$1.3 million toward its universal service obligations. Further, Matrix has submitted a plan designed to cure its arrearage. We consider Matrix's significant efforts to pay to be a factor warranting a downward adjustment of the amount of the forfeiture. We also consider its submission of a plan to cure its outstanding balance and commencement of payments on that plan to be an additional factor warranting a downward adjustment. 10\. Although Matrix's failure to make payment in other months represents separate violations of the Act and our rules, we are not imposing any sanction for these apparent violations at this time. Nevertheless, we note that these violations could form the basis for additional notices of apparent liability.[^24] If Matrix continues to violate our universal service rules, such violations could result in future NALs proposing substantially greater forfeitures, or could result in issuance of a show cause order to revoke Matrix's operating authority.[^25] ## IV. ORDERING CLAUSES 11\. Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED THAT, pursuant to Section 503(b) of the Act,[^26] and Section 1.80 of the Commission's rules,[^27] Matrix Telecom, Inc. is hereby NOTIFIED of its APPARENT LIABILITY FOR A FORFEITURE in the amount of one hundred thirteen thousand dollars (\$113,000) for violating the Act and the Commission\'s rules requiring regular contributions for universal service. 12\. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED THAT, pursuant to Section 1.80 of the Commission\'s rules,[^28] within thirty days of this NOTICE OF APPARENT LIABILITY Matrix Telecom, Inc. SHALL PAY the full amount of the proposed forfeiture or SHALL FILE a written statement seeking reduction or cancellation of the proposed forfeiture. 13\. Payment of the forfeiture may be made by credit card through the Commission\'s Credit and Debt Management Center at (202) 418-1995 or by mailing a check or similar instrument, payable to the order of the Federal Communications Commission, to the Forfeiture Collection Section, Finance Branch, Federal Communications Commission, P.O. Box 73482, Chicago, Illinois 60673-7482. The payment should note the NAL/Acct. No. referenced above. 14\. The response, if any, must be mailed to the Federal Communications Commission, Enforcement Bureau, Investigations and Hearings Division, 445 12th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20554 and MUST INCLUDE THE NAL/Acct. No. referenced above. 15\. The Commission will not consider reducing or canceling a forfeiture in response to a claim of inability to pay unless the respondent submits: (1) federal tax returns for the most recent three-year period; (2) financial statements prepared according to generally accepted accounting practices ("GAAP"); or (3) some other reliable and objective documentation that accurately reflects the respondent's current financial status. Any claim of inability to pay must specifically identify the basis for the claim by reference to the financial documentation submitted. 16\. Requests for payment of the full amount of this Notice of Apparent Liability under an installment plan should be sent to: Chief, Credit and Debt Management Center, 445 12th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20554.[^29] 17\. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED THAT a copy of this NOTICE OF APPARENT LIABILITY shall be sent by Certified Mail Return Receipt Requested to Thomas K. Crowe, Esq. counsel for Matrix Telecom, Inc., 2300 M Street, N.W. Suite 800, Washington, D.C. 20037. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Magalie Roman Salas Secretary [^1]: 47 U.S.C. § 254(d); 47 C.F.R. § 54.706. [^2]: 47 U.S.C. § 254(d). [^3]: *See* [Amendment of Parts 54 and 69 -- Changes to Board of NECA, Inc.]{.underline}, 12 FCC Rcd 18400, 18415 (1997) ("[NECA Changes Order]{.underline}"); 47 C.F.R. § 54.702(b). [^4]: *See* [NECA Changes Order]{.underline}, 12 FCC Rcd at 18424-25; 47 C.F.R. §§ 54.709(a)(1-3), 54.711(a). [^5]: *See* [Amendment of Part 54 -- Universal Service]{.underline}, 12 FCC Rcd 22423, 22425 (1997); 47 C.F.R. §§ 54.709(a)(4), 54.709(d). [^6]: 47 C.F.R. § 54.713. [^7]: Letter from David H. Solomon, Chief, Enforcement Bureau, to Matrix Telecom, Inc. dated February 16, 2000. [^8]: Letter from Thomas K. Crowe, Esq., counsel for Matrix to David H. Solomon, Chief, Enforcement Bureau, dated March 10, 2000. [^9]: Letter from Todd Murcer, Manager of Business Development, Matrix Telecom, Inc. to Suzanne M. Tertrault, Assistant Chief, Enforcement Bureau, dated May 30, 2000. [^10]: 47 U.S.C. 254(d); 47 C.F.R. §§ 54.706, 54.709. [^11]: *See* [Jerry Szoka]{.underline}, 14 FCC Rcd 9857, 9865 (1999); [Southern California Broadcasting Co.]{.underline}, 6 FCC Rcd 4387 (1991). [^12]: *See* [Hale Broadcasting Corp.]{.underline}, 79 FCC 2d 169, 171 (1980). [^13]: 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(1)(B); 47 C.F.R. § 1.80(a)(2). [^14]: 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(2)(B); 47 C.F.R. § 1.80(b)(2). [^15]: 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(2)(D). *See also* [The Commission's Forfeiture Policy Statement and Amendment of Section 1.80 of the Rules to Incorporate the Forfeiture Guidelines]{.underline}, 12 FCC Rcd 17087, 17100-01 (1997), *recon. denied*, 15 FCC Rcd 303 (1999) ("[Forfeiture Guidelines]{.underline}"). [^16]: According to USAC's records, Matrix's November universal service contribution was due on December 16, 1999 and its December contribution was due on January 14, 2000. [^17]: [ConQuest Operator Services Corp.]{.underline}, 14 FCC Rcd 12518, 12528 (1999) ("[ConQuest Forfeiture Order]{.underline}"). [^18]: 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(2)(D). [^19]: *See* [ConQuest Forfeiture Order]{.underline}, 14 FCC Rcd at 12527 (The Commission determined that \$20,000 should be the general penalty for failure to pay the assessed universal service contribution in a timely manner). [^20]: *See* [id.]{.underline} [^21]: [Id.]{.underline} *See also* [Operator Communications, Inc.]{.underline}, 13 FCC Rcd 16082, 16087 (1998) [^22]: *See* [Conquest Forfeiture Order]{.underline}, 14 FCC Rcd at 12,527, ¶ 19. [^23]: *See* 1.80(b)(4) of the Commission's rules and accompanying note, 47 C.F.R. 1.80(b)(4). *See also* [Forfeiture Guidelines]{.underline}, 12 FCC Rcd at 17100-01 ("\[T\]he adjustment factors we evaluate in considering the actions of the violator include egregious misconduct, ability or inability to pay, intentional violations, prior violation of the same or other requirements, good faith or voluntary disclosure, and history of overall compliance. 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(2)(D). In sum, although the base amount is the starting point in assessing a forfeiture, the forfeiture may be decreased below the base amount or increased to the statutory maximum when the adjustment criteria are considered based on the facts of the case"). [^24]: [ConQuest Forfeiture Order]{.underline}, 14 FCC Rcd at 12527. [^25]: *See* [CCN, Inc. *et al*.]{.underline}, 12 FCC Rcd 8547 (1997) (the "Fletcher Companies"). [^26]: 47 U.S.C. § 503. [^27]: 47 C.F.R. § 1.80. [^28]: [Id.]{.underline} [^29]: *See* 47 C.F.R. § 1.1914.

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776127

# Presentation: 776127 ## SENIOR MANAGEMENT QUARTERLY **ARTICLE 12 STATUS** **Robert Lee** **Environmental Services Division** **June 22, 2000** **Notes:** Bet Flores, manager of the Environmental Services Division ## ARTICLE 12 BACKGROUND - Suffolk County Sanitary Code: Goal to protect groundwater - Protect environment from spills and leaks from tanks - Minimum design standards for storage facilities - Tanks - Chemical storage areas - Piping - Does not include facilities associated with Environmental Restoration activities - Must be equally protective of the environment ## ARTICLE 12 - REQUIREMENTS **Administrative Requirements**: “Registrations”, Labeling, Inspections **Technical Requirements**: Secondary containment, Overfill Protection, Leak Detection, etc. - 1987 **Memorandum of Agreement**: Conform to Suffolk County Sanitary Codes** ** ## ARTICLE 12 - PRIORITIZATION STRATEGY - Priority is groundwater protection - Technical requirements are higher priority than administrative requirements - Tanks removed prior to 1987 not covered by MOA - Existing Rad tanks should be upgraded to conform to technical requirements, if feasible - New tanks (Rad and Non-rad) will conform to both administrative and technical requirements ## ARTICLE 12 - BUDGET **FY00 BUDGET** - GPP-00: $ 300 K* ** ** ** ** * - Reactor Upgrades: $10,000 K - Stack Drain: $ 300 K - Sanitary Upgrades: $ 600 K - C-AD Upgrades $ 800 K - EENS Upgrades $ 500 K - Line 01: $ 1,000 K **Subtotal**** **** **** ****$13,500 K** **PRIOR YEAR EXPENDITURES** - GPP -99: $ 300 K * ** * - 801 Upgrades: $ 2,500 K - 811 Upgrades: $ 3,600 K - Chemistry Upgrades: $ 10 K - Facility Review $ 252K - F-waste Mods: $ 240 K * ** * **Total**** **** **** **** ****$20,402 K**** ** ## ARTICLE 12 STATUS **INVENTORY** - Total # of tanks in active inventory: 516 **STATUS** - In full conformance with Article 12: 119 - In conformance with Technical Requirements: 293 - Technical nonconformance: 104 ## ARTICLE 12 PATH FORWARD - Finalize Project Management Plan for Remaining Actions - FY00 Planned Upgrades (C.O. Performance Measure): - Designs complete and being forwarded to SCDHS - Include upgrades to 13 tanks and Stack Drain Collection System - Contract awarded for start of construction - Line Item 2001 Project: - Scope includes administrative and technical upgrades for remaining facilities - Construction complete by 9/03 ## ARTICLE 12 PATH FORWARD **Other Ongoing Activities** - ECRs continue to correct/validate labeling - ESD continues to submit plans and specifications for project upgrades and tank “registrations” - C-AD closure of well houses (removal of 8 tanks) - HFBR transition activities (36 facilities) - EENS Gamma Pool removals ## ARTICLE 12 ISSUES - Plant Engineering needs to continue to commit time and resources to complete upgrades project - Line to comply with Article 12 administrative requirements including: - Storage and Transfer of Toxic and Hazardous Materials Subject Area - Tier I inspections/Include storage facility compliance in Self-Assessment Plan

en

log-files

620901

Package build of clearlooks-engine started. (Wednesday, 05 October 2005 08:01:36 EDT) [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting buildroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "buildroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750" [buildtool/379/build_single_package()] Building clearlooks-engine in /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine. [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting name [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "name" -> "clearlooks-engine" [PkgVars.pm/265/pkgvar_filename()] /home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/clearlooks-engine [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(REBUILD): 0 [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDDIR): /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDDIR with value /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDROOT): <undef> [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDROOT with value <undef>. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDTREE_LAYOUT): orc [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDTREE_LAYOUT with value orc. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDUSER): nobody [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDUSER with value nobody. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(CFLAGS): -O2 -march=pentium [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key CFLAGS with value -O2 -march=pentium. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(CLEAN): orc [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key CLEAN with value orc. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(DEBUG): 1 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key DEBUG with value 1. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(HINTS =): <undef> [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key HINTS = with value <undef>. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(DEP_INSTALLER): /usr/bin/yum -ty install [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key DEP_INSTALLER with value /usr/bin/yum -ty install. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT): /caos/buildroot-2-ia32 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT with value /caos/buildroot-2-ia32. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_COPY): rsync -Ha --delete --delete-after [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_COPY with value rsync -Ha --delete --delete-after. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_INIT): rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/ [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_INIT with value rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_RESET): rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/ [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_RESET with value rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_SOURCE_RSYNC): /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/ [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_SOURCE_RSYNC with value /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(LOCATIONS): /src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS,/rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key LOCATIONS with value /src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS,/rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(LOGFILE): /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/build.log [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key LOGFILE with value /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/build.log. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(MAKE): make [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key MAKE with value make. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(PARALLELIZE): x1 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key PARALLELIZE with value x1. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(PATH): /usr/build/bin:/usr/local/build/bin:/usr/lib/qt-1.45/bin:/usr/lib/qt-2.1.0/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:. [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key PATH with value /usr/build/bin:/usr/local/build/bin:/usr/lib/qt-1.45/bin:/usr/lib/qt-2.1.0/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:.. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(TARGET): rpms [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key TARGET with value rpms. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(VERBOSITY): 2 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key VERBOSITY with value 2. [PkgVars.pm/265/pkgvar_filename()] /home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/clearlooks-engine [Util.pm/1079/newest_file()] Args: "/home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/clearlooks-engine" [Util.pm/1104/Util::newest_file] "/home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/clearlooks-engine/S/clearlooks-0.6.2.tar.bz2" is newest with mtime of 2005-06-30 20:58:24. [buildtool/227/is_build_needed()] SRPM directory /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS does not exist. /bin/ls: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS/../: No such file or directory [buildtool/228/is_build_needed()] Listing: ---- [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750" Resetting chroot jail, please wait. [Util.pm/1155/run_cmd()] About to run true /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 [Util.pm/1192/run_cmd()] "true /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750" returned 0 [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting builduser [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [buildtool/416/build_single_package()] Building as nobody (99:99) [buildtool/426/build_single_package()] Build tree layout style: orc [Build.pm/995/build_package()] Args: "" [PkgVars.pm/265/pkgvar_filename()] /home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/clearlooks-engine [PkgVars.pm/232/pkgvar_type()] SPM [Build.pm/604/build_spm()] Args: "" [Build.pm/185/prepare_build_tree()] clearlooks-engine | /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine | /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 | /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 | [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting name [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "name" -> "clearlooks-engine" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting topdir [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "topdir" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting buildroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "buildroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945" [Build.pm/202/prepare_build_tree()] Creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine with mkdirhier(). [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES. [Build.pm/244/prepare_build_tree()] Creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 with mkdirhier(). [Build.pm/251/prepare_build_tree()] I created: /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "hints" -> "yum -Cty install" buildtool: Warning: Hint installation failed: Unable to open hint file yum -Cty install -- No such file or directory [Util.pm/974/find_spec_file()] Found single spec file for clearlooks-engine in F: F/clearlooks-engine.spec [Util.pm/691/copy_files()] Copying F/clearlooks-engine.spec to /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS/. [Util.pm/691/copy_files()] Copying F/clearlooks-engine.spec to /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS/. [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instructions [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instructions" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS/clearlooks-engine.spec" [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: summary -> Clearlooks is modern looking GNOME theme, based on Bluecurve. [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: name -> clearlooks-engine [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: version -> 0.6.2 [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: release -> 0.caos [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: license -> GPL [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: group -> User Interface/Desktop [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: source -> clearlooks-0.6.2.tar.bz2 [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: packager -> caos [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: vendor -> caos [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: distribution -> caos [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: prefix -> /usr [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildroot -> /var/tmp/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos-root [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> gtk-devel [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep gtk-devel [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: gtk-devel [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: gtk-devel [RPM.pm/305/parse_spec_file()] Got the following sources: [RPM.pm/307/parse_spec_file()] Source 0 -> clearlooks-0.6.2.tar.bz2 [RPM.pm/309/parse_spec_file()] Got the following patches: [RPM.pm/313/parse_spec_file()] Got the following header info: [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] buildrequires -> gtk-devel [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] buildroot -> /var/tmp/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos-root [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] distribution -> caos [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] group -> User Interface/Desktop [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] license -> GPL [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] packager -> caos [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] prefix -> /usr [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] release -> 0.caos [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] summary -> Clearlooks is modern looking GNOME theme, based on Bluecurve. [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] vendor -> caos [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] version -> 0.6.2 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "allow_epoch" -> "0" [Build.pm/317/install_deps()] Installing the following: gtk-devel [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "dep_installer" -> "/usr/bin/yum -ty install" [Util.pm/1155/run_cmd()] About to run chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /usr/bin/yum -ty install gtk-devel pkg-installer: Setting up Install Process pkg-installer: Setting up Repos pkg-installer: Reading repository metadata in from local files pkg-installer: Parsing package install arguments pkg-installer: Resolving Dependencies pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gtk-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gtk-devel.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgobject-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-devel for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: glib2-devel >= 2.4.0-1 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: atk-devel >= 1.6.0-1 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgdk_pixbuf-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gtk = 2.4.13 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: pango-devel >= 1.4.0-1 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgmodule-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libglib-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gtk to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gtk.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for pango-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package pango-devel.i386 0:1.6.0-8 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-devel.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for atk-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package atk-devel.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for glib2 to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package glib2.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for glib2-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package glib2-devel.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU = 6.8.2-4.caos for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libpangoxft-1.0.so.0 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: fontconfig-devel >= 2.1 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libSM.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-libs = 6.8.2-4.caos for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: pango >= 1.4.0-1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libfontconfig.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libpango-1.0.so.0 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libICE.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXt.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: atk >= 1.6.0-1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXrandr.so.2 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXi.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: freetype-devel >= 2.1.3-3 for package: pango-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: fontconfig-devel >= 2.0 for package: pango-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libjpeg.so.62 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXinerama.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libatk-1.0.so.0 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXext.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libpangox-1.0.so.0 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXrender.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXft.so.2 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gtk-doc >= 1.2 for package: glib2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: pango = 1.6.0 for package: pango-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXpm.so.4 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libtiff.so.3 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: atk = 1.6.1 for package: atk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXext.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libfreetype.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL = 6.8.2-4.caos for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXcursor.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for fontconfig-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package fontconfig-devel.i386 0:2.2.96-2 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for atk to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package atk.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-libs to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-libs.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libtiff to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libtiff.i386 0:3.5.7-18.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for freetype to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package freetype.i386 0:2.1.8-1 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for pango to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package pango.i386 0:1.6.0-8 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gtk-doc to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gtk-doc.noarch 0:1.2-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for freetype-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package freetype-devel.i386 0:2.1.8-1 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libjpeg to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libjpeg.i386 0:6b-31.1 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for fontconfig to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package fontconfig.i386 0:2.2.96-2 set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libxslt for package: gtk-doc pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: openjade for package: gtk-doc pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: docbook-dtds for package: gtk-doc pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: docbook-style-xsl for package: gtk-doc pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for docbook-style-xsl to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package docbook-style-xsl.noarch 0:1.65.1-2 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libxslt to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libxslt.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for docbook-dtds to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package docbook-dtds.noarch 0:1.0-25 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for openjade to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package openjade.i386 0:1.3.2-12 set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: sgml-common >= 0.5 for package: openjade pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: sgml-common >= 0.6.3-4 for package: docbook-dtds pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xml-common >= 0.6.3-8 for package: docbook-dtds pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xml-common >= 0.6.3-8 for package: docbook-style-xsl pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xml-common for package: docbook-dtds pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for sgml-common to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package sgml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xml-common to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: pkg-installer: Dependencies Resolved pkg-installer: Transaction Listing: pkg-installer: Install: gtk-devel.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: pkg-installer: Performing the following to resolve dependencies: pkg-installer: Install: atk.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: atk-devel.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: docbook-dtds.noarch 0:1.0-25 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: docbook-style-xsl.noarch 0:1.65.1-2 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: fontconfig.i386 0:2.2.96-2 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: fontconfig-devel.i386 0:2.2.96-2 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: freetype.i386 0:2.1.8-1 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: freetype-devel.i386 0:2.1.8-1 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: glib2.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: glib2-devel.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Ierror: failed to open /etc/mtab: No such file or directory pkg-installer: error: failed to open /etc/mtab: No such file or directory pkg-installer: nstall: gtk.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gtk-doc.noarch 0:1.2-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libjpeg.i386 0:6b-31.1 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libtiff.i386 0:3.5.7-18.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libxslt.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: openjade.i386 0:1.3.2-12 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: pango.i386 0:1.6.0-8 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: pango-devel.i386 0:1.6.0-8 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: sgml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-devel.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-libs.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Total download size: 23 M pkg-installer: Downloading Packages: pkg-installer: Running Transaction Test pkg-installer: Finished Transaction Test pkg-installer: Transaction Test Succeeded pkg-installer: Running Transaction pkg-installer: pkg-installer: Installed: gtk-devel.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos pkg-installer: Dependency Installed: atk.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos atk-devel.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos docbook-dtds.noarch 0:1.0-25 docbook-style-xsl.noarch 0:1.65.1-2 fontconfig.i386 0:2.2.96-2 fontconfig-devel.i386 0:2.2.96-2 freetype.i386 0:2.1.8-1 freetype-devel.i386 0:2.1.8-1 glib2.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos glib2-devel.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos gtk.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos gtk-doc.noarch 0:1.2-1.caos libjpeg.i386 0:6b-31.1 libtiff.i386 0:3.5.7-18.caos libxslt.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos openjade.i386 0:1.3.2-12 pango.i386 0:1.6.0-8 pango-devel.i386 0:1.6.0-8 sgml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 xml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos xorg-x11-devel.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos xorg-x11-libs.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos pkg-installer: Complete! [Util.pm/1192/run_cmd()] "chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /usr/bin/yum -ty install gtk-devel" returned 0 [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instructions [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instructions" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS/clearlooks-engine.spec" [Util.pm/691/copy_files()] Copying S/clearlooks-0.6.2.tar.bz2 0 to /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES/. [Prod.pm/482/parse_prod_file()] Args: "" [Prod.pm/166/find_product_file()] Args: "<undef>", "<undef>" [Prod.pm/484/parse_prod_file()] find_product_file() failed. Returning 0. [Build.pm/572/build_topdir()] Args: "" [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "buildpkglist_filename" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/clearlooks-engine.pkglist" [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "buildpkglist_filename" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/clearlooks-engine.pkglist" [RPM.pm/498/rpm_build()] Saving package list to /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/clearlooks-engine.pkglist. [Util.pm/269/file_user()] UID: 99 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting command [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "command" -> "/bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/bin/rpm" [RPM.pm/172/rpm_form_command()] Command: /bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/bin/rpm --define '_topdir /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine' --root='/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750' -qa --qf '%25{NAME} %10{EPOCH} %15{VERSION} %15{RELEASE} ' | sort -bf" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting command [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "command" -> "" [Util.pm/269/file_user()] UID: 99 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting command [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "command" -> "chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/usr/bin/rpmbuild" [RPM.pm/172/rpm_form_command()] Command: chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/usr/bin/rpmbuild --define '_topdir /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine' --define 'optflags -O2 -march=pentium' --buildroot='/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945' -ba /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS/clearlooks-engine.spec" Executing(%prep): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.3616 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD sh-trace: LANG=C sh-trace: export LANG sh-trace: unset DISPLAY sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD sh-trace: rm -rf clearlooks-0.6.2 sh-trace: /usr/bin/bzip2 -dc /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES/clearlooks-0.6.2.tar.bz2 sh-trace: tar -xf - sh-trace: STATUS=0 sh-trace: '[' 0 -ne 0 ']' sh-trace: cd clearlooks-0.6.2 sh-trace: exit 0 Executing(%build): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.3616 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD sh-trace: cd clearlooks-0.6.2 sh-trace: LANG=C sh-trace: export LANG sh-trace: unset DISPLAY sh-trace: CFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: CXXFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: export CFLAGS CXXFLAGS sh-trace: CFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: export CFLAGS sh-trace: CXXFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: export CXXFLAGS sh-trace: FFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: export FFLAGS ssh-trace: find . -name config.guess -o -name config.sub sh-trace: for i in '$(find . -name config.guess -o -name config.sub)' ssh-trace: basename ./config.guess sh-trace: '[' -f /usr/lib/rpm/caos/config.guess ']' sh-trace: /bin/rm -f ./config.guess ssh-trace: basename ./config.guess sh-trace: /bin/cp -fv /usr/lib/rpm/caos/config.guess ./config.guess `/usr/lib/rpm/caos/config.guess' -> `./config.guess' sh-trace: for i in '$(find . -name config.guess -o -name config.sub)' ssh-trace: basename ./config.sub sh-trace: '[' -f /usr/lib/rpm/caos/config.sub ']' sh-trace: /bin/rm -f ./config.sub ssh-trace: basename ./config.sub sh-trace: /bin/cp -fv /usr/lib/rpm/caos/config.sub ./config.sub `/usr/lib/rpm/caos/config.sub' -> `./config.sub' sh-trace: ./configure --host=i686-caos-linux-gnu --build=i686-caos-linux-gnu --target=i386-caos-linux-gnu --program-prefix= --prefix=/usr --exec-prefix=/usr --bindir=/usr/bin --sbindir=/usr/sbin --sysconfdir=/etc --datadir=/usr/share --includedir=/usr/include --libdir=/usr/lib --libexecdir=/usr/libexec --localstatedir=/var --sharedstatedir=/usr/com --mandir=/usr/share/man --infodir=/usr/share/info --enable-animation checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for gawk... gawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether to enable maintainer-specific portions of Makefiles... no checking build system type... i686-caos-linux-gnu checking host system type... i686-caos-linux-gnu checking for style of include used by make... GNU checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-gcc... no checking for gcc... gcc checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out checking whether the C compiler works... yes checking whether we are cross compiling... no checking for suffix of executables... checking for suffix of object files... o checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes checking for gcc option to accept ANSI C... none needed checking dependency style of gcc... gcc3 checking for a sed that does not truncate output... /bin/sed checking for egrep... grep -E checking for ld used by gcc... /usr/bin/ld checking if the linker (/usr/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes checking for /usr/bin/ld option to reload object files... -r checking for BSD-compatible nm... nm checking whether ln -s works... yes checking how to recognise dependent libraries... pass_all checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E checking for ANSI C header files... yes checking for sys/types.h... yes checking for sys/stat.h... yes checking for stdlib.h... yes checking for string.h... yes checking for memory.h... yes checking for strings.h... yes checking for inttypes.h... yes checking for stdint.h... yes checking for unistd.h... yes checking dlfcn.h usability... yes checking dlfcn.h presence... yes checking for dlfcn.h... yes checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-g++... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-c++... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-gpp... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-aCC... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-CC... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-cxx... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-cc++... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-cl... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-FCC... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-KCC... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-RCC... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-xlC_r... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-xlC... no checking for g++... g++ checking whether we are using the GNU C++ compiler... yes checking whether g++ accepts -g... yes checking dependency style of g++... gcc3 checking how to run the C++ preprocessor... g++ -E checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-g77... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-f77... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-xlf... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-frt... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-pgf77... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-fort77... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-fl32... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-af77... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-f90... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-xlf90... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-pgf90... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-epcf90... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-f95... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-fort... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-xlf95... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-ifc... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-efc... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-pgf95... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-lf95... no checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-gfortran... no checking for g77... g77 checking whether we are using the GNU Fortran 77 compiler... yes checking whether g77 accepts -g... yes checking the maximum length of command line arguments... 32768 checking command to parse nm output from gcc object... ok checking for objdir... .libs checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-ar... no checking for ar... ar checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-ranlib... no checking for ranlib... ranlib checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-strip... no checking for strip... strip checking for correct ltmain.sh version... yes checking if gcc static flag works... yes checking if gcc supports -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions... no checking for gcc option to produce PIC... -fPIC checking if gcc PIC flag -fPIC works... yes checking if gcc supports -c -o file.o... yes checking whether the gcc linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes checking whether -lc should be explicitly linked in... no checking dynamic linker characteristics... GNU/Linux ld.so checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate checking whether stripping libraries is possible... yes checking if libtool supports shared libraries... yes checking whether to build shared libraries... yes checking whether to build static libraries... no configure: creating libtool appending configuration tag "CXX" to libtool checking for ld used by g++... /usr/bin/ld checking if the linker (/usr/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes checking whether the g++ linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes checking for g++ option to produce PIC... -fPIC checking if g++ PIC flag -fPIC works... yes checking if g++ supports -c -o file.o... yes checking whether the g++ linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes checking dynamic linker characteristics... GNU/Linux ld.so checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate checking whether stripping libraries is possible... yes appending configuration tag "F77" to libtool checking if libtool supports shared libraries... yes checking whether to build shared libraries... yes checking whether to build static libraries... no checking for g77 option to produce PIC... -fPIC checking if g77 PIC flag -fPIC works... yes checking if g77 supports -c -o file.o... yes checking whether the g77 linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes checking dynamic linker characteristics... GNU/Linux ld.so checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate checking whether stripping libraries is possible... yes checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-gcc... gcc checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... (cached) yes checking whether gcc accepts -g... (cached) yes checking for gcc option to accept ANSI C... (cached) none needed checking dependency style of gcc... (cached) gcc3 checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking for inline... inline checking for an ANSI C-conforming const... yes checking for X... libraries /usr/X11R6/lib, headers /usr/X11R6/include checking for gethostbyname... yes checking for connect... yes checking for remove... yes checking for shmat... yes checking for IceConnectionNumber in -lICE... yes checking for ANSI C header files... (cached) yes ./configure: line 22489: --variable=gtk_binary_version: command not found checking for pkg-config... /usr/bin/pkg-config checking for gtk+-2.0 >= 2.0.0... yes checking GTK2_CFLAGS... -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include checking GTK2_LIBS... -Wl,--export-dynamic -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lm -lpangoxft-1.0 -lpangox-1.0 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lgmodule-2.0 -ldl -lglib-2.0 configure: creating ./config.status config.status: creating Makefile config.status: creating src/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks/icons/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/gtk/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/gtk/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks-Olive/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/Makefile config.status: creating themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0/Makefile config.status: creating autopackage/default.apspec config.status: creating config.h config.status: executing depfiles commands sh-trace: /usr/bin/make make all-recursive make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' Making all in src make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/src' if /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_rc_style.lo -MD -MP -MF ".deps/clearlooks_rc_style.Tpo" -c -o clearlooks_rc_style.lo clearlooks_rc_style.c; \ then mv -f ".deps/clearlooks_rc_style.Tpo" ".deps/clearlooks_rc_style.Plo"; else rm -f ".deps/clearlooks_rc_style.Tpo"; exit 1; fi mkdir .libs gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_rc_style.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/clearlooks_rc_style.Tpo -c clearlooks_rc_style.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/clearlooks_rc_style.o if /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_style.lo -MD -MP -MF ".deps/clearlooks_style.Tpo" -c -o clearlooks_style.lo clearlooks_style.c; \ then mv -f ".deps/clearlooks_style.Tpo" ".deps/clearlooks_style.Plo"; else rm -f ".deps/clearlooks_style.Tpo"; exit 1; fi gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_style.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/clearlooks_style.Tpo -c clearlooks_style.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/clearlooks_style.o clearlooks_style.c: In function `draw_box': clearlooks_style.c:1290: warning: passing arg 1 of `gtk_progress_bar_get_fraction' from incompatible pointer type if /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_theme_main.lo -MD -MP -MF ".deps/clearlooks_theme_main.Tpo" -c -o clearlooks_theme_main.lo clearlooks_theme_main.c; \ then mv -f ".deps/clearlooks_theme_main.Tpo" ".deps/clearlooks_theme_main.Plo"; else rm -f ".deps/clearlooks_theme_main.Tpo"; exit 1; fi gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_theme_main.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/clearlooks_theme_main.Tpo -c clearlooks_theme_main.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/clearlooks_theme_main.o if /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT support.lo -MD -MP -MF ".deps/support.Tpo" -c -o support.lo support.c; \ then mv -f ".deps/support.Tpo" ".deps/support.Plo"; else rm -f ".deps/support.Tpo"; exit 1; fi gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT support.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/support.Tpo -c support.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/support.o if /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_draw.lo -MD -MP -MF ".deps/clearlooks_draw.Tpo" -c -o clearlooks_draw.lo clearlooks_draw.c; \ then mv -f ".deps/clearlooks_draw.Tpo" ".deps/clearlooks_draw.Plo"; else rm -f ".deps/clearlooks_draw.Tpo"; exit 1; fi gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -O2 -march=pentium -MT clearlooks_draw.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/clearlooks_draw.Tpo -c clearlooks_draw.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/clearlooks_draw.o /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=link gcc -O2 -march=pentium -o libclearlooks.la -rpath /usr/lib/gtk-2.0/2.4.0/engines -module -avoid-version clearlooks_rc_style.lo clearlooks_style.lo clearlooks_theme_main.lo support.lo clearlooks_draw.lo -Wl,--export-dynamic -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lm -lpangoxft-1.0 -lpangox-1.0 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lgmodule-2.0 -ldl -lglib-2.0 gcc -shared .libs/clearlooks_rc_style.o .libs/clearlooks_style.o .libs/clearlooks_theme_main.o .libs/support.o .libs/clearlooks_draw.o /usr/lib/libgtk-x11-2.0.so /usr/lib/libgdk-x11-2.0.so /usr/lib/libatk-1.0.so -L/usr/lib /usr/lib/libgdk_pixbuf-2.0.so -lm /usr/lib/libpangoxft-1.0.so /usr/lib/libpangox-1.0.so /usr/lib/libpango-1.0.so /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so /usr/lib/libgmodule-2.0.so -ldl /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so -march=pentium -Wl,--export-dynamic -Wl,-soname -Wl,libclearlooks.so -o .libs/libclearlooks.so creating libclearlooks.la (cd .libs && rm -f libclearlooks.la && ln -s ../libclearlooks.la libclearlooks.la) make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/src' Making all in themes make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' Making all in Clearlooks make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' Making all in gtk-2.0 make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0' Making all in icons make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' Making all in 16x16 make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' Making all in gtk make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/gtk' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/gtk' make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' Making all in 24x24 make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' Making all in gtk make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/gtk' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/gtk' make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[5]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' Making all in Clearlooks-Olive make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' Making all in gtk-2.0 make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' Making all in Clearlooks-DeepSky make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' Making all in gtk-2.0 make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' Making all in Clearlooks-Quicksilver make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' Making all in gtk-2.0 make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' sh-trace: exit 0 Executing(%install): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.55627 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD sh-trace: cd clearlooks-0.6.2 sh-trace: LANG=C sh-trace: export LANG sh-trace: unset DISPLAY sh-trace: /usr/bin/make install DESTDIR=/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 Making install in src make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/src' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/src' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/2.4.0/engines" || mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/2.4.0/engines" /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=install /usr/bin/install -c 'libclearlooks.la' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/2.4.0/engines/libclearlooks.la' /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libclearlooks.so /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/2.4.0/engines/libclearlooks.so /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libclearlooks.lai /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/2.4.0/engines/libclearlooks.la libtool: install: warning: remember to run `libtool --finish /usr/lib/gtk-2.0/2.4.0/engines' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/src' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/src' Making install in themes make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' Making install in Clearlooks make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' Making install in gtk-2.0 make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0" || mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtkrc' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0/gtkrc' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/gtk-2.0' Making install in icons make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' Making install in 16x16 make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' Making install in gtk make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/gtk' make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/gtk' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk" || mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-apply.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-apply.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-cancel.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-cancel.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-back-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-go-back-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-back-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-go-back-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-down.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-go-down.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-forward-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-go-forward-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-forward-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-go-forward-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-bottom.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-goto-bottom.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-first-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-goto-first-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-first-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-goto-first-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-last-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-goto-last-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-last-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-goto-last-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-top.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-goto-top.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-up.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-go-up.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-refresh.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/16x16/gtk/gtk-refresh.png' make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/gtk' make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16/gtk' make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make[6]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'. make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/16x16' Making install in 24x24 make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' Making install in gtk make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/gtk' make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/gtk' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk" || mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-apply.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-apply.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-cancel.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-cancel.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-back-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-go-back-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-back-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-go-back-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-down.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-go-down.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-forward-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-go-forward-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-forward-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-go-forward-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-bottom.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-goto-bottom.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-first-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-goto-first-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-first-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-goto-first-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-last-ltr.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-goto-last-ltr.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-last-rtl.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-goto-last-rtl.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-goto-top.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-goto-top.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-go-up.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-go-up.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-refresh.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-refresh.png' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtk-ok.png' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/24x24/gtk/gtk-ok.png' make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/gtk' make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24/gtk' make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[6]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[6]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make[6]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'. make[6]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons/24x24' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[5]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[5]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks" || mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'index.theme' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/icons/Clearlooks/index.theme' make[5]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks/icons' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks" || mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'index.theme' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks/index.theme' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks' Making install in Clearlooks-Olive make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' Making install in gtk-2.0 make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0" || mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtkrc' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0/gtkrc' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive/gtk-2.0' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Olive' Making install in Clearlooks-DeepSky make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' Making install in gtk-2.0 make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0" || mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtkrc' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0/gtkrc' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky/gtk-2.0' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-DeepSky' Making install in Clearlooks-Quicksilver make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' Making install in gtk-2.0 make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. test -z "/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0" || mkdir -p -- . "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0" /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'gtkrc' '/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0/gtkrc' make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver/gtk-2.0' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make[4]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'. make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes/Clearlooks-Quicksilver' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'. make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2/themes' make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD/clearlooks-0.6.2' sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-compress sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-strip /usr/bin/strip sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-strip-static-archive /usr/bin/strip sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-strip-comment-note /usr/bin/strip /usr/bin/objdump Processing files: clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos Executing(%doc): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.75920 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD sh-trace: cd clearlooks-0.6.2 sh-trace: DOCDIR=/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/doc/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2 sh-trace: export DOCDIR sh-trace: rm -rf /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/doc/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2 sh-trace: /bin/mkdir -p /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/doc/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2 sh-trace: cp -pr README INSTALL COPYING TODO /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945/usr/share/doc/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2 sh-trace: exit 0 Provides: libclearlooks.so Requires(rpmlib): rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) <= 3.0.4-1 rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) <= 4.0-1 Checking for unpackaged file(s): /usr/lib/rpm/check-files /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 Wrote: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.src.rpm Wrote: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS/i386/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.i386.rpm Executing(%clean): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.75920 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD sh-trace: cd clearlooks-0.6.2 sh-trace: test x/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 '!=' x sh-trace: rm -rf /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 sh-trace: exit 0 [buildtool/675/place_package_files()] Output files for clearlooks-engine: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.src.rpm /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS/i386/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.i386.rpm [buildtool/694/place_package_files()] Testing location "/src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS" [buildtool/707/place_package_files()] Match found for /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.src.rpm: =src.rpm$ (/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS). [buildtool/721/place_package_files()] /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.src.rpm exists; removing. [buildtool/725/place_package_files()] ln -f /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.src.rpm /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.src.rpm [buildtool/694/place_package_files()] Testing location "/src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS" [buildtool/694/place_package_files()] Testing location "/rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386" [buildtool/707/place_package_files()] Match found for /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS/i386/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.i386.rpm: =rpm$ (/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386). [buildtool/721/place_package_files()] /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.i386.rpm exists; removing. [buildtool/725/place_package_files()] ln -f /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS/i386/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.i386.rpm /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/clearlooks-engine-0.6.2-0.caos.i386.rpm Package build for clearlooks-engine completed successfully. (Wednesday, 05 October 2005 08:02:40 EDT) [Build.pm/462/cleanup_build_tree()] /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine | /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 | /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 | orc [Build.pm/463/cleanup_build_tree()] Only allowing cleaning in: /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SRPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/RPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SPECS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945 [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD? [Build.pm/507/cleanup_build_tree()] Yes. [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES? [Build.pm/507/cleanup_build_tree()] Yes. [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/BUILD? [Build.pm/507/cleanup_build_tree()] Yes. [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/clearlooks-engine/SOURCES? [Build.pm/507/cleanup_build_tree()] Yes. [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/clearlooks-engine.12945? [Build.pm/507/cleanup_build_tree()] Yes.

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REGIMENTAL TRANSPORT 349 The infantry soldier in the Japanese army is as much overweighted as in Europe. He carries, all told, nearly 57 lb., and it is a generally accepted principle in the army that man or animal can carry about one-third of his or its weight. As a rule, the Japanese private carries with him the day's rations and two days' emergency rations. When these fail he has to fall back upon the regimental transport, which is supposed to carry never less than one day's supplies. The Japanese regimental transport consists of a column of pack-horses and light carts, except in the hills, where the military coolie corps takes its place. This transport is found by the train battalion of the division; but it remains permanently attached to the regiment it serves, and is under the orders of the regimental commander. In matters of promotion, interior economy, and so forth, it comes under the commanding officer of the train. This transport is so divided up that, if a battalion or company is detached, a section or sub-section of the regimental transport accompanies the detachment. In case of absolute necessity the regimental transport can be pooled and allotted to other pressing needs, but this is rarely done, and it remains almost always at the service of the regiment. It carries baggage, cooking utensils, tools, medical stores, ammunition, and litters, as well as food. In rear of the regimental transport there follows the divisional supply column with four or more days' rations. All corps and services are informed where this column will park at the end of the day's march, and from this point the regimental transport fills up and returns to the front. The divisional column is found by the train; it is divided into sections, and as each section is emptied of supplies it drops to the rear and joins the so-called etappen column, which sends on one of its sections to take the vacant place in the divisional supply column. Thus the divisional and etappen column sections are interchangeable, and the constant

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537377

# Presentation: 537377 ## WELCOME TO THE NOAA THORPEX PI WORKSHOP ***LOGISTICS*** - Thanks for coming – Sign-up sheet - Location - Room 707, except 209 on Wednesday morning - Food - Refreshments at 8 am and am/pm breaks, thanks to *Lisa Faunce*! - Lunch brought in – Make selection by morning break - Tue Sandwiches - Wedn Pizza - Thurs Sandwiches - Dinner Tuesday night – Which place should we go? How many? - Topolino – Italian buffet ($18 all inclusive), 10 mins, off MD Rt 5 S - Local fish place ($15-20 per meal off menu), 15 mins, off MD Rt 5 S - Presentations - Give to *Mary Hart* asap for uploading onto PC & web - Plan for 20 min talks – leave 5 mins for questions/discussion - Announce when you turn the page – help teleconference participants - Purpose of workshop – Lots of discussions - Review progress halfway through NOAA THORPEX Grants - Prepare for transition of successful research into operations (2-way interaction) ## OUTLINE - Logistics - THORPEX program - International - NOAA - “Conveyor belt” for transitioning research into operations - Research grants & other activities - New NWP paradigm - NOAA THORPEX Implementation Plan - Historical overview ## WHAT IS THORPEX? *10-YEAR WMO-SPONSORED RESEARCH PROGRAM* - OBJECTIVE: - Accelerate improvements in skill & utility of 1-14 day high impact weather forecasts - Weather forecast component of GEOSS - RESEARCH AREAS: - Observing System - Data Assimilation - Predictability / NWP - Socioeconomic Applications - APPROACH: - Enhanced collaboration on national, regional, & international levels - Between research and operational communities - Among experts working on four components of forecast process - Within operational community – Global Interactive Forecast System (GIFS) - ORGANIZATION: - International level – Under WMO; IPO, 6 WGs, etc – Michel Beland & David Burridge - North America – Regional Committee – Pierre Gauthier & David Parsons - National level – US Program Office – Rick Rosen & David Parsons - NOAA – Under Weather & Water Goal, ST&I - Marty Ralph & Zoltan Toth ## NOAA THORPEX PROGRAM - FOCUS: - Accelerate improvements in 3-14 day high impact probabilistic weather forecasts - ORGANIZATION: - Under Weather & Water Goal, ST&I, with link to EMP & LFW - NOAA THORPEX Executive Council – Rick Rosen - NOAA THORPEX Science Steering Committee – Zoltan Toth - APPROACH: - Grants – External community (12 NOAA grants) - Directed research - NOAA Labs - Transition to operations – Global Test Center (JCSDA link), NCEP - NAEFS - Weather – Climate link - FUNDING: - $1.23M (Current); $2.3M (President’s request); $5M (Goal) ## PATH FROM THORPEX RESEARCH TO NOAA OPERATIONS ***BASIC RESEARCH*** ***APPLIED RESEARCH*** ***TRANSITION TO OPERATIONS*** ***NOAA OPERATIONS*** ***Answer Science Questions*** ***Develop Methods*** ***Prepare for Implementation*** ***Generate Products*** ***External investigators*** ***NOAA Laboratories*** ***Global Test Center / NCEP*** ***NCEP Central Operations*** **PHASE** **What?** **Who?** ***NSF, DOD, NASA*** ***NOAA THORPEX PROGRAM*** ***NOAA NWS*** **Financial Support?** ## NOAA THORPEX RESEARCH GRANTS - University groups 5 - NCAR 1 - Private sector 2 **GRANTS DISTRIBUTION** - NASA 1 (0) - ONR/NRL 2 - NOAA 1 (2) ## NOAA THORPEX ACTIVITIES - RESEARCH PROJECTS: - Adaptive collection & use of observations (PARC, OSSE) *Thurs am* - Ensemble-based data assimilation *Tue am-pm* - Representing model errors in ensemble forecasting *Wedn am* - High impact modeling (enhanced resol., sea ice / wave, etc) *Wedn pm* - Socioeconomic applications (IPY) *Thurs pm* - PATH TO OPERATIONS: - North American Ensemble Forecast System (NAEFS) - MSC–NMSM–NWS multi-center ensemble - Operational implementation in March/April 2006 - Prototype / component of future international GIFS system - ESMF connection ***All research must directly connect with NAEFS system*** - PERFORMANCE MEASURE: - Rate of improvement doubled in ***NAEFS probabilistic forecast scores*** - PQPF - Extreme temperature - Severe weather - Tropical storm ## EXAMPLE FROM LAST SUNDAY - THORPEX QUESTIONS: *Why forecast signal is lost beyond 10-day lead time?* - How can predictability be extended? - Better/more observations? - Better data assimilation scheme? - Better numerical model? - Better ensemble techniques? **EXAMPLE FROM LAST SUNDAY - THORPEX QUESTIONS:** ***ANIMATION*** ## EXAMPLE FROM LAST SUNDAY - THORPEX QUESTIONS: **EXAMPLE FROM LAST SUNDAY - THORPEX QUESTIONS:** - Why forecast signal lost at 9-day lead? - How can predictability be extended? Better - Better/more observations? - Better data assimilation scheme? - Better numerical model? - Better ensemble techniques? ***ANIMATION*** ## ANIMATION ***ANIMATION*** ## NEW THORPEX NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION PARADIGM **SOCIOECON.** **NEW THORPEX NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION PARADIGM** **SYSTEM** - CLIMATE FORECASTING / CTB ***INTEGRATED**** DATA ASSIMILATION & FORECASTING* ***Days 15-60*** - NWS OPERATIONS - GLOBAL INTERACTIVE FORECAST SYSTEM (GIFS) ***GLOBAL OPERATIONAL*** ***TEST CENTER*** ***GLOBAL OPERATIONAL*** ***TEST CENTER*** ***MODEL ****ERRORS & HIGH IMPACT MODELING* ## NOAA THORPEX IMPLEMENTATION PLAN **NOAA THORPEX IMPLEMENTATION PLAN** **NOAA THORPEX Grantee* **NOAA THORPEX Funding* ## BACKGROUND ## NOAA’S INVOLVEMENT IN THORPEX - 1998-99 Discussions started with involvement of NOAA scientists - Apr 2000 First International Meeting - Mar 2002 First Workshop, International Science Steering Committee formed - Aug 2002 NOAA Tiger Team Meeting **Oct 2002**** ****NOAA THORPEX Planning Meeting** **Nov 2002**** ****1****st**** Draft NOAA THORPEX Science and Implementation Plan** - Jan 2003 NOAA THORPEX Science Steering Committee formed - Feb 2003 Pacific TOST Experiment **Jun 2003**** ****First NOAA THORPEX Announcement of Opportunity** - Sep 2003 25 Full Proposals received - Oct-Dec 03 Atlantic THORPEX Regional Campaign (ATREC) **Jun 2004**** ****12 NOAA THORPEX proposals funded** **Jan 2006**** ****NOAA THORPEX PI Workshop** ## OUTLINE - Logistics - International THORPEX program - “Conveyor belt” for transitioning research into operations - NOAA THORPEX program - Research grants - NOAA THORPEX activities - New NWP paradigm - NOAA THORPEX Implementation Plan - Historical overview

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# Presentation: 706812 ## Inception - M. A. Davies, Robert Ivester (NIST); Ming Leu (NSF); Shounak Athavale, Richard Furness (Ford); Vivek Shandrasakkar (Caterpillar); Robin Stevenson (General Motors) - Update: Assessment of Machining Models - Goals - Key Survey Results - Detailed Plan - Preliminary Timetable - Respondents - Details & Contacts - Chip - Thermal Contours in 316 Stainless Steel - from *Third Wave Systems* ## Talks were given by by industrial representatives from Ford, General Motors, Boeing, Caterpillar & Sandvik at 1st CIRP modeling meeting in Atlanta Prof. Taylan Altan challenged industrial representatives to devise an industrially relevant example problem for assessing machining models Meeting at GM tech center with Ming Leu, Richard Furness, Shounak Athavale, Vivek Shandrasakar & Robin Stevenson produced the Assessment of Machining Models (AMM) effort Discussions continued at CIRP Athens where NIST agreed to participate Surveys distributed at ASME meeting in Anaheim More specific plan is being developed - Prof. Taylan Altan challenged industrial representatives to devise an _*industrially relevant example problem for assessing machining models*_ - Meeting at GM tech center with Ming Leu, Richard Furness, Shounak Athavale, Vivek Shandrasakar & Robin Stevenson produced the Assessment of Machining Models (AMM) effort - Discussions continued at CIRP Athens where NIST agreed to participate - Surveys distributed at ASME meeting in Anaheim - More specific plan is being developed - Inception of the Effort ## Industrial Vision **Notes:** Currently, for process development, the process engineer in industry relies on empirical data and a large amount of past experience to develop new machining processes. This procedure is expensive relies heavily on vendors. The goal of the AMM is to assess whether, at the current level of development, simulations and modeling can provide better insights and data than conventional empirical approaches. The view adopted is that of the process engineer and the data that will be made available tot eh participants is the data that would be available on the shop floor. ## To move toward the industrial vision by: (1) providing a consistent and complete set of machining data measured simultaneously at four industrial and government laboratories on a process of relevance to the industrial members; (2) providing a mechanism for comparison of models to the measured machining data; (3) compiling a summary of the results to be used as a roadmap for future collaborative research. Only data available on the typical modern industrial shop floor will be provided: process parameters; tool and material specifications; forces; average temperatures; tool wear. - (1) providing a _*consistent and complete*_ set of machining data measured simultaneously at four industrial and government laboratories on a process of relevance to the industrial members; - (2) providing a mechanism for comparison of models to the measured machining data; - (3) compiling a summary of the results to be used as a roadmap for future collaborative research. *Only data available on the typical modern industrial* *shop floor will be provided: * * **process parameters; tool and material specifications; forces; average temperatures; ****tool wear.*** - Goals ## Number of Attendees at IMECE 30 1. Interested in Participating? Yes 8 No 1 2. Worthwhile Exercise? Yes 9 No 0 3. Is Workplan Clear? Yes 5 No 4 4. Model Types, Inputs and Outputs A. Types: FEM Models (orthogonal, oblique), Analytical (orthogonal, turning), Empirical (tool life) B. Inputs: Material Properties, Material Failure Conditions, Cutting Conditions, Tool Geometry, Chip Groove Geometry C. Outputs: stresses, temperatures, strains and strain-rates and various derived quantities such as chip shape, cutting forces etc. - 1. Interested in Participating? Yes 8 No 1 - 2. Worthwhile Exercise? Yes 9 No 0 - 3. Is Workplan Clear? Yes 5 No 4 - 4. Model Types, Inputs and Outputs - A. _Types:_ FEM Models (orthogonal, oblique), Analytical (orthogonal, turning), Empirical (tool life) - B. _Inputs:_ Material Properties, Material Failure Conditions, Cutting Conditions, Tool Geometry, Chip Groove Geometry - C. _Outputs:_ stresses, temperatures, strains and strain-rates and various derived quantities such as chip shape, cutting forces etc. - Key Survey Results & Feedback ## 5. Summary of Technical Comments/Criticisms Tool wear/life must be defined Tool life may not be repeatable Tool edge radius plays a key role in tool life Must define how model success will be assessed It must be recognized that predictive models of tool wear do not yet exist even for orthogonal cutting Empirical models exist for simple turning operations, but the failure modes for cutting with grooved chip breaker tools are not known 6. Other Concerns Funding Sources ??? - Tool wear/life must be defined - Tool life may not be repeatable - Tool edge radius plays a key role in tool life - Must define how model success will be assessed - It must be recognized that predictive models of tool wear do not yet exist even for orthogonal cutting - Empirical models exist for simple turning operations, but the failure modes for cutting with grooved chip breaker tools are not known - 6. Other Concerns - Funding Sources ??? - Key Survey Results & Feedback **Notes:** Most of the technical concerns are addressed or are being addressed in the development of the technical plan which will now be described. As of yet, funding sources are not available to participate in this effort, however proposals with the participants that address the issues that arise from this effort are encouraged?? ## Types of Experiments Orthogonal Cutting OD Turning of a Bar Equipment CNC Lathe TBD by Each Lab Static & Dynamic Characterization Workpiece Workpiece Material: Pearlitic low carbon steel e.g. 1008, 1020 or 1045 Tube for Orthogonal Cutting Bar for Turning Tests Tools Uncoated WC, ISO Grade P20-30 Orthogonal Wedge, No Chip Breaker, Chip Breaker Nose radius: 800 micrometers - Orthogonal Cutting - OD Turning of a Bar - _Equipment_ - CNC Lathe TBD by Each Lab - Static & Dynamic Characterization - _Workpiece__ __ __ __ __ _ - Workpiece Material: Pearlitic low carbon steel - e.g. 1008, 1020 or 1045 - Tube for Orthogonal Cutting - Bar for Turning Tests - _Tools_ - Uncoated WC, ISO Grade P20-30 - Orthogonal Wedge, No Chip Breaker, Chip Breaker - Nose radius: 800 micrometers _ _ - Detailed Plan - Experimental Set-up - _Coolant_ - None ## Cutting Test 1 - Orthogonal Width: 6 mm Feed per Revolution: 150 and 300 micrometers Cutting Speed: 210 m/min and 300 m/min Cutting Test 2 - Turning Depth of Cut: 3 mm Feed per Revolution: 150 and 300 micrometers Cutting Speed: 150 m/min and 300 m/min Cutting Tests 3 and 4 - Different Steel of the 1000 Series & Chip Breaker ? - Cutting Test 1 - Orthogonal - Width: 6 mm - Feed per Revolution: 150 and 300 micrometers - Cutting Speed: 210 m/min and 300 m/min - Cutting Test 2 - Turning - Depth of Cut: 3 mm - Feed per Revolution: 150 and 300 micrometers - Cutting Speed: 150 m/min and 300 m/min - Cutting Tests 3 and 4 - Different Steel of the 1000 Series & Chip Breaker ? ## Detailed Plan - Choice of Parameters - Wear Chart for Steel Cutting Grade - Carbide After Trent, 1991 ## Measurements to Ensure Lab to Lab Consistency -disclosed in final report 1. Initial and Final Surface Finish Provides a check on cutting parameters and wear 2. Material Chemical Composition and Microstructure Single batch will be used for all tests to be tested and distributed to test labs 3. Tool composition and initial geometry Single set of tool inserts will be obtained, checked and distributed to test labs 4. Rudimentary static and dynamic characterization of CNC lathes B5.54 or ISO ?? Characterization of Static errors & Tool Tip FRF’s with Dynamometer 5. Chip form and morphology Macroscopic digital photographs & rudimentary metallurgical examination - _Measurements to Ensure Lab to Lab Consistency -disclosed in final report_ - 1. Initial and Final Surface Finish *Provides a check on cutting parameters and wear* - 2. Material Chemical Composition and Microstructure *Single batch will be used for all tests to be tested and distributed to test labs* * *3. Tool composition and initial geometry *Single set of tool inserts will be obtained, checked and distributed to test labs* - 4. Rudimentary static and dynamic characterization of CNC lathes *B5.54 or ISO ?? Characterization of Static errors & Tool Tip FRF’s with Dynamometer* - 5. Chip form and morphology* * * ** **Macroscopic digital photographs & rudimentary metallurgical examination* ## Measurements Available to Participants Approximately10 reports per test at predetermined cutting distances up to a predetermined force (3x increase proposed) and flank wear level 1. Forces Two or Three components measured at low sample rate (100 Hz) with long time constant piezoelectric dynamometers Periodic reporting of average forces 2. Tool Wear - turning tests only Flank wear reported with forces as VBmax measured optically Qualitative SEM measurements of final tool condition (Potential) White light interferometer or stylus measurements of final tool geometry (Potential) Sample tool sections 3. Temperatures Two labs will report intrinsic thermocouple data (Potential) NIST is developing new micro-pyrometry system - _Measurements Available to Participants_ *Approximately10 reports per test at predetermined cutting distances up to a predetermined force (3x increase proposed) and flank wear level* - 1. Forces * **Two or Three components measured at low sample rate (100 Hz) with long time constant piezoelectric dynamometers* *Periodic reporting of average forces* - 2. Tool Wear - turning tests only *Flank wear reported with forces as VB**max **measured optically* *Qualitative SEM measurements of final tool condition* *(Potential) White light interferometer or stylus measurements of final tool geometry* *(Potential) Sample tool sections* * *3. Temperatures *Two labs will report intrinsic thermocouple data* *(Potential) NIST is developing new micro-pyrometry system * ## Availability of Data Web site is the desired method Numerical data available as ASCII or Microsoft Excel Visual data available as digital photo downloads Fall-back plan is paper report and ZIP disk Participation Obtain data on cutting experiments & make predictions by whatever means desired Report results potentially broken into: (1) Forces (2) Temperatures and (3) Wear/Tool Life Reports collected evaluated and data made available on Web Site - Availability of Data - Web site is the desired method - Numerical data available as ASCII or Microsoft Excel - Visual data available as digital photo downloads - Fall-back plan is paper report and ZIP disk - Participation - Obtain data on cutting experiments & make predictions by whatever means desired - Report results potentially broken into: (1) Forces (2) Temperatures and (3) Wear/Tool Life - Reports collected evaluated and data made available on Web Site ## Preliminary Time Table ## 1. T. Altan, Ohio State University 2. Y. Altintas, University of British Columbia 3. S. Bukkapatnam, USC 4. I. S. Jawahir, O. Dillon, University of Kentucky 5. Tien-Chien Jen, University of Wisconsin 6. S. Kapoor, D. Devor, Univeristy of Illinois, IC 7. Y. Koren, University of Michigan 8. J. Leopold, Society for Production Engineering and Development 9. X. Li, National, University of Singapore 10. V. Madhavan, Witchita State 11. T. Marusich, Third Wave Systems 12. P. Oxely, University of NSW Australia 13. A. Srinivasta, IAMS 14. P. Wright, University of California - 1. T. Altan, Ohio State University - 2. Y. Altintas, University of British Columbia - 3. S. Bukkapatnam, USC - 4. I. S. Jawahir, O. Dillon, University of Kentucky - 5. Tien-Chien Jen, University of Wisconsin - 6. S. Kapoor, D. Devor, Univeristy of Illinois, IC - 7. Y. Koren, University of Michigan - 8. J. Leopold, Society for Production Engineering and Development - 9. X. Li, National, University of Singapore - 10. V. Madhavan, Witchita State - 11. T. Marusich, Third Wave Systems - 12. P. Oxely, University of NSW Australia - 13. A. Srinivasta, IAMS - 14. P. Wright, University of California ## For More Information Contact... - Dr. Matthew A. Davies Dr. Ming Leu - NIST NSF, Directorate for Engineering - 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8220 Director - Gaithersburg MD 20899-8220 Manufacturing Machines & Equipment - USA 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Rm 550 - (301) 975-3521 Arlington VA 22230 - USA - (703) 306-1328 - Details & Contacts

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# Presentation: 502561 ## USING ADMINISTRATIVE DATATO MONITOR ACCESS, IDENTIFY DISPARITIES, AND ASSESS PERFORMANCEOF THE SAFETY NET **John Billings** **September, 2003** - NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## WHAT ARE“ADMINISTRATIVE DATA” **Computerized records** **Gathered for some “administrative” purpose** **Bill paying/reimbursement** **Record keeping** **Typically containing information about individuals** **Demographics** **Utilization of services** **Other events (birth, death, etc.)** ## SOME EXAMPLES OF“ADMINISTRATIVE DATA” **Birth/death records** **Hospital admission/discharge abstracts** **Emergency department billing records** **Medicare and Medicaid claims files** ## ADVANTAGES OF“ADMINISTRATIVE DATA” **They’re already there** **They’re electronic [computerized]** **They can be relatively inexpensive to analyze [**_**sometimes**_**]** **They can tell you a lot about what is going on [**_**sometimes**_**]** ## DISADVANTAGES OFADMINISTRATIVE DATA **They can be “dirty” (caution is required)** **Some data elements are a lot better than others** **A good test is whether anyone will go to jail for bad data, or there is some other good reason to get it right** **They seldom tell the whole story (often raising more pesky questions)** **Not everyone is willing to share (which may be required)** **You’re probably going to be dealing with bureaucrats not particularly interested in being helpful** ## USING BIRTH RECORDSTO MONITOR BIRTH “OUTCOMES” **Late/no prenatal care** **Low birth weight (adjusted for gestational age)** **Preterm birth** ## Percent Late/No Prenatal CareNew York City1997-8 - Each “■ “ represents zip code area - R2 = .435 - Source: NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## Staten - Island - Coney - Island - Source: NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## USING HOSPITAL DISCHARGE DATAPreventable/Avoidable HospitalizationsAmbulatory Care Sensitive (ACS) Conditions _**ACS Conditions**_** - Where timely and effective ambulatory care help prevent the need for hospitalization** _**Chronic conditions**_** – Effective care can prevent flare-ups (asthma, diabetes, congestive heart disease, etc.)** _**Acute conditions**_** – Early intervention can prevent more serious progression (ENT infections, cellulitis, pneumonia, etc.)** _**Preventable conditions**_** – Immunization preventable illness** ## ACS Admissions/1,000By Zip Code Area Income Baltimore - Age 0-17 - 1999 - Adms/1,000 - R2 = .595 - LowInc/HiInc = 2.24 - Mean Rate = 9.53 - Each represents a zip code - Percent of Households with Income <$15,000 - Source: NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## ACS Admissions/1,000By Zip Code Area Income Baltimore - Age 40-64 - 1999 - Adms/1,000 - R2 = .893 - LowInc/HiInc = 4.08 - Mean Rate = 26.69 - Each represents a zip code - Percent of Households with Income <$15,000 - Source: NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## Atlanta Metro Area - ACS Admissions/1,000 - Age 40-64 - 1999 - Source: AHRQ/HCUP - NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## Atlanta Metro Area - ACS Admissions/1,000 - Age 40-64 - 1999 - Source: AHRQ/HCUP - NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## ACS Admissions/1,000By Zip Code Area Income New York City - Age 18-64 - 2000 - Adms/1,000 - R2 = .613 - LowInc/HiInc = 3.18 - Mean Rate = 10.64 - Each represents a zip code - Percent of Households with Income <$15,000 - Source: NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research **Low income zip codes** **with large differences** **in ACS rates** - 10035 - 11239 ## USING EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT DATATO MONITOR THE SAFETY NET NYU ED CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM **USING EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT DATA****TO MONITOR THE SAFETY NET**** NYU ED CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM** **Emergent** **Primary Care Treatable** **ED Care Needed** **Not preventable/avoidable** **Preventable/avoidable** **Non-Emergent** - Source: NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## Preventable/Avoidable ED Use/1,000By Zip Code Area Income Baltimore - Age 18-64 - 2000 - ED Visits/1,000 - R2 = .783 - LowInc/HiInc = 3.77 - Mean Rate = 80 - Each represents a zip code - Percent of Households with Income <$15,000 - Source: AHRQ/HCUP - NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## Preventable/Avoidable ED Use/1,000By Zip Code Area Income Austin Metro Area - Age 0-17 - 2000 **Austin Metro Area** - Source: NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research ## SOME CAUTIONS FOR USINGADMINISTRATIVE DATA **The data can be “dirty” (see above)** **If a number is way high or way low, it’s probably wrong** **Unless it’s not** **(Some disparities are huge)** **Don’t expect final answers** **Avoid the easy explanation – this stuff is complex**

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**The objective of this task is to prevent any unintended test messages to disseminate to the public (**A note presented to UIGW on April 6^th^, 2005**)** The Test Mode programs discussed here is only part of an over all "Errant Message" task. [Requirements of the Test/Practice Mode programs:]{.underline} 1. To place a typical AWIPS workstation (e.g. lx and xt) in TEST (Comms Live) or PRACTICE (IN House) mode and of course back to the Operational mode without interfering with other operational workstations. 2. To clearly display a small banner on all the monitors associated with the testing workstations (lx and xt). 3. The Test Mode Control GUI program can only be launched from the Graphic workstation via the appLauncher program. And must be the SAME user logon to the graphic and text workstations. (Master-Slave or the 2 workstations work as a pair) 4. To co-ordinate with those critical AWIPS applications such as WarnGen, WWA, RiverPro and GHG etc. by providing them the current mode designated by the user. 5. More importantly, alert the forecasters to prevent these AWIPS applications from running during mode changes. In other words, all these AWIPS applications must be stopped (pre-conditions) before transition to another mode. 6. The Test Mode Control programs can still work in a graphical workstation alone if the text workstation is not present (return from a system call of "ping") or being shutdown. The Test Mode Control programs contain 3 components. The major one is the Test Mode Control program (GUI). The second one is a showBanner program (GUI) and the last one is a getTestMode process which acts as an API for the AWIPS applications. [The Test Mode Control program:]{.underline} 1. TMCP (GUI) that allows the user to switch between modes: a. Operational to Test b. Operational to Practice c. Test to Operational d. Practice to Operational e. Note that - no paths between Test to Practice or vice versa 2. The GUI components is very simple a. It has a label on the top indicates the current mode status b. It has a scroll text in the middle which communicates with the forecaster(s) via text message. c. There are 4 buttons in the bottom, namely Test Mode (Comms Live), Practice Mode (In House), Operational Mode and Cancel. Cancel implies exit the program. Notice that once the Test Mode is active, both the Test and Practice buttons are insensitive and not available for selection. User can only select "Cancel" or "Operational mode". Also once the Test/Practice mode is selected and all the pre-conditions checking are satisfied, the TMCP GUI will exit momentarily and the showBanner program will take over. d. If user decides to logoff from both the Graphic and Text workstations completely, this is equivalently to turning back to Operational mode for the workstations. [The showBanner program:]{.underline} This program is nothing more than a label widget that indicates which mode is currently active. There are 2 short-lived (3 seconds or more) showBanner programs running on each of the graphic and text workstations and they will display the banner(s) on ALL the monitors associated with the workstation (e.g. one in xt and 3 in lx machines). The locations of the banner can be configured and font can also be changed. The modes and colors are: 1. Test (Comms Live) Mode -- with "Black" for background and with a "White" foreground to be consistent with other AWIPS applications. 2. Practice (In House) Mode -- with an "Orange" background. 3. Panic Mode -- with a "Red" color message of "Problem in the test or practice mode has been detected and please close all applications and exit" Panic mode is caused by some of the anomaly conditions such as if user is logoff from one of the Graphic or Text workstation OR the Test Mode programs encounter a problem. A red banner will be displayed in the remaining running workstation. In this case, user should launch the TMCP (GUI) program in the Graphic station to set the mode back to operational. The getTestMode program: Since it is not a Graphical Interface component, it will not be discussed in this UIWG meeting.

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***** File SP1.DOC TABLES OF DUST PARTICLE SPATIAL AND MASS DISTRIBUTIONS IN COMET P/HALLEY FROM SP-1 EXPERIMENT ON BOARD VEGA 1 AND VEGA 2 SPACECRAFT Dust particle counter SP-1 The experiment is aimed to obtain the mass-spectrum of cometary dust particles and to estimate their mean density. The data thus obtained should permit acquiring the information about the dust component distribution around the nucleus, including the dust envelope fine structure. The experimental data analysis makes it possible to investigate the mechanisms of dust-particle ejection from the nucleus and the acceleration of particles in the presence of various factors. The instrument is used to record dust particles impacting the detector target and to estimate the charge in the detector output circuit. The laboratory experiments show that the total charge of plasma cloud ions generated by the particle impact with the target, is approximately proportional to the particle mass Q ~ A(V)m, where m is the particle mass, A is the velocity-dependent coefficient. For the particle velocity V ~ 80 km/s the coefficient A (extrapolated) is ~ 10**3 C/g. The SP-I instrument includes: a) open dust particle detector; b) screened dust particle detector; c) two identical signal amplifier/discriminator units, each connected with the output of its detector; d) digital data accumulation unit; e) power supply unit. Two identical detectors D1 and D2 consist of gold-covered target and a set of collectors placed above the target and oriented normally to it. The collectors are masked to protect them from direct impacts of particles. The mask and target are at a zero potential. The collector bias is + 30 V (even collectors) and - 30 V (odd collectors). Some of charged ions of the plasma cloud formed during the dust particle impact with the target are accumulated at the collector. The current pulses from the electrodes to which the positive potential is applied, are of negative polarity, those from the electrodes at the negative potential are of positive polarity. The micron film in front of one detector cuts off particles of small mass and density to permit estimating the mean density of particles in the vicinity of the mass spectrum center. The functional block diagram of the instrument is given in 'Venus-Halley Mission' (Balekanov 1985). The current pulses from D1 (D2) are converted by the diode converter DC and can be amplified by the three-cascade amplifier (AI). The converted signals enter the pulse-height selector PHS from DC outputs. The output signals from AI and its intermediate sections enter the other PHS inputs. The current pulses of positive polarity are amplified by the similar three-cascade amplifier A2 and enter the time gate (TG). The PHS samples pulses within the one-decade range. Each of the seven PHS outputs is assigned a specific channel. The PHS circuit uses a majority logic principle. A signal at the output of any channel locks all output signals from junior channels. Thus, there is only one signal at the PHS outputs whose amplitude corresponds to the senior (relative to others) channel. The PHS output signals enter the address encoder E and if they are accompanied by a TG output pulse a three-bit address code is generated for the storage-counter (SC). The table below shows the channels for given mass ranges. +-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Channel number | Charge pulse amp, C | Mass Range, g | +-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | 1 | 10**-7 - 10**-8 | 10**-10 - 10**-11 | | 2 | 10**-8 - 10**-9 | 10**-11 - 10**-12 | | 3 | 10**-9 - 10**-10 | 10**-12 - 10**-13 | | 4 | 10**-10 - 10**-11 | 10**-13 - 10**-14 | | 5 | 10**-11 - 10**-12 | 10**-14 - 10**-15 | | 6 | 10**-12 - 10**-13 | 10**-15 - 10**-16 | | 7 | 10**-13 - 3x10**-14 | 10**-16 - 3x10**-17 | +-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+ The discriminator includes a calibration oscillator (CO) for the in-flight instrument calibration. In the calibration mode charge signals are generated, sent to the amplifier-discriminator inputs and enter the first and fifth channels, respectively. The storage-counter data are transmitted as a 224-bit message to the APV-N instrument via the data-exchange channels and they are included into the APV-N data message. The pulse accumulation time determined by the instrument interrogation cycle is 2.5 min in the tape-recording mode, and 2 s in the real-time data-transmission mode. The mass range of the instrument is determined by the mass-to-charge transformation coefficient, as well as by the efficiency of collectors and charge-pulse recording circuits. The efficiency of the instrument, that is, the recorded mass range, is determined from the calibration tests and model calculations. The SP-1 dust particle counter is developed by the Soviet specialists. Balebanov, V.M., Skuridin, G.A., Vorontsova, E.V., Bassolo, V.S.(eds.): 1985, Venus-Halley Mission, Louis-Jean, Gap Vaisberg et al. 1986, "Spatial Distributions of Low-Mass Dust Particles (m<10**-10 g) in Comet Halley Coma", ESA SP-250, p. 17. 2. OBSERVATIONS AND DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA TABLES The flyby trajectories of the Vega spacecraft in the cometocentric frame can be specified by the coordinates of the closest approach to the nucleus R0(R0x,R0y,R0z) and the components of the relative velocity V(Vx,Vy,Vz). The corresponding values for Vega1 and Vega2 were as follows: Vega 1: R0x = 7830 km; R0y = 2480 km; R0z = 3400 km; Vx = 28.64 km/s; Vy = -72.73 km/s; Vz =-12.95km/s; Vega 2: R0x = 7100 km; R0y = 2680 km; R0z = 2630 km; Vx = 30.53 km/s; Vy = -69.44 km/s; Vz =-11.88km/s; If the results of the dust flux measurements are referred to the time reckoned from the instant of closest approach, the corresponding distances to the cometary nucleus can be found as R=R0*sqrt(1 + (t/t0)**2), where the parameter t0 = R0/V. The SP-1 data for Vega1 spacecraft are formatted into table containing 1399 records. Each record consists of a time of measurement column (referred to closest approach, where 0 sec is 4:12:38 UT), and 2 columns of impact plasma sensor data (ch 2 and 4+6 combined). The data table for Vega2 is similar but the record contains 7 columns for all impact sensor plasma data. Total number of records is 2151.

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USGS Digital Spectral Library splib05a Clark et. al. 2003 ASCII Spectral Data file contents: line 13 title line 14 history line 15 to end: 3-columns of data: wavelength reflectance standard deviation (standard deviation of 0.000000 means not measured) (*************** indicates a deleted number) ---------------------------------------------------- Halloysite NMNH106236 W1R1Ba AREF copy of splib04a r 1920 0.205100*************** 0.000000 0.213100*************** 0.060019 0.221100*************** 0.016826 0.229100 0.378965 0.006311 0.236100 0.378378 0.004383 0.242100 0.377306 0.002158 0.248100 0.373588 0.001786 0.253600 0.376499 0.001516 0.258600 0.383522 0.001271 0.263600 0.391244 0.001141 0.268600 0.397811 0.001162 0.273100 0.408325 0.001303 0.277100 0.417605 0.001215 0.281100 0.429030 0.001251 0.285100 0.438567 0.001284 0.289100 0.448313 0.001322 0.293100 0.461911 0.001365 0.297100 0.476493 0.001418 0.301100 0.490480 0.001468 0.305100 0.504813 0.001509 0.309100 0.520791 0.001540 0.313100 0.537508 0.001566 0.317100 0.551182 0.001583 0.321100 0.562826 0.001609 0.325100 0.577197 0.001615 0.329100 0.585420 0.001629 0.333100 0.593652 0.001627 0.337100 0.601616 0.001636 0.341100 0.611797 0.001627 0.345100 0.616608 0.001638 0.349100 0.626587 0.001657 0.353100 0.627979 0.001529 0.357100 0.634558 0.001140 0.360600 0.638493 0.001110 0.363600 0.644693 0.001230 0.366600 0.648211 0.001031 0.369600 0.648864 0.001331 0.372600 0.654003 0.001048 0.375600 0.657913 0.001005 0.378600 0.661316 0.001081 0.381100 0.665796 0.001108 0.383100 0.666211 0.001163 0.385100 0.668241 0.001410 0.387100 0.670590 0.000965 0.389100 0.672784 0.001261 0.391100 0.676143 0.000939 0.393100 0.677846 0.000821 0.395100 0.679672 0.001062 0.397100 0.681168 0.000895 0.399100 0.684479 0.000936 0.401100 0.687415 0.000988 0.403100 0.686503 0.000767 0.405100 0.688368 0.000791 0.407100 0.690286 0.000755 0.409100 0.692848 0.000729 0.411100 0.696760 0.001049 0.412800 0.697879 0.000825 0.415800 0.699593 0.001129 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1.298500 0.753856 0.001010 1.303500 0.738757 0.000999 1.308500 0.727846 0.000944 1.313500 0.727071 0.001039 1.318500 0.721458 0.000952 1.323500 0.714819 0.001121 1.328500 0.710540 0.000910 1.333500 0.706372 0.000888 1.338500 0.701996 0.001103 1.343500 0.688529 0.001208 1.348500 0.669428 0.001208 1.353500 0.644086 0.000995 1.358500 0.622643 0.001058 1.363500 0.598192 0.001225 1.368500 0.571570 0.001434 1.373500 0.527086 0.001438 1.378500 0.461555 0.001627 1.383500 0.402447 0.001011 1.388500 0.381659 0.001558 1.393500 0.392665 0.001484 1.398500 0.411235 0.001004 1.403500 0.412981 0.001327 1.408500 0.369028 0.001357 1.413500 0.341542 0.001226 1.418500 0.431691 0.001248 1.423500 0.505852 0.001524 1.428500 0.538364 0.001206 1.433500 0.559588 0.001105 1.438500 0.580946 0.001075 1.443500 0.596755 0.001084 1.448500 0.612215 0.001262 1.453500 0.620429 0.001081 1.458500 0.626217 0.001550 1.463500 0.632574 0.001003 1.468500 0.635705 0.001279 1.473500 0.649503 0.001215 1.478500 0.659180 0.001131 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2.075000 0.491390 0.001802 2.085000 0.483197 0.001707 2.095000 0.477468 0.001880 2.105000 0.460437 0.001862 2.115000 0.445662 0.001904 2.125000 0.435563 0.001879 2.135000 0.413048 0.001817 2.145000 0.367619 0.001855 2.155000 0.316100 0.001689 2.165000 0.287217 0.001412 2.175000 0.276555 0.001699 2.185000 0.261801 0.001896 2.195000 0.225672 0.001865 2.205000 0.184241 0.001910 2.215000 0.231404 0.001911 2.225000 0.306569 0.001931 2.235000 0.333957 0.001936 2.245000 0.348951 0.001926 2.255000 0.353148 0.001935 2.265000 0.347784 0.001942 2.275000 0.349221 0.001998 2.285000 0.332775 0.002861 2.295000 0.318312 0.004016 2.305000 0.295004 0.003741 2.315000 0.287640 0.002410 2.325000 0.280496 0.001910 2.335000 0.273916 0.001580 2.345000 0.263081 0.001714 2.355000 0.252101 0.001878 2.365000 0.252093 0.001873 2.375000 0.237321 0.001895 2.386000 0.226069 0.001800 2.400000 0.229204 0.001023 2.418000 0.217282 0.000779 2.440000 0.198366 0.001658 2.466000 0.184969 0.001059 2.496000 0.167357 0.001427 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en

converted_docs

160042

Q-BANK Fields and Categories 06/22/06 Color Codes: New field in development Existing field needing revision Completed field +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | **St | **Fie | ** | **C | **Field | ** | | atus** | lds** | Definition** | ategories** | Type & | Example** | | | | | | *Default | | | | | | | Value*** | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Com | S | The survey | NHIS | Pull down | NHIS | | pleted | urvey | for which | | menu with | | | | Title | the question | NHANES | "other" | | | | | was tested; | | category | | | | | this will be | SLAITS | that can | | | | | specific to | | specify | | | | | the survey | NSFG | verbatim | | | | | and not | | a survey | | | | | reflect the | NIS | not on | | | | | program | | the list | | | | | producing | Not | | | | | | the survey | Applicable | * | | | | | | | Default - | | | | | | | none* | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Com | S | Year that | Year | \_ \_ \_ | 2002 | | pleted | urvey | the question | | \_ | | | | Year | is fielded | | | | | | | in the | | *Defa | | | | | survey | | ult-none* | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Com | Evalu | Type of | 1. | Pull down | Cognitive | | pleted | ation | documented | Cognitive | menu/mark | interview | | | Type | evaluation | | all that | | | | | conducted on | interview | apply | | | | | question | | | | | | | | 2. Focus | * | | | | | | group | Default - | | | | | | | none* | | | | | | 3. Split | | | | | | | Sample | | | | | | | *test* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4. | | | | | | | Respondent | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Debriefing | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 | | | | | | | . Behavior | | | | | | | Coding | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6. Expert | | | | | | | review | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7. Other | | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Co | Surv | Month and | Year/Month | \_ \_ / | 2 | | | Test | year that | | \_ \_ | 002/March | | Com | Date | testing | | | | | pleted | | interviews | | * | | | | | (the initial | | Default - | | | | | project) | | none* | | | | | began. | | | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Com | Sp | The | CDC | Optional | CDC | | pleted | onsor | ag | | | | | | | ency/program | NIH | Mark all | | | | | requesting | | that | | | | | or | EPA | apply | | | | | sponsoring | | | | | | | the question | FDA | Pull down | | | | | testing. | | menu with | | | | | | Census - | "other" | | | | | Include | DMD | category | | | | | department | | that can | | | | | acronyms | | specify | | | | | when | | verbatim | | | | | applicable. | | a survey | | | | | | | not on | | | | | | | the list | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * | | | | | | | Default - | | | | | | | none* | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Com | Te | Specifies | BLS | Mark all | BLS | | pleted | sting | the agency | | that | | | | A | that | Census | apply | | | | gency | conducted | | | | | | | the | NCHS | | | | | | evaluation | | | | | | | work | NCI | | | | | | | | | | | | | Include | NSF | | | | | | department | | | | | | | acronyms | Census - | | | | | | when | SRD | | | | | | applicable. | | | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Com | Uni | Specifies | Population | Estab | Esta | | pleted | verse | whether the | | lishment/ | blishment | | | | question | Es | | | | | | derives from | tablishment | P | | | | | an | | opulation | | | | | e | | Check | | | | | stablishment | | | | | | | survey or a | | | | | | | population | | | | | | | (household) | | | | | | | survey. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | E | | | | | | | stablishment | | | | | | | surveys | | | | | | | include | | | | | | | surveys of | | | | | | | o | | | | | | | rganizations | | | | | | | such as | | | | | | | for-profit | | | | | | | businesses, | | | | | | | non-profit | | | | | | | or | | | | | | | ganizations, | | | | | | | educational | | | | | | | i | | | | | | | nstitutions, | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | a | | | | | | | ssociations. | | | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Com | P | Mode in | 1. CAPI | mark all | CAPI | | pleted | re-te | which the | | that | (* | | | sting | question was | (*computer- | apply | computer- | | | Mode | pre-tested | | | a | | | | | assisted,* | | ssisted,* | | | | *If the | | | in | | | | question was | interviewer | | terviewer | | | | pre-tested | adm | | admin | | | | in multiple | inistered - | | istered - | | | | modes, check | in | | in | | | | multiple | person) | | person) | | | | modes.* | | | | | | | | 2. CATI | | | | | | *Enter the | | | | | | | method that | (*computer- | | | | | | was | | | | | | | pre-tested. | assisted,* | | | | | | For example, | | | | | | | if you | interviewer | | | | | | tested a | adm | | | | | | self- | inistered - | | | | | | administered | | | | | | | survey, | telephone) | | | | | | enter that, | | | | | | | even though | 3. | | | | | | it may have | Interviewer | | | | | | also been a | a | | | | | | cognitive | dministered | | | | | | interview.* | paper | | | | | | | qu | | | | | | *If the | estionnaire | | | | | | survey is a | (in | | | | | | CATI or CAPI | person) | | | | | | survey, but | | | | | | | you tested | 4. | | | | | | using a | Interviewer | | | | | | paper-pencil | a | | | | | | version, | dministered | | | | | | chose option | paper | | | | | | 3 or 4 | qu | | | | | | instead of 1 | estionnaire | | | | | | or 2. This | (over | | | | | | more | phone) | | | | | | accurately | | | | | | | reflects the | 5. Self-a | | | | | | instrument | dministered | | | | | | that was | web | | | | | | tested.* | qu | | | | | | | estionnaire | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6. Self-a | | | | | | | dministered | | | | | | | paper | | | | | | | qu | | | | | | | estionnaire | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7. | | | | | | | Audio-CASI | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8. IVR/TDE | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9. Other | | | | | | | | | | | | | | electronic | | | | | | | surveys | | | | | | | (CD, | | | | | | | email, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | download) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10. OTHER | | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Com | Field | Field Mode | 1. CAPI | mark all | CAPI | | pleted | Mode | refers to | | that | (in | | | | the mode in | (*compute | apply | terviewer | | | | which the | r-assisted* | | admin | | | | survey will | | | istered - | | | | be | interviewer | | in | | | | administered | adm | | person) | | | | when it goes | inistered - | | | | | | into the | in | | | | | | field. | person) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2. CATI | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (*compute | | | | | | | r-assisted* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | interviewer | | | | | | | adm | | | | | | | inistered - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | telephone) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3. | | | | | | | Interviewer | | | | | | | a | | | | | | | dministered | | | | | | | paper | | | | | | | qu | | | | | | | estionnaire | | | | | | | (in | | | | | | | person) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4. | | | | | | | Interviewer | | | | | | | a | | | | | | | dministered | | | | | | | paper | | | | | | | qu | | | | | | | estionnaire | | | | | | | (over | | | | | | | phone) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5. Self-a | | | | | | | dministered | | | | | | | web | | | | | | | qu | | | | | | | estionnaire | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6. Self-a | | | | | | | dministered | | | | | | | paper | | | | | | | qu | | | | | | | estionnaire | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7. | | | | | | | Audio-CASI | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8. IVR/TDE | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9. Other | | | | | | | | | | | | | | electronic | | | | | | | surveys | | | | | | | (CD, | | | | | | | email, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | download) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10. *OTHER* | | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Com | Prin | The lead | Verbatim | C | Kristen | | pleted | cipal | investigator | Text | haracters | Miller, | | | In | of the | | | Ph.D. | | | vesti | cognitive | | * | | | | gator | testing | | Default - | | | | | project | | none* | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Com | Doc | D | 1. Final | mark all | Final | | pleted | ument | ocumentation | report | that | Report | | | ation | available | | apply | (pdf | | | | | 2. Audio | | file) | | | | | tapes | * | | | | | | | Default - | Video | | | | | 3. Video | none* | tapes | | | | | tapes | | | | | | | | | Trans | | | | | 4. Tra | | criptions | | | | | nscriptions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5. Video | | | | | | | library | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6. | | | | | | | Interview | | | | | | | | | | | | | | summaries | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7. Pilot | | | | | | | test | | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Com | G | Instructions | Verbatim | C | "Start | | pleted | lobal | that appear | text | haracters | Here. 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Events, | Pull down | Events, | | pleted | nform | Type refers | | menu | Actions, | | | ation | to the kind | Actions, | | and | | | | of | and | * | Behaviors | | | Type | information | | Default - | | | | | elicited by | Behaviors | none* | | | | | the | | | | | | | question. | 2. | | | | | | | Objective | | | | | | See Appendix | char | | | | | | for | acteristics | | | | | | definitions | | | | | | | | 3. | | | | | | | Subjective | | | | | | | char | | | | | | | acteristics | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4. S | | | | | | | peculations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5. Attitud | | | | | | | es/Opinions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6. | | | | | | | Knowledge | | | | | | | tests | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7. 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Only | | | | | | A | the first | Middle left | | | | | dmin. | question in | | | | | | On | the left | Middle | | | | | ly)** | column is to | right | | | | | | be called | | | | | | | "top left." | Bottom | | | | | | Similarly, | | | | | | | only the | Bottom left | | | | | | last | | | | | | | question at | Bottom | | | | | | the bottom | right | | | | | | left of the | | | | | | | column will | | | | | | | be coded | | | | | | | "bottom | | | | | | | left;" all | | | | | | | others will | | | | | | | be coded as | | | | | | | middle. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Describe the | | | | | | | location of | | | | | | | the | | | | | | | beginning of | | | | | | | the | | | | | | | question. | | | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Com | Page | Number of | Page X of Y | C | Page | | pleted | N | page in | | haracters | Number | | | umber | which | | | | | | | question | | | | | | ** | appears in | | | | | | (Self | q | | | | | | A | uestionnaire | | | | | | dmin. | | | | | | | On | | | | | | | ly)** | | | | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Com | Cor | | | | | | pleted | respo | | | | | | | nding | | | | | | | Que | | | | | | | stion | | | | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Com | Res | The type(s) | 1. | Pull down | Difficult | | pleted | ponse | of errors | Interviewer | menu | terms; | | | Error | identified | | | Ambiguous | | | | in testing | Difficulty | Mark all | concepts | | | | | **(in | that | | | | | \* See | terviewer-a | apply | | | | | attachment E | dministered | | | | | | for | only)** | * | | | | | definitions. | | Default - | | | | | | 2. | none* | | | | | | Problematic | | | | | | | Visual | | | | | | | Cues | | | | | | | | | | | | | | > **(self-a | | | | | | | dministered | | | | | | | > only)** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3. Not | | | | | | | | | | | | | | seen/read | | | | | | | | | | | | | | > **(self-a | | | | | | | dministered | | | | | | | > only)** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4. | | | | | | | Problematic | | | | | | | terms | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5. | | | | | | | Ambiguous | | | | | | | | | | | | | | concepts | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6. Overly | | | | | | | complex | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7. Assump | | | | | | | tion/Double | | | | | | | barrel | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8. Qu | | | | | | | estionnaire | | | | | | | effects | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9. Recall | | | | | | | | | | | | | | /Estimation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | difficulty | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10. Biase | | | | | | | d/sensitive | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11. | | | | | | | Inadequate | | | | | | | | | | | | | | response | | | | | | | options | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 12. | | | | | | | Problematic | | | | | | | answer | | | | | | | space | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **(self-a | | | | | | | dministered | | | | | | | only)** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 13. None as | | | | | | | tested | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **Es | | | | | | | tablishment | | | | | | | only:** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | . Mismatch | | | | | | | between | | | | | | | | | | | | | | reporting | | | | | | | unit | | | | | | | and org | | | | | | | unit | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | | | | | | | . Mismatch | | | | | | | between | | | | | | | | | | | | | | requested | | | | | | | data | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | records | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3. | | | | | | | Requested | | | | | | | data | | | | | | | not | | | | | | | kept in | | | | | | | records | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4. Lack of | | | | | | | access | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | | | | | | requested | | | | | | | data | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5. De | | | | | | | centralized | | | | | | | data | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6. Release | | | | | | | of data | | | | | | | | | | | | | | prohibited | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7. Not | | | | | | | willing | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | divulge | | | | | | | | | | | | | | proprietary | | | | | | | | | | | | | | information | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8. Release | | | | | | | of data | | | | | | | | | | | | | | conditional | | | | | | | upon | | | | | | | au | | | | | | | thorization | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9. | | | | | | | Estimation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10. Calc | | | | | | | ulation/tra | | | | | | | nsformation | | | | | | | of data | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11. P | | | | | | | erpetuating | | | | | | | prior | | | | | | | | | | | | | | incorrect | | | | | | | | | | | | | | reporting | | | | | | | | | | | | | | strategy | | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ | Com | Where | If there is | He | Mark all | | | pleted | error | a response | ading/label | that | | | | o | error, does | | apply | | | | ccurs | the error | Qu | | | | | | occur in the | estion/item | *Default: | | | | | question | | none* | | | | | itself, or | Contextual | | | | | | does it | instruction | | | | | | occur in | | | | | | | another | N | | | | | | component of | avigational | | | | | | the item? | direction | | | | | | | | | | | | | non-verbal | Response | | | | | | components | options | | | | | | are defined | | | | | | | as including | Non-verbal | | | | | | the | components | | | | | | \'numeric, | | | | | | | symbolic and | | | | | | | graphic | | | | | | | information | | | | | | | (color, | | | | | | | brightness, | | | | | | | shape, and | | | | | | | location of | | | | | | | information) | | | | +--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+ **Appendix A -** **Household Surveys** Demographics Household Roster and Composition Question Relationship Race Ethnicity Education Marital Status Sexual Identity Sex Occupation Citizenship Family Composition Parental Education Attainment Employment Employment Status Working Looking for Work Contingent Workers Displaced Workers Employment > Occupation > > Industry Work Activities Employer Job Change Job Satisfaction Compensation Salary/Wages Benefits (Retirement, Health, Other) Public Assistance Programs TANF (formerly AFDC) SSI Child care subsidies Transportation subsidies Job training programs Income Sources Household Income Earnings Interest and Dividends Child Support and Alimony Expenditures/Prices Goods/Commodities Services Housing Finances/Wealth/Spending Habits Unpaid work/other non-market activities Crime Victimization Computer Crime Identity theft Health Access to Health Care Alternative Health Cancer Chronic Conditions Arthritis Asthma Chronic Bronchitis Coronary Heart Disease Congestive Heart Failure Emphysema Disability Nutrition Dietary Supplements Food Sufficiency *General Health (e.g., health status?)* Tobacco Use Injury and Poisoning Men's Health *Physical Activity/Exercise* Sexual Behavior Well Being Outcomes *(what is this?)* Adult Child Women's Health Education Pre-K K-12 Postsecondary Educational Attainment Degree Information Financial Support Transition from school to work GPA Training and Adult Education Public Attitudes and Understanding of S&T Public attitudes about S&T Public interest in S&T Factual knowledge about S&T Source of information/media usage Confidence in institutions **Establishment Surveys** Business and Industry Establishments Employment (counts) Unemployment Layoffs Hours Revenues (\$) Sales/receipt Expenditures (\$) Capital Payroll R&D Payroll/Wages/Earnings Benefits Compensation Occupational Safety and Health > Injury > > Illness Productivity Domestic International Foreign Labor Projections Economic Growth Employment demand Prices Domestic Production Import/Exports International Inventory Business Type Industry Manufacturing Services Retail Wholesale Mining Construction Foreign Trade Governments Educational Institutions Ownership Educational Institutions Pre-K K-12 Postsecondary Institutional Characteristics Public vs. Private Highest Degree Granted Staff (counts) Faculty/Teachers Other Staff (non-faculty research, postdocs) Enrollment (counts) Financial assistance for students (counts) Revenue (\$) Government Tuition and Fees Private Gifts/Grants/Contracts Endowments Expenditures (\$) Academic R&D Financial Aid Facilities (Sq.Ft) Government Characteristics Expenditures **Question Type Taxonomy** +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ | ## Type | ## Definition | **Examples** | +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ | * | - **Describes an action | # Have you ev | | *Events, | or event** | er smoked a whole cigarette? | | Actions, | | | | and | - **Includes reports of | When did your | | Beh | past and present | injury/poisoning happen? | | aviors** | actions, habits, | | | | behaviors, events and | Did you ever have a heart | | | practices** | attack? | | | | | | | These reports are | Do you currently take | | | externally observable. | insulin for your diabetes? | | | They are not | | | | characteristics of people, | In the past 12 months, how | | | households, or | many times have you seen or | | | institutions, but | talked to a nurse for care | | | represent some action that | or advice? | | | was taken. This category | | | | includes non-event | In the last 12 months, have | | | questions, that is, when a | you had surgery? | | | respondent is asked to | | | | report whether an action | In the last 12 months, have | | | or event did *not* take | your tonsils been removed? | | | place. It also includes | | | | the naming of something | What type of vehicle struck | | | related to an event. | your vehicle? | | | | | | | | During the past 12 months, | | | | has medical care been | | | | delayed because of worry | | | | about the cost? | | | | | | | | Are you paying an additional | | | | premium for a supplemental | | | | health insurance plan? | | | | | | | | How old were you when you | | | | first started to smoke | | | | fairly regularly? | | | | | | | | Has a doctor ever told you | | | | that you have asthma? | +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ | **Obj | - **Describes | Do you have diabetes? | | ective** | characteristics of the | | | | respondent, household, | Do you have insurance that | | **C | household member, | you purchase directly? | | haracter | establishment, | | | istics** | employee or some other | Do you have any type of | | | group** | government-sponsored | | | | insurance such as medicare, | | | - **Is verifiable | medicaid, medi-GAP, or CHIP? | | | information** | | | | | How old are you? | | | Objective characteristics | | | | are traits of individuals, | What is your weight? | | | households, or | | | | institutions. It can | Because of a health problem, | | | include something they | are you unable to walk | | | have, received, are aware | without using any special | | | of, or were told about. | equipment? | | | For example, questions | | | | fitting into this category | | | | would include questions | | | | about whether people | | | | "have" a chronic | | | | condition, health | | | | insurance plan or whether | | | | they are aware of another | | | | kind of condition that | | | | they might have. | | | | Question coding is | | | | assessing whether the | | | | question content is | | | | objective, regardless of | | | | question design intent. | | +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ | **Subj | - **Describes | In general, how would you | | ective** | characteristics of the | rate your health today? | | | respondent, household, | | | **C | household member, | Do you consider yourself to | | haracter | establishment, | have a disability? | | istics** | employee or some other | | | | group** | Do you need the help of | | | | another person with | | | - **Is [not]{.underline} | preparing meals? *(as | | | verifiable | opposed to: Does another | | | information** | person prepare your meals | | | | for you?)* | | | A subjective | | | | characteristic is a | By yourself, and without | | | personal state that is a | using any special equipment, | | | matter of perception. Even | how difficult is it for you | | | if these characteristics | to stand or be on your feet | | | were well-defined, they | for about 2 hours? | | | could not be externally | | | | verified, and there is no | Overall in the last 30 days, | | | "true" answer. Question | how much distress, sadness | | | coding is assessing | or worry did you experience? | | | whether the question | | | | content is subjective, | Because of a health problem, | | | regardless of question | do you have difficulty | | | design intent. | walking without using any | | | | special equipment? | +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ | **Specul | - **Ask about | Do you plan to visit the | | ations** | intentions, | dentist in the next six | | | predictions or | months? | | | hypothetical | | | | situations** | How likely are you to lose | | | | 10 pounds over the next | | | Speculative questions are | year? | | | about events, behaviors, | | | | practices that have not | If you were in a car | | | yet occurred, or they | accident, who would you call | | | present hypothetical | first? | | | situations to which the | | | | respondent must evaluate | John cannot wash, groom or | | | or provide prediction. | dress himself without | | | Unlike "report" questions | personal help. He has no | | | that inquire into past or | problems with feeding. How | | | present events, the tense | would you rate his | | | of speculations is future | difficulty with self-care? | | | or subjunctive. | | | | | What are your chances of | | | | getting HIV? | +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ | **Att | - **Ask about Attitudes | On a scale from 0 to 5 (with | | itudes** | and opinions** | 0 being not at all and 5 | | | | being very strong), how | | | The general format of | strongly do you believe that | | | these questions is to ask | children should be | | | for an opinion, a | immunized? | | | preference, or a | | | | particular position. The | Would you like to weigh | | | response options generally | more? | | | appear in the form of a | | | | scale. | | | | | | | | []{.mark} | | +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ | **K | - **Tests respondents' | Does trans fat raise blood | | nowledge | knowledge** | cholesterol, lower it or | | Tests** | | have no effect on blood | | | Knowledge questions verify | cholesterol? | | | the level of knowledge | | | | respondents have regarding | Do you believe that | | | a particular subject | immunizations are harmful to | | | matter. They ask about | children under 2 years old? | | | externally verifiable | | | | facts, where some outside | Can you name the mayor of | | | source of information will | Baltimore? | | | be considered as a "gold | | | | standard" and the point of | Have you ever heard of | | | the question is to see how | Medicare? | | | well respondent knowledge | | | | compares to that standard | | | | | | | | Include awareness about | | | | events or questions asking | | | | if someone has ever "heard | | | | of" a particular program. | | +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ | * | - **Question types that | | | *Other** | do not fit any of the | | | | above categories.** | | +----------+----------------------------+------------------------------+ Appendix E **Response Error Indicators (for non-establishment surveys)** +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | PERCEPTION | | | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | 1. Interviewer | **Question is difficult | 1\. What was the date | | Difficulty | to administer from | of your most recent | | **(intervie | interviewer perspective** | injury/poisoning? | | wer-administered | | | | only)** | 1\. Cannot be read in a | 2\. In the last year, | | | standardized manner | was anyone in your | | | | household poisoned? | | | 2\. Unclear what parts of | Read when necessary: | | | the question should be | Do not include sun or | | | read | food poisoning or | | | | reaction to poison | | | 3\. Interviewer cannot | ivy. | | | administer without | | | | obtaining information not | 3\. (Without asking | | | previously collected. | if R works) Do you | | | | work full-time or | | | | part-time? | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | 2. Problematic | **Ambiguous, inadequate, | Sometimes using SKIP | | Visual Cues | or inconsistent visual or | TO; other times using | | | navigational cues** | GO TO to mean the | | > **(s | | same thing. | | elf-administered | Includes respondent or | | | > only)** | interviewer problems with | | | | | | | | - skip patterns | | | | | | | | - bold/italics | | | | | | | | - color contrast | | | | | | | | - difficulty reading | | | | due to typography | | | | | | | | This also occurs when the | | | | same cue is used to mean | | | | different things, or | | | | different | | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | 3. Not | **Instructions or | | | seen/read | definitions or part of | | | | the question text was | | | > **(s | unnoticed by respondent | | | elf-administered | or interviewer** | | | > only)** | | | | | Part or all of the | | | | question, definition, or | | | | instructions associated | | | | with the question were | | | | not seen or not read by | | | | the respondent or by the | | | | interviewer. | | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | COMPREHENSION | | | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | 1. Problematic | **Contains inappropriate | 1\. Have you ever | | Terms | or unfamiliar terms** | used a dental | | | | sealant? | | | - Unknown terms | | | | | | | | - Terms used out of | | | | context or | 2\. How often do you | | | inappropriately | use a dosimeter? | | | | | | | - Overly technical | | | | language/jargon | | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | 2. Ambiguous | **Contains vague or | 1\. How many hours a | | Concepts | ambiguous concepts** | week do you [work | | | | near]{.underline} a | | | - Ambiguous or vague | [large electrical | | | concepts or terms | machine]{.underline}? | | | | (If a respondent | | | - missing reference | constantly passes by | | | period | a machine for a few | | | | seconds, is that | | | - concepts with | *working near*? | | | multiple | *Large* is vague; | | | interpretations - | some people might | | | answer could vary | categorize a drill | | | depending upon which | press as large, while | | | interpretation was | others would not.) | | | taken | | | | | 2\. Do you need the | | | - Instructions or | help of other persons | | | definitions are | in handling personal | | | missing or inadequate | care needs? | | | | (Respondent may "get | | | | help" but not "need | | | | help"; they may not | | | | be sure which answer | | | | is most appropriate.) | | | | | | | | 13\. Did you have sex | | | | with your current | | | | partner? (Could refer | | | | to intercourse or | | | | other forms of | | | | intimate contact; | | | | answer might vary | | | | depending upon | | | | interpretation.) | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | 3. Overly | **Question is long or | 1. Do you have any | | Complex | overly complex ** | [di | | | | fficulty]{.underline} | | | - Respondents are | hearing, seeing, | | | unable to remember or | communicating, | | | synthesize the | walking, climbing | | | details in the | stairs, bending, | | | question because of | learning or doing any | | | the length | similar activities? | | | | | | | - Overuse of | 2. What kind of | | | qualifiers, such as | health insurance or | | | "including" and "not | health care coverage | | | counting" | do you have? Include | | | | those that pay for | | | - Important ideas are | only one type of | | | missed because they | service (nursing home | | | are buried within the | care, accidents, or | | | question | dental care). Exclude | | | | private plans that | | | - Unnecessary | only provide extra | | | grammatical | cash while | | | complications (e.g. | hospitalized. | | | double-negatives) or | | | | awkward structure | 3. In the past 12 | | | | months, how many | | | | times have you seen | | | | or talked on the | | | | telephone about your | | | | physical, emotional | | | | or mental health with | | | | a family doctor or | | | | general practitioner? | | | | (Many do not hear | | | | "seen" and respond | | | | with only the number | | | | of times spoken on | | | | the telephone) | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | 4. A | **Question makes | Do you think women | | ssumption/Double | inaccurate assumption | and children should | | Barrel | about respondents' | have universal health | | | experiences** | care coverage? | | | | (Respondents who | | | **Question asks about two | think children | | | different concepts, but | should, but not | | | assumes a single answer** | necessarily women, | | | | might be unsure how | | | | to answer.) | | | | | | | | When did you stop | | | | beating your wife? | | | | (Assumes the | | | | respondent has done | | | | this.) | | | | | | | | When riding in the | | | | back seat of a car, | | | | how often do you wear | | | | a seat belt? (Assumes | | | | the respondent ever | | | | rides in the back | | | | seat of a car.) | | | | | | | | As a result of this | | | | injury/poisoning, how | | | | much work did you | | | | miss? | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | RETRIEVAL | | | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | 1. R | **Respondent does not | What is the dosage of | | ecall/Estimation | know or has difficulty | your asthma | | Difficulty | recalling information.** | medication? | | | | | | | **Response is subject to | In your lifetime, | | | error because of | with how many people | | | calculation or estimation | have you had sex? | | | difficulty.** | | | | | Do you think the Lt. | | | The difficulty may be | Governor of Delaware | | | because of memory trouble | has been doing a good | | | or because the respondent | job? | | | never knew the | | | | information to begin | * * | | | with. | | | | | On what date did you | | | - Topic is of low | first ride a bicycle? | | | salience to R | | | | (especially for | In the past three | | | attitude questions) | years, how many times | | | | did you visit a | | | ```{=html} | doctor? | | |  | | | | ``` | In your lifetime, how | | | - Question asks about | many cigarettes have | | | information the | you smoked? | | | respondent is | | | | unlikely to know | Asking floor manager | | | | about hours that the | | | - Telescoping: Specific | office staff works. | | | recall problem where | | | | events before the | Asking proxy for | | | reference period are | information proxy is | | | recalled as being | not likely to have. | | | within the reference | | | | period. | | | | | | | | - Requires broad | | | | reliance on | | | | estimation (a wild | | | | guess is the best | | | | possible result). | | | | | | | | - Guessing or assuming | | | | the answer -- | | | | ballparking | | | | | | | | - Trouble making | | | | calculations in head | | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | JUDGEMENT | | | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | 1. | **Response process is | 1. Are you in favor | | Sensitive/Bias | influenced by either the | of allowing the | | | sensitive or social | interests of big | | | context of the question | business to dominate | | | topic.** | the Congressional | | | | agenda, or are you in | | | | favor of sensible | | | | legislation to | | | | moderate the | | | | influence of outside | | | | lobbyists? | | | | | | | | 2\. With how many men | | | | have you had sex? | | | | | | | | | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | 1 | **Question problem | 1. Do you have | | . Questionnaire | related to the | asthma? | | Effects | questionnaire** | | | | | Do you have chronic | | | Question would not | bronchitis? | | | necessarily have a | | | | problem independently, | Do you have coronary | | | but there is a problem | heart disease? | | | related to the entire | | | | questionnaire. | What was you total | | | | household income | | | - Illogical | before taxes in | | | juxtaposition of | 2002? | | | topics/awkward flow | | | | | 2\. Series of | | | - Response of question | questions about | | | is impacted by | exercise where "no" | | | previous questions | responses start to | | | (i.e. context or | create an image of | | | order effects) | inactivity that makes | | | | the respondent | | | - Inconsistent verbal | uncomfortable; | | | format across similar | questions that | | | or related questions | respondents seem | | | | reluctant to answer | | | - Questions are | | | | perceived to be | 3. Most questions in | | | repetitive | the series ask | | | | "agree/disagree," but | | | - Burdensome length of | then a few switch to | | | the questionnaire | "true/false." | | | | | | | - Apparent omissions | 4. In the 2 years | | | that confuse or | before your first | | | irritate respondents. | positive HIV test, | | | | how many times were | | | | you tested for HIV? | | | | | | | | How often did you get | | | | tested for HIV in the | | | | 2 years before your | | | | first positive HIV | | | | test? | | | | | | | | 5. R complains about | | | | length or does not | | | | concentrate to | | | | provide accurate | | | | information | | | | | | | | 6. In a | | | | questionnaire for | | | | truck drivers about | | | | toxic exposures, R | | | | comments that there | | | | were no questions | | | | about exhaust from | | | | other cars, which is | | | | one of the worst | | | | problems. | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | []{.mark} | | | | | | | | RESPONSE | | | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | 1. Inadequate | **Response options are | 1. Do you NOW | | Response | incomplete, inadequate or | smoke cigarettes | | Options | overlapping** | every day, some days | | | | or not at all? (Many | | | - R cannot adequately | people want to report | | | express their | "many days" because | | | response given the | "some days" seems not | | | categories provided | enough) | | | | | | | - Non-mutually | 2. What was the | | | exclusive response | reason that you had | | | options; two | a mammogram?\[Pick | | | categories could | one: Regular check | | | apply, but only one | up, doctor suggested | | | can be selected | it, had concern that | | | | there was a problem, | | | - Response options do | thought it was time | | | not fit the question | to get one. | | | | | | | - Response units are | 3.Does a long-term | | | inappropriate | physical condition or | | | | mental condition or | | | - Response categories | health problem, | | | include a problematic | reduce the amount or | | | term, are ambiguous, | the kind of activity | | | or are overly complex | you can do at home? | | | | Sometimes. Often or | | | - Length of response | Never. | | | options places burden | | | | on respondent, | 4\. How many | | | causing respondents | canisters of asthma | | | to overlook | medications do you | | | appropriate responses | use per month? | | | or to choose the | | | | first response that | \_\_\_\_\_\_ Number | | | appears to be | of canisters | | | appropriate without | | | | considering | (Most use no more | | | subsequent responses | than one canister per | | | | month) | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ | 1. Problematic | **Format of response | | | Answer Space | options induce error** | | | (se | | | | lf-administered) | Error is induced by the | | | | space given for a | | | | respondent to provide an | | | | answer | | | | | | | | - Inappropriate space | | | | (not enough or too | | | | much) for recording | | | | answers | | | | | | | | - Unclear locations for | | | | answer space | | +------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+ **Establishment Response Error Indicators (Under evaluation)** +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | **Retrieval | **Mismatch | The structural | Decennial census | | from | between | unit for which | asks for | | Records** | reporting | data are | information about | | | unit and | requested does | a household, but | | | org | not match the | respondents may | | | anizational | respondent's | naturally | | | unit** | natural or | organize | | | | structural way of | information by | | | | organizing the | family, which | | | | information. | includes children | | | | | living at college | | | | | and excludes | | | | | boarders. | | | | | | | | | | Company records | | | | | information for | | | | | two subsidiaries, | | | | | both of which | | | | | have retail and | | | | | service | | | | | operations. | | | | | Question asks | | | | | about only the | | | | | retail. | | | | | | | | | | Wholesale company | | | | | combines merchant | | | | | wholesale offices | | | | | and | | | | | manufacturer's | | | | | sales or branch | | | | | offices; | | | | | questions want | | | | | them separated. | +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | | **Mismatch | Data for topic of | Question asks for | | | between | interest exists | calendar year | | | requested | in records, but | information, but | | | data and | not in the manner | data is kept on a | | | records** | requested. | fiscal year | | | | | basis. | | | | | | | | | | Question asks | | | | | about one week, | | | | | but records are | | | | | kept on a monthly | | | | | basis. | | | | | | | | | | Question asks for | | | | | sales of polo | | | | | shirts and | | | | | button-down | | | | | shirts, but | | | | | records only | | | | | contain sales for | | | | | all "shirts," not | | | | | broken down by | | | | | type. | +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | | **Requested | survey asks for | What was the | | | data not | information that | approximate | | | kept in | is not tracked in | percentage of | | | records** | records | 2002 mileage that | | | | | was accounted for | | | | | by travel on | | | | | interstate | | | | | highways, other | | | | | divided highways, | | | | | and undivided | | | | | roadways? | +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | | **Lack of | Data exists in | Human Resources | | | access to | records, but | respondent does | | | requested | respondent has | not have access | | | data** | not been granted | to sales | | | | access to that | information. | | | | information | | | | | | Respondent in | | | | | Financial | | | | | Accounting Office | | | | | does not have | | | | | access to | | | | | inventory | | | | | information. | +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | | **De | Data requested | Question asks | | | centralized | does not reside | about actual | | | data** | in one location | hours worked in a | | | | or within one | reference week | | | | respondent. It is | for marketing and | | | | necessary to | sales | | | | consult multiple | departments. A | | | | sources to | representative | | | | retrieve | from each | | | | information. | department must | | | | | be asked to | | | | | generate this | | | | | information. | +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | **Policy | **P | Instead of | | | imposed | erpetuating | reading | | | Judgment** | prior | instructions and | | | | incorrect | generating the | | | | reporting | requested data, | | | | strategy** | respondent uses | | | | | an erroneous | | | | | strategy that has | | | | | been used in the | | | | | past for | | | | | reporting this | | | | | data. | | +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | | **Release | Written or | | | | of data | unwritten policy | | | | p | prohibits release | | | | rohibited** | of requested | | | | | data. | | +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | | **Not | Question asks for | | | | willing to | data that is | | | | divulge | proprietary. | | | | proprietary | Respondent may | | | | in | either lie or | | | | formation** | fudge the truth | | | | | to avoid giving | | | | | away | | | | | market-sensitive | | | | | information. | | +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | | **Release | Data can be | | | | of data | released, but not | | | | conditional | until management | | | | upon | reviews it, or | | | | auth | until it is | | | | orization** | announced | | | | | publicly. This | | | | | could result in | | | | | late reporting or | | | | | non-response. | | +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | | | | | +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | | | | | +--------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+

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721535

# Presentation: 721535 ## Your B2B Market in China **Identify, Contact, Sell ** **James W. Mayfield** **Commercial Officer** **May 23, 2006** **Cleveland, Ohio** ## Today’s Discussion **Finding Customers** **Qualifying Them** **Commercial Service** **Today’s Discussion** ## Introduction ** ****Shanghai 2000 – 2004** ** ****Beijing 1996 – 2000** ** ****Hong Kong starting July 2006** **Introduction** ## Slide 4 ## Define Your Market **Government ** **Private vs. State-owned ** **Joint Ventures** **Foreign WOFE ** **your approach, their motivation to purchase & ability to pay all differ** ## Think Regional **Language / Culture** **Shanghai sales rep may have trouble in Guangzhou** **Industry Clusters** **Logistical issues** **Think Regional** ## Data Resources **How do you find them? ** **U.S. sources / online** **Commercial Service Programs** ***Market Research Firms *** **Industry Associations & Events** ## Don’t forget existing customers....who may have operations in China Working with agents http://www.kompass.com/ http://www.alibaba.com/ http://www.tradenet.com/ **Working with agents** - _http://www.kompass.com/_ - _http://www.alibaba.com/_ - ht_tp://www.tradenet.com/_ **Data Resources** ## Due Diligence **How do you qualify customers?** **Reputation** **Track record / references ** **Can they pay?** **USD or RMB? ** ## Pre-screening due diligence Internet search (free) Business License confirmation (free or low fee) Credit Report (fee) In-depth due diligence (fee) Examination of public records Reference check Site visit Heavy duty Due Diligence (fee) Legal Financial - Internet search (free) - Business License confirmation (free or low fee) - Credit Report (fee) - In-depth due diligence (fee) - Examination of public records - Reference check - Site visit - Heavy duty Due Diligence (fee) - Legal - Financial **Due Diligence** ## Unsolicited contacts through Web Want to purchase a very large volume of goods Insist your senior executives travel to China immediately to sign the contract with them in person Request money prior to the trip... In business less than one year Provide no verifiable references - Want to purchase a very large volume of goods - Insist your senior executives travel to China immediately to sign the contract with them in person - Request money prior to the trip... - In business less than one year - Provide no verifiable references **Red Flags** ## Marketing Materials **Don’t just translate your brochure...** **- Are your customers web savvy?** **- Translation is an art** **- Modify materials for the audience** **- Catalogs in China are more about “you” and less about product** **Marketing Materials** ## The Approach **References and personal introductions key** **Focus on trust first, then product** **Be prepared to get technical** **The Approach** ## How do You Close the Sale? **Follow up, Follow up, Follow up** **Relationship building** **Plan for getting paid** **Can’t do it by remote control** **Need someone on the ground** ## The Commercial Service **Our Mission: ** **help U.S. Companies export products and services** **Find partners/ customers** **Information and market research** **Strategic advice** ## 125 Staff on the GroundYou’ll find us in: **Beijing** **Shanghai** **Guangzhou** **Shenyang** **Chengdu** **Hong Kong** **125 Staff on the Ground****You’ll find us in:** ## www.export.gov/china ## Thank you! **James W. Mayfield** **U.S. Commercial Service** **James.Mayfield@mail.doc.gov** **Tel: 415-705-2282** **Fax: 415-705-2299** - www.export.gov/china - www.buyusa.gov

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converted_docs

636370

+-----------------+------------------------+--------------------------+ | **ACF** | **U.S. DEPARTMENT OF | | | | HEALTH AND HUMAN | | | | SERVICES** | | | | | | | | **Administration on | | | | Children, Youth and | | | | Families** | | +-----------------+------------------------+--------------------------+ | **A | **1. Log No. | **2. Issuance Date: | | dministration** | ACYF-IM-CC-02-01** | January 25, 2002** | +-----------------+------------------------+--------------------------+ | **for | **3. Originating | | | Children** | Office: Child Care | | | | Bureau** | | +-----------------+------------------------+--------------------------+ | **and | **4. Key Words: Child | | | Families** | Care and Development | | | | Fund** | | +-----------------+------------------------+--------------------------+ | | **State FY 2002 CCDF | | | | Final Allocations and | | | | Earmarks** | | +-----------------+------------------------+--------------------------+ To: State and Territorial Lead Agencies administering child care programs under the Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) Act of 1990 as amended, and other interested parties. References: The Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 1990 as amended (CCDBG Act); section 418 of the Social Security Act; 45 CFR 98 and 99; Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2002 (P.L. 107-116). Purpose: To convey the Final FY 2002 State/Territorial allotments and earmarks for the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF). Basis for The final allocations are based on the following statistics: child population Allocations: from the 2000 census data; FY 2000 Participants in the Free and Reduced School Lunch Program from the Department of Agriculture; and Per Capita Personal Income for 1997, 1998 and 1999 from the Department of Commerce, issued October 2000. Increased Total Matching Funds for FY 2002 are increased by \$146,805,000 over Matching Funds: FY 2001, in accord with section 418(a)(3) of the Social Security Act. Increased In P.L. 107-116, Congress appropriated \$2,099,994,000 for the Discretionary Discretionary Fund for FY 2002, an increase of \$100,000,000 over FY Funds: 2001. These new funds are reflected in the Discretionary Fund allocations shown in the FY 2002 CCDF Final Allocations chart attached to this Information Memorandum. The increase in the Discretionary Fund was also reflected in the revised allotment listed in the grant award letter that States received early in January 2002. > As in fiscal year 2001, the earmark for quality improvement remains at > \$272,672,000, of which \$100,000,000 is again earmarked for > activities to improve the quality of infant and toddler care. In > addition, \$19,120,000 of the Discretionary Fund is earmarked for > child care resource and referral and school-age child care activities; > \$1,000,000 of this earmark is designated for the Child Care Aware > toll-free hotline. **Note: P.L. 107-116 directs that the Discretionary Fund must be used to supplement, not supplant, State general revenue funds for child care assistance for low-income families.** Related Funding: Attached is a brief summary of related programs that were funded by the 107^th^ Congress including some administered by other agencies and departments. Questions: Questions should be directed to the appropriate ACF Regional Office. [/s/]{.underline} James Harrell Acting Commissioner Administration on Children, Youth and Families Attachments <table> <colgroup> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 7%" /> <col style="width: 7%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> <col style="width: 4%" /> <col style="width: 7%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 7%" /> <col style="width: 9%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="12">FY 2002 CCDF FINAL ALLOCATIONS 1/</td> <td rowspan="76"></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td rowspan="5">STATES</td> <td rowspan="5">Mandatory</td> <td rowspan="5">Matching</td> <td rowspan="5">State MOE</td> <td rowspan="5">FY 2002 FMAP Rate</td> <td rowspan="5">State Share of Matching Fund</td> <td rowspan="5">Discretionary Before <h1 id="earmarks">Earmarks </h1></td> <td rowspan="5">Earmark: School Age R&R</td> <td rowspan="5">Earmark: Quality Expansion</td> <td rowspan="5">Earmark: Infant Toddler</td> <td rowspan="5">Discretionary Available After Earmarks</td> <td rowspan="5">Total Federal-Only Funds 2</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Alabama</td> <td>16,441,707</td> <td>22,803,334</td> <td>6,896,417</td> <td>70.45%</td> <td>9,564,777</td> <td>42,929,737</td> <td>372,858</td> <td>3,631,124</td> <td>2,102,903</td> <td>36,822,852</td> <td>82,174,778</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Alaska</td> <td>3,544,811</td> <td>3,837,458</td> <td>3,544,811</td> <td>53.01%</td> <td>3,401,663</td> <td>4,077,745</td> <td>35,417</td> <td>344,908</td> <td>199,747</td> <td>3,497,673</td> <td>11,460,014</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Arizona</td> <td>19,827,025</td> <td>28,414,982</td> <td>10,032,936</td> <td>64.98%</td> <td>15,313,830</td> <td>43,481,082</td> <td>377,647</td> <td>3,677,759</td> <td>2,129,910</td> <td>37,295,766</td> <td>91,723,089</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Arkansas</td> <td>5,300,283</td> <td>13,742,062</td> <td>1,886,543</td> <td>72.64%</td> <td>5,175,975</td> <td>25,553,862</td> <td>221,943</td> <td>2,161,421</td> <td>1,251,750</td> <td>21,918,748</td> <td>44,596,207</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>California</td> <td>85,593,217</td> <td>192,511,470</td> <td>85,593,217</td> <td>51.40%</td> <td>182,024,464</td> <td>243,602,191</td> <td>2,115,762</td> <td>20,604,594</td> <td>11,932,794</td> <td>208,949,041</td> <td>521,706,878</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Colorado</td> <td>10,173,800</td> <td>22,505,791</td> <td>8,985,901</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>22,505,791</td> <td>23,216,949</td> <td>201,647</td> <td>1,963,758</td> <td>1,137,277</td> <td>19,914,268</td> <td>55,896,540</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Connecticut</td> <td>18,738,357</td> <td>17,434,124</td> <td>18,738,358</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>17,434,124</td> <td>15,516,200</td> <td>134,763</td> <td>1,312,406</td> <td>760,057</td> <td>13,308,974</td> <td>51,688,681</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Delaware</td> <td>5,179,330</td> <td>3,996,796</td> <td>5,179,325</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>3,996,796</td> <td>4,425,363</td> <td>38,436</td> <td>374,310</td> <td>216,775</td> <td>3,795,842</td> <td>13,601,489</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>District of Columbia</td> <td>4,566,974</td> <td>2,419,898</td> <td>4,566,972</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>2,419,898</td> <td>3,575,717</td> <td>31,056</td> <td>302,445</td> <td>175,156</td> <td>3,067,060</td> <td>10,562,589</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Florida</td> <td>43,026,524</td> <td>74,315,596</td> <td>33,415,872</td> <td>56.43%</td> <td>57,379,595</td> <td>105,495,897</td> <td>916,265</td> <td>8,923,155</td> <td>5,167,691</td> <td>90,488,786</td> <td>222,838,017</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Georgia</td> <td>36,548,223</td> <td>44,737,387</td> <td>22,182,651</td> <td>59.00%</td> <td>31,088,693</td> <td>69,949,985</td> <td>607,538</td> <td>5,916,577</td> <td>3,426,483</td> <td>59,999,388</td> <td>151,235,595</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Hawaii</td> <td>4,971,633</td> <td>6,077,437</td> <td>4,971,630</td> <td>56.34%</td> <td>4,709,636</td> <td>8,044,428</td> <td>69,868</td> <td>680,422</td> <td>394,054</td> <td>6,900,084</td> <td>19,093,498</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Idaho</td> <td>2,867,578</td> <td>7,416,544</td> <td>1,175,819</td> <td>71.02%</td> <td>3,026,351</td> <td>11,558,158</td> <td>100,386</td> <td>977,623</td> <td>566,174</td> <td>9,913,975</td> <td>21,842,280</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Illinois</td> <td>56,873,824</td> <td>66,742,424</td> <td>56,873,825</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>66,742,424</td> <td>78,610,865</td> <td>682,760</td> <td>6,649,139</td> <td>3,850,734</td> <td>67,428,231</td> <td>202,227,113</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Indiana</td> <td>26,181,999</td> <td>32,195,509</td> <td>15,356,947</td> <td>62.04%</td> <td>19,699,251</td> <td>39,634,316</td> <td>344,237</td> <td>3,352,388</td> <td>1,941,477</td> <td>33,996,214</td> <td>98,011,824</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Iowa</td> <td>8,507,792</td> <td>14,671,371</td> <td>5,078,586</td> <td>62.86%</td> <td>8,668,386</td> <td>18,910,604</td> <td>164,245</td> <td>1,599,515</td> <td>926,331</td> <td>16,220,513</td> <td>42,089,767</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Kansas</td> <td>9,811,721</td> <td>14,387,106</td> <td>6,673,024</td> <td>60.20%</td> <td>9,511,741</td> <td>18,966,933</td> <td>164,734</td> <td>1,604,279</td> <td>929,091</td> <td>16,268,829</td> <td>43,165,760</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Kentucky</td> <td>16,701,653</td> <td>20,268,911</td> <td>7,274,537</td> <td>69.94%</td> <td>8,711,517</td> <td>37,296,800</td> <td>323,935</td> <td>3,154,674</td> <td>1,826,975</td> <td>31,991,217</td> <td>74,267,364</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Louisiana</td> <td>13,864,552</td> <td>24,347,811</td> <td>5,219,488</td> <td>70.30%</td> <td>10,286,344</td> <td>51,717,684</td> <td>449,184</td> <td>4,374,435</td> <td>2,533,378</td> <td>44,360,687</td> <td>89,930,047</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Maine</td> <td>3,018,598</td> <td>5,924,903</td> <td>1,749,818</td> <td>66.58%</td> <td>2,974,020</td> <td>7,952,708</td> <td>69,072</td> <td>672,664</td> <td>389,561</td> <td>6,821,411</td> <td>16,896,209</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Maryland</td> <td>23,301,407</td> <td>27,869,137</td> <td>23,301,407</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>27,869,137</td> <td>27,855,834</td> <td>241,937</td> <td>2,356,129</td> <td>1,364,511</td> <td>23,893,257</td> <td>79,026,378</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Massachusetts</td> <td>44,973,373</td> <td>30,946,749</td> <td>44,973,368</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>30,946,749</td> <td>28,623,370</td> <td>248,603</td> <td>2,421,049</td> <td>1,402,109</td> <td>24,551,609</td> <td>104,543,492</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Michigan</td> <td>32,081,922</td> <td>53,067,749</td> <td>24,411,364</td> <td>56.36%</td> <td>41,090,784</td> <td>60,683,562</td> <td>527,056</td> <td>5,132,795</td> <td>2,972,569</td> <td>52,051,141</td> <td>145,833,233</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Minnesota</td> <td>23,367,543</td> <td>25,839,064</td> <td>19,690,299</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>25,839,064</td> <td>27,017,650</td> <td>234,657</td> <td>2,285,233</td> <td>1,323,453</td> <td>23,174,307</td> <td>76,224,257</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Mississippi</td> <td>6,293,116</td> <td>15,614,179</td> <td>1,715,430</td> <td>76.09%</td> <td>4,906,493</td> <td>34,880,544</td> <td>302,949</td> <td>2,950,300</td> <td>1,708,615</td> <td>29,918,681</td> <td>56,787,839</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Missouri</td> <td>24,668,568</td> <td>28,781,184</td> <td>16,548,755</td> <td>61.06%</td> <td>18,354,722</td> <td>38,897,572</td> <td>337,838</td> <td>3,290,072</td> <td>1,905,388</td> <td>33,364,274</td> <td>92,347,324</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Montana</td> <td>3,190,691</td> <td>4,482,336</td> <td>1,313,990</td> <td>72.83%</td> <td>1,672,183</td> <td>6,447,972</td> <td>56,003</td> <td>545,389</td> <td>315,852</td> <td>5,530,728</td> <td>14,120,999</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Nebraska</td> <td>10,594,637</td> <td>8,973,691</td> <td>6,498,998</td> <td>59.55%</td> <td>6,095,479</td> <td>11,693,011</td> <td>101,558</td> <td>989,029</td> <td>572,779</td> <td>10,029,645</td> <td>31,261,339</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Nevada</td> <td>2,580,422</td> <td>10,804,203</td> <td>2,580,421</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>10,804,203</td> <td>10,855,892</td> <td>94,287</td> <td>918,223</td> <td>531,773</td> <td>9,311,608</td> <td>24,240,517</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>New Hampshire</td> <td>4,581,870</td> <td>6,259,901</td> <td>4,581,866</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>6,259,901</td> <td>5,342,257</td> <td>46,399</td> <td>451,864</td> <td>261,689</td> <td>4,582,305</td> <td>16,184,028</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>New Jersey</td> <td>26,374,178</td> <td>43,390,811</td> <td>26,374,178</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>43,390,811</td> <td>39,728,574</td> <td>345,055</td> <td>3,360,360</td> <td>1,946,095</td> <td>34,077,064</td> <td>109,493,563</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>New Mexico</td> <td>8,307,587</td> <td>10,117,111</td> <td>2,895,259</td> <td>73.04%</td> <td>3,734,355</td> <td>19,313,705</td> <td>167,746</td> <td>1,633,610</td> <td>946,077</td> <td>16,566,272</td> <td>37,738,403</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>New York</td> <td>101,983,998</td> <td>96,439,140</td> <td>101,983,998</td> <td>50.00%</td> <td>96,439,140</td> <td>117,149,059</td> <td>1,017,477</td> <td>9,908,814</td> <td>5,738,518</td> <td>100,484,250</td> <td>315,572,197</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>North Carolina</td> <td>69,639,228</td> <td>40,785,626</td> <td>37,927,282</td> <td>61.46%</td> <td>25,575,627</td> <td>59,839,819</td> <td>519,728</td> <td>5,061,429</td> <td>2,931,239</td> <td>51,327,423</td> <td>170,264,673</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>North Dakota</td> <td>2,506,022</td> <td>3,134,709</td> <td>1,017,036</td> <td>69.87%</td> <td>1,351,779</td> <td>4,636,540</td> <td>40,270</td> <td>392,172</td> <td>227,120</td> <td>3,976,978</td> <td>10,277,271</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Ohio</td> <td>70,124,656</td> <td>58,587,556</td> <td>45,403,943</td> <td>58.78%</td> <td>41,085,047</td> <td>69,347,042</td> <td>602,301</td> <td>5,865,578</td> <td>3,396,948</td> <td>59,482,215</td> <td>198,059,254</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Oklahoma</td> <td>24,909,979</td> <td>17,896,095</td> <td>10,630,233</td> <td>70.43%</td> <td>7,513,666</td> <td>32,478,555</td> <td>282,087</td> <td>2,747,132</td> <td>1,590,954</td> <td>27,858,382</td> <td>75,284,629</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Oregon</td> <td>19,408,790</td> <td>17,090,771</td> <td>11,714,966</td> <td>59.20%</td> <td>11,778,775</td> <td>21,693,453</td> <td>188,415</td> <td>1,834,896</td> <td>1,062,649</td> <td>18,607,494</td> <td>58,193,014</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Pennsylvania</td> <td>55,336,804</td> <td>58,901,198</td> <td>46,629,051</td> <td>54.65%</td> <td>48,877,755</td> <td>65,737,635</td> <td>570,952</td> <td>5,560,284</td> <td>3,220,142</td> <td>56,386,257</td> <td>179,975,637</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Puerto Rico</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>47,373,817</td> <td>411,457</td> <td>4,007,018</td> <td>2,320,595</td> <td>40,634,748</td> <td>47,373,817</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Rhode Island</td> <td>6,633,774</td> <td>5,090,091</td> <td>5,321,126</td> <td>52.45%</td> <td>4,614,563</td> <td>5,608,803</td> <td>48,714</td> <td>474,409</td> <td>274,746</td> <td>4,810,934</td> <td>17,332,668</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>South Carolina</td> <td>9,867,439</td> <td>20,591,295</td> <td>4,085,269</td> <td>69.34%</td> <td>9,104,833</td> <td>38,362,704</td> <td>333,192</td> <td>3,244,831</td> <td>1,879,188</td> <td>32,905,493</td> <td>68,821,438</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>South Dakota</td> <td>1,710,801</td> <td>3,985,399</td> <td>802,914</td> <td>65.93%</td> <td>2,059,496</td> <td>6,239,240</td> <td>54,190</td> <td>527,733</td> <td>305,628</td> <td>5,351,689</td> <td>11,935,440</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Tennessee</td> <td>37,702,188</td> <td>28,705,941</td> <td>18,975,782</td> <td>63.64%</td> <td>16,400,817</td> <td>44,213,390</td> <td>384,007</td> <td>3,739,699</td> <td>2,165,782</td> <td>37,923,901</td> <td>110,621,519</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Texas</td> <td>59,844,129</td> <td>120,569,631</td> <td>34,681,421</td> <td>60.17%</td> <td>79,812,006</td> <td>202,599,171</td> <td>1,759,638</td> <td>17,136,437</td> <td>9,924,271</td> <td>173,778,825</td> <td>383,012,931</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Utah</td> <td>12,591,564</td> <td>14,732,285</td> <td>4,474,923</td> <td>70.00%</td> <td>6,313,836</td> <td>21,355,203</td> <td>185,477</td> <td>1,806,286</td> <td>1,046,079</td> <td>18,317,361</td> <td>48,679,052</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Vermont</td> <td>3,944,887</td> <td>2,904,885</td> <td>2,666,323</td> <td>63.06%</td> <td>1,701,656</td> <td>3,452,257</td> <td>29,984</td> <td>292,002</td> <td>169,108</td> <td>2,961,163</td> <td>10,302,029</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Virginia</td> <td>21,328,766</td> <td>35,556,003</td> <td>21,328,762</td> <td>51.45%</td> <td>33,551,875</td> <td>40,870,368</td> <td>354,972</td> <td>3,456,937</td> <td>2,002,025</td> <td>35,056,434</td> <td>97,755,137</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Washington</td> <td>41,883,444</td> <td>30,720,798</td> <td>38,707,605</td> <td>50.37%</td> <td>30,269,470</td> <td>34,994,466</td> <td>303,938</td> <td>2,959,935</td> <td>1,714,195</td> <td>30,016,397</td> <td>107,598,708</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>West Virginia</td> <td>8,727,005</td> <td>8,000,675</td> <td>2,971,392</td> <td>75.27%</td> <td>2,628,626</td> <td>15,110,217</td> <td>131,237</td> <td>1,278,067</td> <td>740,170</td> <td>12,960,743</td> <td>31,837,897</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Wisconsin</td> <td>24,511,351</td> <td>27,266,251</td> <td>16,449,406</td> <td>58.57%</td> <td>19,287,020</td> <td>31,004,615</td> <td>269,285</td> <td>2,622,462</td> <td>1,518,754</td> <td>26,594,115</td> <td>82,782,217</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Wyoming</td> <td>2,815,041</td> <td>2,487,341</td> <td>1,553,707</td> <td>61.97%</td> <td>1,526,441</td> <td>3,320,644</td> <td>28,841</td> <td>280,870</td> <td>162,661</td> <td>2,848,272</td> <td>8,623,026</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Sub Total States</td> <td>1,177,524,781</td> <td>1,478,342,719</td> <td>887,607,151</td> <td></td> <td>1,145,491,585</td> <td>2,031,244,165</td> <td>17,642,000</td> <td>171,808,640</td> <td>99,500,000</td> <td>1,742,293,525</td> <td>4,687,111,665</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>TERRITORIES</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>America Samoa</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td></td> <td>-</td> <td>2,663,480</td> <td>24,250</td> <td>219,004</td> <td>126,833</td> <td>2,293,393</td> <td>2,663,480</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Guam</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td></td> <td>-</td> <td>4,000,757</td> <td>36,426</td> <td>328,962</td> <td>190,513</td> <td>3,444,857</td> <td>4,000,757</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>N. Marina Islands</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td></td> <td>-</td> <td>1,636,489</td> <td>14,900</td> <td>134,560</td> <td>77,928</td> <td>1,409,101</td> <td>1,636,489</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Virgin Islands</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td></td> <td>-</td> <td>2,199,244</td> <td>20,024</td> <td>180,834</td> <td>104,727</td> <td>1,893,660</td> <td>2,199,244</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Sub Total Territories</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>10,499,970</td> <td>95,600</td> <td>863,360</td> <td>500,000</td> <td>9,041,010</td> <td>10,499,970</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Sub Total Tribes</td> <td>54,340,000</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>41,999,880</td> <td>382,400</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>41,617,480</td> <td>96,339,880</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>T&TA Sub Total</td> <td>3,532,100</td> <td>3,260,400</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>5,249,985</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>5,249,985</td> <td>12,042,485</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Child Care Aware 3</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,000,000</td> <td>1,000,000</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,000,000</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Research Set-aside 4</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td></td> <td>-</td> <td>10,000,000</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>10,000,000</td> <td>10,000,000</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Totals</td> <td>1,235,396,881</td> <td>1,481,603,119</td> <td>887,607,151</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,145,491,585</td> <td>2,099,994,000</td> <td>19,120,000</td> <td>172,672,000</td> <td>100,000,000</td> <td>1,808,202,000</td> <td>4,816,994,000</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="13" rowspan="10">1/ The final allocations are based on the following statistics: population under 13 and 5 from the 2000 Census data; FY 2000 Participants in Free and Reduced School Lunch Program from the Department of Agriculture; and Per Capita Personal Income for 1997, 1998 and 1999 from the Department of Commerce issued October 2000. 2/ Totals are the sum of Mandatory, Discretionary and the Federal Share of the Matching Funds. 3/ The FY 2002 Discretionary Appropriation set-aside $1,000,000 for a toll-free child care hotline to be operated by Child Care Aware and specified that the amount come out of the $19.1 million earmark for resource and referral and school-age child care activities. 4/ The FY 2002 Discretionary Appropriation earmarked $10,000,000 for research, demonstration, and evaluation.</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

en

converted_docs

939154

ORNL/CDIAC-154 NDP-089 CARBON DIOXIDE, HYDROGRAPHIC, AND CHEMICAL DATA OBTAINED DURING THE R/V *Knorr* REPEAT HYDROGRAPHY CRUISES IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN: CLIVAR CO~2~ SECTIONS A20_2003 (22 SEPTEMBER--20 OCTOBER, 2003) AND A22_2003 (23 OCTOBER--13 NOVEMBER, 2003) Contributed by R. A. Feely,^1^ C. L. Sabine,^1^ F. J. Millero,^2^ A. G. Dickson,^3^ R. A. Fine,^2^ C. A. Carlson,^4^ J. Toole,^5^ T. M. Joyce,^5^ W. M. Smethie,^6^ A. P. McNichol,^5^ and R. M. Key^7^ ^1^ Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, WA ^2^Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL ^3^Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego ^4^University of California, Santa Barbara, CA ^5^Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA ^6^Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY ^7^Princeton University, Princeton, NJ Prepared by Alex Kozyr Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA Date Published: September 2008 Prepared for the Climate Change Research Division Office of Biological and Environmental Research U.S. Department of Energy Budget Activity Numbers KP 12 04 01 0 and KP 12 02 03 0 Prepared by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335 managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 # TABLE OF CONTENTS {#table-of-contents .TOC-Heading} [LIST OF FIGURES v](#list-of-figures) [LIST OF TABLES v](#list-of-tables) [ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS vii](#abbreviations-and-acronyms) [ABSTRACT ix](#abstract) [1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1](#background-information) [2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPEDITION 4](#description-of-the-expedition) [2.1 R/V *Knorr:* Technical Details and History 4](#rv-knorr-technical-details-and-history) [2.2 R/V *Knorr* A20_2003 and A22_2003 Cruise Information 4](#rv-knorr-a20_2003-and-a22_2003-cruise-information) [2.3 Parameters Measured, Participating Institutions, and Responsible Investigators 6](#parameters-measured-participating-institutions-and-responsible-investigators) [3. DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES AND METHODS 7](#description-of-variables-and-methods) [3.1 Hydrographic Measurements 7](#hydrographic-measurements) [3.2 Total CO~2~ Measurements 8](#total-co2-measurements) [3.3 Total Alkalinity Measurements 9](#total-alkalinity-measurements) [3.3.1 Section A20_2003 9](#section-a20_2003) [3.3.2 Section A22_2003 12](#section-a22_2003) [3.4 Dissolved Organic Carbon Measurements 25](#dissolved-organic-carbon-measurements) [3.5 Total Dissolved Nitrogen Measurements 26](#total-dissolved-nitrogen-measurements) [3.6 Chlorofluorocarbon Measurements 26](#chlorofluorocarbon-measurements) [3.6.1 Sample Collection 26](#sample-collection) [3.6.2 RSMAS Equipment and Technique 27](#rsmas-equipment-and-technique) [3.6.3 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Equipment and Technique 27](#lamont-doherty-earth-observatory-equipment-and-technique) [3.6.4 Calibration 27](#calibration) [3.7 ^14^C and ^13^C Measurements 28](#c-and-13c-measurements) [4. HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATA AND DOCUMENTATION 33](#how-to-obtain-the-data-and-documentation) [5. REFERENCES 35](#references) # LIST OF FIGURES 1 Cruise tracks for the Atlantic Ocean sections A20_2003 and A22_2003 2 2 Plot of the deviations of analyses of reference materials (Batch 60 and Batch 61) from the certified values (∆ = measured value -- certified value). Values depicted by open circles are considered "outliers" 11 3 Auto-titration system used during the section A22_2003 Cruise 13 4 Titration cell diagram 14 5 Deviation between the TALK and CRM for both systems. 15 6 Deviation between the TCO~2~ and CRM for both systems 16 7 Deviation between the pH and CRM for both systems 16 8 Difference between the TCO~2~ of the SOMMA and TALK system results 17 9 Deviation of TALK on duplicate samples 18 10 Deviation of TCO~2~ on duplicate samples. 18 11 Deviation of pH on duplicate samples 19 12 Difference in calculated and measured TALK using an input of pH and TCO~2~ 20 13 Difference in calculated and measured TCO~2~ using an input of TALK and pH 20 14 Difference in calculated and measured pH using an input of TALK and TCO~2~ 21 15 Surface measurements of salinity versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises 22 16 Surface measurements of temperature versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises. 22 17 Surface measurements of NTA versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises 23 18 Surface measurements of NTCO~2~ versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises 23 19 Surface measurements of in situ pH versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises 24 20 Surface measurements of in situ pCO~2~ versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises 24 21 Surface measurements of ^14^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A20) 29 22 Surface measurements of ^14^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A22) 30 23 Surface measurements of ^13^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A20) 30 24 Surface measurements of ^13^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A22) 31 # LIST OF TABLES 1 Technical characteristics of the R/V *Knorr* 5 2 Parameters measured, responsible investigator, and associated institution 6 3 Listing of equipment used for alkalinity titrations for A20_2003 cruise 10 4 Summary of certified reference material measurements 15 5 Summary of duplicate measurements 17 6 Summary of internal consistency deviations 19 # ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AMC accelerator mass spectrometry CDIAC Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center CFC chlorofluorocarbon CLIVAR Climate Variability (Program) CO~2~ carbon dioxide CRM certified reference material CTD conductivity, temperature, and depth DOC dissolved organic carbon DOE U.S. Department of Energy ECD electron capture detector EXPOCODE expedition code GC gas chromatograph HCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbon NDP numeric data package NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NO nitric oxide NOSAMS National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility NSF National Science Foundation ODF Oceanographic Data Facility PMEL Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory RSMAS Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science R/V research vessel SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography SOMMA single-operator multi-parameter metabolic analyzer TALK total alkalinity TDN total dissolved nitrogen TCO~2~ total inorganic carbon WHP WOCE Hydrographic Program WOCE World Ocean Circulation Experiment # {#section .unnumbered} # ABSTRACT Feely R. A., C. L. Sabine, F. J. Millero, A. G. Dickson , R. A. Fine, C. A. Carlson, J. Toole,T. M. Joyce, W. M. Smethie, A. P. McNichol, and R. M. Key. 2008. *Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Knorr Repeat Hydrography Cruise in the Atlantic Ocean: CLIVAR CO~2~ Sections A20_2003 (22 September--20 October 2003) and A22_2003 (23 October--13 November, 2003)*. Ed. A. Kozyr. ORNL/CDIAC-154, NDP-089. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 46 pp. This report presents methods, and analytical and quality control procedures for salinity, oxygen, nutrient, inorganic carbon, organic carbon, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), and bomb carbon-14 system parameters performed during the A20_2003 and A22_2003 cruises, which took place between September 22 and November 13, 2003, aboard research vessel (R/V) *Knorr* under the auspices of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National Science Foundation (NSF). The R/V *Knorr* departed Woods Hole, Massachusetts, on September 22 for the Repeat Section A20, and ended this line in Port of Spain, Trinidad, on October 20. The Repeat Section A22 started on October 23 in Port of Spain, Trinidad, and finished on November 13, 2003, in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The research conducted was one of a series of repeat hydrography sections jointly funded by NOAA and NSF as part of the Climate Variability Program (CLIVAR)/CO2/repeat hydrography/tracer program. Samples were taken from 36 depths at 88 stations on section A20 and 82 stations on section A22. The data presented in this report include the analyses of water samples for total inorganic carbon (TCO~2~), total alkalinity (TALK), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), CFC, carbon-14, hydrographic, and other chemical measurements. The R/V *Knorr* A20_2003 and A22_2003 data sets are available free of charge as a numeric data package (NDP) from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC). The NDP consists of the oceanographic data files and this printed documentation, which describes the procedures and methods used to obtain the data. **Keywords**: carbon dioxide, total CO~2~, total alkalinity, carbon cycle, coulometry, potentiometry, hydrographic measurements, CLIVAR, Atlantic Ocean # BACKGROUND INFORMATION The cruise of research vessel (R/V) *Knorr* along the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) designated sections A20 and A22 from Woods Hole, Massachusetts, to Port of Spain, Trinidad, and back to Woods Hole were the part of the Climate Variability (CLIVAR) Carbon Dioxide and Repeat Hydrography Section Project, sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National Science Foundation (NSF). The goal of the Repeat Hydrogaphy Project is to measure decadal changes in circulation, heat and fresh water budgets, and carbon inventory in the ocean. The cruises repeat a subset of the WOCE Hydrographic Program (WHP) and Joint Global Ocean Flux Study lines occupied in each major ocean basin in the 1990s. The WOCE/WHP program is driven by the need to monitor the increases in carbon dioxide (CO~2~) in the ocean and provide the necessary data to support continuing model development that will lead to improved forecasting skills for oceans and global climate. During the 1990s, the WOCE/Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) provided a full-depth baseline data set against which to measure future changes. By integrating the scientific needs of programs requiring measurement of the full water column, major synergies and cost savings are achieved. These measurements are of importance both for major research programs, such as CLIVAR and the U.S. Global Climate Research Project Ocean Carbon and Climate Change Program, and for operational activities such as the Global Ocean Observation System and the Global Climate Observing System. As outlined in the program documentation, one component of a global observing system for the physical climate/CO~2~ system should include periodic observations of hydrographic variables, CO~2~ system parameters, and other tracers. The large-scale observation component of the Ocean Carbon and Climate Change Program needs systematic observations of the invasion of anthropogenic carbon in the ocean that is superimposed on a variable natural background. The five topical areas addressed by the CO~2~/CLIVAR repeat hydrography program are > 1\. carbon system studies; > > 2\. heat and freshwater storage and flux studies; > > 3\. deep and shallow water mass and ventilation studies; > > 4\. calibration of autonomous sensors; and > > 5\. data for model calibration. R/V *Knorr* cruise 173 was conceived to reoccupy two meridional hydrographic sections in the western North Atlantic as part of the CLIVAR/Global Carbon Program of repeat hydrography. Section A20, which lies nominally along 52° 20' W, was sampled during leg 1 of the cruise. The return leg to Woods Hole reoccupied section A22 along 66° W (Fig. 1). Meridional hydrographic sections near 52° W had been made on three occasions prior to this cruise: in the 1950s, 1980s, and in 1997. The sampling plan for the 2003 occupation of both sections was simply to make a full-depth hydrographic station at each site sampled in 1997 (see NDP-082 at: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/ndp_082/ndp082.html). The extremely tight station spacing at the northern end of the sections done in 1997 was relaxed slightly in 2003. This data report focuses on the measurements of total carbon dioxide (TCO~2~), total alkalinity (TALK), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11 and CFC-12), carbon-14 (^14^C), nitrate (NO~3~), nitrite (NO~2~), phosphate (PO~4~), silicate (SiO~4~), salinity, and dissolved oxygen (O~2~). The methodology, instrumentation, and standardization of these parameters have improved significantly during the WOCE/JGOFS era. Notable developments include the release of manuals detailing the analytical methods and operating protocols (DOE 1994, PICES 2007). Certified reference materials (CRMs) are now available for TCO~2~ and TALK, analyses for which are run interspersed with samples to determine calibration offsets. For this cruise, the TALK and TCO~2~ values were adjusted to account for the small difference between the CRMs run at sea and the certified value determined at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). The TCO~2~ coulometers were calibrated daily by injecting aliquots of pure CO~2~ (99.995%). The stability of each coulometer cell solution was confirmed with the analyses of several CRMs each day. ![](media/image1.jpeg){width="6.290277777777778in" height="6.426388888888889in"} Fig. 1. Cruise tracks for the Atlantic Ocean sections A20_2003 and A22_2003. Instrumentation has improved in the last decade. Alkalinity measurements can be done with better precision through automation and close checks of the response of electrodes. Burettes are independently calibrated, and the preparation of titrant (hydrochloric acid) has undergone improved quality control and standardization (Millero et al. 1998). The TCO~2~ measurements are done by coulometry, a precise integrative method. During the cruise two single-operator multiparameter metabolic analyzers (SOMMAs) (Johnson et al. 1999) PMEL-1 and PMEL-2 were used for analyses, which facilitated a sample throughput of up to 80 per day. Oxygen measurements were performed by Winkler titrations (Carpenter 1965) with photometric endpoint detection (Friederich, Sherman, and Codispoti 1984). The data underwent careful quality assurance and quality control both during and after the cruise. The precision of the measurements was determined from duplicate sampling and comparison of data from deep water, where little variability is expected. Outliers in the data were flagged based on several methods using prior knowledge of the trends and known relationships between parameters. Depth profiles for each parameter were scrutinized for outliers. When deviations were observed, other parameters were assessed to determine whether they showed deviations as well. This report describes procedures and methods for hydrographic measurement and the analytical procedures, calculations, and assessment of precision for nutrient, oxygen, TCO~2~, TALK, CFCs, ^14^C, and DOC measurements. # 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPEDITION ## 2.1 R/V *Knorr:* Technical Details and History The R/V *Knorr*, built in 1969 by the Defoe Shipbuilding Company in Bay City, Michigan, is owned by the U.S. Navy. It was turned over to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in 1971 for operation under a charter agreement with the Office of Naval Research. It was named for E. R. Knorr, a hydrographic engineer and cartographer who in 1860 held the title of Senior Civilian and Chief Engineer Cartographer of the U.S. Navy Office. Its original length and beam were 245 and 46 ft, respectively. Beginning on February 6, 1989, it underwent a major midlife retrofit or "jumbo-izing" at the McDermott Shipyard in Amelia, Louisiana. A midsection was added to the ship to stretch its length by 34 ft, to 279 ft, and fore and aft azimuthing propulsion systems were added to make it one of the most maneuverable and stable ships in the oceanographic fleet. By the time it was returned to WHOI in late 1991, it had undergone retrofitting for 32 months. The WOCE section P6 was the vessel's first post-retrofit scientific cruise. The R/V *Knorr* was designed for a wide range of oceanographic operations and possesses antiroll tanks and a strengthened bow for duty in icy waters. Like its sister ship, the R/V *Melville*, it is used for ocean research and routinely carries scientists from many different countries. Table 1 provides a list of technical characteristics of the R/V *Knorr*. ## 2.2 R/V *Knorr* A20_2003 and A22_2003 Cruise Information +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ | **Ship name** | ***Knorr*** | +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ | EXPOCODEs | 316N20030922 and 316N20031023 | +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ | CLIVAR section | A20_2003 and A22_2003 | +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ | Ports of call | Woods Hole, MA→Port of Spain, Trinidad→Woods | | | Hole, MA | +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ | Dates | September 22--October 20, 2003; October | | | 23--November 13, 2003 | +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ | Funding support | NOAA, NSF | +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ | Chief scientists | Dr. John Toole/WHOI | | | | | | Dr. Terrence M. Joyce/WHOI | +----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Table 1. Technical characteristics of the research vessel *Knorr*** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Ship name: R/V *Knorr* | | | | Call sign: KCEJ | | | | Basic dimensions: | | | | Gross registered tonnage 2518 T Displacement 2958 LT | | | | Overall length 279 ft Beam 46 ft | | | | Draught (maximum) 16.5 ft Service speed 12 kn | | | | Maximum speed 14.5 kn Minimum speed 0.1 kn | | | | Main deck clear length 126 ft | | | | Personnel: Crew 24 | | | | Scientists 34 | | | | Main engine: 4 × Mak6M 322 = 4 × 1000 kW at 750 rpm | | | | Propulsion: Twin lips diesel-electric, azimuthing stern thrusters, | | 1500 SHP | | | | Bow thruster: Lips retractable azimuthing 900 SHP | | | | Fuel capacity: 160,500 gal | | | | Maximum cruise duration: 60 days (12,000 nm) | | | | Nautical equipment: Integrated navigation system | | | | Potable water generator | | | | 2 instrument hangars | | | | Winches: 1 heavy-duty trawl with 30,000 ft of ½-in. wire | | | | 2 hydrographic, both with 30,000 ft of hydrowire | | | | Hydraulic cranes on the starboard side aft and midships | | | | Scientific storage space of 1,320 ft^2^ | | | | Portable van space | | | | Machine shop | | | | Fume hoods | | | | Uninterruptible power supply | | | | Air conditioning | | | | Library/lounge | | | | 3680 ft^2^ of laboratory space for multidisciplinary research | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ## 2.3 Parameters Measured, Participating Institutions, and Responsible Investigators Table 2 shows the parameters that were measured on the cruise of R/V *Knorr* as part of the CLIVAR Carbon Dioxide and Repeat Hydrography section project sponsored by NOAA and NSF. **Table 2. Parameters measured listed with responsible investigator and associated institution** ---------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------ **Parameter** **Institution** **Responsible Investigator** Conductivity, Scripps Institution of F. Delahoyd temperature, and depth Oceanography (SIO) Acoustic and lowered University of Hawaii E. Firing/J. acoustic Doppler Hummon current profile Salinity SIO J. Swift Nutrients SIO J. Swift Dissolved oxygen SIO J. Swift Chlorofluorocarbons Lamont-Doherty Earth W. Smethie/R. Fine Observatory /University of Miami Tritium, helium Woods Hole Oceanographic W. Jenkins Institution (WHOI) Total carbon dioxide Pacific Marine Environmental R. Feely/C. Sabine Laboratory (PMEL) Total alkalinity University of Miami/SIO F. Millero /A. Dickson Dissolved organic University of California at C. Carlson carbon Santa Barbara (UCSB) Total dissolved University of California at C. Carlson nitrogen Santa Barbara (UCSB) Chromophoric dissolved University of California at N. Nelson organic matter Santa Barbara (UCSB) ^13^C University of Washington P. Quay ^14^C WHOI/Princeton University A. McNichol/R. Key ---------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------ # 3. DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES AND METHODS ## 3.1 Hydrographic Measurements Samples for CFCs, helium isotopes (^3^He), oxygen (O~2~), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFCs), TCO~2~, TALK, radiocarbon (Δ^14^C), tritium, DOC, chromophoric dissolved organic matter, TDN, salinity, and nutrients were drawn in this sequence from a conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sampling package containing thirty-six 12-L Bullister bottles. A detailed description of methods for the CTD data, lowered acoustic Doppler current profile data, and bio-optical data are given in the cruise reports at <http://whpo.ucsd.edu/data_access?ExpoCode=316N200309> for the section A20_2003 and <http://whpo.ucsd.edu/data_access?ExpoCode=316N200310> for the section A22_2003. In all, 2,530 bottle **salinity** samples were taken during the cruise along A20 section and 2,493 samples measured along section A22. Samples were drawn from the 12-L Bullister bottles into 250-mL Kimax borosilicate bottles. The bottles were rinsed at least three times before being filled to approximately 220 mL. A plastic insert and Nalgene cap were used to seal the sample in the bottle. At the conclusion of sampling, the time was noted and samples were placed into the salinometer lab so they could equilibrate to room temperature. Samples were analyzed after a period of at least 10 h and typically not more than 24 h from the time of sampling. Two Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometers (S/N 57-263 and 57-266) were used on section A20, and a single Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometer (S/N 48-266) was used on section A22. They were located in the forward analytical lab and were used for measuring salinity on all stations. The salinometers were modified by SIO Oceanographic Data Facility (ODF) to contain an interface for computer-aided measurement. The water bath temperatures were set and maintained at a value near the laboratory air temperature 24°C for the entire leg. For more information on salinity measurements, see the A20_2003 and A22_2003 cruise reports. Dissolved **oxygen** analyses were performed with an ODF-designed automated oxygen titrator using photometric end-point detection based on the absorption of 365-nm wavelength ultra-violet light. The titration of the samples and the data logging were controlled by PC software. Thiosulfate was dispensed by a Dosimat 665 buret driver fitted with a 1.0-mL buret. ODF used a whole-bottle modified-Winkler titration following the technique of Carpenter (1965) with modifications by Culberson et al*.* (1991), but with higher concentrations of potassium iodate standard (\~0.012N) and thiosulfate solution (\~65 gm/l). Samples were collected soon after the rosette was brought on board using a Tygon and silicone drawing tube. Nominal 125-mL volume-calibrated iodine flasks were rinsed three times with minimal agitation, then filled and allowed to overflow for at least three flask volumes. The sample draw temperature was measured with a small platinum resistance thermometer embedded in the drawing tube. Reagents were added to fix the oxygen before stoppering. The flasks were shaken twice (10--12 inversions) to ensure thorough dispersion of the precipitate, once immediately after drawing, and then again after about 20 min. The samples were analyzed within 1--6 h of collection, then the data were incorporated into the cruise database. A total of 2,503 oxygen measurements were made during section A20 and 2487 oxygen measurements were made during section A22. For more information on salinity measurements, see the A20_2003 and A22_2003 cruise reports. **Nutrient** analyses (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) were performed on an ODF-modified 4-channel Technicon AutoAnalyzer II, generally within 1 h after sample collection. Occasionally, samples were refrigerated up to 4 h at \~4°C. All samples were brought to room temperature prior to analysis. The methods used are described by Gordon et al. (1992). The analog outputs from each of the four colorimeter channels were digitized and logged automatically by computer (PC) at 2-s intervals. Silicate was analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al. (1967). An acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to a seawater sample to produce silicomolybdic acid, which was then reduced to silicomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of stannous chloride. Tartaric acid was also added to impede phosphate (PO~4~) color development. The sample was passed through a 15-mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 660 nm. A modification of the Armstrong et al. (1967) procedure was used for the analysis of nitrate and nitrite. For the nitrate analysis, the seawater sample was passed through a cadmium reduction column where nitrate was quantitatively reduced to nitrite. Sulfanilamide was introduced to the sample stream followed by N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, which coupled to form a red azo dye. The stream was then passed through a 15-mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 540 nm. The same technique was employed for nitrite analysis, except the cadmium column was bypassed, and a 50-mm flowcell was used for measurement. Phosphate was analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt and Wilhelms (1967) technique. An acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to the sample to produce phosphomolybdic acid and was then reduced to phosphomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of dihydrazine sulfate. The reaction product was heated to \~55°C to enhance color development, then passed through a 50-mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 820 nm. In all, 2,540 nutrient samples were analyzed along section A20 and 2,497 nutrient samples were analyzed during section A22. For more information on salinity measurements, see the A20_2003 and A22_2003 cruise reports. ## 3.2 Total CO~2~ Measurements The total carbon dioxide (TCO~2~) or dissolved inorganic carbon analytical equipment was set up in a seagoing container modified for use as a shipboard laboratory. The analysis was done by coulometry with two analytical systems (PMEL-1 and PMEL-2) used simultaneously on the cruise. Each system consisted of a coulometer (UIC, Inc.) coupled with a SOMMA inlet system developed by Ken Johnson (Johnson et al. 1985, 1987, 1993; Johnson 1992) of Brookhaven National Laboratory. In the coulometric analysis of TCO~2~, all carbonate species are converted to CO~2~ gas by addition of excess hydrogen to the seawater sample, and the evolved CO~2~ gas is carried into the titration cell of the coulometer, where it reacts quantitatively with a proprietary reagent based on ethanolamine to generate hydrogen ions. These are subsequently titrated with coulometrically generated OH^-^. CO~2~ was measured by integrating the total change required to achieve this. The coulometers were each calibrated by injecting aliquots of pure CO~2~ (99.995%) by means of an 8-port valve outfitted with two sample loops. The instruments were calibrated at the beginning and end of each station with a set of the gas loop injections. Secondary standards were run throughout the cruise on each analytical system. These CRMs of seawater are poisoned and filtered and ultra-violet-irradiated. The CRMs, supplied by Dr. A. Dickson of SIO, have been certified in SIO's shore-based facility to have a known concentration of TCO~2~. Although there were numerous small equipment problems during the first third of the cruise on section A20, the overall accuracy and precision of the at-sea analyses of the CRMs on both instruments for this section was 1±1.7 µmol/kg (n=88) for both systems combined and --0.05±1.01 µmol/kg (n=77) for both systems on section A22. TCO~2~ data reported to the database have been recalculated using the bottle salinities, and, although insignificant for this cruise, corrected to the Batch 61 CRM value on a per-instrument basis. Samples were drawn from the Niskin-type bottles into cleaned, precombusted 500-mL Pyrex bottles using Tygon tubing. Bottles were rinsed once and filled from the bottom, overflowing half a volume, and care was taken not to entrain any bubbles. The tube was pinched off and withdrawn, creating a 5-mL headspace, and 0.2 mL of saturated HgCl~2~ solution was added as a preservative. The sample bottles were sealed with glass stoppers lightly covered with Apiezon-L grease and were stored at room temperature for a maximum of 12 h prior to analysis. In all, 1,640 samples were analyzed for TCO~2~ during section A20 and 1,600 samples were analyzed during section A22: full profiles were completed on the even-numbered stations, with replicate samples taken from the surface, oxygen minimum, and bottom Niskin-type bottles. At a minimum, replicate surface samples were taken at every odd-numbered station, and when time permitted, additional depths were sampled. Approximately 120 replicates were collected in total. The replicate samples were run at different times during the station analysis for quality assurance of the integrity of the coulometer cell solutions. No systematic differences between the replicates were observed and the standard deviation of the differences was \~ 1.2 µmol/kg on both systems during sections A20 and A22. ## 3.3 Total Alkalinity Measurements ### 3.3.1 Section A20_2003 **Method** Dr. Andrew Dickson's group (SIO) was responsible for the TALK measurements during section A22_2003. Samples for TALK were collected in glass bottles made from Schott Duran^®^ glass. They were preserved by the addition of 0.02% by volume of a saturated mercury (II) chloride solution (DOE 1994 -- SOP 01), and analyzed---typically within 24 h---on board ship. TALK measurements were made using an open-cell, two-stage, potentiometric titration procedure similar to that used to certify reference materials for TALK (see Dickson et al. 2003), except that samples were not weighed into the titration vessel but instead were dispensed using a 120-mL glass syringe. A metal frame attached to the syringe barrel and plunger controlled the maximum extent the plunger could be withdrawn in the barrel. This ensured that a reproducible amount of seawater was dispensed. The analytical procedure was as follows: 1. An aliquot of seawater was dispensed into the titration vessel (a jacketed glass beaker with its temperature controlled to ±0.02 °C at about 20.0 °C), a stirrer bar added, and the temperature probe and burette tip inserted in the solution. 2. The solution was then acidified to a pH of about 3.6 with a single aliquot of the titration acid and stirred vigorously while CO~2~-free air was bubbled through for about 6 min to remove CO~2~. 3. The main titration was then started and the solution was titrated using 0.05-mL increments to a pH of about 3.0. Data from the pH range 3.5--3.0 were used in a non-linear least squares process that corrects for the reactions with sulfate and fluoride ions to estimate the TALK of the sample---see Dickson et al. (2003) for more details. The equipment used for this is listed in Table 3. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- **Table 3. List of equipment used for alkalinity titrations for A20_2003 cruise** 120-cm^3^ glass syringe with custom frame to ensure reproducible dispensing 250-cm^3^ capacity glass jacketed beaker Thermostat bath (Fisher model 9110) Magnetic stirrer and stir bar Calibrated thermometer ± 0.01 °C for cell temperature (Guildline model 9540) Digital voltmeter (Kethley model 199) Custom high-impedance voltage-follower amplifier Ross-Orion combination pH electrode (model 1802) Calibrated thermometer ± 0.1 °C for acid temperature (YSI model 4600) Metrohm Dosimat^®^ model 665 burette with calibrated 5 mL exchangeable burette unit and anti-diffusion tip ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The hydrochloric acid used for the titration was made up in bulk and then stored in 1-L Pyrex bottles with greased ground-glass stoppers. The acid strength was approximately 0.100 mol/kg. The acid was made up in a 0.6 mol/kg sodium chloride background so as to approximate the ionic strength of seawater. Selected bottles of the acid were then analyzed coulometrically (Dickson et al. 2003) to assign a concentration to the batch. **Quality Control and Calibration of Reported Results** The at-sea repeatability of the method was estimated by analyzing duplicate samples, collected on each cast. These results were used to estimate a standard deviation using the standard expression (DOE 1994 -- SOP 23). The repeatability was 1.06 μmol/kg based on 89 pairs of analyses. In addition, analyses were made of the alkalinity of CO~2~ reference material. These analyses were carried out regularly throughout the cruise, typically a pair of analyses every 12 h. The results are shown in Fig. 2. ![](media/image2.jpeg){width="5.999305555555556in" height="4.215972222222222in"} > **Fig. 2.** **Plot of the deviations of analyses of reference > materials (Batch 60 and Batch 61) from the certified values (∆ = > measured value -- certified value).** Values depicted by open circles > are considered "outliers." An examination of Fig. 2 suggests that there was a change in the system calibration at around the 100th reference material measurement (October 7, 2003). It seems from a review of contemporaneous notes that the syringe that was being used to dispense the seawater samples for analysis was changed on that date. It also appears that there may be an error in calibrating the volume dispensed from the syringe (or perhaps in the acid concentration value). It thus seemed appropriate to treat the data in Fig. 2 as comprising two groups: stations 1--37 and 38--88 (*i.e.*, before and after the syringe change): Δ~1--37~ = 3.92 ± 1.23 μmol/kg (86); Δ~38--88~ = 1.44 ± 0.74 μmol/kg (66). A decision was thus made to also treat the cruise data as being in the same two groups, and to calibrate the reported data by adjusting the measured results so as to correct these CRM results to a ∆ of zero. The adjustment chosen was multiplicative (as would be expected if the deviation was indeed due to a poorly calibrated dispensing system). The reported data for stations 1--37 have thus been multiplied by a calibration factor of 0.99822, and those for stations 38--88 by a factor of 0.99935. Finally, the adjusted alkalinity data results were multiplied by a factor of 1.0002 to correct for the dilution inherent in adding mercuric chloride to the sample to preserve it for analysis. Once the at-sea alkalinity measurements had been adjusted in this fashion, they were salinity normalized to a salinity of 35 and the resulting values plotted in Ocean Data View to help identify any questionable data. As a result of this analysis, 16 points were identified as either questionable or bad, and flagged accordingly. ### 3.3.2 Section A22_2003 Dr. Frank Millero's group of Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami, was responsible for the TALK measurements during section A22_2003. The titration systems (Fig. 3) used to determine TALK, TCO~2~, and pH consisted of a Metrohm 665 Dosimat titrator and an Orion 720A pH meter that is controlled by a personal computer (Millero et al. 1993b). Both the acid titrant in a water jacketed burette and the seawater sample in a water jacketed cell were controlled to a constant temperature of 25 ± 0.1°C with a Neslab constant temperature bath. The Plexiglas water jacketed cell used is shown in Fig. 3. These cells had fill-and-drain valves that increased the reproducibility of the cell volume. The TALK system consisted in a manifold which allows the automated measurement of eight samples. A set of pumps, valves and relays are used to rinse, fill and drain the TALK cell (Fig. 3). The titration is controlled programmatically using National Instrument's Labwindows/CVI environment. The titration is made by adding HCl to seawater past the carbonic acid end point. A typical titration records the electro-magnetic fields (emf) reading after the readings become stable (± 0.05 mV) and adds enough acid to change the voltage to a pre-assigned increment (10 mV). In contrast to the delivery of a fixed volume increment of acid, this method gives more data points in the range of rapid increase in the emf near the endpoint. A full titration (25 points) takes about 20 min. Using two automated systems a 32-bottle station cast can be completed in 8 h. The electrodes used to measure the emf of the sample during a titration consisted of a ROSS 8101 glass pH electrode and an Orion 90-02 double junction Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The HCl used throughout the cruise were made, standardized, and stored in 500 cm3 glass bottles in the laboratory for use at sea. The 0.23202 M HCl solutions were made from 1 M Mallinckrodt standard solutions in 0.45 M NaCl to yield an ionic strength equivalent to that of average seawater (0.7 M). The acid was standardized using a coulometric technique by our group and Dickson (Taylor and Smith, 1959; Marinenko and Taylor, 1968). Both results agree to 0.0001 M. The volumes of the cells used at sea were determined in the laboratory by assuming a volume of 200cm^3^, then running many measurements of seawater with a known TALK. Once the TALK values agree to ± 1 mol/kg, the known TALK of the sample is used to back-calculate the volume of the cell. The volume is reproducible to ± 0.01 cm^3^. Measurements of the TALK of CRM throughout the cruise are used to confirm the volume on each cell. The volume of HCl delivered to the cell is traditionally assumed to have small uncertainties (Dickson 1981) and equated to the digital output of the titrator. Calibration of the burette of the Dosimat with Milli-Q water at 25°C indicate that the system delivers 3.000 cm3 (the value for a titration of seawater) to a precision of ± 0.0004 cm3. This uncertainty results in an error of ± 0.4 μmol/kg in TALK and TCO2. The accuracy of the volume of acid delivered by the Dosimat, however, is ten times bigger than the precision. Since the titration systems are calibrated using standard solutions, this error in the accuracy of volume delivery will be partially canceled and included in the value of cell volumes assigned. The TALK of seawater was evaluated from the proton balance at the alkalinity equivalence point, pHequiv = 4.5, according to the exact definition of TALK (Dickson 1981) TALK = \[HCO3-\] + 2\[CO32-\] + \[B(OH)4-\] + \[OH-\] + \[HPO42-\] + 2\[PO43-\] \+ \[SiO(OH)3-\] - \[H+\] - \[HSO4-\] - \[HF\] - \[H3PO4\] (1) At any point of the titration, the TALK of seawater can be calculated from the equation (V~0~ TA - VN)/(V~0~ + V) = \[HCO3-\] + 2\[CO32-\] + \[B(OH)4-\] + \[OH-\] \+ \[HPO42-\] + 2\[PO43-\] + \[SiO(OH)3-\] - \[H+\] - \[HSO4-\] - \[HF\] - \[H3PO4\] (2) where V~0~ is the volume of the cell, N is the normality of the acid titrant, and V is the volume of acid added. In the calculation all the volumes are converted to mass using the known densities of the solutions. A computer program has been developed in Labwindows/CVI to calculate the carbonate parameters (pHsw, E\*, TALK, TCO~2~, and pK1) in seawater solutions. The program is patterned after those developed by Dickson (1981), Johansson and Wedborg (1982) and DOE 1994. The fitting is performed using the STEPIT routine (J.P. Chandler, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074). The STEPIT software package minimizes the sum of squares of residuals by adjusting the parameters E\*, TALK, TCO2 and pK1. The computer program is based on equation (2) and assumes that nutrients such as phosphate, silicate and ammonia are negligible. This assumption is valid only for surface waters. Neglecting the concentration of nutrients in the seawater sample does not affect the accuracy of TALK, but does affect the carbonate alkalinity. ![](media/image3.jpeg){width="5.749305555555556in" height="3.5in"} **Fig. 3. Auto-titration system used during the section A22_2003 cruise.** The pH and pK of the acids used in the program are on the seawater scale, \[H+\]sw = \[H+\] + \[HSO4-\] + \[HF\] (Dickson, 1984). The dissociation constants used in the program were taken from Dickson and Millero (1987) for carbonic acid, from Dickson (1990a) for boric acid, from Dickson and Riley (1979) for HF, from Dickson (1990b) for HSO4- and from Millero (1995) for water. The program requires as input the concentration of acid, volume of the cell, salinity, temperature, measured emf (E) and volume of HCl (VHCl). To obtain a reliable TALK from a full titration at least 25 data points should be collected (9 data points between pH 3.0 to 4.5). The precision of the fit is better than 0.4 μmol/kg when pK1 is allowed to vary and 1.5 μmol/kg when pK1 is fixed. The titration program has been compared to the titration programs used by others (Johansson and Wedborg 1982, Bradshaw and Brewer 1988) and the values of TALK agree to within ± 1 μmol/kg. ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="4.147222222222222in" height="4.368055555555555in"} **Fig. 4. Titration cell diagram.** The spectroscopic pH and potentiometric TALK of CRM used during the cruise have been measured in the laboratory before the cruise to characterize the pH of the standard and ensure the titration systems were performing to the desired precision. During the cruise, titrations on CRM were made to ensure that the two titration systems were giving consistent values. The values of pH, TCO~2~, and TALK for CRM No. 61 are summarized in Table 4. The precision of the measurements was ± 3.6 µmol/kg for TALK, ± 3.4 µmol/kg for TCO~2~, and ± 0.009 for pH. The average values agreed to the certified values to ± 1.8 µmol/kg in TALK, ± 4.7 µmol/kg in TCO~2~, and ± 0.009 for pH. The deviations in TALK, TCO~2~ and pH for all the CRMs are shown in Figs. 5--7. The deviations are within 2σ for most of the measurements. Since the average offset between the TALK measurements of CRM agreed within experimental error, no corrections were made in our field measurements of TALK. A small correction factor was made for TCO~2~ (a factor of 0.9951 was multiplied to System 2) and pH (a factor of 0.004 was added to System 1 and 0.015 to System 2) to the values for each titration system. The TCO~2~ measurements made on the titrations system have been compared to the values measured with the SOMMA system on the same samples. These results are shown in Fig. 8. The average differences of the adjusted values of the titration TCO~2~ on all the measurements made on the cruise agree with the SOMMA values to ± 3.0 µmol/kg, which is within the precision of the measurements. These comparisons indicate that the titration values of TCO~2~ from the alkalinity systems can yield reasonable values if the system is calibrated with CRM in agreement with earlier studies (Millero et al. 1993b). **Note:** the TCO~2~ and pH values that have been measured on the alkalinity system are not present in the dataset for section A22_2003. ----------------- ------------ --------------- -------------- ----------- **Table 4. Summary of certified reference material measurements** **TA **TCO~2~ **pH @ **Total µmol/kg** µmol/kg** 25^o^C** runs** **Leg 1** System 1 2203.4 ± 2.8 1999.4 ± 3.5 7.887 ± 0.008 43 System 2 2204.2 ± 4.4 2008.1 ± 3.4 7.876 ± 0.010 47 Combined 2203.8 ± 3.6 2003.9 ± 3.4 7.881 ± 0.009 90 **Certified Values** CRM Batch 61 2202.04 1998.2 7.891 ----------------- ------------ --------------- -------------- ----------- ![](media/image5.wmf) **Fig. 5. Deviation between the TALK and CRM for both systems.** ![](media/image6.wmf) **Fig. 6. Deviation between the TCO~2~ and CRM for both systems.** ![](media/image7.wmf) **Fig. 7. Deviation between the pH and CRM for both systems.** ![](media/image8.wmf) **Fig. 8. Difference between the TCO~2~ of the SOMMA and TALK system results.** The precision of the instruments was also tested by making duplicate measurements of samples throughout the cruise. These duplicates were taken from the same niskin bottle, equilibrated for an equal amount of time, and then measured on the same instrument. A total of 117 duplicate samples was made, and the results showed that the average delta was 0.2 ± 1.8 mol/kg for TALK, 0.2 ± 1.3 mol/kg for TCO~2~, and 0.000 ± 0.003 for pH. Table 5 and Figs. 9--11 summarize these results. +-----------+--------------+----------------+------------+------------+ | **Table | | | | | | 5. | | | | | | Summary | | | | | | of | | | | | | duplicate | | | | | | measu | | | | | | rements** | | | | | +-----------+--------------+----------------+------------+------------+ | | **TALK | **TCO~2~** | **pH** | **Total | | | µmol/kg** | | | runs** | | | | **µmol/kg** | | | +-----------+--------------+----------------+------------+------------+ | System 1 | 0.0 ± 1.1 | 0.3 ± 1.5 | 0.000 ± | 62 | | | | | 0.003 | | +-----------+--------------+----------------+------------+------------+ | System 2 | 0.5 ± 2.6 | 0.1 ± 1.1 | 0.000 ± | 55 | | | | | 0.003 | | +-----------+--------------+----------------+------------+------------+ | Combined | 0.2 ± 1.8 | 0.2 ± 1.3 | 0.000 ± | 117 | | | | | 0.003 | | +-----------+--------------+----------------+------------+------------+ ![](media/image9.wmf) **Fig. 9. Deviation of TALK on duplicate samples.** ![](media/image10.wmf) **Fig. 10. Deviation of TCO~2~ on duplicate samples.** ![](media/image11.wmf) **Fig. 11. Deviation of pH on duplicate samples.** The carbonate system is characterized by four parameters: TALK, TCO~2~, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO~2~), and pH. Knowing two of these parameters, one can calculate the other two. If more than two parameters are known, a comparison of calculated and measured values will tell if the measured value is internally consistent with the two used in the calculation. We have examined the internal consistency of pH and TALK measurements and the SOMMA values of TCO~2~. The "CO~2~sys.bas" basic program used to make these calculations was written by Lewis and Wallace (1998) and modified by Denis Pierrot to run in Excel. We used the carbonic acid constants of Mehrbach (1973) and refit by Dickson and Millero (1987) for all calculations, as well as the constant of Dickson (1990b) for bisulfate all on the seawater pH scale. We examined an input of pH and TALK to calculate TCO~2~, pH and TCO~2~ to calculate TALK, and TALK and TCO~2~ to calculate pH. The results of these calculations are summarized in Table 6 and the deviations are shown in Figs. 12--14. -------------- ---------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------- **Table 6. Summary of internal consistency deviations** **Input** **pH and **TALK and **pH and **SOMMA - TCO~2~** TCO~2~** TALK** Titrator** **Output** **∆ TALK** **∆ pH** **∆ TCO~2~** **∆ TCO~2~** 1.1 ± 3.9 0.002 ± 0.008 1.1 ± 3.7 2.6 ± 3.0 Runs 1375 1375 1375 1394 -------------- ---------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------- ![](media/image12.wmf) **Fig. 12. Difference in calculated and measured TALK using an input of pH and TCO~2~.** ![](media/image13.wmf) **Fig. 13. Difference in calculated and measured TCO~2~ using an input of TALK and pH.** ![](media/image14.wmf) **Fig. 14. Difference in calculated and measured pH using an input of TALK and TCO~2~.** Once the data have been proven accurate and precise, as well as internally consistent, a comparison of the 1997 and 2003 cruises were made. In looking at the changes in the carbonate system of the ocean, the surface measurements are of the greatest concern. These values change much more than do the deep water values. The following figures are a comparison between the 1997 and 2003 cruises along section A22 showing a variety of measurements versus latitude. Fig. 15 details the salinity measurements that were obtained from the ship's CTD measurements. The overall trend of salinity seems to remain fairly consistent. Fig. 16 shows the values for temperature, which were also obtained from the ship's CTD measurements. The overall trend for the temperature is slightly askew because the 1997 cruise took place in late summer and the 2003 cruise took place in the fall. Fig. 17 compares the normalized TALK of the two cruises (normalized TALK meaning corrected to a salinity of 35, or NTA = TA × 35/S, see Millero 1996). The overall trend of NTA remains fairly consistent between the two cruises. Fig. 18 shows the normalized TCO~2~ (normalized meaning corrected to a salinity of 35, or NTCO~2~ = TCO~2~ × 35/S, see Millero 1996). The trend has remained consistent, but the concentration of TCO~2~ has increased due to the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from industrialized countries. This effect is more predominant in colder or northern waters as these waters are able to hold more dissolved gases. Figures 19 and 20 show the in situ pH and in situ pCO~2~ of the two cruises, respectively. These values were calculated from the temperatures and pressures at which the samples were taken, with pCO~2~ being calculated from the TALK and TCO~2~. The figures are basically inverses of one another, because carbon dioxide acts as a weak acid; therefore, as the concentration of pCO~2~ increases, the pH decreases and vice versa. ![](media/image15.wmf) **Fig. 15. Surface measurements of salinity versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises.** ![](media/image16.wmf) **Fig. 16. Surface measurements of temperature versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises.** ![](media/image17.wmf) **Fig. 17. Surface measurements of NTA versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises.** ![](media/image18.wmf) **Fig. 18. Surface measurements of NTCO~2~ versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises.** ![](media/image19.wmf) **Fig. 19. Surface measurements of in situ pH versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises.** ![](media/image20.wmf) **Fig. 20. Surface measurements of in situ pCO~2~ versus latitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises.** After reviewing the accuracy, precision and internal consistency of the data, we feel very confident in the level of quality of these data. In comparison with the 1997 cruise, it is very clear that the anthropogenic output of CO~2~ has been increasing in the atmosphere, and in turn, has increased the concentration of TCO~2~ and pCO~2~ in the surface of the ocean. This effect is more pronounced in northern latitudes where there is colder water, but the increase is also noticeable in the equatorial regions. The increase in CO~2~ has caused a slight decrease in the pH, because CO~2~ acts as a weak acid, effectively lowering the pH. However, there were no significant findings in increase or decrease of the TALK. Such changes in the oceans need to be constantly monitored to better understand and predict what may happen due to human activity on earth. ## 3.4 Dissolved Organic Carbon Measurements All samples were collected directly from the Niskin Bottles. Because particulate organic carbon concentrations in the surface waters can be elevated all samples collected from the upper 500 m were filtered. Water was filtered through a combusted GF/F housed in an acid washed polycarbonate filter cartridge attached directly the Niskin bottle spigot. All samples were collected directly into an acid washed and Nanopure flushed high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles (60ml). Samples were immediately placed upright in a -20°C freezer and samples were shipped to shore laboratory packed in dry ice. All samples were kept frozen at -20°C in an organic (volatile) free environment. All DOC samples were analyzed via high temperature combustion using Shimadzu TOC-V in shore based laboratory at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The operating conditions of the Shimadzu TOC-V were slightly modified from the manufacturer's model system. The condensation coil was removed and the head space of an internal water trap was reduced to minimize the system's dead space. The combustion tube contained 0.5 cm Pt pillows placed on top of Pt alumina beads to improve peak shape and to reduce alteration of combustion matrix throughout the run. CO~2~ free carrier gas was produced with a Whatman® gas generator (Carlson et al. 2004). Samples were drawn into 5 mL injection syringe and acidified with 2M HCl (1.5%) and spared for 1.5 min with CO~2~ free gas. Three to five replicate 100 µL of sample were injected into combustion tube heated to 680° C. The resulting gas stream was passed though a several water and halide traps, the CO~2~ in the carrier gas was analyzed with a non-dispersive infrared detector and the resulting peak area was integrated with Shimadzu chromatographic software. Injections continued until the at least three injection meet the system specified range of a SD of 0.1 area counts, CV ≤2% or best 3 of 5 injections. Extensive conditioning of the combustion tube with repeated injections of low-carbon water and deep seawater was essential to minimize the machine blanks. After conditioning, the system blank was assessed with ultra-violet oxidized low carbon water. The system response was standardized with a four-point calibration curve of potassium hydrogen phthalate solution in low-carbon water. All samples were systematically referenced against low-carbon water, deep Sargasso Sea reference waters (2600 m) and surface Sargasso Sea water every 6--8 analyses (Hansell and Carlson 1998). The standard deviation of the deep and surface references analyzed throughout a run generally have a coefficient of variation ranging between 1--3% over the 3--7 independent analyses (number of references depends on size of the run) (see Hansell 2005). Daily reference waters were calibrated with DOC CRM provided by D. Hansell (University of Miami). The UCSB DOC laboratory exchanges references and samples with the Hansell DOC laboratory to ensure similar performance of DOC systems and comparability of data. DOC calculation: µMC = (average sample area -- average machine blank area) / (slope of std curve) ## 3.5 Total Dissolved Nitrogen Measurements Total dissolved nitrogen samples were analyzed via high temperature combustion using a Shimadzu TOC-V with attached Shimadzu TNM1 unit at an in-shore based laboratory at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The operating conditions of the Shimadzu TOC-V were slightly modified from the manufacturer's model system. The condensation coil was removed and the headspace of an internal water trap was reduced to minimize the system's dead space. The combustion tube contained 0.5 cm Pt pillows placed on top of Pt alumina beads to improve peak shape and to reduce alteration of combustion matrix throughout the run. Carrier gas was produced with a Whatman® gas generator (Carlson et al. 2004) and ozone was generated by the TNM1 unit at 0.5 L/min flow rate. Three to five replicate 100 µL of sample were injected at 130 mL/min flow rate into the combustion tube heated to 680° C, where the total dissolved nitrogen in the sample was converted to nitric oxide (NO). The resulting gas stream was passed through an electronic dehumidifier. The dried NO gas then reacted with ozone producing an excited chemiluminescence NO~2~ species (Walsh 1989) and the fluorescence signal was detected with a Shimadzu TNMI chemiluminescence detector. The resulting peak area was integrated with Shimadzu chromatographic software. Injections continued until at least three injections meet the specified range of a SD of 0.1 area counts, CV ≤2% or best 3 of 5 injections. Extensive conditioning of the combustion tube with repeated injections of low nitrogen water and deep seawater was essential to minimize the machine blanks. After conditioning, the system blank was assessed with ultra-violet oxidized low nitrogen water. The system response was standardized daily with a four-point calibration curve of potassium nitrate solution in blank water. All samples were systematically referenced against low nitrogen water and deep Sargasso Sea reference waters (2600 m) and surface Sargasso Sea water every 6--8 analyses (Hansell and Carlson 1998). Daily reference waters were calibrated with deep CRM provided by D. Hansell (University of Miami; Hansell 2005). Total dissolved nitrogen calculation: µMN = (average sample area -- average machine blank area) / (slope of std curve) ## 3.6 Chlorofluorocarbon Measurements ### 3.6.1 Sample Collection All samples were collected from depth using 10-L Niskin bottles. None of the Niskin bottles used showed a CFC contamination throughout the cruise. All bottles in use remained inside the CTD hanger between casts. Both the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and RSMAS analytical instruments were on board so each group sampled and analyzed every other station. Each system was capable of analyzing CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113. The RSMAS system was also capable of analyzing CCl~4~. CFC sampling was conducted first at each station, according to WOCE protocol. This avoids contamination by air introduced at the top of the Niskin bottle as water was being removed. A water sample was collected directly from the Niskin bottle petcock using a 100 mL ground glass syringe which was fitted with a three-way stopcock that allowed flushing without removing the syringe from the petcock. Syringes were flushed several times and great care was taken to avoid contamination by air bubbles. Two duplicate samples were taken on most stations from random Niskin bottles, one duplicate was for same analytical system analysis, to calculate precision and the other was for cross analytical system comparison. Air samples, pumped into the system using an Air Cadet pump from a Dekoron air intake hose mounted high on the foremast were run when time permitted. ### 3.6.2 RSMAS Equipment and Technique The RSMAS system analyzed 46 complete stations out of 88 for a total of 1357 samples on A20, and 42 complete stations out of 82 for a total of 1298 samples on A22. Halocarbon analyses were performed on a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector. Samples were introduced into the GC-EDC via a purge and dual trap system. The samples were purged with nitrogen and the compounds of interest were trapped on a main Porapack N trap held at \~ -15^o^C with a Vortec Tube cooler. After the sample had been purged and trapped for several minutes at high flow, the gas stream was stripped of any water vapor via a magnesium perchlorate trap prior to transfer to the main trap. The main trap was isolated and heated by direct resistance to 140^o^C. The desorbed contents of the main trap were back-flushed and transferred, with helium gas, over a short period of time, to a small volume focus trap in order to improve chromatographic peak shape. The focus trap was also Porapak N and is held at \~ −15 ^o^C with a Vortec Tube cooler. The focus trap was flash heated by direct resistance to 155 ^o^C to release the compounds of interest onto the analytical pre-column. The pre-column was the first 5 meters of a 60 m Gaspro capillary column with the main column consisting of the remaining 55 meters. The analytical pre-column was held in-line with the main analytical column for the first 2 min of the chromatographic run. After 2 min, all of the compounds of interest were on the main column and the pre-column was switched out of line and back-flushed with a relatively high flow of nitrogen gas. This prevented later eluting compounds from building up on the analytical column, eventually eluting and causing the detector baseline signal to increase. The syringes were stored in a flow-through seawater bath and analyzed within 8--12 h after collection. Bath temperature was recorded every time a sample was analyzed for use in calculating the mass of water analyzed. Every 12 to 18 measurements were followed by a purge blank and a standard. The surface sample was held after the initial measurement and was sent through the process again in order to "restrip" it to determine the efficiency of the purging process. ### 3.6.3 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Equipment and Technique Water was transferred from the syringe into a purge and trap system interfaced to a Hewlett Packard 5890 gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector. The gas chromatography was carried out using a 40 inch x 1/8 inch diameter pre-column of porasil B, a 60 in. × 1/8 in. diameter main column of carbograph-1AC and a 4 in. × 1/8 in. diameter post column of molecular sieve 5A. The molecular sieve 5A column separated CFC-12 from nitrous oxide and was valved out of the gas stream before CFC-11 eluted from the main column. The combination of the pre-column and main column provided excellent separation of CFCs 11, 12, and 113 as well as separation of CFC-113 from methyl iodide. The gas chromatograph was calibrated against a known gas standard and concentrations are reported on the SIO98 scale. The precision of this technique was the larger of 1% or 0.01 pmol/kg. ### 3.6.4 Calibration A gas phase standard, ALM35078, was used for calibration. The concentrations of the CFCs in this standard are reported on the SIO 1998 absolute calibration scale. Multiple calibration curves were run over the course of the cruise on each analytical system. Estimated accuracy is ± 2%. Precision for CFC-12, CFC-11, CFC-113 and CCl~4~ was less than 1%. Estimated limit of detection is 0.010 pM/kg for CFC-12 and CFC-113, and 0.005 pM/kg for CFC-11 and CCl~4~. **3.6.5 Technical Problems** In large part, sample collection and measurement were very successful. The integration of the computer software with the GC-EDC system hardware made the procedure almost completely automated. There were no incidents that caused significant instrument down time. **3.6.6 Processing of External Duplicates** External duplicates are defined as samples where RSMAS and Lamont both sampled the same station/bottle. The Lamont and Miami systems were compared throughout the A20 and A22 legs by running duplicate samples from stations on both systems. For A20 the agreement between these duplicates was within the measurement error for CFC-11 and CFC-12. For CFC-11 and CFC-12 external duplicates, the CFC values were averaged if both RSMAS and Lamont samples had QB=2. If one of the lab's samples had a questionable (QB=3) or bad (QB=4) quality designation, then the other lab's sample was used for that CFC value for that particular station/bottle. For A22 the Lamont CFC-11 and CFC-12 data were higher than the Miami data and were believed to be in error because the surface waters measured by the Lamont system were consistently supersaturated by about 10% and the Miami data were close to 100% saturation. A correction was applied to the Lamont data to bring it in line with the Miami data. All of the Lamont data for A22 was reduced by 5.5% and a further correction was applied to stations 38-82 to correct for a small leak that apparently developed in the Lamont system for these stations. Comparison of the duplicates run on the Lamont and Miami systems after the corrections yielded an error of the larger of 0.01 pmol kg^-1^ or 1.7 % for CFC-11 and CFC-12 and 0.01 pmol/kg for CFC-113. Following the offset correction made by Lamont on their data, the CFC-11 and CFC-12 external duplicates (with QB=2) were compared to determine whether they were within 5% of each other. If the RSMAS and Lamont values were within 5% of each other, they were averaged. If they were not, then the value that most closely fit with the remainder of the station and surrounding stations was chosen. This was determined by examining plots of CFCs and Pressure. For CFC113, there was a \~10% difference between the RSMAS and Lamont values. The external duplicates were not averaged. The CFC113 sample from the lab that sampled the remainder of the station was used instead. RSMAS sampled CCl~4~. Lamont did not analyze water samples for CCl~4~. ## 3.7 ^14^C and ^13^C Measurements A small number of samples (34 surface and 3 depth profiles) were collected directly from the Niskin bottles for measurement of radiocarbon in dissolved inorganic ^14^C using the procedures described at http://nosams.whoi.edu/clients/submissions_sample_prep.html#dic. Samples were poisoned with mercuric chloride and shipped to National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility (NOSAMS) for analysis. For radiocarbon analyses, the procedures used are described in McNichol et al. (1994), McNichol and Jones in WHP 91-1 (accessible at <http://whpo.ucsd.edu/manuals.htm>), and McNichol et al. 2000, 2001. Briefly, the carbon is first extracted in a sample as CO~2~ and then reduced from a gas to solid carbon. Samples are acidified with phosphoric acid and CO~2~ gas is stripped out with a nitrogen carrier gas. After conversion to CO~2~, samples are reduced to "graphite" on Fe powder with hydrogen gas as the reducing agent. Sample graphite compacted into target cartridges is loaded into a multi-sample wheel mounted in the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) Cs-sputter ion source. The graphite (pure carbon) derived from a sample is compressed by the target press and inserted into the cathode of the AMS ion source where the ratio of ^14^C to ^12^C is measured and compared to that of known standards. Shipboard duplicates, i.e., two separate AMS samples collected from the same water depth but measured separately, continue to show a high level of precision (Elder et al. 1998). Fifteen paired analyses from samples collected along 150°W in the North Pacific demonstrate reproducibility of ± 3.3% for dissolved inorganic ^14^C and ± 0.04% for dissolved inorganic ^13^C, consistent with results we have obtained in the past. This precision is obtained through careful preparation in the laboratory, increased counting statistics on the accelerator, and careful quality screening after analysis. Long-term reproducibility of results over time is demonstrated by periodically re-running entire water profiles from randomly selected stations. ![](media/image21.jpeg){width="6.631944444444445in" height="4.367361111111111in"} **Fig. 21. Surface measurements of ^14^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A20).** Comparing the surface values obtained in 1997 with those measured here (Figs. 21 and 22 below for ^14^C and Figs. 23 and 24 for ^13^C) shows no obvious patterns of change. There is a hint of an increase near the equator, but the sparse data set makes it challenging to consider this a robust feature. ![](media/image22.jpeg){width="6.122916666666667in" height="4.125694444444444in"} **Fig. 22. Surface measurements of ^14^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A22).** ![](media/image23.jpeg){width="5.804166666666666in" height="3.904861111111111in"} **Fig. 23. Surface measurements of ^13^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A20).** ![](media/image24.jpeg){width="6.498611111111111in" height="4.334722222222222in"} **Fig. 24. Surface measurements of ^13^C versus longitude from the 1997 and 2003 cruises (A22).** # {#section-1 .unnumbered} # 4. HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATA AND DOCUMENTATION This database (NDP-089) is available free of charge from CDIAC. The complete documentation and data can be obtained from the CDIAC oceanographic web site (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/doc.html), through CDIAC's online ordering system (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/pns/how_order.html) or by contacting CDIAC. The data are also available from CDIAC's anonymous file transfer protocol (FTP) area via the Internet. (Please note that your computer needs to have FTP software loaded on it. It is included in most newer operating systems.) Use the following commands to obtain the database: ftp cdiac.ornl.gov or \>ftp 160.91.18.18 Login: "anonymous" or "ftp" Password: your e-mail address ftp\> cd pub/ndp089/ ftp\> dir ftp\> mget (files) ftp\> quit The full datasets from the cruise, including bottle and CTD data, can be found at the CLIVAR repeat hydrography website: http://ushydro.ucsd.edu/cruise_data_links.html. Contact information: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335 USA Telephone: (865) 574-3645 Telefax: (865) 574-2232 E-mail: cdiac@ornl.gov Internet: <http://cdiac.ornl.gov/> # REFERENCES Armstrong, F.A.J., C.R. Stearns, and J.D.H. Strickland. 1967. "The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer and associated equipment." *Deep-Sea Research* 14:381--89. Bradshaw, A. L., and P. G. Brewer. 1988. "High-precision measurements of alkalinity and total carbon dioxide in seawater by potentiometric titration-1: Presence of unknown protolyte(s)?" *Maine Chemistry* 23:69--86. Carlson, C.A., et al. 2004. "Interactions between DOC, microbial processes, and community structure in the mesopelagic zone of the northwestern Sargasso Sea." *Limnology and Oceanography* 49:1073--1083. Carpenter, J. H. 1965. "The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen method." *Limnology and Oceanography* 10*:*141--43. Culberson, C. H., G. Knapp, M. Stalcup, R. T. Williams, and F. Zemlyak. 1991. *A Comparison of Methods for the Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater*. WHP Office Report, WHPO 91-2. WOCE Hydrographic Program Office, Woods Hole, Mass. Dickson, A. G. 1981. "An exact definition of total alkalinity and a procedure for the estimation of alkalinity and total CO~2~ from titration data." *Deep-Sea Research* 28:609--23. Dickson, A.G. 1984. "pH scales and proton-transfer reactions in saline media such as seawater," *Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta*, [48]{.underline}, 2299--2308. Dickson, A.G. 1990a. "Thermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in synthetic seawater from 273.15 to 318.15 K." *Deep-Sea Research* Part A, 37/5:755--66. Dickson, A.G. 1990b. Standard potential of the (AgCl + 1/2 H2= Ag + HCl(aq)) cell and the association of bisulfate ion in synthetic sea water from 273.15 to 318.15 K, *J. Chem. Thermody*., 22, 113-- 127. Dickson, A.G., and F.J. Millero. 1987. "A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media." *Deep-Sea Research* Part A*,* 34/10:1733--43. Dickson, A.G., and J.P. Riley. 1979. "The estimation of acid dissociation constants in seawater media from potentiometric titration with strong base, 1: The ionic product of water-KSUS-w." *Marine Chemistry* 7/2:89--99. Dickson, A. G., J. D. Afghan, and G. C. Anderson. 2003. Reference materials for oceanic CO~2~ analysis: A method for the certification of total alkalinity. *Marine Chemistry* 80:185--197. DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 1994. *Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Seawater*. Version 2.0. ORNL/CDIAC-74. Ed. A. G. Dickson and C. Goyet. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Elder, K. L., A. McNichol, et al. (1998). \"Reproducibility of seawater, inorganic and organic carbon C-14 results at NOSAMS.\" *Radiocarbon* **40**(1): 223--230. Friederich, G. E., P. Sherman, and L. A. Codispoti. 1984. *A High-Precision Automated Winkler Titration System Based on a HP-85 Computer, A Simple Colorimeter and an Inexpensive Electromechanical Buret.* Bigelow Laboratory Technical Report, 42. Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine. Gordon, L.I., et al. 1992. *A suggested protocol for continuous automated analysis of seawater nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and silicic acid) in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study*. *WOCE Operations Manual, Vol. 3:* The Observational Programme, Section 3.2: WOCE Hydrographic Programme, Part 3.1.3: WHP Operations and Methods. WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1; WOCE Report No. 68/91. November 1994, Revision 1, Woods Hole, Mass., USA, 52 pp. Hansell, D.A. and C.A. Carlson, 1998. "Deep ocean gradients in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon." *Nature,* 395: 263--266. Hansell, D.A. 2005. "Dissolved Organic Carbon Reference Material Program." *EOS*, 35:318-319. Johansson, O. and Wedborg, M., 1982. "On the evaluation of potentiometric titrations of seawater with hydrochloric acid," *Oceanol. Acta*, 5, 209--218. Johnson, K. M. 1992. *Operator's Manual: Single-Operator Multiparameter Metabolic Analyzer (SOMMA) for Total Carbon Dioxide (CT) with Coulometric Detection.* Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven, N.Y. Johnson, K. M., A. E. King, and J. M. Sieburth. 1985. "Coulometric TCO~2~ analyses for marine studies: An introduction." *Marine Chemistry* 16:61--82. Johnson, K. M., et al. 1999. "Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Measurement and internal consistency of underway surface TCO~2~ concentrations." *Marine Chemistry* 67:123--44. Johnson, K.M., et al. 1987. "Coulometric total carbon analysis for marine studies: Automation and calibration." *Marine Chemistry* 21:117--33. Johnson, K. M., et al. 1993. "Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Maximizing the performance of an automated gas extraction system and coulometric detector." *Marine Chemistry* 44:167--87. Lewis, E., and D.W.R. Wallace. 1998. *Program developed for CO~2~ system calculations.* ORNL/CDIAC-105. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Marinenko, G., and J.K. Taylor. 1968. "Electrochemical equivalents of benzoic and oxalic acid." *Analytical Chemistry* 40:1645--51. McNichol, A. P., G. A. Jones, et al. (1994). \"The rapid preparation of seawater ΣCO2 for radiocarbon analysis at the National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility.\" *Radiocarbon* **36**(2): 237--246. McNichol, A. P., A. J. T. Jull, et al. (2001). \"Converting AMS data to radiocarbon values: Considerations and conventions.\" *Radiocarbon* **43**(2A): 313--320. McNichol, A. P., R. J. Schneider, et al. (2000). \"Ten years after - The WOCE AMS radiocarbon program.\" *Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms* **172**: 479--484. Mehrbach, C., et al. 1973. "Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure." *Limnology and Oceanography* 18:897--907 Millero, F.J. 1995. "Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans." *Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.*, 59 (4): 661--677. Millero, F.J. 1996. *Chemical Oceanography.* Boca Raton: CRC Press. Millero, F. J., et al. 1998. "Assessment of the quality of the shipboard measurements of total alkalinity on the WOCE Hydrographic Program Indian Ocean CO~2~ survey cruises, 1994--1996." *Marine Chemistry* 63:9--20. Millero, F.J., et al. 1993a. "The internal consistency of CO~2~ measurements in the equatorial Pacific." *Marine Chemistry* 44:269--80. Millero, F. J., et al. 1993b. "Titration alkalinity of seawater." *Marine Chemistry* 44:153--65. PICES. 2007. Dickson, A.G., Sabine, C.L. and Christian, J.R. (Eds.). *Guide to best practices for ocean CO~2~ measurements.* PICES Special Publication 3, 191 pp. Taylor, J.K., and S.W. Smith. 1959. "Precise coulometric titration of acids and bases." *Journal Research of National Bureau of Standards* 63:153--59.Walsh, T.W., 1989. "Total dissolved nitrogen in seawater: a new high-temperature combustion method and a comparison with photo-oxidation." *Mar. Chem.*, 26:295--311.

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**Alabama Wing** C/Capt. Jonathan Ernest, VERBENA **Arkansas Wing** C/2dLt. Jessicca Baker **Arizona Wing** C/2dLt. Laura Beck C/2dLt. Caleb Eaves C/Maj. Davyd Fitzhugh C/2dLt. Christian Harrold C/2dLt. Brian Simpson **California Wing** C/2d Lt. Kevin Horn, C/Capt. Michael Nash C/Capt. Laura Reichardt C/Capt. Ann Theisen **Colorado Wing** C/2dLt. Byron Gray **Connecticut Wing** C/Capt. Joseph Kraynak C/Capt. Ashley La Plante **Delaware Wing** C/Capt. Karen Chinnery **Florida Wing** C/Capt. Andrea Batista C/2dLt. Matthew Campbell C/2dLt. Antonio Jurado C/Capt. Matthew Keyes C/2dLt. Hunter Limb C/Capt. Liam Lloyd C/2dLt. Miguel Lockward C/Capt. Kyle Matissek C/Capt. Jenna McCord C/Capt. Tom McMahon C/2dLt. Adam Melendez C/Capt. Alejandro Piferrer C/2dLt. Jean Rios C/Capt. Alex Sage C/Capt. Isaiah Tamblingson **Georgia Wing** C/Capt. Eric Aulet C/2dLt. Jacob Cole C/Capt. Anthony Davis C/2dLt. Jacob Heard C/Capt. Graham Painter **Illinois Wing** C/Capt. Erin Dunne C/2dLt. Krystal Freund C/Capt. Brett Krueger C/2dLt. Kenneth Macejak C/2dLt. Gabriel McDowell **Iowa Wing** C/Capt. Jared Brewer C/Capt. Landon Jones **Kansas Wing** C/2dLt. Erin Lahan **Maine Wing** C/Capt. Christopher Slininger **Maryland Wing** C/2dLt. Laura Boehk **Massachusetts Wing** C/2dLt. David Balch **Michigan Wing** C/Capt. Melanie Davis **Mississippi Wing** C/2dLt. Andrew Howard C/Capt. Sarah Howard C/Capt. Ethan Ingram **Missouri Wing** C/Capt. Anamaria Gaitan **New** **Hampshire Wing** C/Capt. William Smedley **New Jersey Wing** C/2dLt. Nathan Adamo C/Capt. Leonardo Avila C/Capt. Paul Jennings C/Capt. Adam Kelly C/2dLt. Tristan Kooker C/Capt. Nicholas Longhi C/Capt. Carlos Pineda **New** **Mexico Wing** C/2dLt. Samuel Chesebrough C/Capt. Gerald Feltman C/2dLt. Sara Miles C/Capt. Chris Pena **New York Wing** C/2dLt. Justin Gill, C/Capt. Caleb Irwin C/2dLt. David Teubl **North Carolina Wing** C/Capt. Kyle Backhus C/2dLt. Glen Edwards C/Capt. B. Evrard C/2dLt. Michael Gallandt C/2dLt. Nicholas Padleckas **Ohio Wing** C/Col. Duane McKinley C/2dLt. James Norton **Oklahoma Wing** C/2dLt. Patrick Davis C/2dLt Isaac Leskowat **Pennsylvania Wing** C/2dLt. Noah Bendele C/Capt. Evan Bernard C/2dLt. Ryan Edwards C/2dLt. George Kinsey C/Capt. Parth Patel **Puerto** **Rico Wing** C/Capt. Luis Hernandez C/2dLt Jesus Rivera C/Capt Lizbeth Roman **South** **Carolina Wing** C/2dLt. Tanner Bogan C/2dLt. Mary Larrieu **South** **Dakota Wing** C/2dLt. Jason Klein **Tennessee Wing** C/2dLt. Medardo Hernandez C/Capt. Michael Pabon-Vega **Texas Wing** C/Capt. Nathan Carey C/2dLt. Christa Conroy C/Capt. Tiffany Hamm C/Capt. John LeRoy C/2dLt. Jose Machuca C/2dLt. Matthew Norman C/2dLt. Jonathan Patience **Vermont Wing** C/2dLt. Ryan Carroll **Virginia Wing** C/Capt. Lyndy Broomfield C/2dLt. Owen Clark C/2dLt. Allen Ernst C/2dLt. Sean McClain **Washington Wing** C/2dLt. Jennifer Cains C/2dLt. Samuel Fujinaka **West** **Virginia Wing** C/2dLt. Lincoln Sklar **Wisconsin Wing** C/2dLt. Rebekkah Daniels C/2dLt. Sarah Ross

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**Attachment 2** ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources Program*** ***Mercury Control Technology R&D Project Fact Sheets*** ***Prepared by Department of Energy*** ***Office of Fossil Energy*** ***and*** ***National Energy Technology Laboratory*** ***June 2003*** ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Full-Scale Testing of Mercury Control Via Sorbent Injection]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-00NT41005) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct full-scale field demonstration testing of sorbent injection technology for the control of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. The full-scale testing will provide design, performance, and cost information which can be used for future full-scale commercial applications of the technology. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is funded by NETL and a partnership team headed by ADA Environmental Solutions. The partnership team includes EPRI, Alabama Power Company, PG&E National Energy Group, and Wisconsin Energy along with several others. - **[Background]{.underline}** Previous laboratory, bench, and pilot-scale studies have shown that powdered activated carbon (PAC) injection could be an effective technology for the control of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. Full-scale testing of PAC injection is necessary to demonstrate cost and performance for various coal rank and particulate control device combinations. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** The full-scale demonstration testing is being conducted at the following four power plants: Alabama Power's 270 MW E.C. Gaston Unit 3 which burns low sulfur bituminous coal and uses a hot-side ESP and Compact Hybrid Particulate Collector (COHPAC) fabric filter for particulate control; Wisconsin Energy's 600 MW Pleasant Prairie Unit 2 which burns a Powder River Basin subbituminous coal and uses a cold-side ESP; PG&E NEG's Brayton Point Station which burns low sulfur bituminous coal and uses two cold-side ESPs in-series; and PG&E NEG's Salem Harbor Station which burns low sulfur bituminous coal, uses a cold-side ESP and also a SNCR system for NOx control. The PAC injection system used for the tests consists of a bulk storage silo and dual pneumatic conveying equipment rated at 750 lb/hr. An Apogee Scientific mercury CEM is used for semi-continuous speciated mercury measurements during the testing. The testing at each plant includes parametric tests using several commercially available PAC products at various feed rates and operating conditions followed by a one to two week long-term test with a PAC selected from the parametric testing. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started September 2000 and is to be completed in September 2003. Testing at the four sites was completed as follows: Gaston in April 2001; Pleasant Prairie in November 2001; Brayton Point in August 2002; and Salem Harbor in November 2002. The final project report is scheduled for completion in August 2003. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$6.8 million. (DOE funding \$4,542,563) - **[Status]{.underline}** The field demonstration testing has been completed at all four sites. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** The following is a brief summary of the results from the field tests: - E.C. Gaston: There was no measurable performance difference between the different PACs used during the parametric testing. Norit's Darco FGD activated carbon was used for the nine day long-term testing. Mercury capture averaged from 87 to 90% with a carbon injection rate of 1.5 lbs/MMacf based on three short-term Ontario Hydro test results. However, the long-term mercury CEM data indicated an average capture of 78% that varied from 36% to 90%. Average COHPAC inlet mercury concentration was approx. 11 ug/dncm of which 40% was elemental. The carbon injection significantly increased the required cleaning frequency of the COHPAC baghouse. There was no improvement in mercury capture using the spray cooling system. - Pleasant Prairie: Norit's Darco FGD activated carbon was used during the three 5 day long-term tests at feed rates of 1.6, 3.7, and 11.3 lb./MMacf. Mercury capture averaged approx. 46%, 57%, 73% respectively. Average ESP inlet mercury concentration was approx. 17 ug/dncm of which 85% was elemental. The carbon injection did not deteriorate ESP performance. However, the ESP is relatively large (468 SCA) and additional testing needs to be conducted on units with smaller ESPs. There was no improvement in mercury capture using the spray cooling system. - Brayton Point: The PAC injection was located between the first and second cold-side ESPs. Average mercury concentration at the inlet to the first ESP was approx. 6 ug/dncm of which 85% was particulate-bound. During baseline testing the average mercury removal ranged from 30 to 90% across both ESPs and 0 to 10% across the second ESP. During the parametric testing of Norit's Darco FGD activated carbon at feed rates of 3, 7, 10, 15, and 20 lb./MMacf the mercury capture averaged approx. 25%, 40%, 70%, 75%, and 90% respectively across the second ESP. The carbon injection did not deteriorate ESP performance. However, the second ESP is relatively large (400 SCA) and additional testing needs to be conducted on units with smaller ESPs. - Salem Harbor: Average mercury concentration at the inlet to the ESP was approx. 10 ug/dncm of which 95% was particulate-bound. During baseline testing without PAC injection, average mercury capture was approximately 90%. The high baseline mercury removal is attributed to high levels of unburned carbon (LOI was 25 to 30%) and low flue gas temperature (approx. 270°F). Baseline mercury removal decreased from approx. 90% to 20% while increasing flue gas temperature from 270 to 350°F. The NOx SNCR system had no effect on mercury capture. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Scott Renninger, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** - Bustard, C. Jean; Durham, Michael; Lindsey, Charles; Starns, Travis; Baldrey, Ken; Martin, Cameron; Schlager, Richard; Sjostrom, Sharon; Slye, Rick; Monroe, Larry; Miller, Richard; Chang, Ramsey Full-Scale Evaluation of Mercury Control with Sorbent Injection and COHPAC at Alabama Power E.C. Gaston. Presented at the A&WMA Specialty Conference on Mercury Emissions: Fate, Effects, and Control and the US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Symposium: Mega Symposium, Chicago, IL, August 2001. - Bustard, Jean; Durham, Mike; Starns, Travis; Lindsey, Charles; Martin, Cameron; Schlager, Richard; Baldrey, Ken Full-Scale Evaluation of Sorbent Injection for Mercury Control on Coal-Fired Power Plants. In *Proceedings of Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter Conference*; Arlington, VA, September 9-12, 2002. - Bustard, C. Jean, et. al.; Results of Activated Carbon Injection Upstream of Electrostatic Precipitators for Mercury Control. Presented at the A&WMA/US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium, Washington, DC, May 19-22, 2003. - Bustard, C. Jean, et. al.; Results of Activated Carbon Injection for Mercury Control Upstream of a COHPAC Fabric Filter. Presented at the A&WMA/US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium, Washington, DC, May 19-22, 2003. > **[\ > ]{.underline}** [Return to Project Summary Table](#ADA_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[B&W Full-Scale Testing of Enhanced Mercury Control in Wet FGD]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-00NT41006) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct full-scale demonstration testing of a proprietary liquid reagent developed by Babcock & Wilcox and McDermott Technology, Inc. (B&W/MTI) to enhance the capture of mercury in coal-fired power plants equipped with wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. Previous pilot plant testing with the reagent resulted in an increase in mercury capture across the FGD system from a baseline of 71% to approximately 85%. The full-scale demonstration testing will provide design and performance information which can be used for future full-scale commercial applications of the technology. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is funded by NETL, the Ohio Coal Development Office, and Babcock & Wilcox. Host sites and associated support is provided by Michigan South Central Power Agency (MSCPA) and Cinergy. - **[Background]{.underline}** The mercury in coal-fired power plant combustion flue gas exists primarily as either elemental or oxidized mercury species. Previous testing has shown that although elemental mercury is not readily captured, oxidized mercury can be effectively captured in coal-fired power plants equipped with wet FGD systems. However, there is also evidence that a portion of the oxidized mercury is reduced back to elemental mercury within the wet FGD system and discharged out the stack. Therefore, a method to prevent the reduction of oxidized mercury back to elemental mercury would enhance the overall mercury capture across the wet FGD system. Previous B&W/MTI pilot plant testing evaluated a proprietary reagent that, when added to the wet FGD system scrubbing liquor, was able to prevent the reduction of oxidized mercury. This full-scale demonstration project is necessary to evaluate the long term effectiveness of the reagent for cost-effective use in future wet FGD commercial applications. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** The full-scale demonstration testing is being conducted at two power plants, MSCPA's 60 MW Endicott Station in Litchfield, Michigan and Cinergy's 1300 MW Zimmer Station in Moscow, Ohio. Both plants burn Ohio high sulfur bituminous coal and use cold-side ESPs for particulate control. The Endicott Station utilizes a limestone wet FGD system with in-situ forced oxidation; while the Zimmer Station utilizes a magnesium enhanced lime wet FGD system with ex-situ forced oxidation. The reagent feed equipment consists of a tanker truck for storage and a skid-mounted feed system with two metering pumps and associated controls. The field demonstration at both power plants was to include short-term parametric tests followed by four months of long-term testing. (The actual testing at Zimmer was limited to only two weeks.) - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started September 2000 and was completed in September 2002. Testing at the Endicott Station was completed in October 2001. Testing at the Zimmer Station was completed in November 2001. A final report was issued in August 2002. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$2.0 million. (DOE funding \$1,305,374) - **[Status]{.underline}** The testing is complete at both power stations. A final report was issued in August 2002. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** Test results were mixed and indicate a need for further study and evaluation prior to commercialization of the process. The testing at Endicott was successful since there was no appreciable increase in elemental mercury across the wet FGD system during reagent usage and total mercury removal averaged 77% (including 95% removal of the inlet oxidized mercury) compared to a baseline removal of approximately 60%. However, the testing at Zimmer was not successful since there continued to be an increase in elemental mercury across the wet FGD system during reagent usage and there was no significant effect on total mercury removal which averaged 52% (including 87% removal of the inlet oxidized mercury) compared to a baseline removal of approximately 45%. Possible explanations for the poor results at Zimmer include the much higher sulfite concentration and lower liquid-to-gas ratio in the magnesium enhanced lime wet FGD system which may impede the reagent performance. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Scott Renninger or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html>. - **[Publications]{.underline}** - Nolan, Paul; et. al. Mercury Emissions Control in Wet FGD Systems. In *Proceedings of Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter Conference*; Arlington, VA, September 9-12, 2002. [Return to Project Summary Table](#BW_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Pilot Plant Study of Low Temperature Mercury Capture with an ESP]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-01NT41181) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct pilot testing at a coal-fired power plant to evaluate the performance of lowering the combustion flue gas temperature in order to enhance overall mercury capture in plants equipped only with existing electrostatic precipitators (ESP). Based on previous laboratory testing 80 to 90% mercury removal was achieved at a temperature of 200 degrees F. The pilot testing will provide engineering design and performance information which can be used for future full-scale commercial applications of the technology. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is being funded by NETL, CONSOL Energy, and Allegheny Energy. Other participants are Alstom Power Inc., Environmental Elements Corp., and Carmeuse North America. - **[Background]{.underline}** Based on results of the EPA's 1999 mercury data information collection request (ICR) for coal-fired power plants, it was found that existing ESP's are capable of capturing some portion of the mercury in the combustion flue gases. However, the mercury capture efficiency of ESP's varies widely from plant-to-plant and is likely not sufficient to meet future EPA regulatory control requirements. Previous research conducted by CONSOL Energy demonstrated that the fly ash particles in power plant combustion flue gas can absorb a significant portion of the mercury if the gas is cooled below typical exhaust temperatures, e.g., from 300 to 200 degrees F. However, operating at reduced flue gas temperatures also results in the condensation of SO~3~ which can lead to serious equipment and duct corrosion problems downstream of the air preheater. In order to address the corrosion problem, CONSOL Energy has conducted research of an alkaline sorbent injection system to reduce the flue gas SO~3~ concentration by approximately 80% to allow for plant operation at the lower flue gas temperatures. The pilot plant project is necessary to demonstrate the long term effectiveness of this control strategy. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** The pilot testing is being conducted at Allegheny Energy's 288 MW Mitchell Power Station, Unit No. 3, which burns a medium sulfur, eastern bituminous coal. The pilot plant consists of an air preheater to lower flue gas temperature, a water spray cooling system as an optional method to lower flue gas temperature, an ESP to collect the mercury along with the fly ash, and an alkaline sorbent (magnesium hydroxide) injection system to control sulfuric acid condensation. The pilot plant is supplied with approximately a 16,500 lb/hr flue gas slipstream taken upstream of the plant's air preheater. Mercury capture across the ESP will be measured with varying air preheater outlet flue gas temperatures between 220 to 320 degrees F. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started August 2001 and is to be completed in September 2004. The pilot testing is scheduled to begin in January 2003 and will be completed in March 2004. A final report will be issued in September 2004. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$ 2.4 million. (DOE funding \$1,826,539) - **[Status]{.underline}** The pilot plant equipment is in operation and baseline testing is to begin in May 2003. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** None available. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, [Lynn A. Brickett](mailto:lynn.brickett@netl.doe.gov) or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html>. - **[Publications]{.underline}** [Return to Project Summary Table](#CONSOL_lowtemp_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Assessment of Low Cost Novel Mercury Sorbents]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-01NT41180) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct pilot testing at two coal-fired power plants to assess the mercury capture performance of novel sorbents which could be used as an alternative to commercially available activated carbons in order to enhance performance and reduce operating costs for carbon injection mercury control systems. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is being funded by NETL, EPRI, and Apogee Scientific. Other project participants include URS, Illinois State Geological Survey, ADA Environmental Solutions, Physical Sciences Inc., Wisconsin Electric Power, and Midwest Generation. - **[Background]{.underline}** Activated carbon injection systems are currently under development for the control of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. However, the commercially available activated carbons currently being used in full-scale field demonstrations of the control technology are relatively expensive. Therefore, the development of alternative lower cost sorbents could significantly reduce the cost of mercury control. This project is necessary to assess the mercury capture performance of several low cost novel mercury sorbents using an actual flue gas slipstream in a small-scale pilot plant equipped with an ESP and baghouse. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** The pilot testing is being conducted at two power plants, Wisconsin Electric Power's Valley Plant in Milwaukee, WI which uses a low sulfur bituminous coal and Midwest Generation's Powerton Generating Station in Pekin, IL which uses a Powder River Basin sub-bituminous coal. The sorbents being tested include activated carbon samples from coal, biomass, and tires; char sorbents made from coal; fly ash derived sorbents; and zeolite sorbents. Initially, bench-scale laboratory tests were conducted on 46 different sorbents using simulated bituminous coal flue gas and 29 sorbents using simulated PRB coal flue gas. Based on results from the bench-scale testing 17 sorbents for bituminous applications and 8 sorbents for PRB applications were selected for additional fixed-bed testing using actual flue gas slipstreams at the two plants. The fixed-bed testing at the plants led to the final selection of sorbents for testing in a small-scale (10 to 50 acfm) slipstream pilot plant equipped with a residence chamber to simulate an ESP and a baghouse to simulate a COHPAC configuration. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started August 2001 and is to be completed in August 2003. The field pilot testing of the sorbents is scheduled for completion by February 2003. A final report is scheduled for completion by August 2003. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$0.8 million. (DOE funding \$550,654) - **[Status]{.underline}** Seven sorbents were selected for testing in the small-scale pilot at Powerton which was completed in July 2002. The small-scale pilot testing at the Valley Plant started in December 2002 and should be completed by February 2003. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** The Powerton slipstream pilot testing included experimental sorbents produced from corn (CFA), oil soot (CS80), waste tires (TDAC), flyash (STI-B), a commercially available carbon made from lignite coal (HOK), and an iodine-impregnated sorbent (CB-IAC). Norit's Darco FGD activated carbon was also tested as a benchmark. Major results from the Powerton pilot testing are as follows: - Initial screening tests were conducted at 1.5 lb/MMacf and 300°F using the COHPAC configuration. Similar mercury removal of approximately 80% was achieved by the FGD, CFA, CS80, and HOK sorbents. Mercury removal for the TDAC and STI-B were approximately 60% and 35% respectively. The CB-IAC mercury removal was 72% at a lower injection rate of 0.6 lb/MMacf. The CFA and HOK sorbents were selected for additional parametric testing in the COHPAC configuration based on their lower estimated delivered cost. - The parametric and long-term COHPAC testing again showed similar performance of the CFA, HOK, and FGD sorbents. However, mercury removal was different for the two types of filter bag materials that were tested. At 2 lb/MMacf the three sorbents achieved approximately 90% mercury removal with the Teflon glass bag, but only 70 - 80% mercury removal with the Torcon bag. However, the difference in mercury removal may have been a result of the bag cleaning frequency used during the testing. Mercury removal was also similar for the three sorbents at both 300° and 350° F. - Based on results of the COHPAC screening tests, the CFA and CS80 were selected for testing in the residence chamber (ESP) configuration. The FGD and IAC sorbents were also included as benchmarks. The CFA, CS80, and FGD mercury removal was less than 50% for injection rates between 2.5 and 15 lb/MMacf at both two and four second residence times. The IAC sorbent achieved approximately 60% mercury removal at four seconds and 45% at two seconds at 2.5 lb/MMacf. - Preliminary cost estimates for the alternative sorbents indicate production costs could be approximately 50% less than commercially available activated carbons. > The Valley Plant test results are not yet available. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Bob Patton, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** [Return to Project Summary Table](#Apogee_sorbents_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Mercury Control with the Advanced Hybrid Particulate Collector]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-01NT41184) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct bench-scale testing, small pilot-scale testing, and large pilot-scale field demonstration testing to evaluate the mercury control performance of sorbent injection used in conjunction with the Advanced Hybrid Particulate Collector (AHPC). The pilot-scale field demonstration testing will provide engineering design and performance information which can be used for future full-scale commercial applications of the technology. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is being funded by NETL and the University of North Dakota Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC). Other participants are W.L. Gore & Associates and Otter Tail Power Company. - **[Background]{.underline}** NETL has previously supported the RD&D of the AHPC which is a combination electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and fabric filter baghouse (FF) system designed to optimize fine particulate collection. While sorbent injection used in conjunction with conventional ESPs and FFs is being demonstrated to be effective for mercury capture, the AHPC may be capable of equivalent or better performance at lower sorbent feed rates which is to be demonstrated under this project. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** Bench-scale and small pilot-scale testing is being conducted at EERC. Field demonstration pilot plant testing is being conducted at Otter Tail Power Company's 450 MW Big Stone Plant located in Big Stone City, South Dakota, which burns Powder River Basin sub-bituminous coal. The bench-scale testing is being conducted to evaluate mercury capture effectiveness of activated carbon sorbents under varying SO~2~ and NOx flue gas concentrations using both simulated and real flue gas. The small pilot-scale testing will use the 200 acfm EERC particulate test combustor (PTC) and is being conducted to compare the mercury capture effectiveness of a pulse-jet baghouse and the AHPC both with and without sorbent addition for both an eastern bituminous and western sub-bituminous coal. The field demonstration pilot plant testing will use the 9,000 acfm (2.5 MW) AHPC pilot plant previously installed at the Big Stone Plant to demonstrate the AHPC technology for particulate control. A pilot-scale sorbent injection system is being added to the AHPC pilot plant for the mercury control testing. NORIT Darco FGD activated carbon was used for both the 200 acfm and 2.5 MW pilot-scale testing. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started June 2001 and is to be completed in December 2004. The long-term field demonstration pilot plant testing is scheduled to be completed by the spring of 2003. A final report is expected to be available by September 2003. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$1.5 million. (DOE funding \$2,641,120) - **[Status]{.underline}** The initial short-term field demonstration baseline pilot plant testing was conducted in November 2001. The bench-scale and small pilot-scale testing were completed in March and June 2002 respectively. The long-term field demonstration pilot-plant testing is scheduled to be completed by the spring of 2003. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** - Results from the small pilot-scale testing burning a Belle Ayr PRB coal indicated approximately 70% of the mercury was elemental and there was very little baseline mercury capture from both the AHPC and pulse-jet baghouse. Mercury removal with the AHPC ranged from 50% to 71% at a carbon-to-mercury mass ratio of 3000:1 and from 65% to 87% at a mass ratio of 6000:1. - Results from the November 2001 short-term AHPC 2.5 MW pilot-plant test at Big Stone indicated 91 to 97% total mercury collection efficiency with a sorbent feed rate of 1.5 lb/million acf compared to a baseline (no sorbent) mercury collection efficiency of 49%. The relatively high mercury removal rates may have occurred because the average inlet mercury speciation during the testing was 55.4% particulate, 38.1% oxidized, and only 6.4% elemental. This is not considered typical for PRB coals, which normally have much higher levels of elemental mercury. Subsequent analysis showed that the high proportion of particulate and oxidized mercury may have been related to unexpectedly high levels of chlorine in the flue gas, which may have resulted from co-combustion of tire-derived fuel (TDF) in the Big Stone boiler during the November 2001 test period. - A second AHPC 2.5 MW pilot-plant test was conducted at Big Stone in August 2002 using a Belle Ayr PRB coal. Mercury speciation was 17% particulate, 32% oxidized, and 51% elemental. Baseline mercury removal ranged from 0% to 10%. Mercury removal was 63% during activated carbon injection at 1.5 lb/MMacf and without any TDF co-firing. There was no adverse effect on AHPC particulate collection performance during the activated carbon injection testing. - A third AHPC 2.5 MW pilot-plant test was conducted at Big Stone in November 2002. Mercury removal ranged from 65% to over 90% during activated carbon injection at 1.5 lb/MMacf and without any TDF co-firing. A possible reason for the improved mercury removal in November compared to the August 2002 test is lower flue gas temperature of 250° F compared to 270° - 290°F. Supplemental injection of HCl had little or no effect on mercury removal. - A small AHPC 200 acfm pilot-scale test was conducted in late 2002 using a Springfield high-sulfur bituminous coal. The NORIT Darco FGD activated carbon was ineffective with average mercury removal at less than 15% for various combinations of flue gas temperature (275° - 320°F) and injection rates. A possible reason for the poor mercury removal was the relatively high level of SO~3~ (over 30 ppm) concentration in the flue gas. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Bill Aljoe or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** - Miller, Stanley; Zhuang, Ye; Rinschler, Craig; Gebert, Rich; Davis, Dwight; Swanson, William Mercury Control with the Advanced Hybrid. In *Proceedings of Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter Conference*; Arlington, VA, September 9-12, 2002. [Return to Project Summary Table](#EERC_AHPC_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Mercury Removal in a Non-Thermal, Plasma-Based]{.underline}** **[Multi-Pollutant Control Technology for Utility Boilers]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-01NT41182) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct pilot-scale field demonstration testing to optimize the mercury control performance of Powerspan's Electro Catalytic Oxidation (ECO) multi-pollutant control technology process while maintaining high removal levels of SO~2~, NOx, and fine particulate matter. The pilot-scale testing will provide engineering design and performance information which can be used for future full-scale commercial applications of the technology. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is being funded by NETL and Powerspan Corp. Other participants include FirstEnergy Corporation. - **[Background]{.underline}** Powerspan has developed a non-thermal, plasma -based multi-pollutant control technology known as the Electro Catalytic Oxidation (ECO) process that was designed for the simultaneous removal of SO~2~, NOx, and fine particulate emissions from the combustion flue gas of coal-fired boilers. Based on previous pilot-plant testing it was determined that the ECO process has the potential for significant mercury removal. The ECO process includes a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) which converts the elemental mercury to mercuric oxide which can be efficiently captured along with any previously oxidized mercury in a downstream ammonia reagent-based wet FGD absorber and wet ESP. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** The pilot-scale field demonstration testing is being conducted at First Energy's R.E. Burger Plant located in Shadyside, Ohio, which burns eastern bituminous coal. The testing will use a 3,000 scfm flue gas slip-stream pilot-scale ECO system previously installed for a field demonstration of the process. (Note: A large full-scale 50 MW commercial ECO system is under construction at the R.E. Burger Plant and is expected to be ready for operation during the 2^nd^ quarter 2003.) The ECO pilot plant is being equipped with a PS Analytical mercury CEMs system to provide continuous mercury speciation measurements across the various ECO process components during the testing. In addition, an activated carbon filtration system is being developed and installed for removal of the captured mercury from the wet FGD discharge liquid product stream prior to crystallization of the ammonium sulfate and nitrate byproducts. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started September 2001 and is to be completed in March 2004. The pilot-scale field demonstration testing is scheduled to be complete by September 2003 and a final report will be issued by March 2004. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$2.8 million. (DOE funding \$2,248,002) - **[Status]{.underline}** Initial baseline mercury speciation measurements were obtained across the pilot plant dry ESP during the 3^rd^ quarter 2002. Bench-scale testing of the activated carbon filtration system has also been initiated. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** Preliminary Ontario Hydro method test measurements in May 2002 resulted in an average mercury removal of 88% across the ECO pilot plant. While particulate and oxidized mercury removal exceeded 95%, there was some apparent conversion of oxidized mercury to elemental mercury which reduced the overall removal. Normal inlet flue gas elemental mercury concentration is extremely low at the Burger Plant and artificial injection of elemental mercury into the pilot plant is being tested to demonstrate ECO capability to capture elemental mercury. Mercury captured in the ECO ammonia scrubber liquid is removed using a sulfur-impregnated activated carbon filter (Mersorb). Mercury levels in the scrubber liquid have been reduced from 200 ppb to less than the limit of detection (approx. 20 ppb). - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Scott Renninger, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** - McLarnon, Christopher Mercury Removal in a Multi-Pollutant Control Technology for Utility Boilers. In *Proceedings of Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter Conference*; Arlington, VA, September 9-12, 2002. - McLarnon, C. and Steen, D.; Combined SO~2~, NOx, PM, and Hg Removal from Coal-Fired Boilers. Presented at the A&WMA/US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium, Washington, DC, May 19-22, 2003. [Return to Project Summary Table](#Powerspan_ECO_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Testing of Mercury Control with Calcium-Based Sorbents and Oxidizing Agents]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-01NT41183) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct bench-scale and pilot-scale testing to assess the mercury capture performance of calcium-based sorbents and oxidizing agents which could be used as an alternative to commercially available activated carbons in order to enhance performance and reduce operating costs for carbon injection mercury control systems used at coal-fired power plants. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** This project is being funded by NETL and the Southern Research Institute (SRI). Other project participants include ARCADIS G&M, Inc. - **[Background]{.underline}** Activated carbon injection systems are currently under development for the control of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. However, the commercially available activated carbons currently being used in full-scale field demonstrations of the control technology are relatively expensive. Therefore, the development of alternative lower cost sorbents could significantly reduce the cost of mercury control. Working with the EPA, ARCADIS has developed two proprietary calcium-based sorbents which could provide for the simultaneous removal of both mercury and sulfur dioxide from coal-fired power plants. The two sorbents consist of a hydrated lime, Ca(OH)~2~, with an oxidant and a silica-modified calcium, CaSiO~3~, with an oxidant. The oxidant is intended to oxidize the elemental mercury in order to enhance overall mercury capture by the sorbent. This project is necessary to assess the mercury capture performance of these and other calcium-based sorbents using flue gas from a pilot-scale coal combustor. Other calcium-based sorbents such as lime will be used with alternative oxidants such as injected chlorine compounds, sodium tetra-sulfide, or high iron oxide fly ash from the bituminuous coal. These oxidants will be tested with a lime sorbent on a subbituminous Powder River Basin coal that characteristically has a high fraction of elemental mercury. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** SRI is testing the calcium-based sorbents at its Combustion Research Facility located in Birmingham, AL using a 1 MW (1150 SCFM) pilot plant. The calcium-based sorbents are being tested on a variety of coal types and flue gas conditions. The pilot plant sorbent injection system includes a downstream water injection cooling system followed by a fabric filter baghouse for particulate and mercury capture. A PS Analytical mercury CEMs system is being used for speciated mercury measurements across the pilot plant during the sorbent injection testing. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started September 2001 and is to be completed in September 2004. The test program is to consist of numerous pilot plant runs over a three-year project period. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$1.4 million. (DOE funding \$1,109,719) - **[Status]{.underline}** Initial pilot-plant testing of the two proprietary calcium-based sorbents and an ordinary hydrated lime sorbent was completed in the spring 2002. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** - The initial pilot-plant testing of the two proprietary calcium-based sorbents with an oxidant additive and bituminous coal showed both to be ineffective in enhancing the oxidation and capture of elemental mercury and achieved overall mercury removal of only 25 to 50%. Follow-up testing with an ordinary hydrated lime sorbent without the oxidant was able to remove 80 to 90% of the mercury which occurred primarily across the sorbent dust cake collecting on the baghouse filter bags. Approximately 30 to 35% mercury capture occurred "in-flight" prior to the baghouse. - SRI and PS Analytical developed a "spike and recovery" system to reduce mercury S-CEM measurement uncertainty. A known concentration mercury "spike" is introduced in the sampling probe in order to increase the concentration of mercury in the sampled flue gas. - Pilot-scale testing with a kaolinite (Al~2~O~3~.2SiO~2~.H~2~O) adsorbent and a Choctaw bituminous coal was ineffective for mercury capture at injection temperatures that ranged from 1100° to 2100°F. - SRI conducted pilot-scale testing of chlorine gas (Cl~2~) injection in order to evaluate the ability of HCl to promote mercury oxidation and adsorption with PRB coal ash. Chlorine injection through the burner was effective in increasing the oxidized mercury from less than 20% to over 50% and increasing mercury adsorption on the PRB coal ash from less than 5% to over 30%. However, chlorine injection upstream of the air heater was ineffective. - SRI conducted pilot-scale testing to condition PRB coal with a high-iron, low-chlorine bituminous coal. As a result, PRB coal ash composition was found to be more important than flue gas chlorine content relative to mercury oxidation and capture. With PRB coal only, there was less than 15% oxidized mercury at the baghouse inlet. However, a coal blend with 10% bituminous and 90% PRB coal resulted in greater than 50% oxidized mercury at the baghouse inlet. - SRI also conducted tests to condition the PRB coal ash with injection of high-iron bituminous coal ash and hydrated lime at the baghouse inlet. The rate of ash/lime injection was approximately equivalent to the PRB ash loading. Three ash/lime injection ratios were tested: 100% ash; 50% ash/ 50% lime; and 20% ash/ 80% lime. The mercury oxidation across the baghouse increased from a baseline of approximately 60% to 80% with 100% high-iron bituminous ash injection. The increase in mercury oxidation was less with the ash/lime blends. - Increasing the baghouse inlet flue gas temperature from 260° to 300°F increased oxidized mercury while burning 100% PRB coal. The oxidized mercury increased less than 10 percentage points at the baghouse inlet, but increased approximately 30 percentage points at the baghouse outlet. However, this temperature effect was not significant with the bituminous/PRB coal blend. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Barbara Carney, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** - Gale, Thomas K. et al.; Mercury Speciation as a Function of Flue Gas Chlorine Content and Composition in a 1 MW Semi-Industrial Scale Coal-Fired Facility. Presented at the A&WMA/US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium, Washington, DC, May 19-22, 2003. [Return to Project Summary Table](#SRI_sorbents_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Pilot Testing of Mercury Oxidation Catalysts]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-01NT41185) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct pilot testing at two coal-fired power plants to evaluate the performance of several catalyst materials that would be used to promote the oxidation of elemental mercury in the flue gas in order to enhance overall mercury capture in plants equipped with existing wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. Based on laboratory testing a minimum 90% mercury oxidation rate is expected from the pilot testing. The pilot testing will provide engineering design and performance information which can be used for future full-scale commercial applications of the technology. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is being funded by NETL, EPRI, Great River Energy (GRE), City Public Service (CPS) of San Antonio, and the North Dakota Industrial Council. URS Corporation is the prime contractor. - **[Background]{.underline}** The mercury in coal-fired power plant combustion flue gas exists primarily as either elemental or oxidized mercury species. The degree of mercury speciation can vary significantly from plant to plant, but in general plants burning sub-bituminous or lignite coal have a higher percentage of elemental mercury compared to bituminous coal. Previous testing has shown that although elemental mercury is not readily captured, oxidized mercury can be effectively captured in coal-fired power plants equipped with wet FGD systems. Therefore, a method to convert the elemental mercury to oxidized mercury in the flue gas would enhance the overall mercury capture. A previous NETL/EPRI project evaluated several catalyst materials in small, fixed sand-bed reactors that were effective in the oxidation of elemental mercury. This pilot project is necessary to demonstrate the long term effectiveness of these catalysts on honeycomb substrates that could be used in full-scale commercial applications. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** The pilot testing is being conducted at two power plants, the GRE Coal Creek Station which uses a North Dakota lignite fuel and the CPS J.K. Spruce Plant which uses a Powder River Basin (PRB) sub-bituminous fuel. The four catalysts being tested are: 1) Pd #1, a commercial palladium catalyst; 2) SCR, a Siemens commercial NOx catalyst using titanium-vanadium; 3) Carbon #6, an activated tire-derived carbon; and 4) SBA #5, an active fly ash. Each of the four catalysts, are contained on honeycomb design alumina substrates and mounted in separate 40" cube test chambers that are supplied with approximately a 2,000 acfm flue gas slipstream taken downstream of the plant's particulate control device. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started August 2001 and is to be completed in August 2004. The GRE Coal Creek Station pilot testing was scheduled to begin in October 2002 and the CPS J.K. Spruce Plant was scheduled to begin in March 2003. The testing at each plant is scheduled for 14 months. A final report will be issued by August 2004. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$1.2 million. (DOE funding \$897,616) - **[Status]{.underline}** The pilot unit at the Coal Creek Station began initial operation in October 2002 and should be completed by December 2003. Testing at J.K. Spruce Plant is scheduled to begin in the third quarter 2003. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** > Coal Creek Station: - Pilot testing for the Pd #1 and SCR catalysts began in October 2002. Oxidation of elemental mercury across Pd #1 dropped from 93% to 53% after 62 days in service. Oxidation of elemental mercury across the SCR catalyst dropped from 67% to 28% after 62 days in service. Subsequent inspection of the two catalysts indicated that a buildup of fly ash in the pilot test chamber likely caused the drop in oxidation rather than a loss of catalyst activity since mercury oxidation was restored after cleaning in January 2003. - A sonic horn is being tested to prevent the buildup of fly ash in the Pd #1 chamber and will be installed on the remaining chambers if effective. - Testing of the SBA #5 catalyst began in December 2002 and oxidation of elemental mercury was 75% when first measured in late January 2003. - The Carbon #6 catalyst testing is being postponed until the fly ash buildup problem is corrected. - There was some concern that the catalysts might also lead to oxidation of SO~2~ and NO which could produce undesirable balance-of-plant effects. However, there is no apparent oxidation of SO~2~ to SO~3~ and approximately 7% oxidation of NO to NO~2~. ```{=html}  ``` - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, [Bruce Lani](mailto:bruce.lani@netl.doe.gov) or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html>. - **[Publications]{.underline}** - Blythe, Gary; Richardson, Carl; Rhudy, Richard Pilot Evaluation of the Catalytic Oxidation of Mercury for Enhanced Removal in Wet FGD Systems. In *Proceedings of Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter Conference*; Arlington, VA, September 9-12, 2002. - Blythe, Gary et. al.; Pilot Testing of Oxidation Catalysts for Enhanced Mercury Control by Wet FGD. Presented at the A&WMA/US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium, Washington, DC, May 19-22, 2003. [Return to Project Summary Table](#URS_catalyst_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Evaluation of Mercury Speciation at Power Plants]{.underline}** **[Using SCR and SNCR NOx Control Technologies]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-98FT40321-36) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct field testing at numerous coal-fired power plants equipped with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) NOx control technologies to determine their effect on the speciation of mercury in the combustion flue gas and resultant enhancement of mercury emissions capture in downstream pollution control equipment. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is being funded by NETL, the University of North Dakota Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC), the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Other participants include numerous electric utility companies that provided host sites for the testing. - **[Background]{.underline}** The mercury in coal-fired power plant combustion flue gas exists as either elemental, oxidized, or particulate-bound species, and the degree of mercury speciation can vary significantly from plant to plant depending on coal type and combustion conditions. Although elemental mercury is not readily captured, oxidized and particulate mercury can be effectively captured in a plant's conventional pollution control equipment such as an ESP, baghouse, or FGD system. Previous pilot-scale testing indicated that the catalyst and/or ammonia reagent associated with SCR and SNCR NOx control technologies might further convert some of the elemental mercury to oxidized mercury in the flue gas and therefore enhance overall mercury capture. This field testing project is necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of SCR and SNCR NOx control technologies to promote the oxidation of elemental mercury in full-scale commercial applications. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** The initial 2001 field testing was conducted at six coal-fired power plants. Four of the plants are equipped with SCR NOx controls, one plant uses SNCR NOx control, and one plant uses ammonia and sulfur trioxide for ash conditioning to improve particulate control. Field testing was also conducted in 2002 at two of the 2001 SCR equipped plants and two additional plants with SCRs. Additional plants may be selected for testing in 2003. The field testing included the use of both the manual Ontario Hydro method and semi-continuous emission monitors (SCEM's) to measure the speciated mercury concentrations at the inlet and outlet of the SCRs to determine changes in the level of oxidized mercury. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started April 2001 and is to be completed in October 2003. Field testing was scheduled for 2001, 2002, and 2003 at various plants. A final report for the 2001 testing was issued in October 2002. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$1.25 million. (DOE funding \$445,000) - **[Status]{.underline}** The 2002 field testing has been completed and a draft final report is under review. Two additional plants are being tested in 2003. - **[Results]{.underline}** The 2001 field-testing was conducted at six coal-fired power plants. Four of the plants are equipped with SCR controls, one plant uses SNCR control, and one plant uses ammonia and sulfur trioxide for ash conditioning to improve particulate control. Field-testing was conducted in 2002 at two of the 2001 SCR equipped plants and two additional plants with SCRs. Overall test results are as follows: - SNCR and NH3/SO3 flue gas conditioning did not affect mercury oxidation. - For the bituminous plants, the increase in oxidized mercury across the SCR varied significantly from 11 to 70 percentage points. The oxidized mercury at the downstream pollution control device (PCD) inlet, increased from -1 to 37 percentage points with an average of 17%. However, for the two sites with minimal SCR oxidation, the non-elemental mercury was greater than 90% both with and without the SCR. - SCR catalyst did not significantly promote the oxidation of mercury for the one PRB test site. The oxidized mercury increased 20 percentage points across the SCR, but was unchanged at the PCD inlet. - SCR catalysts promote mercury capture in wet FGD systems and possibly reduce the re-emission of elemental mercury. For the three plants with SCR and wet FGD, mercury removal was 84 - 92% (average 89%) with SCR operation and 43 - 51% (average 48%) without SCR operation. - SCR size, as measured by space velocity, appeared to have a minimal affect on mercury oxidation across the SCR. There was no significant difference in non-elemental mercury at the SCR outlet or PCD inlet for the five bituminous plants. - Based on results from the two plants tested in 2001 and 2002, it is uncertain whether SCR catalyst aging affects mercury oxidation. The increase in oxidized mercury across the SCR at site S2 decreased from 43 percentage points in 2001 to 33 percentage points in 2002. However, there was no change in oxidized mercury at the PCD inlet which remained approx. 97%. The increase in oxidized mercury across the SCR at site S4 decreased from 70 percentage points in 2001 to 29 percentage points in 2002. Again however, there was no change in oxidized mercury at the PCD inlet which was 93% in 2001 and 95% in 2002. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Lynn Brickett, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** - EPRI. *Power Plant Evaluation of the Effect of Selective Catalytic Reduction in Mercury*; EPRI Report No. 1005400; December 2002. - Results from 2001 field testing were published in February 2003 edition of AWMA's *EM Magazine*. - L. Brickett, et. al.; Impact of SCR on Mercury Speciation for Coal-Fired Boilers. Presented at the A&WMA/US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium, Washington, DC, May 19-22, 2003. [**Return to Project Summary Table**](#EERC_SCR_speciation_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Evaluation of Mercury Control Technologies for Utilities Burning Lignite Coal]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-98FT40321-45) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct a three-year, two-phase project to develop and test sorbent injection mercury control technologies for utilities that burn lignite coal. The first phase of the project, scheduled for 2002-2003, is to conduct bench-scale and pilot-scale evaluation for screening of potential sorbents. The second phase of the project, scheduled for 2003-2004, is to conduct full-scale field tests of the selected sorbents at a lignite-fired power plant. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is being funded by NETL and UNDEERC. Other participants include EPRI and several electric utilities that operate lignite-fired plants. ```{=html}  ``` - **[Background]{.underline}** The combustion flue gas of lignite-fired power plants primarily contains elemental mercury and therefore results in minimal mercury capture across the existing air pollution control equipment. Therefore, potential sorbents must be evaluated to develop a cost-effective sorbent injection control technology applicable to lignite-fired plants. ```{=html}  ``` - **[Project Description]{.underline}** The bench- and pilot-scale testing is being conducted at UNDEERC. Initial bench-scale laboratory tests were conducted on 11 different sorbents using a fixed-bed reactor and simulated lignite coal combustion flue gas. In addition to commercially available activated carbons, several high-sodium lignite coals were used to produce activated carbons. An ARCADIS calcium silicate sorbent was also included in the bench-scale testing. The pilot-scale testing uses the 200 acfm UNDEERC particulate test combustor and is being conducted to compare the sorbent mercury capture effectiveness of an ESP, fabric filter, and the UNDEERC advanced hybrid particulate collector (AHPC). The pilot-scale testing is being conducted using two different lignite coals (Luscar and Freedom). - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started February 2002 and is to be completed by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$\_\_ million. (DOE funding \$\_\_\_\_\_) - **[Status]{.underline}** The Phase I bench- and pilot-scale testing was completed in November 2002. A Phase I draft final report has been submitted for review. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** Bench-scale tests results indicated that the inactivated lignite-based carbon sorbents and calcium silicate were not effective. The lignite-based carbon sorbents activated at 800^o^C performed significantly better than the same carbon sorbents activated at 750^o^C. The bench-scale testing also demonstrated the importance of hydrogen chloride in the flue gas, which apparently conditions the sorbents. The DARCO FGD and 800^o^C activated Luscar char-derived sorbents were selected for further pilot-scale testing. Results from the pilot-scale testing are: - The Poplar River coal had a higher mercury concentration than the Freedom coal, but both coals resulted in similar speciation with 85% elemental and 15% oxidized mercury. - Lignite coal requires a higher sorbent feed rate for similar mercury removal compared to full-scale data for bituminous coal. To achieve 70% mercury removal, the best Luscar sorbent injection rates were 17.1, 7.8, and 2.92 lb/MMacf for the ESP, FF, and combined ESP-FF configurations respectively. - Mercury removal was approximately 10 -15 percentage points higher for the Freedom coal compared to the Poplar River coal for the ESP-only configuration. - Mercury removal was approx. 10 - 15 percentage points lower for both the Freedom and Poplar River coals when the flue gas temperature was increased from 300° to 400°F for all particulate control configurations. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Lynn Brickett, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** - Pavlish, J.; Pilot-Scale Investigation of Mercury Control Technologies for Utilities Burning Lignite Coal. Presented at the A&WMA/US EPA/DOE/EPRI Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium, Washington, DC, May 19-22, 2003. [**Return to Project Summary Table**](#EERC_lignite_coal_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Integrated System to Control Primary PM2.5 from Electric Power Plants]{.underline}** **[(Mercury Control with the Advanced ElectroCore Particulate Collector)]{.underline}** (DC-FC26-00NT-40757) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Under its particulate control program DOE/NETL is sponsoring the pilot-scale development of LSR Technologies' particulate control technology known as ElectroCore. In addition to particulate removal, the mercury removal performance of the ElectroCore process was evaluated in conjunction with powdered activated carbon (PAC) injection. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is being funded by NETL and LSR Technologies. Other participants include EPRI, EPA, and Alabama Power Company (Southern Company Services). - **[Background]{.underline}** The ElectroCore is an electrically enhanced mechanical separator designed to be retrofitted downstream of an existing ESP to optimize fine particulate collection. The ElectroCore process first pre-charges the ash particles and then uses combined electrical and centrifugal forces to separate the flue gas into "dirty" and "clean" gas streams. The centrifugal particulate separation is achieved using cylindrical separators with a tangential inlet, a tangential dirty gas outlet, and a dual axial clean gas outlet. The centrifugal separation is enhanced by a centrally located electrode within the separator. The electrode is charged with the same polarity as the ash particles thereby further driving the particles to the dirty gas outlet. The dirty gas stream can either be re-circulated to the inlet of the upstream ESP or diverted to a polishing ESP or FF. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** The pilot-scale testing was conducted at Alabama Power Company's E.C. Gaston Unit No. 4 located in Wilsonville, Alabama. The plant burns a Powder River Basin subbituminous coal. The 5,000 acfm pilot plant consists of a dry scrubber, water-cooled pre-charger and advanced ElectroCore module. In addition to particulate removal, the mercury removal performance of the ElectroCore process was evaluated in conjunction with PAC injection. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started February 2000 and was to be completed in June 2002. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$1.6 million. (DOE funding \$1,191,267) - **[Status]{.underline}** The pilot-scale testing was conducted from November 2001 through February 2002. A final report for the ElectroCore particulate collection test results was issued in February 2003. A final report on the mercury testing phase of the project is not yet available. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** Preliminary test results indicate the ElectroCore process captures approximately 90% of the total mercury at a PAC injection rate of 7 lb/MMacf. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Peter Botros, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** - Altman, Ralph; Easom, Bruce; Harrison, Wallace Results of ElectroCore Pilot Testing at E.C. Gaston Steam Plant. In *Proceedings of Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter Conference*; Arlington, VA, September 9-12, 2002. [**Return to Project Summary Table**](#LSR_electrocore_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[In-Situ Sorbent Removal of Mercury: The THIEF Process]{.underline}** (NETL In-house project) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct pilot-scale testing at NETL to develop an alternative mercury control technology using an activated carbon sorbent produced in-situ at the power plant. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** NETL In-house R&D - **[Background]{.underline}** The THIEF process (U.S. Patent No. 6,521,021) removes mercury from coal combustion flue gas by adsorption/absorption onto thermally activated sorbent produced in-situ. The sorbent consists of semi-combusted coal, which is extracted from the furnace and then injected into the flue gas downstream of the air preheater. The thermally activated sorbent reacts with the mercury and is removed from the flue gas by the downstream particulate control device. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** Pilot-scale testing of the THIEF process was conducted using the NETL 500 pound-per-hour pulverized coal-fired combustion system that includes a furnace, air pre-heater, spray dryer, ductwork, and a pulse-jet fabric filter. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** On-going in-house research and development project. - **[Cost]{.underline}** Annual in-house allocation. - **[Status]{.underline}** Continued testing of the THIEF process will be carried out in the 500-lb/hr combustor while burning different coals (i.e. PRB coal). - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** The in-situ produced sorbent is not as reactive as commercially available activated carbon, but pilot-scale testing indicates that mercury removal efficiencies of up to 70% are achievable. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Bill O'Dowd, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** - Pennline, H.W.; Granite, E.J.; Freeman, R.A.; Hargis, R.A.; O'Dowd, W.J. A Technique to Control Mercury From Flue Gas. Presented at the AIChE Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN, November 2002. [**Return to Project Summary Table**](#NETL_thief_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Photochemical Removal of Mercury: The GP-254 Process]{.underline}** (NETL In-house project) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct bench-scale testing at NETL to develop an alternative mercury control technology. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** NETL in-house R&D - **[Background]{.underline}** The GP-254 process (U.S. patent pending) uses 253.7-nm ultraviolet radiation to induce components of flue gas to react with elemental mercury and subsequently cause an increase in the fraction of oxidized mercury. The oxidized mercury species can then be captured near the radiation zone or in downstream particulate control or wet FGD pollution control equipment. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** Small-scale laboratory testing using simulated flue gases have been used to demonstrate the process. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Complete. Tool base. - **[Cost]{.underline}** Exploratory funding as needed. - **[Status]{.underline}** Complete. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** See publication. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Evan Granite, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** - Granite, Evan; Pennline, Henry Photochemical Removal of Mercury from Flue Gas. *Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research*, October 2002. [**Return to Project Summary Table**](#NETL_gp254_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Long-Term Operation of a COHPAC System for Removing Mercury from Coal-Fired Flue Gas]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-02NT-41591) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct a one-year long-term performance evaluation of the impact of powdered activated carbon injection on the COHPAC fabric filter particulate collection system at Alabama Power's E.C. Gaston Plant. Long-term testing will determine whether PAC injection with COHPAC is a viable, long-term approach for mercury control. The testing will also determine design criteria and costs for new retrofit COHPAC systems as well as balance-of-plant impacts. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is being funded by NETL and ADA Environmental Solutions. Other participants include Southern Company, Reaction Engineering, Southern Research Institute, Grubb Filtration Testing Services, Hamon Research-Cottrell, EPRI, and several utility company sponsors. - **[Background]{.underline}** ADA-ES conducted a successful two-week demonstration of PAC injection at Gaston in April 2001. The objective of this project is to evaluate the long-term effects of PAC injection on mercury capture and COHPAC performance. Of particular concern during PAC injection is the increased cleaning frequency of the COHPAC which could adversely affect filter bag life. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** The full-scale demonstration testing is being conducted at Alabama Power's 270 MW E.C. Gaston Unit 3 which burns low sulfur bituminous coal and uses a hot-side ESP and COHPAC fabric filter for particulate control. The long-term testing will include six-month PAC injection with the existing COHPAC filter bags and six-month PAC injection with new high-permeation filter bags. Demonstration will also include testing of alternate sorbents. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started September 2002 and is to be completed in October 2005. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$2.4 million. (DOE funding \$1,356,976) - **[Status]{.underline}** Baseline testing completed in April 2003. PAC injection optimization testing conducted in May 2003. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** Preliminary baseline test results include: 1) higher COHPAC cleaning frequency compared to April 2001 Phase I tests; 2) large variation (0 to 90%) in baseline mercury removal; and 3) higher carbon content in COHPAC hopper ash compared to Phase I tests. Based on results of optimization testing, the PAC injection rate was lowered from 1.5 to 0.3 lb/MMacf. Average mercury removal varied from 70 to 95% at 0.3 lbs/MMacf PAC injection rate during early May optimization testing. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Scott Renninger, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** [**Return to Project Summary Table**](#ADA_LT_COHPAC_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Preliminary Field Evaluation of Mercury Using Combustion Modifications]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-03NT-41725) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct a two-year field evaluation using a combination of overfire air (OFA) and coal reburn to achieve multi-pollutant control of both NOx and mercury. Combustion modifications will be used to increase the reactivity of fly ash to enhance mercury adsorption and resultant capture in a downstream ESP or FF. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is being funded by NETL and General Electric Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (GE EER). Other participants include Western Kentucky Energy. - **[Background]{.underline}** GE EER has been developing the use of OFA and coal reburn as a NOx control technology. Coal reburn pilot-scale testing demonstrated that fly ash with unburned carbon formed "in situ" can adsorb mercury under certain operating conditions. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** The field-testing will be conducted at Western Kentucky Energy's RD Green Power Station, which burns a blend of Illinois bituminous coal and petroleum coke. Field measurements of fly ash properties and mercury removal across the ESP will be taken on Unit No. 1 after installation of an OFA and coal reburn system for NOx control. Data from the Unit No. 1 field testing will be used to optimize the design of the NOx control system for mercury removal using a 300 KW pilot-scale combustor at GE EER's test facility. Results from the pilot-scale testing will be used for the design of the OFA and coal reburn system to be installed on RD Green Unit No. 2. Mercury removal performance will then be tested on Unit No. 2 after installation of the optimized NOx control system. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started January 2003 and is to be completed in July 2004. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$0.8 million. (DOE funding \$489,600) - **[Status]{.underline}** Baseline mercury emission testing to be conducted in May 2003. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** None available. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Peter Botros, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** [**Return to Project Summary Table**](#GE_combustion_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Evaluation of Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Facilities with SCR-FGD Systems]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-02NT-41589) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct field testing at ten bituminous coal-fired power plants equipped with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) control technologies to determine their effect on the speciation of mercury in the combustion flue gas and resultant enhancement of mercury emissions capture in downstream flue gas desulfurization (FGD) control equipment. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is being funded by NETL and CONSOL. Other participants include numerous electric utility companies that are providing host sites for the testing. - **[Background]{.underline}** Previous field testing indicated that NOx SCR catalyst converts some of the elemental mercury to oxidized mercury in the flue gas and therefore can enhance overall mercury capture in downstream pollution control equipment. However, the amount of SCR mercury oxidation has been quite variable from plant-to-plant. Previous field testing has also indicated some inconsistencies in the mercury capture performance of wet FGD systems due to possible evolution of elemental mercury. This field testing project is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of SCR to promote the oxidation and subsequent capture of elemental mercury in full-scale commercial FGD applications. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** Conduct mercury speciation field-testing at ten bituminous coal-fired power plants to measure the level of mercury oxidation across the SCR and subsequent removal in the downstream FGD system. The 27-month long program will include testing at five plants equipped with an SCR and wet limestone FGD, three plants with an SCR and wet lime FGD, and two plants with an SCR and dry lime FGD. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started September 2002 and is to be completed in September 2005. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$0.7 million. (DOE funding \$584,419) - **[Status]{.underline}** Two plants had been tested as of 5/30/03. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** None available. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Peter Botros, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** [**Return to Project Summary Table**](#CONSOL_SCR_FGD_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Direct Measurement of Mercury Reactions in Coal Power Plant Plumes]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-03NT-41724) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct field testing to characterize the speciation of mercury in the stack plume of a coal-fired power plant. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is being funded by NETL and EPRI. Other participants include UNDEERC, Frontier Geosciences and We Energies. - **[Background]{.underline}** The proportions of elemental and oxidized species of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants may influence the relative location of their potential environmental impact. Gaseous elemental mercury is relatively unreactive and can persist in the atmosphere for periods of months to years before returning to the surface environment. However, gaseous oxidized mercury is more reactive and likely to return to the surface environment locally or regionally via wet or dry deposition. However, atmospheric reactions might occur after release from the stack that alters the proportion of elemental and oxidized mercury species. Previous analysis of mercury concentrations measured at an ambient monitor located about 15 km south of Southern Company's Bowen Plant suggested that a significant portion of Bowen's oxidized mercury stack emissions may have been reduced to elemental mercury while being transported to the monitoring site. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** Conduct field testing to characterize the speciation of mercury in the stack plume of We Energies' Pleasant Prairie Plant. The tests include simultaneous mercury measurements in the stack and stack plume using aircraft-borne instruments. The in-stack and stack plume measurements will be compared to determine whether the speciation of mercury changes as it is transported downwind in the plume. In addition to the in-stack and stack plume mercury measurements, a plume dilution sampling device is being used in an attempt to simulate the cooling and dilution processes that occur in the stack plume. If results of the plume dilution sampling device are comparable to the stack plume measurements it could be used to estimate the mercury speciation changes for other plants. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started March 2003 and is to be completed in September 2004. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$0.8 million. (DOE funding \$648,154) - **[Status]{.underline}** Stack plume measurements scheduled to be conducted in July 2003. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** None available. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Bill Aljoe, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** [**Return to Project Summary Table**](#EPRI_plume_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Evaluation of Mercury Speciation in a Power Plant Plume]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-98FT40321-54) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct field testing to characterize the speciation of mercury in the stack plume of a coal-fired power plant. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is being funded by NETL and UNDEERC. Other participants include EPRI, Frontier Geosciences, TVA and Southern Company. - **[Background]{.underline}** The proportions of elemental and oxidized species of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants may influence the relative location of their potential environmental impact. Gaseous elemental mercury is relatively unreactive and can persist in the atmosphere for periods of months to years before returning to the surface environment. However, gaseous oxidized mercury is more reactive and likely to return to the surface environment locally or regionally via wet or dry deposition. However, atmospheric reactions might occur after release from the stack that alters the proportion of elemental and oxidized mercury species. Previous analysis of mercury concentrations measured at an ambient monitor located about 15 km south of Southern Company's Bowen Plant suggested that a significant portion of Bowen's oxidized mercury stack emissions may have been reduced to elemental mercury while being transported to the monitoring site. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** Conduct field testing to characterize the speciation of mercury in the stack plume of Southern's Bowen Plant. The tests include simultaneous mercury measurements in the stack and stack plume using aircraft-borne instruments. The in-stack and stack plume measurements will be compared to determine whether the speciation of mercury changes as it is transported downwind in the plume. In addition to the in-stack and stack plume mercury measurements, a plume dilution sampling device is being used in an attempt to simulate the cooling and dilution processes that occur in the stack plume. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started October 2002 and was completed in March 2003. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$68,000. (DOE funding \$27,324) - **[Status]{.underline}** Testing completed in October 2002. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** None available. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Bill Aljoe, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** [**Return to Project Summary Table**](#EERC_plume_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Oxidation of Mercury Across SCR Catalysts in Coal-Fired Power Plants]{.underline}** **[Burning Low-Rank Coals]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-02NT-41728) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct pilot-plant testing to determine the effect of various NOx SCR catalysts on mercury speciation for plants that burn subbituminous Powder River Basin coal. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is being funded by NETL and Reaction Engineering. Other participants include EPRI, Ceramics GmbH, and American Electric Power (AEP). - **[Background]{.underline}** Previous field testing indicated that NOx SCR catalyst converts some of the elemental mercury to oxidized mercury in the flue gas and therefore can enhance overall mercury capture in downstream pollution control equipment. However, the amount of SCR mercury oxidation has been quite variable from plant-to-plant and there is limited test data available for PRB coal applications. This pilot-plant testing is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of various SCR catalysts to promote the oxidation of elemental mercury in PRB coal applications. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** Conduct a six-month-long pilot-scale mercury speciation test for five commercially available NOx SCR catalysts using a flue gas slipstream at AEP's 1300 MW Rockport Power Plant Unit 1, which burns a subbituminous Powder River Basin coal. Parametric testing will evaluate the effect of space velocity (residence time) and ammonia feed rate on mercury oxidation across the SCR catalysts. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started February 2003 and is to be completed in August 2003. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$120,000. (DOE funding \$69,698) - **[Status]{.underline}** The initial mercury speciation testing was completed in April 2003. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** Preliminary results from the initial mercury speciation testing are under review. Some general observations from the S-CEM measurements are: 1) mercury oxidation ranged from approx. 0% to 50% across the five catalysts at a space velocity of 5,700 hr^-1^, 2) mercury oxidation increased to 60% to 80% without ammonia feed, 3) an unexplained 10% to 40% reduction of total mercury was measured across the catalysts, 4) mercury oxidation decreases as space velocity increases. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Jose Figueroa, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** [**Return to Project Summary Table**](#Reaction_SCR_table) ***DOE/NETL Environmental & Water Resources*** ***Mercury Control Technology Project Fact Sheet*** **[Mercury and Air Toxics Element Impacts of Coal Combustion]{.underline}** **[Byproduct Disposal and Utilization]{.underline}** (DE-FC26-03NT-41727) - **[Objective]{.underline}** Conduct laboratory and field-testing to evaluate the potential release of mercury and other air toxic elements associated with the disposal and commercial use of various ash and FGD coal utilization by-products from conventional and advanced pollution control systems. - **[Sponsors]{.underline}** The project is being funded by NETL and UNDEERC. - **[Background]{.underline}** There is limited data available on the environmental acceptability of CUBs produced at plants with various conventional and advanced emission control systems. - **[Project Description]{.underline}** CUBs from bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite fuels will be included in the evaluation. The project includes a literature search, selection of analytical methods, selection of CUB samples, chemical and physical characterization of samples, laboratory testing of release mechanisms, and field investigations. The potential release mechanisms to be evaluated include leaching, vaporization at ambient and elevated temperature, and biologically induced releases. - **[Schedule]{.underline}** Project started January 2003 and is to be completed in January 2006. - **[Cost]{.underline}** The total budget cost for the project is approximately \$1.5 million. (DOE funding \$1,200,000) - **[Status]{.underline}** A project kick-off meeting was conducted in April 2003. - **[Results To Date]{.underline}** None available. - **[Contacts]{.underline}** For further information on this project, contact NETL Project Manager, Nam Lee, or visit the NETL website at <http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/index.html> - **[Publications]{.underline}** [**Return to Project Summary Table**](#EERC_byproducts_table)

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# Presentation: 868141 ## Main Injector BPM Upgrade **Stephen Wolbers** **CD Accelerator Activities Coordination Meeting** **January 25, 2005** ## MI Beam Position Monitor (BPM) Upgrade Project **Status and Plans:** **First unofficial meeting with MI department:** **December 10, 2004** **Steve Wolbers, Bob Webber, Alberto Marchionni, Dave Capista, Brian Hendricks** **We decided to initiate weekly meetings in January to discuss/update the requirements for the MI BPM upgrade.** - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## January discussions **Meeting Jan 11, 18, 25 (so far)** **Jan 11:** **General discussion of requirements** **Resolutions, precision, stability, modes of operation, user access, calibration** **Well attended by MI department, Instrumentation department, Controls Department, CD interested parties.** **Agreement to update requirements document (Beams docDB #471, Feb 26, 2003)** **Alberto’s slides Beams docDB #1523.** **Notes from the meetings (Beams docDB #1526)** - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## January discussions (2) **January 18, 2005** **Dave Johnson speaking about Recycler BPM experience from a user perspective.** **Beams doc #1533.** **Nice perspective and lessons for the future.** - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## January discussions (3) **January 25, 2005 ** **Review of TeV BPM Upgrade by Jim Steimel** **System requirements and implementation were emphasized** - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## What’s Next - Goals **Need to update, review and approve the requirements for the MI BPM system.** **This drives the scope of work for:** **Front-end programming.** **Analog system engineering.** **Online and application modifications and creation.** - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## Main Injector BPMs – Next steps **Then it will be time to form a project** **Many aspects of the upgrade – lots of work!** **Project organization and management** **Requirements** **Design** **Front-end electronics** **Digitizers/timing system/front-ends** **Front-end software** **Online/controls software** **Applications/console programs** **Calibration** **Diagnostics ** **Purchasing/acquisition** **Hardware checkout** **Integration and installation** **Commissioning** **Documentation** - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## Timescales **Still too early to build a full project plan** **However, the requirements update should occur as soon as possible and hopefully by March, 2005.** **As people are freed up from other projects (in both AD and CD) ramp-up can proceed on the MI BPM upgrades.** **Given the scope of probable work and the probable availability of people this project should take on order 1-1.5 years to complete.** - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## Interest and Support **Strong interest and support from:** **Ioanis Kourbanis and Alberto Marchionni from the MI Department** **Bob Webber of Instrumentation** **Jim Patrick and Brian Hendricks from the Controls Department** **Vince Pavlicek and Margaret Votava from CEPA Department** **Others from various AD and CD departments have attended the Tuesday discussions.** - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005 ## Conclusions **MI BPM Upgrade project requires the following:** **Updated requirements.** **Scope and estimated effort and timescales.** **Identified people to do the work** **Project planning, management, reviews, documents, etc.** **Work by dedicated, competent people.** - Stephen Wolbers CD Accelerator Activities - January 25, 2005

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ASSESSMENT OF OVERALL DATA QUALITY AND COMPLETENESS *MISSOURI* 1999 TABLES Nine tables for each State show the use of mental health and other services by Medicaid beneficiaries with mental health diagnoses in 1999. Enrollment and claims data from the Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) files from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) are the source for these analyses. Because Medicaid programs differ across the States, and because administrative data vary in completeness and quality, caveats about the State's data should be considered in interpreting the information contained in these tables. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- **Missouri Data Comments** ----------------------------------------------------------------------- **Diagnosis Codes:** Diagnosis coding on claims was relatively complete, but some inpatient claims included "local" codes that were not defined in the data. The use of non-standard codes might lead to over- or under-identification of mental health beneficiaries. **Managed Care Enrollment:** According to MSIS (MAX) documentation, Missouri under-reported managed care enrollment until October 1999. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ![](media/image1.wmf){width="3.989763779527559in" height="3.25in"}

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# ![](media/image1.png) # ##### Fall Edition 2006 Jody McCullough Transportation Planner, FHWA Office of Planning Co-Editor Ben Williams Metropolitan Planning Specialist, FHWA Resource Center Co-Editor We are always looking for feedback on how to make this newsletter more valuable to our readers. Please take our 10-minute survey about the Newsletter at <http://www.zoomerang.com/survey.zgi?p=WEB225QS9B95VZ> or send any suggestions to Jody McCullough <jody.mccullough@dot.gov> or Ben Williams <ben.williams@fhwa.dot.gov> . . **SAFETEA-LU Planning Impacts 1** **New Division Resources 1** **Asset Management 2** **Long Range Planning Guidance 2** **Tool Kit for Integrating Land Use 3** **TMIP Peer Reviews 3** **Planning & Environment Linkages Website 3** **Preserve America Grants 4** **New Air Quality Standard 4** **Census Data & Pooled Fund 4** **Air Quality Newsletter 4** **Division Happenings 4** **Freight Planning 5** **Trail Maps & CDs 5** **Congestion Management 5** **Small Community & Rural Area Case Studies 5** **NHI Instructors Needed 6** **Urban Street Symposium 6** **FHWA/FTA Planner's Seminars 6** **Let's Talk Planning 6** **Resource Center Vacancy 7** ##### Scheduled Training Opportunities 7 **Calendar of Events 8** ##### ##### Statewide and Metropolitan Planning NPRM The comment period for the FHWA/FTA Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on statewide and metropolitan transportation planning and programming closed on September 7, 2006. Approximately 150 sets of comments were provided to the docket. FHWA/FTA currently are reviewing and analyzing the NPRM comments. The intent is to have the Final Rule published in the [Federal Register]{.underline} in early calendar year 2007. ##### SAFETEA-LU Truck Parking ##### ##### The FHWA is soliciting FY 2006 candidate grant applications from States for the Truck Parking Facilities Grant Program. This program was established to address the shortage of long-term truck parking on the National Highway System. Grants will be awarded to States submitting applications that demonstrate a need for assistance in carrying out one or more eligible projects as described in the Federal Register Notice, dated August 28, 2006 \[[**HTML**](http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/exit.cfm?link=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2006_register%26docid=E6%9614254), [**PDF**](http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/exit.cfm?link=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2006_register%26docid=E6%9614254.pdf) 59KB\], and will be administered as projects on a Federal-Aid System under Chapter 1 of Title 23, United States Code. The FHWA Division Office must receive applications no later than November 27, 2006. Questions concerning this program should be addressed to William Mahorney, 202-366-6817 ([**Bill.Mahorney@dot.gov**](mailto:Bill.Mahorney@dot.gov)), or to Julie Strawhorn, 202-366-4415 ([**Julie.Strawhorn@dot.gov**](mailto:Julie.Strawhorn@dot.gov)) of the Office of Freight Management and Operations **Planning Community of Practice** A new resource has been made available to FHWA's planning staff. Similar to other Communities of Practice (CoP) within FHWA, it is currently only available inside the Federal network. It can be found at: <http://knowledge.fhwa.dot.gov/planning> . The CoP is being launched with an initial focus on a few critical planning topics. Initial theme areas are: Fiscal constraint, SAFETEA-LU Update Cycles, SAFETEA-LU Planning and Environmental Provisions, SAFETEA-LU Overall Planning Issues; and Planning Grants and Administration. We also encourage all FHWA Planners to sign up for the \"The Planning Interchange\" as we hope this portion of the site will replicate the informal discussion of the current Field Planners email group. The Field Planners list will still remain active, but the primary focus will now be on disseminating official agency wide messages. Your use, feedback and input are critical to the Planning CoP\'s long term success. If you have any ideas or suggestions for how to increase its utility and effectiveness, please contact a members of the development team listed on the CoP web site. # Updated TMA Certification Database An enhanced version of the FHWA/FTA Transportation Management Area (TMA) Planning Certification Database is now available. The Database now features a number of new and enhanced capabilities as well as improvements recommended by a team of FTA/FHWA field staffs, based largely on experiences from use of the initial Database that was introduced in 2004. As with the previous version, the system is only accessible to FHWA and FTA planning staffs. If you have any questions about (or further suggestions on enhancing) the Database, please contact John Humeston at (404) 562-3667 or Danyell Diggs at (202) 366-9629 in the Office of Planning. **A[sset]{.smallcaps} M[anagement]{.smallcaps} [and]{.smallcaps} P[lanning]{.smallcaps}** The Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division in cooperation with the National Park Service (NPS) conducted a pilot study of the application of an automated Pavement Management System (PMS) to assist in the development of a prototype Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) for the Park Roads and Parkways program of the NPS Northeast Region. The pilot study incorporated Asset Management practices including both Pavement Management Systems (PMS) and Bridge Management Systems (BMS) into a transportation planning process to influence transportation decision making from economical and technical points of view. However, the PMS and BMS were not the only driving factors in identifying the NPS Northeast Region's project priorities. Historically, a "Worst First" approach has been used to develop a prioritized list of road projects. This study utilized the "Right Fix-Right Time" systematic approach to the selection of the projects. Using the PMS, the study team was able to perform a network-level analysis to determine maintenance and rehabilitation needs, forecast future impacts for various funding options, and develop a prioritized list of candidate projects by conducting an optimization analysis. Finally, the PMS analytical recommendations assist in the decision making process to develop a multi- year program of prioritized projects that balanced pavement preservation with other maintenance and rehabilitation activities, as well as bridge and safety needs, and politically sensitive priorities to meet Congressional and Administration concerns. The program of projects produced by the PMS and BMS should be viewed as network-level analysis results that could assist planners and decision makers. However, the design for individual projects should be finalized through project-level design by considering localized conditions. For more information or copies of the "Pilot Study Report" please contact Nastaran Saadatmand <nastaran.saadatmand@fhwa.dot.gov> or Jim Amenta <james.amenta@fhwa.dot.gov> **Inflation Rates Used** The FHWA Office of Planning sent out guidance on August 18, 2006 on how to use inflation rates to develop future cost estimates as part of fiscal constraint for metropolitan long-range transportation plans, Transportation Improvement Programs (TIPs), and Statewide Transportation Improvement Programs (STIPs). The guidance was developed in cooperation with FTA\'s Office of Planning and Environment.\ \ For metropolitan long-range transportation plans, TIPs, and STIPs, FHWA and FTA generally would be comfortable if States used a four (4) percent annual inflation rate for construction costs for 2007 and beyond, for both highways and transit. While this is current practice for FTA\'s major programs, FHWA has not established a comparable rate. Recognizing that circumstances may vary from State-to-State, as well as between highway and transit projects, a State may assume a lower or higher rate based on their circumstances. As part of the financial analysis that accompanies metropolitan long-range transportation plans, TIPs, and STIPs, a brief explanation of the inflation rate that is assumed should be provided. This explanation need not be elaborate, merely reasonable.\ \ We recognize that cost escalation and inflation rates are not an \"exact science.\" In fact, several proprietary sources are available for States to utilize in forecasting highway and street construction costs in relation to the Consumer Price Index. If you have any questions or need additional assistance on this issue, please contact Harlan Miller, Office of Planning, at (202) 366-0847 or <Harlan.Miller@dot.gov>. **Constrained Long Range Transportation Plans: Projects with Phases Outside the 20-Year Horizon** The FHWA Office of Planning sent out guidance August 1, 2006 to respond to State Departments of Transportation and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO) that have recently inquired about the implications of projects that have phases that are outside of the 20-year horizon of the transportation plan. Specifically, they have asked what are the fiscal constraint requirements and the effect on FHWA/FTA's ability to authorize project phases that are within the 20-year horizon of the transportation plan when there are phases of the project that are beyond the 20-year horizon. FHWA's Office Of Planning provided this response which applies only in air quality attainment areas. In an attainment area, the only work that would have to be shown in the 20-year transportation plan would be the activities that the state or local agencies would be asking FHWA/FTA to [authorize]{.underline} within the 20-year horizon of the transportation plan. These activities would be subject to fiscal constraint (i.e. the state/MPO would have to identify the intended and realistic revenue source(s) reasonably expected to be available to cover the expected costs of those activities). Costs for project phases to be authorized [outside]{.underline} the 20-year horizon would not be subject to fiscal constraint for the transportation plan. However, the next update of the transportation plan would have to show any additional work, such as construction, if it falls within the 20-year horizon of the next long range transportation plan - - and it would become subject to fiscal constraint at that time. If you have any questions on this clarifying information, please contact Harlan Miller at <Harlan.miller@dot.gov> of the Planning Oversight and Stewardship Team. **Tool Kit for Integrating Land Use and Transportation Decision-Making** An updated and enhanced version of the "Tool Kit for Integrating Land Use and Transportation Decision-Making" is now available online. The objective of this tool kit is to provide a user-friendly, web-based source of methods, strategies, and procedures for integrating land use and transportation planning, decision-making, and project implementation. The tool kit is made up of three sections: 1) the [Tools]{.underline}, which includes brief descriptions of over 30 tools, along with implementation examples and sources of additional information; 2) the [Case Studies]{.underline}, which provides a detailed look at how land use and planning tools have been effectively applied in practice; and 3) [Resources and Links]{.underline}, which provides additional information on tools for integrating transportation and land use decision-making. You'll find all that and more by clicking on [**http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/landuse/index.htm**](http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/landuse/index.htm). Take advantage of the resources and noteworthy practices pulled together from around the country that will assist your MPOs, State DOTs, and other customers to better address the linking of land use and transportation planning. Designing and developing a travel forecasting model tailored to a region's planning needs is a complex undertaking. Focused workshops, or peer reviews, are often used by transportation agencies to assist in the planning, implementation, and review of updates to their model-related procedures. Along with the networking, ideas, and recommendations, a peer review can provide to the agency an independent measure of how its model procedures compare with general modeling practices. FHWA's Travel Model Improvement Program (TMIP) ([http://tmip.fhwa.dot.gov](http://tmip.fhwa.dot.gov/)) recognizes the practical value of peer reviews. TMIP has provided flexible assistance to MPO's and State DOT's since 2003 through suggesting peer reviewers, managing and funding peer reviewers' travel, and writing meeting proceedings. Sponsorship is provided on a funds-available basis and preference is given to model update efforts in the planning and design stages. The travel model peer review program is taking applications. Interested agencies should consult the web site (<http://tmip.fhwa.dot.gov/services/peer_review_program/>) and work with their respective FWHA division planning staff to initiate the process. For more information, contact Brian Gardner (HEPI-30) at (202) 366-4061 or <brian.gardner@dot.gov>. **Planning and Environment Linkages Website** The FHWA has developed a new website called *Planning and Environment Linkages*, available at <http://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/integ/index.asp>. Planning and Environment Linkages represents an approach to transportation decision-making that considers environmental, community, and economic goals early in the planning stage and carries those considerations through project development, design, and construction. The approach can result in a more seamless decision process that minimizes duplication of effort, promotes environmental stewardship, and reduces delays in project implementation. The new website provides a variety of information resources on Planning and Environment Linkages, including: - An overview of Planning and Environment Linkage concepts and benefits. - Tips on identifying the actions needed to implement the approach, including ones that address change management, data and analysis tools, interagency coordination, and decision process opportunities. - Ways to get started, including links to training, workshops, and other technical assistance. - Effective practices to demonstrate a wide range of activities that agencies have already undertaken to implement the approach. - Links to other related resources, including Context Sensitive Solutions, Green Highways, Eco-Logical, GIS in Transportation, and relevant NCHRP reports. - Relevant guidance, regulations, and provisions from SAFETEA-LU Sections 6001 and 6002. For more information or to provide feedback on the website, please contact Chester Fung at <chester.fung@dot.gov> or Michael Culp at <michael.culp@dot.gov>. **Grant Announcement \-- Fish and Wildlife Service Preserve America Grant Program** The National Wildlife Refuge System and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation announce their Preserve America grant program. Preserve America is a national initiative that directs Federal agencies to account for the economic and educational value of their historic properties (www.preserveamerica.gov). These properties, which encompass historic buildings, archaeological sites, cultural landscapes, and museum collections, are integral parts of the habitats contained within Refuges. Understanding their importance will only enhance the capability of the NWRS to conserve all of its resources. The grants, which range from \$10,000 to \$15,000, are competitive and aimed at funding national wildlife refuge educational and interpretive projects that focus on history and historic sites and collections and how they contribute to our conservation and understanding of natural resources. Please take a look at the Recent News section of the FWS homepage ([http://historicpreservation.fws.gov](http://historicpreservation.fws.gov/)) for more information and a link to the RFP. Contact: Eugene Marino, Service Archaeologist National Wildlife Refuge System Division of Visitor Services and Communications 4401 N Fairfax Drive Arlington VA 22203 703-358-2173 (phone); 202-253-3876 (mobile); 703-358-2517 (fax) or <eugene_marino@fws.gov> ## EPA publishes new Particulate standard EPA published regulations that revised the standard for the fine particulate NAAQS on September 28, 2006. The final action significantly changes EPA\'s previous daily fine particle standard (PM~2.5)~ by nearly 50 percent - from 65 micrograms of particles per cubic meter to 35 micrograms of particles per cubic meter of air. EPA is retaining the annual standard for fine particulates at 15 micrograms of particles per cubic meter. The action should force the creation of a number of new non-attainment areas. However, it is not likely that any new nonattainment areas would be designated before 2010. EPA is retaining the existing daily PM~10~ standard of 150 micrograms per cubic meter. For more information see: <http://epa.gov/pm/naaqsrev2006.html> [.]{.underline} **2005 American Community Survey (ACS) Data Released** On August 29, 2006, the Census Bureau (CB) released economic data from the 2005 ACS and covering the following characteristics: 1. o Income o Employment status o Journey to work Data was released for geographic areas with population more than 65,000. On October 3, 2006, CB will release housing characteristics including tenure, vehicle ownership, and place-of-work tables. Data can be accessed via the American Factfinder at: <http://factfinder.census.gov/>. The Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) Working Group is also working on developing profiles for the nation, large cities, and MSAs based on the November 2004 geographic definition of Core Based Statistical Areas used to tabulate 2005 ACS data). These profiles will cover selected journey-to-work tables from 1990, 2000, and 2005 ACS data. The profiles will be posted on the CTPP page at <http://www.dot.gov/ctpp> under Data Products. # New CTPP Pooled Fund Project A proposal for the latest AASHTO pooled fund project "Census Transportation Planning Products" will be discussed and voted upon by AASHTO SCOP and AASHTO at their meeting on October 28, 2006 in Portland, Oregon. FHWA has already approved a waiver of the Federal matching funds for the project. Over the five-year period (2007-2011) the CTPP pooled fund project will support a family of activities including data products, on-demand technical assistance, training, and research. Total national costs for a five-year CTPP (2007 through 2011) would be approximately \$5.9 million. Details on it can be found on the TRB Subcommittee on Census Data website at <http://trbcensus.com/SCOP> . **FHWA Texas Division Participates in Linking Planning and NEPA Workshop in San Marcos, Texas** The FHWA Texas Division participated in several interagency workshops on "Linking Planning and NEPA" sponsored TXDOT, the environmental resource Agencies and the MPOs. Efforts focusing on how to better coordinate MPO long-range transportation plan revision efforts with the NEPA project-level mitigation and environmental streamlining requirements through EPA's new GIS-ST screening tool, data sharing, interagency consultation, and interagency cross-training were also discussed and explored during this workshop. It resulted in four individual MPO action plans and several research efforts on adapting screening tools to metropolitan planning purposes. A summary of the recommendations are on FHWA's Planning and Environment Linkages website at <http://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/integ/int_texas.asp>. The EPA Region 6 web link to the new GIS-ST screening tool is available at: [www.epa.gov/earth1r6/6en/xp/enxp2a3.htm](http://www.epa.gov/earth1r6/6en/xp/enxp2a3.htm) For more information, Contact**:** Kirk Fauver, (512) 536-5952 or <kirk.fauver@fhwa.dot.gov>. ![](media/image2.png){width="0.875in" height="0.5583333333333333in"} \" **[FHWA Talking Freight Seminars]{.underline}** Have you participated in any of the monthly Talking Freight Seminars? If not, you are missing out on a tremendous opportunity to hear from some of the best speakers and most knowledgeable experts from around the globe on issues that are impacting all of our lives. Increases in Freight and goods movement are quickly outstripping increases in typical vehicular traffic in most metropolitan regions. To help disseminate timely information to State DOTs, MPOs, shippers, universities, FHWA field offices etc, FHWA sponsors the Talking Freight seminars monthly via a web conference format. You view the PowerPoint presentations over the Internet while listening to the presenters over the telephone. You do not even have to leave your desk to participate. Past sessions have included subjects as diverse as; how to incorporate Freight in the Transportation Planning Process, Freight security issues, Freight Performance measurement, etc. Every Talking Freight seminar held since July 2003 is archived and accessible from the website. Please plan on joining us for the next session of Talking Freight, October 18, 2006 (1-2:30 pm EDT/10-11:30 am Pacific). The subject is "Planning for Hazardous Materials." To register for these seminars, or to view archived seminars, please visit [http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/freightplanning/talking.htm]{.underline}. You will need to register for each seminar individually by clicking on the \"Enroll\" link to the right of the seminar information. The first hour of each seminar is dedicated to the presentations and the remaining 30 minutes are for audience questions and answers. For more information please contact Spencer Stevens at (717) 221-4512. # Freight Security Awareness Training CD Now Available The challenge of balancing freight transportation security against freight transportation efficiency has attracted significant attention and resources from local, state, Federal agencies involved in ensuring the security of the Nation\'s freight shipments. The self-paced training provides baseline information to State Departments of Transportation, Metropolitan Planning Organizations, and other freight stakeholders regarding freight flows and how security requirements may effect those movements; the processes by which freight shipments are cleared for entry into the United States; the agencies involved in freight security; and the programs and initiatives affecting freight security. Please email Crystal Jones (<Crystal.Jones@dot.gov>) to order your CD and to provide feedback on the training. **Underground Railroad Bicycle Route Maps Available:** Adventure Cycling announced the completion of maps for the southern section of its newest and most unique creation - the Underground Railroad Bicycle Route. See [www.adventurecycling.org/sales/20060810ugrr_page.cfm](http://www.adventurecycling.org/sales/20060810ugrr_page.cfm). **Mountain Bike DVD Available**: The US Forest Service released a DVD called \"Building Mountain Bike Trails: Sustainable Singletrack\". It is available through FHWA\'s Recreational Trails Program Publications Order form: see [www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/trailpub.htm](http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/trailpub.htm). FHWA and FTA have announced the availability of three case studies focusing on the Congestion Management Process (CMP) as it has been developed and implemented by Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) for Transportation Management Areas (TMAs) across the country. They are available from the FHWA and FTA Planning for Operations website at [[http://www.plan4operations.dot.gov/]{.underline}](http://www.plan4operations.dot.gov/). These case studies highlight a range of practices to advance the Congestion Management Process as part of metropolitan transportation planning. They highlight how the CMP can be made more meaningful by linking it to the transportation planning process, transportation operations, and the NEPA process. The FHWA and FTA are also working on guidance for the CMP for use by FHWA/FTA field offices, MPOs, and State DOTs that will be issued in early 2007. For further information, please contact Harlan Miller at (202) 366-0847 or <harlan.miller@dot.gov> or Ken Petty at (202) 366-6654 or [kenneth.petty@dot.gov](mailto:Kenneth.Petty@dot.gov) . The FHWA Office of Planning with support of the Texas Transportation Institute, a part of the Texas A&M University System, and review by the FTA Office of Systems Planning and Regional Offices and FHWA Division Offices developed research on innovative transportation planning practices by States and Metropolitan Planning Organizations for coordinating with rapidly growing small communities and rural areas. The study results are located at [http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/metro/rapurbov.htm]{.underline}. Key findings from case studies on how to strengthen involvement of rural stakeholders in the metropolitan planning process include: (1) Anticipate growth and urbanization; (2) Build on existing planning processes and documents; (3) Create agencies, boards and partnerships thoughtfully; (4) Determine a direction before starting out; (5) Involve stakeholders early; (6) Prepare for changes in funding. Case studies are: Lake County, FL; Dalton, GA; Coeur d\'Alene, ID; Bowling Green, KY; St. George, UT; and Austin-Round Rock, TX. For more information, please contact David Kuehn in the Office of Planning at 202-366-6072 or <david.kuehn@dot.gov>. ##### ##### ##### The NHI Course 142042, Fundamentals of Environmental Justice/Title VI, is looking for new federal instructors. This is a great opportunity to broaden your professional experience and meet new people. The two-day course is taught four to six times each year by two federal instructors. People who are interested need to have taken the NHI Instructors Development Course. A background in NEPA and project development or right-of-way as well as planning is an advantage. For more information, please contact David Kuehn in the Office of Planning 202-366-6072 or <david.kuehn@dot.gov>. ##### ![](media/image3.wmf){width="2.875in" height="1.28125in"} The **Transportation Research Board Urban Street Symposium** issued a Call for Abstracts. See [www.trb.org/conferences/USS3/CFA.pdf](http://www.trb.org/conferences/USS3/CFA.pdf). **2006 FHWA/FTA Planners' Seminar** The 2006 Planners' Seminar really drew the crowds. At the opening session on the morning of April 19th, 191 people filled the conference room at the Wyndham Washington, DC Hotel, the highest number of attendees ever recorded at a Seminar. That was the auspicious kick off of two and half busy days of sessions and discussions covering topics from the latest on implementation of SAFETEA-LU, to what Federal Lands Highway Division planners are up to these days, to planning for and responding to natural disasters and emergencies, and to a demonstration of the most current version of the TMA certification review database. Concurrent (breakout) sessions addressed such issues as financial constraint, integrating environmental concerns into the planning process, visualization and land use planning, coordinating human services transportation, and what planners need to know about advanced right of way acquisition. On Thursday afternoon, attendees were directed to visit the Nassif Building to attend program office "Open Houses" and software demonstrations, to meet face-to-face with HQ staff, and to attend separate meetings held by and for FHWA division planners and FTA field and HQ staffs. The Seminar attendees were also visited on Friday morning, April 21, by the then Acting FHWA Administrator, Rick Capka. He spoke and answered questions for nearly an hour addressing a myriad of issues relating to provisions of SAFETEA-LU, federal transportation program emphasis areas, and related topics. **Availability of 2006 Planners Seminar Proceedings** Summaries of the Planners' Seminar proceedings are available on the Planning Community of Practice website at: http://knowledge.fhwa.dot.gov/planning. If you have any questions about obtaining copies of the presentation slides or how to get in touch with any of the speakers, please contact Robin Smith at 720-973-3072 or <robin.smith@dot.gov> or Planning Meetings and Conferences and the Planning Interchange/Field Email Group. ##### 2007 Field Planners Workshop The Texas Division is organizing the next Division Planners Meeting to be held in Austin, Texas during the week of June 18- 22, 2007. Division Offices are advised to check the FHWA Resource Center Planning intranet page (http://rc.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/) periodically for the details about the hotel logistics and agenda that will be posted as they become available. **Let's Talk Planning** The Let's Talk Planning conferences can be held on NHI's BreezeCentral web conferencing in addition to videoconferencing. FHWA, and FTA strive to provide the FHWA Division Offices and FTA Regions with current information, technical assistance and clarification to the topics that you suggest. Please send any requests or ideas to Jocelyn Jones at 410-962-2486 or <Jocelyn.Jones@dot.gov> or Jody McCullough at 202-366-2825 or <Jody.McCullough@dot.gov> The next session of the Let's Talk Planning series will be held December 14, 2006 on the FHWA/FTA Transportation Management Area (TMA) Planning Certification Database. ## Let's Talk Planning: Visualization for Planning The latest session of the Let's Talk Planning series was a September 14^th^ webconference focusing on visualization in transportation planning. The PowerPoint presentations, and visualization examples materials are posted on the Resource Center ftp server. For more information contact Ben Williams at 404-562-3671 or <Ben.Williams@dot.gov>. # # Resource Center Vacancy The (FHWA) Resource Center Planning Technical Services Team has a vacancy for a Community Planner. This person would serve as a metropolitan and statewide transportation-planning expert with a special focus on fiscal constraint and financial planning. This position may be duty stationed at any of the three Resource Center locations in the following cities: Baltimore, MD, Lakewood, CO, or Atlanta, GA. The closing date is October 23, 2006. For more information see: <http://jobsearch.usajobs.opm.gov/ftva.asp?seeker=1&JobID=48335308> **Next Quarter's Workshops & Training Courses** ##### Resource Center For information see contacts at <http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/resourcecenter/teams/planning/index.cfm>. 10/17/2006-10/18/2006 An Introduction to Mobile 6.2,\ Mobile Source Emission Modeling, Montgomery, AL\ Contact: Mike Roberts 404-392-9892 Early December 2006, GIS for Environmental Streamlining and Stewardship, Atlanta, GA. Contact Carlos Gonzolez 404-562-3639 Mid-January 2007; Engaging the Private Sector In Freight PlanningTexas; Contact Jocelyn Jones 410-962-2486 **National Transit Institute** For registration instructions see: <http://www.ntionline.com/CourseDates.asp> 11/2/2006-11/3/2006 **[Managing the Cost of ADA Paratransit Services](http://www.ntionline.com/CourseInfo.ASP?CourseNumber=ID017)** Orlando, FL 11/6/2006-11/7/2006 **[Comprehensive ADA Paratransit Eligibility](http://www.ntionline.com/CourseInfo.ASP?CourseNumber=FP011)** Miami, FL 11/15/2006-11/16/2006 **[Comprehensive ADA Paratransit Eligibility](http://www.ntionline.com/CourseInfo.ASP?CourseNumber=FP011)** Tucson, AZ 11/28/2006- 11/30/2006[**Introduction to Transportation/Air Quality Conformity**](http://www.ntionline.com/CourseInfo.ASP?CourseNumber=FP213) Chicago, IL 12/12/2006-12/14/2006 **[Introduction to Transportation/Air Quality Conformity](http://www.ntionline.com/CourseInfo.ASP?CourseNumber=FP213)** New York, NY. ##### National Highway Institute ##### **Try out the new NHI Web site!** <http://www.nhi.fhwa.dot.gov/home.aspx> Also, you can now check on the schedule of web conferences at <http://www.nhi.fhwa.dot.gov/resources/webconference/eventcalendar.aspx>. 10/10/2006-10-12/2006 Beyond Compliance: Historic Preservation in Transportation Project Development Phoenix, AZ Contact: Annie Parris 602-712-8461 10/10/2006- 10/11/2006 Bicycle Facility Design Santa Fe, NM. Contact: Tim Rogers 505-827-0050 10/12/06- 10/13/2006 Las Cruces, NM. Contact: Tim Rogers 505-827-0050 10/17/2006-10/19/2006 Context Sensitive Solutions Atlanta, GA Contact: Rick Smith 404-651-6509 10/17/2006-10/18/2006 Administration of FHWA Planning and Research Grants New York City, NY. Contact Sandy Lupe 518-457-8526 10/24/2006-10/25/2006 Highway Program Financing Jefferson City, MO Contact: Cathy Scribner\ 573-522-9284 10/24/2006-10/25/2006 Applying GIS and Spatial Data Technologies to Transportation Contact Rick Smith 404-651-6509 10/25/2006-10/27/2006 Beyond Compliance: Historic Preservation in Transportation Project Development Nashville, TN. Contact: Tammy Sellers 615-741-5367 10/30/2006-11/03/2006 Introduction to Urban Travel Demand Forecasting Anchorage, AK. Contact: Simon Howell\ 907-451-5482 11/07/2006-11/09/2006 NEPA and Transportation Decisionmaking Lincoln, NE. Contact: Carrie Williams\ 402-479-4870 11/07/2006-11/09/2006 NEPA and Transportation Decisionmaking Albuquerque, MN. Contact: Curt Frischkorn\ 505-827-5416 11/07/2006-11/09/2006 Implications of Air Quality Planning for Transportation Houston, TX. Contact: Andrew DeCandis\ 832-681-2549 11/08/2006-11/09/2006 Fundamentals of Title VI/Environmental Justice Jefferson City, MO. Contact: Carolyn Bartel 573-638-2604 11/08/2006-11/09/2006 Water Quality Management of Highway Runoff West Greenwich, RI Contact: Jeffrey Cathcart 401-874-9405 11/08/2006-11/09/2006 Safety Conscious Planning: Planning it Safe Dover, DE Contact: Lawrence Klepner 302-831-6241 11/14/2006-11/15/2006 Pedestrian Facility Design Frankfort, KY. Contact: Donna Williams 800-455-5573 11/14/2006-11/15/2006 Highway Program Financing Sacramento, CA. Contact: Jason Dietz 916-498-5886 11/14/2006-11/15/2006 Highway Program Financing West Greenwich, RI Contact: Jeffrey Cathcart 401-874-9405 11/16/2006-11/17/2006 Highway Program Financing Sacramento, CA. Contact: Jason Dietz 916-498-5886 12/05/2006-12/07/2006 Beyond Compliance: Historic Preservation in Transportation Project Development Denver, CO. Contact: Richard Santos 720-963-3009 12/05/2006-12/06/2006 Design and Implementation of Erosion and Sediment Control Little Rock, AR. Contact: Jerry Rogers 501-569-2116 12/05/2006-12/06/2006 Highway Program Financing San Diego, CA. Contact: Jason Dietz 916-498-5886 12/06/2006-12/07/2006 Water Quality Management of Highway Runoff Lansing MI. Contact: Terri LaVoy\ 517-322-6792 12/11/2006-12/15/2006 Introduction to Urban Travel Demand Forecasting Lansing MI. Contact: Terri LaVoy\ 517-322-6792 4/12/2007-4/13/2007 Integrating Freight in the Transportation Planning Process, Nashville, TN Contact: Theresa Hutchins (615) 781-5770 **Travel Model Improvement Program Workshops** For more detail see: <http://tmip.fhwa.dot.gov/conf_courses/> or contact: Penelope Weinberger 202-366-4054 <penelope.weinberger@dot.gov>. For the NHI travel demand courses see the NHI list. 10/2/2006-10/5/2006 Introduction to Urban Travel Demand Forecasting Richmond, VA Contact Paul Agarello 804-786-2531 Fall 2006 Introduction to Urban Travel Demand Forecasting Denver, CO Fall 2006 Activity and Tour Based Forecasting Seminar San Diego, CA Fall 2006 Travel Model Calibration, Validation and Reasonableness Checking Seminar San Diego, CA Fall 2006 Forecasting Land Use Activities Seminar San Diego, CA ![](media/image4.wmf){width="0.625in" height="0.3909722222222222in"} 11/12/2006-11/14/2006 TRB's Key Issues in Transportation Programming: 2nd National Conference, Seattle, WA <http://guest.cvent.com/EVENTS/Info/Summary.aspx?e=4e1043b0-9a96-4f1e-9400-1074d6a7ec58> 10/18/2006-10/19/ 2006, State Trail Administrators Meeting, Quad Cities Iowa/Illinois\ [www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/stam2006/](http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/stam2006/). National Trails Symposium, Quad Cities IA/IL, October 19-22, 2006.** **The early registration deadline is August 31st. See [www.americantrails.org/quad/](http://www.americantrails.org/quad/). 11/22/2006- 11/25/2006\ 17th National Rural Public and Intercity Bus Transportation Conference Stevenson, WA\ Contact: Peter Shaw at pshaw@nas.edu 10/23/2006-10/26/2006 International Visualization in transportation Symposium & Workshop Denver, CO <http://www.trbvis.org/> Oct 25 - Oct 31, 2006\ AASHTO Annual Meeting\ Portland, OR\ <HannahW@aashto.org> Rail\~Volution 2006 The twelfth annual conference will be held in Chicago, Illinois November 4-8, 2006. [www.railvolution.com/CallForPapers.html](http://www.railvolution.com/CallForPapers.html). 11/12/2006-11/16/2006 NatureServes' Southeastern Region Natural Heritage Conference, Ramada Inn Tallahassee, FL. <http://www.natureserve.org/visitLocal/conferencesTraining.jsp> Jan 21 - Jan 25, 2007\ [Transportation Research Board 86th Annual Meeting](http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/exit.cfm?link=http://www.trb.org)\ Washington, DC Mar 17 - Mar 18, 2007\ National OHV Program Managers Workshop\ Ontario, CA\ Co-sponsored by: National Off Highway Vehicle Conservation Council and FHWA\'s Recreational Trails Program Contact: Bob Walker (406) 444-4584 3/25/2007-3/28/2007 AASHTO/ FHWA/FTA/BTS Geospatial Information Systems for Transportation Symposium Nashville, TN. For more information see [www.gis-t.org](http://www.gis-t.org/). Apr 14 - Apr 18, 2007\ [American Planning Association Annual National Planning Conference](http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/exit.cfm?link=http://www.planning.org/conferences/future.htm)\ Philadelphia, PA\ <Conference@planning.org> 5/17/2007-5/18/2007 2007 New England Rural Transportation Workshop Woodstock, VT, May 6-9, 2007\ [11th National Transportation Planning Applications Conference](http://gulliver.trb.org/calendar/event.asp?id=270)\ Daytona Beach, FL June 23 - 26, 2007 National Association of Regional Councils 41st Annual Conference and Exhibition\ Orlando, FL. See [www.narc.org](http://www.narc.org/) June 24-27, 2007\ [9th International Conference on Low-Volume Roads](http://www.trb.org/conferences/9lvr)\ Austin, TX June 24-27, 2007\ [3rd Urban Street Symposium](http://www.trb.org/conferences/USS3/CFA.pdf)\ Seattle, WA July 7-9, 2007 TRB 2007 Joint Summer Meeting\ Chicago, Illinois July 9-11, 2007 TRB\ [2007 Transportation Planning and Air Quality Conference\*](http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/educweb/transaq/transaq2007.htm)\ Orlando, FL National Association of Counties Annual Conference July 13-17, 2007**\ **Richmond, Virginia see [www.naco.org](http://www.naco.org/) National Asociation of Development Organizations 2007 Annual Training Conference\ Saturday, August 25-Tuesday, August 28 2007\ Austin, TX, see <http://www.nado.org/>

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[The following States are approved to extend the designated EZ/EC Programs through December 31, 2009 or sooner.]{.underline} [State of Alabama]{.underline} City of Birmingham Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2006 Chambers County Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2005 Greene-Sumter Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Arkansas]{.underline} East Arkansas Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 Pulaski Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of California]{.underline} Watsonville Enterprise Community extension through June 30, 2006 [State of Colorado]{.underline} Denver Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Georgia]{.underline} Albany Enterprise Community extension through December 21, 2005 Atlanta Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Illinois]{.underline} Chicago Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Kentucky]{.underline} Kentucky Highlands Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Maryland]{.underline} Baltimore Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Massachusetts]{.underline} Lowell Enterprise Community extension through June 30, 2005 [State of Michigan]{.underline} Lake County Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 Flint Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Missouri]{.underline} City of East Prairie Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Mississippi]{.underline} Mid-Delta Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Nebraska]{.underline} Omaha Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of New Jersey]{.underline} Camden Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of New York]{.underline} Albany, Schenectady, Troy Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 New York Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 Rochester Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of North Carolina]{.underline} Charlotte Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Ohio]{.underline} Cleveland Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Oklahoma]{.underline} Oklahoma City Enterprise Community extension through December 31, 2009 [State of Pennsylvania]{.underline} Philadelphia Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009 [State of South Carolina]{.underline} Charleston Empowerment Zone extension through December 31, 2009

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# Presentation: 361596 ## Radiation in high-^s final states - Peter Skands (FNAL) - with T. Plehn (MPI Munich) & D. Rainwater (U Rochester) - ILC Workshop, Snowmass CO, Aug 2005 ## Overview - QCD @ high energy: scales, logs & hands - Tevatron: ttbar production - LHC: ttbar production - LHC: SUSY pair production ## Collider Energy Scales - HARD SCALES: - s : collider energy - pT,jet : extra activity - QX : signal scale (ttbar) - mX : large rest masses ## Collider Energy Scales - HARD SCALES: - s : collider energy - pT,jet : extra activity - QX : signal scale (ttbar) - mX : large rest masses - SOFT SCALES: -  : decay widths - mp : beam mass - QCD : hadronisation - mi : small rest masses - + “ARBITRARY” SCALES: - QF , QR : Factorisation & Renormalisation ## Approximations to QCD - _Fixed order matrix elements: Truncated expansion in ____S__ ___ - Full intereference and helicity structure included to given order. - Divergences appear as low-pT log divergences. - Difficulty (computation time) increases rapidly with final state multiplicity  limited to 2  5/6. - _Parton Showers: infinite series in ____S__ (but only singular terms = collinear approximation)._ - Resums logs to all orders  excellent at low pT. - Factorisation  Exponentiation  Arbitrary multiplicity - Easy match to hadronisation models - Interference terms neglected + simplified helicity structure  large uncertainties away from singular regions. ## A handwaving argument - A handwaving argument - Quantify: what is a soft jet? ## A handwaving argument - A handwaving argument - Quantify: what is a soft jet? - _Handwavingly_, leading logs are: - So, very roughly, logs become large for jet pT around 1/6 of the hard scale. ## ttbar + jets @ Tevatron **SCALES [GeV]** - s = (2000)2 - Q2Hard ~ (175)2 - 50 < pT,jet < 250 ****** ****RATIOS** - Q2H/s = (0.1)2 - 1/4 < pT / QH < 2 - _Process characterized by:_ - Threshold production (mass large compared to s) - A 50-GeV jet is reasonably hard, in comparison with hard scale ~ top mass ## ttbar + jets @ Tevatron **SCALES [GeV]** - s = (2000)2 - Q2Hard ~ (175)2 - 50 < pT,jet < 250 **RATIOS** - Q2H/s = (0.1)2 - 1/4 < pT / QH < 2 ## ttbar + jets @ Tevatron - _Hard tails_: - Power Showers (solid green & blue) surprisingly good (naively expect *collinear* approximation to be worse!) - Wimpy Showers (dashed) drop rapidly around top mass. - _Soft peak_: logs large @ ~ mtop/6 ~ 30 GeV  fixed order _still good_ for 50 GeV jets (did not look explicitly below 50 GeV yet) **SCALES [GeV]** - s = (2000)2 - Q2Hard ~ (175)2 - 50 < pT,jet < 250 **RATIOS** - Q2H/s = (0.1)2 - 1/4 < pT / QH < 2 ## ttbar + jets @ LHC **SCALES [GeV]** - s = (14000)2 - Q2Hard ~ (175+...)2 - 50 < pT,jet < 450 **RATIOS:** - Q2H/s = (0.02)2 - 1/5 < pT / QH < 2.5 - _Process characterized by:_ - Mass scale is _small_* *compared to s - A 50-GeV jet is still hard, in comparison with hard scale ~ top mass, but is now soft compared with s. ## ttbar + jets @ LHC - _Hard tails_: More phase space  more radiation. - Power Showers still reasonable (but caution advised!) - Wimpy Showers (dashed) drop catastrophically around top mass. - _Soft peak_: logs slightly larger (scale larger than mtop, since not threshold dominated here)  but fixed order still reasonable for 50 GeV jets. **SCALES [GeV]** - s = (14000)2 - Q2Hard ~ (175+...)2 - 50 < pT,jet < 450 **RATIOS** - Q2H/s = (0.02)2 - 1/5 < pT / QH < 2.5 ## SUSY + jets @ LHC **SCALES [GeV]** - s = (14000)2 - Q2Hard ~ (600)2 - 50 < pT,jet < 450 **RATIOS** - Q2H/s = (0.05)2 - 1/10 < pT / QH < 1 - _Process characterized by:_ - Mass scale is again large compared to s - But a 50-GeV jet is now soft, in comparison with hard scale ~ SUSY mass. - (SPS1a) ## SUSY + jets @ LHC - _Hard tails_: Still _a lot_ of radiation (pT spectra have moderate slope) - Parton showers _less _uncertain, due to _higher_ signal mass scale. Drop of wimpy showers happens later ~ 600 GeV. - _Soft peak_: logs _BIG:_ fixed order breaks down for ~ 100 GeV jets. Reconfirmed by parton showers  universal limit below 100 GeV. **SCALES [GeV]** - s = (14000)2 - Q2Hard ~ (600)2 - 50 < pT,jet < 450 **RATIOS** - Q2H/s = (0.05)2 - 1/10 < pT / QH < 1 - (2 jet sample: matrix element blowing up  artificially large norm. difference?) ## pT of hard system(Equivalent to pT,Z for Drell-Yan) ****** ****Resummation necessary** **Bulk of cross section sits in peak sensitive to multiple emissions.** - ~uL~g + 1 jet @ LHC - pT of (~uL~g) system - ttbar + 1 jet @ LHC - pT of (ttbar) system - ~g~g + 1 jet @ LHC - pT of (~g~g) system ## Conclusions - SUSY-MadGraph soon to be public. - Comparisons to PYTHIA Q2- and pT2- ordered showers  New illustrations of old wisdom: - Hard jets (= hard in comparison with signal scale)  collinear approximation misses relevant terms  use matrix elements with explicit jets  interference & helicity structure included. - Soft jets (= soft in comparison with signal process, but still e.g. 100 GeV for SPS1a)  large logarithms  use resummation / parton showers to resum logs to all orders. ## Conclusions - SUSY-MadGraph soon to be public. - Comparisons to PYTHIA Q2- and pT2- ordered showers  New illustrations of old wisdom: - Hard jets (= hard in comparison with signal scale)  collinear approximation misses relevant terms  use matrix elements with explicit jets  interference & helicity structure included. - Soft jets (= soft in comparison with signal process, but still e.g. 100 GeV for SPS1a)  large logarithms  use resummation / parton showers to resum logs to all orders.

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4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ CHAPTER 7. PROCESSING BUDGETED RENT INCREASES AND FEES FOR COMMERCIAL SPACE AND SERVICES IN INSURED, DIRECT LOAN AND NON-REGULATED HUD PROJECTS SECTION 1. OVERVIEW 7-1. PURPOSE. This chapter provides procedures for processing budgeted rent increases in certain HUD projects and outlines guidance in the calculation of utility allowances and charges for commercial facilities and services provided in those projects. Included in the chapter are the relevant tenant participation procedures which must be followed in processing these increases and charges. In preparing the procedures in this chapter, HUD\'s prime interest is in promoting the efficient management and continued financial viability of its projects. In reviewing requests from owners concerning rents and charges, the Field Office should be guided by the fact that these rents and fees should and must provide sufficient and adequate funding to operate the projects. This chapter gives guidance on program evaluation used in conjunction with required procedures for MIPS budgeted rent increases. 7-2. APPLICABILITY. These procedures for processing a gross potential rent increase, increases in charges for commercial space and charges for services apply to the projects listed below: A. Section 231, and 221(d)(3) market rate projects: 231 projects (LDs) whose rents are still controlled or who have opted for the alternate rent mechanism. B. Section 202 projects, except those that use the Section 8 Annual Adjustment Factor (AAF). C. Section 213, Section 236 (including cooperatives), Rent Supplement, 221(d)(3) market rate and 221(d)(3) BMIR rental and cooperative projects, Sections 810 and 908 (military housing); D. Projects that have converted from Rent Supplement to Section 8 Loan Management Set-Aside; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-1 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ E. Previously HUD-owned projects that have been sold to nonprofit owners or that use a budget (rather than the Section 8 AAF) to compute rents; F. Section 207\'s and 231\'s both regulated and controlled by alternative rent mechanism; Section 220 and 221(d)(4)\'s that are regulated; and 234 rentals that did not convert to condominiums; G. Those projects listed in paragraph 7-2(A) through $F$ that are not automatically preempted by HUD and request exemption from local rent control. NOTE: Regulatory agreements require Section 202, Section 231 and cooperative projects to annually submit operating budgets and obtain HUD approval of rents or carrying charges. Field Offices shall enforce this requirement in lieu of the requirement that budgets be submitted only when the owner believes a rent increase is needed. The Field Office in enforcing the regulatory agreement requirement for annual budget submissions, shall require the owner to include in their submission any information required by Section 4, paragraph 7-22 of these procedures. 7-3. PROJECTS SUBJECT TO THE ALTERNATE RENT DETERMINATION MECHANISM. For projects insured under Section 207, 231(c)(4), 213 Rental, 223(f), and 234 Rental prior to November 30, 1983, and for 221(d)(4) projects, regardless of when the project was insured, the owners may request an amendment to the Regulatory Agreement subject to Section 3 of this chapter requiring HUD to determine their rents using the alternative rent mechanism described in Section 4. 7-4. DEFINITIONS. A. HUD Authorized Rent. These are the unit rents shown in column 3 of the most recently approved Rent Schedule (Form HUD-92458). In the Section 236 program these rents are called basic rents. Depending on income, some 236 tenants will pay \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ market rent or something between basic and market rents which represents 30 percent of adjusted income. B. Maximum Allowable Rent Potential. The maximum annual rent the owner may collect by charging the rents authorized by HUD on the Form 92458. C. Utility Allowance. (APPLIES ONLY FOR PROJECTS RECEIVING SUBSIDY ASSISTANCE WHERE ALL OR SOME UTILITIES ARE PAID DIRECTLY BY THE TENANT.) An estimate of utility costs (except telephone) for an average family occupying a unit. Clarification: Section 221(d)(3) BMIR projects that were built with tenant paid utilities (separate meters) do not need utility allowances. If the project has Rent Supplement or LMSA units, those units however, receive an allowance. D. Section 8 Contract Rents. The rent level called for under the subsidy contract and adjusted annually. Rent used for units subsidized under Section 8 (LMSA) where the owner has had his rent decontrolled or used the alternative rent mechanism. E. Services. This refers to such benefits as may be provided by the project owner to tenants that are not included in the rent and are optional on the tenant\'s part (i.e., cable T.V., laundry facilities and use of community space in the project.) SECTION 2. TENANT COMMENT PROCEDURES FOR A RENT INCREASE 7-5. GENERAL. Tenant comment procedures for the rent increase process are provided for in Section 202(b)(1) of the 1987 Housing and Community Development Amendments (HCDA) and Section 329(F) of the 1981 HCDA. Regulations at 24 CFR 245 set the Department\'s policy on the subject (See Appendix 1). These requirements for tenant comment on rent increases and utility allowance reductions apply to all projects listed in Section 1, Paragraph 7-2 except those rentals under Section 207, 213, 234, Section 231, 220 and Section 221(d)(4) and 202s assisted under Part 885. They also \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-3 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ do not affect cooperatives whose residents elect a Board of Directors which must approve any proposed increase in carrying charges. This mechanism more than provides a means of comment in the management of the project. 7-6. APPLICABILITY, The requirements of this section affect ONLY those owners whose requested rent potential would exceed the Maximum Allowable Rent Potential for that project. If the proposed rent potential is less than or equal than or equal to the Maximum Allowable Rent Potential, the tenant comment procedures outlined in this section do NOT apply. (See Section 4.) 7-7. OWNER RESPONSIBILITIES: Owners must issue a Notice to Tenants of any proposed rent increase. The Notice must contain all of the information included in the sample notice shown in the Appendix 1. initial submission of the request to HUD for a rent increase shall go forward at the same time as the Notice is being given to tenants. The HUD Field Office shall receive a copy of the Notice to Tenants along with the documents and information that will be used to justify the rent increase as part of the formal rent increase request. A. For high-rise projects, owners must \"post\" or \"deliver\" the Notice to each tenant. For all other types of projects, owner need only \"deliver\" the Notices. B. Delivery. A copy of the Notice must be mailed to each tenant or hand carried directly to each unit. IMPORTANT: The Notice should also be delivered to those tenants who pay market rent and to tenants who would not be affected by an increase because they pay a percentage of income. C. Posting. If applicable, the owner must post the Notice in at least three conspicuous places in each high-rise building in which dwelling units are located AND in one conspicuous place at the address where the material supporting the owner\'s request will be available for tenant review and copying. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-4 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ IMPORTANT: Owners must keep the posted Notices in place and in legible form for the tenant comment period. 7-8. TENANT REVIEW AND COMMENT. During the 30 days following the date the Notice to Tenants was given, the owner must make all of the materials listed in Section 4, paragraph 7-22 plus any additional information used to justify the increase available to tenants or their representatives to review and/or copy. For the purpose of computing tenant comment periods, owners must consider the date the Notice was given to be the date by which all Notices had been hand carried or mailed and all required copies had been initially posted. The materials must be available at least during normal business hours. 7-9. COMMENT SUBMISSION. Tenants may submit written comments on the increase request to the owner or to the HUD Field Office or both. In cases where comments are submitted to the owner, all such comments must be reviewed and evaluated. The comments and evaluations should then be forwarded to the HUD Field Office as part of the formal rent increase request. 7-10. CHANGES TO SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. If during the 30 day comment period the owner makes a material change in any of the documents submitted in support of the increase, the owner must notify the tenants of the change(s) in a notice to be distributed in the exact same manner as the original Notice to Tenants. The owner must make the revised materials available for the tenants to review and/or copy for the LONGER of 15 days after the revised notice was given or the days remaining in the initial 30-day comment period. 7-11. SUBMITTING THE FORMAL REQUEST FOR AN INCREASE. At the conclusion of the tenant comment period as defined in either paragraph 7-8 or paragraph 7-10 above the owner must forward in addition to the tenant comments and evaluations, an executed copy of the owner\'s Certification as to Compliance with 24 CFR Part 245\'s Review and Comment Procedures. (See Appendix 2) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-5 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ SECTION 3. DECONTROL OF RENTS 7-12. DECONTROL OF SECTION 220/221. On April 19, 1983 the Department issued regulations (effective 6/1/83) which changed the requirements for HUD control of rents and other charges in Section 207, 220, and 221(d)(4). First, HUD used the discretion it already had under Sections 220/221(d)(4) to decontrol rent and other charges in unassisted projects. Regulation would continue only for projects receiving certain types of Section 8 assistance, projects receiving Section 8 LMSA and projects insured under Section 221(d)(3). The regulation of certain charges for facilities and services continued for each of these units and projects, as well as for Section 221(d)(4) elderly and handicapped projects. Second, HUD implemented the Alternative Rent Mechanism (discussed in Section 4 of this chapter) for determining maximum allowable rents for unsubsidized projects insured under Sections 207, 213 (rental), 223(f), 231(c)(4) and 234(rental). 7-13. HURRA OF 1983. In November 1983, Section 431(a)(1) of the Housing and Urban-Rural Recovery Act of 1983 amended section 207(b)(2) of the National Housing Act (NHA) to make discretionary the Secretary\'s authority to regulate rents and other charges for multifamily housing projects insured under Section 207 on or after November 30, 1983. The owner needed only to submit an amended regulatory agreement and HUD would sign it. 7-14. DECONTROL OF SECTION 207. Exercising the discretion granted by the change in 431(a)(1), the Department implemented regulations on June 4, 1986 (effective 7/21/86) which deregulated rents and other charges for mortgages insured under Section 207 on or after November 30, 1983. Regulation continued for Section 236 subsidized projects refinanced under Section 223(f). HUD also authorized owners of 221(d)(4) and 220 projects with LMSA to decontrol rents provided they amended the Regulatory agreement and to have its Section 8 rents determined annually by the applicable annual adjustments factor. 7-15. SECTION 207/LMSA. For those projects insured before November 30, 1983, the 1986 regulations gave Section 207, 220, and 221(d)(4) project owners receiving \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-6 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Section 8 LMSA assistance the option to request the Alternative Rent Mechanism, provided they agree to amend the Regulatory agreement, and have the Section 8 rents determined by the applicable annual adjustment factor. 7-16. 1987 HOUSING ACT. The Housing Act of 1987 imposed restrictions on the decontrol of rent and use of the alternative rent mechanism which affected owners who had not requested changes in their regulatory agreements. For those owners whose request for a regulatory change was received before 12/1/87, HUD will process the request and sign the new agreement. However, for owners of projects who were eligible under the 1983/86 regulations BUT who did not request the necessary amendment prior to 12/1/87, the Act requires that the project meet the following tests before the amendment can be approved: (1) The project may not have a project based Section 8 contract; and (2) no more than 50 percent of its tenants can be defined as lower income. 7-17. PROJECTS NOT COVERED BY THE 1987 ACT. Projects endorsed and insured (or co-insured) on or after 11/30/83 under Section 207 and 223 are NOT covered by the 1987 Housing Act. This is notwithstanding any language presently contained in the regulatory agreement. 7-18. PROJECTS COVERED BY THE 1987 ACT. The Field Office will apply the tests required in the 1987 Act to: $A$ Unsubsidized Section 207, 213(rental), 223(f), 231(c)(4), and 234 (rental) projects that could have elected the Alternative Rent Mechanism under the April 19, 1983 rule, but did not do so before 12/1/87. $B$ Unsubsidized 220 and 221(d)(4) projects insured prior to 6/1/83 who could have elected to deregulate charges for rents, facilities, or services under April 19, 1983 rule, but did not do so before 12/1/87. $C$ Section 207, 213(rental), 223(f), 231(c)(4), and 234 (rental), 220 and 221(d)(4) projects insured prior to 11/30/83 and assisted by Section 8 LMSA \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-7 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that were permitted by the June 4, 1986 regulation to request the Alternative Rent Mechanism or decontrol as applicable, but did not do so before 12/1/87. 7-19. SPECIAL CASES. HUD continues to regulate a certain limited class of projects which would otherwise be eligible under regulations to request decontrol. This group consists of those projects discussed in this Section where the mortgagor opts to remain controlled in order to maintain the project\'s tax exempt status and those projects where deregulation would result in the imposition of local and state rent control which is inapplicable as long as HUD is regulating the rent. In both cases the maximum permissible rent charges are determined by the Alternative Rent Mechanism. 7-20. PMMs. Regulation of rents at projects with Purchase Money Mortgages sold with insurance will be in accordance with the rules for Section 221(d)(4). SECTION 4. OWNER REQUEST FOR A RENT INCREASE 7-21. PROCEDURES FOR REQUESTING A RENT INCREASE. Owners are allowed to charge only the rents shown on the rent schedule they submitted and which have most recently been authorized by HUD. When current rent levels are NOT sufficient to cover anticipated or unavoidable increases in operating costs, owners should request that HUD approve an increase in rents. If the increase in proposed potential rent is less than or equal to the Maximum Allowable Rent Potential, owners need only submit a new Rent Schedule 92458. Tenant comment procedures in 24 CFR 245 do NOT apply. If the proposed rent increase exceeds the Maximum Allowable Rent Potential, owners must take the actions discussed in this Section. 7-22. INITIAL SUBMISSION. In addition to the proposed rent potential, the initial submission to request a rent increase should include the materials listed below, plus any additional documents being used to support the request. A. A cover letter that briefly does all of the following: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-8 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 1\) Summarizes the reasons why a rent increase is needed and the date the increase will be effective. Describe the project\'s physical condition and any improvements that have been budgeted for. The letter may refer to the reasons stated in the Notice or elaborate on those reasons. (The main reasons stated in the letter must be the same as the main reasons stated in the Notice to Tenants, if the project was subject to the tenant comment procedures in Section 2.) 2\) Identifies any proposed change in services, equipment or charges and the reasons for the change. B. A Budget Worksheet (Appendix 4(d) format) providing income and expenses for the 12 months following the anticipated effective date of the proposed rent increase. C. A brief statement explaining the basis for any increase in the expense line items on the budget work sheet. Generally, if an increase amounts to 5 percent or more, it must be documented. If the income or expense was estimated at the prior annual period\'s actual, or the increase is less than \$500, no explanation is required. (Appendix 4(b) provides a sample owner explanation of budget items.) D. Where applicable, a copy of the Notice to Tenants annotated to show where and how the Notice was distributed (e.g., posted, mailed, hand carried). E. An executed copy of the Owner\'s Certification Regarding Purchasing Practices and Reasonableness of Expenses (Appendix 3). F. A status report on the project\'s implementation of its current Energy Conservation Plan (See Chapter 12). This may be: (1) a narrative report coded to facilitate references to the plan; or (2) copy of the plan annotated to show the current status of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-9 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ all items that were scheduled to be completed within 60 days after the rent increase is proposed to be effective. THIS APPLIES ONLY TO SECTION 236 AND BMIR PROJECTS, PROJECTS THAT RECEIVE RENT SUPPLEMENT ASSISTANCE, AND PROJECTS THAT CONVERTED FROM RENT SUPPLEMENT TO SECTION 8. This requirement is to assure compliance with Section 329(c) of the Housing and Community Development Amendments of 1981. G. A signed request for an increase in the Reserve for Replacement if such an increase is contemplated as part of the rent increase request (Appendix 6). H. For Protects with Utility Allowances, a recommendation to what utility allowance is appropriate for each unit type and a summary of how the owner/agent arrived at that amount with appropriate documentation as prescribed by paragraph 7-24 of this section. 7-23. USE OF THE ALTERNATE RENT MECHANISM. For projects insured under Section 207, 231(c)(4), 213 Rental, 234 Rental, 223(f) and 221(d)(4), where the necessary amendment to the regulatory agreement has been executed (See Section 3), owners may request that HUD determine a rent increase using the Alternative Rent Mechanism. These steps are to be followed: A. Owner Submission for Alternative Rent Determination mechanism. In addition to the information required in Section 4, paragraph 7-22, the owner who chooses the Alternative Rent Determination process must submit the following: 1\) An appraisal of the residential value of the property performed by a qualified real estate appraiser of the mortgagor\'s choice which includes the comparable rents for units in similar projects. 2\) A request for HUD approval of a rent increase. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ B. Processing Procedures for Budgeted Rent Determination. 1\) Section 207, 231, 213, 220, 221(d)(4) owners or owners of projects which are required to have their rents approved by HUD, who do not choose to use the Alternative rent Determination procedures will continue to have their rents determined as prescribed in this chapter and no Regulatory Agreement amendment is necessary. 2\) Section 207 owners or owners of projects who require HUD approval of rents or owners of projects who otherwise could chose not to have HUD control rents, that wish to use the Alternative Rent Determination Procedures provided for, shall have their rent determined by HUD based on the submission required in paragraph 7-23(A) of this section. HUD will approve the lower of the following two rent potentials: (1) apply the original debt service factor to the current market appraisal covering the residential value of the property. Then process the rents as outlined in this chapter, to determine Gross Potential Rent; or (2) the comparable rents submitted as part of the appraisal. NOTE: The independent organization or person hired by the owner to conduct and provide the certified appraisal must be a recognized professional appraiser. The appraiser in making his/her rental analysis must determine the residential rental income separate from the commercial income and provide a delineation in the value of the residential portion separate from the commercial portion of the value. The Field Office in determining the Gross Potential Rents using the new appraisal will use the residential rent portion of the certified appraisal to apply the original debt service factor set at the time of final endorsement in determining the new debt service allowed in the rent computation and insert the new appraised residential value in Box H of the Rent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-11 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Calculation Worksheet. Offices shall follow outstanding instructions contained in this chapter in processing the expenses used in determining the final Gross Potential Rent. C. HUD\'s Approval of Alternative Rent Increase Method. 1\) Based on the analysis submitted and assuming the owner is otherwise eligible for a rent increase as covered in this chapter, the Loan Management Branch Chief (LMBC) shall approve in writing the lesser of the rents computed in paragraph 7-23(B)(2) of this section. 2\) If the LMBC determines that the owner is not entitled to a rent increase as covered in this Handbook, the LMBC shall submit the finding(s) to the Director of Housing Management or Director of Housing for review. The Director will deny or approve the LMBC finding in writing providing the reasons for the final decision if it reverses or alters the LMBC recommendation. D. Future Processing After Initial Determination of Rents Using Alternative Mechanism. 1\) If the rent based on comparables and supported by the appraisal as defined in paragraph 7-23(B)(2) are less than the processed rent utilizing the appraised value, use the comparable rents submitted by the owner as the approved rent. The Field Office is NOT to become involved in determining comparable rents. This should already have been done as part of the appraisal package. 2\) If the budgeted rents in paragraph 7-23(B)(2) using the most recent appraisal and current operating costs are less than comparable rents, the budgeted rent level shall be approved. For future requests, continue this \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-12 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ process until such time as the comparable rents are less than budgeted rents. When this happens, the comparable rents shall be approved as the Rent Level. 3\) As long as the owner submits a comparable Rent Level which is less or equal to the rent level that would be provided using the last appraised value in determining rents as described in paragraph 7-23(B)(2) of this Section, a new appraisal is not required. However, when the comparable rents exceed the rents allowed using the last appraised value, then the owner must either submit a new appraisal showing that the rents based on the appraisal are more than the rents based on comparables in order to charge the comparable rents or he/she must charge the rent as determined by using the new appraisal which is less than the comparables. E. Thirty Day Processing of Alternative Rent. The LMBC must (in writing) approve, disapprove or approve for a different amount requested by the owner within 30 days of receipt. Failure on the part of the LMBC to notify the owner in writing of the findings will provide temporary authority to the owner to charge the proposed rents. In the event that the owner implemented the rents at the end of 30 days without HUD\'s written approval, the additional rents shall be placed in an escrow account or a letter of credit shall be provided so that in the event HUD fails to approve the rent increase, or approves the increase for less than requested, the owner shall immediately return to the tenants that portion of the rent collected which HUD later disapproved. This applies only to rents processed using the alternative rent mechanism. F. Allowable Project Costs. While the cost of the appraisal and/or market analysis can be paid for out of project income, it is not to be used as an allowable project expense in the rent determination defined in Section 5 of this chapter. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-13 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-24. DETERMINATION OF A UTILITY ALLOWANCE. (see Section 1, para 7-4c for applicability) for each request for an increase in the HUD authorized rent potential, the owner must recommend a utility allowance for each unit type. The recommended utility allowance should represent the owner\'s best estimate of the average monthly utility cost that an energy conscious resident will incur for the year. The utility allowance is not meant to pay all actual utility costs, but rather it is to reimburse a prudent utility consumer for their utility expense. Both the proposed and the current allowance levels should be included in the notices to the tenants. A. As part of the submission for an increase or decrease in the utility allowance, each owner must submit a summary supporting the proposed change to the utility allowance. That summary should: 1\) Identify the type of utilities covered by the utility allowance (e.g., gas for heating). 2\) State whether any utility rate increases or decreases were implemented during the past 12 months or are expected to be implemented during the next 12 months and the amount of those increases or decreases. 3\) State how any energy conservation initiatives have or will impact consumption. B. In addition, the owner must request HUD approval of revised utility allowances whenever a utility rate change would cause a cumulative increase of 10 percent or more in the most recently approved utility allowances. C. Owners must recommend additional utility allowances if the project\'s design is such that utility costs will vary significantly for units of the same size (e.g., end units vs. interior units). \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-14 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-25. FIELD MANAGEMENT OF THE RENT REQUEST PROCESS. Field Offices must establish a tracking system that will facilitate and monitor compliance with the following processing times: A. When the Proposed Potential does NOT exceed the Maximum Potential. In these instances, the Field Office need only review the proposed utility allowances and the Rent Schedule. Field staff should complete these actions and return the signed Form 92458 within 10 working days of receiving the owner\'s request. B. When the Rent Increase Exceeds the Maximum Potential, 1\) All Projects. The Field Office should check the completeness of the owners, initial submission within 5 working days of its receipt. Doing so will expedite any required reposting and reduce processing delays. 2\) Projects NOT subject to 24 CFR 245 Tenant Comment requirements. Complete these reviews and issue a decision letter within 30 days after receipt of all materials required by Section 4, paragraph 7-22. 3\) Projects subject to 24 CFR Tenant Comment procedures. Issue decision letters within 30 days after receipt of the formal rent increase request which includes the tenant comments and other materials required by Section 2, paragraph 7-11. Final approval cannot take place before the tenant comment period has ended. C. Check the completeness of the Owner\'s Initial Submission. Within 5 working days of receipt of the owner\'s initial submission, answer the following questions where applicable. 1\) Does the Notice to Tenants contain all of the information included in the sample notice in Appendix 1? If it doesn\'t, require the owner to revise the Notice and distribute it as directed. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-15 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2\) Has the owner submitted ALL of the materials required by Section 4, paragraph 7-22? If not, do the following. a\) Call the owner/agent and ask them to submit the missing materials and follow up in writing, b\) Be sure the missing materials are made available for any required tenant review. (See Section 9, paragraphs 4, 5 and 6.) D. You may NOT require that projects routinely submit materials NOT listed in Section 4, paragraph 7-22. You may require additional submissions ONLY if the actual or projected expense estimates appear to be excessive and the narrative without additional information, cannot support requested expense levels. Special requests should only be made in cases where estimates will have significant monetary impact on the authorized rent potential. NOTE: Your requests for additional information must be made in writing and within 30 days of receipt of initial package. The owner must distribute a second Notice to tenants and comply with Section 2, paragraph 7-10 where applicable. Be flexible, consider the needs of the project tenants and protection of government interest before requesting additional information. 7-26. SEASONAL RENTS A. The housing programs of HUD contemplate relatively permanent occupancy at rents within the ceilings established for year-round occupancy, hence seasonal rents are not generally in accord with the objectives of those programs. In particular, occupancy charges at seasonal rates would be inconsistent with the objectives for which projects are built for cooperative use or for use by families of low and moderate income, or for elderly occupants. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-16 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ B. Conversely, in areas where seasonal rents are customary, there may be rental housing projects which experience financial difficulty because year-round occupancy cannot be maintained. In such circumstances, HUD will not object to the establishment of seasonal rents for a temporary period provided that: $1$ Preference at all times in all units will be given to permanent tenants at the established year-around rental rate. $2$ None of the units in the project will be rented for a period of less than 30 days. $3$ There will be no increase in existing maximum permissible gross rent by reason of seasonal rates being allowed, and as to the individual units, the aggregate gross rent collected during any fiscal year should not exceed the established maximum rent. $4$ Seasonal rents are not permitted in any project receiving a project-and/or mortgage-based subsidy. C. If examination of the project operations supports the need for seasonal rents, the Housing Management Division (or Insuring Office) Director will grant approval in the form of a letter agreement which shall define the number and type of units so covered, and shall evidence the mortgagor\'s acceptance of the foregoing conditions under which approval is given. Deviations from the terms under which approval was obtained will operate to breach the agreement. 7-27. BMIR RENTS PAID BY OVER-INCOME TENANTS. HUD-91709, Schedule of Computation of Rental Income in Excess of BMIR Rent Paid by Over Income Tenants, is a monthly schedule to be completed by BMIR mortgagors in order to compute the amount of rent in excess of BMIR rent paid by over-income tenants. These funds are available for credit to the residual receipts account if the project has a surplus cash position at the end of the fiscal year. The completed form shall be used by Housing Management Division personnel and project accountants \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-17 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to arrive at this amount without having to review all of the project\'s records by lease, Form HUD-91705, etc. This will not, however, eliminate the need to spot-check these records when determined necessary to assure correctness of the schedule. Unless requested by HUD, this form is retained as a part of the mortgagor\'s record. 7-28. SECTION 236 PROJECTS. RENTS COLLECTED IN EXCESS OF BASIC RENT. For all types of Section 236 projects, including noninsured projects, the Regulatory Agreement or the Interest Reduction Contract provide that, subsequent to the commencement of the term of the Interest Reduction Contract, the project owner shall remit each month the amount by which the total rentals collected on the dwelling units exceed the sum of the approved basic rentals. The prescribed reporting form, Monthly Report of Excess Income, Form HUD-93104, must be submitted by the tenth of each month, whether or not a remittance is required. Mail the Form to the address printed on the Form. A. Determining the Amount of Excess Income, In order to determine the amount of excess income, if any, which must be remitted to HUD, the project owner must prepare HUD-93104A, as of the end of the reporting month, or have the same information shown on this detailed schedule readily available from some other source, such as a computer printout sheet. This schedule must be attached to the retained copy of Form HUD-93104, and made available, upon request, for audit by HUD or the Comptroller General of the United States. B. Collecting Excess Rentals Prior to the Commencement of the Interest Reduction Contract. Any excess rentals collected prior to the commencement of the term of the Interest Reduction Contract shall not be treated as a return of subsidy to HUD but as regular project income. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-18 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ C. Adhering to Excess Income Requirements. The Section 236 law states that the project owner shall accumulate, safeguard, and periodically pay to the Secretary all rental charges collected in excess of the basic rental charges.\" HUD\'s continued payment of interest reduction subsidy to the mortgagee is contingent on the owner\'s strict adherence to program requirements. $1$ The Subsidized Housing Programs Division, Office of Finance and Accounting, shall send to the mortgagor or the designated management agent a demand letter, and one follow-up letter if no answer is received within 15 days. Copies of these letters shall be sent to the appropriate Housing Management Division Director and to the Director, Office of Multifamily Housing Management. $2$ Upon receipt of a copy of the first demand letter to the mortgagor, the Housing Management Division Director shall immediately take whatever action is deemed appropriate to obtain compliance. $3$ Upon receipt of a copy of the follow-up letter to the mortgagor, the Housing Management Division Director shall intensify efforts to obtain compliance. These efforts shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, immediate notification to the mortgagor by Certified Mail, Return Receipt Requested, that it may be subject to the penalties in D. below unless and until the required Form HUD-93104 together with any amount due, are received by the Mellon Bank Lockbox within 30 days of the date of the letter. (See Appendix 12). Copies of the Notice to the owner shall be sent to the mortgagee; the Subsidized Housing Programs Division, Office of Finance and Accounting and; the Office of Multifamily Housing Management, Operations Division. The Housing Management Division Director shall continue efforts to obtain compliance during the 30-day period. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-19 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ D. Enforcement actions to be taken by the Director. Housing Management Division. If upon expiration of the thirty (30) days notice, the owner has not complied, the Housing management Division Director shall notify the Director, Office of Multifamily Housing Management, Operations Division, of the noncompliance. The notification shall: $1$ Provide information as to any circumstances beyond the mortgagor\'s control or of an unusual or special nature, and $2$ Recommend imposition of one or more of the following enforcement remedies: NOTE: Field Offices shall impose enforcement remedies for which they have authority and Make recommendation for approval to Headquarter for actions which have not been delegated. $a$ Use Residual Receipts to pay excess income; (provided account has ample funds for this and other anticipated needs); $b$ Suspension or Debarment from HUD Programs; $c$ Denial of releases of Reserve for Replacement Funds; $d$ Prohibition of distributions; $e$ Require repayment of any dividends or distributions improperly paid by the mortgagor to stockholders or partners; $f$ Require replacement of the Management Entity or Agent; $g$ Offset subsidy vouchers against excess income due until paid in full (Section 8, Rent Supplement, RAP); \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-20 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ $h$ Suspend interest reduction payments to the mortgagee and in the event the mortgage is insured, upon assignment to HUD, immediately recommend foreclosure; $i$ Recommend assessment of Civil Money Penalties in accordance with the provisions of Section 1735f-15 of Title 12 of the United States Code; $j$ Assess Double Damage penalties, authorized by Section 1715z-4a of Title 12 of the U.S. Code; $k$ Assess interest on the excess income due at the current Treasury borrowing rate, i.e., the cost to the Government for the money; $l$ Denial of rent increases, Transfers of Physical Assets, Plans of Action, Equity loans; and other owner-requested actions until delinquent amounts are paid in full; $m$ Request the insured mortgagee to accelerate the debt; $n$ Request Inspector General to audit the project\'s books and records; $o$ Collect all rents in connection with the project and use such collections to pay excess income and other obligations under the mortgage and Regulatory Agreement; $p$ Take over possession and operation of the project; and $q$ Apply to any court for injunctive relief, appointment of a receiver, or other appropriate relief. $3$ The Director, Office of Multifamily Housing Management, if applicable, shall notify the mortgagor by certified mail of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-21 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ enforcement remedies imposed within thirty $30$ days. Copies of the letter shall be provided to the Housing Management Division Director; Office of General Counsel and the Subsidized Housing Programs Division, Office of Finance and Accounting, together with any instructions necessary for implementation of the penalties imposed. NOTE: Field Offices shall impose enforcement remedies for which they have authority and make recommendation for approval to Headquarter for actions which have not been delegated. $4$ If the mortgagor complies with submission and payment requirements subsequent to any penalty imposed, appropriate steps will be taken by the Director, Office of Multifamily Housing Management to restore the privileges taken away. E. Repayment agreements requested by the owner must be negotiated with the Housing Management Division Director. The Director shall arrange a meeting to negotiate with the owner within two weeks from their request. Repayment plans shall be based upon the following criteria: $1$ Repayment Agreements shall be in writing, using the Repayment Agreement and Note (See Appendix 14), and executed between the Project Owner and the Housing Management Division Director. Copies shall be forward to: Subsidized Housing Programs Division, Office of Finance and Accounting. $2$ Repayment Agreements shall generally be for twelve $12$ months or less in term. Any repayment which would exceed this twelve month period must be justified in writing and approved by the Regional Director of Housing, but shall, in no case, be approved for more than thirty-six (36) months. $3$ All Repayment Notes must stipulate that failure to pay timely in accordance with the terms of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-22 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Agreement will result in the entire rescheduled amount becoming immediately due. $4$ Repayment Agreements executed previously shall be incorporated into and made a part of the Repayment Agreement, constituting one (1) Agreement and Note. $5$ Repayment Agreements shall not: $a$ result in any inclusion of delinquent amounts as a line item or portion in the budgeted rent increase processing; $b$ result in a reduction of living standards of the tenants; In addition, where the owner is a limited dividend owner who took a dividend or distribution during the period of delinquency, and the amount due is less than or equal to the amount improperly distributed, the owner shall be required to return the dividend or distribution in a lump sum payment in sufficient amount to repay the outstanding amount due. The owner may accrue any amount returned and repayment to partners may be made at future semi-annual or annual determinations that the project is in a surplus cash position. F. Monitoring responsibilities associated with reporting and collection of excess income. The project owner is required to send original Reports, Form HUD-93104, and any Excess Income on a monthly basis to a lock box (Mellon Bank). Copies of these Reports are sent simultaneously to the field office. The lock box forwards excess income funds to the Department of Treasury. Original Reports and collections are forwarded to OFA. Based upon this information, the automated accounting system will generate the following; $1$ First and second demand letters to delinquent owners. $2$ Monthly summary reports for the Field Office which lists owners who are delinquent. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-23 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ $3$ After demand letters are sent out and owners remain delinquent, Housing Management Division field staff will notify owners to comply by either: $a$ Remitting the full amount owed, or $b$ If extenuating circumstances exist, enter into a repayment agreement. $c$ If the owner does not comply, the Housing Management Division should institute enforcement action. $4$ The Subsidized Housing Programs Division, OFA will provide monthly information to the Director, Housing Management Division in the field office detailing those owners who fail to remit Multifamily Excess Rental Income funds or reports. This is accomplished through the Multifamily Excess Rental Income (MERI) System. The MERI system will generate four reports on the Field Office Print List (PRTLST) on a monthly basis. The Print List shows outstanding delinquencies for each project. You should contact the Management Information Division in your respective Field Office to coordinate receipt of these reports. The data will be available on the PRTLST the first three workdays of the month. The reports available are: o Statement of Account (A25CHCA). This report, generated monthly, may be produced on request by the Office of Finance and Accounting in Headquarters. The statement provides information regarding reporting and collection activity obtained from the Form HUD-93104, Monthly Report of Excess Income. o Monthly Detail of Delinquent Reports (A25DFCB). This listing denotes those projects delinquent in submitting their Form HUD-93104, Monthly Report of Excess Income. o Detail Aging of Amounts Due HUD (A25FDCB). This report provides detailed aging data for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-24 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ each project. The amounts due HUD are for projects which have Form HUD-93104 on file, but did not remit the funds due to HUD. o Summary of Delinquencies (A25FICA). This report provides the number of delinquent projects and total amount of delinquencies by Field Office from October 1985 to the present month. Loan Management is responsible for obtaining these reports, following up with owners, and monitoring and enforcing program compliance. $a$ The Director, Housing Management Division shall notify the Director, Subsidized Housing Programs Division, OFA, in writing if any problems are experienced receiving reports timely or regularly, and any other errors, e.g., posting. $b$ Section 236 Multifamily Excess Income records will receive greater emphasis by the Housing Management Division during the Management Review process, and on-site physical and occupancy inspection. G. Refund of Excess Income. If it is determined that due to a project owner\'s revision of a prior reporting period(s), that a refund is due, the project owner must request the refund in writing. Refund requests are to be directed to the Office of Finance and Accounting, Subsidized Housing Programs Division, ATTN: Excess Rental Income, 451 7th Street, SW, Room 3206, Washington, D.C. 20410. Project owners are to include the revised reports when requesting a refund. Overpayments cannot be used to offset any future excess rental income.\" H. Considerations in the case of incentives to owners to maintain their projects as low-and moderate-income housing. Title II of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1987, authorizes the Secretary to provide incentives to owners of \"eligible low income housing\" who agree to maintain their projects as low \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-25 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and moderate-income housing until the maturity date of the mortgage. In order to provide the owners with a fair rate of return through such incentives, Title II authorizes the approval of higher rents than would otherwise be approvable under applicable program regulations and procedures. Therefore, in the case of several Section 236 projects that are subject to Plans of Action approved by HUD under Title II, the terms of the Plan of Action provide for the owner to retain all or a portion of the excess income. $1$ In such cases: $a$ the incentive must be approved as part of the executed Plan; $b$ the Plan of Action or implementing Use Agreement must specify the amount and/or term covering the agreed retention period; and $c$ the incentives under the Plan of Action may include the retention of prospective excess income amounts, but not the forgiveness of excess income delinquencies accumulated before May 1991. $2$ Where the owner is permitted to keep ALL of the excess income, the Form 93104 is no longer required to be submitted, for the period covered by the Use Agreement. $3$ Where the owner is permitted to keep a PORTION of the Excess Income, the Form 93104 is required in accordance-with this Chapter, showing the total excess income due, the amount being retained, and the amount being forwarded to HUD. $4$ Any agreement entitling the owner to retain all or a portion of the excess income must be documented and made part of the record. The Loan Management Branch must supply this information to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-26 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Subsidized Housing Programs Division, Office of Finance and Accounting for their records and reporting information. SECTION 5. REVIEW OF PROJECT INCOME AND EXPENSES 7-29. FOCUSING THE REVIEW. Determine if the project has any special conditions that will affect income and expense estimates. A. Assess the project\'s physical condition. To do so, review any: 1\) Recent HUD or mortgagee on-site inspections; 2\) Tenant complaints and any resolutions on maintenance; 3\) Energy Conservation Plan on file for the project; 4\) Recent replacement reserve analysis or withdrawals; 5\) Repair schedules required by TPAs, flexible subsidy contracts, or workout arrangements. (Determine whether project income or other funds will pay these repairs.) B. Review available financial information. If applicable, include any recent monthly accounting reports (Forms HUD-93479, 80, 81 or reports comparing budgeted and actual expense) and the MIPS Financial Summary Reports; and the servicer\'s and IPA\'s review of the most recent audited annual report. C. Review any recent GAO/IG reviews of this project or the agent\'s management procedures for this or other projects. D. Determine if the owner is requesting any change in the services or equipment to be included in the rent. (See the Rent Schedule and cover letter transmitting owner\'s rent increase request.) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-27 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ E. Assess the impact of any procedural changes, repair schedules, escrows, or owner contributions required by any TPA, workout or flexible subsidy contract. F. Review the Field Office\'s files on other projects managed by the owner. Have the owner\'s past expense projections significantly exceeded actual expenses later reported on the project\'s financial statements? Have HUD\'s on-site reviews, the IPA\'s Report on Internal Controls and Compliance, or GAO\'s or IG\'s audits detected serious weakness in cost controls or purchasing procedures (e.g., failure to compare prices or take advantage of discounts)? Is the owner requesting a rent increase to cover expenses and physical improvements for which previous rental increases were authorized? If so, why? If you answered \"yes\" to any of the above questions, you should determine why those conditions exist and document this for the record. 1\) If the conditions are caused by agent\'s practices, you must scrutinize the budget. You may need to reduce the projections. If reduced, make appropriate notes for the Administrative Review as to why and how you adjusted these expense items. 2\) If past expenses were excessive and the amount will not be offset by legitimate increases, you may need to allow even less than the prior period\'s expenses. If reduced, again make notes as to why and how you adjusted these expense items, G. ANALYZE THE OWNERS INCOME AND EXPENSE PROJECTIONS. Make an initial assessment during the tenant comment period. If applicable, when tenant comments are later submitted, evaluate whether the tenant comments would change your initial assessment. Suggested form of letter for use with appropriate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-28 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ modifications for type of project and situation by Housing Management Division Directors in accordance with Section 4, paragraph 7-28(C). 1\) Compare the project\'s past and present project expenses. Be concerned if the owner\'s choice of delivery systems causes higher expenses; (i.e., use of an identity-of-interest company or use of contract rather than project staff to do things that might be done by staff. Relatively high costs or rates of increase can be due to special circumstances (vandalism, large number of evictions, emergency repairs). It is project management which is satisfactory to HUD and \" \.... give specific answers to questions \.... relative to the income, assets, liabilities, contracts, operations, and condition of the property\....). 2\) Review the owner\'s expense projections. Be flexible, consider the needs of the project, the owner\'s return on investment and maintaining HUD\'s security interest. Keep in mind that both underestimating and overestimating expenses can have undesirable impacts. If expenses are underestimated, deferred maintenance and defaults can result. If expenses are overestimated, the rents charged will be higher than needed which could result in HUD paying more subsidy than necessary. If the project charges rents which aren\'t competitive in the market then vacancies result. This could cause a possible default or an insurance claim. Consider utilizing existing residual receipts to offset repairs not covered by the Reserve for Replacement or other costs that are of one time occurrence. Allow reasonable amounts for inflationary increases. But before doing so assess whether the actual expense base is reasonable for the level maintenance expected during the next year and whether the project is taking reasonable efforts to control costs and is complying with the terms of the Certification in Appendix 3. If the prior period\'s actual \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-29 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ expenses were unjustifiably excessive, adjust the prior period\'s actual expense before adjusting for inflation. Document this in the record. 3\) REVIEW THE INCOME/EXPENSE ADJUSTMENTS using the guidance in the next paragraph. For each line, enter the adjustment you will allow. If your allowance significantly differs from the amount the owner entered, carefully document the reasons for the difference. 7-30. GUIDANCE FOR EVALUATING THE APPROPRIATENESS OF PROJECT EXPENSES A. Administrative Expense 1\) Renting Expense. Amount allowed should be reasonable related to vacancy pattern and marketing area. Weigh impact of increased expenditures on reducing vacancy. If expense increase is due to poor marketing procedures or appears to be a cushion, adjust down to expense of similar projects. If rental expense appears low, some upward adjustments may be made if the project is experiencing high vacancy. 2\) Salaries. To evaluate reasonableness consider: a\) Whether salary is for project employee or employee of agent. Recertification clerk or similar clerical employees may be, considered project employees even if work is performed in agent\'s office. Other project employees will normally be located on site. Where employees working in the agent\'s office have their salaries attributed in whole or in part to the project, owner must present documentation outlining exactly how the expense was computed. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-30 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ b\) Number of project employees. Number of employees will depend on size and condition of project and whether maintenance or other services are contracted. c\) Salary levels. Salaries should be commensurate with the size of the project and duties required and comparable to similar positions at other similar projects in the same area. d\) Identify-of-interest relationships. Where such relationships exist salary levels should be closely reviewed to ensure they do not exceed rates in arms-length relationships. 3\) Office Supplies. Inflationary increases should be allowed if prior year amount was adequate. 4\) Legal. If legal expenses are significant, determine reason(s): 1) large number of evictions; 2) above average fees to attorney (may be caused by lack of shopping around for adequate counsel); or 3) including legal services that should be borne by the owner and not the project. Since the amount of legal fees should normally be within owner/agent\'s control (i.e., effective managers should screen prospective tenants and shop around for reasonably priced legal services), the amount allowed should not exceed the norm for similar projects in similar locations unless there was a problem unique to that project. 5\) Auditing. Keep in mind that audit costs can vary according to the type of project and its requirements, the size of the accounting firm and the quality of the project\'s records and accounting systems. (See page 7-4 of Handbook 4370.4, Basic Accounting Desk Reference for HUD Loan Servicers, for a further discussion of how audit costs vary.) If this project\'s audit costs are high determine the cause of the higher costs. To \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-31 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ do so, talk with a IPA or review prior management or occupancy review reports and the IPA\'s comments on the Internal Control and compliance Questionnaire. If costs are out of line, require future audits to be conducted by auditors who bid on the job. NOTE: Reasonable fees for preparing any Federal, state or local tax return information require of the project may be charged against the project account and paid from project income without regard to surplus cash computations. For example, if the mortgagor entity is a partnership, the cost of preparing both the Form 1065 and the related Schedules K and K-1 may be paid from project funds. However, projects funds may not be used to pay for tax advice rendered to the mortgagor entity or its principals or for preparation of the personal returns of the project principal. 6\) Bookkeeping Fees/Accounting Services. If a computer is used, amounts allowed should be adequate to cover the cost of such services. These charges must be approved by HUD prior to the project paying. If identity-of-interest firms are used, the cost paid by the project should not exceed what it would cost to use a non-identity-of-interest firm. 7\) Telephone. Allow amount for local and long distance calls related to project operations. Long distance calls from the project to the office of the management agent are chargeable to the management fee not the project. 8\) Miscellaneous Administrative. If the MIPS Financial Flag Report indicates this expense category exceeds 5% of the subgroup require the owner to justify the need. B. Operating and Maintenance Expense. 1\) Supplies. Check management review reports to determine if owner/agent is shopping around for lowest possible prices and is taking advantage of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-32 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ quantity discounts and discounts for early payment of bills. Consider need for supplies and owner/agent efficiency. The budget cost of one-time repairs should be listed under project improvements. The quality of the purchase must be considered when looking at the cost. Purchasing a superior product with a longer life span at a higher cost might very well be more cost effective than purchasing a lower quality item which does not last. Cost is not the only thing you should consider when allowing an expense item. 2\) Contracts. Consider the trade off between salary costs and contracts costs. A high level of contract repairs may indicate a need for improved maintenance capability, identify-of-interest relation with vendor, a one-time rehabilitation, or a cost-effective business decision. 3\) Security. To determine reasonableness of expense, the Loan Specialist should consider: 1) need for expense, (i.e., is there a security problem), 2) reason for security problem, (i.e., lighting, location, layout of physical structure, or need for better project management); 3) extent to which security problems are within the control of the agent, (i.e., would stricter enforcement of lease provisions reduce security problem); 4) trade off between security services (agents) and security devices (locks, alarms, lighting, etc.); and 5) is security expense cost effective, i.e., does security expense result in reduced turnover and vacancy. 4\) Decorating. Determine whether new items should be budgeted under the Reserve for Replacement Account. For example, if an owner requests, a painting reserve can be established (insure monthly payments are adequate). Consider trade offs. Is project using most cost effective decorating items, i.e., would blinds be cheaper than shades in the long run? Are additional decorative items such as drapes needed to improve or maintain occupancy? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-33 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5\) Miscellaneous Maintenance. If amount is large, identify source and determine need and reasonableness of expense. C. Payroll Taxes. Licenses and Insurance. 1\) Payroll Taxes. Payroll taxes will generally be about 12-15 percent of project payroll costs. Included in this category are FICA, State and Federal unemployment and workers compensation. In some areas the high costs of workman\'s compensation can drive payroll taxes up to as high as 20 percent. In cases where this occurs, owners must document these costs. Known increases in rates, as well as increase in salary base, will be justification for budget increased in this expense. 2\) Other Taxes. Identify source and assess reasonableness of expected increases and cause for increase. For example, in some states there is an intangible tax on liquid assets. The Field Office should consider assets that will be taxed during the upcoming year instead of accepting last year\'s estimate expense. Field Offices should be cognizant of the outcome of any tax appeals and adjust costs accordingly. 3\) Insurance. In assessing reasonableness consider the following: a) types of coverage b) deductibles and c) claim history. Rates vary among carriers and owners should seek the lowest rates available for equivalent coverage. D. Utility Expense. Only utilities paid by the project may be included. To determine reasonable consumption levels, review the justification from owner energy conservation survey, energy conservation plan, and other related information. 1\) Ensure that the owner has analyzed utility rates and requested the rates most advantageous to the project. (Rates vary accordingly to consumption levels and types of usage, e.g., commercial or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-34 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ residential. Often projects can apply for either residential or commercial rates, whichever will be cheaper). 2\) If the owner has taken the action required by the preceding paragraph above, allow rate increases which have been, or are expected to be approved and implemented. Document the rates and effective dates used in your projections. 3\) Generally, do NOT project for increased consumption. Consumption should increase only because of severe weather. Project for consumption levels to decrease below prior periods if: The prior period had severe extremes of weather that are not expected to occur during the period the rents will be in effect; or recent energy conservation initiatives can reasonably be expected to reduce consumption levels. 4\) THIS PARAGRAPH APPLIES ONLY TO BMIR AND SECTION 236 PROJECTS, PROJECTS THAT RECEIVE RENT SUPPLEMENT, AND PROJECTS THAT CONVERTED FROM RENT SUPPLEMENT TO SECTION B. Section 329(C) of the 1981 HCDA requires HUD to consider whether the mortgagor could control utility costs by securing more favorable utility rates or undertaking feasible, cost effective actions to increase energy efficiency or energy consumption. Section 329(C) provides that HUD may reduce budgeted utility expenses if the owner has not taken reasonable action to do so. (See 4350.1, Chapter 12 for more guidance on energy conservation measures). E. Property Tax, Review requirements of Chapter 23, in HUD Handbook 4350.1. Allow only verified increases in rates. If taxes have decreased due to changes in State or local tax laws, use effective rates. Consider also any changes in how the project is evaluated. Even if there is a tax rate decrease, this could be offset by a change in the appraisal process which increased the net value of the project for tax purposes. F. Mortgage Principal, Interest, MIP, Include principal, interest and any MIP (or service charge on HUD-held mortgages). Use the amount required by the mortgage. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-35 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 If the mortgage has been permanently modified, use the payment due under the new mortgage terms. G. Other Notes/Loan Payments. The owner\'s narrative must identify the loan terms and the purpose of the loans. (For more guidance on what loans may be charged against the project operating account, see Paragraph 2-23 (A) of Handbook 4370.1 REV-2. H. Reserve for Replacement. Use amount normally required by HUD, not a lesser amount that may have been approved as the result of a workout agreement. Even if the owner/agent does not request any changes in reserve for replacement deposit, this may be a good time for the Loan Specialist to check the adequacy of the account and level of deposits. If any change is required, the Field Office should insure that a HUD 9250 is sent to the mortgagee. NOTE: The Field Office should consider very carefully any increase in the Reserve for Replacement requirements for projects that are eligible or will be eligible over the next ten years to prepay their mortgages and are likely to do so. Since the reserve is an asset of the mortgagor after prepayment, this is an especially important issue in projects where the reserve is paid for by project-based subsidy (i.e. RAP, Rent Supplement or Section 8). I. Owner Return. Projects Owned by Non-profit Mortgagors and projects that have converted from non-profit to limited dividend (LD) ownership, must budget only for the non-profit contingency allowed in the Rent Computation Worksheet. 1\) This procedure for LDs is required by the regulations that govern the transfers of ownership from non-profit to profit motivated entities (see 24 CFR 265.14(a)). While these projects may NOT budget for a distribution, if surplus cash is available 24 CFR 265.15 permits the new limited dividend owners to collect a distribution of up to 6 percent of the cash contribution THEY MADE AT THE TIME OF THE TRANSFER. 2\) For other LD projects not converted from non-profit to limited dividend. Distribution remains constant form year-to-year. Multiply the owner\'s \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-36 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ initial equity investment by the rate of return allowed, e.g., 6,8, or 10 percent whichever is appropriate. J. Project Improvement Needs. Includes: 1) Non-recurring repair expense; 2) amounts needed to correct financial deficiencies; and 3) project improvements. Examples of eligible items include amounts needed to 1\) restore units that have deteriorated to the point they no longer can be rented; 2) correct code violations; and 3) pay accounts payable that affect overall viability of the project (e.g., delinquent utility bills). Ineligible items include luxury improvements such as swimming pools and tennis courts. While HUD does not prescribe a specific dollar amount that may or may not be allowed, the Field Office should keep in mind the following when reviewing project improvement needs requests: 1) amount of lump sum contribution (see Item 2 below); 2) causes of problems and proposals to prevent reoccurrence (for major cost items a MIO plan is recommended); 3) management performance (check prior management review, physical inspection, audit reports); 4) impact on expenditures on rents and subsidy funds and 5) payback or potential benefits from approving the project improvements. 1\) Do NOT allow for costs that will be paid from project improvement funds (e.g., Flexible Subsidy or TPA proceeds) or reimbursed from residual receipts or a painting, replacement, or general operating reserve. 2\) Owners should: Identify the total cost and scope of work and provide a written schedule for completing any capital improvements included here. List payee\'s name, purpose, amount and date incurred for each account payable included. 3\) Generally, allow amounts to clear accounts payable only on troubled projects having significant operating deficits. Allow for accounts payable only if the project\'s purchasing procedures are acceptable, expenses are reasonable and management is satisfactory. 4\) Prorate capital improvements over an appropriate period of time. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-37 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ K. Lump Sum Source. Consider the availability of all lump sum sources. If owner is unaware of lump sum sources, the Field Offices should advise the owner. Listed below are some of the most used lump sum sources to fund project improvement needs. 1\) Section 241 HUD Insured Supplemental Loans or conventional financing for capital improvements, etc. (The debt service should be shown the Budget Worksheet under account 6830.) 2\) Owner\'s loan to the project. (The terms of such a loan would have to be approved by the Field Office as repayment of the loan is to be made out of project income as an allowable line item in the rent formula, rather than from surplus cash or residential receipts.) 3\) Advances by the owners. (See HUD Handbook 4370.2, Chapter 2, paragraph 2-11 for guidance.) 4\) Regular Flexible Subsidy or Capitol Improvement Loans for troubled projects. 5\) Change in ownership. (New owner equity investment can be designated for this purpose.) 6\) Releases from the residual receipts account, if applicable or advances from the replacement reserve account, provided a HUD-approved repayment plan is included. 7\) Energy grants from such sources at State, county, city agencies. (Field Offices should attempt to keep abreast of what types of assistance are available in the area.) 8\) Energy loans and grants from the Department of Energy. L. ASSESS NON-RENTAL INCOME. 1\) ESTIMATES SHOULD BE CONSERVATIVE. If non-rental income is significantly overstated, rent potential will not be sufficient to cover project operating costs and owner distributions. Use previous year \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-38 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ figures adjusted where solid projections are not available. 2\) Includes income from all source except: 1) apartment rents, 2) facilities and services (such as furniture, air conditioning) provided by the owner to tenants on a voluntary basis and 3) interest earned on funds invested in replacement and residual receipts reserve accounts. To assess reasonableness, compare with income from prior years. a\) Laundry and Concession Income. Include income from laundry facilities (only if they are leased), parking space and leased commercial space in subsidized projects only (see Section 8). Make appropriate adjustments for existing commercial vacancies. b\) Investment Income 1\. Do NOT include security deposit interest that must be paid to tenants or retained in the security deposit account and income that is retained in a painting or replacement reserve or in a residual receipts account. 2\. If the project has large reserve balances and interest income is not shown on the HUD-92410 or the owner\'s budget, ask the owner why the reserves are not invested. While only some projects are required to invest replacement reserves or residual receipts, all projects are encouraged to do so. Paragraph 3 of Mortgagee letter 83-24 tells you which projects must invest and how the interest must be distributed (see Appendix 11). NOTE: Interest income should not be used to reduce expenses for the purpose of granting rent increases. 3\. Other Miscellaneous Income, Do NOT include: \"excess rents\" collected from Section 236 tenants paying above basic rent; (exclude these amounts even if the HUD-93104, Excess Income Report, shows the project is not required to submit excess income to HUD;) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-39 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ late charges or damage charges; (if these are collected, they will generate distributions/residual receipts or cover unexpected costs;) generally, these amounts should be relatively small. The owner must identify the purpose of any sizable amounts, (If these amounts were not classified in accordance with IG Handbook 2000.4, require the owner to properly classify all future expenses.) M. Vacancy Losses on Apartments. Use the vacancy rate that was in effect at final endorsement. Normally, this will be 7 percent or 5 percent, whichever is applicable. Note: There are no vacancy factors for Section 202 projects with 100 percent Section 8. N. Management Fees. Include only the management fee approved in the appropriate HUD-9839, i.e., the fee that is expressed as a percentage of apartment rents/coop carrying charges collected. This applies also to the fees whose yields have been capped under paragraph 2-34, HUD Handbook 4381.5. If a fee percentage will change during the budget period, use a percentage that represents the weighted average of the fee percentages that will be in effect during the year covered by the budget. O. General Operating Reserve (GOR). (THIS APPLIES ONLY TO COOPERATIVES.) While GOR deposits are always a percentage of the carrying charges, the percent varies between 0 and 3 percent according to the GOR balances. To determine the GOR deposit requirements for the year covered by the budget, use the carrying charge potential now in effect and the instructions in paragraph 2-21(B)(2)(a) of Handbook 4370.1. P. Contingency for Non-profit Owners. A 2 percent contingency reserve is required for projects owned by non-profits and those projects once owned by non-profit but which have been sold to limited dividend partnerships. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-40 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-31. Quality Control. In order to encourage uniform policy, Branch Chiefs/Supervisors should try as much as is possible to inform their staffs of: any proposed increases in property taxes, payroll taxes, and utility rates; the percentage of any inflationary increases that should be allowed for supplies, etc.; and any property tax abatements for which different types of projects are eligible. When reviewing the administrative process Supervisor/Branch Chief should consider the following. A. The servicer\'s comments should be consistent with other information - e.g., project conditions, recent servicing actions taken on this project, tenant comments, the Field Office\'s experience with this agent? B. Are the servicer\'s comments dated and firmly attached to the Rent Computation Worksheet? Do the servicer\'s comments: explain any significant differences between the owner\'s and the servicer\'s income, expense or utility allowance estimates? Do they adequately support the servicer\'s projections? C. Are all staff making the same projections as to increases in property taxes, utility rates, and other expenses? D. Does the servicer\'s decision letter identify: any physical improvements for which operating funds were budgeted for in the Rent Increase Budget Worksheet; or any special conditions imposed on the owner in conjunction with approval of the rent increase request? E. Evaluate the rent increase\'s or utility allowance adjustment\'s impact on any tenant-based subsidy contract? Are funds available in the current contract? If not, has action been initiated to obtain the necessary funding? SECTION 6. COMPUTING RENT POTENTIAL AND UTILITIES 7-32. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE MONTHLY RENT POTENTIAL. To compute the maximum allowable rent potential, select the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-41 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ appropriate formula from Box A of Rent Computation Worksheet and then complete Box F. In the case of Section 236 Projects, also compute the maximum allowable market rent potential and Market Rent Factor using Box G of the Rent Computation Worksheet. The first time you use the Rent Computation Worksheet for a particular project, use Appendix 4(c) to compute the monthly HUD subsidy. For subsequent rent increases, enter the monthly subsidy you computed on the prior Rent Computation Worksheet. 7-33. NEW MAXIMUM UNIT RENTS. (Section 236 Only.) Where a basic and market rent for each unit type must be computed, spread the monthly rent potential across the different unit types. (Rents may vary by floors if these differentiate were approved at initial endorsement. This can be changed only if HUD and the owner think it necessary.) Follow the procedures in Box H of the Rent Computation Worksheet. The Worksheet\'s procedures give each unit type the same percentage increase in rent. Also, compute new maximum rents, and new maximum market rents. NOTE: The dollar difference between basic rent and market rent should be the same as it was between basic and market rents at final endorsement. 7-34. REVIEW THE OWNER/AGENT ESTIMATE OF NON-RENTAL INCOME. A. Assess the reasonableness of the incomes the owner entered. Compare them with the actual amounts shown on financial statements the project has previously submitted. Note that any over-estimation of these amounts could result in a rent potential insufficient to support both operating expense and owner distributions. Enter in the column the amounts HUD will allow. If these amounts significantly differ from the owner\'s estimates, document why you did not accept the owner\'s estimates. B. Document your reasons for approving other than the owner\'s estimated expense or income. Since the Rent Increase Worksheet does not provide much space for comments, write any comments on a separate sheet of paper. COMMENTS MUST BE DATED, LABELED WITH THE FHA PROJECT NUMBER AND FIRMLY \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-42 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ATTACHED TO THE RENT COMPUTATION WORKSHEET and signed by the Servicer and LMBC. If HUD\'s analysis results in a reduction of the rent level requested the owner/manager must be given on opportunity to support their request prior to HUD approving a rent level. 7-35. DETERMINE THE NEW UTILITY ALLOWANCES. Complete the following steps and then enter the new allowances on the Rent computation Worksheet. A. Review the owner\'s utility analysis and recommended allowances. (See Section 4, paragraph 7-24(A)) for a description of the information the owner must submit.) B. Answer the following questions. 1\) Are the owner\'s comments on recent and proposed rate increases consistent with any information you have obtained from other projects, utility suppliers, news report? 2\) Has the owner appropriately adjusted for recent and planned rate increases? 3\) Has the owner appropriately adjusted consumption estimates to reflect any significant savings likely to result from recent energy conservation effort? C. If the owner\'s analysis does not appear to support the request, discuss your concerns with the owner/agent and request additional information, if needed. KEEP IN MIND THAT BOTH UNDERESTIMATING AND OVERESTIMATING CAN HAVE AN ADVERSE IMPACT. D. You should usually be able to set allowances at the levels recommended by the owner. If you approve utility allowances that deviate from those recommended by the owner, document your reasons for doing so. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-43 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ SECTION 7. NOTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION 7-36. NOTIFYING THE OWNER. Once a decision has been reached on a rent request, the owner should be notified by letter. A. The letter must: 1\) Explain the reasons for your decision to approve the increase or to deny all or part of the increase. The increase approved can be greater than what the owner requested if justified by your analysis. 2\) Identify any project improvements for which funds were budgeted on the Rent Computation Worksheet, e.g., paint exterior of four buildings by Spring. 3\) Confirm the amount and effective date of any revised replacement reserve deposit and complete the HUD 9250. (A recorded amendment to the regulatory agreement is not needed.) Transmit copies of the HUD 9250 to the owner, to the mortgagee and to the Management Agent. 4\) Require owners to give tenants 30 days written notice of any increase in the tenant\'s rent under the terms of the lease. 5\) Remind owners, who are subject to 24 CFR 245\'s tenant comment procedures. to notify tenants of HUD\'s decision. 6\) Require the owner to complete parts A and F of the Form 92458 Rental Schedule reflecting unit rents not to exceed the maximum rent potential authorized, and transmit the original and one copy to HUD for signature. A signed copy will be returned to the owner. B. Send the original letter to the owner and a copy to the Management Agent, unless the owner has requested a different distribution. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-44 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ C. If the mortgage is HUD-held and delinquent, send the following to your desk officer in the Office of Multifamily Housing Management. 1\) Your decision letter; 2\) Rent Schedule; 3\) Rent Computation Worksheet. 7-37. REVIEW THE OWNER\'S SUBMISSION OF THE RENT SCHEDULE (FORM HUD-92458) WHEN THE PROPOSED INCREASE WON\'T EXCEED THE HUD APPROVED GROSS RENT POTENTIAL. A. Proposed rent potential is LESS than or EQUAL to the maximum allowable potential computed on the last Rent Computation Worksheet. The owner should have completed all of the Rent Schedule, except Parts F and I. 1\) Check the accuracy of the owner\'s entries. Be sure: Parts D and E agree with the assumptions you made on the Rent Computation Worksheet regarding non-revenue producing space and commercial space. The effective date is correct. 2\) Enter the Maximum Allowable Potential in Part F. (Obtain this amount from the last Rent Increase Worksheet you completed.) 3\) Sign and date the Rent Schedule in Part I and distribute it as directed in paragraphs 7-36 $B$ and (C) of this section. 7-38. IF THE PROPOSED POTENTIAL EXCEEDS THE MAXIMUM MONTHLY RENT POTENTIAL computed in the last Rent Increase Worksheet, complete columns 3 through 8 of Part A. If the owner will charge the maximum allowable rents, enter the rents computed by the owner in the Rent Increase Worksheet. (NOTE: HUD will prepare the rents by bedroom type in the case of Section 236.) Otherwise, enter the reduced rents you are authorizing the owner to charge. Complete Steps 1, 2 and 3 under the preceding paragraph. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-45 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-39. INCREASE IMPLEMENTATION. Owners may implement HUD approved changes in rents or utility allowances only after they have: complied with tenant notice requirements; and completed any HUD-50059 or HUD 50059 Worksheet required by EXHIBIT 3-4 of Handbook 4350.3, Occupancy Requirements of Subsidized Multifamily Housing Programs. (NOTE: These forms are not required for Section 231 or Section 202 tenants who do NOT receive tenant-based subsidies.) Owners must implement the new utility allowances for all tenants within 75 days after HUD approves them. Owners may NOT stagger implementation to coincide with tenant\'s annual recertifications. If a reduction in utility allowances causes the Tenant Rent to increase, the owner must give the tenant at least 30 days advance written notice of the increase. 7-40. NOTIFYING TENANTS A. All projects. If the rent increase or utility allowance reduction will cause an increase in the Tenant Rent, the owner must give the tenant 30 days advance written notice of the increase. The Notice must specify the new Tenant Rent and the date it will be effective. B. Projects subject to 24 CFR 245\'s Tenant Comment Procedures. The owner must notify tenants of the HUD Field Office decision. The owner\'s Notice must be written and must: 1\) Be distributed in the manner required by Section 2, paragraph 7-7. 2\) Tell tenants what rents and utility allowances HUD has approved, the effectiveness date, and any special conditions HUD imposed on the increase (e.g., completion dates for project improvements required of the management agent). SECTION 8. CHARGES FOR COMMERCIAL-FACILITIES 7-41. Determining Charges. Generally, Field Offices should require owners to set commercial rents at least at levels that will cover the commercial space\'s share of 9/92 7-46 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 project debt service and operating expenses. (Page 1, Part C of Form 92264 shows how the gross square footage is distributed between residential and commercial space.) A. Field Offices may authorized project owners to set commercial rents at less than break-even levels if: 1\. The owner has taken or is taking all reasonable steps to lease the space at market rents or break-even rates and the reduced rates will not jeopardize the financial condition of the project. 2\. The Field Office determines that the proposed use of the space will offer significant benefits to the project and would be more beneficial than other alternatives. B. Field Offices must NOT approve rents that are less than the market rents for comparable space unless it results in other compensatory financial benefits for the project. C. Owners must use either the minimum rents required by paragraph 6a or 6b in Part E of the rent schedule. If the owner is recommending a commercial rent that is less than the market rent for comparable space or less than the rent needed to cover the commercial space\'s share of debt service and operating expenses, the owner must: 1\. Certify whether there is an identity-of-interest relationship between the operating of the commercial space and the owner, the agent or any principal of either the owner or agent; and 2\. Attach the certification of the rent schedule. D. If owners lease commercial space for periods in excess of 1 years, the lease should provide for any rent increase needed to keep rents at the levels required by this paragraph. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-47 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ SECTION 9. CHARGES FOR FACILITIES AND SERVICES 7-42. Facilities and Services Subject to Charge. Owners may NOT charge separately tenants for equipment and services that are included in the rent. Part B of the Rent Schedule lists these services and equipment. A. Owners may offer congregate services only on terms that have been approved by HUD. B. Owners may charge tenants for other services or facilities (e.g., parking see (5) below , cable TV, use of community space in the project) ONLY if ALL of the conditions listed below are met. 1\. The services, facilities and charges have been included in Part C of the most recently approved Rent Schedule. 2\. A schedule of those charges has been posted or distributed to the tenants. 3\. Use of those facilities or services is optional on the part of the tenant. 4\. If not previously authorized the charges must be approved to HUD prior to implementation. 5\. Owners can charge for parking only in unsubsidized projects where HUD previously approved it. The owner can charge for car heaters in both subsidized and unsubsidized projects in cold climates where parking spaces are so equipped. C. All income derived from service and facility charges must be deposited in the project operating account. SECTION 10. PREEMPTION OF LOCAL RENT CONTROL 7-43. INTRODUCTION. For those projects that are subject to State or local Rent Control, CFR 24 Part 246 (Local Rent Control) provides for preemption as follows: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-48 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ A. Subsidized projects are preempted entirely by the regulations in CFR 24, Part 246 - Local Rent Control. B. Unsubsidized projects are preempted under the regulations when the Department determines that the delay or decision of the local rent control Board, or other authority regulating rents pursuant to State or local law jeopardizes the Department\'s economic interest. All requests for HUD preemption of the local Board\'s rent controls must be processed in accordance with the procedures discussed in this section. 7-44. PROJECTS AUTOMATICALLY PREEMPTED. This part applies to all projects with mortgages insured or held by HUD that receive a subsidy in the form of: A. Interest Reduction Payment under Section 236 of National Housing Act. B. Below Market Interest Rates under Section 221(d)(5) of National Housing Act. C. Direct Loans at below-market interest rates under Section 202 of the Housing Act of 1959. D. Rent Supplement Payments under Section 101 of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965. E. Housing Assistance Payments under 24 CFR Part 886. F. Those units in a project receiving Housing Assistance Payments pursuant to a contract under Section 8 of the United States Housing Act of 1937 or Section 23 of the Act, as in effect before January 1, 1975. Units not assisted are not subject to automatic preemption under this part but are covered by paragraph 50 below. 7-45. ACTIONS OWNER MUST TAKE BEFORE SUBMITTING A FORMAL REQUEST FOR PREEXEMPTION OF UNSUBSIDIZED PROJECTS. If an owner decides to request HUD\'s preemption, the owner must first have asked the local rent control Board for whatever relief or redetermination is permitted under State or local law. The owner\'s request must advise \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-49 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the Board of the owner\'s intent to request HUD-preemption, if necessary. When filing the request for relief, the owner must notify the project residents that it intends to request HUD\'s preemption if the Board does not respond to the request within 30 days or renders a decision which is unacceptable to the owner. A. Notice to Residents. The owner\'s Notice must contain all the information in the format shown at Appendix 1. The owner must: (1) hand deliver or mail a copy of the Notice to each resident; and (2) post the Notice in at least three conspicuous places within each high-rise building in which the affected dwelling units are located. The owner must comply with all representations made in the Notice to Residents, and must give residents 30 days to review materials that will be submitted to the preemption request. The owner may post the Notice as soon as it has submitted a request for relief or redetermination to the Board. B. Tenant Review and Comment. Procedures outlined in Section 2 of this chapter are to be followed for tenant comment on preemption applications. C. Notice to HUD. Immediately after distributing and posting the Notice to Residents, the owner must advise HUD that it intends to request HUD\'s preemption of the Board\'s actions. To do so, the owner must provide HUD with copies of all of the materials listed below. 1\) A copy of the Notice to Residents, annotated to show the date(s) the Notice was posted and distributed. 2\) An audited Statement of Profit and Loss (Form HUD-92410) prepared in accordance with HUD Handbook 4370.2 and covering the project\'s most recently ended fiscal year. If more than 4 months have elapsed since the end of the project\'s fiscal year, the owner must also submit, and certify to the accuracy of, an unaudited Form HUD-9410 for the period elapsed since the end of the project\'s last fiscal year. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-50 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3\) A copy of the relief application the owner submitted to the Board with supporting documentation. 4\) A certified statement which provides for Itemization of resident turnover rates and percentages of rent potential lost to vacancies and to nonpayment of rent on occupied units during the period covered by the Forms HUD-92410 and by the fiscal year preceding those periods. Each type of loss and each fiscal period must be reported separately. The following format is suggested: Since end FY Ending FY ending of Last FY \_\_/\_\_/\_\_\_\_ \_\_/\_\_/\_\_\_\_ Number of units vacated \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Percentage of Rent Potential lost to: a\) Vacancies \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% b\) Collection Loss \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% 5\) A certified statement covering known or approved rate or cost increases or decreases during the 12 months preceding the date of the owner\'s Notice to Residents. If such changes did occur, the owner must give the date the changes were or will become effective and the old and new rates and provide documentation for following. a\) Property tax assessment or valuation rates; b\) Utility rates; c\) Employee salaries or benefits; d\) Insurance; e\) Contract for services. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-51 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-46. PROCESSING AN EXEMPTION. The owner/agent shall file a request for approval of an increase in rental charges with HUD and in accordance with procedures detailed in Section 4 of this chapter. The local HUD Office will process the request in accordance with procedures detailed in this chapter. Upon receipt of authorized rents, the owners will comply with the posting requirements detailed in this chapter. 7-47. INITIAL HUD REVIEW FOR COMPLETENESS. Immediately upon receipt of the owner\'s submission, HUD must check the package for completeness. If the submission does not contain all of the information required by paragraph 7-45(C) of this section, HUD must request the missing information from the owner within 48 hours of review. When the submission is complete it will be held on abeyance until the owner submits a formal preemption request. If the materials omitted from the initial submission or any changes to material previously submitted were not previously made available to the project residents, the owner must give residents an additional 30 days to review these materials. 7-48. OWNER\'S FORMAL PREEMPTION REQUEST. After the resident comment period has expired and the owner has evaluated any resident comments received, the owner may submit a formal request for HUD preemption. The request to HUD should include all of the materials listed below. A. Copies of all of the written comments the residents submitted to the owner; B. The owner\'s evaluation of the resident\'s comments; C. The Board\'s decision and a statement as to the insufficiency of the funds or a statement from the owner certifying that a decision from the Board has not been received; D. The owner\'s certification that: 1\) The Notice to Residents required by paragraph 7-45(A) of this section was give as required. 2\) The owner has taken reasonable steps to assure that: (a) the substance of the Notice \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-52 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has been conveyed to each resident household; and (b) the posted notices were maintained intact and in legible form for the full resident comment period; 3\) Copies of the materials submitted in support of the preemption request were located in a place reasonably convenient to residents during normal business hours and at least one evening a week during business hours; 4\) Requests by residents to inspect such materials, as provided for in the Notice, were honored; and 5\) Copies of all comments received for the residents were considered and are being transmitted to HUD. E. A cover letter which is signed by the owner and includes a statement that \"under the penalties and provisions of Title 18 U.S.C. Section 1001, the statements contained in this application and its attachments have been examined by me and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, are true, correct and complete.\" 7-49. EVALUATING THE FORMAL REQUEST. HUD must determine if the owner\'s package includes all of the information required by the previous paragraph and must request any missing materials from the owner. HUD must carefully review any residents comments, the owner\'s analysis of those comments and any Board decision already received. After reviewing those materials, HUD must within 10 days determine what rent levels are necessary to operate the project. A. If the rent levels computed by the Field Office are greater than those permitted by the local Board or if the local Board has not yet rendered a decision on the owner\'s request for relief, the Field Office must discuss the project\'s needs with the Rent Control Board. If the Field Office and Board are able to reach agreement on a rent level, the Field Office should confirm the agreement in writing and provide the Board and the owner a copy of the agreement. If the Board and the Field \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-53 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office cannot reach agreement on a rent level, the Field Office must forward the case to the Office of Multifamily Housing Management in Headquarters. The Field Office must clearly explain both its own and the Board\'s positions and recommend what action Headquarters should take. The Office of Multifamily Housing Management will review the case and the issue a decision establishing the maximum rent level the owner may charge. HUD Headquarters will send copies of its decision to all parties \-- the HUD Field Office, the owner and the Board. B. If the rent potential computed by the Field Office is less than the potential authorized by the Board, the Field Office must give the owner a letter specifying the maximum monthly rent potential the Field Office will approve. The Field Office must send a copy of the letter to the Board and to the Office of Multifamily Housing Management in Headquarters. NOTE: If the owner receives the Board\'s decision after filing its preemption request with HUD, the owner immediately notify HUD that a decision has been received and must forward a copy of the Board\'s decision. 7-50. OWNER IMPLEMENTATION OF HUD\'S DECISION ON PREEMPTION. The owner must notify residents of HUD\'s final decision on the preemption request. The owner\'s notice must be: $a$ hand delivered or mailed to each residents; and (b) posted in at least three conspicuous places within each structure in which the affected units arc located. The owner\'s notice must convey HUD\'s reasons for approval or disapproval of the preemption request. The owner may implement the HUD approved rent levels only after giving the project residents at least 30 days written notice of the increase and complying with any other applicable terms of the tenants\' leases. 7-51. PREEMPTION OF RENT CONTROL BOARD\'S LEASE REQUIREMENTS. Some rent control Boards specify minimum lease terms which are in excess of one year. If HUD decides to preempt the Board\'s rent controls and it will take the project more than 60 days to reach the rent levels \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-54 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ authorized by HUD, HUD will preempt the local Board\'s requirements on minimum lease terms. Until the project is charging the HUD approved rent potential, the owner may not offer residents leases with terms in excess of one year. SECTION 11. PROCEDURES FOR APPEALING BUDGETED RENT INCREASE ADJUSTMENTS 7-52. LEVELS OF APPEAL. There are only two levels of appeal. The first level of appeal is to the HUD Field Office which issured the contested decision. This level of appeal is at least on administrative level above the level which made the final decision on the owner\'s original submission. (For example, if the rent adjustment letter is signed by the Loan Management Specialist then the next level of appeal is the Branch Chief). The final level of appeal is to the Director, Regional Office of Housing, for the office having jurisdiction over the property. 7-53. IMPLEMENTATION. Owners are permitted to delay implementation of rent changes while the HUD Field Office/Contract Administrator is processing the appeal. 7-54. TENANT NOTIFICATION. Rents resulting from the appeal will be implemented as follows: A. Projects with 100 percent Section 8 Since Section 8 tenants are not affected by the increase in gross rents, there is no need for the normal 30-day notification period accorded market rate tenants. Owners may bill HUD for the new Section 8 rents on the next regular billing cycle under that contract. They must also comply with Handbook HUD-4350.3, Occupancy Requirements of Subsidized Multifamily Housing Programs, Exhibit 3-4 by completing a new form HUD-50059 and appropriate worksheet. B. Projects Subject to 24 CFR 245 Tenant Comment Procedures Owners may implement HUD approved changes in rents only after they have complied with tenant notice requirements and completed any HUD-50059 or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-55 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ equivalent worksheet required by Handbook HUD-4350.3, Exhibit 3-4. See page 7-46 of this Handbook. C. All other Projects If the appeal results in an increase to the Tenant Rent, the owner must give the tenant 30 days advance written notice of the increase. The Notice must specify the new Tenant Rent and date it will be effective. 7-55. INITIAL APPEAL TO FIELD OFFICE A. ALL PROJECTS. The appeal must be in writing and postmarked within 30 days of the date of the rental rate adjustment decision letter. It must, at a minimum, include: 1\) A letter explaining why the owner disagrees with our decision and stating the rents being sought in the appeal 2\) All information required in the initial submission in accordance with Chapter 7, Section 4, Paragraph 7-22 of this Handbook. B. Projects Subject to Title 24 CFR 245\'s Tenant Comment Procedures If the owner makes any material change in any documents submitted in the initial submission, it no longer constitutes an appeal, but is now a new rent increase request and must comply with this handbook chapter. 7-56. FINAL APPEAL. If the owner does not agree with the initial appeal decision, the owner may submit a final appeal to the Director, Regional Office of Housing. The owner may, but is not required to, implement the rent adjustments while the final appeal is being processed. After the final decision is made, if that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-56 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 decision results in a rent increase, the tenants must be given a 30 day notice before the new rents are effective. A. The final appeal must be in writing and postmarked within 30 days of the date of the initial appeal decision letter. B. The owner must send the Director, Regional Office of Housing, the following: 1\) A copy of the original decision letter, accompanied by any supporting documentation sent with the original request or involved in the original decision 2\) A copy letter explaining why the owner disagrees with the decision on the initial appeal C. The owner must also send a copy of the letter required in Item B-2 above to the Field Office/Contract Administrator. D. The owner may request a meeting with the Regional Director of Housing, but such a meeting must be requested and completed during the 30 day final appeal period. E. The Regional Office will process the appeal within 30 days. The owner may, but is not required to, implement rent adjustments while the Region reviews the appeal. When the Regional Office issues a decision on the final appeal, rents must be implemented as previously described under Paragraph 7-54. 7-57. FURTHER APPEAL. Any decision rendered by the Regional Director of Housing will be final and will not be subject to further appeal above that level. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-57 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Subpart D \-- Procedures for Requesting Approval of an Increase in Maximum Permissible Rents \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-58 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing, HUD 245.315 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-59 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 245.320 24 CFR Ch. II (4-1-92 Edition) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-60 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing, HUD 245.410 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-61 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 245.415 24 CFR Ch. II (4-1-92 Edition) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-62 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing, HUD 245.435 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-63 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 245.505 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-64 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ OWNER\'S CERTIFICATION AS TO COMPLIANCE WITH TENANT COMMENT PROCEDURES IN 24 CFR 245 (FORMERLY IN 24 CFR 401) FHA or Non-Insured Project Name \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Project No.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Acting on behalf of\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the Project Owner, I certify that project management has taken ALL of the actions listed bellow. 1\) Distributed a Notice to Tenants, in the forms and manner required by 24 CFR 245.310 and 245.410. (24 CFR 245.410 applies only if a reduction in utility allowances is proposed.) 2\) Took reasonable steps to assure that any posted Notices remained intact and in legible form for the full comment period required by 24 CFR 245. 3\) Made all materials submitted to justify the increase available during normal business hours in a place reasonably convenient to project residents. 4\) Honored any resident\'s request to inspect those materials. 5\) Reviewed and evaluated all comments received from project residents or their authorized representatives. 6\) Examined all materials submitted to HUD/the State Agency in support of the rent increase request. I also certify, that all information submitted with my rent increase request is true, correct and complete. WARNING: 18 U.S.C. 1001 provides, among other things, that whoever knowingly and willingly makes or uses a document or writing containing any, false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry, in any matter within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States, shall be fined not more than \$10,000 or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both. Signed by: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Name \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Title \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Signature Date \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-65 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 3 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ CERTIFICATION AS TO PURCHASING PRACTICES AND REASONABLENESS OF EXPENSES FHA or Non-insured Project Name\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Project No. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Acting on behalf of, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the Project Owner, I certify that ALL of the following statements are true. 1\) The project is obtaining utilities at the lowest rates available. 2\) The project has received or requested any tax relief for which it is eligible and management has analyzed the project\'s property tax bills and appealed any assessments which appeared unreasonable. 3\) Amounts paid to individuals or companies having an identity-of-interest with the owner or the management agent were not excess of the costs that would have been incurred in making arms-length purchases on the open market. 4\) Management has exerted reasonable effort to take advantage of discounts and has credited the project with all discounts, rebates or commissions received with respect to purchases, service contracts and other transactions made on behalf of the project. 5\) Management has obtained contracts, materials, supplies and services, including the preparation of the annual audit, on terms most advantageous to the project and at costs not in excess of amounts ordinarily paid for comparable contracts, materials, supplies and services in the area in which such services, supplies, or materials are furnished. 6\) Management has solicited verbal or written cost estimates, as necessary to comply with the Paragraphs 3 through 5 above. Management has documented the reasons for accepting other than the lowest bid and will make the documentation available to HUD, upon request. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-66 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 3 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ WARNING: o 18 U.S.C. 1001 provides, among other things, that whoever knowingly and willingly makes or uses a document or writing containing any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry, in any matter within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States, shall be fined not more than \$10,000 or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both. o 12 U.S.C. 1715z-4 provides in part: \"Whoever, as an owner of a property which is security for a mortgage (covering multifamily housing, as defined in the regulations of the Secretary) or as a stockholder beneficial owner \... trust \... or as an officer, director or agent of any such owner (1) willfully uses or authorizes use of any part of the rents or other funds derived from the property covered by such mortgage in violation of a regulation \... (2) willfully and knowingly uses or authorizes the use, while such mortgage is in default, of any part of the rents or expense \... shall be fined not more than \$5,000 or imprisoned not more than 3 years or both Signed by: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Name Title \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Signature Date \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-67 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ RENT INCREASE BUDGET WORKSHEET-RENT INCREASE SPREAD SHEET INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETION A. Instructions for Rent Increase Spread Sheet: 1\. Enter the following: a\. Project Name; b\. FHA #; c\. Management Agent - if managed by Property Management Agent; d\. Percentage fee or PUPM Cap. Agent certification contains authorized percent fee or PUPM Cap. 2\. If Applicable, complete the Rent Structure-current and proposed and compute monthly potential. B. Income and Expense Projections 1\. Enter Actual Expenses for prior FY in column 1. 2\. Enter Expense from current FY to date and number of months covered. (Do not annualized) in column 2. 3\. Enter Budget Projections in column 3. 4\. Cash Requirements provides for entry of the following payments. 1\) Mortgage (principal) 2\) Reserve for Replacement 3\) Painting Reserve 4\) Distribution 5\) Other - Cash expenditures no expended. a\) Capital expenditures b\) Other Reserves NOTE - Account codes should parallel those on the HUD-92410. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-68 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ SAMPLE Owner Explanation of Income and Expense Estimates 6210 - Advertising and Renting Expense. This includes: 1) \$200 for periodic ads in local newspaper; and 2) the cost of credit reports on new applicants. 6351 - Bookkeeping Payroll and Services. Includes this project\'s share of centralized accounting operation. Costs are prorated over all of the 20 projects managed by our agent, Professional Management, Inc. Costs are prorated according to each project\'s relative volume of transactions. 6310 - Clerical and Occupancy Salaries. Includes one-fourth of one occupancy clerk\'s time. Occupancy clerk also works for XYZ Apartments and Evergreen Apartments. 6311 - Office Supplies. Projects a 4 percent inflationary increase over the prior year\'s actual expense. 6330 - Manager\'s Salary. Includes manager\'s salary plus contract rent on a 2-bedroom apartment. As payroll schedule shows, manager will receive a \$100 per month increase for cost-of-living and performance bonuses. 6340 - Legal. This represents retainer for an attorney who handles all routine project matters. This is less than last year\'s actual expense. Last year, a larger than usual number of evictions were required because of the former agent\'s failure to effectively screen applicants. That agent was removed 6 months ago. 6350 - Auditing. Represents the contract price for the annual audit required by Handbook 2000.4. After obtaining proposals from two other firms, we executed a contract with Jones and Smith, Inc. Their bid was \$1,200 less than the other bids and we understand that HUD Field Offices have found their work acceptable. 6360 - Telephone and Answering Services. Includes local telephone service and answering service for evenings and Sunday. Allows for \$15 per month increase in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-69 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ answering service, effective November 1, and \$5 increase in base telephone service rate. 6390 - Miscellaneous Administrative. Last year\'s actual. 6450 - Electricity. Reflects 4 percent rate increase and 5 percent decrease in consumption because are described in our cover letter. NOTE: Utility company has requested a 6 percent increase. Since the Commissioner usually approves only about 2/3 of the requested rate, we are budgeting for only a 4 percent increase. We are assuming that the increase will become effective February 1, 1986, the date requested by the utility company. 6451 - Water. This is a 10 percent decrease over last fiscal year\'s actual costs. While not rate changes are expected, consumption should decline somewhat. Last year\'s consumption was increased by: 1) drought conditions; and 2) watering of newly seeded lawns. 6452 - Gas. Reflects 5 percent rate increase that has been approved by the utility commission and will become effective December 1985. 6453 - Sewer. Represents a 10 percent decrease from last year\'s actual. Sewer expense is one third of the water expense is expected to decrease for reasons discussed above. 6545 - Elevator. Cost of service contract with Elevators, Inc. This amount was the lowest of the three bids we obtained last Spring. 6510 - Janitorial and Cleaning. Last year\'s actual, plus 4 percent inflationary increase. 6570 - Motor Vehicle. Last year\'s actual. 6519 - Exterminating. Project\'s contract with Bug-Off provides for one visit per month at cost of \$100 each. This amount was \$10 higher per visit than other proposals but we accepted this proposal because contractor\'s performance over past 3 years has been excellent. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-70 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 6525 - Trash Removal. Contract rate increased by \$30 to \$380/month, effective last May. This increase is partly reflected in the partial year\'s HUD-92410 and fully reflected in the budget. Trash is removed twice a week. 6530 - Security. Cost of new deadbolt locks for 15 units on Evans Street. There have been several break-ins at single family homes near that side of the project. We also have asked the police department to increase patrols in that area. 6537 - Grounds. Contract with Evergreen Grounds covers supplies and labor at \$6,000/year. Contract expires in December 1986. 6560 - Decorating and Interior Painting. Represents cost of repainting 12 units. Apartments of long-term residents are repainted every 4 years. Replacement reserves will pay for any needed drapery or carpet replacement. 6541 - Repairs Materials. Represents last year\'s repairs plus a 4 percent inflationary increase. None of the prior period\'s repair expenses were reimbursed out of replacement reserves; all were routine repairs. 6540 - Repairs Payroll. Includes; a) salary expense for two maintenance men at rates shown in the attached payroll schedule; and b) a 50 percent discount on one maintenance men\'s rent. 6710 - Property Taxes. The county has increased the assessed value by 5 percent; tax rate in unchanged. Two years ago, we successfully appealed the county\'s calculation of the project\'s assessed value. At that time, the calculation has used incorrect assumptions on income and expense levels. Since the new, increased assessed value used the revised assumptions agreed to in the appeal, we are accepting the assessed value as accurate. 6711 - Payroll Taxes. Budgeted at 11 percent (6.7 percent FICA, 4.3 percent combined State and Federal unemployment) of salaries listed in the attached \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-71 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ payroll schedule. Increased cost is due to cost-of-living increases in employee\'s base pay. 6719 Miscellaneous Taxes and License. Includes local licensing fees for project elevators. 6720 Property and Liability Insurance. Cost of an all-risk policy with Safeguard, Inc. 6722 Workmen Compensation. Policy covers all of agent\'s employees. This is project\'s prorated share of the total cost of the policy; the proration covers the employees listed on the attached payroll schedule. Replacement Reserve. Includes \$15 PUM increase in monthly deposits to be implemented with this rent increase. Deposits have not been increased since project commenced occupance in 1978. Attached is an Agreement formalizing this increase in deposits. Project Improvements. Includes one-fourth of the cost of painting the project exterior. (Future exterior painting costs will be paid from the replacement reserve. Costs of exterior painting were considered in establishing the new deposit.) Service Income. Average of actual income for last 2 years. Laundry machines are leased from Wash and Dry, Incorporated. Income has consistently stayed at this level. Investment Income. \$6,000 to the \$48,000 replacement reserve (balance as of May 31, 1985) will be withdrawn for roof repairs. The remaining \$42,000 will be invested as follows: \$34,000 in Treasury Notes at 9.24 percent. \$8,000 in insured money market account at 8.5 percent. NOTE: All replacement reserve interest is deposited in the project operating account. State law requires that interest earned on tenant security deposits be passed through to tenants. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-72 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Vacancy Loss. Decreased from prior year because we expect new agent to reduce tenant turnover and more aggressively market units. Management Fees. Will request a one-half percent increase in fees, effective March 1, 1983, if new agent performs as expected. Agent has already made significant progress in turning the project around. NOTE: Line items should reference the specific HUD-92410 Account Code. Where the increase is less that 5 percent, no justification is required. Capital expenditures should not be included in 92410 line item Budget but in other Cash expense. If the rent increase is based on capital expenditures (non-reoccurring) a reserve analysis should be included. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-73 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4c \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Original Interest Rate on Mortgage \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 6.75% 7.00% 7.25% 7.50% 7.75% 8.00% 8.25% 8.50% \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 40 4.7021 4.9192 5.1383 5.3594 5.5821 5.8067 6.0328 6.2604 35 4.5639 4.7735 4.9851 5.1987 5.4141 5.6314 5.8054 6.0711 30 4.4152 4.6160 4.8189 5.0237 5.2303 5.4389 5.6492 5.8613 25 4.2560 4.4469 4.6397 4.8343 5.0307 5.2290 5.4290 5.6307 20 4.0864 4.2662 4.4476 4.6307 4.8155 5.0019 5.1898 5.3794 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-74 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4d \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [Budget Worksheet](http://www.hud.gov/utilities/intercept.cfm?/offices/adm/hudclips/forms/files/92547-a.pdf) Income and Expense Projections \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-75 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 4d \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-76 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ RENT COMPUTATION WORKSHEET INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETION A. Enter the following 1\. Project Name. 2\. FHA Number. 3\. Management Agent. 4\. Management Fee - Enter percent or PUPM Fee if capped \- Information can be obtained from Management Certification. 5\. Initial Mortgage - For 236\'s 221(d)(3) and 202\'s. 6\. Replacement Cost for 221(d)(4)\'s, 207 and 231\'s. 7\. Modified Mortgage - If modified indicate YES and enter Debt Service (P & I and MIP). 8\. Under workout - If project under workout enter YES and workout Payment and ending date. 9\. Initial Equity - Enter for 236\'s and 221(d)(3) only. 10\. Debt Service Rate - Enter for 221(d)(3)\'s, 207\'s, 221(d)(4)\'s, 231\'s and 202\'s. B. Compute the following 1\. Box A - Substitute requested valves and compute Debt Service that will be allowed a\) Use formula that pertains to specific section of Act. b\) Deregulated projects under alternative mechanism insure you enter appraised Replacement Cost. c\) 207\'s, 221(d) (4) and 231\'s not deregulated add 2 percent mortgage to Replacement Cost. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-77 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2\. Box B - Compute allowed return or income Reserve for 236\'s and 221(d)(3). a\) Non-profit projects transferred to limited dividend use Income Reserve computation not distribution computation. 3\. Total Cash needs less Management - Box C. a\) Enter allowed amounts from Rent Increase Budget Worksheet less Management. b\) Enter Funding to Reserve that will be authorized. c\) Enter computed Debt Services. d\) Enter computed return or Income Reserve. 4\. Management/Vacancy Factor, Box D - If Fee is not capped factor equals (1 - Mortgage Fee) x(1 - Vacancy). If Fee is capped factor equals (1 - Vacancy). 5\. Compute Authorized Monthly Rent Potential, Box E and F a\) Rent Potential (includes other Income) equals total cash (Box E) divided by Mortgage/Vacancy Factor (Box D). b\) Authorized Potential equals Rent Potential less other Income. 1\) Other Income equals commercial income and garage/parking and laundry. 2\) Monthly potential equals Authorized Potential divided by 12. 3\) Percentage Increase equals (Authorized Potential less Current Potential) divided by Current Potential. 6\. Market Rent Potential, Box G - (236\'s only) a\) Compute annual HUD subsidy (See Attachment \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_). \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-78 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ b\) New Market Potential equals new Authorized Potential plus HUD subsidy. c\) Market Rent Ratio equals new Market Potential divided by new Authorized Potential. 7\. Unit Rent Computations, Box H a\) Authorized Rent levels - for each unit type multiply current unit rent by percent increase. b\) Market Rate (236 projects only) multiply Authorized Rent times Market Rent Ratio. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-79 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ RENT COMPUTATION WORKSHEET PROJECT NAME \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ FHA #\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ DATE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ MANAGEMENT AGENT \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ FEE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Capped Y/N)\_\_ MORTGAGE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ REPLACEMENT COST \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (236, 221(d)(3) and 202) OR APPRAISED VALUE (207, 221(d)(4), 231) MODIFIED MORTGAGE (Y/N) \_\_\_\_\_\_ UNDER WORKOUT (Y/N) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (If yes) Debt service \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ If yes w/o Payment \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (P & I & MIP) Ending Date \_\_\_/\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_ INITIAL EQUITY \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ DEBT SERVICE RATE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (If NP, Total Initial Equity = 0) (Line 5d 2264A) 236 & 221(d)(3) ONLY) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX A DEBT SERVICE COMPUTATION \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 236 = Mortgage x .03034273 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 221(d)(3) = Mortgage x Debt Service Rate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 207/231 = Replacement Cost x Debt Service Rate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Replacement Cost is new appraised cost) 202/207/221/231 = (Replacement Cost + Working Capital) x Debt Service Rate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Projects not deregulated) Working Capital = 2 percent mortgage \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-80 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX B DISTRIBUTION COMPUTATION \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 236/221(d)(3) = Initial Equity x .06 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 207/231/221(d)(4) = Allowance calculated in conjunction with Debt Service INCOME RESERVE (NON-PROFITS) 236 NP = Mortgage Payment x .06393 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 221(d)(3) NP = Mortgage Payment x .05263 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX C RENT POTENTIAL COMPUTATION Allowed Expenses \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ less Management (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) Plus Reserves \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Debt Service \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Return/Net Income Reserve \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Total Cash less Management \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX D MANAGEMENT/VACANCY FACTOR Authorized Management Fee \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% (1) Allowed Vacancy Percent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (5% or 7%) Factor = (1 - Management Fee) x (1 - Vacancy) $1$ PUPM Cap (Y/N) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ If yes Fee = 0 Allowed PUPM \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX E RENT POTENTIAL = Total Cash divided by Factor (Box D above) (No PUPM Cap) RENT POTENTIAL (PUPM Cap) = Total Cash/Factor + (PUPM Management Fee x 12 x Number of Units) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-81 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX F 1\. RENT POTENTIAL \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2\. Less Other Income (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) 3\. Authorized Potential \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4\. Monthly Potential (Authorized Potential/12) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5\. Percent Increase (Authorized Potential - Current Potential divided by Current Potential \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX G MARKET RENT POTENTIAL (236\'s ONLY) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Annual Subsidy (Interest Reduction Payment) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Authorized Annual Rent Potential (BOX F) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ New Annual Market Rent Potential \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Market Rent Ratio (New Annual Market Rent Potential Divided by Authorized Annual Rent Potential BOX F ) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ BOX H UNIT RENT COMPUTATIONS \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Unit type \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Current Unit Rent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 1 + % Increase \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Authorized Unit Rent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-82 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ MARKET RENT (236 ONLY) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Authorized Unit Rent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Market Ratio \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ New Market Rent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ UTILITY ALLOWANCES \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Current Utility Allowances \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Approved Utility Allowances \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-83 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 6 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ REQUEST TO INCREASE MONTHLY REPLACEMENT RESERVE DEPOSITS PROJECT NAME \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ MORTGAGEE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ FHA OR NON-INSURED PROJECT NUMBER \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ I hereby request an increase in the monthly deposits to the Replacement Reserve/Painting from the current amount as of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Attached is the Reserve Analysis in support of this request. Signed by: OWNER \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ NAME \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ TITLE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ SIGNATURE DATE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-84 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 7 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ AMENDMENT TO REGULATORY AGREEMENT FOR SECTION 220 AND 221(d) (4) PROJECTS (FORMS 92466) 4\. (a) The owner shall not rent the units for a period of less than thirty (30) days. Commercial facilities shall be rented for such use and upon such terms as determined by the owner. Subleasing of dwelling accommodations, except for subleases of single dwelling accommodations by the tenant thereof, shall be prohibited without prior written approval of the owner and the Secretary and any lease shall so provide. Upon discovery of any unapproved sublease, owner shall immediately demand cancellation and notify the Secretary thereof. \* (For projects constructed for family use and do not have a Section 8 Contract.) $b$ Owners may charge to and receive from any tenant such amounts as from time to time may be mutually agreed upon between the tenant and the owner for any rental accommodations, facilities and/or services which may be furnished by the Owner or others to such tenant upon his request. \* (For projects constructed exclusively for handicapped tenants or who receive assistance under Section 8.) $b$ Owners may charge to and receive from any tenant such amounts as from time to time may be mutually agreed upon between the tenant and owner for accommodations. Tenants receiving Section 8 assistance shall have their rents determined by the HAP Contract. No charge shall be made, however, for facilities or services without the approval of the Secretary. $c$ In the event the project is under jurisdiction of a local rent control law or ordinance and the owner desires the Secretary to preempt those controls, the owner shall comply with applicable regulations or instructions in effect at the time of application or preemption, currently 24 CFR Part 246, Subpart B. \* Delete the paragraph which does not pertain to the project at hand. Do not delete paragraphs (a) and (b). Your choice is limited to (b). \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-85 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 8 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ REGULATORY AGREEMENT AMENDMENT FOR MORTGAGES LIMITED DISTRIBUTION PROJECT 1\. Subparagraph \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 6(e)(1) in Form 92466, or its counterpart of the Regulatory Agreement dated \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in connection with FHA Project No.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is hereby amended to read as follows: $e$ Make, or receive and retain, any distribution of assets or any income of any kind of the project except surplus cash and except on the following conditions: $1$ All distributions shall be made only as of and after the end of a semiannual or annual fiscal period, and only as permitted by the law of the applicable jurisdiction; all distributions in any one fiscal year shall be limited to 1/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ per centum on the initial equity investment, as determined by the Secretary which shall be cumulative; 2\. The Regulatory Agreement is further amended by adding a new paragraph at the end of the Regulatory Agreement (i.e. #18 in Form 2466) as follows: $18$ Owners shall establish and maintain, in addition to the Reserve Fund for Replacements, a Residual Receipts Fund by depositing thereto, with the mortgagee, the Residual Receipts within 60 days after the end of the semi-annual or annual fiscal period within which such receipts are realized. Residual receipts shall be disbursed only at the direction of the Secretary, who shall have the power and authority to direct that the residual receipts, or any part thereof, be used for such purposes as the Secretary may determine. The term \"residual receipts\" means any cash remaining at the end of a semi-annual or annual fiscal period after deducting from surplus cash the amount of distribution as limited by paragraph 6(e) hereof. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-86 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 9 ADDENDUM TO REGULATORY AGREEMENT AND/OR CORPORATE CHARTER FOR 207, 223(f), 608, 213 RENTAL, 234 RENTAL, 803, 810, 231(c)4 OR OWNERS OF 220 OR 221(D) (4) PROJECTS WHOSE OWNERS CHOOSE THE ALTERNATE METHOD Paragraph \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the Regulatory Agreement (Corporate Charter) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ dated in connection with FHA Project No. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is hereby amended by adding the following: As an alternative to the determination of rents by the Secretary based on increases in taxes and operating and maintenance costs, the owner may request and the Secretary shall approve rent levels determined by the owner, provided that: 1\. The owner submits a certified appraisal of the property as a rental project. 2\. The owner provided a schedule of proposed unit rents and gross potential income. 3\. The owner for the initial determination shall provide an appraisal conducted by a licensed appraiser of the property (based on its use as residential rental property) which includes a rental analysis of comparable conventionally financed rental properties in the area and which shows the proposed rent. For subsequent submissions, the owner may use a qualified appraiser, a certified public accountant, or a certified member of a national housing management organization to perform the rental analysis. 4\. The owner agrees that if any units in a project are assisted under the United States Housing Act of 1937, the determination of rent levels for those units receiving such assistance shall be processed in accordance with the applicable section of that Act. 5\. Upon request by the owner, and provided there are no violations of this agreement, the Secretary shall approve rental rates based on the lesser of the following methods: A\) By using the sum of the operating costs as determined by the Secretary and the amount derived by multiplying \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-87 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 9 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the debt service factor by the projects\' appraised market value as residential rental property to determine the approved Gross Potential Rent; or B\) By using the comparable rents for similar conventionally financed projects to determine the Gross Potential Rents allowed. 6\. The owner agrees that in the event the alternative method of maximum rent determination is requested pursuant to 24 CFR 207.19(e)(2)(ii), which results in the project being or becoming subject to local rent control and, further, that should preemption of those controls be requested, he/she must fully comply with applicable regulations in effect at the time of the request \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-88 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ PART 246 \-- LOCAL RENT CONTROL [24 CFR Ch. II (4-1-92 Edition)](http://www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-89 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing, HUD 246.7 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-90 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 246.8 24 CFR Ch. II (4-1-92 Edition) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-91 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing, HUD 246.10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 246.11 24 CFR Ch. II (4-1-92 Edition) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-93 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 10 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing, HUD 246.31 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-94 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Mortgagee Letter 83-24 October 25, 1983 MEMORANDUM FOR: ALL APPROVED MORTGAGEES ATTENTION: Multifamily Mortgagees FROM: W. Calvert Brand, General Deputy Assistant Secretary SUBJECT: Requirements for multifamily Insured Projects 1\. Property Insurance Requirements 2\. Increases in Replacement Reserve Deposits 3\. Investment of Replacement Reserves and Residual Receipts 4\. Distribution of Form HUD-9807, Request for Termination of Multifamily Mortgage Insurance 1\. Clarification of Property Insurance Requirements. 24 CFR 207.260(c) requires that all projects encumbered by FHA insured mortgages must carry hazard insurance policies which meet the requirements of the Federal Housing Commissioner. Since those regulations also make mortgagees responsible for monitoring the adequacy of the coverage and for obtaining insurance when mortgagors fail to do so, several mortgage companies have asked the Department to clarify its insurance requirements for multifamily projects. That clarification follows. Section 207.10 of the Regulations requires that multifamily projects carry a fire and extended coverage insurance policy in an amount that meets the coinsurance requirements of the insurer and is at least equal to 80 percent of the actual cash value of the project\'s insurable improvements and equipment. These insurance requirements apply as long as the mortgage is insured by HUD and regardless of the unpaid principal balance of the mortgage. To determine the amount of insurance required at project completion, mortgagees must use the estimate of insurable value shown in construction costs that have occurred since project completion. After the first year of project operation, HUD will consider insurance coverage to be adequate if the insurance coverage met the insurer\'s coinsurance requirements at the time the policy was issued and: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-95 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ $a$ the policy is endorsed with an agreed amount clause in which the insurer acknowledges the adequacy of the insurance coverage and agrees not to invoke any coinsurance penalty; $b$ the insurer annually certifies that the insurance coverage meets its coinsurance requirements; or $c$ the mortgagor/the insurance agent/the mortgagee annually correctly recomputes the project\'s insurable value by applying cost factors published in one of the nationally recognized building cost indices and insurance coverage is increased to 8096 (or any higher percentage required by the insurer\'s coinsurance clause) of the revised insurable value. If the mortgagor refuse to pay any higher premiums associated with required increases in insurance coverage, the mortgagee must pay the additional premiums and bill the mortgagor for those premiums. 2\. Increase in Monthly Deposits to the Reserve for Replacements. All projects subject to the replacement reserve provisions of the revised Section 8 New Construction or Substantial Rehabilitation regulations must increase their monthly deposits to the replacement reserve annually by the percentage amount of the annual adjustment approved for that project. The revised regulations apply to all older Section 8 projects whose owners voluntarily opted to be bound by those regulations and, except as noted below, all insured and non-insured projects for which Agreements to Enter Into Housing Assistance Payments Contracts (AHAPs) were executed on or after November 5, 1979 for New Construction projects or February 20, 1980 for Substantial Rehabilitation projects. The replacement reserve requirements of the revised Section 8 regulations do not apply to previously HUD-owned projects sold pursuant to Section 886 (Subpart C). partially assisted projects, or Section 202/8 projects. While HUD regulations do not require increases in deposits on other projects, regulatory agreements on insured and HUD-held projects do authorized HUD Field staff to approve changes in the amounts of the monthly deposits. When processing rental increases, HUD staff will analyze the adequacy of the deposits and suggest that owners increase the deposits if the increases are needed to meet replacement needs of the project. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-96 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Whenever deposits are increased pursuant to either of the two preceding paragraphs, the Field Office will send the mortgagee fee a Form HUD-9250, Reserve for Replacements Authorization. This Form will specify the amount and effective date of the new deposit. 3\. Investment of Reserves for Replacements and Residual Receipts. a\. Replacement Reserves. The revised Section 8 regulations require that projects subject to those regulations invest the Reserve for Replacements. While HUD regulations do not mandate that other projects invest their Replacement Reserves, HUD encourages owners to do so as prudent investment can offset inflationary increases in repair costs and enhance a project\'s financial condition. If an owner elects to invest the Replacement Reserve, the Mortgagee\'s Certificate (Form HUD-92434) provides that the mortgagee must permit the investment. Either the mortgagee or the mortgagor may effect the investment. Mortgagors subject to the revised Section 8 regulations must retain any investment earnings in the Reserve. Mortgagors not subject to the revised Section 8 regulations must deposit investment earnings in either the project\'s operating account for the Reserve for Replacements; the choice rests with the mortgagor. Investment earnings may not be distributed directly to mortgagors without regard to surplus cash considerations. b\. Residual Receipts. In the past only projects subject to Subpart F of the revised Section 8 regulations were required to invest Residual Receipts. While the Regulatory Agreements for other projects give HUD control over the use and investment of Residual Receipt funds, in the past HUD has elected to allow those mortgagors to choose to invest or not to invest these funds. We are now changing the requirements for these projects. Effective immediately, we are requiring that all projects\' Residual Receipts be invested and that any earnings on the investment be credited to the Residual Receipts account. Residual Receipts may be invested only in the accounts or securities listed under Paragraph c below. While mortgagors relinquished \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-97 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ control over Residual Receipts when they signed the project Regulatory Agreement, at the present time will allow the mortgagors to select among the authorized forms of investment so long as the mortgagor exercises due care and attempts to maximize earnings to the extent consistent with the project\'s liquidity needs. c\. Forms of Investment. Reserves for Replacement and Residual Receipts may be invested in Treasury securities, securities issued by a Federal agency or deposits which are insured by an agency of the Federal government. Acceptable forms of investments are listed in Paragraphs (1) through (4) below. Neither Residual Receipts nor Replacement Reserves may be invested in Repurchase Agreements (REPOS). Investments must be established so as to: (1) permit the mortgagee to convert the investment to cash at any time; and (2) provide that the investments will at all times be under the control of the mortgagee. $1$ Direct Obligations of the Federal Government Backed by the Full Faith and Credit of the United States. These include U.S. Treasury Bills, Notes and Bonds. $2$ Obligations of Federal Government Agencies. These include, for example, GNMA Mortgage Backed Securities, GNMA Participation Bonds and Farm Credit Administration issues. $3$ Demand and Savings Deposits. Demand and savings deposits at commercial banks, mutual savings and loan associations and credit unions are permitted, provided that the entire deposit is insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF), or the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporations (FSLIC). $4$ Insured Money Market Deposit Accounts. Investment in money market accounts is permitted, provided that the account is insured by one of the Federal agencies identified in Subparagraph 3c(3) above. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-98 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ d\. Choosing Among Available Forms of Investment. Except as noted below, the mortgagor has the right to determine which of the investment discussed in Paragraph 3c will be used and a mortgagee may not restrict the mortgagor\'s choice. A mortgagor may authorize a lender to select the form of investment, if the lender is willing to accept that responsibility. If a mortgagor retains the authority to choose among authorized forms of investment, the mortgagee may require the mortgagor to provide written directions as to the type of investment desired. A mortgagee may refuse to honor mortgagor\'s request for a specific investment only if: $1$ the mortgagee determines that the mortgagor\'s choice of investment will significantly increase the lender\'s cost of administering the reserve, and the mortgagee identifies another investment which offers liquidity, security and yield equal to or better than that proposed by the mortgagor; or $2$ the proposed investment does not meet the criteria discussed in Paragraph 3.c. above. e\. Mortgagee Fees. The mortgagee may charge a fee for administering invested residual receipts or replacement reserves if the fee is acceptable to the mortgagor. If there is an identity-of-interest between the mortgagee and either the mortgagor or its management agent, the mortgagor must assure that such fees do not exceed the amounts commonly charged when there is no identity-of-interest between the mortgagee and mortgagor. The mortgagor must disclose any such fees in the Replacement Reserve or Residual Receipts supporting schedules to the annual financial statement. 4\. Distribution of Form HUD-9807, Request for Termination of Multifamily Mortgage Insurance. The mortgagee is required to submit Form HUD-9807 when the mortgage is prepaid or the mortgagor and mortgagee agree to terminate the mortgage insurance. Instructions printed on Form HUD-9807 direct mortgagees to mail the form only to HUD Headquarters. To increase the accuracy of Field Office portfolio listings and address lists, we are now asking that mortgagees mail all HUD-9807 requests to both HUD Headquarters and the HUD Field \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-99 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Office having jurisdiction over the project in question. The Field Office\'s copy should be sent to the attention of the Housing Division Director. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-100 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Mortgagee Letter 89-12 March 28, 1989 TO: ALL APPROVED MORTGAGEES/ATTENTION: Multifamily Mortgagees FROM: James E. Schoenberger, General Deputy Assistant Secretary for Housing SUBJECT: Investment of Replacement Reserves and Residual Receipts in Tax-Exempt Securities HUD encourages, and in many programs requires, owners to invest Replacement Reserve and Residual Receipts Funds in order to offset inflationary increases in repairs and replacement costs and to enhance a project\'s financial condition. Mortgagee Letter 83-24 permitted the investment of Replacement Reserves and Residual Receipts funds only in Treasury securities, securities issued by a Federal agency, or deposits which are insured by an agency of the Federal government. While HUD encourages and often requires the investment of these funds, provisions in the Tax reform Act of 1986 may prohibit mortgagors from offsetting taxable interest earnings on these accounts with passive losses from a project. Thus, there may be a disincentive to invest in taxable securities/accounts. For this reason, we have reevaluated Mortgagee Letter 83-24 and have attempted to identify a tax-exempt security or securities which could be used as an investment of Replacement Reserve and Residual Receipts funds. We have sought to identify secure, liquid instruments, for which the return of principal and payment of interest are assured, to the maximum possible extent. Effective immediately, in addition to the investments currently permitted in Mortgagee Letter 83-24, HUD will permit the purchase of the following tax-exempt securities: 1\. AAA rated GNMA collateralized tax-exempt bonds 2\. AAA rated pre-refunded bonds. These are bonds that originally may have been insured as general obligation or revenue bonds but are now secured, until the call date or maturity, by an \"escrow fund\" consisting entirely of direct U.S. government obligations that are sufficient for paying the bondholders. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-101 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 11 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ NOTES OF CAUTION 1\. In order to assure that required amounts have been paid into the Replacement Reserves and Residual Receipts accounts, the actual costs (which in many cases may not be the face value) of these and other approved securities, must be shown on the project books. In addition, details of these transactions should be disclosed in the footnotes to the Annual Financial Statement. 2\. When HUD approves disbursements from Replacement Reserves or Residual Receipts funds and the funds are invested in these and/or other permitted securities, mortgagees must, to the extent that reserves are available, assure that securities are sold in an amount which results in proceeds sufficient to cover the disbursement. 3\. Since the sale or redemption of these securities, as well as others already permitted, may result in cash proceeds of less than the amount invested, Chapter 4, Section 10, paragraphs 1(c)(3) of Handbook 4350.1 applies. 4\. It is incumbent upon owners and managers, when making decisions on the purchase of these and other approved securities, to carefully consider the potential losses which may arise from sale or redemption of the securities. 5\. Since HUD is limiting the purchase of these securities to those that are AAA rated, HUD will not permit, as an operating cost, fees for a Financial Advisor to assist in selecting such securities for investment. Questions on the above may be addressed to your local HUD Field Office or the Office of Multifamily Housing Management, Planning and Procedures Division, phone (202) 426-3944. This is not a toll free number. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-102 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 12 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Suggested form of letter for use with appropriate modifications for type of project and situation by Housing Management Division Directors in accordance with Section 4, Paragraph 8(c)(3). Certified Mail Return Receipt Requested According to our records, you have received a previous letter from the Office of Finance and Accounting, Department of Housing and Urban Development, requesting submission of page 1 of Form (HUD-93104) (HUD-93104A), Monthly Report of excess Income, and the excess income collected, if any, for the month(s) of\..... This report is required to be submitted monthly from all projects even in cases where there is no excess income. You are hereby notified that, unless the requested page 1 of Form (HUD-93104)(HUD-93104A), Monthly Report of Excess Income, and any excess income collected for the month(s) of\.....are remitted to the Office of Finance and Accounting, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Attention: Billing and Receivable Division, 451 7th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20410, within thirty (30) days of the date of this letter, the interest reduction payments to the mortgagee on behalf of this project, beginning with the next payment falling due, will be suspended or terminated in accordance with paragraph\...\...of the (Regulatory Agreement) (Interest Reduction Contract). Should such suspension occur, you will be liable to the mortgagee for the full amount of the next mortgage payment falling due. Your failure to make the full mortgage payment within the usual time limit may result in a default under the terms of the Mortgage which will be handed in accordance with regular default procedures. (This last sentence is applicable to insured and HUD-held projects only.) You are strongly urged to contact this office immediately if there are any factors beyond your control or of an unusual nature which will prevent your immediate compliance with the above requirements. (To be signed by Housing Management Division Director) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-103 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 13 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Rent Schedule Low Rent Housing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ HUD-92458 (2-89) HB 4566.2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-104 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 13 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-105 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 13 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-106 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 14 a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT NOTE Amount: Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, Maker of this Note, promises to pay to the order of the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 451 Seventh Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20410, the sum of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Dollars (\$ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_), in monthly installments of \$ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ starting on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, 19 \_\_\_\_, plus one final installment of \$\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, 19 , the due date of this Note. Holder (HUD), its successors or assigns) may collect a late charge of 10% on any installment that is at least five days past due. Failure to pay an installment within five days after the date the installment is due shall constitute a default, and upon such default Holder may, without notice, declare the unpaid balance to be immediately due and payable. This Note is secured by an Excess Rentals Repayment Agreement, a breach of which shall constitute a default under this Note. In the event of default as specified above, Maker hereby appoints HUD as its attorney, which appointment shall be irrevocable, with the power to confess judgment against Maker in any court of law having jurisdiction. Should payment not be made by the due date, Maker agrees to pay interest at the rate of \_\_\_\_\_ percent ( %) per year on the amount past due until paid. Maker severally waives demand, notice and protest, and any defense due to extension of time or other indulgence by Holder, or to any substitution or release of collateral. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-107 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 14a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Maker agrees to pay reasonable costs of collection, including attorney fees\', whether or not judgment is entered on this Note. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Name (typed or printed) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Address \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-108 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 14 b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ FHA Project No.: Project name: Project location: EXCESS RENTALS REPAYMENT AGREEMENT This Agreement is entered into this \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ day of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 19 by and between \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, hereafter referred to as \"Debtor\", and the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, his successors and assigns, hereafter referred to as \"HUD\" Debtor\'s address is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. HUD\'s address is 451 Seventh Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20410\. RECITALS Debtor is the owner of the above-identified project, which is subject to a first mortgage (deed of trust) held by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Pursuant to subsection 236(g) of the National Housing Act, 12 U.S.C. 1715z-1(g), and by the terms of a Regulatory Agreement or other contractual document entered into by Debtor with HUD, Debtor is obligated to accumulate and periodically pay to HUD all rental charges collected in excess of the basic rental charges. HUD has made demand for payment of the excess rental charges in the amount of \$\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the undersigned warrants to HUD that the Debtor, as of the date of this Agreement, owes HUD that amount but asserts that it is unable to pay that amount in a lump sum. The undersigned warrants further that he/she has been authorized to enter into this Agreement and to execute the Confession of Judgment Note secured by this Agreement (the \"Note\") in the above amount on behalf of the Debtor. HUD has agreed to accept periodic payments of said amount, with interest, as included in the Note. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-109 9/92 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 14b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ UNDERTAKING Therefore, in consideration of Debtor\'s execution of this Agreement and of the Note, which bears interest at the rate of \_\_\_\_\_ percent ( %) per year, HUD agrees to forbear from pursuing its legal and equitable remedies against Debtor, but only for so long as Debtor makes timely payment under the terms of the Note. Debtor shall have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ months to pay its debt, starting from the first day of the first month after full execution of this Agreement. Any unpaid principal balance of the Note, plus all accrued interest, remaining unpaid at the end of such period will become due and payable immediately as set forth in the Note. Debtor agrees to submit to HUD Forms HUD 93104 for the months of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which Debtor admits have not yet been submitted and are late. No delay or omission of HUD to exercise any right to which it might be entitled shall be construed to be a waiver of any such right, and every right, power and remedy enuring to HUD in equity, by law or contract may be exercised from time to time and as often as may be deemed necessary by HUD. This Agreement is assignable by HUD but may be amended only by a written instrument executed by Debtor and by HUD or its assignee. This Agreement will be executed in three counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original. Debtor will receive one counterpart, and HUD will receive two. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9/92 7-110 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4350.1 REV-1 APPENDIX 14b \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ In testimony whereof, Debtor and HUD have executed this agreement effective the date first above written. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Debtor By: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Witness: By: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Director, Housing Management Division If repayment period exceeds 12 months: By: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Regional Director for Housing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7-111 9/92

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702495 HAYES RIVER AK -9 N61 59 W152 5 305 977 1991-2005 MO AVGLO FL SDGLO AVDIR FL SDDIR AVDIF FL SDDIF AVETR AETRN TOT OPQ H2O TAU MAX_T MIN_T AVG_T AVGDT RH HTDD CLDD AVWS 1 245 J8 36 646 J8 336 181 J8 16 765 8778 6.6 6.1 0.51 0.07 -4.88 -16.35 -9.61 -8.69 73 897 0 1.2 2 774 J8 148 1154 J8 698 531 J8 42 2164 12405 7.1 6.4 0.55 0.10 -3.23 -13.25 -7.30 -5.97 73 751 0 1.2 3 2009 J8 315 2638 J8 1161 1115 J8 106 4626 16272 6.3 5.5 0.50 0.12 1.82 -9.69 -4.90 -3.02 67 690 0 1.6 4 3409 J8 465 3240 J8 974 1916 J8 147 7612 20075 7.2 5.9 0.67 0.14 5.59 -2.96 1.38 2.62 70 510 0 1.5 5 4626 J8 655 3861 J8 1155 2559 J8 130 10175 23593 7.4 6.0 0.98 0.14 11.12 1.81 6.85 7.70 67 368 0 1.6 6 4819 J8 411 3624 J8 712 2803 J8 139 11404 25695 7.7 6.6 1.48 0.14 17.76 7.31 13.14 13.76 67 176 2 1.7 7 3967 J8 767 2734 J8 1419 2509 J8 130 10706 24407 8.3 7.4 1.82 0.11 18.71 10.05 14.61 15.18 76 127 5 1.5 8 3138 J8 449 2599 J8 1046 1917 J8 128 8432 21006 8.0 7.2 1.75 0.09 17.09 8.80 12.71 13.64 79 169 2 1.7 9 2001 J8 306 2014 J8 908 1251 J8 48 5542 17312 7.9 7.2 1.23 0.07 11.37 3.34 7.01 8.34 80 329 0 1.8 10 1037 J8 166 1732 J8 803 617 J8 41 2855 13519 7.0 6.3 0.81 0.05 2.99 -6.42 -1.04 0.98 76 621 0 1.7 11 347 J8 57 909 J8 534 233 J8 21 1070 9730 7.1 6.5 0.64 0.05 -3.48 -9.59 -6.49 -5.50 76 746 0 1.3 12 119 J8 14 419 J8 253 91 J8 7 431 7355 7.3 6.7 0.54 0.05 -5.26 -11.99 -8.80 -7.99 72 836 0 1.3 13 2208 J8 174 2131 J8 419 1310 J8 52 5482 16679 7.3 6.5 0.96 0.09 5.80 -3.24 1.46 2.59 73 6221 9 1.5 1991 1 262 J8 174 887 J8 1039 166 J8 83 760 8758 4.8 4.4 0.57 0.06 -6.53 -18.51 -11.46 -10.31 75 956 0 1.4 2 851 J8 455 1241 J8 1446 578 J8 209 2143 12365 7.3 5.8 0.61 0.08 -4.34 -13.98 -8.29 -7.06 75 770 0 1.8 3 2102 J8 904 2835 J8 2592 1139 J8 403 4584 16215 5.6 4.9 0.57 0.10 1.04 -10.89 -5.85 -3.81 69 721 0 1.7 4 3621 J8 1100 3606 J8 2722 1981 J8 550 7570 20020 7.4 5.4 0.65 0.12 5.79 -3.28 1.14 2.52 73 512 0 2.1 5 5312 J8 1676 5175 J8 3652 2508 J8 622 10145 23546 7.5 5.0 0.94 0.13 11.27 1.97 7.03 7.88 67 363 0 2.3 6 5012 J8 1788 3997 J8 3542 2804 J8 628 11399 25687 7.4 6.5 1.60 0.12 18.50 8.03 13.85 14.44 63 156 4 2.2 7 3935 J8 1614 2544 J8 2884 2572 J8 559 10729 24446 8.4 7.8 1.59 0.11 17.06 9.05 13.23 13.79 79 163 0 1.9 8 3301 J8 1287 2901 J8 3032 1904 J8 466 8472 21061 7.4 6.8 1.67 0.11 16.15 7.78 11.58 12.57 79 197 0 1.9 9 1705 J8 925 1052 J8 1580 1271 J8 376 5584 17368 8.9 8.1 1.36 0.12 11.63 4.82 7.82 8.94 85 303 0 1.8 10 1069 J8 556 1750 J8 1923 604 J8 170 2889 13574 5.9 5.3 0.81 0.13 2.85 -7.25 -1.76 0.47 73 636 0 1.8 11 328 J8 163 446 J8 580 264 J8 96 1087 9780 7.0 6.0 0.66 0.15 -2.86 -9.12 -5.88 -4.79 72 730 0 1.4 12 99 J8 35 84 J8 209 93 J8 25 433 7363 8.3 7.5 0.55 0.18 -5.74 -12.32 -9.28 -8.49 77 848 0 1.4 13 2300 J8 1877 2210 J8 1560 1324 J8 1000 5483 16682 7.2 6.1 0.96 0.12 5.40 -3.64 1.01 2.18 74 6356 4 1.8 1992 1 225 J8 132 247 J8 371 194 J8 94 754 8737 7.6 6.8 0.56 0.22 -2.81 -14.07 -7.56 -6.73 80 830 0 1.7 2 797 J8 289 767 J8 874 623 J8 172 2163 12400 5.8 4.8 0.49 0.26 -5.65 -15.76 -9.90 -8.29 63 842 0 1.9 3 1806 J8 792 1611 J8 1937 1243 J8 410 4655 16310 6.8 6.0 0.50 0.29 0.28 -10.28 -5.85 -4.18 77 723 0 2.0 4 4120 J8 983 3735 J8 2015 2307 J8 553 7641 20107 4.6 3.0 0.59 0.32 4.80 -4.83 0.11 1.36 56 550 0 2.5 5 5523 J8 1538 5014 J8 3004 2696 J8 606 10194 23621 4.9 3.7 0.91 0.30 9.25 0.07 5.04 5.89 63 424 0 2.3 6 4725 J8 1724 3129 J8 2958 2942 J8 602 11406 25699 7.2 6.4 1.27 0.28 16.90 6.12 12.37 13.06 67 205 0 2.3 7 4184 J8 1581 2363 J8 2289 2814 J8 514 10690 24382 8.1 7.2 1.67 0.24 18.48 10.08 14.50 15.04 79 131 6 1.8 8 2731 J8 1116 1211 J8 1478 2119 J8 483 8405 20970 9.1 8.3 1.65 0.20 15.27 8.11 11.25 12.07 86 206 0 1.9 9 2430 J8 980 3189 J8 2587 1224 J8 380 5512 17278 4.7 4.2 0.86 0.16 7.47 -2.50 2.28 4.02 66 475 0 2.9 10 1016 J8 523 1533 J8 1722 630 J8 241 2831 13483 5.7 5.2 0.70 0.13 1.24 -8.97 -3.39 -0.98 70 688 0 1.6 11 283 J8 168 427 J8 801 223 J8 83 1057 9693 7.8 7.3 0.63 0.12 -2.75 -8.32 -5.51 -4.83 79 716 0 1.7 12 122 J8 28 200 J8 219 109 J8 23 430 7344 6.9 5.9 0.53 0.11 -8.45 -15.48 -12.11 -11.57 70 939 0 1.5 13 2330 J8 1921 1952 J8 1543 1427 J8 1093 5478 16669 6.6 5.7 0.86 0.22 4.50 -4.65 0.10 1.24 71 6729 6 2.0 1993 1 266 J8 133 427 J8 675 216 J8 82 775 8812 6.4 5.6 0.46 0.12 -7.97 -19.17 -12.85 -12.03 71 989 0 1.6 2 695 J8 343 916 J8 1224 518 J8 225 2178 12436 7.3 6.4 0.61 0.14 -3.29 -12.55 -6.78 -5.61 79 735 0 1.6 3 1833 J8 858 1973 J8 2294 1140 J8 338 4634 16285 6.5 6.1 0.52 0.16 2.65 -8.25 -3.82 -2.07 72 655 0 1.8 4 3780 J8 1205 3778 J8 2948 2002 J8 506 7621 20089 6.7 5.4 0.70 0.17 6.93 -1.30 2.72 3.98 73 466 0 2.0 5 5392 J8 1587 5145 J8 3574 2557 J8 646 10181 23606 6.3 4.8 1.18 0.17 13.58 3.26 8.93 9.85 71 307 0 1.8 6 5570 J8 1260 4336 J8 2551 3008 J8 511 11405 25699 7.5 6.0 1.39 0.16 18.72 7.70 13.79 14.49 67 154 0 2.5 7 5258 J8 1890 5266 J8 3935 2336 J8 656 10702 24398 6.4 5.1 1.81 0.13 21.11 10.86 16.41 17.11 71 85 12 2.3 8 3072 J8 1467 2489 J8 2993 1864 J8 586 8424 20994 8.2 7.4 1.76 0.10 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10711 24415 8.8 7.7 1.83 0.10 19.70 10.33 15.14 15.77 72 108 5 0.5 8 3038 J8 1823 2965 J8 3856 1647 J8 418 8440 21017 7.3 6.8 1.68 0.08 17.66 9.25 13.20 14.12 75 155 4 0.5 9 1816 J8 995 1540 J8 2337 1246 J8 403 5551 17323 8.7 8.2 1.36 0.05 12.15 5.34 8.59 9.57 87 288 0 1.2 10 785 J8 523 566 J8 1442 620 J8 244 2863 13530 9.1 8.7 1.13 0.04 3.96 -3.55 1.21 2.75 92 562 0 0.7 11 279 J8 161 334 J8 795 233 J8 92 1074 9740 9.1 8.6 0.94 0.03 1.57 -3.92 -1.35 0.29 88 585 0 0.2 12 106 J8 39 222 J8 406 93 J8 27 432 7359 8.5 7.9 0.66 0.04 -1.62 -6.89 -4.71 -3.81 66 700 0 0.6 13 2127 J8 1707 2054 J8 1672 1234 J8 946 5483 16683 7.7 7.1 1.02 0.08 6.96 -1.98 2.70 3.85 69 5772 12 0.8 2003 1 227 J8 112 464 J8 665 184 J8 76 763 8767 7.8 7.2 0.66 0.06 -1.13 -12.71 -5.97 -5.24 62 783 0 0.2 2 660 J8 359 597 J8 1115 532 J8 208 2149 12377 8.9 8.2 0.80 0.08 2.07 -8.16 -2.17 -1.41 70 599 0 0.5 3 2264 J8 835 3033 J8 2272 1237 J8 408 4593 16226 5.9 4.5 0.40 0.10 1.91 -11.07 -5.65 -3.41 53 710 0 0.9 4 3515 J8 1424 3678 J8 3312 1842 J8 559 7579 20031 7.5 6.2 0.69 0.12 7.06 -2.09 2.46 3.85 57 475 0 0.8 5 4113 J8 1483 2729 J8 2572 2678 J8 545 10151 23554 8.4 7.6 0.90 0.13 12.09 1.98 7.42 8.26 55 350 0 1.2 6 4363 J8 1547 2718 J8 2881 2950 J8 456 11400 25685 8.4 7.2 1.50 0.12 17.58 7.39 13.13 13.74 61 175 0 1.3 7 3699 J8 1558 2155 J8 2798 2598 J8 552 10723 24436 8.6 7.9 1.95 0.10 20.31 11.25 16.02 16.62 67 98 19 1.3 8 2729 J8 1308 1549 J8 2190 1994 J8 482 8463 21043 9.2 8.5 1.74 0.08 17.85 9.97 13.63 14.38 72 144 7 1.2 9 2384 J8 1086 3208 J8 3409 1220 J8 444 5575 17355 7.0 6.0 1.08 0.05 13.14 3.15 7.61 9.38 61 306 0 1.1 10 935 J8 396 1319 J8 2036 637 J8 216 2882 13565 7.4 7.0 1.06 0.04 7.18 -1.81 3.18 4.95 76 485 0 0.5 11 396 J8 157 1074 J8 1249 265 J8 105 1083 9771 6.6 5.7 0.65 0.03 -3.17 -10.23 -6.82 -6.05 53 751 0 0.7 12 129 J8 65 592 J8 915 90 J8 28 433 7366 6.7 6.3 0.50 0.04 -5.20 -11.42 -8.46 -7.78 60 826 0 0.6 13 2118 J8 1594 1926 J8 1135 1352 J8 1039 5483 16681 7.7 6.9 0.99 0.08 7.47 -1.98 2.87 3.94 62 5701 26 0.9 2004 1 281 J8 148 1148 J8 980 174 J8 98 756 8745 4.0 3.6 0.34 0.06 -7.01 -19.53 -12.52 -10.82 43 980 0 0.4 2 632 J8 361 588 J8 1232 510 J8 195 2169 12410 8.4 8.0 0.64 0.08 0.26 -9.85 -4.06 -2.78 68 671 0 0.2 3 2115 J8 1167 2918 J8 3307 1084 J8 409 4664 16323 6.0 5.5 0.47 0.10 1.24 -9.79 -5.27 -3.54 53 701 0 1.3 4 2466 J8 1185 1276 J8 2123 1871 J8 509 7651 20122 9.0 8.4 0.81 0.12 6.48 -1.16 2.75 3.79 68 470 0 0.8 5 3565 J8 1334 2111 J8 2482 2482 J8 422 10201 23633 8.5 7.6 1.31 0.13 13.47 4.04 9.16 10.00 67 297 0 0.8 6 4659 J8 1906 3709 J8 3851 2655 J8 610 11407 25701 7.4 6.5 1.79 0.12 20.11 9.14 15.20 15.83 66 118 7 0.8 7 4322 J8 1787 3367 J8 3553 2586 J8 641 10684 24368 7.4 6.6 1.99 0.10 21.43 12.32 17.05 17.60 66 62 17 1.3 8 4085 J8 1422 4765 J8 3382 1840 J8 565 8396 20958 6.6 5.3 1.88 0.08 21.85 10.62 16.13 17.34 73 75 10 0.5 9 2353 J8 1098 3013 J8 2968 1240 J8 459 5503 17265 6.7 5.9 0.97 0.05 10.45 1.69 5.59 7.03 75 368 0 1.7 10 910 J8 465 1054 J8 1664 662 J8 225 2824 13473 8.2 7.6 0.88 0.04 4.34 -3.87 1.01 2.63 82 561 0 0.7 11 289 J8 206 408 J8 759 235 J8 124 1054 9683 8.6 8.3 0.71 0.03 -2.32 -6.79 -4.37 -3.75 85 687 0 0.5 12 109 J8 56 286 J8 545 90 J8 34 429 7347 8.2 7.7 0.56 0.04 -3.77 -10.35 -7.21 -6.50 71 787 0 1.3 13 2149 J8 1702 2054 J8 1474 1286 J8 975 5478 16669 7.4 6.8 1.03 0.08 7.21 -1.96 2.79 3.90 68 5776 34 0.9 2005 1 291 J8 182 978 J8 1136 183 J8 83 778 8823 5.9 5.3 0.54 0.06 -2.65 -14.72 -7.52 -6.61 62 837 0 0.6 2 782 J8 485 1419 J8 1769 505 J8 234 2184 12448 7.0 6.3 0.51 0.08 -3.15 -14.06 -7.49 -6.07 63 754 0 0.9 3 1809 J8 956 1902 J8 2209 1153 J8 372 4643 16298 8.2 7.2 0.60 0.10 4.87 -5.78 -1.49 0.06 67 582 0 1.1 4 3882 J8 1642 4493 J8 3718 1805 J8 534 7631 20102 6.6 4.8 0.69 0.12 7.19 -1.89 2.79 4.09 72 470 0 0.7 5 4503 J8 1607 3947 J8 3249 2472 J8 526 10188 23615 7.2 5.9 1.19 0.13 13.50 3.51 8.96 9.92 75 305 0 0.7 6 4881 J8 1595 3883 J8 2854 2779 J8 512 11406 25699 7.3 6.1 1.58 0.12 19.40 8.54 14.52 15.13 64 132 1 1.1 7 4420 J8 1667 3503 J8 3242 2586 J8 545 10696 24389 7.9 6.6 1.81 0.10 20.51 10.77 15.84 16.49 70 85 2 1.0 8 3722 J8 1727 4149 J8 4207 1763 J8 646 8415 20984 6.4 5.8 1.73 0.08 19.37 9.99 14.37 15.42 75 123 10 1.1 9 1785 J8 1002 1551 J8 2197 1187 J8 271 5524 17288 8.6 7.9 1.45 0.05 12.00 5.44 8.66 9.43 80 288 0 1.0 10 1065 J8 477 1880 J8 2101 635 J8 253 2842 13492 7.2 6.3 0.79 0.04 4.37 -5.03 0.40 2.47 75 578 0 0.9 11 425 J8 283 1597 J8 1861 211 J8 93 1063 9711 6.0 5.5 0.45 0.03 -5.90 -12.38 -9.27 -8.33 62 824 0 1.1 12 99 J8 46 188 J8 351 87 J8 29 430 7352 8.7 8.3 0.78 0.04 -0.75 -6.62 -3.92 -3.40 77 682 0 0.4 13 2305 J8 1840 2457 J8 1445 1281 J8 986 5483 16684 7.3 6.3 1.01 0.08 7.40 -1.85 2.99 4.05 70 5663 13 0.9

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# Presentation: 071054 ## Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) - Director, National Cancer Institute ***John Niederhuber, M.D.*** - Director, Office of Centers, Training and Resources ***Ernest T. Hawk, M.D., M.P.H*** - Chief, Organ Systems Branch ***Jorge Gomez, M.D., Ph.D.*** *(*_[http://spores.nci.nih.gov](http://spores.nci.nih.gov/)__)_ ## Recent Developments - 2001-present - Guidelines (2001, 2006) - Program expansion (new organ sites) - P30/P50 Working Group Recommendations - Program stabilization (59 SPOREs/14 organ sites) - Assessment of the NCI SPORE pipeline - Translational Research Working Group - SPORE Guidelines ## SPORE Guidelines (2006) - Updated August and October 2006 - http://spores.nci.nih.gov/applicants/index_applicants.html ## Policy Changes after 2004 - NCI establishes a payline for all SPOREs competing in a given year - No funds available for new organ sites: all applicants (sites) are competing for the same pool of funds (coming from competing renewal applications) ## SPORE PROGRAM | | 1992-93 | 1995-96 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Breast | 4 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 10 | | Prostate | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | Lung | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | | GI | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | | Ovary | | | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | | GU | | | | | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | | Skin | | | | | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | | Brain | | | | | | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | | Head & Neck | | | | | | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | | Lymphoma | | | | | | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | | GYN | | | | | | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | | Leukemia | | | | | | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | Myeloma | | | | | | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | Pancreas | | | | | | | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | | Total | 9 | 14 | 18 | 22 | 31 | 46 | 53 | 61 | 57 | 60* | | Budget (M) | 20 | 30 | 39 | 48 | 68 | 112 | 123 | 135 | 133 | 127 | - *Includes 6 SPOREs in bridge funding/no-cost extension ** ****<------------RFA-----------X----------------------------------PAR----------------------------->** ## Receipt Dates for SPORE Applications **In 2006, all organ sites will be accepted for the September 20****th**** receipt date. ** **In 2007, all organ sites will be accepted for the January 23****rd ****, May 22****nd****, and September 21****st**** receipt dates .**** ** ## Definition of Translational Research ** ****Translational research uses knowledge of human biology to develop and test the feasibility of cancer-relevant interventions in humans *****AND/OR *****determines the biological basis for observations made in individuals with cancer or in populations at risk for cancer** ## Bi-Directional Translational Research ## SPORE Eligibility and General Features - Institution (domestic for profit and not for profit) - Basic and Clinical Research Base - Access to Patients - Budget Cap * **(reduced to $2.5M)* - Team Concept - Inter-SPORE and NCI/NIH Network Collaborations *(greater emphasis)* - Flexibility to Realign Resources - Scientific Outreach - Data/Resource Sharing *(NEW)* - Standing Special Review Panel *(NEW)* * ** * ## SPOREs Budget Caps - $2.5 mil. Total Cost for Year 1 - No cap for Direct Cost for Year 1 - Up to 3% Cost of Living Increase for Year 2 and Subsequent Years - Applications that Exceed these Caps (including cost of living allowance) will be Returned without Review ## SPORE Requirements - Statement of Institutional Commitment - Intellectual Property Management Plan *(NEW)* - 4 Translational Research Projects - (including “required”) - Shared Cores - (specimen core required; adm, stats, & clinical are common) - Developmental Research Program - Career Development Program - Commitment to attend and participate in SPORE Workshop and related NCI/NIH Meetings *(NEW)* - Other Provisions for NCI designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers ## SPORE:Institutional Commitment - Letters of Support from the Institution - Incorporation of the SPORE within its Institutional Priorities - Allocation of Discretionary Resources to the SPORE Program (e.g., funds for DRP, CDP) - Facilitation and Promotion of Scientific Progress - Integration of SPORE activities with NCI-designated Cancer Center ## Integration of SPORE with NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) - Principal Investigator: **P****rominent within CCC** - Lines of Authority - Organizational Relationships - Separate Institutional Commitment - Augmentation of Existing CCC Resources: Cores - Program Coordination with CCC Activities ## SPORE Principal InvestigatorQualifications: - Basic/Clinical Investigator Recognized Scientific Leader in the Field - Provides Leadership/Direction to the SPORE - Oversees and Conducts Planning Activities - Project Leader/Co-investigator/Core Director - Appropriate Time Commitment (>25%) - Understands Translational Research Objectives - Identifies New Translational Research Opportunities ## Research Projects - Test Novel Translational Ideas - Balance between Basic and Applied Research - Human Application within 5 yr of the Award - Project Co-Leaders (2-3) - Interdisciplinary Interactions - Human Subjects/Animal Protections - Consortium/Contractual Arrangements - Data/Resource Sharing Plan - Consultants/Commercial Agreements ## SPORE Cores - Tissue Collection and Distribution *(Required)* - Parameters of collection and preservation; pertinent analytical considerations; essential pathological, clinical, family history information and linkage to databases, etc. *(more detail)* - Other Specialized Cores - Administrative - Clinical - Biostatistical - Bioinformatics - Others - Building on Pre-Existing Resources; Avoidance of Duplication - Cross-talk between Cores and Projects *Data Management within Program Description* *(NEW)* ## Career Development Program - Encourages New and Established Investigators to Develop Careers in Translational Cancer Research - Provides Salary and Other Support - Promotes Mentoring of New Investigators - Recruitment Plan for Selection of Candidates, including Women & Minorities *Plan for Solicitation, Review, and Award* - (Promotion to Full Project on SPORE) ## Developmental Research Program - Pilot Projects that Explore Innovative Ideas - Basic Research Projects with _*Translational Potential*_ - Early Phase Clinical Studies; Pilot Epidemiology Projects - Takes Advantage of New Research Opportunities - Promotes Collaborations Among Scientists at the Same or Different Institutions - Supports Research Proposed by *Independent* Investigators *Plan for Solicitation, Review, and Award* - Promotion to Full Project on SPORE ## Annual SPORE Investigator’s Workshop - Statement of Commitment *(within Program Description)* - Budget to Fund 10 Investigators to the Workshop *(Admin Core)* - Promote Inter-SPORE Collaborations - Share New Ideas, Materials, and Technologies - Identify New Research Opportunities - Establish Research Priorities that will Impact Upon Cancer Detection, Prevention, or Treatment - Resolve Research Needs by Making Recommendations to the NCI Leadership - Interact with Patient Advocates, NCI Staff, and industrial representatives

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![](media/image1.png){width="5.98125in" height="1.3354166666666667in"} # Capabilities Statement ###### ###### ###### ###### ***HHM Consultants, Inc.*** ###### ***15508 Helen Drive*** ###### ***Suite 100*** ###### ***Accokeek, MD 20607*** ###### ***(301) 292-5869*** ###### ***Corporate Overview*** > HHM Consultants, Inc. (HHM) has over 16 years of experience in the > business side of information technology, administrative management and > business and technology research and analysis services. We provide > customer based solutions that are tailored to your organization's > environment. Many of HHM's key staff members have certifications, as > well as advanced degrees in business administration, technology, and > education. HHM is an 8 (a) certified, small disadvantaged, > woman-owned, business. HHM Consultants was awarded 8 (a) SDB > Certification in February 2004. > > HHM has registered the domain name > [www.hhmconsultants.com]{.underline} and has a corporate web site at > this URL. The principals of HHM provide the fulfillment of services > for the company. The ultimate deliverable is the organization's > expertise and problem solving abilities, coupled with an open mind and > ease of communication that result in gaining the customer's confidence > with immediate and lasting results. > > The value proposition offered by HHM Consultants, Inc. is quite simply > timely and practical resolutions for client's educational and > information technology requirements at very reasonable rates. Most > importantly, HHM offers a satisfaction guarantee, thus building and > maintaining the client's confidence. > > HHM Consultants offers business and government agencies reliable and > efficient sources of technical expertise to fit their business needs. > As a critical component of our business, we feel it is important to > stay up to date on both equipment and knowledge to be competitive now > and in the future. ###### ***Service Offerings*** > ***Information Technology Services*** - *Desktop Software Applications Training and Installation* - *E-Learning Internet-based Training* - *Customized Training & Support Services* - *Project Management Professional (PMP)Certification Training* - *Blackberry PDA Installation, Training, Support* - *Executive Level Coaching* - *Curriculum Design and Development* - *Records Retention/Archive Support and Assistance* - *Educational Support Services* > ***Administrative Management Services*** - *Patient Appointment (Call Center) Services* - *Records Management* - *Database Administration* - *Professional Office Management* > ***Business and Technology Research and Analysis*** - *OMB Exhibit 300 Consulting* ```{=html}  ``` - *Project Management Consulting* - *Earned Value Analysis* ```{=html}  ``` - *Risk/Change Management* - *Cost Benefit/Budget Analysis* ***Systems Design and Development Life-Cycle Management*** - *Building E-Learning Systems and Hosting Capabilities* - *Help Desk/Call Center Management and Staffing* - *Systems Requirements Specifications (SRS)* - *Functional Requirements Specifications (FRS)* - *Systems Architecture Documents (SAD)* - *Interface Control Documents (ICD)* - *Network Infrastructure and Enterprise Design* ###### ***HHM Organizational Experience*** Since 1990, HHM Consultants, Inc. has offered high quality services to a wide variety of government agencies and private entities. Our client satisfaction has always measured high, as reflected by our calls for repeat business and inter-agency recommendations. HHM has provided executive level Information Technology and administrative management services to the United States Attorney General and the senior management offices of the Department of Justice. HHM's presence has spanned three presidential administrations. Number range CHAPTERHHM is also currently providing Patient Appointment (Call Center), Records Management and Database Administration Services to the military. HHM's contract awards have been based upon superior past performance, and HHM has numerous letters of recognition for outstanding service. HHM has a competitive edge in that we have a significant number of quality relationships with current and past clients in the business arena as well as in the Government sector. In essence, HHM has already overcome the most difficult barrier \-- finding business, and is in the process of moving forward. HHM provides fast and efficient responses that keep the business running smoothly, while suggesting new technologies that will increase efficiency and effectiveness as well as providing quality industry-certified resources who are dependable, innovative, and who pay attention to detail. ###### ***Current & Past Clients*** From our headquarters located in Accokeek, Maryland, HHM supports clients throughout the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. A representative sampling of our clients includes the following: +----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | **Government** | **Private Sector** | +----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | +-----------------------------------+ | +------------------------+ | | | - ***US Department of | | | - ***Sverdrup | | | | Justice*** | | | Technologies, | | | +-----------------------------------+ | | Inc.*** | | | | - ***US Dept of the Air | | +------------------------+ | | | Force*** | | | - ***Washington | | | +-----------------------------------+ | | Technology Group | | | | - ***US Coast Guard*** | | | (WTG)*** | | | +-----------------------------------+ | +------------------------+ | | | - ***Number range CHAPTERDC | | | - ***Number range | | | | Superior Court*** | | | CHAPTERA-CAP | | | +-----------------------------------+ | | Business Services, | | | | - ***Number range CHAPTERDC | | | Inc.*** | | | | Department of Human | | +------------------------+ | | | Services*** | | | - ***Number range | | | +-----------------------------------+ | | | | | | - ***Number range CHAPTERDC | | | CHAPTERComprehensive | | | | Rehabilitation Services | | | Career Evaluative | | | | Admin.*** | | | Services*** | | | +-----------------------------------+ | +------------------------+ | | | - ***Number range CHAPTERDC | | | - ***Brunette | | | | Department of Health*** | | | Consulting, | | | +-----------------------------------+ | | Inc.*** | | | | - ***Number range CHAPTERDC | | +------------------------+ | | | Housing Authority*** | | | - ***Number range | | | +-----------------------------------+ | | CHAPTERPinnacle | | | | - ***U.S. Dept of Housing & | | | Management | | | | Urban Development (HUD)*** | | | Systems, Inc.*** | | | +-----------------------------------+ | +------------------------+ | | | | - ***Number range | | | | | CHAPTERAccess | | | | | Systems, Inc.*** | | | | +------------------------+ | | | | - ***Kaiser | | | | | Permanente*** | | | | +------------------------+ | | | | - ***Interdynamics, | | | | | Inc.*** | | | | +------------------------+ | +----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ I ###### ***North American Industry*** ###### ***Classification System (NAICS) Codes*** HMM is qualified under the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) **611420** - Computer Training; **611430** - Professional and Management Development Training; **561110** - Administrative Management; and **611710** - Educational Support Services. The NAICS and corresponding Standard Industrial Codes (SIC) in which HMM is qualified are shown below. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | ###### ***NAICS Codes*** | | | | *The NAICS and SIC corresponding tables provide details of each work | | classification.* | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | **N | | # | **Computer Training** | | | | | | AIC | | # | | | | | | | S** | | # | | | | | | | | | # | | | | | | | | | # | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * | | | | | | | | | * | | | | | | | | | S | | | | | | | | | I | | | | | | | | | C | | | | | | | | | * | | | | | | | | | * | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | 611 | 8 | | Computer operator training | | | | | | 420 | 2 | | | | | | | | | 4 | | | | | | | | | 3 | | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | 611 | 8 | | Computer software training | | | | | | 420 | 2 | | | | | | | | | 4 | | | | | | | | | 3 | | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | 611 | 8 | | Mobile Wireless Electronic Mail (PDA) Training and | | | | | | 420 | 2 | | Support | | | | | | | 4 | | | | | | | | | 3 | | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | 611 | 8 | | Software application training | | | | | | 420 | 2 | | | | | | | | | 4 | | | | | | | | | 3 | | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | **N | * | | **Professional & Management Development Training** | | | | | | AIC | * | | | | | | | | S** | S | | | | | | | | | I | | | | | | | | | C | | | | | | | | | * | | | | | | | | | * | | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | 611 | 8 | | Management development training | | | | | | 430 | 2 | | | | | | | | | 9 | | | | | | | | | 9 | | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | 611 | 8 | | Professional development training | | | | | | 430 | 2 | | | | | | | | | 9 | | | | | | | | | 9 | | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | 611 | 8 | | Quality assurance training | | | | | | 430 | 2 | | | | | | | | | 9 | | | | | | | | | 9 | | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | **N | * | | **Educational Support Services** | | | | | | AIC | * | | | | | | | | S** | S | | | | | | | | | I | | | | | | | | | C | | | | | | | | | * | | | | | | | | | * | | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | 611 | 8 | | Educational consultants, guidance, counseling | | | | | | 710 | 2 | | services | | | | | | | 9 | | | | | | | | | 9 | | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | 611 | 8 | | Educational testing evaluation services | | | | | | 710 | 2 | | | | | | | | | 9 | | | | | | | | | 9 | | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | **N | * | | **Administrative Management Services** | | | | | | AIC | * | | | | | | | | S** | S | | | | | | | | | I | | | | | | | | | C | | | | | | | | | * | | | | | | | | | * | | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | 561 | 8 | | Administrative, Business Management Services | | | | | | 110 | 7 | | | | | | | | | 4 | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | 561 | 8 | | Managing Offices of Professionals | | | | | | 110 | 7 | | | | | | | | | 4 | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | 561 | 8 | | Office Administration/Executive Management Services | | | | | | 110 | 7 | | | | | | | | | 4 | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | + | | -----+---+---+------------------------------------------------------+ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ###### ***Information Technology Services*** HHM's performs information technology services which include software training and desk-side assistance, hardware support including laptops and personal digital assistance devices (PDA), electronic mail support, building E-learning systems, and management oversight of information technology contracts. HHM has provided training and support solutions to its customers in business, technology, and management. HMM's complete solution set combines training assessment, custom content design and development, blended instructor-led, and e-learning delivery solutions, and interaction. We structure our solutions to focus on the learner and address the individual's complete training needs through an ongoing process of learning. This 'total support' process enhances the performance of our customers and provides a strong foundation for success. HMM understands the value of a trained workforce. HMM is committed to assisting customers in attaining the highest output from their employees by providing continual personal and professional development through training. ###### ***E-Learning Systems*** HHM builds and supports E-Learning systems, provides hosting capabilities, and E-Learning training. The E-Learning Portal serves as a web-based, custom-developed system that will enable staff to enroll in and take on-line classes on any Information Technology or business related subject of an organizations choice. E-Learning portals may incorporate or convert any ILT (Instructor Led Training) into a complete web-based integrated Learning Management System (LMS). ***Records Retention/Archive Support and Assistance*** HHM has managed and implemented electronic records storage and retrieval systems that provide records management solutions for business and industry. A records management system that is well-designed helps to augment organizational effectiveness by determining the disposition of obsolete records, serving to protect an organization legally, and assisting the organization demonstrate compliance with regulatory obligations. By carefully categorizing all enterprise content, we help to ensure that records are retained for the appropriate period of time. HHM also collaborated with business and industry in developing information management policies. ###### ***Patient Appointment Scheduling (Call Center) Services*** ###### HHM provides patient appointing services (call centers) for military Medical Treatment Facilities (MTF) to ensure completion of daily functions associated with this service. HHM staff book appointments, determine priority of care, category, and status of patients. HHM patient appointment personnel determine and meet appointment needs according to local and regional military managed care rules and processes, searching for patient demographics in the Composite Health Care System (CHCS), verifying patient eligibility for care, searching for and selecting appropriate provider schedule appointment slots in CHCS, and relaying written instructions for CHCS to the patient. ###### ***Help Desk Management & Staffing*** Technology has become such an integral part of our work lives, that "24/7" access is an absolute requirement. Much of today's work cannot be accomplished with a PC. Personal computers and the software that runs on them have become increasingly more complex to support and maintain. Employees are now required to utilize a large and varied assortment of tools including the Internet, ERP applications, and custom software unique to the environment. This complexity can make it difficult for an employee to accomplish his business tasks. That is where HMM can be of assistance through the following services: - *Coverage to meet client needs from 8 hours, Monday thru Friday, to 24 hours a day, seven days a week.* - *First call, close rate to minimize repeated calls, downtime, and frustration* - *Courteous and trained personnel to provide answers to routine questions as quickly as possible.* - *Tracking and reporting systems to provide the customer with the information to take preventive action.* ###### ***OMB Exhibit 300 Business Case Development*** ###### HHM consultants have over the past five years consecutively improved agency scorecards due to our corporate expertise in the areas of Business Case development and support. HHM consultants support ranges from establishing a Project Management Office (PMO) as well as preparing, reviewing and submitting OMB Exhibit 300 business cases for complex financial and systems integration projects. HMM services include: - *Conducting Exhibit 300 Business Case development workshops, earned value analysis, and training to government agencies by organizational elements (OE) and agency components.* - *Assisting agencies with establishing policies that support the American National Standards Institute, (ANSI) Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) 748 compliance. Conducting Earned Value Management System (EVMS) assessment and maturity levels using an independent validation and verification (IV&V) methodology such as the Earned Value Maturity Management Model (EVM^3^).* ###### ***Earned Value Management*** ###### HMM provides experienced assistance in the planning and implementation of earned value systems involving the definition and partitioning of work, value determination, resource management, scheduling, progressing, cost management, and status reporting activities. HHM services include: - *HHM uses an earned value management system to establish a performance measurement baseline created from the initial project plan. * - *HMM identifies the earned value measurement methods needed, develops report formats and timeframes, and establishes variance thresholds for analysis and reporting, as well as recommendations for corrective actions.* ###### ***Business Technology Research & Analysis*** HMM Consultants provides practical perspectives of business, technology, and management to meet customers' strategic needs. We believe research should provide unbiased facts and trends, which is not skewed in either a positive or negative direction, and is what our customers need in today's environment. Our researchers help customers understand the interplay of business demands and technology capabilities. HMM advisors work with customers to develop survey instruments and to field them in the most rigorous manner possible. Our research analysts have the backgrounds to understand and analyze the technology, the marketplace, the management teams, and organizational dynamics. HHM services include: - *Customized client-driven research to directly address client business issues* > *Customer surveys designed to capture information needed to assist > organizations in gathering data.* - *Survey design, development and implementation by Ph. D's with specialized experience in survey development* ###### ***Systems Design Development and Life-Cycle Management*** HHM Consultants provides full project management and system design life cycle (SDLC) processes that help customers build repeatable systems and establish methodologies to include software design and development, user acceptance testing, enterprise architecture framework analysis, configuration management, and requirements definition and analysis. HMM services include: - *Systems analysis performed by professionals with over 15 years hands-on experience* - *Voice and data network installation and cabling by certified technicians* - *Enterprise Resource Planning* - *Rational Unified Process (RUP) database modeling* - *Assistance in Capability Maturity Methodology Integration (CMMI) Level 3 Certification* ###### ***HHM Consultants Organizational Staff*** ###### ***HHM Personnel Credentials*** ###### *HMM is owned, operated, and managed by Barbara Hanson, President, who is assisted by a number of highly skilled staff. An overview of key staff members is shown below.* ###### ***[Managing Director/Principal]{.underline}*** *HHM's executive level staff is responsible for the day-to-day operations of HMM. Additionally, our staff has extensive experience in business administration, project management, and training. Our managing directors/principals have also assisted customers in maintaining program compliance with government regulations, and have a reputation for achieving positive results coupled with strong interpersonal skills that have endeared them to many customers.* ###### ***[Senior Business Analysts/Subject Matter Experts (SME)]{.underline}*** *HHM's business analysts have experience primarily in the area of improving the processes by which people and organizations learn. Our business analysts are especially skilled in building effective, productive working relationships with clients, and currently utilize these skills in providing technical training and end-user support of high-level executives in a governmental environment. Additionally, they focus on other core areas of HMM's business processes such as risk assessment, operational processes and evaluation of internal controls and customer satisfaction. Our Subject Matter Experts (SME)'s conducts research and analysis of business management issues.* ###### ***[Training/Technical Specialists]{.underline}*** *Our training specialists have numerous years of experience training government agencies on entire commercial off the shelf (COTS) applications to include: MS Office Suite, Corel Office Suite, Lotus Notes applications, database design, and web development. Other training includes Project Management training and customized course development to include technical boot camps, program certifications through our Evening & Weekend (EWP) programs, as well as Blackberry Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) training and consulting to executive level staff. Our technical specialists have provided all levels of support and help desk management in the areas of desktop configurations, network installation and usage, and organizational deployments.* ###### ***[Program/Project Managers]{.underline}*** *Many of our program and project managers have over 15 years of experience in the field of information technology and project management. Our PM's and Project Managers' careers span the computer field from systems programmer to management and operations of projects in excess of a billion dollars. A vast majority of our program/project manager's backgrounds have primarily been in the federal government-contracting sector. Many of their skills in proposal development and the management of contracts have resulted in multiple task order awards.* ###### ***[Senior Consultants/Financial Analysts]{.underline}*** *Our senior consultants have experience in risk management, procurement, acquisition, staffing and resource allocation planning. Some of our financial analysts have experience in both the commercial banking and financial institutions within Fortune 500 companies. Review and development of various components of a Cost benefit Analysis (CBA) includes net present value (NPV) and other financial reports. Our senior consultants have also developed strategic plans, assisted with the organizational development, restructuring, recruiting, and executive search, as well as serve as outsourcing and placement for other consulting firms.* ###### ***[OMB Exhibit 300 Consultants]{.underline}*** *Many of our OMB Exhibit 300 Consultants have extensive experience within the project management and information technology (IT) fields. Our consultants have provided support for an enterprise-wide information technology Investment Management process (IMP), as well as development of procedures and provided guidance and assistance on the Capital Planning and Investment Control Process (CPIC) that coincide with the select, control, and evaluate phases of IT Projects in accordance with the five stages of the Information Technology Investment Management (ITIM) maturity levels. Our staff works with the development and review of Exhibit 300 for final submissions to OMB. Consulting efforts include formulation and review of program/project justifications, performance goals, alternative analysis and research, as well as the performance based management system (PBMS).* ###### ***[Earned Value Specialists]{.underline}*** *HHM's Earned Value Specialists have developed and delivered training on Earned Value Management basic and advanced levels for Department of Veterans Affairs and other military and civilian government agencies. Our earned value specialists also have extensive experience with project planning, project schedule development, WBS formulation, cost estimating, and earned value analysis reporting. They have also assisted various organizations such as Carnegie Mellon, Software Engineering Institute (SEI,) and Management Technologies, Inc. in conducting interviews and Independent Validation and Verification to determine an Independent Technical Assessment (ITA) of the Earned Value maturity level of a project in excess of \$472 million dollars.* ###### ***[Systems Analysts/Program Developers]{.underline}*** *Many of our systems analysts have extensive experience in software development and project management on complex projects for the federal and commercial sectors providing, requirements analysis, database and application design and administration, system integration, configuration management, quality assurance, testing and deployment transition. Many of our Program developers follow the Rational Unified Process (RUP), and utilize the Clear Quest workflow design. Our staff adheres to the Capability Maturity Methodology Integration (CMMI) and has assisted organizations in becoming CMMI Level 3 certified. They have also worked with Enterprise Architecture (EA) groups to design the appropriate security and network infrastructure.* ***Procurement Vehicles*** *HHM Consultants can provide the following procurement vehicles for any of our services:* +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | **Procurement | **Description** | | Vehicle** | | +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | **8 (a)** | Sole Source, Set-aside contracts | +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | **Woman Owned** | Company 100% woman owned | +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | **SDB** | Small Disadvantage Business | +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | **Major Credit | Visa, MasterCard, Discover, American Express | | Cards** | | +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | HHM Consultants | | | through teaming | | | agreements and | | | contractual | | | partnerships can | | | also provide the | | | following | | | procurement | | | vehicles for any | | | products or | | | services we | | | provide: | | | | | | - **GSA | | | Schedule | | | 70** | | | | | | - **Service | | | Disabled | | | Veterans | | | Business | | | (SDVB)** | | | | | | - **Hub Zone** | | +------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ ###### ###### ***Contact Information*** *HHM Consultants contact information is as follows:* ------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- **Contact** **Contact Information** **President/CEO** Barbara Hanson **Corp 15508 Helen Drive ▪ Suite 100 ▪ Accokeek, MD 20607 Headquarters** **DC Satellite 1717 K Street, NW ▪ Suite 600 ▪ Washington, DC 20036 Office** **Telephone** $301$ 292-5869 **DC Office** $202$ 349-3950 **Fax** 1-(240) 266-1288 **Email** **bhanson@hhmconsultantsinc.com** **Website** [**www.hhmconsultants.com**](http://www.hhmconsultants.com/) ------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ######

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71 63 51 1154 860 1792 1373 3736 63502 10118 2010 91 138 95 85 91 140 111 110 130 131 159 162 190 229 212 271 220 225 229 236 243 259 333 191 227 142 149 103 94 68 60 49 1161 861 1801 1373 3727 63502 10118 4010 137 196 134 136 148 181 138 162 170 189 198 231 244 306 262 334 265 290 268 289 274 309 370 228 261 170 172 122 111 82 72 58 1129 861 1756 1372 3777 63502 10119 10 88 163 116 103 119 171 163 182 204 230 240 285 291 382 331 436 345 387 352 396 360 416 479 301 336 215 216 152 136 100 88 70 1101 860 1765 1374 3760 63502 10119 2010 78 128 90 86 101 143 133 144 164 176 192 220 236 289 257 342 269 296 274 307 281 329 384 243 274 175 178 124 112 83 73 59 1134 860 1774 1374 3777 63525 10119 4010 87 136 87 82 89 124 112 112 127 129 144 156 179 215 194 257 203 216 210 226 220 251 306 185 214 138 143 100 92 66 60 48 1164 860 1783 1373 3793 63502 10120 10 93 138 97 83 93 126 104 124 127 141 151 184 189 231 199 269 207 230 214 235 224 258 306 192 211 144 144 101 92 69 60 48 1162 860 1792 1373 3793 63525 10120 2010 70 113 65 70 77 108 100 105 118 121 140 154 175 220 186 263 197 225 209 234 219 254 302 189 211 138 142 100 91 66 59 47 1169 860 1802 1374 3785 63479 10120 4010 125 189 109 115 125 146 139 133 156 158 167 190 204 255 234 301 248 260 260 273 267 297 362 219 254 162 167 116 108 77 71 55 1140 860 1757 1373 3835 63502 10121 10 77 127 85 82 82 124 108 114 116 126 138 150 180 212 191 251 201 210 209 224 217 245 299 184 211 138 141 99 90 66 58 47 1168 860 1766 1373 3810 63525 10121 2010 81 122 80 86 94 111 101 118 115 131 137 157 171 216 177 262 193 220 200 227 212 255 297 186 211 139 142 99 90 67 59 47 1168 860 1775 1373 3835 63502 10121 4010 65 109 61 62 62 91 82 87 96 102 125 129 172 186 177 230 196 198 208 211 222 234 303 178 197 135 134 97 86 64 56 46 1175 860 1784 1372 3835 63502 10122 10 82 122 84 97 99 139 130 127 156 135 176 157 219 216 208 256 206 214 210 229 218 247 300 187 209 141 141 102 92 70 60 49 1162 860 1793 1374 3835 63525 10122 2010 104 158 85 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218 204 238 287 177 206 132 137 96 88 63 57 45 1173 859 1801 1372 3760 63502 10202 4010 79 104 62 76 73 89 81 98 97 111 120 134 156 197 171 240 187 200 197 212 211 236 292 175 207 130 137 93 85 62 55 43 1176 859 1756 1373 3744 63502 10203 11 82 129 90 95 102 134 125 119 135 132 145 149 165 216 176 256 184 217 196 226 212 249 294 187 208 137 140 97 90 66 59 46 1169 859 1766 1373 3744 63502 10203 2011 83 146 86 92 97 148 131 119 139 125 152 150 180 207 190 247 204 203 207 216 223 237 311 175 215 131 139 94 88 62 56 44 1166 859 1775 1373 3752 63502 10203 4011 90 121 77 103 115 107 97 127 116 136 139 156 165 216 168 267 181 222 193 234 206 258 294 192 216 142 145 101 93 66 60 48 1169 859 1784 1373 3752 63502 10204 11 119 209 116 103 112 146 135 141 138 147 157 162 194 234 200 274 205 228 210 247 219 264 308 197 217 146 148 107 96 71 63 51 1156 859 1977 1373 3744 63502 10204 2011 145 180 114 158 174 165 136 156 146 156 169 167 192 231 193 271 197 222 207 239 216 259 301 195 218 146 149 107 95 72 63 51 1152 859 1803 1374 3744 63502 10204 4011 85 129 81 96 112 114 103 136 117 151 140 183 177 236 185 279 193 239 206 246 220 271 318 200 235 148 156 106 98 69 62 50 1163 859 1758 1372 3719 63502 10205 11 68 111 68 70 74 103 94 97 105 108 127 127 163 198 180 242 192 205 213 221 227 247 313 187 212 139 143 99 91 67 59 47 1172 859 1767 1373 3719 63502 10205 2011 88 145 89 84 93 131 109 122 127 134 152 158 176 225 184 266 197 221 208 231 222 253 316 189 223 139 146 101 93 66 60 48 1164 859 1777 1372 3727 63502 10205 4011 108 156 94 95 106 126 103 120 123 143 142 161 174 225 196 262 209 216 215 230 224 253 314 187 221 139 147 99 93 66 59 48 1164 859 1786 1373 3744 63502 10206 11 82 109 72 86 96 110 101 128 121 148 147 171 177 235 195 285 211 238 226 255 238 277 336 205 240 151 157 108 99 72 64 50 1159 859 1796 1373 3736 63502 10206 2011 90 127 89 93 95 135 116 115 127 130 139 152 162 204 173 244 187 200 197 214 211 242 297 181 211 135 141 98 90 65 58 46 1168 858 1749 1372 3744 63525 10206 4011 83 124 86 88 97 138 127 119 135 130 146 154 179 215 183 261 189 212 197 225 209 248 295 184 211 138 144 99 90 66 59 47 1168 858 1758 1373 3752 63502 10207 11 79 122 79 74 80 114 101 103 119 124 141 147 166 207 181 255 191 211 201 223 209 248 294 182 217 135 147 97 90 64 57 46 1172 858 1767 1373 3752 63502 10207 2011 85 139 95 93 102 141 129 111 136 114 141 146 169 213 183 255 193 200 209 211 214 236 301 174 213 129 140 94 88 63 57 45 1170 858 1776 1373 3752 63502 10207 4011 98 141 96 95 100 144 119 114 119 132 139 148 171 210 181 253 185 208 200 219 214 243 304 181 218 134 143 98 90 66 59 47 1167 858 1786 1373 3777 63525 10208 11 115 135 85 118 120 120 102 133 116 136 135 158 167 222 182 265 194 223 200 233 211 254 300 188 218 139 145 100 93 68 61 48 1165 858 1795 1373 3818 63502 10208 2011 127 144 96 106 119 134 110 127 126 128 142 156 166 230 173 275 187 227 194 236 206 255 295 191 216 145 147 106 95 73 64 51 1161 858 1749 1372 3810 63502 10208 4011 89 122 88 83 104 130 109 126 119 140 137 154 170 213 174 250 177 202 189 222 203 244 292 185 216 139 145 101 93 67 60 49 1167 858 1759 1373 3818 63525 10209 11 102 113 73 100 107 121 94 115 112 131 138 161 170 223 180 266 194 219 207 234 220 257 313 193 225 143 150 103 96 69 62 50 1171 858 1768 1372 3818 63525 10209 2011 69 107 69 76 81 109 100 122 117 142 142 164 173 224 193 259 209 211 222 222 237 246 331 180 229 137 147 99 92 66 59 47 1166 858 1777 1372 3802 63525 10209 4011 91 162 92 86 97 155 102 121 115 122 137 145 174 212 179 249 188 202 199 210 211 237 296 177 208 134 140 98 90 67 59 48 1165 858 1787 1374 3826 63502 10210 11 95 129 84 106 104 125 125 112 114 123 135 151 160 212 181 247 186 204 188 217 203 240 291 175 215 132 142 97 90 64 58 46 1170 858 1796 1373 3835 63502 10210 2011 99 145 88 82 98 122 101 103 112 120 140 140 170 198 163 245 168 198 178 207 184 226 255 170 184 131 130 96 85 64 57 47 1172 858 1805 1373 3843 63525 10210 4011 71 106 63 66 68 90 78 100 101 116 122 137 148 196 166 236 181 187 190 196 199 219 279 163 198 123 130 90 83 60 54 43 1178 858 1759 1373 3826 63502 10211 11 93 148 99 86 90 129 101 112 115 120 133 140 161 197 177 232 187 188 198 200 206 222 286 164 198 125 132 91 84 60 54 44 1172 857 1768 1373 3835 63502 10211 2011 80 127 84 75 82 121 95 104 103 115 125 136 157 194 163 231 172 189 181 197 190 216 268 160 192 122 131 89 83 60 54 43 1176 857 1777 1372 3826 63525 10211 4011 65 104 59 62 66 90 80 87 89 101 109 122 139 178 153 222 165 183 175 196 187 218 265 163 191 122 129 88 83 59 54 43 1182 857 1786 1373 3835 63502 10212 11 56 94 54 53 52 74 65 75 82 90 106 111 140 170 146 218 158 180 170 193 179 210 256 158 185 120 125 89 81 59 53 42 1185 857 1795 1373 3810 63502 10212 2011 75 110 63 79 77 81 69 100 84 109 111 130 143 191 158 241 171 196 181 209 193 229 282 169 211 126 138 90 86 60 55 43 1180 857 1804 1373 3818 63502 10212 4012 72 115 78 64 67 110 99 100 108 115 121 127 150 187 159 234 171 187 178 201 191 224 268 167 191 128 131 93 85 62 56 45 1179 857 1759 1372 3802 63502 10213 12 70 111 79 71 77 110 99 96 107 101 117 116 150 176 150 219 165 179 176 191 184 218 260 165 188 125 130 92 84 61 55 45 1180 857 1769 1372 3802 63502 10213 2012 69 107 64 68 73 88 76 87 88 97 107 124 137 185 156 231 173 192 183 202 197 225 285 166 206 125 134 91 84 59 54 42 1180 857 1778 1373 3802 63525 10213 4012 71 112 76 73 76 118 102 102 114 116 138 129 160 179 165 221 175 185 187 193 194 211 270 158 186 122 128 89 82 60 53 43 1176 857 1788 1372 3793 63502 10214 12 74 126 92 69 67 124 95 96 100 106 121 129 145 184 151 224 169 189 181 204 192 228 273 171 199 128 134 94 86 62 57 45 1177 857 1797 1373 3769 63502 10214 2012 62 99 58 50 51 76 70 74 86 87 106 106 135 168 144 215 159 179 168 195 180 218 255 167 187 126 130 92 84 62 55 44 1184 857 1807 1372 3769 63525 10214 4012 68 106 61 64 65 85 77 94 90 106 111 121 150 177 156 224 167 179 178 193 192 215 273 160 190 122 129 89 83 59 53 43 1182 857 1761 1373 3769 63525 10215 12 102 172 90 74 76 96 82 100 98 118 115 134 146 197 160 238 173 198 178 211 187 230 266 174 195 131 135 96 87 65 58 47 1173 857 1771 1373 3760 63525 10215 2012 77 113 73 68 70 100 85 97 101 111 130 138 152 194 164 228 167 190 179 202 188 228 269 169 202 126 135 92 86 62 57 44 1178 857 1781 1373 3744 63502 10215 4012 70 106 66 74 80 92 76 107 83 112 103 125 140 182 153 231 173 194 181 207 189 229 275 170 199 127 134 93 86 63 55 45 1179 857 1790 1372 3719 63525 10216 12 68 97 60 65 70 84 80 99 102 114 114 134 139 194 152 239 167 199 176 213 187 235 271 175 198 132 136 96 86 63 56 45 1180 857 1800 1374 3711 63502 10216 2012 66 102 59 64 63 88 77 95 93 110 120 129 155 188 169 237 184 200 195 210 214 229 304 166 210 125 134 90 85 59 54 44 1177 856 1754 1372 3703 63502 10216 4012 71 108 82 78 91 124 97 107 122 114 132 142 160 208 172 246 177 207 183 221 196 244 280 187 207 141 143 102 93 69 61 49 1170 856 1764 1373 3703 63525 10217 12 89 132 105 98 108 162 137 132 170 168 205 224 251 310 278 359 297 321 303 328 308 349 413 258 289 188 186 134 119 90 78 63 1123 856 1773 1373 3727 63549 10217 2012 59 101 55 59 60 84 73 88 86 102 109 120 144 178 155 223 165 189 175 202 186 224 264 169 190 128 131 93 84 62 55 45 1182 856 1782 1373 3703 63549 10217 4012 100 162 112 93 102 147 112 94 113 121 132 133 171 194 181 233 194 192 206 209 215 228 295 172 206 128 136 93 87 63 56 45 1169 856 1792 1373 3719 63525 10218 12 166 191 105 110 131 143 144 137 150 147 183 175 206 245 209 285 212 240 217 242 225 261 318 195 220 145 149 107 96 72 65 52 1157 856 1801 1373 3752 63549 10218 2012 76 119 74 80 86 113 90 107 99 120 115 136 151 199 163 240 173 195 186 207 200 228 279 170 198 128 135 93 86 61 55 44 1177 856 1754 1373 3719 63525 10218 4012 60 98 56 54 56 79 75 79 85 95 104 115 129 171 150 217 164 182 182 194 196 215 279 156 194 118 129 87 80 57 51 40 1185 856 1763 1373 3703 63525 10219 12 82 124 74 75 81 93 80 85 102 103 116 123 143 181 157 221 166 182 179 193 189 214 269 159 190 120 126 87 81 58 52 41 1184 856 1771 1372 3744 63502 10219 2012 67 100 59 63 70 82 71 91 84 103 108 125 141 183 148 222 153 182 162 194 174 212 249 158 180 119 122 87 80 58 51 41 1185 856 1779 1373 3744 63479 10219 4012 71 113 73 75 76 102 88 90 96 98 113 120 148 177 153 216 156 178 166 190 178 212 255 158 182 119 125 87 80 58 51 42 1184 856 1787 1372 3769 63479 10220 12 77 133 99 80 86 151 142 92 150 108 150 133 163 191 155 222 166 176 176 184 182 207 261 155 185 116 124 84 78 56 51 41 1180 856 1795 1373 3769 63456 10220 2012 87 142 86 81 89 132 117 110 123 134 140 163 178 228 190 269 203 221 206 231 217 250 296 184 210 135 141 98 91 67 59 47 1163 856 1748 1372 3793 63456 10220 4012 91 125 82 95 93 122 104 107 113 121 121 132 144 189 156 229 165 180 175 188 182 206 256 154 183 116 123 86 79 58 52 41 1179 856 1757 1372 3810 63456 10221 12 73 111 75 71 71 109 98 104 108 125 126 154 165 216 191 269 215 230 227 243 238 260 325 192 224 142 146 101 92 67 59 48 1163 856 1765 1372 3802 63456 10221 2012 98 136 66 68 69 90 84 96 91 106 109 129 141 181 144 216 154 176 166 187 177 205 252 151 181 115 122 84 78 57 51 41 1181 856 1774 1373 3826 63433 10221 4012 61 102 59 57 57 82 73 82 87 99 104 115 140 162 154 205 165 166 171 179 181 194 255 145 175 109 117 81 74 53 48 39 1189 855 1783 1372 3810 63433 10222 12 61 110 65 57 55 83 78 85 88 89 109 105 138 159 150 206 160 164 169 177 178 197 248 146 169 110 115 81 75 53 48 39 1188 855 1791 1372 3826 63433 10222 2013 68 112 68 75 77 93 73 82 82 85 101 106 124 163 133 207 143 168 150 178 159 200 229 149 169 113 118 83 76 55 49 40 1190 855 1746 1371 3818 63433 10222 4013 65 111 67 62 65 101 95 87 114 103 131 111 152 159 144 204 153 157 161 170 164 191 230 142 163 107 113 79 73 52 46 38 1187 855 1755 1372 3826 63433 10223 13 71 119 67 60 64 93 91 91 106 104 121 128 148 181 153 218 158 171 163 180 170 201 239 150 170 113 118 83 76 56 50 40 1185 855 1765 1372 3826 63456 10223 2013 64 99 60 61 64 82 70 91 85 104 104 120 133 173 141 219 148 172 163 182 178 205 246 152 175 116 120 85 77 57 50 40 1187 855 1775 1373 3843 63433 10223 4013 63 111 66 74 72 94 82 94 99 105 115 129 144 184 153 223 164 183 169 190 176 207 248 157 177 119 122 85 80 56 52 41 1185 855 1784 1372 3843 63456 10300 13 66 104 63 65 62 89 76 79 87 90 102 108 135 165 141 206 148 164 155 173 164 194 233 148 166 112 115 82 74 54 48 40 1190 855 1975 1371 3835 63479 10300 2013 75 109 65 74 75 94 79 97 103 110 128 126 155 174 157 215 162 174 168 180 174 201 245 150 173 115 117 83 77 56 50 41 1185 855 1749 1371 3843 63456 10300 4013 60 96 56 55 56 72 65 73 75 83 96 105 125 162 135 203 146 165 154 176 168 197 245 146 175 109 115 79 74 52 47 37 1192 855 1758 1372 3826 63456 10301 13 72 106 58 64 65 85 78 80 84 96 110 112 134 170 143 210 149 173 161 182 166 206 240 153 174 116 120 84 77 56 50 39 1188 855 1767 1372 3826 63456 10301 2013 66 99 63 65 67 89 73 83 75 89 93 107 125 165 138 213 150 169 164 180 173 202 245 150 174 112 117 81 75 54 48 39 1191 855 1776 1372 3818 63456 10301 4013 80 111 72 69 65 97 84 80 92 95 109 115 140 167 138 210 140 172 147 183 155 201 223 152 164 115 117 84 76 57 50 41 1187 855 1785 1372 3802 63456 10302 13 111 155 75 81 90 101 85 103 92 113 115 126 137 193 151 231 160 188 166 195 182 214 257 160 183 120 124 87 80 56 52 41 1181 855 1794 1371 3818 63456 10302 2013 59 93 54 53 54 70 65 75 75 83 95 108 128 165 142 211 151 175 161 187 171 205 247 152 179 114 121 83 76 54 48 38 1192 855 1748 1372 3777 63433 10302 4013 66 101 57 53 54 82 80 66 98 86 117 101 138 148 133 190 143 156 152 168 161 192 234 142 164 110 112 80 73 53 47 38 1192 855 1758 1371 3769 63456 10303 13 59 122 77 56 66 105 82 77 84 80 99 101 128 157 140 199 153 167 160 177 166 197 233 150 163 113 115 82 74 54 48 39 1191 855 1767 1372 3744 63456 10303 2013 62 94 51 55 57 73 68 77 77 88 94 109 123 162 124 214 141 178 152 194 164 219 236 166 174 126 125 91 82 59 52 43 1190 854 1776 1372 3744 63456 10303 4013 62 95 54 56 55 72 64 80 71 96 86 118 116 171 131 213 145 175 159 185 174 208 252 154 186 116 126 83 78 55 50 39 1192 854 1785 1372 3744 63433 10304 13 63 106 61 68 69 94 76 86 94 92 109 114 150 172 157 215 163 178 174 188 185 212 259 157 180 119 121 86 78 57 50 41 1184 854 1794 1372 3719 63433 10304 2013 82 115 59 65 74 89 74 88 86 107 106 127 129 176 133 218 146 181 152 192 159 212 236 162 174 122 125 86 79 57 52 41 1189 854 1749 1371 3727 63456 10304 4013 114 199 139 70 79 153 103 109 128 137 152 176 196 246 221 296 234 256 247 266 256 289 359 213 248 158 162 115 106 76 68 53 1150 854 1758 1371 3719 63456 10305 13 58 91 51 49 50 68 64 70 72 88 91 110 120 161 135 209 146 172 160 188 174 207 253 151 186 113 123 81 78 53 48 38 1193 854 1767 1372 3694 63433 10305 2013 71 108 62 61 62 81 70 75 89 88 106 110 138 170 141 218 150 177 158 188 170 208 240 157 174 118 122 85 79 55 50 40 1187 854 1776 1372 3703 63433 10305 4013 76 99 70 68 68 105 95 94 114 117 144 150 176 218 196 271 208 224 219 236 233 257 333 184 234 136 146 96 90 64 58 45 1168 854 1785 1372 3703 63433 10306 13 59 99 54 59 55 76 69 84 83 99 101 120 131 179 151 232 172 195 188 208 201 229 284 168 204 123 132 87 82 57 52 41 1183 854 1794 1372 3694 63456 10306 2013 66 117 79 72 85 121 123 134 154 171 195 215 255 295 279 358 288 316 295 330 303 354 410 260 289 188 187 132 117 87 76 61 1126 854 1749 1371 3703 63433 10306 4013 64 101 62 61 66 88 82 90 94 101 114 121 149 175 161 224 173 181 182 188 190 208 262 157 181 119 123 87 79 57 50 41 1184 854 1758 1372 3703 63433 10307 13 72 100 65 61 62 88 76 82 98 93 112 118 138 175 149 215 159 172 168 179 176 202 246 153 175 116 120 83 76 55 49 40 1188 854 1767 1372 3719 63433 10307 2013 131 201 108 83 89 117 83 126 118 127 121 150 139 198 154 234 160 187 166 195 178 216 250 165 182 124 127 91 83 61 54 45 1174 854 1775 1372 3760 63433 10307 4013 68 106 64 63 65 86 77 88 89 100 105 121 131 171 139 212 149 172 164 178 173 198 246 146 172 110 116 80 74 53 48 39 1190 854 1784 1371 3752 63433 10308 13 109 175 80 74 79 102 92 92 98 100 115 117 149 180 157 214 165 169 173 176 179 197 252 147 174 113 117 83 76 54 49 40 1182 854 1974 1372 3769 63433 10308 2014 77 146 101 81 91 145 115 123 138 139 164 180 215 249 238 305 251 264 261 271 270 291 362 212 249 156 160 111 100 74 66 52 1143 854 1747 1371 3777 63410 10308 4014 113 205 108 80 91 128 97 112 131 142 149 165 183 232 205 279 211 237 219 242 228 262 315 192 223 142 148 102 94 69 61 49 1154 854 1756 1372 3785 63410 10309 14 78 243 107 69 77 109 88 101 102 116 129 153 174 230 191 272 200 233 210 241 223 264 312 196 221 144 149 103 95 70 63 50 1158 854 1766 1371 3802 63410 10309 2014 60 96 62 61 62 88 79 102 99 122 124 150 164 205 180 258 195 220 208 234 219 255 307 191 219 143 144 103 92 68 60 48 1166 853 1774 1372 3793 63410 10309 4014 78 137 79 63 77 109 82 99 95 107 116 125 151 175 163 215 176 171 184 177 198 198 272 147 184 111 119 82 76 54 49 39 1178 853 1783 1371 3810 63433 10310 14 78 142 89 77 79 135 111 115 118 113 134 133 160 198 153 221 166 188 163 191 170 213 237 158 175 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285 323 213 219 154 136 98 83 62 1183 827 1995 1382 3719 167 11402 40 65 95 59 62 69 87 87 103 115 127 143 171 185 233 200 277 228 257 241 290 267 333 394 262 302 197 206 142 130 90 78 58 1198 827 2213 1381 3719 167 11402 2040 68 95 57 62 70 89 85 113 111 143 141 190 188 269 215 327 242 301 264 335 286 377 429 293 333 218 227 155 141 98 87 63 1189 827 2017 1383 3719 191 11402 4040 67 98 64 68 76 88 84 103 101 115 117 159 161 235 192 288 223 266 245 291 269 332 402 257 310 193 207 138 127 86 76 55 1201 827 1967 1382 3719 191 11403 40 102 128 84 105 106 131 116 149 140 172 170 225 226 307 265 363 294 328 297 352 321 392 463 300 347 224 233 159 144 102 89 67 1172 827 1978 1383 3727 191 11403 2040 69 95 55 59 66 80 76 93 93 113 125 153 174 232 201 285 235 258 253 281 276 323 405 246 302 185 202 133 120 83 72 54 1202 827 1989 1382 3719 191 11403 4040 67 91 55 48 55 83 78 72 97 91 116 124 158 200 171 250 197 225 212 257 232 297 345 242 259 186 182 137 116 87 72 56 1208 827 2000 1383 3736 191 11404 40 60 88 52 49 56 72 67 75 84 88 107 124 143 203 170 246 201 228 224 255 249 295 374 233 279 177 186 128 114 80 68 51 1213 827 2217 1382 3744 214 11404 2040 70 104 56 48 56 91 77 78 98 98 118 129 167 208 193 259 229 239 250 275 276 319 398 250 283 190 189 135 118 88 73 55 1198 827 2020 1382 3736 167 11404 4040 69 97 60 57 62 81 77 75 99 91 124 129 167 213 191 262 218 235 236 261 263 302 386 237 277 182 185 131 115 82 70 53 1205 827 1967 1382 3760 167 11405 40 61 86 43 44 43 55 54 62 63 71 82 102 119 165 136 208 161 186 182 216 205 258 318 207 237 162 167 119 105 74 64 47 1224 827 1978 1383 3760 167 11405 2040 74 112 62 50 55 78 54 73 64 78 84 98 115 163 125 203 149 175 169 205 191 242 301 196 232 153 162 111 100 70 61 45 1228 827 1992 1383 3793 214 11405 4040 62 88 50 44 44 63 56 63 61 70 77 95 112 159 127 200 154 179 173 208 197 248 310 198 237 155 165 114 104 71 62 46 1228 827 2002 1383 3802 214 11406 40 70 161 112 68 77 156 123 69 115 76 104 102 126 191 145 205 169 177 188 206 209 248 319 199 236 154 162 113 101 71 61 46 1219 827 2013 1383 3826 237 11406 2040 62 91 51 50 48 67 56 63 65 69 80 94 115 152 132 194 160 171 178 196 203 238 310 190 229 149 157 110 98 70 59 45 1230 827 1962 1383 3826 191 11406 4040 76 89 56 51 51 67 64 75 77 87 98 119 146 183 162 224 186 202 203 228 225 265 335 213 245 163 169 121 106 76 65 50 1214 827 1971 1382 3810 167 11407 40 59 84 45 43 43 52 52 56 60 63 79 95 120 159 141 206 166 184 195 215 217 258 330 206 241 161 166 118 105 74 63 48 1222 827 1980 1382 3835 191 11407 2041 62 91 52 51 55 71 71 79 92 100 123 137 172 204 189 254 213 233 229 262 246 305 364 246 269 190 186 139 118 88 74 58 1203 827 1989 1383 3851 144 11407 4041 69 90 51 51 53 65 59 66 73 82 90 109 124 172 130 208 155 193 176 224 200 269 314 214 247 165 173 121 108 76 65 49 1222 827 2001 1382 3859 191 11408 41 112 127 72 72 78 94 80 94 95 116 118 149 163 228 182 274 205 255 222 283 243 324 365 259 279 197 195 146 125 93 79 61 1195 827 2012 1383 3884 167 11408 2041 127 155 98 132 144 143 136 181 155 195 192 244 240 327 263 376 293 340 301 363 322 401 463 311 347 235 243 167 153 107 93 70 1159 827 1958 1382 3892 121 11408 4041 170 233 199 212 271 322 294 335 326 365 349 407 388 504 404 541 411 464 410 471 423 504 588 380 432 278 283 198 180 131 115 88 1095 826 1967 1382 3900 121 11409 41 147 199 161 165 211 244 206 253 226 282 263 334 305 411 331 469 352 421 358 434 372 469 531 352 399 260 262 186 165 122 104 81 1127 827 1978 1384 3884 144 11409 2041 197 214 154 194 240 275 227 275 273 291 287 329 321 417 339 467 349 413 361 427 373 460 524 353 393 257 263 185 166 121 104 80 1119 826 1990 1384 3917 167 11409 4041 171 210 173 173 203 278 245 230 284 275 316 329 357 424 374 465 378 412 381 429 397 462 553 351 405 259 264 187 167 122 105 81 1117 827 2002 1384 3900 191 11410 41 149 186 141 173 204 239 221 236 256 263 287 314 315 405 342 451 351 389 358 413 380 445 532 338 393 249 257 178 160 116 100 77 1129 827 2014 1383 3868 214 11410 2041 205 242 175 207 270 301 259 293 302 324 347 375 395 482 430 512 435 450 425 465 432 497 592 380 426 276 278 199 175 130 112 88 1094 827 1963 1383 3884 214 11410 4041 186 228 187 222 283 328 294 313 332 355 380 420 419 527 436 575 443 508 444 524 457 558 630 425 463 306 302 219 191 143 122 96 1080 826 1975 1383 3876 237 11411 41 317 264 201 222 257 331 318 316 355 366 397 438 439 530 453 551 451 480 442 494 454 521 618 390 445 285 290 205 184 136 118 92 1070 826 1986 1384 3900 191 11411 2041 294 353 262 283 347 411 328 310 354 353 397 416 439 521 431 517 426 447 408 453 415 484 567 369 409 271 271 197 174 130 112 88 1076 826 1998 1382 3909 237 11411 4041 146 210 154 156 197 237 200 218 218 222 248 276 295 365 306 398 323 351 328 365 348 395 489 303 351 224 232 163 146 106 91 71 1146 826 2010 1383 3826 260 11412 41 170 280 172 180 219 250 214 230 254 266 267 305 310 397 334 432 344 376 348 390 358 424 501 322 365 238 244 172 152 112 97 74 1133 826 2022 1384 3810 283 11412 2041 129 181 130 153 180 216 195 217 230 246 254 288 285 372 291 406 303 354 307 367 321 402 461 311 347 233 236 169 149 110 94 73 1150 826 1970 1383 3785 283 11412 4041 83 128 92 88 95 141 131 126 154 155 179 201 223 287 245 324 261 293 278 322 293 363 430 280 319 209 214 151 133 97 84 64 1178 826 1981 1383 3769 283 11413 41 189 222 109 158 195 189 178 202 213 217 250 257 299 337 302 376 300 325 303 343 313 382 446 299 320 224 220 165 140 107 90 72 1137 826 1992 1383 3802 283 11413 2041 153 217 168 177 213 267 214 212 246 235 265 269 289 368 300 392 315 349 321 367 332 403 472 311 348 231 233 169 148 111 95 74 1140 826 2003 1384 3769 283 11413 4041 138 191 158 159 200 275 216 233 243 253 280 301 330 400 343 430 357 371 361 388 373 424 519 321 376 237 245 169 153 110 96 73 1136 826 2015 1384 3769 307 11414 41 116 165 131 138 167 220 200 204 221 215 253 266 292 346 307 381 319 338 318 357 336 394 474 305 343 227 227 163 146 107 91 71 1151 827 2024 1384 3719 307 11414 2041 102 133 96 109 125 146 140 155 161 178 183 228 223 304 255 351 275 316 290 334 309 373 445 289 334 216 223 156 139 100 86 66 1171 826 1973 1384 3711 307 11414 4041 79 134 109 89 111 158 139 155 164 179 198 220 240 292 272 331 294 290 302 315 316 351 445 273 317 204 209 147 130 96 81 63 1174 826 1985 1384 3727 307 11415 41 84 121 88 99 118 143 141 166 173 197 207 252 251 329 269 367 291 324 304 344 324 378 462 288 339 214 224 154 139 99 87 65 1169 826 1996 1384 3711 330 11415 2041 92 125 98 97 121 161 162 152 190 189 209 238 253 315 277 366 294 322 299 346 314 379 448 292 329 214 221 158 139 101 86 67 1167 826 2008 1384 3719 330 11415 4041 217 392 149 128 164 206 203 194 212 211 237 265 290 367 304 387 317 345 319 359 332 392 467 305 340 229 230 166 147 109 94 74 1131 826 2019 1383 3777 330 11416 41 83 113 89 93 103 133 129 151 161 180 197 232 247 317 272 362 294 321 303 335 324 376 464 290 337 220 220 156 139 100 87 67 1170 826 2031 1383 3711 353 11416 2041 129 159 91 110 131 150 132 147 157 188 183 229 230 319 245 355 268 318 282 341 307 382 446 295 334 222 225 159 141 103 89 67 1168 826 1978 1384 3744 330 11416 4041 104 147 116 114 128 173 156 167 180 196 206 252 259 341 279 388 301 351 313 371 331 406 467 312 345 232 231 166 148 107 93 71 1161 826 1988 1384 3744 330 11417 42 136 165 124 158 181 216 171 209 207 229 225 270 268 355 305 402 326 344 330 363 352 398 508 298 376 217 237 155 145 101 90 68 1151 826 1997 1383 3777 330 11417 2042 142 165 99 123 149 168 153 177 189 202 216 245 254 331 296 381 308 330 313 341 333 380 473 287 345 211 222 152 138 99 86 66 1160 826 2006 1385 3785 283 11417 4042 109 162 131 126 152 200 189 190 211 214 233 255 263 344 284 379 294 328 299 344 313 380 448 294 327 221 220 159 140 102 88 69 1159 826 2016 1384 3777 307 11418 42 120 145 97 132 151 158 149 198 170 228 193 271 233 339 267 382 283 326 297 347 323 386 467 293 352 219 231 157 144 101 90 67 1163 826 2026 1384 3802 260 11418 2042 176 275 181 157 185 267 225 207 240 239 255 293 299 385 313 404 323 356 321 373 337 410 476 319 359 235 239 169 153 111 97 74 1137 826 1972 1384 3843 260 11418 4042 111 167 118 113 134 179 163 166 205 185 229 234 278 324 298 358 314 322 321 344 336 382 473 294 337 220 221 159 139 103 89 69 1157 826 1981 1384 3835 260 11419 42 172 267 152 193 213 216 175 236 196 244 237 288 283 372 310 412 339 363 349 381 370 420 521 317 379 235 246 169 153 111 96 75 1131 826 1991 1383 3868 237 11419 2042 110 152 119 119 140 181 170 171 203 191 229 251 282 348 300 406 321 367 332 385 352 427 490 326 359 243 241 176 154 115 98 77 1146 826 2000 1384 3859 237 11419 4042 123 162 104 131 165 166 145 183 183 236 216 282 262 364 293 410 320 366 333 392 354 434 509 331 388 247 252 177 159 115 99 76 1147 826 2009 1384 3859 237 11420 42 112 167 115 115 132 187 160 170 188 196 227 244 274 340 295 386 313 347 325 373 345 414 489 317 359 234 239 170 151 110 95 74 1149 826 2019 1384 3868 214 11420 2042 99 124 86 107 121 155 139 173 173 200 198 258 258 330 289 387 322 356 340 385 351 427 501 325 369 240 248 173 155 113 98 75 1151 826 1967 1384 3859 214 11420 4042 141 158 113 125 151 198 174 187 218 221 252 268 301 357 331 397 348 357 359 377 373 417 525 315 376 234 241 168 152 111 97 75 1140 826 1977 1384 3892 191 11421 42 101 122 86 108 129 134 102 143 126 153 154 191 205 279 241 335 278 306 293 331 309 372 444 290 335 218 228 158 144 103 90 69 1167 826 1986 1383 3868 191 11421 2042 140 179 149 144 157 228 172 202 202 218 231 260 279 367 297 399 315 358 331 376 346 413 488 319 364 239 242 172 154 114 98 77 1144 826 1996 1384 3876 214 11421 4042 80 134 97 78 84 128 111 93 123 116 147 173 204 263 233 302 263 281 284 305 294 346 423 276 308 209 209 155 135 103 86 68 1177 826 2214 1383 3843 191 11422 42 197 244 110 135 134 164 134 168 150 186 176 226 233 324 264 361 285 329 297 354 318 394 462 306 348 229 234 167 151 110 96 74 1148 826 2017 1384 3909 191 11422 2042 112 159 110 94 106 146 116 139 140 159 179 214 226 302 252 345 277 322 289 350 305 391 444 306 333 234 229 171 148 112 95 75 1163 826 1966 1382 3859 191 11422 4042 141 156 91 123 126 158 124 158 154 182 186 224 229 315 263 359 292 316 304 338 324 386 475 289 354 216 229 156 144 102 90 69 1159 826 1977 1383 3859 191 11423 42 141 175 126 154 183 243 195 206 236 245 293 318 343 421 378 476 394 425 393 431 395 472 551 359 398 266 261 193 167 127 108 85 1118 826 1986 1384 3851 191 11423 2042 81 140 94 68 82 151 131 102 160 125 185 176 222 260 238 299 259 270 265 293 281 336 401 264 296 203 202 150 130 97 83 66 1174 826 1995 1383 3810 191 11423 4042 129 131 80 102 96 109 72 77 91 92 119 137 161 208 187 257 221 233 233 263 251 305 370 241 272 186 187 137 120 90 76 59 1193 826 2005 1382 3818 144 11500 42 71 101 68 64 72 115 106 103 136 125 153 158 184 238 206 274 225 248 241 265 260 316 388 251 286 194 195 142 123 92 77 61 1193 826 2015 1382 3777 144 11500 2042 79 160 97 58 61 104 86 93 108 104 132 137 174 210 192 248 218 222 231 245 251 289 373 231 269 178 183 131 117 85 73 57 1198 826 1963 1382 3793 167 11500 4042 92 124 77 95 112 127 131 137 164 164 192 210 238 287 261 330 282 297 294 321 320 369 460 285 335 214 221 155 139 100 88 68 1171 826 1974 1383 3777 191 11501 42 179 204 153 170 192 229 224 181 249 225 287 279 338 382 370 414 381 371 379 391 387 430 540 327 384 244 249 176 157 115 101 78 1125 826 1985 1383 3810 191 11501 2042 94 133 95 111 127 164 148 169 179 208 216 249 272 351 308 398 324 359 331 380 348 415 500 313 370 233 244 168 152 109 96 74 1153 826 1995 1383 3752 167 11501 4042 149 164 95 107 107 124 116 146 143 140 161 179 186 248 209 288 233 243 241 269 267 310 400 243 297 182 196 133 129 84 77 57 1187 826 2004 1382 3760 167 11502 42 94 152 106 116 141 183 166 187 200 230 247 291 305 383 357 439 376 407 377 429 398 469 557 358 411 264 269 189 171 125 110 84 1130 826 2220 1383 3727 167 11502 2042 91 115 79 78 88 104 100 117 117 145 150 197 211 285 234 328 262 307 277 335 294 378 431 296 328 225 223 163 142 105 90 70 1175 826 1964 1382 3719 191 11502 4042 89 120 87 92 92 133 111 127 132 153 162 204 214 296 244 349 272 324 297 355 319 397 461 306 353 228 237 162 149 105 93 70 1171 826 1975 1384 3711 191 11503 43 95 133 73 64 63 87 86 87 99 98 124 135 163 218 182 257 213 240 234 275 258 317 387 252 293 195 200 142 127 93 80 62 1192 826 1985 1384 3711 167 11503 2043 71 103 67 61 64 93 87 98 106 120 140 166 194 254 224 307 255 284 274 311 294 354 432 274 325 208 214 150 135 98 85 65 1182 826 1995 1383 3711 167 11503 4043 97 142 109 99 120 184 148 135 161 161 177 204 231 298 266 346 285 314 306 346 326 383 465 297 343 225 229 163 146 107 92 72 1161 826 2212 1383 3711 167 11504 43 92 122 77 92 96 105 84 99 111 129 138 166 193 252 206 298 231 280 250 309 272 353 401 281 307 214 210 154 135 101 86 67 1182 826 2015 1383 3711 144 11504 2043 85 134 91 83 103 145 126 128 147 158 179 193 247 281 259 322 271 285 277 303 292 345 417 264 302 200 204 146 129 95 82 64 1173 826 1962 1382 3727 121 11504 4043 96 124 89 112 124 128 117 145 146 157 166 185 206 259 218 306 236 272 249 294 269 339 401 263 306 198 208 144 132 94 83 62 1182 825 1972 1382 3736 121 11505 43 157 193 133 143 170 190 148 155 145 158 166 183 211 272 216 306 238 271 255 294 274 334 406 264 304 201 206 147 131 96 83 65 1173 825 1982 1383 3769 144 11505 2043 79 108 74 81 83 113 101 107 117 117 135 141 174 214 186 254 209 223 226 249 249 295 370 231 276 179 186 132 118 85 73 57 1197 826 1993 1382 3752 167 11505 4043 179 154 101 90 87 128 104 111 117 115 132 134 162 204 163 230 183 200 202 229 224 269 343 216 257 169 176 125 111 80 69 54 1194 826 2209 1384 3785 144 11506 43 85 124 88 83 91 131 106 100 113 107 131 125 165 187 158 222 176 192 191 219 206 261 314 211 236 167 165 125 108 82 68 54 1206 826 2013 1383 3769 144 11506 2043 80 109 70 74 84 106 89 104 113 119 129 146 152 207 173 246 199 216 217 239 235 278 340 223 257 176 180 130 115 84 72 56 1204 826 1961 1383 3777 144 11506 4043 237 137 61 182 212 90 84 117 103 136 129 151 162 222 175 260 195 217 208 240 226 283 343 221 265 171 181 126 115 83 74 58 1195 825 1971 1382 3859 98 11507 43 248 139 72 152 191 109 87 105 92 123 108 134 143 207 149 242 170 205 188 230 212 273 326 221 259 171 183 128 116 85 73 56 1201 825 1980 1383 3868 144 11507 2043 187 147 79 198 202 103 87 114 99 144 117 152 149 207 159 242 173 203 188 219 208 263 323 208 249 166 174 124 111 81 70 55 1200 826 1992 1384 3868 144 11507 4043 128 127 72 156 173 103 89 130 100 135 112 145 150 214 151 241 175 204 190 222 208 261 322 212 251 165 174 124 111 81 70 54 1202 825 2003 1383 3843 144 11508 43 191 187 89 96 122 144 99 117 109 135 125 150 151 218 150 239 166 204 183 226 201 266 312 217 249 170 177 126 115 82 71 55 1199 825 2014 1383 3884 167 11508 2043 68 96 66 66 70 99 92 88 102 96 110 127 137 184 147 218 172 182 185 205 204 245 317 195 243 153 165 114 103 73 63 48 1218 825 1963 1382 3826 167 11508 4043 79 110 68 72 70 86 74 91 89 102 95 126 121 189 157 222 158 177 205 201 188 237 294 194 230 154 163 115 104 74 63 48 1219 825 1974 1384 3843 167 11509 43 70 98 59 56 49 85 83 65 95 78 113 105 143 164 134 183 137 152 157 179 174 221 276 179 215 145 152 107 97 68 58 44 1229 825 1985 1383 3843 191 11509 2043 63 89 51 52 51 68 60 71 68 80 84 100 115 157 112 189 129 158 149 178 171 224 278 182 219 146 154 110 99 69 59 44 1232 825 1998 1384 3843 191 11509 4043 110 115 56 105 120 79 79 87 78 96 113 114 137 189 141 219 153 183 172 201 181 234 290 191 228 151 161 112 103 71 62 48 1221 825 2007 1383 3876 191 11510 43 126 138 80 108 123 92 81 87 89 87 84 106 112 175 116 194 142 157 158 179 172 221 282 182 223 147 159 109 100 70 60 46 1223 825 2223 1383 3884 191 11510 2043 62 85 50 48 46 65 60 64 72 75 94 99 130 161 130 197 149 169 162 189 182 227 288 188 226 151 159 111 100 70 60 45 1229 825 1967 1383 3835 191 11510 4043 175 195 48 53 61 98 90 107 102 85 111 106 125 195 123 197 148 167 158 193 180 233 282 192 221 155 157 116 101 74 64 49 1216 825 1977 1383 3884 191 11511 43 80 105 62 65 69 80 77 79 94 87 120 115 157 184 137 210 147 175 160 193 177 230 277 191 215 152 154 113 99 73 61 48 1222 825 1988 1383 3835 191 11511 2043 110 146 67 80 78 86 79 87 77 97 94 116 125 179 125 200 146 167 164 192 180 232 286 187 222 149 155 111 99 71 61 46 1221 825 2000 1382 3818 214 11511 4043 92 115 85 90 102 109 86 121 92 127 104 144 137 199 134 225 147 186 166 205 182 239 283 194 225 156 161 117 103 75 64 49 1217 825 2010 1383 3835 191 11512 43 78 105 69 69 74 94 84 91 95 100 110 124 142 195 148 218 165 179 183 201 198 239 304 191 232 150 160 110 100 69 61 46 1221 825 2226 1384 3802 237 11512 2043 77 105 64 68 72 93 82 82 91 89 100 113 132 178 133 207 153 168 171 191 189 228 293 185 224 147 155 109 98 69 59 45 1224 825 1969 1383 3802 237 11512 4044 79 112 74 70 73 99 76 85 81 94 98 115 137 183 133 212 151 178 166 203 183 245 289 196 230 155 162 114 104 73 63 48 1223 825 1980 1383 3769 214 11513 44 102 125 77 102 116 97 95 97 121 105 132 130 148 190 145 218 157 183 173 198 190 234 297 188 227 151 157 111 102 71 62 47 1218 825 1993 1382 3785 237 11513 2044 78 103 64 71 82 91 76 105 87 108 96 122 122 193 127 212 146 176 160 201 182 239 287 191 228 152 161 112 103 70 62 46 1224 825 2004 1384 3760 237 11513 4044 113 127 59 78 93 84 71 68 82 78 86 108 121 173 128 195 147 163 161 189 175 228 279 185 217 148 154 110 98 70 60 46 1225 825 2015 1384 3752 237 11514 44 69 96 59 62 64 76 66 67 66 70 79 90 113 153 111 180 129 150 149 173 167 215 267 177 210 142 150 106 97 68 58 45 1233 825 2027 1383 3719 260 11514 2044 64 94 55 55 52 75 65 68 71 70 84 94 119 162 120 192 138 160 154 182 174 223 281 181 221 144 155 107 98 68 60 44 1232 825 1975 1382 3719 260 11514 4044 69 94 48 48 50 63 60 64 72 74 88 98 116 156 113 182 133 157 150 181 170 218 267 180 207 144 148 107 96 69 59 46 1231 825 1987 1383 3703 260 11515 44 63 84 45 56 59 56 46 94 58 91 74 107 108 163 109 193 131 162 148 185 168 220 267 179 211 144 152 107 98 69 59 45 1234 825 1997 1384 3694 283 11515 2044 82 104 60 72 77 77 65 69 77 78 95 97 127 162 126 192 142 159 157 182 174 218 277 180 215 143 151 107 97 68 59 45 1229 825 2008 1382 3694 260 11515 4044 62 86 48 51 49 60 53 64 63 71 84 94 115 156 121 186 137 159 151 179 168 218 268 178 210 143 149 106 96 68 59 45 1234 825 2018 1384 3686 283 11516 44 65 99 63 64 64 88 76 82 81 80 88 94 115 158 125 187 149 154 159 177 182 216 287 171 215 136 147 101 92 65 57 43 1230 825 2029 1385 3694 283 11516 2044 90 115 59 68 60 59 54 60 63 60 80 86 108 149 110 175 131 146 147 168 165 204 266 169 204 135 143 101 92 64 55 43 1234 825 1977 1384 3694 260 11516 4044 61 79 41 44 42 54 48 52 61 58 77 83 111 145 118 176 138 150 152 168 168 204 265 170 202 135 142 101 91 65 56 43 1237 825 1988 1384 3686 283 11517 44 58 79 42 41 38 52 45 56 56 62 74 81 109 143 108 170 123 146 141 172 164 212 265 172 208 138 147 103 94 66 57 43 1238 825 1999 1384 3703 283 11517 2044 62 82 48 45 45 54 49 63 59 75 72 100 105 158 109 186 129 158 150 180 168 222 271 181 219 142 154 105 98 66 59 43 1235 825 2009 1383 3711 283 11517 4044 64 94 54 55 54 75 66 77 73 83 86 97 118 154 126 182 144 147 161 167 176 206 275 166 211 133 144 99 91 63 56 42 1233 825 2020 1384 3727 260 11518 44 76 100 69 66 75 87 70 69 76 68 88 93 111 154 109 178 127 148 143 169 160 204 255 169 197 137 143 103 92 66 56 43 1232 825 1967 1384 3752 260 11518 2044 62 81 48 50 47 63 59 62 67 70 74 93 103 153 108 185 127 150 148 173 166 209 265 170 207 136 146 101 93 65 57 43 1235 825 1975 1384 3752 214 11518 4044 70 103 63 57 58 81 67 72 74 79 86 99 119 159 121 182 134 149 152 174 170 209 268 171 205 136 145 102 92 65 56 43 1232 825 1985 1382 3777 214 11519 44 75 103 63 57 58 80 70 74 82 75 93 98 123 164 131 192 150 160 166 182 182 214 278 173 210 137 146 102 92 65 56 43 1230 824 1994 1384 3802 191 11519 2044 61 83 46 45 38 56 51 59 62 65 76 89 103 147 113 179 134 149 150 169 166 203 267 164 209 130 144 96 90 61 54 40 1237 824 2003 1384 3802 214 11519 4044 60 85 46 50 46 57 51 62 62 72 77 93 108 150 115 178 134 143 147 163 164 199 262 160 202 129 141 96 88 61 53 40 1237 824 2013 1383 3802 214 11520 44 66 89 55 52 53 76 68 69 73 74 82 96 119 159 118 185 136 152 150 169 163 207 256 169 198 134 141 100 90 63 55 42 1234 824 1961 1383 3818 191 11520 2044 73 97 56 65 69 73 63 83 73 75 86 101 111 167 116 189 138 157 147 171 162 207 260 168 204 134 144 100 91 64 56 43 1233 824 1971 1384 3835 214 11520 4044 62 87 54 51 48 69 67 72 76 80 85 98 110 149 112 181 134 148 147 164 163 200 263 160 203 130 140 96 89 61 54 41 1235 825 1981 1383 3843 191 11521 44 69 103 76 44 42 96 75 56 65 63 73 88 104 149 104 175 125 146 139 163 155 200 247 165 193 132 138 98 89 63 55 42 1235 824 1992 1382 3851 191 11521 2044 68 102 59 53 47 72 63 64 70 74 82 96 113 161 115 184 132 152 141 172 159 208 253 169 198 137 143 104 93 67 57 44 1234 824 2002 1383 3859 191 11521 4044 55 83 43 42 38 60 54 56 68 64 80 94 111 159 111 188 132 159 145 176 164 208 255 169 196 134 140 101 90 64 55 42 1236 824 2012 1384 3851 167 11522 44 59 82 45 44 39 62 54 57 70 63 85 86 129 150 117 177 135 148 140 166 154 200 243 167 187 134 134 102 88 65 54 43 1236 825 1961 1384 3851 191 11522 2045 64 93 55 63 63 76 64 83 68 86 81 101 112 167 119 192 140 151 147 171 163 203 262 165 201 132 141 98 90 63 55 42 1233 824 1973 1383 3859 191 11522 4045 62 84 49 51 51 65 60 75 73 86 86 109 117 164 121 192 141 158 154 174 170 208 264 170 203 133 141 99 90 63 54 42 1234 824 1984 1384 3859 167 11523 45 97 132 85 97 98 108 73 88 88 91 99 111 123 172 128 191 144 156 162 177 170 213 265 172 203 138 145 102 93 66 58 45 1225 824 1995 1383 3868 191 11523 2045 121 108 54 80 78 73 65 81 74 76 90 104 119 163 125 194 136 159 150 174 164 210 258 170 199 135 141 102 91 65 56 44 1230 824 2006 1384 3884 214 11523 4045 80 118 75 73 76 98 78 95 93 102 107 128 129 186 138 211 151 167 166 183 176 218 277 175 212 139 147 104 94 66 57 44 1226 824 2016 1384 3843 214 11600 45 67 92 55 51 49 73 59 64 68 70 78 98 110 157 114 185 131 155 146 171 158 206 252 168 199 135 143 100 91 64 56 42 1235 824 1965 1383 3818 191 11600 2045 60 82 46 44 43 59 53 64 64 73 79 97 111 155 111 184 130 156 143 173 155 209 250 171 195 138 141 104 91 66 56 44 1235 824 1976 1383 3802 237 11600 4045 61 94 54 47 52 83 66 58 76 60 86 84 113 150 122 182 135 153 152 172 167 206 266 165 203 130 141 97 89 62 54 41 1235 824 1987 1384 3785 237 11601 45 72 95 56 61 58 75 58 64 63 62 75 91 110 153 114 177 129 149 149 169 162 203 260 165 196 133 139 99 89 63 54 42 1235 824 1998 1383 3785 237 11601 2045 77 99 62 71 71 91 70 84 74 81 89 103 119 166 127 192 143 153 158 170 170 204 267 166 203 133 141 99 90 63 56 42 1232 824 2009 1384 3769 237 11601 4045 94 307 114 59 75 121 74 86 90 76 90 101 126 183 131 199 154 166 168 184 182 215 275 172 208 138 145 102 92 65 57 44 1224 824 2020 1383 3769 237 11602 45 144 134 58 116 109 70 71 77 78 84 89 106 125 169 127 197 143 160 157 180 169 215 270 172 208 134 144 100 92 64 56 43 1226 824 1968 1384 3785 214 11602 2045 118 161 66 76 76 84 76 97 85 106 96 121 129 182 129 204 144 169 157 188 172 227 272 179 213 143 152 106 98 67 60 46 1217 824 1979 1383 3760 237 11602 4045 73 102 57 61 65 80 64 80 78 87 99 113 125 177 129 195 141 156 158 171 174 205 267 166 201 133 139 98 90 63 55 42 1230 824 1989 1384 3719 237 11603 45 60 84 48 44 43 63 55 58 66 65 84 83 116 148 116 175 134 146 150 162 163 203 257 164 195 132 136 97 87 62 53 41 1237 824 1999 1384 3703 214 11603 2045 65 83 48 51 50 65 60 66 69 75 90 101 126 165 130 197 146 164 165 181 176 216 271 173 207 138 145 103 90 66 56 43 1232 824 2009 1384 3703 214 11603 4045 58 83 47 45 43 61 52 57 62 68 81 87 112 148 116 177 132 147 147 168 162 206 254 168 193 135 137 100 88 63 54 42 1238 824 2224 1384 3686 214 11604 45 72 98 62 68 67 87 76 93 84 100 98 111 126 164 128 199 144 162 154 178 170 210 267 172 201 139 142 103 91 66 56 44 1229 824 1967 1383 3686 214 11604 2045 62 85 52 52 50 70 67 72 77 80 96 104 125 165 132 200 146 164 158 178 173 218 272 172 205 138 143 101 91 65 56 43 1232 824 1977 1385 3686 191 11604 4045 75 93 58 71 66 82 70 79 79 84 95 102 125 160 122 190 141 158 154 173 170 213 267 171 206 134 144 99 90 63 55 42 1232 824 1987 1384 3686 191 11605 45 62 83 48 51 44 62 58 62 73 72 85 91 117 149 121 181 139 153 156 171 168 207 265 166 203 133 141 98 89 62 54 41 1236 824 1997 1382 3686 191 11605 2045 76 102 64 78 72 87 70 75 80 82 96 107 129 167 131 197 147 161 156 178 170 210 267 167 202 133 142 98 89 62 55 42 1232 824 2007 1383 3703 167 11605 4045 70 98 61 69 67 89 78 86 92 98 109 112 135 168 140 198 159 161 170 177 180 214 273 169 202 135 139 99 89 63 54 42 1230 824 2222 1384 3719 191 11606 45 62 87 53 59 56 70 68 82 80 98 93 111 117 169 123 197 141 160 156 172 167 205 261 164 197 130 137 96 87 61 53 41 1232 824 1964 1384 3727 121 11606 2045 64 86 53 55 56 76 71 81 81 94 93 114 121 169 128 201 139 166 158 176 171 210 268 164 206 130 141 95 88 60 54 41 1232 824 1973 1383 3736 144 11606 4045 75 101 65 65 67 90 75 81 85 90 99 116 124 168 138 206 151 172 159 178 175 213 267 167 204 132 139 97 88 62 54 41 1228 824 1983 1383 3752 121 11607 45 68 91 55 57 59 74 66 77 79 82 91 107 115 162 124 198 132 160 146 172 162 209 253 164 195 130 138 97 88 62 55 42 1233 824 1991 1383 3760 121 11607 2045 73 100 65 59 65 85 74 73 82 76 90 98 115 150 129 184 136 148 150 161 162 194 254 155 189 125 132 91 84 59 52 40 1235 824 2205 1383 3777 98 11607 4045 78 108 62 60 56 79 65 75 74 81 84 98 110 161 129 201 136 156 152 170 162 203 256 162 198 129 139 96 88 61 54 41 1232 823 2007 1382 3793 98 11608 46 82 106 65 78 82 95 72 105 74 97 88 110 112 175 122 200 136 164 152 171 160 209 255 169 202 135 143 101 92 65 57 43 1229 823 1955 1383 3810 74 11608 2046 73 98 61 64 68 87 75 73 83 74 90 96 113 164 133 199 133 151 155 164 162 201 257 166 198 136 141 101 91 65 56 43 1231 823 1965 1383 3810 74 11608 4046 80 113 75 69 72 112 90 91 96 101 105 118 122 173 133 205 140 167 153 172 163 214 257 174 203 141 147 105 95 68 59 46 1226 824 1975 1382 3826 74 11609 46 72 96 60 61 65 86 77 88 90 97 104 115 133 172 125 192 133 156 149 163 166 200 256 169 195 133 142 99 90 65 56 43 1229 823 1985 1382 3843 74 11609 2046 92 119 82 87 91 109 90 97 90 94 100 113 129 174 133 195 149 154 150 173 166 202 264 166 202 133 141 99 91 64 56 42 1226 824 2200 1383 3859 74 11609 4046 69 98 57 57 58 84 68 73 84 86 102 103 128 166 132 188 146 151 157 167 169 201 263 165 201 133 139 97 89 63 54 42 1229 823 2005 1382 3859 74 11610 46 66 100 65 50 49 89 72 63 64 71 72 93 108 142 104 170 119 139 136 157 148 192 240 162 195 134 141 99 91 64 55 42 1236 823 1953 1383 3859 51 11610 2046 73 108 70 64 65 87 72 77 78 78 95 100 123 156 113 188 124 148 134 158 151 196 245 164 194 135 140 101 90 64 55 42 1234 823 1964 1381 3868 74 11610 4046 74 108 68 73 75 98 82 90 95 93 111 117 140 173 133 194 143 156 155 169 169 204 266 169 206 137 146 101 92 64 56 43 1228 823 1975 1382 3868 74 11611 46 74 99 64 63 63 77 67 73 80 80 96 109 128 165 133 197 140 159 147 167 161 202 256 163 199 134 142 100 90 63 55 42 1231 823 1986 1382 3851 98 11611 2046 62 84 48 48 49 65 57 68 69 78 83 100 117 161 120 191 131 152 144 166 156 204 252 167 198 134 141 101 90 65 56 42 1235 823 1996 1382 3851 74 11611 4046 61 90 56 55 57 77 69 77 84 89 100 117 118 176 122 203 139 160 147 170 164 207 263 170 204 137 145 103 92 65 56 42 1231 823 2210 1384 3835 74 11612 46 63 87 52 55 54 68 65 84 75 91 84 107 118 161 126 189 137 149 147 163 158 202 256 164 201 133 143 100 91 62 55 41 1233 823 1955 1384 3826 74 11612 2046 121 173 52 50 54 82 70 73 83 78 99 96 128 156 122 182 133 142 142 159 159 200 254 163 196 136 142 101 91 64 56 42 1227 823 1966 1381 3851 98 11612 4046 66 93 58 60 62 74 71 73 79 81 91 102 123 162 123 195 138 158 147 172 160 207 261 171 204 138 147 103 94 66 58 44 1230 823 1977 1381 3810 74 11613 46 67 93 56 53 54 84 77 76 92 85 105 110 132 177 134 199 146 163 155 177 173 210 267 170 203 136 142 101 92 65 56 44 1228 823 1986 1382 3793 74 11613 2046 64 90 57 57 60 77 66 68 71 72 87 92 120 149 114 185 129 151 143 165 161 199 253 163 196 132 139 99 90 63 55 42 1233 823 1995 1383 3793 51 11613 4046 64 85 49 52 53 63 62 74 73 81 88 102 117 161 123 188 140 152 148 166 162 204 253 165 195 133 138 98 89 64 55 42 1233 823 2210 1382 3769 74 11614 46 77 103 63 68 65 85 74 79 99 90 116 114 141 172 134 200 143 160 154 174 165 210 258 171 199 136 141 101 91 65 56 44 1226 823 1955 1382 3769 74 11614 2046 68 98 58 60 64 85 69 80 78 83 95 101 121 164 120 193 130 152 144 173 154 201 241 165 188 133 135 98 89 63 55 43 1231 823 1965 1382 3752 51 11614 4046 66 92 58 57 61 88 77 71 87 77 101 105 139 165 138 194 148 155 159 170 167 202 260 159 194 129 137 95 87 62 53 42 1231 823 1976 1382 3736 74 11615 46 67 96 59 67 70 82 73 93 86 97 104 110 134 162 133 189 146 152 156 169 170 199 259 162 194 128 136 96 87 62 54 41 1229 823 1986 1383 3719 51 11615 2046 64 87 57 54 56 74 75 79 85 80 93 95 128 155 130 185 145 144 150 160 157 192 244 155 183 125 129 94 84 59 51 40 1232 823 1997 1382 3711 74 11615 4046 92 116 89 113 107 113 97 119 94 105 100 128 122 191 134 217 151 166 162 176 172 208 268 165 209 129 140 96 90 62 54 42 1225 823 2007 1383 3719 74 11616 46 75 101 68 67 69 96 86 96 101 107 118 127 144 179 144 201 148 165 163 177 172 207 261 163 197 130 138 97 89 63 55 42 1226 823 1957 1383 3703 74 11616 2046 62 91 58 61 63 77 66 75 73 74 97 112 128 170 132 192 142 154 154 171 165 200 253 163 193 131 135 98 87 62 54 42 1233 823 1967 1382 3686 74 11616 4046 77 91 57 64 58 77 68 78 75 85 85 111 118 162 123 191 143 156 156 170 170 199 264 157 198 126 136 93 86 59 52 40 1229 823 1977 1383 3694 74 11617 46 85 114 67 85 84 93 82 91 91 95 107 116 136 177 140 203 150 163 165 175 175 205 268 164 202 130 141 96 90 63 54 42 1225 823 1987 1382 3711 51 11617 2046 59 83 45 45 41 60 58 63 74 78 91 102 128 161 129 190 140 154 150 167 161 197 251 160 192 129 135 96 87 61 53 41 1234 822 1997 1382 3703 51 11617 4046 103 141 97 96 104 124 93 103 90 97 109 124 139 185 148 213 158 172 164 183 177 216 273 174 213 140 147 105 94 67 58 46 1219 823 2008 1383 3719 74 11618 47 64 90 53 56 53 70 67 69 80 77 94 98 122 161 125 189 140 154 150 168 162 200 250 163 192 131 137 97 88 62 54 42 1234 823 1956 1382 3719 98 11618 2047 69 103 65 71 68 93 86 83 92 86 102 115 134 174 135 200 147 159 155 170 166 201 256 162 199 131 140 97 89 62 54 42 1229 822 1967 1382 3744 74 11618 4047 62 91 56 50 51 76 71 66 82 75 100 103 129 159 124 183 130 144 144 159 153 192 240 158 189 129 135 96 87 62 53 41 1235 823 1978 1382 3744 74 11619 47 84 119 63 60 57 80 70 71 79 82 85 103 114 160 110 178 126 139 138 157 150 189 239 155 189 127 135 94 86 60 53 40 1233 823 1989 1382 3769 74 11619 2047 68 95 58 59 56 81 72 74 75 77 87 96 118 150 110 171 124 135 135 153 147 185 234 153 182 125 131 94 85 60 52 41 1236 823 1998 1382 3769 74 11619 4047 62 88 49 56 58 66 63 78 71 85 83 104 113 152 110 183 123 141 132 154 147 187 237 154 186 128 134 95 87 60 53 40 1237 822 2009 1383 3793 74 11620 47 94 142 98 69 64 135 93 88 100 86 105 114 132 164 127 190 134 146 143 160 157 194 247 159 191 129 136 97 88 62 54 42 1227 822 1958 1382 3818 74 11620 2047 64 90 50 52 47 65 64 64 75 75 86 95 111 155 115 177 129 142 140 155 154 190 245 156 191 126 134 93 85 60 52 39 1237 822 1969 1382 3818 98 11620 4047 62 89 54 56 55 72 71 76 85 82 95 101 121 152 125 179 141 140 141 155 155 188 243 153 187 126 133 94 85 60 52 40 1235 822 1981 1383 3826 98 11621 47 74 103 59 61 66 85 82 75 86 75 93 88 122 143 121 173 127 132 132 149 146 188 234 154 181 125 129 94 83 60 50 40 1235 822 1991 1383 3843 121 11621 2047 66 92 59 59 62 87 77 79 90 82 107 112 132 165 126 188 136 149 147 163 159 197 251 161 195 132 137 97 88 62 54 41 1231 823 2003 1383 3859 121 11621 4047 100 143 83 66 66 108 79 73 76 81 90 97 116 165 110 175 121 140 133 156 145 190 234 156 184 129 133 98 87 63 54 42 1231 822 2013 1383 3884 121 11622 47 71 99 60 63 64 77 69 79 79 86 98 114 127 168 118 189 131 152 140 163 151 197 245 162 192 132 139 97 88 62 54 41 1231 822 1962 1383 3868 121 11622 2047 62 80 53 56 58 70 75 86 79 97 97 118 132 169 126 188 135 146 142 163 156 194 247 160 195 129 137 96 88 61 54 41 1234 822 1972 1382 3868 121 11622 4047 90 118 78 87 98 94 66 77 76 71 92 98 110 166 104 182 124 147 141 160 153 194 244 159 190 129 136 95 88 61 54 42 1232 822 1982 1384 3892 98 11623 47 65 89 62 57 59 86 75 82 82 91 94 115 128 170 122 188 130 150 142 167 155 198 247 163 190 131 136 97 89 63 55 42 1234 822 1992 1383 3876 121 11623 2047 65 99 62 53 48 87 78 65 92 76 92 100 129 161 118 185 134 145 143 159 161 193 248 158 190 129 134 95 87 61 53 41 1232 822 2003 1383 3876 121 11623 4047 78 106 64 70 74 83 68 91 71 83 84 96 113 158 115 184 127 143 133 157 148 190 240 154 182 124 131 93 84 60 51 41 1234 822 2013 1383 3876 121 11700 47 80 107 66 81 78 91 86 85 100 79 105 104 130 161 128 182 135 143 143 152 155 184 243 149 182 122 128 90 82 59 51 40 1228 822 1962 1382 3868 121 11700 2047 73 97 60 66 69 80 67 83 73 85 92 114 123 165 121 184 129 145 141 159 152 197 247 161 195 131 139 97 89 63 55 43 1232 822 1974 1381 3851 144 11700 4047 58 84 44 41 40 60 52 55 59 59 75 82 111 144 112 175 129 142 139 157 155 190 246 152 189 124 134 92 85 58 52 40 1239 822 1985 1383 3835 144 11701 47 72 123 76 82 68 110 76 81 89 94 113 118 150 173 144 193 160 154 158 170 168 203 253 162 193 132 136 97 88 63 55 42 1228 822 1996 1383 3826 167 11701 2047 64 96 55 59 60 84 67 82 76 87 91 107 125 171 130 200 143 158 148 170 164 202 251 160 192 128 134 96 85 61 53 41 1233 822 2006 1383 3810 144 11701 4047 84 113 89 78 88 135 118 91 130 99 127 124 153 188 157 212 162 171 164 185 177 215 265 172 199 135 139 100 90 64 56 44 1221 822 2016 1384 3810 144 11702 47 68 98 60 65 74 93 81 102 90 109 105 133 128 194 132 211 142 170 155 183 168 215 267 168 205 133 145 98 92 63 56 43 1227 822 1964 1382 3777 121 11702 2047 61 90 53 61 64 83 73 88 86 97 105 121 130 177 131 209 149 170 156 184 167 212 260 169 199 133 140 97 89 62 55 42 1229 822 1974 1382 3760 121 11702 4047 69 97 60 65 66 82 68 83 78 92 108 121 137 177 139 204 150 165 156 177 165 210 257 168 194 133 137 98 88 63 55 42 1230 822 1984 1383 3760 121 11703 47 137 221 133 99 84 139 91 94 116 108 118 132 156 200 158 216 165 177 167 187 174 217 268 172 202 134 139 100 91 65 57 45 1213 822 1993 1383 3769 121 11703 2047 107 142 96 88 92 132 103 105 100 107 120 133 138 198 159 226 160 180 168 187 175 213 267 167 201 131 138 97 89 63 55 43 1220 822 2003 1382 3744 98 11703 4048 60 87 45 47 47 61 55 69 64 76 82 111 109 167 122 193 136 155 149 168 157 201 252 159 193 127 136 94 86 60 52 40 1236 822 1952 1382 3711 98 11704 48 66 94 54 62 65 75 69 84 89 89 107 110 122 170 125 199 136 163 146 175 159 206 244 165 189 132 136 98 88 63 54 43 1232 822 1962 1383 3711 98 11704 2048 73 100 59 62 71 87 65 90 75 95 95 116 119 172 128 205 135 166 144 176 151 210 243 169 192 136 140 101 90 65 56 44 1230 822 1972 1383 3703 98 11704 4048 74 103 65 68 63 94 78 79 88 89 110 119 139 177 147 199 146 159 154 171 167 198 256 159 188 125 131 94 84 60 52 40 1230 822 1982 1382 3694 98 11705 48 61 88 53 48 49 71 66 74 86 90 104 124 131 182 146 207 153 163 154 179 164 210 252 165 196 131 141 98 91 63 55 43 1232 822 1992 1383 3678 98 11705 2048 59 97 50 48 47 68 60 69 73 72 93 94 117 154 121 185 138 148 151 162 162 191 253 153 189 122 132 91 83 57 51 39 1235 822 2207 1384 3678 98 11705 4048 63 88 50 53 53 69 63 78 72 86 83 102 106 155 123 191 134 152 143 166 155 195 244 156 185 126 133 94 85 60 53 40 1236 822 1951 1383 3694 74 11706 48 62 89 52 53 55 72 66 75 80 77 95 100 126 165 119 191 133 153 144 169 158 197 247 158 191 126 134 94 86 60 52 40 1236 822 1961 1382 3694 74 11706 2048 68 95 61 59 61 89 80 77 86 85 100 109 132 167 123 195 138 157 144 172 158 202 247 162 192 129 138 96 87 61 54 42 1232 822 1972 1383 3711 74 11706 4048 101 125 74 93 91 82 59 80 65 83 78 102 115 165 117 193 132 156 145 171 156 202 249 160 194 128 137 95 89 61 54 41 1230 822 1983 1383 3744 74 11707 48 121 175 111 95 90 138 86 114 92 105 107 121 130 194 122 203 136 164 147 176 156 209 249 169 195 134 140 99 90 63 55 43 1223 822 1993 1383 3752 98 11707 2048 75 97 55 71 68 72 62 84 72 85 84 108 107 164 120 185 132 150 144 162 153 192 243 155 188 123 133 92 84 58 52 40 1235 821 2003 1382 3752 74 11707 4048 73 111 71 53 53 83 67 71 76 81 90 100 123 158 125 194 136 156 145 170 154 198 240 158 184 125 131 93 85 60 52 41 1233 822 1951 1383 3760 74 11708 48 82 104 61 69 71 82 77 87 85 95 96 116 126 168 121 193 134 150 142 160 153 189 233 151 179 122 128 92 83 59 52 41 1232 821 1961 1383 3785 74 11708 2048 74 98 64 72 81 84 76 103 84 92 97 105 123 168 119 190 131 149 141 160 148 190 234 150 179 120 127 90 82 58 51 39 1233 822 1971 1383 3777 74 11708 4048 65 101 64 54 51 84 77 71 84 74 95 98 121 162 130 185 141 146 143 158 151 185 235 147 176 118 125 89 80 56 49 39 1234 821 1981 1382 3793 74 11709 48 84 108 70 71 74 89 69 89 81 96 84 113 118 166 123 204 146 156 147 169 157 195 241 154 183 122 130 92 84 59 52 41 1231 821 1991 1382 3818 74 11709 2048 91 128 80 86 84 116 100 100 110 111 117 131 137 190 148 212 156 168 158 182 171 206 265 161 200 127 139 95 89 61 55 42 1219 821 2002 1383 3826 74 11709 4048 68 97 62 58 65 90 79 75 91 90 101 114 133 170 135 203 145 158 150 166 160 194 248 155 184 124 130 92 84 60 52 42 1231 821 1950 1381 3826 74 11710 48 89 114 64 88 92 104 87 116 104 125 116 149 137 212 156 237 158 174 155 178 166 203 255 160 193 128 136 95 88 62 55 43 1224 821 1961 1382 3843 74 11710 2048 63 86 49 54 54 69 63 80 74 91 89 113 120 171 124 198 133 163 141 169 151 197 237 156 183 125 132 94 85 61 53 42 1234 821 1971 1382 3851 74 11710 4048 74 118 82 79 74 107 90 97 93 100 111 119 127 177 128 201 141 159 147 164 153 190 241 153 181 124 131 92 86 62 55 42 1228 821 1982 1382 3859 51 11711 48 70 98 60 70 77 83 78 103 93 106 101 120 128 182 131 206 146 162 148 173 159 200 248 158 190 127 133 95 87 61 54 42 1228 821 1991 1382 3859 51 11711 2048 57 82 45 41 39 52 49 57 61 64 72 89 107 147 111 175 126 142 138 157 150 187 235 151 180 123 129 91 83 58 51 40 1238 821 2000 1383 3851 28 11711 4048 159 220 113 92 79 109 98 87 113 85 117 125 145 185 133 192 145 155 151 172 161 202 249 160 184 128 133 97 88 63 56 44 1218 821 1948 1382 3884 28 11712 48 96 114 81 110 115 122 90 114 89 113 106 138 130 196 137 220 149 177 152 190 166 218 252 174 197 137 141 102 93 67 58 46 1221 821 1957 1382 3859 5 11712 2048 79 101 73 77 81 101 92 88 103 88 101 114 134 183 138 211 152 165 151 174 161 202 247 160 187 127 132 95 86 61 53 42 1227 821 1966 1382 3851 65518 11712 4048 98 128 87 102 116 139 112 134 131 136 153 169 182 240 180 261 191 200 180 200 186 223 277 176 204 137 144 101 92 66 58 45 1212 821 1976 1383 3843 5 11713 48 159 234 130 103 123 181 125 112 130 136 139 161 166 232 175 246 182 199 171 205 179 230 274 181 206 144 146 105 96 70 61 49 1204 821 1986 1383 3868 65518 11713 2049 57 90 50 44 48 64 68 77 85 98 111 125 158 192 156 228 170 184 174 186 178 215 271 165 198 130 135 95 88 61 54 42 1227 821 2200 1382 3810 5 11713 4049 64 92 50 56 53 72 79 77 91 88 106 122 134 183 145 216 160 177 159 183 166 212 257 164 190 129 134 96 87 62 55 42 1228 821 1946 1382 3785 65518 11714 49 62 88 54 49 52 72 60 71 71 84 82 112 125 170 135 202 146 165 152 169 165 201 249 157 189 125 132 92 85 58 51 40 1233 821 1956 1382 3777 65518 11714 2049 171 212 83 144 155 102 107 104 97 124 109 145 139 203 150 216 157 175 159 179 167 209 260 165 192 130 136 96 88 64 56 44 1214 821 1966 1382 3802 5 11714 4049 68 97 56 53 53 66 59 66 73 73 83 98 113 158 119 185 136 145 145 155 157 184 240 147 179 118 125 89 81 57 50 39 1233 821 1977 1383 3752 5 11715 49 70 104 68 63 66 94 90 81 102 82 109 117 135 173 137 203 151 164 158 179 167 205 254 162 189 129 133 95 87 61 54 42 1228 821 1987 1382 3744 65518 11715 2049 69 100 57 65 63 83 75 83 80 87 94 108 122 171 123 199 139 158 147 169 154 198 241 156 182 123 129 92 84 60 52 41 1233 821 2201 1382 3719 5 11715 4049 66 90 53 58 58 73 64 81 77 87 96 111 133 179 146 207 160 170 163 181 173 208 260 161 196 127 137 93 86 60 54 41 1229 821 1947 1381 3727 65518 11716 49 90 136 74 92 96 90 76 93 105 102 115 129 135 192 132 208 144 167 152 178 158 208 247 164 186 131 133 97 88 64 56 44 1223 821 1957 1381 3719 5 11716 2049 94 160 92 76 76 125 83 85 97 92 109 122 135 195 147 209 158 167 167 174 168 204 255 157 190 125 131 92 85 59 53 41 1223 821 1967 1382 3694 65518 11716 4049 72 102 64 67 73 91 79 89 86 101 115 123 149 182 145 210 155 167 160 179 165 208 249 160 186 127 133 95 85 61 54 42 1227 821 1978 1382 3686 65518 11717 49 98 131 93 89 94 142 122 101 121 117 124 135 146 205 149 219 155 171 159 181 167 204 252 159 188 125 132 93 85 59 53 42 1221 821 1988 1381 3686 5 11717 2049 64 95 55 59 63 74 63 77 73 81 90 105 121 171 131 198 144 159 150 170 158 199 244 154 181 121 127 90 82 57 50 40 1233 821 2200 1382 3686 65518 11717 4049 76 96 60 72 75 94 87 103 106 113 118 136 136 197 144 224 156 174 162 186 171 212 256 164 195 129 136 95 87 61 54 42 1225 821 1946 1382 3703 65518 11718 49 81 116 77 76 84 120 97 98 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158 184 122 128 90 82 58 51 40 1232 821 1956 1381 3785 65518 11720 2049 72 107 66 69 73 100 90 91 98 102 109 125 139 183 144 214 152 166 155 175 164 202 250 155 185 122 128 90 82 58 51 40 1228 821 1966 1381 3793 65518 11720 4049 69 93 58 64 62 81 64 80 83 86 96 117 128 178 135 212 145 167 148 173 157 197 237 154 177 119 126 89 81 57 51 39 1232 820 1977 1382 3810 65471 11721 49 72 102 66 65 73 98 90 86 104 98 120 122 150 179 148 211 156 166 160 170 164 198 247 154 180 119 126 88 80 57 51 40 1228 820 1987 1381 3818 65518 11721 2049 75 114 79 72 72 120 101 81 102 96 108 127 140 187 146 218 155 172 158 171 161 197 245 153 180 120 126 89 81 58 51 40 1228 821 1998 1382 3835 65518 11721 4049 119 122 105 121 139 133 117 131 121 136 124 157 136 216 148 244 154 186 163 183 168 209 256 160 192 125 134 94 86 60 54 42 1219 820 1948 1382 3859 5 11722 49 77 118 81 74 83 123 109 98 115 114 117 143 143 210 152 229 165 179 163 176 166 199 250 156 188 121 129 90 83 57 51 40 1226 820 1959 1381 3859 28 11722 2049 76 116 68 80 84 98 82 89 95 101 109 130 136 186 155 218 156 172 157 171 161 196 243 156 179 120 125 89 81 58 51 40 1228 821 1970 1382 3868 28 11722 4049 70 95 61 61 62 84 73 84 85 90 100 109 124 167 136 192 151 154 152 164 158 191 240 146 174 114 121 84 78 54 48 37 1235 820 1981 1382 3868 5 11723 50 61 102 57 53 59 88 81 82 97 94 112 114 138 181 142 203 154 157 150 168 161 192 241 149 176 115 122 86 79 55 48 38 1232 820 1992 1382 3876 28 11723 2050 71 89 51 72 73 73 72 89 89 99 108 133 140 183 146 217 152 173 153 176 159 199 244 160 183 124 127 92 83 59 53 41 1231 820 2001 1381 3876 28 11723 4050 81 114 72 82 74 105 79 79 93 86 112 120 140 183 151 208 158 164 158 167 166 191 248 147 179 114 122 86 79 54 48 38 1230 820 1950 1381 3884 5 11800 50 96 130 68 93 85 92 82 87 99 103 124 129 159 203 167 235 172 184 167 186 169 209 258 158 184 123 126 90 81 58 51 40 1224 820 1961 1382 3884 5 11800 2050 80 97 63 64 70 78 70 78 88 84 106 122 144 191 154 229 164 176 149 169 161 193 242 152 174 115 119 86 77 55 48 39 1232 820 1970 1382 3876 5 11800 4050 94 121 77 84 94 102 69 95 86 99 102 122 151 188 156 232 163 184 158 178 160 200 238 154 173 118 120 87 79 56 49 40 1228 820 1980 1382 3892 65494 11801 50 62 85 51 51 49 68 67 69 83 80 104 118 143 180 142 216 151 169 150 166 153 193 233 149 172 116 120 85 78 56 49 39 1235 820 1990 1381 3868 65494 11801 2050 60 85 44 44 45 63 62 69 72 74 85 101 119 159 122 197 136 159 141 164 145 187 223 145 167 112 119 83 77 53 47 37 1239 820 1998 1381 3851 65494 11801 4050 63 90 54 53 55 76 67 79 79 86 90 116 122 183 132 218 147 169 143 176 151 202 229 157 172 122 124 91 80 58 52 41 1235 820 1947 1382 3826 65471 11802 50 73 101 58 55 58 97 77 64 78 72 80 104 115 165 135 197 148 161 148 164 156 193 232 147 169 113 117 84 75 53 47 37 1236 820 1956 1383 3826 65494 11802 2050 63 94 51 55 54 71 65 67 75 76 95 108 143 169 143 204 146 163 145 159 150 184 228 149 168 114 117 83 76 53 47 37 1236 820 1965 1381 3810 65448 11802 4050 82 113 77 69 71 92 80 85 86 86 99 123 121 178 136 203 147 160 147 164 156 188 239 145 174 114 119 84 77 53 48 38 1232 820 1974 1382 3810 65471 11803 50 75 117 69 50 50 87 71 71 76 66 89 94 116 155 123 185 136 148 139 160 143 180 218 143 162 112 114 83 75 53 48 38 1236 820 1984 1381 3777 65448 11803 2050 60 80 47 49 47 64 67 67 79 73 96 100 127 156 122 186 131 148 137 155 145 179 222 142 163 112 115 83 74 52 47 37 1236 820 1994 1381 3760 65448 11803 4050 77 113 69 69 71 99 76 77 80 88 97 114 127 175 135 201 155 160 153 164 162 188 240 146 174 114 120 84 77 54 47 37 1231 820 1944 1382 3760 65471 11804 50 81 96 48 64 71 74 63 75 69 85 89 114 123 178 124 209 141 165 150 170 154 193 235 154 175 118 123 87 80 56 50 39 1235 820 1954 1381 3744 65494 11804 2050 59 87 48 47 48 67 63 69 78 81 92 111 118 175 133 206 152 161 154 166 159 185 241 148 176 113 119 82 76 53 47 37 1238 820 1966 1381 3719 65494 11804 4050 70 102 62 63 67 85 69 85 78 86 95 116 126 173 125 200 135 157 137 163 145 187 224 148 168 117 120 86 78 55 49 39 1235 820 1976 1381 3727 65494 11805 50 62 93 52 50 49 76 69 69 80 78 91 112 117 171 129 203 144 162 143 162 145 186 227 145 169 114 119 84 77 54 48 38 1238 820 1988 1382 3703 65494 11805 2050 87 122 87 77 76 118 89 78 84 86 88 113 125 176 136 211 149 168 145 167 148 187 228 149 170 115 119 86 77 55 48 39 1233 820 1998 1382 3703 65494 11805 4050 74 102 69 74 73 101 85 86 87 82 91 111 120 164 141 195 146 154 146 158 150 180 226 138 161 109 113 81 73 52 46 36 1236 820 1946 1382 3703 65471 11806 50 93 145 118 64 61 144 114 76 111 85 104 117 127 167 131 194 139 159 141 155 147 181 223 145 165 112 117 85 75 53 47 38 1232 820 1955 1382 3703 65448 11806 2050 75 98 63 56 54 85 68 73 73 76 85 103 123 157 132 187 142 148 138 151 144 174 218 135 157 107 111 80 72 51 44 36 1240 820 1963 1381 3694 65402 11806 4050 70 96 60 60 64 89 81 82 96 89 109 109 136 173 135 203 145 154 147 153 153 177 227 140 163 108 113 80 72 51 45 35 1235 820 1970 1382 3703 65378 11807 50 65 88 49 56 56 66 58 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87 81 54 49 38 1226 819 1967 1380 3777 65262 11809 2051 77 111 68 70 75 88 79 93 87 99 99 128 131 200 144 222 164 180 159 182 163 200 242 154 178 119 123 87 79 56 49 39 1225 819 1917 1382 3793 65262 11809 4051 68 97 60 65 71 92 78 94 94 112 113 140 153 204 160 230 170 187 162 184 169 206 249 159 179 119 124 88 78 56 49 39 1225 819 1927 1381 3802 65262 11810 51 65 95 55 56 57 79 74 86 94 101 114 131 142 193 159 235 170 185 169 180 172 208 256 155 186 119 126 87 80 56 49 38 1226 819 1938 1381 3818 65286 11810 2051 66 94 53 56 60 79 72 81 87 87 103 117 139 177 147 215 158 172 153 170 157 192 236 150 171 117 120 86 77 54 48 37 1231 819 1952 1382 3835 65309 11810 4051 69 103 64 54 56 82 78 86 102 102 123 133 166 193 171 224 169 179 165 176 167 196 245 151 175 117 121 87 76 55 48 38 1227 819 1964 1381 3843 65355 11811 51 85 122 82 86 92 115 101 109 104 122 117 150 154 208 163 238 160 184 157 178 157 199 238 154 176 119 122 87 79 56 48 39 1224 820 2178 1381 3859 65355 11811 2051 73 108 69 77 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3769 65378 12009 2055 132 186 157 172 214 286 267 276 330 365 423 481 530 641 642 757 690 722 694 742 707 768 925 565 643 386 392 270 241 177 154 121 1012 816 1936 1382 3802 65332 12009 4056 154 207 183 221 279 366 332 396 433 512 577 674 716 879 848 1036 911 1001 909 1020 927 1065 1221 805 874 547 543 387 341 259 221 175 893 816 1945 1381 3793 65355 12010 56 96 149 138 169 213 280 296 359 414 495 558 654 696 848 839 1005 902 960 893 963 904 1003 1187 743 834 499 507 350 314 233 202 159 925 816 1955 1381 3760 65332 12010 2056 96 127 115 134 168 208 216 266 298 360 405 477 516 626 633 750 690 714 692 730 701 766 927 564 644 387 394 270 242 179 155 121 1018 816 1966 1381 3851 65355 12010 4056 95 145 141 177 241 299 326 417 473 582 656 789 838 1023 986 1212 1037 1181 1036 1201 1051 1260 1408 962 1023 653 648 467 412 317 269 214 824 816 1975 1380 3835 65355 12011 56 104 144 148 183 245 306 343 448 503 635 722 865 925 1130 1145 1362 1246 1350 1269 1401 1309 1486 1758 1149 1277 776 802 566 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587 640 822 835 1096 993 1189 1123 1375 1294 1604 1890 1347 1514 990 1032 771 700 555 470 386 624 813 2007 1381 3859 51 12203 100 106 157 142 185 234 313 321 391 462 540 653 712 841 952 1027 1199 1152 1261 1248 1415 1393 1622 1988 1359 1535 985 1026 769 697 554 468 387 557 813 1956 1381 3884 98 12203 2100 90 144 132 162 214 283 285 354 398 488 560 668 730 907 943 1198 1113 1302 1269 1526 1494 1820 2221 1576 1816 1188 1259 954 881 709 605 507 376 813 1966 1380 3909 74 12203 4100 109 152 145 183 242 309 305 386 436 530 617 719 807 959 1015 1243 1178 1326 1302 1525 1497 1786 2183 1528 1739 1135 1194 905 829 669 568 478 404 813 1977 1379 3884 51 12204 100 70 109 101 133 179 237 257 323 396 485 612 695 831 957 1068 1265 1245 1365 1376 1577 1570 1841 2274 1584 1786 1171 1220 934 848 692 583 496 363 813 2192 1380 3917 74 12204 2100 95 132 136 172 229 304 326 380 466 533 664 740 847 984 1077 1276 1246 1366 1377 1575 1580 1845 2298 1591 1819 1173 1238 937 858 696 591 500 335 813 1997 1381 3884 74 12204 4100 110 202 174 219 280 379 359 411 492 552 680 732 844 987 1080 1265 1247 1342 1392 1558 1601 1829 2325 1575 1823 1146 1225 912 843 676 577 484 339 814 2211 1380 3900 98 12205 100 147 198 199 254 340 383 376 471 493 609 666 791 839 1041 1045 1327 1198 1397 1324 1603 1522 1870 2227 1599 1801 1198 1251 960 878 716 608 518 305 813 1957 1379 3868 74 12205 2100 95 139 141 175 234 311 330 374 469 530 667 724 855 958 1084 1224 1239 1307 1357 1506 1564 1775 2272 1549 1797 1154 1236 940 873 711 611 523 247 813 1966 1379 3818 74 12205 4100 107 160 137 189 240 294 297 371 423 518 598 711 772 955 1012 1254 1201 1346 1354 1565 1589 1853 2337 1610 1882 1191 1289 963 900 723 624 524 276 813 1977 1379 3876 98 12206 100 108 173 166 201 266 343 355 403 496 545 692 729 874 960 1054 1221 1209 1307 1330 1517 1532 1791 2226 1561 1765 1176 1224 952 867 718 607 523 273 813 1988 1380 3826 98 12206 2100 82 116 124 157 215 266 292 379 430 553 632 782 823 1043 1073 1353 1247 1436 1386 1644 1606 1919 2353 1644 1908 1214 1306 975 909 727 625 524 295 814 2205 1381 3777 121 12206 4100 98 150 141 186 251 321 321 408 459 574 648 770 823 1009 1034 1304 1189 1381 1318 1593 1526 1870 2239 1605 1818 1203 1261 964 885 720 611 519 330 813 2010 1380 3802 121 12207 100 104 151 148 183 243 326 334 385 461 528 651 717 829 952 1049 1225 1207 1312 1331 1516 1530 1779 2222 1533 1751 1134 1193 902 827 667 567 477 391 813 1959 1380 3793 121 12207 2100 113 177 147 188 243 319 336 395 478 563 675 769 861 1004 1075 1279 1218 1358 1336 1557 1526 1807 2211 1551 1752 1151 1200 917 834 677 573 484 370 813 1970 1380 3802 121 12207 4100 106 165 164 200 261 325 314 392 428 527 588 702 749 946 988 1233 1168 1316 1319 1539 1550 1809 2278 1560 1819 1136 1229 899 840 658 567 465 422 813 1981 1381 3785 121 12208 100 129 182 169 197 255 317 303 366 405 489 556 650 719 876 941 1149 1110 1244 1270 1476 1515 1772 2253 1555 1828 1165 1258 942 878 705 605 508 342 813 1991 1380 3810 121 12208 2100 111 167 160 201 260 327 323 382 417 495 560 649 716 866 887 1129 1049 1228 1196 1459 1430 1753 2128 1529 1745 1167 1223 942 863 705 598 506 391 813 2209 1382 3810 121 12208 4100 90 141 124 157 199 271 278 317 394 442 551 608 718 833 921 1111 1089 1219 1241 1450 1468 1737 2164 1514 1731 1135 1196 912 834 677 574 485 418 813 2013 1381 3818 144 12209 100 119 193 163 206 260 320 304 339 389 452 515 604 680 815 855 1073 1014 1165 1155 1384 1365 1654 2027 1439 1644 1091 1143 872 798 645 548 460 480 813 1964 1381 3769 121 12209 2100 77 125 105 137 177 233 243 302 355 426 508 601 677 826 886 1097 1051 1193 1194 1410 1405 1675 2065 1445 1651 1076 1131 854 780 625 530 442 518 813 1974 1381 3736 121 12209 4100 130 191 165 181 229 326 305 322 396 424 526 565 668 782 840 1012 983 1110 1118 1317 1321 1583 1947 1375 1551 1037 1072 826 745 606 509 429 543 813 1984 1381 3793 121 12210 100 101 153 127 170 211 289 278 319 375 435 509 571 653 777 831 1016 983 1099 1116 1315 1312 1566 1927 1353 1539 1019 1058 806 729 588 495 413 562 813 1994 1382 3769 121 12210 2101 110 156 119 166 196 264 253 297 333 381 440 488 574 671 715 850 808 906 892 1053 1032 1236 1498 1032 1174 768 792 597 537 428 363 297 768 813 2006 1382 3769 144 12210 4101 147 192 181 251 313 368 372 477 498 629 662 820 809 1047 1002 1293 1131 1337 1234 1501 1414 1741 2075 1470 1690 1087 1162 859 798 630 542 447 466 813 2017 1382 3793 144 12211 101 82 127 100 137 173 209 206 266 288 365 417 498 545 687 726 891 858 966 974 1134 1145 1345 1686 1143 1344 843 905 659 610 473 408 330 719 813 1965 1382 3785 191 12211 2101 163 225 200 268 343 462 441 508 571 667 742 839 912 1076 1108 1322 1237 1357 1338 1528 1513 1767 2189 1506 1731 1106 1178 881 811 652 557 467 369 813 1975 1381 3826 98 12211 4101 182 256 223 309 393 457 449 532 579 658 752 827 896 1049 1089 1283 1200 1316 1294 1485 1458 1706 2098 1447 1649 1061 1120 840 769 616 525 440 428 813 1985 1380 3843 121 12212 101 176 261 251 311 369 438 420 484 524 620 707 770 842 991 1027 1211 1150 1242 1252 1425 1431 1644 2068 1400 1621 1025 1098 812 753 596 514 426 456 813 1994 1380 3843 98 12212 2101 128 190 189 243 322 399 415 495 562 662 756 865 924 1105 1128 1366 1261 1410 1364 1576 1541 1809 2216 1532 1751 1119 1192 888 821 655 562 469 372 813 2004 1381 3859 98 12212 4101 263 394 350 334 390 596 527 490 658 611 824 757 980 991 1171 1193 1284 1234 1373 1400 1532 1625 2166 1410 1605 1021 1074 815 743 605 513 437 369 813 1951 1380 3884 98 12213 101 116 177 163 219 288 375 387 493 551 675 762 891 935 1122 1148 1363 1264 1383 1344 1524 1499 1736 2148 1461 1690 1060 1138 838 778 616 531 440 431 813 1963 1381 3884 121 12213 2101 131 180 174 230 306 355 347 457 468 617 641 789 787 1008 980 1247 1112 1291 1216 1459 1391 1687 2028 1426 1636 1055 1119 834 770 612 525 435 494 813 1973 1380 3892 98 12213 4101 147 214 192 228 289 339 322 395 410 504 549 649 678 872 832 1111 971 1180 1088 1373 1257 1617 1856 1382 1519 1050 1074 834 755 616 520 438 547 813 1983 1381 3851 121 12214 101 105 177 135 164 207 261 258 314 342 412 483 535 626 744 781 961 914 1038 1027 1224 1203 1442 1764 1241 1410 940 977 743 675 544 462 386 630 813 1994 1382 3843 98 12214 2101 111 186 152 189 247 337 325 361 418 466 541 615 686 818 819 1048 944 1123 1047 1307 1210 1541 1788 1329 1457 1017 1030 811 727 601 504 428 578 813 2005 1381 3876 167 12214 4101 123 171 125 185 223 245 226 294 322 395 444 540 576 724 729 940 856 1019 965 1192 1126 1410 1658 1210 1344 918 940 725 653 529 447 373 670 812 1954 1383 3851 144 12215 101 106 183 133 144 177 247 244 257 329 336 439 456 565 631 712 798 838 867 938 1011 1068 1182 1542 998 1165 734 772 570 518 410 349 286 788 812 1966 1381 3884 191 12215 2101 103 170 132 162 196 252 247 291 324 384 421 496 541 658 665 844 775 884 856 1022 982 1202 1432 1012 1136 758 777 591 532 428 362 300 776 812 1982 1382 3851 283 12215 4101 134 181 136 168 198 252 204 214 248 273 336 362 415 506 513 646 607 692 688 817 798 973 1180 820 929 619 636 478 432 342 293 239 888 813 2000 1383 3876 330 12216 101 265 397 251 274 304 355 265 266 279 324 361 393 434 543 520 662 595 673 669 777 765 907 1113 757 871 568 590 434 398 309 268 216 898 813 2014 1383 3933 353 12216 2101 221 317 180 219 261 294 235 253 271 279 351 369 418 512 513 626 589 651 663 753 752 879 1089 732 840 551 565 420 379 297 256 208 914 813 2028 1385 3892 400 12216 4101 182 233 146 181 233 239 177 212 210 235 273 302 325 427 400 516 463 533 518 610 586 709 853 586 662 442 451 335 303 235 204 164 1013 812 1978 1383 3884 400 12217 101 162 215 110 177 203 185 162 202 188 225 242 281 287 397 350 500 416 506 467 576 533 673 803 560 636 426 435 321 294 225 197 157 1038 813 1986 1384 3868 330 12217 2101 90 132 101 131 158 214 200 230 271 318 383 435 504 597 635 790 759 852 855 1000 996 1186 1462 1012 1154 762 791 601 543 436 372 307 777 812 1992 1383 3843 260 12217 4101 123 186 116 148 163 207 166 198 212 247 296 337 400 498 523 664 643 720 747 865 892 1043 1327 889 1054 670 713 522 481 374 324 260 852 813 2001 1383 3835 260 12218 101 217 229 143 184 215 216 176 194 212 232 280 316 368 472 473 611 579 668 662 792 781 956 1177 824 949 632 660 497 454 358 311 252 876 812 2009 1382 3876 214 12218 2101 116 182 120 150 174 216 170 207 236 289 360 409 485 584 635 767 764 834 870 976 1017 1152 1488 976 1148 722 767 562 515 403 347 281 791 812 2019 1383 3835 237 12218 4101 154 219 178 226 297 351 307 410 402 489 524 629 635 836 795 1048 923 1097 1030 1253 1176 1459 1721 1224 1388 907 952 709 651 512 440 359 668 812 1966 1382 3826 191 12219 101 130 179 162 235 282 353 319 413 430 551 574 699 709 900 850 1122 965 1159 1063 1308 1207 1514 1768 1271 1422 939 975 734 668 532 454 374 631 812 1974 1382 3818 191 12219 2101 157 242 202 284 358 433 399 473 533 597 680 739 823 940 972 1161 1076 1189 1149 1334 1290 1531 1845 1286 1434 950 978 746 672 545 460 386 566 812 1983 1382 3835 144 12219 4101 191 261 236 283 341 439 396 423 477 519 599 652 694 848 849 1044 975 1075 1071 1228 1230 1418 1772 1192 1384 866 925 674 621 487 419 343 639 812 1993 1382 3818 167 12220 102 154 247 176 227 266 367 335 342 405 431 509 551 620 737 729 926 843 973 939 1112 1071 1288 1553 1092 1219 809 834 630 569 454 386 317 729 812 2004 1382 3793 191 12220 2102 139 213 162 181 210 302 241 275 297 370 404 476 518 637 636 804 739 846 829 981 953 1148 1394 967 1104 719 755 559 513 402 346 281 802 812 2017 1382 3769 191 12220 4102 115 159 120 159 194 238 209 257 270 341 374 441 469 594 585 766 690 808 777 937 899 1099 1320 927 1050 692 717 534 487 383 330 267 840 812 1965 1383 3769 214 12221 102 156 213 165 171 179 276 205 242 261 301 363 406 450 574 582 721 682 771 779 898 897 1054 1318 880 1027 650 687 498 458 355 308 246 864 812 1978 1382 3802 237 12221 2102 132 186 141 175 209 280 233 280 318 396 428 520 565 716 720 923 859 994 968 1141 1123 1333 1635 1115 1292 817 866 633 585 454 391 316 730 812 1989 1382 3793 214 12221 4102 105 151 114 151 170 222 185 216 257 313 358 423 456 597 586 766 681 807 762 931 893 1092 1303 922 1029 682 700 525 472 375 320 259 863 812 1998 1382 3769 237 12222 102 116 174 132 178 212 280 239 270 298 338 395 444 518 615 641 794 742 835 828 971 959 1129 1398 952 1092 710 740 550 500 395 339 275 811 812 2009 1383 3777 237 12222 2102 102 150 120 161 189 239 216 253 296 332 395 444 506 610 624 773 721 820 804 941 928 1111 1362 942 1076 703 730 543 497 390 336 272 832 812 2021 1383 3752 260 12222 4102 138 162 125 196 219 244 193 265 261 307 354 399 441 559 547 712 640 735 719 866 833 1004 1230 845 976 626 661 479 443 341 297 236 892 812 1974 1383 3777 376 12223 102 169 213 131 217 240 234 226 275 284 339 401 436 514 611 648 785 769 830 872 977 1017 1155 1493 977 1159 718 771 559 517 400 347 280 787 812 1986 1383 3826 283 12223 2102 119 163 114 169 205 222 199 245 253 307 341 408 446 571 572 741 670 790 762 924 894 1073 1312 909 1044 680 710 527 480 379 326 265 840 812 1997 1384 3802 376 12223 4102 133 184 146 178 219 289 263 277 324 345 431 442 521 608 647 770 732 806 823 932 947 1088 1379 919 1067 685 720 531 486 383 331 269 823 812 2010 1383 3843 400 12300 102 118 186 136 170 211 278 239 268 298 329 405 454 513 611 656 761 761 803 839 932 960 1084 1371 908 1037 671 691 517 465 367 314 254 840 812 2023 1384 3802 353 12300 2102 189 252 202 259 291 336 290 336 355 413 456 534 558 708 720 884 849 925 952 1067 1105 1258 1609 1065 1253 782 836 606 560 435 377 305 725 812 2028 1383 3859 260 12300 4102 182 277 182 226 261 303 264 338 339 402 432 508 508 676 663 859 787 915 907 1063 1070 1268 1583 1074 1262 796 852 624 579 451 392 318 729 812 1974 1382 3851 283 12301 102 137 216 162 203 236 292 247 271 297 340 384 447 477 595 591 770 707 834 814 982 954 1168 1410 994 1138 749 787 585 539 422 366 295 800 812 1984 1383 3851 353 12301 2102 155 236 158 199 224 247 205 260 264 325 359 413 442 558 548 711 647 759 750 889 886 1059 1313 894 1052 679 719 527 490 381 332 267 842 812 1998 1383 3851 376 12301 4102 137 177 132 188 232 254 233 264 289 315 374 418 455 565 570 722 672 768 778 913 920 1092 1364 934 1086 708 744 551 506 399 343 280 817 812 2011 1384 3843 423 12302 102 117 194 134 157 190 238 197 227 240 281 328 357 413 500 505 641 587 687 674 791 776 935 1138 796 892 607 614 473 420 340 288 238 892 812 2025 1382 3859 469 12302 2102 129 162 127 153 176 225 193 222 248 294 332 375 410 511 513 650 609 691 709 826 841 996 1255 851 1000 647 682 503 462 362 314 254 875 812 2044 1383 3892 446 12302 4102 94 133 96 136 158 186 168 215 230 268 310 360 389 497 482 640 589 679 669 797 784 947 1160 801 925 608 635 469 430 336 291 234 910 812 1989 1383 3876 423 12303 102 194 243 161 224 245 247 241 250 276 284 350 374 437 525 533 672 646 725 734 869 864 1039 1286 891 1024 674 702 522 477 376 323 264 837 812 1999 1383 3909 307 12303 2102 96 162 101 129 157 207 184 208 244 255 317 351 425 501 539 658 665 729 772 884 914 1069 1352 918 1054 695 720 537 486 387 329 270 833 812 2003 1383 3859 260 12303 4102 129 178 141 186 208 254 224 247 310 330 397 423 497 588 626 774 757 841 871 1013 1028 1214 1516 1043 1196 784 817 613 556 443 377 311 759 812 2008 1382 3900 260 12304 102 100 169 116 139 151 206 180 200 221 251 291 348 377 496 493 657 616 724 730 880 878 1066 1328 924 1074 705 746 555 510 401 347 281 860 812 2018 1384 3876 307 12304 2102 100 135 110 150 171 213 187 209 243 262 315 354 400 492 533 643 649 706 763 853 898 1031 1338 890 1041 677 709 529 481 383 328 268 832 812 2028 1384 3868 307 12304 4102 98 143 98 149 162 184 169 195 225 239 294 309 380 447 490 591 602 643 701 788 831 958 1252 830 980 630 663 492 451 357 307 251 864 812 1979 1383 3851 330 12305 102 96 143 105 131 149 192 173 188 221 227 288 306 360 440 457 569 558 618 661 756 784 919 1178 795 931 613 640 479 436 347 298 244 892 812 1992 1383 3859 330 12305 2102 91 117 76 118 132 152 131 183 181 232 259 311 326 448 425 599 524 657 619 795 742 963 1139 837 954 645 676 507 464 364 316 255 913 812 2002 1383 3851 353 12305 4103 99 127 96 137 157 173 161 195 216 234 260 306 332 430 420 563 514 598 609 725 728 883 1102 757 897 581 617 453 420 325 285 229 923 812 2223 1383 3835 353 12306 103 83 115 82 123 131 143 131 169 174 209 234 278 305 397 397 526 489 569 578 691 691 832 1045 708 842 545 581 420 390 300 263 209 958 812 2025 1383 3835 353 12306 2103 91 123 71 101 113 141 116 155 164 198 225 260 280 372 346 486 422 528 498 642 597 774 909 673 756 530 537 412 372 297 255 208 991 812 2245 1384 3835 423 12306 4103 117 160 110 131 143 188 156 181 172 199 242 258 286 360 342 459 411 478 474 569 551 685 833 582 666 452 464 349 316 250 216 175 1017 812 1988 1384 3810 446 12307 103 102 147 83 123 136 163 140 159 177 188 246 252 288 362 365 468 439 487 517 587 609 709 910 597 712 459 484 351 323 249 217 173 1006 812 2000 1383 3810 446 12307 2103 134 173 147 170 184 225 182 192 202 227 273 284 326 417 422 527 496 555 573 663 671 792 1005 675 790 515 539 396 363 285 247 199 961 812 2010 1383 3802 423 12307 4103 88 125 71 107 115 146 119 143 161 182 216 245 264 348 332 443 391 465 454 547 520 654 785 558 630 430 441 330 298 235 201 162 1046 812 2021 1383 3785 423 12308 103 85 128 82 112 125 145 133 166 173 199 226 257 277 362 356 473 431 505 500 598 581 714 876 600 696 458 479 348 320 247 215 170 1021 812 2032 1383 3769 423 12308 2103 116 148 122 164 194 233 229 296 319 395 431 529 552 710 720 928 847 1004 948 1160 1089 1342 1581 1114 1253 810 847 620 566 441 378 306 760 812 2039 1383 3802 283 12308 4103 121 155 129 183 212 273 278 279 355 371 445 487 549 657 695 838 813 893 911 1034 1041 1200 1505 1002 1159 732 774 561 514 400 345 278 790 811 1977 1383 3769 260 12309 103 106 150 121 163 188 242 241 269 320 342 421 455 528 610 662 798 774 841 869 982 997 1148 1440 955 1100 700 734 539 491 383 330 267 812 811 1984 1383 3760 237 12309 2103 129 160 139 196 241 265 257 314 330 371 438 496 534 666 690 860 810 900 915 1041 1043 1202 1513 1007 1172 737 780 569 520 407 350 283 777 811 1992 1383 3769 191 12309 4103 93 143 99 142 163 202 193 233 259 306 364 422 462 575 579 738 684 795 781 923 905 1086 1321 910 1043 677 701 518 469 367 314 254 861 811 2002 1383 3752 237 12310 103 85 126 93 142 162 200 191 236 243 306 355 424 446 591 590 764 704 822 805 965 938 1133 1368 947 1078 700 728 536 487 381 327 263 846 812 2218 1384 3744 214 12310 2103 109 160 107 178 199 207 199 274 267 341 368 438 474 603 616 781 736 828 837 963 965 1128 1403 943 1100 691 735 529 487 374 325 261 832 811 2021 1383 3760 237 12310 4103 103 146 116 145 167 233 221 237 298 310 397 438 501 608 643 767 765 818 866 950 991 1114 1428 929 1089 681 716 520 475 369 317 256 824 811 1968 1382 3760 214 12311 103 100 140 107 152 185 226 230 273 312 354 423 477 553 638 682 817 803 865 891 1002 1014 1165 1449 973 1113 716 742 552 499 394 336 273 804 811 1978 1383 3777 214 12311 2103 136 222 218 286 314 374 356 399 457 516 586 642 695 818 842 985 924 998 1001 1119 1115 1283 1572 1065 1197 778 801 602 540 433 370 305 715 811 1987 1383 3793 191 12311 4103 238 291 217 262 312 378 289 348 349 432 449 520 540 707 649 866 738 881 819 999 925 1157 1349 972 1085 735 752 572 518 415 355 293 781 811 1997 1383 3826 191 12312 103 194 236 214 268 309 389 319 362 377 413 478 516 559 676 667 814 738 828 806 942 917 1094 1331 913 1043 678 710 523 478 379 325 264 810 812 2215 1384 3810 237 12312 2103 233 308 265 304 380 448 411 451 458 507 540 604 606 765 711 916 787 913 849 1007 951 1162 1377 969 1091 724 749 565 513 411 352 289 763 811 2020 1382 3851 260 12312 4103 172 240 200 275 336 376 315 398 380 466 472 541 556 728 676 866 761 860 827 951 928 1084 1345 890 1063 654 708 503 471 359 316 252 820 812 1972 1384 3818 330 12313 103 197 267 212 275 319 364 330 365 434 456 554 574 644 752 762 902 843 897 889 984 964 1102 1364 903 1040 662 694 512 466 366 317 258 803 811 1986 1384 3851 353 12313 2103 192 276 268 305 365 469 409 466 493 562 593 678 693 853 796 971 854 936 881 1000 955 1115 1343 903 1036 660 692 509 466 365 317 258 792 811 2000 1384 3859 376 12313 4103 223 336 279 309 360 446 392 446 480 516 572 621 674 808 772 922 828 892 856 938 915 1030 1276 832 969 605 637 462 425 330 288 233 829 811 2014 1384 3868 400 12314 103 347 395 270 326 418 481 438 477 507 552 575 623 657 802 751 911 793 857 811 911 872 1007 1212 808 929 591 616 451 412 321 280 226 837 811 2028 1384 3933 446 12314 2103 334 422 363 380 453 589 477 464 573 538 672 642 730 815 792 895 818 842 824 885 866 969 1194 780 895 573 595 439 401 315 274 224 820 812 2248 1384 3909 446 12314 4103 201 286 225 285 346 447 401 397 474 458 569 544 641 710 709 798 724 750 725 794 778 875 1067 710 805 524 534 400 362 286 247 202 897 811 1992 1384 3868 516 12315 103 240 283 263 324 394 476 387 458 436 514 560 615 634 778 712 866 738 814 749 854 794 945 1120 759 861 562 576 424 388 305 266 215 873 811 2005 1384 3892 516 12315 2103 170 214 177 253 301 347 291 354 372 436 473 534 547 682 631 788 674 751 698 795 742 881 1057 714 818 521 548 397 365 281 247 198 922 811 2017 1384 3876 539 12315 4104 163 222 167 218 246 335 299 295 363 363 466 470 557 586 588 680 622 656 639 708 685 795 957 653 726 486 491 371 332 264 228 188 945 811 2029 1383 3884 516 12316 104 153 211 172 204 248 311 273 299 336 369 438 457 518 597 589 710 630 693 652 747 712 842 1007 684 777 507 522 386 351 275 240 194 942 811 2041 1385 3884 516 12316 2104 154 223 172 190 237 321 257 293 292 345 415 430 477 567 529 668 569 641 592 691 636 776 913 625 705 469 477 355 322 253 219 177 976 812 2261 1385 3868 562 12316 4104 124 172 157 191 229 316 285 303 344 388 421 487 511 619 579 704 620 685 652 749 715 835 1015 673 782 494 522 373 346 263 232 183 953 811 1998 1384 3859 539 12317 104 120 195 138 177 204 261 240 271 304 343 397 423 464 555 527 653 569 627 605 686 668 774 954 630 723 474 483 361 327 257 223 181 965 811 2010 1384 3868 539 12317 2104 159 216 166 211 238 311 264 296 325 341 410 430 496 577 580 683 635 668 676 741 752 840 1063 685 812 503 534 384 357 273 240 193 931 811 2018 1384 3868 469 12317 4104 129 176 130 185 224 275 248 278 306 330 386 413 453 538 537 654 601 645 646 706 714 806 1017 656 776 488 511 371 340 264 231 184 956 811 2026 1385 3851 492 12318 104 140 187 138 189 230 262 213 277 268 348 367 423 450 555 514 682 581 679 643 765 721 864 1044 704 824 526 557 400 373 285 251 200 944 811 2036 1384 3868 469 12318 2104 112 176 117 163 196 240 213 242 269 306 348 383 407 507 477 618 545 622 600 699 676 812 981 669 771 506 525 388 356 278 244 197 961 811 2046 1384 3818 469 12318 4104 112 157 117 157 201 246 218 226 282 283 368 357 429 491 478 596 545 602 588 670 660 776 949 642 735 491 502 379 342 273 236 193 961 811 1991 1383 3818 446 12319 104 129 198 123 188 219 255 202 261 265 322 356 402 434 550 512 677 578 664 638 742 717 856 1038 707 813 534 550 410 372 293 254 207 928 811 1999 1384 3835 400 12319 2104 153 248 151 190 213 245 214 251 292 315 382 392 463 543 550 652 617 663 675 753 759 876 1090 728 841 551 570 424 387 307 266 218 907 811 2007 1383 3826 376 12319 4104 144 189 162 209 256 301 270 324 342 401 428 486 527 651 643 804 715 813 781 903 866 1033 1244 849 967 632 653 484 441 345 299 242 860 811 2015 1384 3818 376 12320 104 101 158 123 156 191 248 235 279 322 357 419 451 493 607 599 765 677 781 737 872 820 995 1189 825 932 613 630 473 427 339 291 238 882 811 2024 1384 3802 330 12320 2104 84 141 99 129 152 191 180 218 250 287 320 364 396 500 490 630 574 651 641 742 732 868 1071 726 841 552 572 424 387 305 265 214 933 811 2033 1384 3769 353 12320 4104 173 213 146 222 279 263 245 281 324 351 389 453 504 610 597 748 676 770 745 861 836 992 1220 816 948 603 636 461 428 331 291 234 875 811 1980 1384 3826 353 12321 104 120 180 132 173 207 237 192 259 278 330 357 424 455 575 556 717 635 749 707 851 800 983 1170 810 922 608 626 466 424 334 288 234 896 811 1990 1385 3793 330 12321 2104 104 176 110 156 189 238 200 242 273 318 364 405 442 530 519 670 590 682 652 782 746 908 1083 760 854 575 585 442 397 317 272 223 917 811 2000 1385 3769 330 12321 4104 105 153 104 139 167 191 177 226 238 282 306 369 387 495 481 627 564 651 636 735 731 856 1074 704 845 527 566 401 375 285 251 199 950 811 2011 1384 3777 330 12322 104 123 164 122 163 208 216 198 215 250 267 318 350 377 477 448 593 511 600 565 681 654 798 960 667 767 506 521 386 352 272 237 189 971 811 2022 1383 3785 353 12322 2104 144 184 153 204 239 303 266 327 343 418 440 517 529 679 667 852 770 872 844 980 949 1110 1346 906 1039 661 691 498 460 355 308 246 839 811 2033 1384 3785 330 12322 4104 115 163 128 163 202 233 209 263 279 330 390 426 485 588 595 751 695 786 769 889 874 1027 1256 846 975 623 648 474 433 337 292 234 878 811 1979 1384 3760 307 12323 104 134 174 112 173 215 229 182 271 266 339 336 422 424 557 510 699 593 720 659 814 751 946 1098 791 876 592 604 454 411 324 281 225 922 811 1989 1385 3793 353 12323 2104 167 190 115 185 199 185 154 208 205 268 264 337 339 468 437 585 497 598 559 684 640 799 953 668 773 509 532 388 357 274 240 191 977 811 2003 1385 3818 353 12323 4104 112 148 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245 280 243 281 305 357 380 437 452 573 518 653 568 624 600 671 660 751 944 608 719 450 472 338 312 241 212 168 978 810 2027 1384 3876 469 12402 105 133 176 150 182 203 265 239 273 294 356 388 441 464 549 511 635 546 610 580 660 627 745 894 605 686 444 456 335 304 237 207 167 993 811 2038 1384 3859 469 12402 2105 189 244 185 264 297 305 269 329 329 406 393 484 460 613 527 700 559 661 586 713 649 796 929 637 734 471 493 355 328 250 222 176 971 811 2048 1384 3900 469 12402 4105 165 211 172 179 201 290 220 282 260 328 329 385 393 497 447 582 504 549 544 599 608 677 875 541 671 397 434 298 282 212 190 149 1017 810 1996 1385 3884 469 12403 105 125 172 125 177 198 224 208 234 268 292 307 338 356 448 419 530 461 511 495 559 554 647 803 523 613 392 410 297 272 210 185 149 1030 810 2008 1384 3876 469 12403 2105 121 193 135 172 189 240 212 241 252 287 278 365 360 466 409 538 448 517 477 564 534 644 772 522 596 396 403 298 271 213 186 150 1036 811 2019 1385 3868 516 12403 4105 160 265 162 206 239 283 240 249 269 292 312 357 357 462 398 530 443 504 475 555 525 636 770 520 593 395 401 299 270 214 187 151 1026 811 2030 1384 3884 516 12404 105 196 278 190 255 292 304 230 272 290 313 323 384 378 498 428 557 452 530 486 585 544 664 786 543 609 414 417 314 283 224 196 159 1013 810 2042 1385 3917 492 12404 2105 138 182 132 163 182 211 176 214 221 258 278 342 337 448 400 530 440 505 481 559 544 631 791 506 610 380 404 286 267 202 179 140 1044 810 1989 1382 3892 492 12404 4105 167 220 149 224 213 267 203 257 257 300 316 362 378 463 440 550 475 528 518 593 568 670 816 530 617 402 411 303 274 215 187 150 1025 810 1999 1385 3909 469 12405 105 174 274 155 202 267 289 227 266 287 312 333 384 400 502 449 596 488 571 528 627 579 704 830 564 644 422 431 318 289 227 197 159 1007 810 2010 1384 3909 469 12405 2105 145 215 152 198 231 298 244 298 318 352 372 422 437 539 496 624 549 601 579 643 622 716 882 566 667 419 438 313 289 220 195 155 1003 810 2020 1384 3900 469 12405 4105 229 347 246 339 388 400 331 382 403 444 482 543 555 691 647 770 672 722 690 759 734 828 1009 652 758 474 495 353 324 250 219 176 931 810 2030 1384 3942 469 12406 105 148 196 173 220 266 301 260 312 316 382 386 478 467 608 501 690 537 649 564 698 605 778 861 631 677 471 461 358 316 257 219 181 980 810 2039 1384 3892 446 12406 2105 166 237 192 226 274 361 318 330 388 426 473 484 536 617 600 698 645 652 657 701 695 777 959 617 709 454 464 339 307 242 211 172 955 810 1984 1384 3884 446 12406 4105 241 341 293 230 298 496 376 394 439 441 518 532 575 685 629 736 652 695 669 733 700 799 964 638 723 469 481 353 319 253 219 179 933 810 1994 1383 3917 400 12407 105 246 288 230 276 356 415 381 383 424 433 467 500 508 638 565 713 604 669 631 716 676 784 947 624 714 467 474 351 318 249 218 176 949 810 2003 1384 3900 400 12407 2105 177 226 207 247 288 391 314 354 386 417 447 500 486 620 555 699 589 664 627 711 671 785 950 633 721 467 479 351 321 250 219 177 956 810 2013 1385 3835 423 12407 4105 162 306 231 209 256 366 294 294 363 373 447 449 483 576 548 657 592 639 623 688 674 766 949 616 711 455 468 343 315 246 215 173 958 810 2023 1384 3843 376 12408 105 190 237 168 234 284 325 257 275 326 350 388 425 445 557 500 649 553 629 590 698 652 787 928 631 710 470 476 354 322 254 220 179 967 811 2242 1385 3843 400 12408 2105 194 277 219 267 310 417 338 359 402 403 488 484 529 630 581 707 629 672 656 725 713 806 992 642 745 475 490 359 327 256 223 180 935 810 1981 1384 3843 376 12408 4105 199 280 206 267 313 356 302 359 390 431 469 532 536 663 610 761 665 727 692 770 741 847 1029 673 771 491 505 369 335 260 227 182 932 810 1991 1384 3835 400 12409 105 158 234 184 240 279 324 237 300 304 371 376 457 439 592 532 684 581 664 620 725 684 805 968 646 745 474 491 356 327 252 221 175 968 810 2002 1384 3826 400 12409 2105 202 290 231 225 265 365 269 315 295 377 371 432 434 539 494 629 541 600 571 646 629 731 901 589 682 439 454 329 303 235 206 165 983 810 2013 1383 3851 376 12409 4105 129 188 134 174 210 263 217 262 282 325 358 398 429 502 474 592 509 573 538 625 590 706 840 574 640 432 431 328 293 234 202 165 1001 810 2023 1385 3785 376 12410 105 197 224 170 239 261 258 218 264 284 345 367 400 436 528 487 619 537 596 560 646 609 722 875 584 670 434 449 330 301 234 206 166 989 810 2033 1385 3810 376 12410 2105 180 260 189 238 269 346 291 352 349 454 406 540 483 665 535 777 597 731 627 788 676 868 976 702 778 521 537 397 364 284 250 201 937 810 1981 1384 3810 353 12410 4105 125 191 142 170 206 289 239 255 322 333 426 411 489 517 555 633 596 606 632 672 683 753 964 612 712 458 473 351 321 253 221 180 960 810 1989 1384 3777 307 12411 106 158 196 141 240 287 289 241 297 306 381 388 454 442 586 506 671 564 640 604 705 677 799 976 652 771 491 521 375 350 269 240 192 950 810 1996 1384 3785 283 12411 2106 165 223 157 187 225 315 265 300 351 366 422 453 474 572 533 661 580 631 615 686 661 776 946 640 727 484 492 375 338 271 236 194 945 810 2006 1383 3793 260 12411 4106 117 169 121 166 196 257 239 266 308 338 382 426 456 537 508 644 557 623 592 690 649 775 942 637 740 482 507 372 343 271 236 191 959 810 2221 1384 3769 260 12412 106 166 237 198 220 274 370 325 335 363 397 413 475 453 580 518 664 564 626 593 684 662 772 961 639 753 487 513 376 348 273 241 195 938 810 2021 1384 3810 191 12412 2106 161 231 204 224 266 347 300 313 348 361 409 453 455 567 546 656 596 604 633 662 691 750 987 613 747 461 497 358 334 260 231 186 935 810 1966 1383 3810 191 12412 4106 155 226 166 213 272 282 231 305 284 363 340 442 404 540 463 642 518 607 563 670 623 758 910 634 731 484 506 377 351 275 243 197 956 810 1974 1383 3802 144 12413 106 182 293 218 196 237 344 289 293 311 336 377 396 429 510 468 575 511 553 551 606 605 687 881 569 671 434 453 335 309 244 215 175 969 810 1981 1383 3826 144 12413 2106 170 268 208 225 275 364 318 321 337 368 410 429 457 551 483 604 517 566 539 613 588 690 848 564 652 431 444 330 304 241 211 171 972 810 1990 1383 3843 144 12413 4106 264 332 234 301 357 349 294 340 328 387 405 459 425 571 474 634 513 595 536 640 592 714 852 578 667 438 459 336 312 244 215 173 967 810 2204 1383 3876 98 12414 106 121 174 134 177 206 244 229 256 268 296 348 376 407 497 451 565 477 549 515 595 555 667 805 544 622 416 427 318 291 230 201 164 1004 810 2005 1383 3810 74 12414 2106 191 292 199 210 261 335 283 306 320 360 384 424 429 542 476 602 512 577 538 622 585 700 845 565 653 426 446 326 302 237 208 170 977 809 1951 1381 3851 28 12414 4106 177 224 177 253 306 330 292 335 331 391 418 469 480 582 522 656 563 640 594 691 651 787 944 653 744 500 518 392 361 290 254 209 923 810 1958 1382 3868 65518 12415 106 182 247 170 234 271 282 246 307 288 367 359 440 416 556 478 643 529 627 572 690 639 789 942 654 758 499 532 392 367 288 256 206 934 809 1961 1381 3868 65425 12415 2106 216 337 232 270 301 379 321 349 350 373 417 449 458 573 512 642 560 622 599 680 664 780 963 652 752 503 524 393 365 293 256 211 910 809 1964 1382 3868 65378 12415 4106 218 317 225 289 310 409 342 326 338 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232 268 230 285 265 325 387 250 289 190 198 141 131 99 89 72 1181 801 1976 1383 3826 283 13119 4124 82 135 60 86 94 124 111 122 131 129 130 163 171 238 200 279 226 260 230 285 262 313 379 238 278 185 189 138 126 97 85 69 1188 801 1993 1384 3826 353 13120 124 82 149 72 141 124 136 107 125 125 129 141 168 179 241 192 274 223 249 228 282 244 309 367 242 274 184 188 138 126 99 86 71 1188 801 2007 1384 3835 376 13120 2124 85 169 70 88 89 114 102 113 124 130 139 173 186 253 207 277 235 256 236 277 252 306 375 233 277 176 185 133 123 92 83 67 1192 801 2019 1384 3851 423 13120 4124 79 125 57 86 88 113 104 110 127 124 137 165 180 239 208 276 232 247 239 271 259 303 382 234 280 178 186 132 123 93 83 66 1189 801 2229 1383 3859 353 13121 124 84 139 65 89 101 129 115 119 134 128 147 179 196 252 211 290 232 265 232 283 253 315 373 244 277 187 193 141 129 99 89 71 1177 801 1974 1383 3859 237 13121 2124 92 136 67 100 115 134 125 134 136 149 142 182 192 255 212 301 238 275 241 299 265 333 392 253 295 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75 52 48 38 1260 799 2169 1397 3810 1982 13901 141 76 104 71 54 58 99 85 84 91 92 103 115 123 168 127 191 137 152 136 155 140 175 205 134 147 102 105 77 69 50 45 37 1269 799 2187 1398 3826 2052 13901 2141 62 77 43 54 55 59 59 77 74 82 88 103 107 153 119 180 131 141 133 145 136 167 204 125 146 97 104 71 67 47 44 34 1278 798 2427 1399 3818 2075 13901 4141 71 90 53 54 57 61 58 75 70 89 81 116 102 169 117 193 128 154 132 153 137 172 208 130 151 98 106 74 68 48 45 35 1275 799 2147 1398 3835 2028 13902 142 60 78 47 54 57 66 70 87 89 101 101 121 113 170 126 197 137 154 139 157 145 180 214 134 155 101 108 75 70 50 45 36 1273 799 2158 1398 3843 2052 13902 2142 68 87 53 59 60 69 70 82 88 93 100 116 119 169 135 196 141 158 144 159 148 178 221 132 157 102 108 75 69 49 46 36 1272 799 2168 1397 3843 2028 13902 4142 73 95 62 70 80 83 76 93 93 104 106 132 121 188 137 214 145 173 146 173 149 192 221 142 161 108 114 80 74 53 49 39 1267 799 2178 1397 3851 2005 13903 142 62 82 49 54 56 71 71 81 84 96 98 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95 87 62 57 45 1251 799 2115 1394 3868 1236 13905 2142 69 92 56 70 75 84 85 102 99 116 122 142 150 202 162 237 182 207 193 219 206 248 300 188 220 141 148 103 95 68 62 48 1236 798 2119 1394 3859 1167 13905 4142 63 88 44 51 53 73 67 81 92 96 110 132 146 195 171 230 186 201 190 210 201 239 289 182 204 136 138 101 89 67 59 48 1236 799 2059 1393 3859 1167 13906 142 65 84 56 64 69 82 83 101 103 117 120 149 148 202 164 239 184 208 186 219 197 247 289 188 210 141 144 104 92 69 61 49 1234 798 2065 1393 3851 1120 13906 2142 71 103 68 74 79 104 101 115 119 119 134 148 154 213 178 243 194 207 199 218 209 241 296 181 210 136 140 101 90 66 59 47 1229 798 2073 1392 3843 1120 13906 4142 66 88 52 64 72 79 73 88 88 95 106 121 129 187 152 225 170 194 179 207 190 239 280 181 208 134 139 98 91 65 58 46 1240 798 2082 1391 3826 1120 13907 142 61 84 48 57 66 77 76 93 95 116 113 153 136 219 156 254 169 219 176 223 192 247 285 189 216 142 148 103 95 68 63 49 1237 798 2092 1391 3810 1074 13907 2142 59 78 42 49 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1189 796 2014 1388 3868 353 14016 4145 94 121 83 103 123 132 117 150 153 166 169 201 195 264 208 300 228 259 232 273 246 301 351 223 254 164 167 117 106 76 68 54 1201 795 2226 1386 3851 283 14017 146 113 202 161 142 149 228 178 192 184 191 186 214 214 292 236 317 242 271 246 279 257 303 362 227 260 166 169 119 108 78 70 55 1187 795 2231 1388 3868 260 14017 2146 82 112 81 90 101 125 113 129 127 143 148 170 175 240 199 281 217 244 224 253 236 278 334 208 237 153 156 109 99 71 63 50 1210 796 1969 1386 3868 237 14017 4146 136 181 116 129 154 178 143 164 163 187 179 218 215 283 236 315 245 267 245 276 252 299 352 222 250 163 165 118 105 77 69 54 1189 796 1978 1387 3876 214 14018 146 70 94 55 70 76 90 89 106 114 120 137 158 175 234 201 274 217 241 216 254 228 279 324 208 235 151 156 106 96 70 62 48 1215 796 1986 1386 3859 214 14018 2146 170 183 124 148 164 218 152 201 161 192 179 218 212 302 224 320 239 274 241 283 250 306 348 225 250 165 166 118 105 77 69 55 1188 796 1996 1387 3884 191 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226 289 259 335 264 274 234 248 231 281 343 210 243 160 164 116 107 79 71 57 1180 786 1914 1381 3892 65170 14912 207 94 129 98 97 116 139 124 142 145 156 167 207 210 301 249 349 259 293 234 267 230 301 344 223 250 168 172 122 113 82 74 58 1186 786 1924 1380 3868 65170 14912 2207 95 111 69 84 101 117 108 144 139 169 170 210 220 295 246 340 254 279 227 254 222 284 329 207 234 160 160 118 107 79 70 57 1187 786 1935 1380 3859 65146 14912 4207 90 131 89 92 100 146 114 115 124 155 142 194 187 285 226 322 241 270 220 261 222 292 331 218 243 161 167 118 109 80 73 58 1191 786 1945 1380 3868 65170 14913 207 78 117 77 100 120 133 111 148 128 162 161 202 207 277 236 316 248 262 223 240 222 278 327 207 239 155 162 114 104 76 69 55 1190 786 1955 1380 3859 65193 14913 2207 105 171 113 104 124 161 130 145 143 160 173 207 216 281 250 323 252 265 229 251 230 285 339 211 245 158 165 116 108 79 71 56 1184 784 2165 1380 3876 65170 14913 4207 105 139 81 98 106 107 93 111 126 138 158 185 198 269 231 314 238 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161 116 106 79 71 55 1196 786 1920 1382 3826 65239 14916 208 72 117 85 67 75 120 119 111 138 134 161 185 196 266 225 307 236 256 217 241 220 277 333 204 242 152 164 112 105 75 69 53 1197 786 1931 1381 3802 65239 14916 2208 73 102 71 72 82 114 102 119 123 145 146 188 190 265 221 306 234 254 207 228 208 266 311 201 225 153 157 115 105 78 69 56 1198 786 1943 1383 3802 65262 14916 4208 85 142 95 103 108 152 132 130 134 141 165 187 208 269 236 312 242 251 222 239 222 273 326 203 235 154 158 114 104 77 69 55 1192 786 1954 1381 3785 65286 14917 208 106 136 81 90 102 120 113 129 133 149 158 195 201 284 231 325 244 274 219 251 222 286 330 215 237 162 163 119 108 81 71 57 1192 786 1965 1382 3785 65286 14917 2208 90 136 91 103 120 149 128 152 159 166 179 199 220 280 254 323 259 265 234 246 233 272 335 206 239 156 163 114 106 78 69 55 1189 786 1915 1381 3777 65286 14917 4208 113 163 99 113 144 153 109 139 145 156 178 212 214 301 254 339 267 274 236 252 240 291 354 212 255 159 170 117 109 80 73 57 1183 786 1926 1381 3769 65286 14918 208 79 103 68 79 93 114 100 127 125 147 156 189 205 268 244 312 250 256 232 239 230 270 332 201 235 153 159 113 103 76 68 54 1196 786 1937 1381 3760 65309 14918 2208 101 145 103 72 88 126 98 120 118 129 150 176 194 258 226 300 239 243 215 233 215 266 322 198 232 150 159 112 103 77 69 55 1193 786 1948 1381 3752 65332 14918 4208 74 98 67 72 73 112 111 110 140 139 169 185 197 266 236 306 244 255 218 240 220 274 329 206 238 156 164 115 106 77 70 55 1197 786 1959 1381 3744 65309 14919 208 134 215 96 114 116 129 131 145 149 149 168 206 222 279 268 313 265 263 230 245 229 281 341 216 246 164 169 121 110 82 74 59 1181 786 1970 1381 3777 65309 14919 2208 151 149 99 90 89 141 108 134 122 158 147 190 196 267 234 305 230 263 219 253 225 288 328 219 243 164 166 122 110 81 72 58 1186 786 1920 1382 3777 65309 14919 4208 67 92 62 68 72 106 108 107 131 131 166 183 222 270 257 314 257 256 219 236 218 263 327 200 231 153 157 114 103 76 69 55 1199 786 1930 1382 3744 65309 14920 208 86 109 80 76 98 122 134 121 163 152 189 210 246 305 290 356 295 283 225 237 224 278 331 210 236 158 165 118 109 80 72 58 1188 786 1941 1381 3752 65332 14920 2208 62 93 52 60 67 91 87 102 114 143 144 203 202 289 252 336 253 274 206 240 201 276 316 207 233 159 165 117 110 80 73 58 1199 786 1951 1381 3744 65309 14920 4208 58 87 48 62 63 80 79 97 108 122 141 172 196 245 235 279 244 229 213 209 208 241 307 184 213 141 145 106 95 71 63 51 1205 786 1960 1383 3752 65309 14921 208 101 132 76 92 85 126 96 111 123 133 143 188 186 255 229 300 245 257 223 241 225 272 334 207 241 154 161 113 104 76 70 56 1192 786 1970 1380 3785 65309 14921 2208 132 143 89 166 163 133 107 128 131 144 167 189 197 270 242 310 257 255 237 246 245 274 347 201 244 153 161 112 103 75 68 54 1190 786 1918 1383 3802 65286 14921 4208 77 106 74 79 97 115 98 123 107 132 134 156 182 232 217 279 232 220 193 205 191 240 293 178 207 137 141 101 92 69 62 50 1207 786 1926 1382 3802 65262 14922 208 125 496 89 92 113 156 125 128 171 149 195 198 246 284 270 310 251 255 211 254 223 275 327 209 240 168 172 127 119 91 83 68 1107 786 1938 1382 3835 65286 14922 2208 109 155 94 51 56 86 67 94 97 114 122 155 164 220 200 265 212 212 183 190 183 222 284 167 197 129 137 97 90 66 60 48 1211 786 1948 1382 3835 65286 14922 4208 60 93 52 55 63 82 79 96 111 123 136 161 177 246 218 295 221 237 183 211 186 247 290 188 213 143 150 107 99 75 67 53 1211 786 1960 1383 3818 65332 14923 208 99 132 81 86 92 88 73 79 95 115 125 150 175 243 216 289 227 235 201 218 200 247 302 189 218 145 153 108 101 73 66 52 1206 786 1971 1381 3851 65286 14923 2208 73 108 65 82 103 105 105 134 133 166 189 228 260 326 315 380 317 309 264 277 252 313 378 236 266 177 182 131 118 87 78 62 1178 786 1920 1382 3851 65309 14923 4208 93 125 96 108 125 143 124 141 157 170 188 234 248 317 308 373 319 319 280 284 274 317 398 238 273 177 183 130 118 87 79 63 1170 786 1929 1382 3868 65286 15000 208 63 90 58 67 80 91 94 121 132 151 175 206 232 300 285 355 291 298 247 262 241 294 360 222 254 167 173 123 113 83 75 60 1189 786 1939 1381 3859 65309 15000 2208 71 97 61 74 90 101 98 124 134 151 184 209 245 309 293 367 298 303 240 254 231 291 350 217 244 166 168 123 112 86 77 62 1186 786 1950 1381 3876 65309 15000 4208 74 99 65 75 86 105 109 132 146 173 196 235 261 328 317 385 319 317 263 269 250 308 375 231 262 173 177 128 116 87 77 62 1179 786 1961 1381 3892 65332 15001 209 65 103 64 75 90 125 124 153 157 191 197 250 260 339 311 389 317 315 267 276 258 318 383 235 272 180 185 131 120 90 78 63 1176 786 1972 1383 3884 65332 15001 2209 119 172 135 122 140 205 163 140 170 178 202 240 270 339 311 389 307 315 265 275 258 316 384 238 278 179 188 132 121 90 79 64 1168 786 1923 1381 3900 65332 15001 4209 119 156 105 102 111 156 130 155 149 166 176 213 234 315 282 364 285 307 243 270 241 315 361 240 263 180 182 133 121 91 81 65 1176 786 1934 1382 3900 65332 15002 209 69 96 61 72 92 102 88 138 117 162 155 217 210 295 250 343 263 293 235 272 238 307 349 231 256 173 179 126 116 86 76 61 1189 786 1945 1381 3884 65355 15002 2209 65 93 59 73 88 101 107 126 135 152 163 205 217 294 270 355 278 294 243 271 244 307 365 230 263 170 177 124 114 84 75 60 1186 786 1957 1381 3876 65355 15002 4209 148 150 74 135 130 119 114 132 144 173 174 208 227 304 277 357 283 300 248 270 253 311 373 230 270 176 183 130 119 89 79 63 1177 786 1969 1381 3909 65425 15003 209 70 100 68 84 100 131 121 148 154 169 186 225 245 304 288 357 294 287 246 263 247 305 371 226 263 172 179 128 116 86 78 62 1182 786 1981 1382 3868 65425 15003 2209 90 131 79 113 119 130 128 156 160 189 203 241 266 337 337 391 343 323 287 285 279 332 410 244 289 182 192 133 125 90 82 64 1170 786 1932 1383 3868 65471 15003 4209 63 100 66 75 92 108 105 131 133 168 169 232 233 315 282 380 296 316 247 274 240 316 370 238 270 182 185 134 123 92 83 65 1183 786 1946 1382 3843 65494 15004 209 103 142 78 103 126 127 115 140 129 165 168 226 230 319 284 378 298 309 254 271 241 309 368 233 265 178 180 132 120 91 80 65 1179 786 1958 1383 3843 65494 15004 2209 74 109 76 85 96 146 132 123 172 151 201 207 240 300 287 358 297 305 254 263 247 304 379 229 274 172 182 126 118 85 78 62 1186 785 1970 1381 3818 65518 15004 4209 76 109 76 92 121 122 110 168 137 226 173 250 225 317 275 364 280 291 235 253 233 293 351 224 257 170 175 126 117 86 77 62 1185 786 1982 1382 3802 65518 15005 209 88 130 78 95 105 137 137 129 167 158 194 212 241 314 300 370 302 302 252 253 239 290 359 218 255 165 172 122 113 84 76 60 1185 784 2197 1383 3793 65518 15005 2209 72 114 69 81 106 120 120 132 150 166 190 208 235 295 280 348 283 275 236 245 227 277 342 208 245 157 167 115 108 78 71 57 1193 786 1943 1382 3785 5 15005 4209 77 122 90 90 97 134 143 118 169 151 197 214 233 299 279 350 283 288 231 248 222 282 341 213 247 162 168 120 112 83 75 59 1192 786 1955 1382 3785 5 15006 209 64 102 61 75 85 102 100 131 126 154 163 209 226 291 272 348 278 278 230 236 219 271 335 204 237 157 164 117 108 81 72 57 1198 786 1967 1383 3760 28 15006 2209 130 192 138 130 142 212 182 157 211 195 248 233 280 324 309 360 298 287 247 255 246 281 363 212 255 162 170 120 113 84 76 61 1177 784 2184 1383 3777 28 15006 4209 88 117 74 136 138 152 141 207 167 224 199 264 257 356 312 398 307 319 264 272 255 313 387 230 287 173 190 124 122 84 78 60 1182 786 1988 1382 3752 28 15007 209 159 212 126 146 170 177 143 184 148 192 202 237 250 327 281 372 283 292 227 251 216 290 335 222 243 173 169 130 116 89 80 64 1177 784 2204 1383 3785 28 15007 2209 104 111 68 92 117 109 106 151 145 191 181 230 242 315 286 367 281 296 233 251 228 286 348 219 255 165 178 123 115 85 76 60 1189 786 1949 1381 3752 28 15007 4209 107 274 173 104 127 198 163 158 199 191 223 250 267 335 301 358 304 286 267 257 257 290 382 222 266 165 175 122 114 83 75 60 1172 786 1960 1383 3744 28 15008 209 258 280 161 247 233 193 149 225 188 246 205 282 260 374 308 417 314 327 258 273 247 313 373 236 268 180 185 136 124 96 86 70 1151 786 1970 1383 3810 28 15008 2209 97 151 74 86 120 138 106 129 138 157 169 216 230 305 266 366 274 298 228 259 222 293 339 223 245 170 173 129 115 89 78 64 1185 786 1980 1383 3752 28 15008 4209 85 139 85 115 160 134 112 194 147 214 186 254 246 334 296 389 298 314 256 271 255 312 376 232 264 178 180 131 119 89 79 64 1178 785 1990 1383 3744 5 15009 209 138 188 136 142 165 231 196 188 228 201 253 248 298 358 334 388 330 320 280 295 274 325 402 237 281 181 186 132 122 91 83 66 1161 784 2205 1383 3785 5 15009 2209 79 204 148 106 116 250 205 167 230 194 261 248 285 347 378 395 389 323 353 288 357 327 516 240 291 177 185 129 120 88 79 62 1165 786 1949 1382 3760 28 15009 4209 93 153 105 93 107 187 169 153 212 174 238 232 281 333 313 376 319 315 269 279 259 317 384 238 272 178 182 131 119 91 81 65 1172 786 1960 1383 3769 5 15010 209 109 154 103 108 124 194 138 145 183 189 204 235 251 335 288 382 299 315 256 274 260 317 383 240 271 178 183 132 120 90 80 65 1173 786 1970 1382 3793 28 15010 2209 126 158 104 117 123 190 155 163 184 190 212 229 262 325 311 369 321 305 283 281 283 314 402 234 279 176 180 127 118 87 78 62 1172 785 1980 1382 3802 28 15010 4210 123 308 210 114 141 240 199 153 221 184 246 232 278 354 324 383 328 314 276 277 270 314 398 234 279 175 183 128 120 89 80 64 1161 786 1990 1382 3810 28 15011 210 85 134 111 122 153 170 151 187 180 201 208 256 261 339 313 391 321 319 275 291 271 318 393 234 276 178 185 130 120 89 81 65 1173 784 2204 1383 3793 28 15011 2210 139 208 147 112 129 204 157 156 199 177 233 234 267 327 294 372 301 305 257 270 255 307 379 232 265 174 180 130 118 89 79 64 1170 786 1949 1382 3835 5 15011 4210 113 152 120 130 151 197 173 199 225 236 256 275 279 375 329 423 327 342 281 293 270 332 399 248 286 184 191 137 125 95 85 68 1162 786 1959 1382 3826 5 15012 210 98 139 105 100 127 197 182 161 227 194 254 252 288 349 312 405 320 330 271 290 258 330 390 249 282 188 192 138 128 95 85 68 1167 786 1970 1383 3835 5 15012 2210 100 153 86 101 136 149 115 155 157 190 186 244 240 340 290 396 301 327 260 290 258 325 390 245 281 182 188 133 124 92 82 65 1173 786 1980 1383 3835 5 15012 4210 90 136 96 89 118 162 146 164 182 200 210 250 261 339 303 391 313 320 275 296 280 336 408 250 291 185 192 134 124 91 83 65 1171 784 2193 1383 3843 65518 15013 210 93 145 106 107 136 200 171 190 188 232 217 265 260 336 301 383 304 316 268 306 272 342 395 257 283 192 190 141 126 97 84 68 1164 784 2201 1383 3851 65518 15013 2210 86 128 114 98 126 187 161 165 204 198 213 230 247 325 300 380 309 316 278 303 283 343 412 254 299 186 196 137 124 93 83 67 1169 786 1946 1383 3859 65494 15013 4210 77 98 92 78 105 162 135 136 166 179 188 211 240 292 284 343 295 289 281 285 281 323 398 244 279 181 187 132 119 90 79 64 1177 786 1955 1382 3851 65494 15014 210 90 120 92 90 121 141 139 158 169 182 208 234 262 340 315 392 319 329 271 305 269 345 415 265 296 200 203 145 132 97 87 69 1166 785 1964 1382 3859 65494 15014 2210 96 145 114 105 148 158 130 173 152 201 192 242 245 320 287 375 303 302 267 285 268 319 392 239 280 180 187 131 121 90 80 63 1172 786 1975 1382 3868 65471 15014 4210 81 141 119 78 108 186 158 125 172 177 193 228 253 326 301 383 303 312 257 277 260 322 385 240 275 184 186 136 125 94 84 67 1174 784 2188 1383 3859 65494 15015 210 112 154 134 102 131 202 189 142 205 203 221 251 271 357 339 405 327 334 276 308 280 343 410 259 315 193 212 140 135 95 87 68 1162 784 2197 1382 3876 65471 15015 2210 122 190 144 139 176 215 179 229 192 270 232 272 300 378 336 440 334 347 277 302 273 346 401 257 292 196 200 147 132 101 90 73 1151 786 1942 1383 3868 65448 15015 4210 146 172 115 140 184 151 135 217 194 252 235 280 298 370 337 430 334 345 279 299 278 335 411 249 297 188 199 139 130 96 86 69 1158 785 1952 1382 3876 65471 15016 210 107 164 136 95 111 168 169 160 175 191 204 224 254 334 313 382 305 309 253 274 254 321 376 243 274 187 189 138 124 95 84 68 1168 786 1963 1382 3843 65494 15016 2210 108 162 124 119 143 180 159 184 188 205 228 220 287 322 322 358 307 291 268 265 263 302 383 231 269 175 177 128 115 88 78 64 1165 786 1974 1382 3835 65494 15016 4210 124 188 100 128 139 132 119 160 140 197 173 226 244 329 287 380 292 304 257 279 256 324 386 244 280 185 190 135 126 94 84 67 1170 785 1985 1383 3826 65494 15017 210 142 197 107 100 151 152 127 177 155 226 192 243 248 332 294 385 296 319 251 276 251 314 373 234 267 178 182 134 122 93 82 66 1171 784 2199 1382 3835 65494 15017 2210 100 195 136 100 129 212 176 138 177 190 198 231 256 337 299 389 306 310 255 270 254 315 377 237 270 182 185 134 124 93 83 67 1167 785 1945 1381 3802 65494 15017 4210 144 201 134 121 175 188 155 192 170 234 213 253 268 334 298 392 309 315 266 286 263 322 381 243 273 186 190 137 125 95 83 67 1164 785 1955 1383 3810 65494 15018 210 116 179 126 102 140 237 158 156 181 198 211 249 280 350 339 400 325 311 264 275 260 310 383 236 272 180 186 134 122 91 81 67 1168 785 1966 1382 3785 65494 15018 2210 96 162 152 87 89 197 180 129 189 171 207 232 264 330 312 372 300 304 256 271 256 316 381 241 274 185 187 134 123 92 82 66 1172 785 1977 1383 3777 65518 15018 4210 125 157 113 110 134 153 148 200 167 204 203 255 257 347 314 392 305 316 267 282 267 319 383 241 277 185 189 135 123 93 83 67 1170 785 1988 1382 3785 65518 15019 210 124 217 166 124 126 199 153 168 175 179 201 240 270 334 327 371 323 303 279 276 269 315 397 238 285 180 190 132 123 90 82 65 1165 784 2203 1384 3785 65518 15019 2210 96 182 175 76 95 227 181 111 181 157 175 202 232 301 275 337 273 274 232 261 232 293 350 220 254 169 175 127 117 87 78 62 1182 785 1949 1383 3760 65518 15019 4210 125 175 117 112 122 165 144 158 155 178 184 215 223 306 275 347 283 289 251 266 257 302 370 229 266 173 178 127 117 88 78 63 1176 786 1960 1382 3769 5 15020 210 209 289 155 155 237 217 179 236 194 217 208 244 246 334 285 379 293 317 264 294 264 326 395 246 287 184 194 137 129 94 85 67 1158 785 1970 1382 3802 5 15020 2210 160 224 116 130 190 158 126 189 137 199 162 222 215 308 252 356 263 290 235 272 238 305 353 231 260 175 181 130 120 89 80 64 1176 785 1980 1383 3785 65518 15020 4211 119 261 171 101 118 195 147 135 155 163 161 202 211 294 245 324 255 271 233 254 234 287 350 215 257 164 173 123 115 85 76 62 1177 785 1990 1382 3785 65518 15021 211 122 201 154 118 139 183 124 127 144 156 162 191 209 279 250 325 259 267 231 246 235 284 347 215 247 163 169 122 113 84 75 61 1182 785 1938 1382 3785 65518 15021 2211 137 274 181 99 143 183 133 159 152 174 169 223 225 321 261 359 279 303 255 284 258 323 380 240 278 185 191 136 126 93 85 68 1169 785 1948 1382 3793 65494 15021 4211 160 376 189 126 167 238 186 171 202 199 207 250 261 349 287 387 298 320 269 298 275 330 402 251 294 188 198 140 130 97 88 71 1151 785 1957 1382 3818 65494 15022 211 147 234 144 90 133 226 162 149 169 178 186 226 242 315 272 365 287 310 267 291 272 324 393 242 283 183 190 134 123 91 82 66 1168 785 1967 1382 3818 65494 15022 2211 160 255 166 119 179 239 188 181 196 192 219 244 283 350 304 384 318 335 289 316 297 355 426 267 309 200 204 145 133 100 90 73 1152 785 1977 1382 3835 65494 15022 4211 137 260 192 112 172 312 225 157 230 198 258 262 320 366 339 408 336 361 309 371 328 388 447 289 350 216 220 156 142 109 96 77 1140 786 1987 1382 3835 65494 15023 211 120 265 197 108 156 330 221 165 218 201 230 258 280 374 326 424 347 371 325 356 331 394 478 292 350 217 230 158 147 106 98 77 1138 786 1935 1382 3843 65494 15023 2211 131 285 233 143 200 333 202 151 208 179 193 249 263 358 295 395 303 332 279 318 291 362 429 271 320 202 215 148 141 102 94 74 1149 785 1945 1382 3859 65471 15023 4211 122 278 204 100 141 322 206 154 203 179 197 229 255 334 295 363 309 309 283 294 288 330 413 253 296 192 202 143 130 99 88 71 1154 785 1954 1382 3868 65471 15100 211 144 263 179 104 142 277 201 152 208 186 212 251 259 347 296 389 308 328 282 315 294 349 426 268 308 202 208 150 137 101 91 73 1151 785 1964 1383 3876 65471 15100 2211 167 307 216 119 155 308 229 181 223 213 237 255 294 385 339 426 358 365 314 342 318 380 448 287 326 216 215 157 141 107 95 77 1137 785 1974 1383 3900 65448 15100 4211 146 298 155 177 205 227 200 178 208 196 242 275 288 370 332 408 332 349 310 335 317 372 447 280 326 208 212 153 141 107 95 77 1138 785 1985 1383 3892 65448 15101 211 112 249 161 91 103 239 159 131 172 166 204 225 270 330 306 374 322 320 286 299 287 344 419 257 295 192 201 142 132 98 87 69 1161 785 1933 1382 3892 65471 15101 2211 140 228 113 144 178 156 140 146 142 164 174 226 221 315 258 375 282 321 261 302 269 341 388 266 284 202 197 150 133 103 89 73 1163 785 1945 1382 3900 65471 15101 4211 134 245 194 94 105 250 167 144 163 166 193 225 249 330 288 363 297 312 276 306 272 343 401 265 296 198 205 147 135 100 90 72 1161 785 1956 1381 3892 65471 15102 211 189 253 134 139 187 194 155 159 166 172 188 219 249 310 279 355 279 307 267 298 276 339 403 263 294 197 199 144 132 100 89 73 1158 785 1966 1382 3933 65494 15102 2211 156 350 177 181 198 200 195 165 199 178 185 242 262 348 285 385 300 327 277 310 283 350 410 266 303 202 206 148 137 101 91 72 1154 785 1977 1383 3917 65471 15102 4211 151 307 190 72 85 250 175 104 160 133 173 202 228 296 267 324 274 284 258 283 263 319 383 246 282 191 192 140 128 98 86 70 1166 785 1987 1382 3909 65471 15103 211 181 344 177 107 129 220 215 132 212 185 217 241 267 341 304 381 318 326 297 325 296 359 426 270 309 203 209 150 138 105 92 74 1147 785 1935 1382 3925 65471 15103 2211 207 220 134 178 185 211 161 163 169 186 198 234 242 331 280 375 290 327 274 322 283 355 413 267 309 201 207 148 136 101 91 73 1153 785 1945 1382 3933 65471 15103 4211 141 259 149 135 153 221 162 150 167 175 202 228 254 336 297 379 307 319 283 304 289 342 416 259 297 196 200 144 132 99 88 71 1156 785 1957 1383 3892 65518 15104 211 141 176 122 180 175 170 135 193 160 206 199 255 259 356 319 431 328 347 287 313 292 358 428 269 313 203 212 149 140 103 93 74 1153 785 1968 1381 3884 65494 15104 2211 134 250 137 151 168 201 161 194 181 201 205 250 257 347 305 394 310 324 272 299 278 342 402 258 296 194 200 144 132 99 88 70 1158 785 1980 1382 3876 65518 15104 4211 128 229 179 93 123 256 162 135 176 170 197 235 261 331 299 375 301 311 268 291 277 338 399 255 290 193 196 143 128 98 88 70 1163 785 1992 1381 3868 28 15105 211 96 166 116 124 152 217 180 147 196 178 208 236 262 335 304 387 301 322 271 314 279 353 403 268 299 200 203 147 134 101 90 72 1165 785 1942 1382 3835 28 15105 2211 191 238 136 198 195 230 177 179 171 199 193 239 244 347 281 392 302 331 268 315 273 353 402 268 299 203 204 148 135 101 89 72 1155 785 1956 1383 3868 51 15105 4211 138 190 127 136 155 203 191 156 193 173 210 233 263 329 306 372 317 324 293 313 299 348 427 266 304 198 201 145 131 99 87 70 1158 785 1968 1383 3843 51 15106 211 138 236 150 134 180 233 178 180 191 208 207 250 254 355 287 387 297 332 279 319 289 357 423 275 312 206 211 151 138 104 92 74 1153 785 1979 1382 3826 74 15106 2212 132 138 93 171 194 141 123 216 154 214 189 240 244 346 296 396 307 337 285 331 304 370 427 286 322 215 215 156 141 107 94 75 1158 785 1991 1382 3810 74 15106 4212 194 227 198 165 262 258 186 220 176 250 192 280 256 356 284 420 302 350 275 336 290 382 421 289 319 218 224 162 148 111 99 79 1148 785 2003 1383 3835 98 15107 212 122 126 96 158 204 136 137 190 166 204 191 227 240 315 281 368 306 313 295 311 308 363 443 262 319 196 210 143 134 97 88 69 1163 785 1951 1383 3802 98 15107 2212 167 110 86 182 201 183 157 184 171 214 195 266 252 356 299 406 324 339 298 323 309 364 449 277 327 209 219 153 140 104 93 73 1152 785 1963 1384 3810 98 15107 4212 107 136 104 129 134 218 157 171 191 213 204 252 270 324 309 387 336 325 302 316 311 359 452 269 327 200 213 146 137 100 91 71 1156 785 1973 1384 3769 121 15108 212 163 161 108 195 217 167 173 194 173 200 193 243 245 334 281 381 311 327 290 307 300 346 433 262 312 198 207 144 135 99 89 71 1155 785 1984 1383 3785 98 15108 2212 113 163 128 102 117 208 142 164 158 204 178 242 231 335 281 378 302 332 267 324 277 358 404 277 306 209 215 156 142 107 95 76 1162 785 1994 1383 3769 98 15108 4212 130 233 188 126 155 250 193 144 199 176 202 231 239 328 277 368 304 317 283 309 292 345 420 263 308 198 206 145 134 99 89 72 1160 783 2209 1383 3769 98 15109 212 311 275 198 153 191 292 235 189 242 197 235 250 263 371 303 394 316 340 290 318 300 358 430 275 320 207 216 153 141 105 95 76 1127 785 1952 1384 3843 98 15109 2212 127 250 207 127 151 234 194 147 222 189 230 236 261 354 303 392 324 335 295 317 302 352 430 262 312 198 207 146 134 100 90 72 1154 785 1962 1383 3777 98 15109 4212 143 236 205 158 187 307 225 183 238 220 228 260 293 380 322 421 323 359 297 340 306 375 443 283 331 211 222 154 145 106 96 76 1143 785 1972 1384 3777 98 15110 212 110 203 162 96 134 210 173 171 212 217 233 241 271 344 300 391 306 334 268 302 269 335 391 254 288 195 196 142 129 97 86 70 1163 785 1982 1383 3777 74 15110 2212 106 163 146 119 146 291 205 202 213 242 246 287 304 384 341 410 331 344 296 327 299 360 422 271 307 204 207 149 136 103 92 73 1149 785 1991 1383 3777 74 15110 4212 103 189 161 116 164 198 175 170 209 201 219 229 258 333 297 377 288 307 256 285 264 324 385 243 276 184 190 138 125 95 85 68 1166 785 2001 1384 3785 51 15111 212 110 203 115 138 203 172 144 180 165 238 206 260 239 347 279 389 284 307 250 287 247 311 365 234 271 180 184 132 121 91 82 66 1170 785 1949 1383 3793 51 15111 2212 112 220 160 108 139 214 151 158 165 184 181 218 224 318 263 345 266 275 231 258 239 291 351 213 255 164 175 123 115 85 76 62 1177 785 1958 1383 3802 28 15111 4212 114 245 187 114 165 256 196 154 206 180 209 228 237 326 254 344 260 286 234 270 244 301 350 231 257 176 178 129 117 89 79 65 1171 785 1968 1384 3810 28 15112 212 117 230 177 124 170 211 184 141 194 170 214 215 239 320 269 339 271 284 237 252 239 284 347 207 252 157 171 118 113 81 75 59 1177 785 1978 1383 3818 51 15112 2212 110 193 130 99 138 161 134 153 146 180 170 218 207 299 222 332 238 272 214 259 218 289 323 215 241 164 168 122 113 84 77 62 1187 785 1988 1382 3826 51 15112 4212 91 130 84 55 71 123 118 96 123 121 152 169 195 246 224 279 230 228 207 210 208 243 299 184 214 140 148 107 98 74 66 53 1204 784 2203 1384 3835 28 15113 212 87 117 79 65 74 97 92 106 116 129 143 171 179 245 206 284 217 239 196 225 199 258 302 194 222 148 153 109 101 75 67 53 1206 785 1948 1382 3843 28 15113 2212 92 124 84 77 95 120 100 116 116 139 148 182 177 256 211 299 222 244 201 229 201 257 303 193 228 147 158 110 103 74 68 53 1202 785 1959 1383 3851 51 15113 4212 88 126 93 75 86 186 144 132 152 150 177 177 209 254 234 290 234 233 207 218 204 248 306 191 226 146 153 110 101 74 66 53 1205 785 1970 1382 3851 74 15114 212 80 103 59 84 85 95 86 107 110 124 135 166 172 235 212 274 220 225 204 217 206 245 303 186 217 142 150 106 99 71 64 51 1208 785 1982 1383 3859 74 15114 2212 103 127 71 109 140 103 83 140 111 167 136 194 175 272 218 315 232 252 219 240 221 266 324 199 236 150 161 111 104 76 68 54 1198 784 2196 1383 3868 51 15114 4212 137 170 137 143 147 232 184 159 184 189 192 253 235 330 266 362 261 281 231 269 237 298 349 225 260 169 180 126 117 88 80 64 1172 785 1999 1383 3884 51 15115 212 181 259 157 148 169 189 112 166 143 178 185 225 218 315 251 348 252 277 235 250 239 284 342 212 250 161 169 120 111 81 75 59 1173 785 1948 1383 3900 51 15115 2212 140 165 83 180 207 142 119 177 137 178 164 223 205 305 233 347 244 275 222 250 229 286 337 215 247 163 171 122 113 83 76 61 1182 785 1959 1381 3884 51 15115 4212 93 142 106 81 94 159 135 134 144 166 180 213 210 286 240 322 249 260 226 245 304 282 340 219 252 163 170 121 114 83 76 60 1186 785 1970 1383 3859 74 15116 213 136 145 72 115 157 126 113 138 151 174 173 220 216 300 250 338 258 281 237 264 262 301 358 228 266 173 180 128 117 87 78 63 1182 785 1982 1383 3876 98 15116 2213 89 140 99 76 87 145 123 132 147 172 185 222 235 304 268 343 273 291 250 286 255 317 370 238 275 181 186 131 122 88 80 64 1180 783 2201 1385 3843 98 15116 4213 94 128 81 82 89 133 122 124 150 152 184 202 226 284 259 326 268 283 251 278 261 310 377 235 276 177 185 129 120 88 78 62 1182 784 2212 1384 3835 121 15117 213 102 142 93 109 108 147 125 138 156 178 182 216 215 292 252 329 267 285 256 285 261 316 380 243 281 182 190 134 123 91 82 64 1178 785 1956 1382 3843 144 15117 2213 97 190 126 81 100 176 141 136 154 169 178 221 217 312 254 352 272 304 252 302 262 331 383 257 291 193 202 142 130 95 87 68 1174 785 1967 1384 3826 121 15117 4213 95 136 88 74 84 132 118 138 139 176 173 220 224 289 252 341 269 296 263 300 270 329 395 252 292 189 197 139 127 93 84 66 1179 785 1979 1384 3810 144 15118 213 131 169 103 155 177 195 175 183 205 207 216 242 250 335 282 380 292 324 283 314 287 345 409 267 300 202 203 149 134 101 90 73 1157 785 1990 1383 3826 144 15118 2213 116 192 135 103 131 195 148 161 163 185 193 229 247 294 268 344 289 301 279 311 288 340 408 260 294 196 198 144 129 98 86 69 1165 785 2001 1384 3810 167 15118 4213 106 137 76 101 110 130 120 137 156 172 186 225 233 309 266 357 285 317 273 317 280 348 407 270 306 205 209 151 137 102 92 73 1170 783 2218 1385 3802 144 15119 213 92 165 127 94 110 160 147 168 160 209 192 245 234 318 254 356 273 320 268 322 279 356 407 274 314 206 214 154 140 105 93 74 1169 785 1961 1384 3785 167 15119 2213 152 185 79 164 194 155 150 162 167 192 204 233 241 319 271 370 315 323 290 321 286 349 409 272 299 207 205 154 136 107 91 75 1157 785 1972 1384 3802 167 15119 4213 88 167 117 77 90 166 156 142 180 174 219 227 252 316 275 368 304 341 301 343 305 374 434 288 325 214 217 156 141 105 93 74 1165 785 1984 1383 3769 191 15120 213 162 184 112 83 120 145 133 154 137 170 175 206 215 292 267 349 295 319 297 320 310 353 438 273 317 206 208 150 135 102 90 72 1159 785 1994 1385 3793 191 15120 2213 92 155 116 89 104 162 140 149 153 178 187 220 222 302 263 339 291 299 287 304 287 335 403 257 287 196 196 146 132 101 89 72 1167 785 2005 1384 3769 167 15120 4213 70 97 61 83 101 101 91 137 119 188 149 224 206 290 251 348 280 322 285 328 302 356 426 270 313 204 211 151 137 101 90 72 1176 783 2222 1385 3760 191 15121 213 73 92 71 70 86 109 121 137 146 182 185 228 235 297 279 353 303 319 308 320 316 360 446 274 328 205 216 150 138 102 91 71 1173 785 1965 1385 3760 191 15121 2213 74 99 62 80 96 116 103 131 127 165 163 218 206 286 254 352 277 323 278 326 294 361 416 277 322 208 223 153 143 104 93 72 1176 785 1975 1383 3760 191 15121 4213 165 266 165 73 87 187 111 119 145 164 174 195 224 295 265 338 292 312 296 320 301 353 430 277 324 214 221 161 147 111 100 79 1162 785 1986 1385 3802 191 15122 213 70 128 76 72 83 109 107 130 139 157 171 209 212 280 250 341 281 319 283 324 296 352 425 271 320 203 216 150 139 101 91 71 1175 785 1996 1384 3769 214 15122 2213 72 105 78 73 88 111 112 129 137 158 171 198 203 260 250 324 275 287 284 299 296 325 422 250 307 191 201 141 130 96 85 67 1178 785 2007 1384 3777 191 15122 4213 65 98 66 68 72 91 91 108 119 134 148 179 203 253 263 308 288 280 292 287 302 315 420 244 298 185 196 136 126 93 83 65 1183 783 2224 1386 3777 191 15123 213 59 114 78 71 79 107 114 116 139 154 162 194 201 266 234 314 260 281 264 284 277 312 390 241 283 183 190 138 125 96 83 66 1181 785 1966 1384 3785 191 15123 2213 73 101 67 70 78 89 102 115 124 143 152 185 204 264 249 317 271 286 277 290 284 317 403 244 295 186 196 137 128 93 84 65 1185 785 1977 1384 3793 191 15123 4213 124 351 246 107 136 279 244 155 242 205 241 252 282 338 285 359 307 320 298 322 303 348 419 268 302 203 208 153 140 108 94 76 1146 785 1987 1383 3843 167 15200 213 72 113 84 73 78 115 115 122 134 137 154 178 195 260 228 322 242 289 242 295 255 323 369 251 274 194 193 145 131 99 88 70 1187 785 1998 1385 3826 191 15200 2213 63 110 76 70 80 102 97 101 115 124 144 170 175 246 204 283 225 251 228 261 237 285 348 221 256 169 176 128 117 87 77 62 1196 785 2008 1385 3818 191 15200 4213 70 115 76 75 77 104 105 99 134 128 164 171 202 239 226 283 241 252 240 269 247 289 358 225 263 172 180 129 118 87 78 62 1195 783 2225 1384 3843 191 15201 213 70 109 73 88 101 118 118 135 141 144 170 182 211 262 236 311 246 274 240 289 243 314 364 241 272 186 189 141 125 97 85 68 1185 785 1967 1384 3843 214 15201 2213 93 151 98 108 128 133 114 140 134 171 158 227 200 296 235 327 265 292 266 298 277 323 399 245 291 184 196 138 129 93 84 66 1178 785 1978 1385 3859 191 15201 4214 78 126 78 91 105 113 99 133 127 166 159 220 203 299 254 359 286 331 283 328 291 346 414 265 306 203 209 150 139 103 92 73 1173 785 1988 1385 3859 191 15202 214 70 123 78 83 104 117 108 143 130 171 162 224 214 307 269 363 301 326 300 325 309 344 434 264 311 199 206 146 135 99 88 70 1171 785 1998 1385 3859 191 15202 2214 61 107 63 71 72 89 93 110 129 143 165 185 214 265 253 328 273 303 271 311 280 341 399 265 292 203 201 152 134 104 90 73 1178 785 2008 1384 3859 191 15202 4214 76 106 67 84 97 107 102 138 139 176 178 223 225 299 259 353 287 333 288 341 298 369 422 287 315 217 215 161 144 110 96 77 1168 783 2225 1385 3868 214 15203 214 90 120 89 89 121 137 126 148 155 209 189 234 223 308 259 369 295 327 291 331 299 355 426 275 321 207 216 153 140 104 93 74 1166 785 1968 1384 3876 237 15203 2214 82 123 85 91 105 151 132 132 149 171 187 212 236 291 257 346 284 322 287 318 284 347 402 267 295 202 203 151 136 103 91 74 1169 784 1980 1384 3876 237 15203 4214 82 139 98 94 111 165 151 136 166 157 171 208 218 286 251 337 286 305 286 306 288 334 406 257 300 196 202 147 133 100 89 71 1172 785 1992 1385 3868 237 15204 214 103 116 78 97 119 140 175 164 167 213 195 251 233 312 262 364 293 326 280 324 283 340 399 262 298 201 204 151 137 105 93 76 1168 785 2004 1385 3868 237 15204 2214 74 120 78 89 106 132 132 135 155 161 188 202 224 272 244 325 274 298 270 295 273 322 387 251 286 191 195 144 130 99 88 71 1179 785 2014 1385 3851 260 15204 4214 62 108 64 86 109 125 117 142 143 166 178 205 223 285 263 337 283 307 283 298 286 320 404 248 295 188 196 139 128 96 86 69 1178 783 2232 1385 3843 283 15205 214 85 117 79 104 116 126 117 127 128 141 170 195 206 269 238 323 268 289 271 293 277 314 388 245 285 185 192 138 127 95 85 68 1181 785 1975 1385 3843 283 15205 2214 134 181 80 103 109 154 147 154 166 175 197 209 234 286 260 334 286 304 282 299 282 319 393 248 291 191 197 141 129 96 87 70 1169 785 1987 1386 3859 307 15205 4214 82 112 75 93 118 133 134 152 154 174 189 221 208 287 229 333 253 292 252 291 262 314 366 242 273 187 190 141 129 96 87 69 1181 784 1999 1385 3826 307 15206 214 106 136 94 127 143 144 130 150 150 180 176 220 209 290 240 338 258 299 265 294 268 318 381 247 292 186 198 139 130 97 86 69 1179 785 2011 1386 3826 330 15206 2214 77 120 84 101 126 141 125 186 147 172 182 217 214 291 237 339 255 298 253 292 261 320 370 244 285 187 193 140 129 97 87 69 1180 785 2022 1385 3810 330 15206 4214 82 110 72 76 99 154 132 124 152 154 181 194 227 278 258 320 273 295 273 295 277 314 390 242 288 183 195 137 128 94 86 68 1181 783 2241 1386 3793 330 15207 214 90 132 84 113 118 178 165 152 150 171 176 216 209 291 245 341 271 300 276 303 276 332 384 251 296 193 202 147 135 99 89 71 1176 785 1983 1385 3793 353 15207 2214 84 173 111 100 116 228 195 144 209 155 216 211 241 291 269 330 279 296 277 295 278 317 390 246 288 187 195 140 129 98 87 69 1173 785 1995 1384 3777 376 15207 4214 90 124 75 101 102 158 143 136 173 155 191 205 219 269 249 318 271 288 271 291 276 320 388 246 285 186 192 138 127 95 85 68 1183 785 2007 1386 3777 376 15208 214 99 122 74 94 88 139 124 124 141 152 158 193 198 261 231 305 260 280 262 275 263 301 370 238 275 181 189 134 126 92 84 66 1184 785 2018 1385 3760 376 15208 2214 74 136 74 110 96 121 111 132 136 180 158 218 201 279 245 327 275 304 276 300 278 320 382 248 287 188 195 141 130 96 87 68 1181 785 2029 1386 3752 400 15208 4214 179 205 125 96 133 285 302 201 265 238 284 256 295 349 323 376 324 333 314 352 312 394 436 276 316 220 220 162 149 116 103 84 1138 783 2249 1387 3785 400 15209 214 81 140 80 82 84 188 159 122 193 149 187 208 218 271 257 311 272 281 271 282 274 303 376 239 277 181 186 136 123 95 83 66 1182 785 1989 1385 3744 400 15209 2214 276 168 123 200 225 180 156 158 157 178 167 238 220 312 238 350 256 316 262 311 269 332 387 260 299 197 209 146 138 101 92 73 1169 785 2000 1386 3835 376 15209 4214 86 138 84 102 119 138 122 144 135 157 159 207 203 284 221 325 243 296 249 304 251 318 354 249 274 192 194 144 131 99 89 72 1183 785 2010 1386 3744 400 15210 214 101 155 102 112 123 159 128 150 149 186 163 220 219 288 234 330 260 302 261 297 265 312 374 242 281 183 191 136 126 94 86 69 1179 783 2229 1386 3744 376 15210 2214 80 158 87 101 133 153 166 140 163 183 196 230 237 291 250 335 276 302 270 297 270 313 378 243 283 183 193 136 127 95 86 68 1178 785 2028 1386 3752 376 15210 4214 95 151 86 131 153 146 178 147 199 188 215 236 266 310 294 361 316 322 306 316 300 333 410 256 299 190 200 140 130 97 87 69 1168 783 2245 1386 3760 376 15211 214 97 213 149 117 137 266 220 154 225 198 226 259 277 325 275 360 301 316 291 313 291 330 405 250 302 189 200 141 132 99 89 72 1164 785 1984 1385 3760 353 15211 2214 82 176 122 98 113 208 219 138 246 187 228 241 276 306 278 357 298 323 301 318 293 335 407 257 298 190 202 141 133 97 89 71 1167 784 1994 1384 3760 330 15211 4215 100 160 98 116 143 145 132 182 152 221 165 234 204 306 232 354 251 305 253 304 253 318 357 244 271 184 188 138 126 95 85 69 1179 785 2003 1385 3777 330 15212 215 108 148 101 117 127 150 162 153 167 190 176 229 214 284 231 334 256 294 262 295 261 312 371 235 278 177 188 133 125 91 83 66 1179 785 2014 1385 3793 330 15212 2215 126 177 105 132 160 156 179 177 188 206 199 240 242 303 249 354 267 304 268 292 268 315 376 241 278 180 187 136 124 94 84 68 1173 785 2023 1387 3810 330 15212 4215 113 176 107 122 137 159 163 154 189 183 188 221 213 299 232 346 258 313 261 304 265 326 373 250 282 186 193 138 128 95 86 68 1176 783 2240 1385 3802 307 15213 215 121 199 136 133 149 214 189 187 219 212 219 259 232 316 246 353 269 312 270 297 269 315 379 240 284 178 189 135 125 94 84 67 1171 785 1981 1385 3826 330 15213 2215 128 198 121 115 139 191 189 167 207 181 211 231 237 302 247 339 276 298 275 295 278 308 383 235 276 176 185 132 122 90 81 65 1173 784 1991 1385 3826 307 15213 4215 134 210 140 136 165 226 205 187 204 192 208 247 222 318 244 346 271 301 275 303 275 320 382 243 282 183 190 138 125 96 85 68 1169 784 2002 1385 3843 307 15214 215 136 187 116 107 126 206 176 160 187 175 187 243 223 325 244 352 274 304 277 296 279 317 382 237 282 182 192 135 127 94 84 67 1176 785 2013 1386 3851 330 15214 2215 96 173 125 82 95 237 166 145 167 172 186 223 200 290 233 333 257 294 258 296 259 316 370 243 279 185 193 139 127 95 86 68 1178 785 2023 1386 3843 330 15214 4215 126 189 137 97 117 214 173 168 182 185 198 236 224 313 252 344 266 303 274 296 278 320 393 242 289 179 192 136 125 93 84 66 1172 783 2239 1386 3851 307 15215 215 97 181 126 112 111 214 183 125 178 163 204 208 230 285 270 331 285 292 278 295 280 311 391 234 282 177 187 132 122 90 81 65 1174 785 1981 1386 3843 330 15215 2215 120 157 106 131 185 179 184 214 204 256 241 286 262 326 267 367 281 318 273 306 277 326 384 249 291 189 195 139 129 97 87 70 1166 785 1992 1386 3868 307 15215 4215 128 201 175 136 184 241 233 215 237 253 256 267 276 351 286 374 287 315 279 311 286 340 396 253 287 192 193 145 130 99 88 72 1154 785 2003 1386 3868 330 15216 215 151 234 110 122 159 208 175 190 212 208 227 248 270 331 283 368 289 314 281 310 287 333 400 255 293 192 195 141 128 98 86 70 1160 784 2014 1385 3868 330 15216 2215 172 211 206 208 273 217 205 206 216 247 221 295 273 366 282 392 292 343 285 333 282 342 393 260 290 193 198 144 132 100 88 71 1155 783 2232 1386 3884 353 15216 4215 155 285 163 132 167 294 225 187 219 226 252 249 285 343 296 369 300 315 291 310 295 330 401 250 291 185 193 139 126 96 86 69 1155 783 2243 1386 3876 353 15217 215 175 339 203 147 183 288 214 196 256 229 248 270 308 357 299 387 302 333 288 321 296 348 402 262 298 197 202 147 134 103 91 74 1147 784 1984 1386 3868 330 15217 2215 248 352 213 216 231 301 225 209 250 232 257 283 291 374 305 381 305 334 297 326 299 345 410 262 300 196 201 146 134 101 91 74 1135 784 1995 1385 3892 353 15217 4215 199 295 133 169 161 182 168 189 193 205 205 244 246 334 276 378 292 328 286 323 295 345 405 261 295 195 199 147 132 100 88 71 1157 784 2006 1387 3876 376 15218 215 126 214 141 123 120 186 163 166 203 201 215 261 257 341 289 377 298 335 290 327 296 348 410 263 303 194 201 144 132 98 88 70 1165 783 2226 1386 3835 376 15218 2215 132 221 153 147 137 217 196 175 216 219 247 266 262 338 276 362 294 317 281 306 291 329 401 252 292 187 196 140 129 96 86 69 1160 784 2028 1386 3835 400 15218 4215 120 194 154 92 115 276 196 176 191 203 227 247 249 328 271 358 296 325 296 318 301 338 410 253 294 189 197 141 129 97 87 69 1165 783 2246 1385 3818 400 15219 215 115 298 167 100 127 179 165 168 192 202 221 259 253 335 257 360 278 325 271 309 272 334 378 250 282 192 193 142 129 99 86 71 1169 784 1988 1385 3818 423 15219 2215 198 295 133 116 144 191 157 163 193 190 212 236 231 320 250 339 269 292 264 287 269 314 377 235 279 180 186 136 124 93 83 68 1167 784 1999 1386 3843 400 15219 4215 153 300 161 119 137 194 169 192 202 213 207 249 249 327 263 353 283 303 278 292 272 312 373 238 275 183 188 137 125 96 84 69 1168 784 2011 1386 3818 423 15220 215 178 202 116 132 162 166 151 166 184 206 193 258 253 341 275 365 298 316 280 309 280 319 394 241 288 185 189 135 125 95 84 67 1170 783 2232 1386 3810 446 15220 2215 175 264 111 110 135 170 141 166 177 209 199 265 229 330 247 361 266 314 260 313 267 326 377 250 283 187 197 139 129 98 86 69 1170 784 2033 1385 3810 446 15220 4215 129 258 183 99 112 168 178 150 193 177 213 227 245 306 264 330 279 286 263 287 262 310 367 240 273 182 184 136 123 95 84 68 1175 783 2253 1386 3785 469 15221 215 141 278 173 110 122 172 156 156 191 192 210 246 230 320 249 360 279 311 268 308 267 322 375 246 284 186 193 139 128 94 85 67 1174 784 1994 1386 3793 469 15221 2216 184 305 163 144 180 215 177 209 222 255 208 294 251 354 270 380 291 331 279 311 276 327 385 247 287 187 192 139 129 97 86 71 1159 784 2005 1385 3810 492 15221 4216 125 273 160 111 133 178 137 177 182 205 204 247 229 319 251 349 274 306 272 292 273 316 381 239 284 178 188 133 125 91 81 66 1177 785 2016 1385 3777 492 15222 216 136 280 162 136 153 175 141 187 168 197 185 248 218 330 246 351 267 300 259 290 264 309 373 235 282 180 190 133 124 90 82 64 1177 784 2027 1386 3785 492 15222 2216 140 283 161 122 144 199 149 177 168 196 194 242 220 316 257 337 275 290 262 279 257 298 357 230 263 174 182 132 119 88 79 63 1178 783 2248 1386 3785 516 15222 4216 145 280 134 108 135 202 163 182 185 213 176 259 218 337 246 357 269 297 253 285 256 304 362 232 266 179 184 130 122 89 80 64 1178 783 2259 1387 3793 492 15223 216 138 301 180 110 136 203 161 180 212 191 213 250 232 327 251 341 262 306 248 287 251 309 355 236 263 179 182 134 122 94 84 68 1171 784 1998 1385 3793 492 15223 2216 193 295 132 128 143 204 168 147 209 164 205 218 227 311 238 328 269 287 257 285 253 302 359 232 265 177 183 133 120 91 81 66 1175 784 2009 1384 3826 516 15223 4216 136 258 128 76 107 216 163 160 172 184 194 219 236 304 235 314 254 274 239 272 243 291 344 225 250 172 174 129 115 88 78 63 1180 784 2019 1386 3818 492 15300 216 187 255 162 134 143 216 154 169 183 214 214 231 231 318 241 339 253 294 247 287 251 307 364 234 278 180 191 133 127 92 84 66 1171 784 2030 1385 3851 516 15300 2216 159 276 143 100 101 208 169 165 201 186 216 232 252 324 273 350 285 312 276 314 278 327 388 251 289 188 195 139 127 95 85 68 1167 783 2249 1387 3843 492 15300 4216 142 255 110 128 141 182 199 171 188 203 199 245 238 340 272 369 297 338 279 324 284 347 399 263 295 197 202 147 134 101 90 72 1162 783 2258 1386 3843 469 15301 216 148 262 145 146 140 187 181 184 221 210 233 252 257 340 293 370 307 335 302 331 297 349 417 271 311 204 211 148 137 102 91 73 1158 784 1995 1386 3851 469 15301 2216 114 159 85 82 89 174 149 136 156 163 187 213 227 297 246 334 267 315 269 310 275 327 385 251 293 190 198 138 129 93 84 65 1183 784 2005 1386 3843 446 15301 4216 129 177 102 107 117 193 175 166 184 192 194 241 243 330 262 369 277 334 273 327 273 349 397 270 300 200 205 149 135 103 91 74 1168 784 2015 1385 3859 446 15302 216 142 178 98 124 157 163 144 196 176 228 206 285 248 363 275 393 303 347 298 343 292 362 418 281 319 210 214 157 142 106 94 76 1156 784 2025 1385 3859 423 15302 2216 114 166 99 105 128 166 159 186 195 214 221 274 268 355 297 399 330 359 328 349 333 376 460 284 338 213 222 156 142 106 94 75 1153 784 2034 1385 3859 423 15302 4216 117 158 94 112 150 175 150 182 182 212 211 265 242 333 268 363 290 328 284 325 292 347 410 271 303 206 207 152 137 105 92 74 1159 783 2252 1386 3868 423 15303 216 152 171 116 121 149 181 162 194 198 237 212 282 261 345 288 382 312 344 308 344 312 362 435 277 316 206 210 151 140 104 94 74 1150 784 1992 1385 3884 423 15303 2216 78 108 83 102 115 164 164 178 197 215 218 253 258 326 279 372 291 345 298 345 297 368 424 280 316 209 214 156 141 106 95 76 1164 784 2003 1386 3843 446 15303 4216 81 112 99 113 121 185 180 180 214 217 250 275 272 347 293 385 320 352 317 348 321 370 449 282 328 212 216 156 142 105 94 75 1159 784 2013 1387 3851 446 15304 216 92 112 90 107 128 155 150 173 170 241 218 279 253 340 289 379 308 353 303 357 306 373 437 288 330 214 222 159 147 108 97 76 1160 784 2025 1385 3868 446 15304 2216 86 120 104 118 122 191 187 182 232 243 260 282 296 350 300 378 321 355 312 354 313 375 440 284 322 213 218 160 144 110 97 77 1156 784 2035 1385 3859 446 15304 4216 86 117 97 115 122 161 155 180 178 222 214 253 239 314 269 354 292 336 290 338 301 355 429 275 319 206 214 153 140 104 93 74 1164 783 2255 1386 3859 446 15305 216 96 118 99 103 148 148 154 182 187 231 212 251 255 323 265 360 295 331 298 326 299 347 424 265 311 201 209 150 136 103 92 74 1164 784 1996 1386 3851 446 15305 2216 97 145 101 126 158 222 204 189 209 242 237 293 276 356 291 395 311 366 305 358 313 381 445 287 332 217 224 160 146 109 97 76 1154 784 2007 1385 3843 469 15305 4216 83 114 91 94 132 202 177 170 207 203 226 264 270 326 286 373 313 346 312 345 315 363 441 277 323 207 214 155 141 105 94 75 1160 784 2019 1387 3843 469 15306 216 109 152 102 120 127 196 206 180 252 226 271 289 304 337 310 385 334 348 325 346 322 360 440 281 322 215 216 157 143 107 95 76 1155 784 2031 1385 3835 469 15306 2216 96 126 101 97 128 187 203 154 227 192 227 261 256 319 276 361 304 330 301 331 301 349 428 265 315 201 209 151 137 104 92 73 1162 784 2042 1386 3826 469 15306 4216 89 127 117 109 138 234 220 167 248 197 271 258 278 326 283 362 302 341 296 337 293 359 421 279 315 214 216 157 143 108 95 76 1161 784 1990 1385 3818 492 15307 217 84 137 110 159 129 224 210 187 249 236 261 296 280 357 301 399 326 360 314 358 317 368 436 284 321 214 217 161 146 113 99 80 1152 784 2002 1386 3810 492 15307 2217 121 139 122 139 145 188 208 195 251 234 259 289 288 343 293 385 308 349 302 344 304 361 434 281 319 210 216 156 144 109 97 76 1154 784 2014 1386 3818 516 15307 4217 95 133 108 111 116 175 203 170 203 208 221 259 247 312 262 360 283 328 276 335 284 350 404 274 304 209 209 156 140 109 94 77 1165 784 2026 1386 3793 516 15308 217 85 135 119 119 140 187 218 185 224 221 266 277 287 337 304 381 322 339 307 336 303 358 428 272 314 209 212 155 140 108 94 75 1159 784 2037 1385 3785 516 15308 2217 117 209 104 130 118 208 207 164 216 210 242 265 276 336 308 362 320 331 311 332 318 353 438 269 318 205 211 153 142 105 96 77 1148 784 2047 1386 3785 516 15308 4217 98 135 146 108 126 192 210 189 254 222 257 264 290 340 299 376 310 341 299 333 302 353 418 269 313 205 209 153 140 106 93 76 1158 784 1994 1384 3777 492 15309 217 102 142 120 146 202 214 217 236 250 261 254 305 283 352 309 398 322 357 309 341 311 360 432 278 319 211 217 156 142 106 96 76 1150 784 2004 1386 3769 516 15309 2217 105 145 143 144 157 207 196 228 211 258 223 291 253 359 281 385 304 354 299 343 305 364 424 272 315 207 212 153 141 105 96 76 1160 784 2015 1385 3760 492 15309 4217 102 164 162 114 140 265 204 212 255 241 240 313 288 380 296 406 316 370 304 364 324 386 456 296 351 217 234 162 152 111 101 78 1150 784 2024 1386 3752 492 15310 217 130 184 101 187 231 195 186 276 230 298 254 351 297 409 304 458 328 404 325 382 336 396 466 303 347 224 233 166 153 114 102 81 1143 784 2035 1386 3769 492 15310 2217 113 154 120 129 156 244 218 219 235 238 249 280 282 345 287 380 296 348 298 347 305 365 428 282 317 217 220 159 144 110 96 77 1153 783 2254 1385 3760 492 15310 4217 98 121 85 112 137 169 157 207 196 237 215 287 249 349 274 398 290 356 293 348 305 371 436 281 327 208 219 154 142 105 94 74 1163 784 1991 1386 3752 469 15311 217 87 117 93 100 126 174 167 191 202 214 226 263 247 323 267 361 283 334 286 327 294 349 411 265 308 202 208 149 137 102 91 72 1170 784 2000 1386 3752 446 15311 2217 144 159 108 147 195 207 194 262 212 260 233 299 256 364 268 401 291 347 293 337 294 353 414 269 313 204 211 151 139 104 92 73 1157 784 2011 1386 3777 446 15311 4217 98 133 106 105 130 191 187 188 199 207 216 268 245 329 258 368 275 324 275 321 281 344 396 259 298 195 204 145 135 99 89 71 1172 784 2020 1386 3769 469 15312 217 91 122 88 117 152 167 174 223 188 230 200 281 222 328 245 371 270 322 271 318 267 330 380 248 288 187 197 142 130 97 86 68 1176 784 2032 1386 3769 469 15312 2217 85 116 79 102 141 146 146 200 168 213 179 258 210 313 228 347 250 302 256 296 255 312 364 234 270 177 183 132 123 91 81 64 1187 783 2254 1385 3769 492 15312 4217 86 122 83 104 135 163 156 207 183 245 192 289 219 326 243 353 253 307 247 293 248 308 353 229 262 176 181 133 122 91 81 66 1184 784 1995 1385 3785 516 15313 217 100 143 101 131 165 201 183 224 196 235 202 271 226 317 245 352 259 307 261 303 267 328 380 247 287 188 196 140 130 97 86 69 1174 784 2005 1385 3793 469 15313 2217 94 134 102 107 125 201 200 196 219 216 232 263 252 309 268 350 286 318 278 310 280 334 392 251 292 193 200 144 132 99 88 69 1170 784 2009 1386 3802 330 15313 4217 91 140 92 133 170 179 157 253 185 263 207 314 224 353 257 383 275 336 275 332 276 351 397 266 299 203 205 150 136 104 90 72 1166 784 2010 1386 3793 307 15314 217 116 153 120 120 150 244 218 199 216 216 215 271 232 314 250 351 268 316 268 308 270 329 382 253 287 192 198 143 131 98 87 70 1167 784 2016 1385 3818 237 15314 2217 122 163 141 149 201 272 229 235 218 227 240 299 262 342 265 373 285 326 280 322 280 344 396 258 297 197 202 147 134 101 90 71 1157 782 2231 1385 3835 214 15314 4217 93 145 99 156 212 198 168 302 188 297 219 319 230 360 254 396 274 331 267 325 275 338 381 254 287 193 196 144 131 99 88 70 1164 784 1967 1385 3826 167 15315 217 90 131 85 138 195 164 146 247 172 261 191 282 204 321 234 365 259 310 252 296 251 312 355 235 268 179 185 135 125 94 84 67 1175 784 1973 1384 3835 121 15315 2217 92 144 96 145 207 177 154 262 177 267 191 286 211 326 248 372 274 308 269 299 269 321 380 241 279 182 190 136 126 93 83 66 1170 784 1980 1384 3843 98 15315 4217 112 143 112 168 218 206 167 271 177 266 193 293 205 335 224 359 253 311 251 302 254 313 355 236 271 182 187 137 128 94 85 67 1171 784 1986 1384 3851 5 15316 217 97 139 100 161 216 175 151 266 171 284 187 293 210 332 233 364 256 310 251 298 255 313 363 238 274 180 189 135 124 93 83 67 1172 784 1994 1384 3851 74 15316 2217 102 140 96 155 195 188 160 256 174 243 189 291 215 324 237 363 256 309 253 305 261 324 366 245 277 188 190 138 128 94 85 69 1170 782 2207 1384 3851 28 15316 4218 103 130 118 118 144 250 226 181 215 178 222 242 237 278 228 311 244 275 240 278 247 297 343 227 259 176 178 131 122 91 81 65 1177 784 1951 1382 3851 5 15317 218 197 148 128 192 223 287 256 214 243 234 260 291 254 331 260 360 276 310 270 307 276 325 384 243 290 184 195 137 128 93 85 67 1158 784 1962 1383 3892 28 15317 2218 99 138 94 138 184 210 161 204 161 188 173 238 189 282 192 324 219 278 219 276 228 297 330 230 255 174 180 130 122 89 81 64 1181 784 1972 1384 3851 5 15317 4218 96 136 86 134 167 183 160 211 165 207 166 252 188 300 211 330 233 279 234 276 240 296 342 221 255 170 177 126 117 87 78 61 1182 784 1982 1384 3835 28 15318 218 130 143 116 147 175 278 244 222 249 223 228 268 245 307 245 343 253 294 248 296 253 316 358 239 273 183 191 136 126 93 85 67 1168 783 1993 1383 3859 28 15318 2218 112 133 110 126 164 250 204 201 207 205 209 267 234 316 251 352 264 308 260 309 266 325 370 245 281 183 192 136 124 92 83 66 1169 782 2207 1384 3843 28 15318 4218 93 136 84 162 203 177 149 241 182 246 176 271 203 309 221 342 241 281 235 277 243 293 345 224 257 170 177 128 118 87 78 62 1178 784 1952 1383 3835 5 15319 218 137 171 122 132 190 280 200 231 227 218 218 247 229 315 244 346 248 293 248 291 257 310 360 231 272 176 186 130 122 89 81 63 1167 783 1959 1383 3843 65518 15319 2218 156 178 126 177 237 244 181 248 201 257 211 300 222 340 237 360 246 306 253 293 259 312 363 238 274 179 188 134 122 91 82 65 1163 783 1968 1382 3843 65494 15319 4218 131 187 85 205 291 194 167 301 199 294 205 297 222 349 243 371 249 316 247 305 252 327 359 244 271 185 188 137 125 95 84 67 1163 782 2179 1383 3826 65448 15320 218 130 174 89 180 274 198 149 272 174 262 191 288 209 334 239 373 254 310 256 305 265 326 375 244 280 182 190 134 124 90 83 64 1164 783 1980 1384 3818 65378 15320 2218 125 181 74 228 338 168 141 340 171 270 188 293 198 335 239 377 245 299 242 294 249 313 357 239 265 182 186 136 124 93 82 66 1165 782 2188 1382 3802 65355 15320 4218 126 181 149 115 165 320 203 221 226 209 242 237 246 319 258 338 266 293 255 289 262 308 366 233 272 180 185 134 122 90 82 65 1160 783 1933 1382 3793 65355 15321 218 133 215 104 240 266 209 144 281 160 262 180 285 205 338 239 372 254 306 257 299 264 317 368 238 276 180 188 134 123 92 82 66 1162 783 1943 1382 3810 65378 15321 2218 126 214 101 247 265 196 143 250 173 238 190 263 219 318 240 356 246 288 251 284 253 305 357 233 264 176 181 130 120 88 79 63 1168 783 1955 1383 3785 65402 15321 4218 118 232 191 126 164 381 308 206 302 203 257 232 270 310 258 329 253 286 249 289 261 315 368 239 274 182 188 135 124 92 81 65 1161 782 2170 1383 3785 65402 15322 218 144 211 112 164 232 268 169 221 182 216 192 248 210 299 227 331 242 281 247 286 254 307 360 231 268 175 182 131 120 89 80 63 1163 783 1977 1383 3793 65402 15322 2218 129 188 143 148 203 283 180 211 182 206 195 252 220 308 227 339 244 285 241 290 255 311 359 232 273 179 185 133 122 90 80 63 1166 782 2192 1383 3785 65448 15322 4218 142 177 132 147 188 336 230 221 190 213 201 263 223 315 228 339 245 291 248 289 257 309 361 232 269 176 184 133 122 91 82 64 1165 783 1940 1383 3793 65448 15323 218 156 162 88 207 256 149 145 351 157 310 169 288 188 343 215 387 239 312 246 310 259 330 366 242 278 182 190 133 125 91 83 64 1169 783 1953 1383 3802 65471 15323 2218 136 149 105 130 200 253 198 234 203 228 198 260 217 313 237 343 251 292 248 293 256 312 357 237 263 180 182 133 121 91 81 65 1169 783 1965 1383 3793 65494 15323 4218 120 145 120 121 181 293 221 198 213 190 211 233 231 287 237 328 246 284 250 293 254 303 361 229 265 174 183 130 119 88 79 62 1173 783 1978 1381 3793 65518 15400 218 149 161 97 178 243 152 141 322 164 302 177 274 199 332 231 367 248 298 248 293 250 306 354 229 261 175 179 131 119 90 80 63 1172 783 1990 1383 3818 5 15400 2218 115 130 119 89 131 310 234 173 188 189 193 219 226 285 222 315 235 272 234 274 238 295 343 225 257 169 177 126 116 86 78 61 1182 782 2206 1384 3802 28 15400 4218 119 164 108 119 153 278 234 211 231 186 221 226 236 287 225 311 231 268 235 264 242 292 343 221 252 170 173 125 115 87 77 62 1178 783 1954 1382 3818 51 15401 218 105 111 79 108 139 160 142 213 160 235 159 250 191 295 213 337 230 289 227 282 238 299 342 226 252 170 175 125 117 86 76 61 1187 783 1966 1383 3818 98 15401 2218 107 144 109 120 154 225 187 205 177 189 181 223 207 278 220 312 229 267 234 267 237 283 339 215 251 165 173 123 114 84 75 59 1185 783 1980 1383 3826 121 15401 4218 109 124 107 146 194 197 168 218 177 241 176 264 209 315 232 352 244 297 248 288 246 301 349 225 260 168 176 123 115 84 76 59 1182 783 1993 1384 3826 144 15402 218 90 113 88 127 163 203 185 202 165 209 181 243 197 292 218 326 234 273 235 265 239 283 345 214 249 163 170 120 109 82 73 57 1183 782 2211 1385 3826 144 15402 2219 90 123 104 115 163 241 220 208 202 199 201 233 217 292 215 326 224 274 228 277 240 300 340 225 258 173 179 129 118 86 78 61 1184 782 2223 1385 3835 167 15402 4219 104 117 86 108 152 181 141 205 148 203 144 233 183 276 217 316 219 266 227 267 236 284 331 214 245 163 168 120 110 82 72 57 1193 783 1969 1384 3851 191 15403 219 114 118 92 143 202 167 141 255 163 260 152 266 183 304 214 350 222 281 229 275 237 292 335 217 252 167 175 122 114 84 75 59 1189 783 1981 1385 3851 237 15403 2219 189 215 108 189 246 176 135 280 171 265 156 276 180 308 212 345 220 276 225 273 240 293 336 220 250 167 173 124 114 85 76 61 1178 783 1995 1385 3900 237 15403 4219 150 192 127 118 170 207 152 219 170 214 155 237 180 285 204 317 213 262 216 264 229 283 325 213 246 165 168 122 112 84 76 60 1187 783 2007 1384 3884 283 15404 219 115 127 102 124 176 234 213 195 192 191 187 215 198 270 199 300 213 258 214 256 227 279 321 209 245 162 170 122 111 82 74 58 1192 782 2228 1387 3868 283 15404 2219 100 116 106 104 157 231 206 181 180 177 177 201 189 254 199 296 209 250 211 253 223 277 317 207 239 158 167 119 110 80 71 57 1197 783 1970 1386 3868 283 15404 4219 118 120 92 141 194 164 135 254 145 264 143 252 175 281 201 330 218 262 222 262 229 279 330 205 241 158 165 116 107 79 70 55 1194 783 1981 1385 3868 283 15405 219 128 118 97 131 192 184 153 224 150 230 145 252 170 288 196 329 213 272 216 271 227 288 324 211 244 161 168 119 110 82 74 57 1193 783 1992 1387 3876 307 15405 2219 96 113 100 136 167 210 198 187 165 204 169 233 186 271 207 304 219 250 220 251 227 274 323 203 238 154 161 114 105 78 69 55 1196 783 2003 1385 3859 307 15405 4219 107 119 123 116 161 251 221 195 183 218 195 244 190 274 207 303 214 254 214 259 224 277 318 208 241 159 164 118 108 80 73 58 1193 783 2013 1387 3859 283 15406 219 130 143 156 149 196 177 155 215 159 223 163 243 182 288 209 311 222 250 218 251 226 265 319 199 228 153 158 114 105 78 70 56 1190 782 2230 1385 3868 283 15406 2219 105 125 129 118 180 209 196 208 198 182 200 208 211 282 237 321 245 261 239 265 244 291 346 219 249 164 173 125 116 85 76 61 1181 783 1968 1385 3859 214 15406 4219 106 126 115 102 154 154 150 244 162 219 189 220 195 289 233 320 238 261 236 266 244 287 340 218 251 165 175 125 115 85 75 61 1186 783 1970 1385 3851 121 15407 219 108 112 100 129 203 195 147 217 149 197 148 218 177 269 194 310 207 252 212 250 220 273 317 207 237 154 166 116 109 80 72 56 1195 783 1977 1384 3843 121 15407 2219 102 117 113 110 175 150 147 187 152 180 163 196 170 255 197 292 216 245 217 245 225 268 321 200 233 151 162 114 106 78 69 55 1190 783 1985 1384 3835 98 15407 4219 103 123 124 122 184 213 184 189 181 180 185 203 198 262 218 291 224 237 216 240 222 262 317 198 231 150 158 113 105 79 70 56 1189 783 1993 1385 3818 74 15408 219 118 128 127 108 167 302 260 178 201 178 197 226 201 283 203 295 220 243 214 254 225 276 319 207 237 160 166 120 112 83 75 59 1187 782 2208 1384 3826 51 15408 2219 119 145 108 132 189 232 175 216 162 263 162 252 190 305 210 335 220 270 222 269 232 282 328 212 244 161 167 122 112 84 75 60 1180 783 1949 1384 3810 5 15408 4219 148 125 142 127 166 254 201 208 207 226 195 261 213 309 228 338 228 282 239 284 244 301 347 227 259 173 180 128 119 87 79 62 1176 783 1956 1383 3818 65518 15409 219 237 184 149 137 183 300 228 233 212 240 181 250 221 315 252 343 260 281 260 285 270 302 372 222 267 168 177 125 117 86 78 62 1162 783 1964 1383 3851 65494 15409 2219 130 158 124 129 213 273 216 246 220 254 198 277 223 329 240 359 250 302 253 294 263 320 366 238 272 181 187 134 123 92 83 66 1164 783 1972 1384 3802 65494 15409 4219 133 129 131 140 231 319 246 238 208 221 185 265 207 319 235 349 242 285 242 292 252 312 358 233 264 175 182 129 120 89 81 63 1169 783 1981 1381 3793 65471 15410 219 118 147 138 132 209 340 290 212 232 209 236 242 235 299 240 324 247 276 251 277 258 299 360 225 267 170 183 126 119 87 79 62 1162 782 2196 1382 3785 65518 15410 2219 153 171 156 153 256 350 286 278 236 235 212 277 237 323 248 342 261 287 265 289 267 313 370 237 271 178 183 130 120 90 81 64 1161 783 1942 1382 3793 65494 15410 4219 112 137 170 118 189 308 252 202 253 202 227 238 234 292 240 316 244 272 243 275 250 297 353 224 261 168 178 126 117 86 77 61 1173 783 1955 1382 3769 5 15411 219 147 162 144 155 257 341 237 217 218 204 188 250 224 305 228 325 241 285 242 282 252 307 357 232 262 174 180 128 119 89 80 63 1170 783 1967 1384 3785 28 15411 2219 138 162 145 134 201 337 286 207 237 213 223 230 231 299 227 319 236 279 242 282 245 307 348 230 260 175 181 129 120 88 80 63 1173 783 1979 1383 3777 28 15411 4219 158 168 127 188 235 218 171 344 205 346 206 317 240 361 256 385 256 313 261 304 271 321 369 237 268 180 184 134 122 93 82 67 1157 783 1989 1383 3785 5 15412 219 102 155 136 133 181 359 305 211 247 212 226 237 224 291 226 319 237 276 243 276 253 304 354 226 261 173 178 127 118 88 79 62 1172 782 2204 1384 3769 5 15412 2220 129 144 136 163 250 224 187 284 187 258 177 282 211 332 225 347 239 294 252 286 261 309 366 231 268 174 181 130 119 90 79 63 1171 783 1949 1383 3793 28 15412 4220 112 136 128 130 199 289 253 209 220 211 192 241 228 290 238 327 248 287 249 287 259 309 363 236 268 179 181 131 121 91 81 65 1171 783 1961 1383 3777 51 15413 220 100 136 123 166 245 294 235 225 207 232 200 273 234 317 242 344 245 289 253 283 256 309 358 233 266 175 181 128 119 89 80 62 1170 783 1973 1384 3793 98 15413 2220 115 142 136 173 241 266 212 266 188 243 178 269 212 304 223 349 232 294 243 283 248 305 351 232 262 173 180 128 118 89 79 63 1172 783 1986 1384 3793 121 15413 4220 97 131 115 176 231 288 222 231 174 217 166 233 214 293 214 327 223 278 230 269 233 296 333 225 255 168 174 124 113 85 76 61 1179 783 1999 1383 3793 144 15414 220 156 146 115 202 239 200 160 356 172 341 164 298 220 360 232 381 237 301 242 286 247 304 351 226 260 170 175 125 116 86 77 61 1172 782 2217 1384 3826 144 15414 2220 151 170 165 264 307 318 239 244 196 285 192 298 235 336 238 369 244 307 246 284 251 304 351 228 258 168 176 124 117 86 77 61 1166 783 1964 1384 3826 191 15414 4220 115 182 160 143 186 294 279 232 245 216 215 245 243 316 253 342 249 286 246 277 252 298 355 222 260 165 175 121 113 83 74 60 1174 783 1977 1384 3826 191 15415 220 164 141 139 158 249 214 179 286 178 300 176 258 207 318 216 342 219 293 223 274 234 295 333 220 251 164 170 123 113 85 75 60 1178 783 1989 1384 3851 214 15415 2220 136 140 138 200 263 285 196 242 191 245 194 243 246 315 258 329 261 284 255 278 253 300 353 221 257 167 172 121 112 84 74 60 1172 783 2000 1384 3843 214 15415 4220 118 182 152 158 198 289 239 227 194 250 186 284 235 338 247 346 238 280 239 271 241 292 339 221 251 165 171 123 112 83 75 59 1176 783 2012 1385 3851 214 15416 220 120 130 113 183 256 219 168 297 177 258 169 257 218 328 230 338 230 280 238 274 245 295 343 219 246 164 167 119 109 84 73 58 1182 782 2230 1386 3851 214 15416 2220 130 140 110 146 188 241 211 230 186 223 176 221 212 297 218 318 221 268 228 266 230 289 325 214 247 160 168 116 109 81 71 56 1185 783 1973 1384 3859 237 15416 4220 106 141 152 157 203 196 177 246 172 207 173 237 193 291 203 317 214 257 220 257 222 272 319 206 231 156 159 115 105 78 70 55 1189 783 1985 1385 3851 260 15417 220 110 156 165 154 200 292 248 233 252 228 209 250 227 311 222 321 225 263 228 257 232 286 332 216 248 161 169 118 108 81 72 57 1182 783 1995 1384 3859 260 15417 2220 108 135 151 145 209 274 216 261 206 251 185 262 217 310 226 332 228 274 233 267 245 288 344 213 252 157 168 116 108 79 71 56 1189 783 2006 1386 3868 237 15417 4220 121 163 154 163 216 166 179 276 196 252 186 260 216 316 241 348 241 280 242 275 240 293 346 217 250 163 170 119 111 82 73 57 1180 783 2017 1385 3876 260 15418 220 148 152 166 168 223 235 208 236 204 219 181 237 209 295 223 315 228 258 221 260 224 274 319 208 236 154 161 116 106 78 70 56 1186 782 2235 1385 3876 260 15418 2220 174 184 212 186 235 297 283 215 242 205 202 216 220 286 221 298 229 250 227 254 228 274 319 208 233 154 159 116 105 79 69 57 1183 783 1978 1385 3884 260 15418 4220 154 158 147 196 231 287 282 207 245 229 195 240 230 314 254 333 245 273 245 273 242 290 335 218 246 163 167 121 111 84 74 60 1179 783 1988 1385 3876 260 15419 220 151 153 169 161 206 280 274 233 220 245 198 262 236 322 248 338 253 286 246 283 253 302 355 225 261 166 175 122 114 84 75 60 1173 783 1997 1384 3876 237 15419 2220 120 176 166 138 177 308 266 219 257 223 224 241 257 336 268 350 270 296 264 299 269 318 371 236 270 173 181 125 119 86 77 61 1171 783 2006 1384 3843 214 15419 4220 132 217 199 159 217 300 274 213 264 225 244 243 278 325 301 344 300 290 286 298 283 316 384 239 273 178 182 131 119 91 79 64 1160 783 2015 1385 3843 191 15420 220 165 202 188 162 253 355 263 249 261 251 208 257 250 345 263 359 270 297 275 305 277 324 386 238 280 175 184 129 119 89 79 63 1161 783 1962 1385 3851 191 15420 2220 108 159 150 151 199 355 310 241 266 243 255 265 276 342 267 348 264 293 259 303 267 332 374 247 273 184 186 134 121 92 81 66 1162 783 1972 1385 3818 191 15420 4220 124 190 199 160 201 389 364 226 284 225 269 256 284 333 284 351 273 296 270 304 273 328 382 246 277 182 186 133 122 93 82 67 1159 783 1982 1385 3826 191 15421 220 150 167 134 214 265 215 215 258 219 250 206 252 229 327 259 357 270 293 266 295 267 312 377 237 273 177 183 129 121 89 80 63 1167 783 1991 1384 3835 167 15421 2220 120 145 163 192 203 219 194 215 199 234 203 242 229 300 263 334 261 284 262 290 272 313 378 231 274 171 180 125 117 85 77 60 1176 782 2208 1385 3810 167 15421 4220 137 169 167 186 206 230 206 244 208 217 196 238 232 303 246 326 237 277 241 277 245 304 351 226 262 170 173 124 114 85 76 61 1175 782 2010 1384 3802 191 15422 221 121 161 162 164 189 286 261 239 245 237 228 243 259 317 292 339 266 288 261 296 261 323 370 237 271 176 182 130 119 90 80 63 1170 781 2226 1384 3793 167 15422 2221 145 158 135 181 223 217 184 223 205 278 185 280 226 317 251 353 240 293 241 297 251 321 361 236 270 178 181 131 119 90 79 63 1171 783 1968 1384 3802 167 15422 4221 131 173 204 205 219 279 284 221 256 239 252 265 270 343 291 361 284 303 283 317 290 336 392 252 283 187 189 137 123 95 83 66 1159 783 1978 1385 3793 144 15423 221 176 259 177 253 278 230 258 248 249 256 233 292 252 376 294 405 284 353 281 347 296 366 421 271 309 198 205 143 135 99 89 69 1145 782 1988 1384 3818 144 15423 2221 128 176 172 139 219 214 181 234 208 265 220 284 244 352 271 378 279 318 276 315 277 338 386 253 284 188 190 138 127 95 83 66 1163 782 2203 1385 3793 121 15423 4221 134 167 140 181 216 224 200 224 211 238 212 289 244 323 285 356 281 311 279 319 278 346 391 258 291 186 193 137 126 95 84 65 1164 782 2005 1383 3802 98 15500 221 129 157 178 215 223 294 248 254 235 231 230 257 268 338 287 371 290 317 283 333 295 348 406 262 301 192 199 140 128 95 86 66 1157 782 1951 1383 3793 98 15500 2221 142 247 222 203 248 274 218 269 228 246 264 283 291 354 315 376 313 315 302 320 295 338 412 255 289 188 191 138 126 95 84 67 1148 783 1961 1384 3793 51 15500 4221 243 221 160 250 289 261 227 240 246 208 222 241 245 325 269 364 257 304 257 319 270 340 374 262 284 194 193 142 129 100 86 70 1153 782 1970 1383 3851 74 15501 221 138 219 206 184 225 311 246 235 249 227 248 276 298 363 316 382 316 328 318 330 318 349 431 260 302 191 198 139 127 97 85 67 1150 783 1980 1383 3810 98 15501 2221 215 206 210 166 192 328 262 214 231 225 246 281 286 349 298 374 292 319 289 324 288 352 399 261 291 191 194 140 128 96 86 67 1152 781 2197 1384 3843 51 15501 4221 163 241 233 233 252 322 252 262 224 226 225 272 251 358 284 355 291 311 280 318 282 335 396 250 287 184 193 138 125 94 84 67 1151 782 1999 1384 3826 51 15502 221 314 269 209 241 269 320 248 268 252 262 248 291 288 373 303 396 302 321 290 330 293 351 400 266 293 195 196 143 130 98 88 69 1143 782 1946 1383 3909 28 15502 2221 260 262 180 243 280 284 230 280 206 254 215 278 258 358 289 381 276 325 272 329 276 344 378 269 281 198 195 148 131 103 89 72 1148 783 1956 1384 3884 5 15502 4221 197 269 223 221 232 320 221 268 210 248 209 254 248 347 263 347 261 294 253 309 258 324 360 247 274 177 187 132 122 91 81 65 1159 782 1966 1384 3868 28 15503 221 147 370 301 234 217 382 280 257 264 233 271 269 284 364 315 400 313 324 304 335 311 351 430 265 304 196 201 144 133 100 89 70 1137 782 1975 1384 3859 28 15503 2221 223 223 182 208 262 375 264 308 253 268 254 272 285 370 324 394 318 336 305 340 312 362 421 271 305 199 202 146 132 100 89 71 1141 782 1985 1384 3892 5 15503 4221 121 193 153 195 247 235 242 264 214 251 221 280 267 352 289 390 300 333 292 344 301 368 421 273 311 199 208 144 135 100 88 70 1152 781 2200 1384 3859 5 15504 221 106 153 118 155 218 223 200 266 202 286 219 274 256 328 279 367 284 317 283 320 290 349 402 262 298 194 200 141 128 98 86 68 1161 783 1945 1382 3843 28 15504 2221 106 139 114 133 206 223 192 193 200 224 223 235 253 304 265 349 280 305 276 319 284 343 398 256 295 189 196 139 127 95 83 67 1166 782 1955 1384 3851 5 15504 4221 100 130 105 140 186 213 207 267 205 257 212 257 251 313 257 341 288 302 284 318 294 342 414 257 294 189 196 140 126 96 83 66 1162 782 1964 1383 3859 65518 15505 221 123 140 139 156 220 215 252 233 247 237 234 273 264 327 278 373 308 325 293 335 301 355 420 272 304 200 205 147 133 100 88 70 1155 782 1973 1382 3868 65494 15505 2221 116 135 153 152 217 243 259 225 244 231 233 251 253 320 270 353 290 305 283 321 295 343 413 260 299 191 200 141 130 97 85 67 1159 782 1982 1383 3859 65494 15505 4221 102 125 105 140 187 206 188 239 196 226 209 262 237 325 263 362 287 313 283 326 289 349 413 262 302 193 201 143 130 98 86 68 1162 781 2195 1384 3851 65494 15506 221 108 119 116 142 204 212 196 218 208 226 204 250 229 303 265 346 284 301 273 317 290 340 403 259 294 189 198 140 129 96 85 67 1163 782 1940 1382 3868 65494 15506 2221 116 139 129 171 217 215 206 246 213 240 207 267 235 319 254 361 264 307 268 323 278 338 400 258 296 190 199 139 129 96 86 67 1161 782 1951 1383 3859 65471 15506 4221 116 130 118 163 248 199 191 269 197 243 195 274 224 325 244 362 259 299 256 316 272 344 391 258 293 192 198 141 132 97 86 67 1164 782 1961 1381 3851 65518 15507 221 115 150 142 131 194 262 242 203 242 238 245 246 264 319 273 340 280 297 265 309 274 334 387 253 287 188 191 138 125 94 83 67 1163 782 1973 1382 3851 5 15507 2221 114 149 114 164 237 195 179 246 172 258 193 276 216 317 233 352 253 303 249 310 263 331 376 248 282 186 192 137 126 95 84 66 1168 782 1985 1383 3843 28 15507 4222 110 134 126 177 239 226 211 276 193 265 199 254 218 317 248 351 260 296 258 307 267 330 379 251 275 183 189 138 126 94 83 65 1168 781 2202 1384 3843 51 15508 222 116 149 135 180 238 261 231 261 213 252 218 250 231 309 258 346 265 290 265 303 272 324 381 247 278 184 191 134 124 93 82 64 1168 782 1950 1384 3826 51 15508 2222 114 152 111 182 222 222 195 237 175 251 202 249 215 306 256 347 264 296 253 309 257 327 366 246 274 185 187 137 125 94 83 66 1170 782 1962 1384 3826 74 15508 4222 119 141 108 150 204 192 176 218 176 261 197 272 191 319 225 339 248 290 249 298 259 316 366 234 270 175 184 131 122 89 81 62 1178 782 1974 1384 3818 98 15509 222 103 146 111 139 192 255 239 214 231 232 229 263 237 307 248 331 259 292 256 296 265 316 369 238 273 177 184 130 121 90 81 62 1173 782 1986 1384 3802 98 15509 2222 106 141 136 165 218 242 223 232 196 245 216 265 241 312 256 350 265 289 254 297 264 311 367 238 271 178 184 131 121 90 80 63 1173 782 1998 1383 3810 144 15509 4222 112 151 146 154 199 295 248 229 237 239 232 259 257 326 273 343 279 296 264 307 271 329 383 241 279 181 186 132 121 91 81 63 1168 781 2215 1384 3793 121 15510 222 108 117 128 137 177 247 222 237 218 256 220 274 230 328 248 364 261 310 256 315 263 327 375 245 288 181 191 133 125 90 80 63 1170 782 1959 1384 3793 121 15510 2222 115 134 122 140 206 230 201 258 182 250 222 285 249 327 254 360 264 304 255 306 264 326 368 248 272 184 186 138 124 94 82 64 1169 782 1969 1384 3793 121 15510 4222 114 150 152 184 225 286 251 276 238 275 236 296 272 341 269 366 277 301 266 305 284 324 382 245 275 181 186 135 123 92 82 65 1164 782 1980 1384 3785 121 15511 222 116 151 167 175 249 277 240 237 257 268 269 280 269 345 280 374 280 303 270 305 276 327 385 249 284 186 189 138 125 93 83 66 1161 782 1990 1385 3785 121 15511 2222 113 133 125 171 215 261 218 246 233 246 251 270 281 329 283 360 284 295 265 344 277 317 380 241 273 178 181 132 121 92 81 65 1165 782 2001 1384 3769 144 15511 4222 137 149 122 175 237 223 221 292 211 276 220 298 236 339 251 370 272 309 274 320 287 336 394 252 285 187 191 136 125 94 83 65 1162 781 2218 1383 3785 144 15512 222 158 187 155 200 268 293 213 271 218 308 228 318 260 366 262 382 283 325 285 327 291 336 395 253 287 187 195 141 129 97 84 68 1155 782 1960 1384 3785 98 15512 2222 147 156 131 150 214 297 288 236 237 262 263 281 269 337 282 376 300 324 281 322 283 345 401 255 291 186 199 141 131 99 88 68 1156 782 1972 1384 3785 144 15512 4222 130 139 112 150 200 261 212 223 224 269 253 291 283 348 280 397 297 329 287 338 298 352 409 266 306 195 204 145 132 97 87 68 1158 782 1982 1384 3777 144 15513 222 130 165 134 152 192 292 248 245 244 265 265 309 276 349 289 379 297 309 293 315 297 331 414 255 295 188 195 139 128 94 85 67 1158 782 1993 1385 3777 121 15513 2222 141 151 114 170 205 287 229 267 224 260 272 293 268 350 265 383 282 323 283 332 289 354 405 260 295 194 201 144 132 98 88 68 1158 782 2003 1384 3793 144 15513 4222 168 175 159 264 299 276 252 334 247 354 270 335 291 408 294 427 312 342 317 351 313 363 432 270 310 200 209 150 136 102 90 72 1140 781 2218 1383 3818 121 15514 222 175 161 139 180 253 255 220 280 233 284 259 315 276 372 284 406 291 331 297 343 299 350 412 264 302 193 205 142 134 99 88 68 1152 782 1961 1383 3826 121 15514 2222 146 172 183 187 258 344 280 279 253 309 280 309 276 386 301 415 305 331 306 336 312 354 432 263 307 195 204 145 133 101 89 71 1141 782 1970 1384 3818 121 15514 4222 161 173 180 193 242 367 350 282 316 328 333 343 367 461 401 489 401 431 396 442 399 448 539 331 381 238 244 171 159 118 105 82 1110 782 1979 1383 3818 74 15515 222 169 159 167 192 233 321 265 281 257 292 237 339 280 411 322 433 318 354 309 369 322 378 443 287 329 210 215 154 142 105 93 74 1135 782 1988 1384 3835 74 15515 2222 143 231 127 217 281 345 262 306 270 252 259 289 278 386 301 416 326 346 325 351 335 377 453 285 331 205 217 152 140 106 94 75 1144 782 1999 1384 3826 74 15515 4222 133 158 137 191 292 239 186 284 182 283 214 284 243 344 248 372 278 306 279 312 287 339 400 255 292 185 192 137 127 97 84 68 1158 781 2213 1385 3835 98 15516 222 143 185 179 196 234 273 224 282 204 282 225 290 226 358 255 382 271 304 273 311 278 331 383 249 287 187 192 141 129 97 86 68 1145 782 1958 1384 3843 98 15516 2222 150 193 168 225 262 373 294 300 275 296 265 295 272 379 288 424 314 355 315 365 318 387 449 289 329 216 220 159 146 109 97 77 1133 782 1969 1384 3859 98 15516 4222 153 218 152 201 247 298 228 297 265 268 268 307 293 372 307 408 314 332 318 350 327 381 443 280 322 210 217 155 144 107 97 76 1139 782 1979 1384 3868 98 15517 222 150 182 154 184 254 313 244 321 318 313 349 359 334 435 353 458 363 386 350 393 356 426 491 315 350 229 230 170 154 117 104 82 1120 782 1989 1384 3868 98 15517 2223 165 189 153 251 324 274 240 331 271 346 295 375 322 448 367 483 371 423 374 430 382 453 523 336 380 244 248 179 163 123 108 86 1111 782 2000 1385 3868 98 15517 4223 120 168 137 188 267 249 197 372 222 319 235 345 265 400 302 463 325 388 327 375 325 403 454 296 333 217 221 159 146 110 97 77 1139 781 2217 1385 3868 167 15518 223 118 184 142 208 265 285 246 325 262 344 293 375 328 430 344 466 349 399 347 406 354 425 490 316 362 233 239 170 157 117 106 82 1124 782 1963 1385 3868 144 15518 2223 153 192 150 216 285 243 212 349 231 376 248 380 292 435 327 485 351 408 343 407 356 430 490 316 359 229 237 168 154 115 103 80 1124 782 1974 1384 3884 144 15518 4223 226 250 197 223 285 374 296 334 287 331 332 358 345 424 342 440 335 369 326 378 327 396 457 293 334 216 222 160 146 112 99 79 1124 782 1986 1385 3909 167 15519 223 148 162 145 173 235 300 262 300 281 331 305 318 314 389 323 428 322 365 322 371 324 399 452 294 336 217 224 159 146 111 99 76 1138 781 2206 1385 3876 214 15519 2223 127 141 126 184 201 258 234 268 258 261 284 290 303 363 309 393 309 336 304 347 313 374 434 277 315 206 207 152 136 104 92 72 1150 782 2010 1385 3859 237 15519 4223 156 251 189 184 226 273 237 263 267 305 269 303 312 361 320 403 318 333 307 341 307 365 422 273 310 201 203 149 136 105 91 73 1145 781 2230 1385 3868 260 15520 223 121 148 132 183 198 265 242 231 248 220 243 243 262 318 269 348 271 286 267 300 273 326 385 247 283 185 187 139 125 95 84 67 1167 782 1974 1384 3851 283 15520 2223 143 178 127 211 311 239 200 349 226 308 226 293 258 348 251 383 252 307 256 315 261 337 383 252 287 188 196 142 129 98 87 69 1161 782 1986 1386 3859 307 15520 4223 120 140 113 188 278 220 176 322 201 317 223 302 246 355 262 386 263 315 263 322 271 342 381 251 288 189 194 142 131 98 88 69 1164 782 1998 1385 3843 307 15521 223 112 136 134 152 200 269 231 221 251 259 254 268 278 328 284 353 288 289 275 298 283 328 386 245 287 187 190 137 127 95 84 67 1166 782 2009 1386 3826 307 15521 2223 118 156 135 163 216 258 199 259 211 240 219 260 224 318 244 370 259 299 257 308 260 330 374 246 281 185 189 138 127 95 85 66 1169 782 2020 1385 3835 307 15521 4223 100 151 122 164 221 250 206 264 231 246 242 241 262 316 266 331 262 274 257 288 260 314 369 229 268 171 179 128 118 90 81 64 1174 781 2239 1386 3810 330 15522 223 128 209 142 152 208 252 211 246 243 223 225 249 235 316 255 335 263 269 248 283 252 307 359 230 267 171 180 129 120 91 81 64 1173 782 1981 1385 3818 353 15522 2223 97 162 118 155 255 238 192 265 203 249 209 247 217 335 240 352 230 275 234 281 248 306 345 231 257 172 176 129 117 90 80 63 1179 782 1993 1385 3802 353 15522 4223 121 163 131 203 278 244 181 274 204 275 203 271 214 313 244 334 246 262 236 273 248 293 339 217 255 165 174 125 115 87 78 63 1179 782 2006 1386 3802 376 15523 223 110 136 123 149 204 236 218 215 227 197 216 237 238 286 248 329 242 257 234 264 236 282 335 213 245 160 166 119 109 84 74 59 1178 782 2018 1386 3785 400 15523 2223 108 128 107 147 202 258 237 246 259 201 243 244 247 307 251 342 250 272 244 283 247 302 334 222 252 168 173 126 116 89 78 62 1181 781 2239 1386 3785 423 15523 4223 126 140 136 184 229 215 172 255 195 246 211 294 222 328 238 344 234 284 232 287 239 302 336 225 251 167 173 125 116 87 77 62 1181 781 2251 1385 3793 446 15600 223 127 125 108 168 215 214 167 258 214 249 201 242 215 287 233 322 232 265 229 268 237 287 329 212 241 162 167 121 111 84 75 59 1188 782 1993 1387 3785 446 15600 2223 111 166 124 152 181 267 234 248 227 217 254 246 242 311 250 322 240 271 231 270 238 293 330 222 248 165 170 124 113 87 76 61 1180 782 2004 1387 3777 446 15600 4223 128 150 144 165 207 240 197 217 230 217 214 250 232 315 255 342 257 276 244 281 250 299 343 219 255 163 170 124 114 85 77 61 1180 782 2017 1386 3785 469 15601 223 112 137 144 158 214 214 159 227 196 227 201 255 214 317 237 328 237 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138 205 164 168 173 342 339 236 303 294 313 363 386 459 443 509 428 457 410 458 429 475 570 362 416 264 270 194 174 133 115 89 1114 778 1992 1388 3769 423 16304 4241 184 214 162 211 209 313 230 273 272 295 297 371 373 496 394 559 393 483 385 475 397 498 546 373 404 277 274 201 181 137 119 92 1110 778 2002 1389 3777 400 16305 241 164 193 176 177 223 290 227 265 251 293 301 373 360 495 405 518 407 465 390 455 396 484 535 353 396 260 264 190 172 131 114 88 1121 778 2011 1387 3760 400 16305 2241 148 229 203 152 177 368 342 210 333 283 386 342 433 444 402 477 398 442 374 434 387 460 517 352 383 261 256 192 169 132 114 90 1115 777 2021 1388 3752 376 16305 4241 172 226 189 207 247 242 202 297 261 355 279 406 336 533 362 579 376 503 366 502 393 515 544 386 420 280 282 202 184 139 121 93 1111 776 2238 1388 3752 353 16306 241 138 179 157 165 216 257 209 274 257 313 272 380 346 497 367 560 404 493 385 483 400 510 545 379 414 275 274 197 180 135 117 91 1119 778 1976 1388 3744 353 16306 2241 126 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190 241 235 174 285 220 315 270 369 391 516 399 561 403 483 387 472 401 498 549 376 405 265 268 192 175 133 116 88 1121 777 1979 1386 3859 260 16310 4242 150 207 205 173 188 395 315 237 300 282 299 350 424 489 412 500 402 453 380 446 395 476 528 354 394 263 259 190 171 130 113 88 1115 777 1988 1388 3851 260 16311 242 161 205 194 181 215 348 260 260 286 270 303 357 405 511 402 514 391 468 391 455 400 490 543 371 404 272 265 195 173 133 116 91 1112 777 1997 1386 3868 237 16311 2242 147 202 184 166 182 302 257 233 276 249 293 320 383 486 409 501 411 454 390 449 412 474 545 356 401 258 261 189 169 128 113 86 1120 777 2007 1388 3868 214 16311 4242 166 200 189 151 218 302 244 230 274 306 298 381 384 515 374 539 379 487 375 478 391 507 525 374 399 273 272 197 178 133 118 90 1115 776 2224 1387 3884 191 16312 242 167 192 209 145 212 357 239 232 274 279 281 324 372 471 354 488 361 455 351 450 365 480 512 362 391 267 258 195 171 134 116 91 1118 777 1965 1386 3884 214 16312 2242 156 206 167 156 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312 235 209 249 286 324 379 384 512 415 530 406 466 396 462 406 486 538 359 395 262 263 185 172 128 112 87 1121 777 1974 1387 3843 167 16314 4242 198 274 233 157 231 312 257 235 256 348 336 390 358 492 405 517 397 465 388 472 394 489 541 360 396 264 267 193 174 133 116 90 1111 777 1985 1386 3851 191 16315 242 169 211 203 164 213 335 248 257 249 323 316 379 380 510 424 554 408 465 388 483 400 497 542 369 400 268 265 195 173 133 114 89 1113 777 1996 1386 3835 191 16315 2242 188 214 217 184 231 359 272 272 268 333 345 347 387 538 453 549 422 487 416 485 422 499 559 371 417 271 272 195 176 135 118 92 1108 776 2212 1387 3835 214 16315 4242 212 265 267 166 194 363 301 229 304 312 341 377 450 530 432 533 439 458 403 489 417 495 564 368 408 268 268 189 176 132 117 90 1108 775 2222 1388 3826 191 16316 242 220 256 318 193 231 470 413 258 360 348 433 398 473 571 460 582 434 498 421 499 437 532 579 396 427 287 283 208 186 142 123 98 1088 777 1966 1387 3826 191 16316 2242 182 274 217 184 261 338 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265 263 322 350 396 462 392 460 358 406 351 398 355 440 489 335 372 250 252 186 168 129 110 85 1133 777 1983 1386 3793 283 16320 4243 44 57 25 53 29 31 23 30 27 29 29 35 39 49 44 53 49 42 48 40 47 49 73 39 55 31 39 31 32 24 27 26 90 777 1994 1383 3769 283 16321 243 140 190 205 146 207 330 268 239 321 280 377 342 429 469 403 451 390 407 355 399 362 436 501 332 379 251 250 186 167 130 111 87 1122 777 2004 1387 3843 260 16321 2243 159 226 188 150 213 293 272 254 312 281 363 376 414 486 431 509 406 416 378 421 385 461 527 345 398 255 262 188 173 130 114 88 1117 777 2014 1388 3851 283 16321 4243 177 213 208 201 214 252 267 258 285 298 369 367 405 481 399 522 371 447 352 427 370 458 513 353 394 257 266 190 177 131 115 89 1117 775 2230 1387 3884 260 16322 243 185 205 182 196 229 273 225 232 244 247 300 337 362 446 377 488 372 400 349 390 367 426 504 326 374 243 250 181 164 126 108 83 1130 777 1970 1387 3892 237 16322 2243 164 208 183 154 171 270 196 205 234 242 280 322 379 439 374 445 381 396 348 390 369 420 499 321 373 241 247 175 160 120 105 81 1133 776 1980 1388 3884 260 16322 4243 154 231 206 146 155 309 249 196 306 244 303 315 340 417 358 426 353 373 334 376 353 407 478 314 363 241 245 180 162 123 106 83 1133 777 1990 1387 3892 237 16323 243 149 222 239 144 161 296 247 174 278 212 331 277 377 412 361 409 341 373 332 368 346 400 460 307 343 233 234 174 157 121 104 83 1138 776 2000 1386 3900 214 16323 2243 196 208 214 165 198 301 200 203 261 275 290 325 334 454 358 439 344 394 324 388 341 418 470 318 360 243 245 185 167 129 110 88 1133 776 2009 1385 3933 214 16323 4243 187 251 202 170 213 255 186 205 220 259 300 325 333 453 361 461 356 399 336 383 357 409 488 321 368 241 247 173 162 122 105 81 1134 775 2224 1387 3942 191 16400 243 191 271 221 192 198 263 211 209 237 268 294 349 385 451 401 471 381 402 366 388 381 417 515 321 381 241 248 176 161 121 106 83 1126 776 1965 1386 3925 191 16400 2243 163 243 184 190 233 246 214 219 264 290 319 336 363 463 415 508 411 411 379 405 397 437 527 333 393 244 256 180 167 126 109 84 1125 776 1974 1386 3917 167 16400 4243 159 284 222 181 217 271 242 244 294 299 325 386 427 470 418 501 414 424 385 411 388 450 530 336 389 252 260 186 172 129 113 88 1116 776 1983 1386 3909 144 16401 243 176 231 178 186 187 229 211 219 261 288 309 382 355 463 382 491 384 403 367 405 371 434 511 328 380 242 250 180 166 127 109 85 1127 775 2199 1386 3925 144 16401 2243 169 219 175 187 200 234 192 201 240 252 308 313 307 448 369 479 365 396 345 388 354 417 490 314 362 237 244 173 162 123 104 81 1136 776 2001 1385 3925 121 16401 4243 214 291 228 215 228 317 257 234 280 291 309 344 367 425 420 476 378 380 358 387 362 408 497 314 360 237 239 174 160 122 105 83 1121 775 2215 1386 3933 121 16402 243 186 225 167 169 201 230 206 235 212 265 285 344 310 424 364 474 364 400 342 398 362 428 492 323 362 245 250 182 168 128 110 84 1132 776 1959 1386 3909 144 16402 2243 220 262 190 241 240 286 237 273 272 330 305 403 359 494 419 539 400 433 368 436 375 462 530 342 390 255 263 186 173 130 114 87 1114 776 1970 1385 3917 144 16402 4243 194 250 183 215 234 253 199 312 247 322 271 395 337 475 397 510 389 438 360 417 369 441 518 328 380 251 255 185 168 126 109 86 1122 776 1980 1384 3900 121 16403 243 203 239 209 167 208 324 264 232 276 247 321 323 365 470 399 463 388 402 355 394 367 426 495 325 368 243 246 177 164 124 107 83 1126 775 2197 1387 3884 144 16403 2243 197 261 192 200 235 279 203 257 235 285 273 343 348 470 399 483 387 402 354 396 367 425 506 325 377 242 251 173 165 124 106 83 1128 775 2208 1386 3859 167 16403 4243 186 238 183 189 244 299 244 255 249 293 302 369 377 483 381 490 367 407 355 396 371 427 505 324 374 244 253 177 166 124 108 83 1124 775 2219 1387 3835 167 16404 243 187 288 238 157 212 355 304 204 278 248 318 334 368 455 382 454 367 389 348 393 357 418 492 317 364 243 243 176 161 122 107 83 1126 776 1963 1385 3835 191 16404 2243 185 217 176 186 237 344 268 239 265 266 292 302 362 448 394 474 390 389 359 388 372 423 506 321 368 239 246 177 162 123 106 84 1125 776 1976 1386 3835 191 16404 4243 230 255 220 177 273 351 284 286 300 314 339 366 392 491 413 490 384 411 376 403 378 435 509 330 375 246 248 180 167 127 111 86 1116 776 1987 1386 3818 167 16405 243 201 209 183 165 257 370 236 262 273 291 317 362 384 490 392 491 391 415 371 405 376 439 506 329 379 250 253 182 169 127 112 87 1121 776 1998 1386 3802 191 16405 2243 220 258 235 166 247 365 273 284 292 295 324 369 401 502 405 495 400 416 376 412 375 438 510 326 375 250 255 180 169 127 111 86 1117 776 2008 1387 3802 214 16405 4243 226 283 217 153 225 360 334 270 319 277 369 343 411 506 405 495 404 404 379 396 383 431 528 329 380 249 250 180 166 125 109 85 1117 775 2224 1386 3785 191 16406 244 244 304 281 153 224 398 382 256 354 294 365 382 381 513 404 501 379 436 354 417 373 462 514 348 390 261 265 192 174 134 117 92 1108 776 1966 1386 3785 167 16406 2244 234 277 242 198 220 281 323 270 306 304 329 367 390 519 436 504 439 416 389 413 396 441 530 331 381 249 256 184 167 130 112 88 1114 776 1977 1386 3769 191 16406 4244 224 282 208 209 237 308 308 298 310 329 373 391 424 514 445 524 434 434 401 424 409 465 549 342 410 255 268 185 174 129 114 88 1110 776 1986 1385 3769 167 16407 244 217 256 235 180 205 312 350 250 378 305 430 375 430 520 462 500 422 423 401 421 398 456 534 346 393 259 260 189 173 132 115 90 1106 776 1996 1386 3760 167 16407 2244 196 239 182 174 247 256 260 291 342 330 414 406 446 531 424 531 411 460 393 448 398 482 541 356 406 266 271 195 180 136 118 91 1109 774 2212 1387 3769 167 16407 4244 198 262 184 221 269 273 228 301 298 339 322 401 381 521 374 537 365 486 367 450 386 482 529 371 396 278 273 206 187 144 124 95 1103 775 2221 1387 3777 144 16408 244 276 338 266 196 252 317 267 270 323 288 327 369 416 495 441 502 435 447 408 418 412 452 548 335 394 251 258 183 170 129 114 89 1104 776 1964 1385 3802 167 16408 2244 212 263 254 191 271 347 314 272 327 294 344 387 403 493 388 505 402 436 386 439 389 472 543 356 406 265 272 198 180 138 119 92 1101 776 1973 1386 3793 144 16408 4244 183 276 268 148 232 353 346 230 368 274 387 359 426 496 443 497 412 434 392 429 399 460 542 351 396 265 265 194 178 134 117 91 1108 776 1983 1387 3793 144 16409 244 182 214 216 145 212 282 246 244 305 290 344 392 384 486 387 514 384 447 368 441 384 466 534 353 399 267 270 197 178 136 118 90 1111 776 1994 1386 3802 167 16409 2244 197 228 210 122 188 325 337 208 384 266 373 352 403 492 424 496 414 435 385 429 396 464 531 348 399 263 266 191 175 134 115 89 1112 775 2211 1386 3818 167 16409 4244 174 219 207 181 258 295 230 286 279 327 306 385 370 479 399 538 389 466 373 453 386 480 533 359 397 269 270 198 180 136 118 92 1114 774 2223 1386 3818 167 16410 244 195 238 237 146 232 334 267 225 313 285 332 366 388 458 392 495 373 442 357 437 379 475 521 358 390 268 265 198 178 137 119 93 1111 776 1966 1386 3843 191 16410 2244 209 259 245 156 243 334 283 240 332 283 339 379 411 489 408 510 400 458 377 453 388 480 539 362 399 271 270 197 181 136 120 92 1105 776 1977 1385 3851 191 16410 4244 181 231 235 151 237 317 261 247 323 307 330 390 397 496 410 507 400 457 377 448 390 478 544 354 404 263 270 196 177 133 116 90 1112 776 1989 1386 3859 214 16411 244 187 241 254 126 202 344 333 192 367 258 383 328 425 458 422 463 390 421 376 425 390 461 524 347 383 263 263 195 175 135 116 91 1112 776 2000 1387 3876 214 16411 2244 229 242 204 201 298 287 248 337 278 378 304 404 359 545 428 572 410 492 394 472 417 503 569 373 427 279 286 204 189 136 122 93 1099 774 2217 1388 3892 237 16411 4244 213 243 214 166 256 302 254 278 330 329 324 380 376 505 420 519 383 462 378 455 386 482 536 364 400 272 269 202 183 139 120 94 1103 774 2228 1387 3892 260 16412 244 176 233 199 163 223 284 271 252 324 338 352 397 432 507 474 528 433 471 420 460 428 475 568 357 409 261 271 189 177 133 116 89 1105 776 1971 1386 3892 237 16412 2244 213 252 195 188 250 316 266 272 302 343 362 435 404 506 435 549 432 492 414 468 433 473 570 357 415 265 276 195 179 132 117 90 1104 776 1982 1385 3900 237 16412 4244 211 231 183 194 233 297 241 284 289 329 339 396 405 523 445 547 442 483 415 457 424 487 564 362 411 263 271 193 180 133 118 91 1108 776 1992 1387 3909 214 16413 244 224 196 191 186 262 329 287 304 303 392 368 477 376 576 454 585 453 509 426 495 439 509 580 378 430 278 289 204 190 139 122 96 1096 776 2003 1386 3909 237 16413 2244 232 218 217 214 320 334 320 306 323 377 339 439 402 577 443 597 434 506 412 489 426 505 573 377 428 276 287 202 189 139 122 94 1094 774 2219 1386 3917 237 16413 4244 218 249 250 160 274 330 316 274 311 360 328 438 414 524 459 542 443 481 415 465 426 481 561 355 413 265 271 197 178 136 119 93 1099 774 2230 1387 3892 237 16414 244 240 281 246 200 315 348 356 318 369 408 377 436 476 544 483 580 470 504 428 498 439 514 585 382 430 277 287 207 187 144 125 99 1081 776 1972 1386 3900 237 16414 2244 262 289 289 188 273 346 361 261 390 371 402 453 465 583 489 583 454 496 423 490 435 499 579 379 425 278 283 204 187 142 125 96 1085 776 1982 1386 3909 237 16414 4244 263 241 221 202 333 307 295 338 311 409 361 468 441 590 470 600 457 514 413 494 426 501 573 378 430 280 282 201 187 138 123 94 1091 776 1993 1387 3900 237 16415 244 265 290 260 195 354 345 317 332 341 413 372 500 477 598 502 610 458 529 437 506 450 525 607 390 448 286 292 207 190 144 126 98 1080 775 2004 1387 3884 237 16415 2244 281 271 293 218 318 413 378 323 386 347 427 476 498 597 517 616 481 525 429 502 449 512 587 387 430 289 288 207 191 146 127 100 1075 774 2221 1386 3892 237 16415 4245 294 264 292 209 315 383 384 295 388 384 431 461 477 607 507 595 479 520 439 507 448 521 600 389 446 290 293 211 192 146 127 102 1072 774 2231 1387 3900 260 16416 245 316 250 264 202 336 333 317 348 322 363 411 450 450 597 537 608 503 513 468 506 465 511 611 382 450 285 297 207 190 142 125 96 1077 776 1975 1386 3892 260 16416 2245 312 300 387 242 395 407 393 319 386 368 435 492 493 615 510 621 472 523 452 508 458 522 613 390 452 289 300 211 195 144 128 100 1068 776 1987 1386 3868 260 16416 4245 292 285 287 272 387 464 355 344 371 372 421 460 504 607 511 613 494 524 452 516 471 531 619 395 459 288 298 208 195 143 128 100 1071 776 1997 1387 3851 260 16417 245 320 273 260 238 371 406 344 309 363 333 388 483 469 591 513 613 496 527 465 511 485 529 619 391 460 291 297 214 194 143 128 100 1072 776 2008 1387 3859 260 16417 2245 307 304 312 275 353 449 384 317 408 363 383 456 482 584 523 613 508 506 471 510 479 537 633 395 464 292 298 211 195 146 130 102 1066 774 2226 1387 3835 260 16417 4245 355 303 299 221 357 454 418 328 388 422 413 482 512 602 508 618 500 512 463 514 480 532 622 397 468 291 302 213 197 148 130 102 1062 776 1968 1387 3851 260 16418 245 387 397 278 277 456 316 319 348 362 393 421 515 461 596 500 627 487 513 464 505 473 529 631 398 458 292 300 212 195 151 130 103 1062 776 1979 1386 3859 260 16418 2245 354 313 269 334 406 394 327 387 404 464 445 574 547 648 566 682 540 577 497 561 498 576 669 428 490 314 323 227 210 158 139 109 1043 776 1990 1387 3851 260 16418 4245 410 467 278 289 488 371 352 402 398 485 442 541 519 642 559 681 536 551 513 553 504 570 663 423 489 312 314 228 208 159 139 110 1043 776 2001 1387 3876 283 16419 245 323 416 249 319 432 282 300 419 322 492 405 557 482 698 568 725 554 611 518 588 522 601 703 461 520 329 336 242 223 168 145 114 1038 775 2011 1387 3826 260 16419 2245 283 281 337 188 285 487 476 321 377 369 449 490 491 663 538 655 519 557 485 537 496 553 653 411 480 300 312 222 200 151 133 103 1058 774 2227 1388 3818 260 16419 4245 312 330 384 217 264 519 410 345 427 415 475 556 527 650 548 642 549 554 512 560 521 569 680 425 492 318 318 226 206 158 138 109 1045 776 1968 1386 3835 260 16420 245 305 317 313 236 323 473 383 363 428 405 404 506 487 629 493 641 513 548 479 524 488 551 645 413 477 302 311 222 206 155 135 106 1057 776 1978 1387 3835 237 16420 2245 361 314 321 262 342 462 385 397 409 434 443 529 540 688 568 698 553 586 523 581 521 593 688 453 513 327 332 236 217 165 145 112 1035 776 1989 1387 3876 260 16420 4245 406 441 312 249 377 387 414 382 409 408 452 510 563 645 550 654 539 569 511 556 505 580 672 439 491 322 319 239 214 169 145 115 1034 774 2206 1386 3909 283 16421 245 294 477 293 391 500 351 381 427 409 455 440 531 523 675 576 705 573 584 524 572 532 595 708 448 507 328 332 234 214 163 143 111 1035 775 2007 1387 3859 237 16421 2245 363 296 250 242 359 391 380 330 394 425 445 475 505 664 553 672 532 569 519 547 508 559 674 428 490 314 320 228 208 161 140 109 1046 774 2223 1387 3909 214 16421 4245 268 433 354 287 331 459 450 403 460 436 489 527 536 616 582 649 565 554 526 547 518 568 683 425 487 307 317 224 203 159 138 108 1043 775 1964 1387 3884 237 16422 245 283 368 321 231 297 471 411 327 436 387 437 505 527 637 564 652 561 562 517 536 510 552 669 419 475 306 312 224 202 154 137 107 1050 775 1974 1386 3917 214 16422 2245 272 344 261 230 339 370 337 387 341 436 394 533 462 662 514 688 527 582 493 556 494 578 657 426 481 313 322 229 206 160 140 108 1059 775 1984 1386 3917 237 16422 4245 291 362 301 261 373 398 361 381 368 449 453 545 506 692 540 696 557 602 511 579 523 595 681 445 500 324 335 236 214 164 143 110 1047 775 1994 1386 3925 237 16423 245 264 399 317 224 313 409 373 340 400 416 433 489 511 664 495 640 497 552 467 526 485 546 625 407 458 305 304 222 200 151 132 104 1064 775 2005 1387 3933 214 16423 2245 276 445 313 251 377 387 325 395 340 458 416 503 458 676 504 677 505 572 484 558 493 577 661 430 480 317 325 233 211 161 141 109 1050 774 2221 1386 3933 191 16423 4245 235 402 356 244 374 435 395 351 359 417 456 552 521 686 544 675 539 587 502 564 521 589 693 432 494 317 324 234 211 162 141 109 1045 775 1963 1387 3942 214 16500 245 233 439 330 246 370 454 384 369 346 459 417 519 482 688 536 683 532 601 511 579 513 591 683 440 492 327 328 235 214 162 140 111 1044 775 1973 1387 3942 191 16500 2245 238 403 326 279 362 476 419 353 418 434 446 508 520 679 584 687 553 593 522 581 529 586 689 442 506 323 330 238 219 165 144 112 1037 775 1984 1387 3950 214 16500 4245 304 377 279 262 355 493 370 362 415 449 475 544 542 698 601 719 580 641 545 617 553 645 724 482 530 345 348 257 233 176 154 121 1026 775 1994 1387 3991 214 16501 245 236 297 309 220 353 366 436 335 402 440 524 524 546 670 619 688 603 603 562 582 564 615 728 463 533 338 347 245 225 171 150 117 1029 775 2004 1386 3958 214 16501 2246 272 296 270 276 385 355 414 431 398 530 518 622 581 725 625 738 617 647 557 622 560 631 739 463 534 340 347 245 228 170 149 117 1027 774 2221 1386 3975 191 16501 4246 235 367 339 243 311 464 374 362 427 421 463 512 507 634 571 639 553 564 520 561 516 588 680 439 500 321 328 236 216 163 145 112 1048 775 1963 1387 3950 214 16502 246 249 286 236 243 323 328 311 349 315 420 416 485 486 640 548 671 528 577 500 572 510 591 671 452 492 324 325 235 217 163 142 109 1057 775 1974 1387 3950 237 16502 2246 225 213 226 264 310 336 323 308 406 416 491 510 557 591 553 656 517 567 497 556 494 573 668 439 490 316 322 229 208 161 140 108 1060 775 1986 1387 3942 283 16502 4246 247 220 202 224 335 281 281 328 359 438 419 521 474 633 532 656 516 571 494 562 489 577 657 427 489 310 322 226 209 159 138 107 1066 775 1998 1386 3933 283 16503 246 238 267 240 233 322 303 333 336 384 390 422 456 499 633 561 671 535 575 482 569 498 573 658 429 485 314 319 227 208 157 138 107 1065 774 2218 1387 3933 307 16503 2246 286 319 274 193 291 386 326 338 373 365 422 471 508 629 542 651 529 581 486 553 505 579 662 430 483 308 318 225 206 156 136 106 1066 774 2230 1387 3917 330 16503 4246 223 266 231 219 304 456 359 320 431 372 479 494 569 607 558 631 525 556 490 547 496 567 642 432 473 313 316 232 210 160 139 109 1062 775 1973 1387 3884 330 16504 246 241 244 221 244 328 383 315 350 368 408 442 532 537 641 538 640 509 562 483 555 475 568 641 430 468 314 311 232 207 160 139 109 1063 775 1986 1386 3884 353 16504 2246 246 291 298 222 352 384 336 310 386 418 437 506 502 633 528 655 529 552 508 550 496 557 646 421 469 308 314 228 206 156 136 105 1062 775 1998 1387 3868 376 16504 4246 234 251 278 211 298 471 381 335 449 398 477 496 534 641 543 615 510 538 487 538 484 558 641 417 468 307 312 227 204 156 137 106 1061 774 2220 1388 3859 400 16505 246 233 276 311 262 316 383 356 359 407 416 459 498 537 630 570 658 548 558 515 536 506 558 676 411 481 298 313 222 205 154 137 106 1054 775 2022 1388 3851 376 16505 2246 256 257 273 278 375 323 295 416 353 416 421 587 476 645 544 670 560 587 496 561 496 575 660 423 483 304 320 227 207 157 138 106 1061 774 2241 1388 3843 400 16505 4246 249 242 218 250 355 322 283 385 320 450 426 563 473 650 505 675 507 568 484 558 472 562 632 415 469 306 311 227 205 156 138 104 1071 775 1981 1388 3835 423 16506 246 234 283 285 188 269 378 339 313 384 387 451 515 543 659 534 655 519 558 478 537 475 558 622 415 460 310 308 228 204 158 138 109 1068 775 1993 1387 3793 423 16506 2246 286 332 253 254 323 338 289 367 308 419 437 560 459 689 519 702 545 596 509 563 497 569 669 421 492 306 323 225 209 161 139 108 1062 775 2004 1387 3818 423 16506 4246 284 297 239 228 343 380 327 339 361 410 429 518 486 666 497 671 519 564 490 551 499 562 666 418 478 305 320 226 207 157 138 107 1063 774 2224 1387 3810 446 16507 246 275 400 301 256 406 341 306 403 330 464 417 546 494 692 528 711 550 601 519 584 511 586 684 438 496 316 328 230 213 162 142 111 1050 775 2024 1388 3802 423 16507 2246 233 330 315 204 292 396 391 325 403 380 493 519 518 593 565 628 539 546 501 534 504 555 664 413 475 300 308 220 202 154 136 106 1062 774 2244 1388 3785 423 16507 4246 292 253 293 257 310 389 305 368 391 425 428 513 508 653 519 659 526 577 501 560 503 574 666 422 479 313 319 233 208 162 140 110 1056 775 1983 1387 3826 423 16508 246 261 356 276 237 365 343 347 403 377 416 474 529 521 644 569 664 559 571 540 554 526 565 686 421 493 307 322 225 208 156 138 107 1054 775 1994 1388 3785 423 16508 2246 246 324 291 222 298 328 310 328 350 405 447 477 519 631 541 645 557 572 511 563 515 571 667 428 487 311 323 230 214 161 142 111 1061 775 2004 1386 3785 400 16508 4246 274 290 287 245 362 308 305 349 335 439 416 525 485 647 527 679 500 594 474 583 496 601 657 453 494 329 330 241 217 168 147 114 1052 775 2015 1387 3818 423 16509 246 184 314 346 189 282 413 424 355 448 436 501 526 546 643 578 640 557 591 502 570 507 590 662 439 488 320 324 236 213 165 143 112 1051 774 2234 1387 3777 423 16509 2246 183 304 317 202 294 458 409 323 448 390 521 502 574 657 603 671 568 582 526 571 530 598 702 453 507 327 333 242 216 168 145 114 1045 774 2244 1387 3793 400 16509 4246 241 311 311 260 390 391 313 417 364 448 437 542 501 694 526 696 530 614 506 595 519 615 693 468 522 342 343 249 225 172 150 120 1041 775 1983 1388 3826 376 16510 246 228 291 250 182 301 377 340 329 380 406 412 477 500 613 492 643 485 581 472 566 488 602 657 449 501 326 333 240 218 166 144 112 1062 775 1992 1387 3826 376 16510 2246 238 257 230 241 373 327 267 365 298 397 388 533 432 644 468 692 469 616 461 594 473 612 649 462 496 339 336 250 224 171 149 115 1061 775 2002 1387 3851 353 16510 4246 207 214 211 199 278 319 287 317 360 374 396 452 480 587 531 633 509 555 481 551 486 569 649 437 482 319 319 236 210 161 140 110 1069 775 2011 1387 3826 353 16511 246 290 324 275 286 324 294 268 326 312 360 408 447 479 607 537 611 530 550 499 552 500 571 659 428 486 313 314 230 209 159 139 109 1063 773 2228 1387 3859 353 16511 2247 225 318 258 207 272 357 310 319 373 360 445 453 503 603 509 638 510 574 480 570 504 591 666 448 499 329 326 239 216 167 145 114 1056 773 2238 1387 3876 353 16511 4247 229 284 272 215 272 324 287 302 334 373 414 475 468 608 486 635 491 575 465 576 485 597 648 448 489 332 326 241 216 167 144 113 1062 775 1979 1386 3884 330 16512 247 184 242 209 185 245 270 239 307 334 370 380 433 432 586 476 607 496 573 472 556 481 575 649 424 481 317 317 228 207 158 137 106 1079 775 1990 1387 3859 376 16512 2247 208 297 231 201 230 350 281 297 335 380 424 459 469 616 532 608 505 565 477 567 495 593 653 440 490 320 320 233 211 163 142 108 1072 775 2000 1387 3900 376 16512 4247 205 289 279 186 248 359 328 279 416 395 451 461 514 585 550 645 538 567 495 563 511 592 680 432 498 320 326 232 212 162 139 107 1066 775 2011 1387 3892 376 16513 247 208 319 280 164 212 394 310 290 368 344 451 447 506 602 567 583 522 533 506 547 496 564 651 421 479 312 309 224 203 157 136 107 1069 775 2022 1387 3900 376 16513 2247 229 269 252 180 229 375 334 317 373 379 447 436 485 596 561 623 519 546 496 556 500 578 667 428 483 313 317 224 207 156 137 106 1065 773 2240 1388 3917 376 16513 4247 216 237 259 188 297 336 294 339 335 438 422 498 485 641 528 639 497 582 480 573 488 585 652 445 487 322 327 237 216 164 141 110 1064 775 1981 1388 3909 400 16514 247 255 315 270 210 297 364 343 326 334 407 443 472 485 618 537 638 541 575 504 555 508 576 673 426 485 311 320 228 210 157 137 107 1061 775 1992 1386 3917 376 16514 2247 256 275 275 220 326 322 362 348 375 396 455 492 512 624 577 662 531 589 509 564 513 582 689 435 493 319 323 235 215 162 139 110 1058 775 2002 1387 3917 376 16514 4247 245 338 297 207 273 396 413 342 419 421 492 489 554 638 600 662 562 594 531 565 538 595 700 447 501 324 322 237 215 165 142 112 1043 775 2013 1387 3925 376 16515 247 261 491 374 235 318 469 405 342 425 429 484 510 562 674 585 708 554 620 520 588 526 610 695 457 511 337 337 250 225 172 149 118 1030 775 2024 1387 3909 376 16515 2247 277 260 272 195 290 389 354 315 376 409 447 461 543 634 559 659 528 571 510 555 502 581 671 434 482 319 320 234 210 162 141 111 1056 773 2244 1388 3917 376 16515 4247 259 285 317 202 313 417 360 353 441 399 520 518 563 677 602 680 551 608 509 576 524 603 690 452 493 331 332 238 216 166 145 114 1040 775 1985 1387 3900 400 16516 247 279 297 323 232 342 428 373 363 429 452 453 511 550 667 596 693 555 616 515 576 529 607 703 456 514 333 341 243 220 166 146 113 1043 775 1996 1388 3892 400 16516 2247 311 352 349 273 373 455 438 333 390 405 480 510 534 650 586 685 568 591 526 578 529 600 703 459 517 326 340 244 221 168 146 113 1040 775 2007 1387 3917 400 16516 4247 281 251 246 276 384 412 372 352 413 400 422 533 560 691 608 708 571 603 545 587 532 596 708 447 519 330 340 239 220 165 147 114 1042 775 2018 1386 3868 446 16517 247 237 311 327 229 351 435 406 309 450 380 468 493 554 658 541 688 527 597 504 556 516 591 680 443 495 322 325 238 211 166 143 112 1046 775 2030 1388 3843 446 16517 2247 244 262 253 263 397 432 387 335 432 418 498 546 562 637 569 675 547 588 518 566 511 582 686 445 503 326 333 236 215 167 146 112 1044 773 2250 1386 3835 423 16517 4247 298 287 331 282 461 446 406 391 413 440 458 544 505 691 559 700 535 610 513 598 519 608 685 465 510 338 338 247 225 172 150 117 1036 775 1990 1388 3851 423 16518 247 262 235 244 255 400 366 331 339 380 427 492 531 548 677 548 661 532 588 513 593 527 601 687 453 514 336 338 246 222 168 149 116 1045 775 2001 1387 3826 423 16518 2247 307 295 351 253 417 484 380 339 397 447 471 526 567 687 565 648 544 588 508 575 520 587 684 450 504 330 333 241 218 170 146 115 1041 775 2012 1386 3851 446 16518 4247 256 359 326 242 319 519 398 382 436 462 513 575 553 668 611 730 568 637 561 600 543 634 735 476 536 341 353 253 234 179 154 123 1020 775 2023 1387 3810 423 16519 247 248 266 184 314 381 274 299 295 318 376 404 446 487 588 504 628 514 541 478 533 489 558 650 426 475 315 321 238 210 166 141 112 1065 773 2241 1387 3777 446 16519 2247 244 360 282 234 345 441 347 288 344 408 430 522 504 622 550 660 503 561 481 547 487 568 653 435 490 321 326 236 216 164 145 110 1055 773 2252 1387 3802 446 16519 4247 234 325 267 180 304 391 350 270 377 388 453 484 548 586 559 618 499 529 486 532 486 558 650 431 477 311 318 232 207 164 141 110 1063 775 1991 1387 3793 423 16520 247 217 240 204 204 316 338 296 338 311 405 393 498 504 612 519 675 500 568 490 549 499 575 668 433 501 318 329 237 214 164 141 110 1063 775 2001 1387 3793 446 16520 2247 276 302 251 241 289 408 392 296 424 373 433 426 541 586 575 618 520 541 494 537 507 568 678 439 508 319 330 235 215 167 145 114 1053 774 2012 1386 3826 446 16520 4247 267 276 208 272 363 371 331 316 375 412 471 503 557 626 533 631 505 557 494 533 491 563 658 432 489 319 330 236 214 167 143 114 1055 774 2023 1388 3810 446 16521 248 241 301 273 178 239 342 327 277 382 393 446 462 550 581 538 616 514 541 480 528 507 563 664 423 493 311 322 228 209 157 138 108 1064 773 2241 1388 3810 423 16521 2248 261 386 269 203 280 358 349 309 403 385 497 484 562 603 582 625 535 561 506 550 513 576 688 426 506 318 327 233 215 163 142 111 1056 773 2251 1387 3835 446 16521 4248 242 285 276 228 313 402 334 340 386 427 480 523 549 656 569 661 537 585 499 582 517 602 684 460 512 336 339 248 223 175 148 117 1044 774 1990 1387 3835 423 16522 248 213 347 259 194 255 325 292 283 333 334 421 444 513 605 554 633 517 547 507 549 516 576 687 440 505 320 332 238 217 165 143 111 1062 775 2000 1386 3835 423 16522 2248 191 242 178 196 266 318 246 272 312 321 388 408 466 541 507 571 461 510 462 517 476 549 643 421 478 311 315 227 206 159 135 106 1082 775 2011 1387 3843 423 16522 4248 191 222 190 194 253 294 252 256 316 311 373 410 425 530 464 553 434 511 431 513 458 553 638 428 476 315 321 233 210 159 137 107 1083 774 2022 1387 3843 400 16523 248 197 316 231 247 330 381 307 333 367 445 447 483 486 629 546 643 484 568 473 564 485 591 671 446 515 329 345 244 225 167 147 113 1058 773 2240 1388 3876 400 16523 2248 197 289 234 226 292 357 335 302 371 357 448 450 538 606 558 614 493 547 485 555 493 593 676 459 496 329 331 243 218 170 147 116 1056 773 2250 1387 3876 423 16523 4248 195 262 177 155 244 331 283 287 329 333 403 452 476 596 527 615 487 541 470 558 485 586 659 444 495 325 331 242 219 168 143 112 1066 775 1990 1388 3900 423 16600 248 167 247 170 189 256 286 236 310 290 354 393 441 469 587 540 638 531 545 496 541 504 572 668 427 489 319 325 235 216 161 143 110 1073 774 2001 1387 3876 400 16600 2248 156 259 192 155 204 317 297 233 365 340 424 445 531 608 553 604 507 520 490 527 505 577 676 431 501 314 323 229 212 159 138 108 1075 774 2011 1388 3884 400 16600 4248 183 260 185 177 248 325 282 295 346 375 390 460 491 619 552 662 494 567 483 558 493 586 675 441 501 327 328 237 218 164 142 111 1071 774 2022 1387 3909 423 16601 248 161 253 184 139 229 327 268 274 344 344 445 437 506 599 585 618 501 535 500 549 506 564 664 435 487 313 317 229 210 159 138 108 1072 773 2240 1387 3900 423 16601 2248 177 259 175 173 271 329 306 309 343 398 421 459 511 613 578 640 543 561 499 561 527 591 686 448 507 327 336 239 220 165 143 112 1065 773 2251 1386 3925 423 16601 4248 181 293 202 174 242 277 280 307 325 347 390 449 473 580 602 620 540 545 507 552 533 584 705 437 508 323 333 237 221 165 144 111 1065 774 1991 1387 3909 446 16602 248 164 294 207 154 211 316 305 303 355 377 423 457 479 619 638 639 572 555 545 561 569 597 727 440 525 316 332 235 215 161 142 111 1061 774 2002 1388 3917 423 16602 2248 184 311 212 149 222 324 327 312 352 369 408 479 496 631 602 649 578 559 544 563 555 590 723 448 523 332 338 239 221 165 145 112 1053 774 2013 1387 3917 446 16602 4248 207 296 212 199 287 307 281 348 338 388 402 497 482 636 592 653 566 565 528 573 537 609 719 461 527 342 348 250 231 172 151 117 1049 774 2024 1388 3909 446 16603 248 248 261 223 228 382 398 356 333 379 395 464 518 494 660 573 672 527 580 506 583 526 605 689 468 511 342 340 255 229 175 153 119 1046 773 2244 1388 3933 446 16603 2248 219 210 182 251 323 271 298 415 355 444 364 506 443 658 533 683 516 590 505 588 521 604 692 460 521 336 344 248 228 172 148 115 1057 773 2256 1388 3917 492 16603 4248 235 220 191 226 328 319 269 359 293 441 378 486 434 659 521 657 494 595 480 586 499 593 666 451 505 335 340 247 225 171 150 116 1061 774 1997 1386 3925 492 16604 248 208 297 217 244 311 332 316 336 370 415 425 516 502 671 567 693 566 576 523 589 533 613 712 467 524 336 344 246 227 172 149 117 1050 774 2010 1387 3892 516 16604 2248 203 229 167 243 274 300 296 306 324 375 417 457 486 645 572 673 532 580 510 570 524 593 685 448 513 330 341 244 220 166 148 112 1058 774 2021 1387 3884 516 16604 4248 236 280 176 193 319 284 238 356 288 413 384 504 448 629 516 683 523 588 492 566 518 594 680 452 517 334 345 244 225 167 149 114 1058 774 2033 1387 3900 539 16605 248 211 244 206 223 269 364 342 335 392 411 410 482 523 615 562 686 543 568 493 559 517 575 685 446 499 322 334 242 221 168 149 114 1057 773 2256 1388 3876 585 16605 2248 206 325 232 225 294 383 379 312 365 370 428 460 528 635 574 690 578 566 516 569 529 588 697 444 510 333 341 243 224 168 148 115 1053 774 1995 1387 3826 562 16605 4248 270 280 194 252 364 411 350 333 330 467 445 501 496 645 549 678 531 553 489 560 512 584 672 441 499 331 330 240 220 168 146 115 1051 774 2007 1387 3868 562 16606 248 268 273 210 273 323 397 351 357 361 417 436 485 493 643 560 679 523 573 488 547 518 582 671 443 503 327 332 241 219 166 146 114 1055 774 2019 1387 3843 585 16606 2248 253 335 189 231 271 402 363 347 349 420 455 494 537 656 567 671 531 574 505 561 524 583 693 445 513 328 337 241 221 166 147 113 1054 773 2242 1388 3835 585 16606 4249 383 373 325 273 442 486 365 391 340 453 474 529 479 695 536 703 504 580 486 563 502 595 678 452 507 337 339 248 224 174 150 120 1036 774 2040 1387 3868 585 16607 249 362 357 200 289 378 432 360 363 360 450 482 504 511 653 594 684 539 574 516 553 522 582 683 438 504 327 333 244 221 168 147 114 1044 773 2263 1388 3859 609 16607 2249 326 346 215 229 334 349 379 307 361 437 475 522 537 657 547 684 511 576 505 559 522 597 688 453 521 328 340 246 225 172 151 119 1045 774 2000 1387 3843 609 16607 4249 278 380 347 239 349 404 386 323 382 402 462 499 535 661 547 645 514 560 481 549 509 582 682 445 498 331 336 253 225 176 151 120 1047 774 2010 1388 3802 609 16608 249 290 348 257 219 340 444 327 369 392 400 476 499 572 628 549 663 521 565 475 563 497 591 685 454 512 336 342 249 226 175 153 119 1042 774 2021 1387 3818 585 16608 2249 204 358 210 260 287 370 414 299 375 375 513 435 584 587 573 635 547 545 498 547 533 592 692 440 507 325 333 241 219 168 144 112 1055 773 2242 1387 3760 585 16608 4249 193 245 181 230 266 329 317 324 344 348 448 463 518 589 547 642 531 561 480 555 499 568 675 436 501 321 327 234 215 164 146 113 1067 774 2040 1388 3744 562 16609 249 203 265 171 202 243 367 311 284 380 352 446 457 525 593 527 625 497 554 481 561 491 587 669 448 506 327 336 239 221 167 146 113 1063 773 2259 1388 3760 562 16609 2249 220 249 182 220 301 318 255 319 347 402 406 523 455 619 492 691 507 590 482 598 493 621 691 466 525 348 353 256 231 176 152 118 1059 774 1994 1389 3777 539 16609 4249 231 241 187 244 335 301 271 352 338 420 394 512 450 621 472 694 474 600 468 593 481 626 680 466 528 345 352 255 231 177 154 120 1057 774 2004 1387 3802 539 16610 249 197 253 219 197 254 346 354 312 404 392 437 489 505 578 514 636 489 558 466 564 486 602 678 455 521 337 344 251 227 176 152 118 1053 774 2013 1387 3785 516 16610 2249 194 267 192 182 248 342 336 246 350 347 413 470 505 563 513 606 483 535 455 547 476 580 656 442 501 329 334 246 222 171 147 116 1063 774 2023 1388 3785 516 16610 4249 213 285 234 206 275 457 361 301 420 361 433 465 531 613 550 628 513 547 477 558 499 607 680 457 511 337 340 251 227 175 152 120 1047 774 2033 1388 3826 516 16611 249 189 275 178 164 237 318 332 286 387 387 409 508 508 618 502 636 491 579 467 563 487 610 655 463 503 339 341 249 224 173 149 118 1060 773 2252 1388 3810 492 16611 2249 215 240 191 184 288 359 326 294 389 343 409 479 482 582 479 616 455 565 435 562 461 603 654 461 509 341 340 256 229 181 154 122 1056 774 1991 1387 3826 492 16611 4249 217 278 219 198 279 375 337 272 396 342 416 462 509 584 521 621 502 573 473 557 485 600 672 455 504 332 333 248 221 173 148 117 1057 774 2002 1388 3859 516 16612 249 179 234 161 196 283 274 300 313 334 407 375 469 441 614 537 638 526 568 496 555 513 585 686 445 509 324 338 235 217 165 145 111 1071 774 2013 1388 3835 539 16612 2249 195 233 183 159 221 320 337 267 377 352 429 427 477 561 523 593 518 537 465 534 486 581 658 433 490 318 324 236 213 167 145 113 1069 774 2024 1387 3868 539 16612 4249 221 210 199 202 279 361 318 298 353 339 388 446 472 581 485 619 492 556 474 544 491 581 677 441 501 324 332 242 218 168 146 115 1069 773 2245 1388 3876 539 16613 249 250 265 191 232 316 354 298 376 356 438 375 489 429 650 488 692 495 607 508 582 515 623 707 461 532 338 351 248 228 172 151 117 1052 773 2256 1387 3909 539 16613 2249 210 220 208 183 245 373 313 299 400 367 397 468 499 600 514 621 475 576 454 560 480 609 669 459 511 337 344 252 228 176 152 119 1058 774 1995 1388 3900 539 16613 4249 241 226 193 217 321 387 362 328 435 393 456 489 515 621 534 632 525 581 493 573 511 603 685 461 510 334 341 255 224 176 152 120 1049 774 2005 1388 3909 539 16614 249 225 304 240 218 265 374 355 330 404 399 468 463 541 629 576 642 546 573 523 569 529 613 716 460 529 330 348 245 227 172 152 118 1049 774 2015 1388 3892 539 16614 2249 237 234 204 189 272 400 329 293 371 375 444 467 513 653 543 665 519 596 507 600 538 634 726 476 541 346 360 256 234 180 157 122 1041 774 2021 1387 3917 446 16614 4249 229 280 183 226 300 337 331 344 363 416 399 492 513 643 567 671 540 615 516 600 528 632 719 482 541 350 362 261 236 184 158 125 1045 772 2234 1387 3917 400 16615 249 251 346 216 252 299 358 348 311 396 396 449 484 542 675 612 667 579 592 551 588 566 624 754 467 551 338 358 251 233 177 156 121 1035 772 2238 1388 3925 353 16615 2249 258 334 204 253 317 332 291 358 352 423 421 503 512 642 576 682 571 633 533 594 552 636 747 478 548 345 358 256 235 181 158 124 1038 774 1973 1387 3925 283 16615 4249 281 210 233 204 302 405 327 328 367 433 459 496 508 657 530 667 526 605 516 589 531 622 705 480 530 347 356 259 235 185 159 127 1034 774 1980 1386 3933 260 16616 249 292 243 242 274 315 392 379 377 370 474 491 522 549 674 585 700 598 643 569 610 576 647 772 496 569 357 369 265 242 183 162 128 1024 774 1988 1387 3917 260 16616 2250 244 267 201 186 283 370 371 303 408 381 451 485 565 639 602 659 580 593 542 586 555 634 749 484 540 349 358 258 239 182 158 123 1031 774 1999 1386 3900 260 16616 4250 250 324 261 202 240 365 333 337 432 452 456 532 602 672 615 729 616 637 596 625 597 669 791 501 583 361 378 266 246 188 166 127 1016 774 2009 1387 3884 260 16617 250 285 253 226 257 292 426 377 355 396 426 504 494 578 664 597 684 559 596 554 577 556 621 741 469 540 346 352 256 232 178 156 121 1036 772 2228 1388 3884 283 16617 2250 353 242 225 269 429 373 314 393 357 450 498 560 550 730 590 742 563 646 562 626 576 673 771 501 567 369 372 271 248 190 166 130 1020 774 1970 1386 3925 283 16617 4250 278 316 205 206 304 383 344 330 410 422 417 538 509 678 597 684 553 607 534 590 549 628 725 468 541 346 355 256 236 180 159 122 1031 774 1981 1387 3868 283 16618 250 300 250 217 246 352 381 269 392 350 465 399 555 502 686 548 686 499 612 513 600 538 645 720 482 539 354 359 262 238 182 159 125 1034 774 1994 1386 3892 307 16618 2250 302 261 184 217 321 336 317 351 353 441 436 561 543 694 590 731 565 633 563 621 571 659 766 489 562 358 369 263 243 184 162 127 1031 774 2003 1387 3876 307 16618 4250 291 275 243 245 376 426 332 451 397 569 473 630 553 760 634 805 593 698 579 667 603 701 799 517 593 380 388 283 260 196 171 133 1007 774 2012 1388 3859 237 16619 250 330 307 231 214 333 359 303 399 369 453 439 557 552 699 572 712 512 618 496 591 533 624 712 466 532 343 356 256 234 180 157 122 1034 772 2226 1387 3868 214 16619 2250 456 256 228 368 477 393 387 398 428 457 471 537 548 715 581 726 553 622 547 602 562 637 754 483 558 358 369 265 246 188 167 132 1020 774 1967 1386 3909 237 16619 4250 339 319 297 222 362 440 390 428 478 544 547 644 684 801 687 836 642 719 622 693 626 728 838 540 616 391 404 292 264 201 178 138 984 774 1978 1387 3859 214 16620 250 326 354 333 263 459 524 427 493 489 623 574 710 686 856 697 874 659 750 649 735 665 770 871 574 640 412 425 304 278 212 187 146 963 774 1987 1386 3851 191 16620 2250 350 302 310 232 382 444 389 445 421 515 549 640 626 811 650 833 637 703 589 671 623 710 808 529 602 384 396 284 258 199 172 134 994 773 1996 1387 3851 167 16620 4250 310 368 328 226 339 566 484 379 510 496 593 620 704 795 718 808 693 716 635 699 644 736 851 544 619 395 401 290 260 204 178 139 976 774 2005 1385 3843 191 16621 250 323 329 256 276 405 463 447 458 431 556 568 672 689 836 732 841 670 757 628 733 649 765 861 568 630 405 411 299 269 209 181 142 975 772 2220 1386 3851 167 16621 2250 324 370 324 244 395 568 475 410 489 507 592 680 664 819 654 814 635 733 605 705 613 742 828 547 620 401 406 294 264 204 180 141 975 773 1961 1385 3843 144 16621 4250 253 367 232 227 357 493 399 391 490 528 574 649 609 763 645 792 638 693 589 655 602 696 806 525 597 378 386 278 254 194 170 132 998 773 1970 1386 3826 121 16622 250 284 349 306 294 368 518 438 432 470 520 548 642 614 780 650 802 629 717 598 687 622 725 819 537 609 393 399 291 264 205 177 138 984 774 1980 1385 3851 144 16622 2250 324 343 246 296 389 453 405 443 478 546 588 649 665 832 702 869 691 757 650 723 671 771 885 573 649 409 424 301 274 214 184 143 969 773 1992 1385 3884 167 16622 4250 296 414 299 274 380 590 465 432 505 503 617 644 728 825 719 816 660 743 646 717 652 762 862 577 645 412 417 311 274 214 185 146 967 773 2004 1386 3868 191 16623 250 261 264 229 266 407 429 346 511 449 559 501 696 598 844 637 872 622 772 607 723 612 763 845 569 631 411 418 303 275 211 184 143 987 772 2223 1387 3868 214 16623 2250 219 296 247 264 343 486 421 428 579 517 598 598 681 774 680 814 663 737 637 718 643 750 861 575 649 413 422 309 277 216 185 147 976 774 1967 1385 3859 214 16623 4250 243 274 262 299 375 476 445 445 544 508 594 611 652 806 702 832 691 742 648 711 641 736 837 544 616 396 402 292 264 203 179 140 984 773 1978 1386 3868 214 16700 250 259 325 258 281 396 445 386 449 457 544 503 625 646 794 653 824 626 762 618 711 622 745 836 561 620 404 407 303 268 212 181 143 983 773 1988 1386 3900 214 16700 2250 249 308 228 318 432 433 348 462 442 566 472 668 586 831 631 856 609 782 602 746 615 775 831 577 634 420 421 314 278 218 187 146 976 773 1999 1386 3909 237 16700 4250 210 320 260 229 314 511 473 427 517 500 578 615 678 799 709 829 684 767 644 736 647 765 864 576 636 414 418 306 274 212 183 146 978 772 2216 1386 3909 214 16701 250 242 376 288 269 364 478 472 454 527 497 578 598 696 767 730 816 704 742 673 713 679 746 887 553 639 402 410 294 266 207 180 140 974 772 2225 1386 3925 237 16701 2250 234 320 235 291 373 430 395 493 418 551 542 604 640 788 686 855 689 767 650 720 664 743 861 554 627 400 409 295 266 205 180 140 988 773 1967 1386 3917 191 16701 4250 273 294 235 294 369 523 464 448 478 508 554 638 635 824 674 842 692 748 674 721 667 751 882 558 633 396 408 295 267 207 180 141 991 773 1976 1386 3942 191 16702 250 225 323 212 268 348 402 342 415 416 498 539 637 625 821 695 831 689 731 645 711 650 727 859 543 622 397 405 291 266 204 176 139 990 773 1986 1385 3933 167 16702 2251 257 335 252 259 319 531 448 436 496 511 628 634 720 791 746 841 717 746 691 707 687 720 886 548 629 393 407 290 267 207 178 142 975 773 1995 1386 3958 191 16702 4251 267 326 254 249 316 562 447 458 516 484 626 616 688 786 731 809 678 714 667 706 665 726 855 542 611 399 404 294 265 206 179 142 980 772 2212 1386 3958 167 16703 251 249 382 221 275 356 406 350 495 410 533 515 648 618 800 719 849 701 737 654 697 656 729 856 545 623 398 401 292 263 210 178 140 986 772 2221 1386 3966 144 16703 2251 277 345 245 274 329 457 436 542 492 609 539 634 667 806 707 838 705 758 686 713 670 745 873 556 635 401 412 294 269 208 183 143 976 773 1964 1386 3983 167 16703 4251 297 389 261 272 368 398 372 540 425 531 527 632 645 803 713 843 694 759 664 708 663 735 862 548 629 392 409 289 265 203 176 141 982 773 1976 1386 3966 167 16704 251 294 417 241 268 353 469 380 466 480 544 507 648 632 819 681 832 647 713 624 698 609 725 802 543 597 393 396 289 264 205 178 141 988 773 1986 1386 3975 167 16704 2251 309 357 209 343 376 443 397 453 385 534 467 588 580 755 668 808 631 676 611 665 608 699 806 523 594 381 388 285 255 199 170 136 998 773 1996 1386 3958 167 16704 4251 245 399 181 229 309 389 350 429 430 503 478 637 613 723 672 778 640 667 616 654 618 674 816 513 593 366 388 272 251 192 167 132 1008 772 2213 1386 3925 167 16705 251 313 352 184 238 278 374 360 442 390 516 502 630 602 786 663 835 632 716 599 694 595 712 797 541 599 386 391 285 258 200 173 135 1004 772 2223 1386 3958 191 16705 2251 283 366 184 259 318 400 373 425 422 550 480 605 612 762 634 795 605 654 587 660 575 670 755 509 559 369 373 273 250 194 165 131 1010 773 1967 1385 3925 214 16705 4251 347 360 179 283 357 414 390 436 413 469 483 581 594 731 636 767 630 680 596 669 587 684 789 519 579 377 380 282 254 194 167 133 1009 773 1980 1385 3933 214 16706 251 269 356 163 259 304 337 384 423 423 467 480 617 615 737 638 764 595 660 578 640 585 668 779 510 579 372 380 270 249 190 165 129 1016 773 1991 1386 3884 237 16706 2251 341 376 196 250 344 405 360 385 361 478 458 632 530 741 627 780 576 645 569 642 567 675 748 506 557 372 375 275 248 192 165 132 1015 773 2004 1386 3900 237 16706 4251 332 351 208 237 351 414 336 437 375 443 459 610 571 762 662 789 618 677 595 662 602 695 797 518 581 382 392 280 257 196 169 133 1008 772 2222 1386 3892 307 16707 251 291 353 230 270 318 432 377 426 397 522 527 578 582 758 663 781 620 643 615 640 599 661 780 507 579 366 375 269 248 190 165 128 1011 772 2233 1386 3859 283 16707 2251 309 309 227 295 404 373 335 468 386 546 483 639 600 748 628 778 607 680 570 653 574 681 761 514 562 373 379 279 250 194 166 134 1010 773 1976 1386 3859 260 16707 4251 279 432 189 294 342 428 455 438 413 511 550 640 648 792 645 806 624 676 595 664 611 695 794 523 591 374 389 279 254 194 169 133 1002 773 1986 1386 3835 260 16708 251 376 414 214 303 409 339 319 460 374 609 447 709 570 833 652 851 658 723 607 673 615 708 817 537 610 383 394 282 259 198 173 136 998 772 2205 1387 3859 260 16708 2251 258 450 235 281 358 463 434 418 466 541 581 664 680 794 696 783 673 696 611 668 613 710 820 537 603 388 397 286 259 200 173 136 990 773 2006 1386 3802 260 16708 4251 248 456 302 328 353 563 430 392 470 501 609 645 659 778 751 761 693 672 634 648 640 696 837 530 611 384 398 284 261 201 175 136 988 772 2224 1387 3802 260 16709 251 346 504 290 329 425 531 438 466 494 522 572 657 677 776 718 768 682 684 618 652 615 684 815 519 603 384 393 282 258 199 173 136 983 773 1965 1386 3843 260 16709 2251 293 458 254 259 370 459 407 417 449 494 589 634 651 769 707 789 668 681 628 660 625 689 824 529 600 387 395 286 261 202 174 137 991 773 1975 1386 3818 237 16709 4251 307 356 235 273 343 437 426 491 462 535 609 675 639 817 697 847 637 730 610 698 614 714 817 543 608 394 398 294 263 205 176 139 989 773 1986 1387 3826 260 16710 251 280 328 223 308 380 405 388 490 440 566 573 718 599 840 651 857 624 778 599 701 613 715 820 554 610 403 399 295 267 209 178 141 989 773 1996 1386 3802 260 16710 2251 287 339 190 220 349 335 296 349 328 450 480 552 521 678 559 761 560 691 557 664 565 693 781 537 584 390 395 290 260 203 173 137 1015 773 2006 1386 3818 237 16710 4251 209 317 239 188 290 332 285 342 380 467 468 606 556 711 599 748 584 669 572 661 584 684 783 522 588 376 386 277 251 192 166 131 1022 771 2222 1387 3793 214 16711 251 178 260 170 189 288 310 270 341 324 440 412 562 491 714 553 773 583 679 547 655 571 689 778 519 583 376 385 279 252 194 167 131 1033 773 1964 1387 3793 260 16711 2251 187 288 193 206 277 342 261 352 321 441 410 564 486 704 553 772 580 702 550 666 572 694 779 520 591 375 386 277 252 192 166 129 1029 773 1976 1386 3802 237 16711 4251 199 319 235 192 239 377 327 313 395 394 507 509 567 677 605 705 593 638 563 632 568 668 771 515 569 376 380 281 251 196 168 133 1021 773 1987 1386 3826 260 16712 252 185 253 181 186 264 324 242 337 309 471 444 538 521 695 575 799 614 692 578 665 586 695 788 514 593 373 385 272 250 189 165 129 1028 771 2205 1387 3826 260 16712 2252 184 287 209 228 290 343 273 390 358 449 449 563 533 735 587 780 591 708 569 677 586 708 793 520 589 380 387 279 254 196 169 131 1026 773 2009 1386 3843 283 16712 4252 203 348 239 185 269 448 377 354 425 429 523 541 613 696 632 737 613 659 579 671 587 687 773 516 569 376 378 276 248 194 166 132 1017 771 2226 1387 3843 283 16713 252 185 281 229 217 294 385 336 425 363 588 455 610 548 758 577 832 591 710 561 696 590 722 809 538 611 386 401 281 259 200 172 134 1009 773 1969 1386 3851 283 16713 2252 186 368 246 222 262 434 366 350 422 496 504 565 588 715 649 764 638 688 609 676 610 693 801 521 584 374 378 275 250 193 168 132 1009 773 1980 1386 3868 307 16713 4252 185 386 189 261 286 367 303 387 339 492 461 550 574 696 621 766 640 667 603 655 606 686 797 508 581 365 381 269 250 191 165 130 1019 773 1992 1386 3868 307 16714 252 218 256 213 239 315 472 327 411 352 484 494 579 544 737 627 815 644 722 616 681 626 718 829 532 607 380 395 278 258 195 169 132 1010 773 2002 1386 3892 307 16714 2252 179 283 219 184 216 334 238 234 244 281 311 362 385 520 431 526 436 447 385 442 414 493 588 381 450 289 303 217 200 152 135 104 1101 771 2219 1386 3892 307 16714 4252 158 247 158 185 208 303 211 245 272 284 313 393 395 532 401 532 417 459 380 474 406 506 577 392 446 298 307 223 204 156 136 104 1105 771 2229 1385 3884 260 16715 252 161 294 218 192 200 324 241 241 278 283 326 371 408 535 423 507 427 450 402 450 418 493 587 382 444 280 294 211 192 151 131 102 1101 773 1970 1387 3884 307 16715 2252 141 255 170 172 200 294 213 234 244 280 315 397 409 522 440 534 426 457 395 453 427 506 595 384 453 293 299 221 201 151 134 103 1105 773 1981 1386 3884 283 16715 4252 181 309 231 193 233 387 268 271 315 331 392 409 440 551 477 570 455 479 419 482 452 527 635 401 468 296 310 222 205 155 139 107 1087 773 1992 1387 3892 307 16716 252 198 289 182 234 264 359 283 280 308 326 362 439 445 577 477 583 464 488 432 483 455 532 630 406 476 303 316 228 209 158 137 107 1083 772 2003 1387 3917 307 16716 2252 195 294 219 231 245 344 248 254 283 319 369 415 448 530 488 556 485 481 428 471 452 516 620 400 463 295 303 225 202 156 135 107 1086 771 2221 1387 3900 307 16716 4252 231 330 276 223 272 402 282 311 354 380 391 428 454 611 478 582 449 488 428 490 445 538 622 411 467 307 312 229 210 164 142 111 1074 771 2232 1388 3909 330 16717 252 179 322 247 169 219 377 275 260 338 354 390 395 455 561 480 551 469 469 427 465 448 522 621 395 465 296 308 221 204 156 138 108 1086 773 1974 1388 3876 353 16717 2252 170 316 194 178 228 317 250 243 336 357 367 373 431 552 457 538 441 451 410 456 438 495 604 394 446 291 304 220 204 153 133 104 1094 773 1986 1387 3876 353 16717 4252 194 314 215 203 255 304 222 297 311 366 329 425 425 551 428 541 412 461 405 464 433 509 592 395 449 302 308 224 204 157 137 106 1092 773 1998 1387 3868 353 16718 252 188 300 259 195 252 326 250 282 321 355 392 396 428 520 472 520 461 452 410 460 437 490 592 389 451 289 301 217 200 152 133 105 1094 773 2009 1387 3851 376 16718 2252 251 286 246 223 339 327 267 280 370 394 386 460 474 623 483 577 451 491 414 489 438 513 599 402 456 301 307 228 207 159 140 108 1079 773 2021 1387 3868 376 16718 4252 213 369 232 190 303 316 280 304 294 395 405 460 456 591 476 571 467 499 416 489 444 516 605 389 451 292 304 216 201 151 135 104 1087 772 2239 1386 3851 400 16719 252 221 344 229 225 328 316 301 282 319 367 392 445 436 577 490 593 477 502 428 484 452 513 617 392 460 294 309 218 206 153 135 105 1085 773 1979 1387 3835 376 16719 2252 223 409 256 219 322 325 256 329 299 394 383 446 416 597 476 563 453 489 417 476 447 504 609 389 452 284 300 213 198 150 134 104 1087 773 1990 1387 3843 400 16719 4252 252 382 247 226 294 335 279 319 326 401 359 484 445 609 482 610 462 510 446 505 459 530 632 400 477 299 319 222 208 154 137 106 1077 773 2001 1386 3843 376 16720 252 237 340 208 165 261 284 251 265 295 382 354 384 419 519 468 528 419 461 402 455 426 491 577 385 435 285 295 213 195 149 130 102 1098 773 2012 1388 3826 400 16720 2252 202 364 230 213 263 330 270 283 297 312 337 438 436 526 479 548 454 461 411 462 442 492 584 384 446 283 292 213 196 147 130 101 1095 773 2023 1388 3793 376 16720 4252 194 391 206 223 246 348 270 227 286 353 335 417 381 518 451 550 446 462 416 460 438 501 599 384 457 283 299 214 200 150 134 103 1092 771 2241 1388 3793 400 16721 252 233 340 203 213 251 363 318 315 326 374 377 455 408 569 474 575 450 481 415 478 440 515 592 395 452 296 304 226 201 155 135 106 1086 773 1981 1387 3802 400 16721 2252 211 371 197 218 275 403 265 276 314 354 372 435 418 550 430 583 457 489 420 478 440 516 603 399 463 298 308 225 203 156 134 106 1084 773 1991 1386 3802 376 16721 4253 213 366 231 234 281 378 286 257 318 382 393 451 445 580 495 574 458 486 422 483 452 507 602 394 444 292 297 215 201 153 133 104 1086 773 2001 1387 3785 376 16722 253 301 503 311 243 304 449 314 311 337 392 398 439 469 543 483 542 477 462 456 454 460 497 612 392 444 293 301 220 204 155 135 106 1072 773 2013 1387 3835 376 16722 2253 223 351 215 183 251 390 268 251 314 363 382 446 446 581 480 571 453 474 436 473 439 520 614 393 452 296 303 218 199 155 136 105 1082 773 2024 1387 3802 376 16722 4253 284 361 210 237 318 379 298 321 349 367 401 466 446 588 452 585 435 517 424 514 449 544 626 411 467 309 317 232 210 163 141 111 1069 771 2242 1388 3826 400 16723 253 246 342 199 253 297 355 269 330 319 405 365 472 415 603 461 615 451 527 433 502 453 536 619 402 474 302 314 220 206 153 137 104 1079 773 1982 1387 3810 376 16723 2253 244 348 210 286 289 376 321 312 354 361 373 447 440 574 488 576 480 498 436 483 442 515 604 393 443 294 303 221 204 156 136 107 1078 773 1992 1387 3826 376 16723 4253 246 368 243 290 300 431 300 304 375 405 406 502 465 590 471 620 474 526 449 522 470 547 622 406 471 306 317 226 210 159 139 108 1071 773 2003 1388 3835 376 16800 253 223 381 230 277 340 379 295 379 352 387 387 447 454 555 517 564 515 502 474 478 461 509 622 382 450 284 295 215 198 152 132 104 1077 773 2013 1388 3826 400 16800 2253 237 258 207 265 299 328 227 335 307 405 350 491 399 601 419 636 455 526 436 511 444 544 619 411 473 300 316 225 206 158 139 107 1080 772 2024 1387 3859 400 16800 4253 263 300 236 227 276 416 331 315 403 403 403 445 451 571 467 577 447 507 432 501 443 539 617 411 469 310 314 231 209 160 139 110 1076 771 2243 1387 3892 400 16801 253 228 290 182 238 276 347 309 311 364 415 388 477 449 591 459 608 470 541 430 515 435 544 599 413 457 307 309 226 206 159 138 110 1079 772 1983 1386 3868 400 16801 2253 234 361 199 226 257 394 298 270 399 383 372 447 453 598 492 594 484 518 462 512 458 551 634 421 484 311 318 230 210 160 139 110 1072 773 1994 1387 3900 400 16801 4253 322 294 208 307 316 335 261 408 345 460 359 575 420 675 446 714 443 596 436 583 447 604 625 453 494 335 336 246 224 169 148 115 1060 772 2005 1388 3933 400 16802 253 304 283 170 306 327 372 270 413 367 479 401 571 412 665 459 707 458 590 462 564 457 593 635 442 490 327 332 240 220 166 149 113 1064 773 2017 1387 3942 423 16802 2253 238 286 178 320 354 391 286 393 388 469 369 549 467 668 483 695 491 581 477 560 474 589 654 438 498 327 329 242 221 168 148 114 1058 773 2028 1387 3925 446 16802 4253 209 295 226 307 283 429 335 362 344 394 396 489 490 589 494 626 524 537 461 510 463 527 616 404 455 297 305 224 205 156 137 110 1070 771 2246 1388 3909 423 16803 253 269 320 251 280 293 493 368 355 409 426 417 493 504 626 490 642 507 543 465 531 463 558 614 418 464 310 317 232 213 163 142 114 1062 773 1987 1387 3942 423 16803 2253 275 317 224 242 275 486 373 287 389 437 446 489 518 632 525 632 512 518 472 513 472 540 632 411 468 304 311 229 206 160 140 109 1062 773 1997 1387 3942 423 16803 4253 289 291 211 353 312 501 358 405 365 462 461 509 472 652 523 680 520 555 498 539 496 568 657 418 501 312 329 233 213 161 142 110 1055 772 2007 1387 3958 423 16804 253 293 372 224 300 325 448 372 356 397 402 421 522 514 644 526 647 509 543 465 527 469 548 635 409 473 305 310 227 208 161 141 111 1056 772 2018 1388 3958 423 16804 2253 260 480 339 345 341 497 372 374 399 399 455 498 551 623 543 638 534 539 499 520 485 548 661 417 489 311 329 233 214 164 144 115 1046 772 2028 1386 3950 423 16804 4253 290 363 227 271 300 469 365 361 449 410 483 529 555 666 545 642 541 547 485 538 475 555 635 419 467 314 317 232 211 164 143 113 1054 771 2247 1387 3966 423 16805 253 272 299 199 296 372 438 357 431 410 447 453 558 524 662 541 668 518 541 461 517 474 558 627 420 471 309 319 236 216 163 144 113 1052 772 1987 1388 3933 423 16805 2253 334 434 251 364 399 427 415 393 386 422 445 503 538 637 550 656 549 531 486 512 484 542 647 412 479 306 320 229 211 163 142 113 1046 773 1998 1387 3950 423 16805 4253 312 357 251 335 407 468 424 429 417 448 455 556 548 681 545 672 521 556 489 533 480 551 650 414 477 311 321 230 211 161 142 112 1050 772 2008 1388 3950 400 16806 253 375 345 259 303 362 509 482 354 435 409 473 552 569 651 555 648 516 564 479 515 479 558 646 416 477 313 321 230 216 165 147 116 1044 772 2019 1387 3958 423 16806 2253 342 298 262 334 340 410 368 448 350 484 449 540 523 651 540 671 509 553 477 537 489 558 642 412 487 318 326 238 215 164 143 112 1053 772 2030 1387 3925 423 16806 4253 325 430 218 306 379 408 342 424 419 467 459 549 516 638 545 633 500 553 451 528 469 556 622 412 479 318 325 233 215 162 144 113 1058 771 2250 1388 3917 446 16807 253 364 457 286 286 367 596 463 339 473 424 489 513 511 646 550 646 494 534 466 528 471 553 628 410 481 312 321 232 214 162 145 112 1049 772 1989 1387 3909 469 16807 2254 364 406 222 270 321 495 420 437 455 468 475 536 541 648 525 635 513 530 463 523 485 537 634 408 487 306 322 228 214 160 141 110 1056 772 2000 1386 3900 446 16807 4254 373 429 215 296 319 487 412 411 400 449 424 534 503 631 541 656 508 535 475 521 471 536 631 400 479 300 313 222 206 155 138 108 1056 772 2013 1387 3892 446 16808 254 385 396 257 361 385 535 393 391 412 425 423 542 523 662 544 652 512 555 466 534 471 559 631 421 485 318 323 239 216 166 148 116 1044 772 2024 1387 3900 469 16808 2254 296 457 303 277 344 554 470 374 484 427 483 495 520 607 535 635 491 553 453 527 464 553 639 418 484 318 327 240 216 169 148 116 1047 771 2243 1387 3851 446 16808 4254 227 389 205 250 322 460 411 412 421 478 417 540 484 652 567 665 507 528 466 510 488 536 643 407 493 299 317 225 208 159 140 109 1060 771 2254 1387 3793 446 16809 254 240 459 185 281 324 445 423 347 396 408 439 481 509 614 547 656 531 526 469 512 486 543 644 409 487 302 318 226 209 159 143 111 1060 772 1993 1386 3793 469 16809 2254 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 772 2004 1383 3678 469 16809 4254 226 298 220 164 279 331 247 247 263 325 310 389 348 492 386 509 379 451 368 454 393 492 560 378 432 288 291 216 197 151 131 103 1103 772 2015 1386 3777 446 16810 254 194 292 178 161 207 303 255 235 285 309 308 370 362 480 383 497 376 446 367 450 388 482 542 374 421 284 287 214 191 147 128 100 1113 771 2236 1388 3769 492 16810 2254 207 226 147 179 256 277 205 242 253 330 286 399 342 495 371 535 381 481 356 481 389 504 554 397 432 296 302 221 201 151 135 103 1106 772 2035 1387 3777 469 16810 4254 212 218 134 183 242 237 204 277 237 353 267 399 338 536 378 548 392 480 380 477 408 503 583 385 449 283 298 211 195 147 129 98 1109 771 2254 1387 3769 492 16811 254 190 239 163 198 219 282 251 248 270 307 311 379 401 512 431 554 461 487 419 463 440 497 595 375 443 279 293 208 192 144 128 100 1108 772 1993 1387 3777 469 16811 2254 188 227 145 186 222 248 226 276 254 366 292 446 363 538 399 577 410 512 398 529 426 532 598 409 457 304 308 226 205 157 137 105 1097 772 2004 1388 3769 492 16811 4254 169 259 161 185 211 286 252 245 312 299 361 399 429 519 445 533 459 460 423 460 435 489 598 376 446 282 290 211 193 144 129 100 1104 772 2014 1386 3777 469 16812 254 189 217 152 192 232 212 201 275 269 361 286 426 359 557 357 581 380 500 373 509 410 535 581 407 462 301 315 224 206 157 136 106 1100 772 2025 1386 3793 492 16812 2254 207 237 150 215 266 229 232 302 276 381 315 456 408 548 454 589 467 504 453 494 463 524 628 395 475 294 311 217 200 152 133 103 1098 771 2246 1386 3810 516 16812 4254 193 241 195 156 223 299 305 272 335 335 360 437 462 546 468 574 458 519 441 510 452 539 617 416 465 312 314 228 207 159 139 109 1086 771 2257 1386 3826 516 16813 254 303 325 182 223 310 291 254 337 292 422 343 494 400 599 417 623 432 545 423 534 440 556 621 425 478 317 321 238 214 165 143 113 1070 772 1998 1387 3884 539 16813 2254 209 264 212 176 241 327 300 273 382 353 428 453 476 554 464 594 452 518 431 507 442 536 615 414 468 308 315 228 210 159 140 108 1079 772 2012 1388 3843 562 16813 4254 228 242 172 259 282 315 296 281 391 357 448 437 506 554 535 586 506 512 473 503 472 537 641 405 474 301 311 224 206 154 137 106 1076 772 2027 1387 3868 609 16814 254 227 222 179 258 319 276 250 376 303 451 344 507 415 652 442 668 463 566 432 556 449 574 632 428 484 311 326 230 215 160 143 108 1080 772 2042 1387 3884 655 16814 2254 243 306 218 210 291 301 313 362 336 356 386 435 500 565 524 590 507 507 448 496 459 522 604 397 445 293 299 219 199 153 134 106 1083 771 2269 1389 3892 702 16814 4254 223 230 212 248 285 365 326 326 426 370 498 466 541 610 567 624 537 549 499 528 501 549 666 419 500 303 318 223 206 157 138 108 1067 771 2284 1388 3892 748 16815 254 221 271 229 275 336 411 321 352 398 466 478 550 526 653 534 666 530 561 502 555 495 572 664 423 504 307 324 226 208 157 140 109 1062 773 2024 1387 3909 795 16815 2254 278 287 265 326 371 406 350 393 410 450 483 504 563 616 575 648 540 552 500 539 505 556 661 413 488 304 314 225 209 160 140 111 1060 772 2037 1388 3950 795 16815 4254 194 285 232 271 342 441 355 371 380 518 465 500 514 636 501 658 502 544 448 530 465 555 633 421 476 312 318 227 207 159 141 111 1069 772 2050 1388 3909 795 16816 254 299 316 302 287 333 392 384 374 389 475 438 504 490 640 534 663 500 561 454 559 466 561 633 424 468 312 316 232 210 162 142 111 1066 772 2061 1389 3950 795 16816 2254 232 325 317 211 320 397 410 303 387 394 423 471 533 615 577 620 556 531 488 531 500 546 653 416 471 304 309 222 207 155 138 108 1062 771 2283 1388 3917 771 16816 4254 316 314 262 282 375 449 415 399 415 423 461 495 573 634 564 644 545 561 491 543 486 559 658 415 474 310 318 230 215 160 141 111 1056 771 2292 1389 3975 771 16817 255 382 440 334 281 411 442 407 415 434 471 421 488 575 662 546 665 519 554 477 535 486 555 647 415 477 307 313 228 209 162 142 112 1045 772 2025 1387 3999 748 16817 2255 313 343 270 271 345 417 389 361 407 437 423 473 545 637 556 667 496 557 464 538 474 555 635 413 478 306 318 231 210 161 143 112 1058 773 2035 1388 3958 748 16817 4255 286 369 326 302 379 397 380 359 447 435 446 473 523 634 592 660 531 546 490 526 492 558 653 409 479 298 309 226 206 158 141 110 1053 772 2046 1388 3942 748 16818 255 320 361 291 367 443 392 393 404 441 463 462 476 567 641 562 700 511 565 477 551 482 578 642 434 496 316 326 241 220 167 147 115 1054 771 2267 1389 3933 702 16818 2255 330 369 332 344 415 438 406 376 449 486 446 491 538 630 551 653 519 557 476 540 474 551 641 413 476 302 314 226 209 161 140 111 1059 771 2275 1388 3925 748 16818 4255 340 299 279 356 401 456 435 383 448 432 464 502 511 671 602 661 509 556 463 542 482 561 643 428 478 312 314 235 218 165 144 114 1051 772 2013 1388 3942 725 16819 255 331 379 275 343 414 464 475 415 457 425 517 550 535 701 571 707 528 572 470 568 488 571 650 427 497 317 323 239 218 166 146 115 1044 772 2022 1388 3925 725 16819 2255 380 349 326 246 337 478 436 315 486 477 519 518 554 629 575 662 517 567 466 551 482 566 649 418 479 309 321 235 214 165 145 115 1043 772 2033 1388 3942 725 16819 4255 394 386 366 293 332 502 463 399 470 451 534 555 547 686 583 679 534 575 500 568 516 575 670 442 504 318 328 244 222 166 148 117 1039 772 2045 1387 3925 748 16820 255 393 361 351 287 392 449 414 453 476 471 487 576 577 699 586 692 543 593 501 587 499 587 679 449 510 324 340 241 221 166 148 115 1039 771 2269 1389 3933 748 16820 2255 375 305 322 283 403 463 455 409 448 513 466 540 526 677 585 669 532 583 490 571 512 576 664 444 489 318 330 240 221 168 147 115 1042 771 2280 1388 3917 771 16820 4255 418 322 276 391 515 404 409 472 444 513 465 580 541 712 583 688 524 577 477 567 484 577 659 439 487 318 333 238 220 165 146 114 1042 772 2017 1388 3917 771 16821 255 479 308 325 282 456 447 438 457 506 538 459 558 561 685 619 687 538 576 488 548 483 576 657 441 478 321 327 238 218 170 149 118 1034 772 2028 1389 3942 771 16821 2255 417 346 307 369 523 527 426 507 482 565 530 608 599 756 640 757 556 626 521 604 518 618 700 469 525 340 354 254 233 176 154 122 1023 772 2039 1388 3900 771 16821 4255 354 615 473 264 407 543 455 481 448 481 508 576 629 713 626 713 568 603 537 565 524 594 695 451 519 332 341 248 227 176 155 124 1017 772 2048 1388 3868 748 16822 255 389 361 325 429 484 544 429 603 484 609 510 654 601 738 632 716 560 616 542 597 525 609 715 462 532 334 348 250 230 174 154 121 1019 772 2056 1388 3884 702 16822 2255 449 447 361 390 407 615 461 502 471 549 463 620 589 742 632 763 577 629 541 615 538 627 715 477 539 346 353 257 236 181 160 127 1008 771 2276 1388 3900 678 16822 4255 339 497 278 382 436 462 354 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349 569 472 524 586 631 714 589 745 555 650 526 611 528 646 716 482 544 355 359 262 240 185 162 127 1024 772 2014 1388 3958 702 16903 256 396 391 294 357 442 513 469 446 558 586 540 617 614 796 586 831 570 692 548 654 540 676 744 502 571 364 374 270 250 189 167 131 1012 772 2024 1388 3975 702 16903 2256 393 561 314 318 434 559 481 443 539 558 514 640 615 800 605 818 565 692 539 651 526 666 729 509 560 368 369 272 248 193 169 134 1005 772 2034 1388 3983 702 16903 4256 373 542 339 271 335 624 543 334 574 486 565 554 648 709 598 713 564 636 534 609 528 639 715 488 546 359 361 268 241 189 165 131 1009 772 2044 1389 3991 725 16904 256 398 506 312 451 495 493 427 472 467 560 541 609 673 739 685 771 628 649 584 628 556 631 748 470 551 342 353 254 236 180 160 126 1009 772 2055 1388 3999 702 16904 2256 391 447 276 494 499 496 428 495 500 544 553 598 655 744 660 783 611 646 558 610 559 621 740 468 553 340 352 252 234 179 158 126 1014 771 2276 1389 3991 702 16904 4256 436 435 371 353 473 680 541 432 544 581 571 613 649 755 614 800 584 678 559 649 546 658 734 498 558 372 371 272 250 192 171 134 999 772 2012 1387 4024 702 16905 256 439 506 327 399 538 554 443 458 523 561 533 586 648 761 647 771 586 621 533 610 530 628 710 464 527 341 348 255 235 181 158 128 1007 772 2023 1389 4016 702 16905 2256 328 435 302 352 489 495 403 506 519 593 482 624 653 763 643 776 589 651 552 628 533 641 728 475 544 345 355 258 237 181 161 126 1015 772 2035 1388 3966 725 16905 4256 423 484 450 298 439 611 564 443 599 569 551 586 732 771 691 760 600 661 576 639 556 642 735 471 548 342 358 254 242 183 165 131 997 772 2047 1387 4008 725 16906 256 313 601 446 320 440 710 539 457 632 538 544 636 733 795 710 774 642 673 570 646 566 655 753 494 560 358 366 265 248 186 165 129 995 772 2060 1387 3958 771 16906 2256 257 387 309 273 413 514 467 388 551 518 534 626 718 751 668 767 595 646 565 635 558 654 748 484 548 353 359 263 243 185 162 128 1013 771 2284 1388 3925 725 16906 4256 280 426 337 258 340 525 570 441 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553 561 648 687 567 751 574 654 540 614 520 630 713 482 532 359 352 260 237 183 160 128 1027 771 2020 1388 3843 725 16913 257 261 346 252 304 369 494 413 391 529 533 578 621 653 772 663 796 621 675 572 635 552 654 744 493 567 360 371 263 244 185 163 128 1019 772 2032 1387 3835 748 16913 2257 281 306 220 320 422 433 364 440 473 577 530 648 632 774 628 826 597 701 552 651 531 654 726 496 548 361 366 263 244 185 163 129 1024 771 2044 1388 3843 771 16913 4257 345 320 277 349 495 472 346 479 501 625 509 745 614 825 602 880 593 750 559 689 541 695 742 515 574 377 379 276 254 192 171 134 1011 771 2268 1388 3892 771 16914 257 326 299 275 329 431 504 378 495 505 635 559 692 616 870 662 886 643 727 589 681 561 689 765 498 570 364 376 271 247 191 167 131 1007 772 2066 1387 3900 795 16914 2257 270 314 255 319 385 483 367 471 486 614 572 719 627 845 653 894 631 740 586 689 562 703 772 529 588 376 381 278 254 194 170 133 1006 771 2290 1389 3876 795 16914 4257 297 296 263 275 423 413 409 467 477 524 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528 680 636 823 614 862 597 764 563 711 569 709 784 538 592 388 393 285 267 202 178 138 990 772 2021 1389 3950 609 16917 257 275 382 346 378 482 499 475 451 515 552 538 660 642 823 691 854 683 719 626 676 605 662 811 496 580 364 377 270 252 192 169 132 991 772 2019 1388 3942 539 16917 2257 315 382 299 423 448 428 386 570 500 637 555 645 639 851 698 895 655 728 600 690 593 697 805 512 592 372 380 274 252 196 169 135 999 771 2021 1387 3958 469 16917 4257 241 357 306 395 464 437 412 514 470 657 518 710 617 847 707 883 661 731 602 711 599 718 802 520 593 377 386 277 256 198 174 139 987 771 2026 1387 3925 446 16918 257 283 383 311 377 440 550 504 520 557 636 591 674 676 818 696 840 672 703 606 675 598 687 799 510 576 364 371 270 247 190 169 136 986 770 2244 1387 3942 469 16918 2257 277 447 387 430 489 668 548 574 609 611 681 686 729 828 723 880 680 703 604 672 598 678 790 502 576 360 367 271 251 193 169 135 968 770 2252 1387 3933 446 16918 4257 347 427 466 432 452 623 552 500 556 590 615 665 679 843 701 865 663 715 603 681 596 686 781 504 563 366 370 270 252 194 172 135 978 771 1992 1388 3958 492 16919 257 313 484 364 393 421 619 516 516 528 583 529 647 700 834 723 883 644 711 585 666 580 680 779 501 560 364 371 270 249 194 169 135 985 771 2007 1387 3933 516 16919 2257 376 395 351 313 478 567 520 546 541 563 589 649 668 787 682 875 636 697 564 664 561 671 756 504 560 361 365 269 249 191 169 133 992 771 2019 1387 3958 562 16919 4257 318 394 320 354 412 560 513 497 518 605 546 662 660 792 669 834 627 688 581 635 552 648 755 477 542 348 355 260 234 184 161 128 999 770 2247 1389 3925 632 16920 257 355 393 296 323 422 639 556 550 550 629 645 739 709 888 746 850 670 710 595 669 587 674 771 507 568 362 369 274 248 196 172 136 980 770 2262 1388 3933 632 16920 2257 366 457 353 407 493 640 559 552 538 656 639 732 694 891 698 874 649 723 597 683 576 706 780 518 572 378 378 279 256 202 175 140 975 770 2275 1388 3933 678 16920 4257 324 382 317 431 462 567 471 579 530 623 651 687 682 837 714 831 635 695 588 640 570 661 758 490 550 354 364 263 241 185 163 129 996 771 2015 1388 3900 655 16921 257 347 378 300 362 492 530 473 558 574 625 681 693 691 827 703 871 661 710 591 648 565 671 765 495 565 360 371 265 247 186 164 131 995 771 2025 1387 3892 655 16921 2257 360 375 261 373 497 510 493 517 510 603 669 702 738 841 738 869 656 681 594 649 582 675 777 505 563 360 373 268 245 191 165 132 990 771 2035 1388 3892 632 16921 4257 398 396 316 429 480 649 541 587 567 606 636 693 698 842 679 850 655 731 582 673 559 676 756 514 568 370 380 277 254 195 170 136 983 770 2257 1388 3909 632 16922 257 386 414 302 354 452 631 524 641 542 567 642 730 705 814 689 869 668 715 614 658 590 677 794 501 581 359 377 271 250 189 168 132 980 770 2266 1389 3892 632 16922 2258 400 492 349 320 412 752 558 541 633 569 615 631 728 834 675 810 653 710 586 666 587 683 774 519 572 382 380 287 258 204 177 144 965 770 2273 1389 3892 562 16922 4258 311 543 389 344 411 707 636 492 730 557 650 622 792 807 778 840 706 701 644 657 625 677 821 514 599 369 388 276 251 192 170 136 969 771 2007 1388 3851 516 16923 258 352 592 434 354 394 616 614 566 549 606 620 658 712 853 766 834 735 705 638 683 610 687 817 524 600 374 393 276 254 194 172 136 965 771 2014 1388 3843 516 16923 2258 440 513 317 328 414 662 557 499 571 564 662 659 715 845 703 818 656 698 594 661 588 688 783 518 579 375 390 281 253 198 174 138 974 771 2022 1386 3892 492 16923 4258 364 460 342 449 529 572 499 532 505 663 549 693 632 857 726 863 683 723 624 712 633 720 846 541 622 389 401 290 264 202 176 139 968 771 2028 1387 3851 446 17000 258 272 381 383 429 406 618 519 435 548 599 627 665 720 856 760 850 710 728 643 695 621 712 843 543 620 386 398 285 260 203 178 140 970 770 2243 1387 3810 400 17000 2258 378 498 370 345 471 815 637 435 605 521 620 639 715 776 673 779 655 672 582 651 569 676 769 519 569 381 377 285 254 203 173 138 975 771 1979 1388 3868 376 17000 4258 320 496 388 343 434 660 587 435 598 543 661 664 707 783 712 776 652 683 607 660 583 688 793 522 585 380 384 284 255 200 174 140 969 771 1988 1387 3851 376 17001 258 320 451 358 276 420 612 567 467 583 528 602 640 698 812 712 821 689 700 609 668 602 698 796 526 589 383 389 284 259 201 178 140 975 771 1996 1388 3851 330 17001 2258 263 416 317 345 442 540 458 460 593 574 615 666 705 830 795 856 715 706 642 673 630 696 855 520 611 370 385 275 251 195 173 135 979 771 2004 1387 3826 283 17001 4258 314 414 346 425 485 497 464 539 546 611 600 723 679 848 730 859 702 720 631 684 619 707 828 523 614 377 395 278 257 197 173 136 975 771 2011 1386 3876 283 17002 258 339 380 336 352 439 530 403 553 514 684 551 735 642 894 656 931 607 773 585 728 586 729 784 542 600 391 403 291 266 204 178 140 974 770 2228 1387 3884 260 17002 2258 266 350 300 422 468 471 469 538 534 589 609 771 671 859 737 904 691 747 627 700 611 713 812 526 601 372 396 276 255 195 172 136 973 771 1968 1387 3851 283 17002 4258 305 396 360 303 497 599 515 474 611 570 697 664 717 786 719 809 655 695 588 657 576 675 760 503 563 372 372 278 250 199 171 138 976 771 1978 1386 3884 260 17003 258 298 409 364 394 525 487 401 538 525 675 541 759 610 855 667 885 660 742 590 694 588 707 792 519 595 378 395 281 255 198 175 139 977 771 1988 1386 3892 237 17003 2258 318 370 341 339 464 565 415 513 531 597 574 719 626 812 643 892 626 730 582 697 584 690 778 516 584 378 386 282 256 201 172 138 986 771 1998 1386 3925 237 17003 4258 303 354 300 390 558 474 342 631 456 687 515 780 604 922 616 963 605 805 575 762 564 737 780 561 602 399 407 296 269 207 182 141 976 771 2008 1387 3900 260 17004 258 225 313 310 407 450 538 483 538 544 626 651 760 684 839 706 906 697 749 621 705 618 706 811 521 607 364 380 274 254 189 167 132 982 770 2226 1386 3884 283 17004 2258 295 337 362 343 376 586 454 545 568 604 653 733 710 850 689 879 692 718 608 697 598 700 791 522 584 377 383 283 256 200 172 139 978 771 1969 1387 3917 283 17004 4258 334 359 311 505 624 518 343 652 461 761 527 863 597 983 664 1024 657 847 606 779 594 768 805 568 617 398 414 294 275 203 180 140 967 771 1978 1387 3950 260 17005 258 265 460 341 380 640 472 440 567 519 642 565 717 703 836 760 891 736 696 644 691 611 686 794 504 570 368 369 273 246 193 168 138 972 771 1989 1387 3925 214 17005 2258 288 325 307 354 428 536 423 469 530 577 597 698 714 841 733 883 692 705 610 674 591 693 780 499 569 359 369 270 246 189 167 133 989 771 1998 1387 3942 237 17005 4258 229 393 357 335 406 644 550 437 603 590 703 750 776 825 824 856 769 694 672 686 642 689 822 509 585 367 377 267 243 188 165 133 979 771 2008 1386 3909 237 17006 258 291 389 293 344 448 592 522 479 541 615 680 699 667 858 733 855 694 712 610 688 602 696 776 504 571 368 376 274 246 191 168 136 983 769 2224 1387 3942 237 17006 2258 359 358 345 313 473 601 489 495 517 618 618 739 686 883 662 891 685 764 603 719 600 713 786 525 581 376 386 280 254 196 174 136 976 771 1966 1386 3975 260 17006 4258 326 398 382 331 475 599 596 501 561 660 661 736 718 881 730 877 708 728 623 692 599 696 792 525 580 374 380 277 252 194 172 136 973 771 1977 1387 3950 260 17007 258 327 347 366 450 615 610 644 488 573 650 673 759 766 881 776 848 732 716 654 684 626 690 806 506 587 366 381 274 248 191 169 134 964 771 1988 1387 3933 260 17007 2258 310 319 374 484 629 640 590 591 575 716 665 783 710 851 757 883 717 733 640 698 631 714 812 523 583 376 388 276 254 196 171 135 963 771 2000 1387 3933 283 17007 4258 283 382 363 384 527 597 663 554 674 619 700 723 769 868 771 851 701 724 624 684 615 698 796 519 574 370 379 274 250 194 172 134 968 771 2012 1386 3917 307 17008 259 336 348 352 380 570 634 618 536 522 644 680 763 736 897 761 864 725 719 625 688 623 699 791 515 587 372 384 277 252 194 173 136 969 770 2231 1387 3917 330 17008 2259 278 349 337 357 550 636 515 562 495 671 661 746 707 879 731 856 701 744 607 692 595 698 778 511 573 370 380 276 252 195 171 135 975 771 1975 1387 3876 330 17008 4259 365 357 348 410 554 666 605 508 637 651 639 751 735 893 744 884 709 747 617 706 611 701 790 524 586 377 384 285 256 200 176 139 962 771 1988 1387 3909 353 17009 259 424 381 453 511 652 554 547 624 617 616 706 748 763 891 797 879 736 732 652 710 640 701 827 520 605 375 391 279 256 197 175 141 949 771 2000 1388 3917 353 17009 2259 379 386 417 400 553 646 676 582 666 541 733 695 794 856 798 877 706 731 632 677 625 703 824 519 592 374 389 283 255 199 174 141 958 771 2012 1386 3892 376 17009 4259 344 430 411 415 505 686 612 592 678 645 706 755 708 884 758 910 699 742 631 707 620 703 802 521 592 376 395 282 261 199 176 139 959 771 2022 1387 3876 376 17010 259 358 416 331 438 468 605 559 599 670 726 730 745 768 897 778 885 732 735 639 701 623 699 807 521 593 370 400 285 258 197 173 140 956 769 2242 1388 3876 376 17010 2259 364 551 348 466 675 808 477 573 638 662 666 740 753 904 725 914 675 755 614 718 615 720 800 532 599 385 399 293 262 204 179 143 949 771 1982 1387 3859 376 17010 4259 450 491 390 411 577 751 606 583 681 628 684 709 729 909 755 903 689 752 633 728 620 729 809 538 601 392 404 292 268 208 184 149 937 771 1991 1388 3892 353 17011 259 475 480 465 527 592 701 500 666 585 713 647 699 707 919 764 916 726 775 649 719 624 717 814 535 604 389 397 286 264 205 180 145 941 771 2001 1388 3892 330 17011 2259 461 412 491 447 573 645 510 613 613 751 725 753 739 883 783 905 714 783 650 727 622 718 811 545 604 389 400 291 265 203 182 144 944 771 2010 1387 3884 307 17011 4259 412 553 475 444 673 666 558 681 576 807 704 883 731 1019 773 999 731 824 661 766 652 775 871 582 647 411 430 302 281 213 189 149 927 771 2017 1387 3859 260 17012 259 281 477 399 512 603 555 449 680 502 763 621 836 703 950 737 966 742 814 670 723 658 747 892 562 654 396 422 295 272 206 182 144 945 769 2230 1387 3785 237 17012 2259 270 457 414 429 515 685 557 570 572 669 663 787 734 953 802 942 759 782 687 741 679 738 871 554 629 398 415 295 268 206 182 143 947 771 1969 1387 3793 214 17012 4259 221 242 265 352 428 528 462 489 541 613 604 705 681 835 734 923 746 769 645 709 639 723 826 524 610 375 391 280 255 193 171 134 987 771 1978 1386 3777 214 17013 259 243 307 262 312 449 492 375 535 527 627 522 725 627 880 673 906 638 776 589 709 571 726 781 531 589 380 392 283 256 193 171 134 998 771 1988 1386 3802 237 17013 2259 331 291 265 259 437 399 379 520 430 640 518 699 612 828 603 842 602 745 561 698 542 703 748 533 560 383 381 281 251 197 169 133 1010 769 2206 1388 3835 237 17013 4259 170 234 260 279 361 434 400 378 527 582 568 672 688 798 757 837 702 727 642 675 600 676 785 494 577 347 368 261 240 181 161 126 1011 771 2010 1386 3777 283 17014 259 275 270 259 290 490 522 421 431 502 573 588 669 657 784 677 833 655 721 602 672 569 676 755 507 559 360 367 269 242 188 165 130 1007 769 2228 1387 3835 260 17014 2259 183 260 241 284 417 455 429 468 549 604 593 658 684 804 759 845 709 735 624 694 599 666 779 496 570 351 363 259 241 182 162 126 1009 771 1970 1386 3810 260 17014 4259 180 301 278 290 383 461 415 453 486 673 596 711 656 861 734 895 676 756 635 712 588 695 782 510 591 362 376 272 251 185 164 130 1005 771 1981 1386 3810 260 17015 259 329 330 291 307 456 488 473 455 496 589 586 694 701 836 704 828 646 731 607 692 588 701 783 528 575 374 377 277 251 191 168 134 993 771 1992 1386 3900 283 17015 2259 218 264 239 281 418 475 421 479 510 607 617 674 679 820 699 836 647 721 616 690 578 692 768 519 561 371 370 271 247 189 165 130 1005 771 2004 1387 3851 283 17015 4259 231 273 196 328 472 418 353 503 466 577 579 713 650 842 681 870 623 752 612 717 566 713 767 529 575 375 386 274 253 189 167 129 1009 770 2014 1387 3868 283 17016 259 219 262 181 322 464 413 444 461 520 564 612 665 672 817 763 859 696 721 662 684 607 679 802 511 577 357 375 265 243 184 163 128 1003 769 2232 1387 3876 307 17016 2259 226 279 226 306 468 497 348 431 491 618 608 725 624 831 748 869 698 739 666 693 612 703 824 512 603 361 382 265 246 185 162 127 1000 771 1976 1384 3900 330 17016 4259 353 411 342 342 476 599 513 484 567 627 647 719 741 824 739 820 662 717 630 674 593 687 789 512 566 363 374 270 245 189 166 133 979 771 1989 1387 3958 353 17017 259 323 338 244 427 652 472 379 564 451 704 578 775 649 909 693 953 643 800 608 736 585 735 793 545 590 390 399 290 260 200 174 138 977 771 2003 1387 3950 376 17017 2259 310 316 194 370 573 514 422 474 554 557 633 697 729 772 729 813 656 703 630 665 591 677 764 500 555 357 364 268 239 184 164 129 996 771 2013 1388 3950 353 17017 4300 301 334 271 471 578 602 510 529 545 650 636 725 721 833 759 860 682 748 662 678 603 682 802 506 584 359 373 265 239 187 163 130 985 771 2022 1388 3950 330 17018 300 284 397 283 367 640 471 390 629 535 643 652 729 723 830 758 839 739 733 658 676 618 680 803 500 577 362 375 270 241 189 165 133 979 769 2237 1387 3942 307 17018 2300 341 364 291 370 530 460 399 495 487 575 635 675 701 811 739 851 697 733 627 693 583 684 776 508 559 364 367 273 242 191 166 134 985 771 1976 1387 3966 307 17018 4300 268 348 306 337 504 496 483 488 505 601 633 735 724 805 728 910 684 710 621 699 577 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718 458 532 332 348 247 229 174 152 120 1038 770 1970 1386 3925 144 17021 300 278 272 196 210 356 361 334 421 360 507 469 556 539 650 605 696 571 597 508 573 513 605 716 445 518 325 336 240 222 168 148 115 1046 770 1980 1385 3909 121 17021 2300 293 274 160 197 299 328 321 380 352 472 486 536 566 649 590 673 545 579 518 563 508 598 699 439 508 322 336 239 223 167 146 115 1050 769 2197 1386 3900 144 17021 4300 265 248 166 193 327 327 295 347 372 472 501 550 535 657 584 686 552 574 508 573 518 589 697 436 504 318 331 238 217 165 142 112 1054 769 2207 1385 3884 144 17022 300 393 273 161 192 286 319 284 336 309 391 449 484 504 645 547 678 527 578 512 554 522 601 707 453 520 333 346 243 226 174 151 122 1051 769 2218 1386 3909 144 17022 2300 224 246 158 187 255 346 332 313 382 373 460 453 513 614 566 623 516 546 516 542 530 582 693 439 504 320 324 235 215 164 143 113 1057 770 1961 1385 3835 167 17022 4300 229 224 137 177 233 294 292 312 317 358 453 456 523 617 554 624 528 555 509 551 514 568 679 434 493 317 324 233 214 163 142 111 1067 770 1972 1384 3818 144 17023 300 218 226 143 203 251 323 291 334 322 449 443 516 507 653 572 645 547 568 519 573 524 589 702 445 504 326 341 240 221 172 148 115 1062 770 1983 1385 3818 167 17023 2300 187 216 147 201 246 328 292 312 392 415 457 490 517 634 540 614 518 545 489 543 493 568 673 422 495 315 325 230 212 163 139 110 1073 769 2203 1386 3802 167 17023 4300 191 220 149 185 257 348 305 298 357 397 467 506 497 666 533 641 540 583 496 565 490 586 673 442 500 326 331 242 220 170 146 115 1064 769 2212 1385 3793 167 17100 300 216 234 165 214 260 309 293 330 343 418 438 528 523 677 557 659 536 559 499 563 494 582 684 445 511 328 337 242 223 169 147 115 1063 769 2222 1387 3793 144 17100 2300 234 243 158 226 316 347 322 374 390 422 444 536 525 680 564 680 528 584 505 573 513 595 690 445 515 327 340 243 224 166 147 115 1057 770 1965 1384 3793 144 17100 4300 223 250 165 176 261 329 289 315 342 375 458 477 509 617 511 635 492 567 474 564 491 596 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722 472 539 340 353 249 230 172 152 118 1037 770 1971 1386 3793 98 17103 300 309 290 205 306 400 375 309 397 371 528 460 669 544 800 570 801 555 663 538 661 527 664 735 496 564 352 374 260 242 181 159 122 1025 770 1981 1385 3859 74 17103 2300 290 245 151 262 369 380 382 438 388 517 487 590 530 685 581 734 568 622 538 611 528 632 700 480 517 342 345 253 226 176 155 120 1038 770 1993 1386 3859 121 17103 4301 251 241 165 243 385 387 411 487 426 519 504 620 576 717 611 757 568 637 558 612 542 632 730 481 539 346 355 253 231 178 156 123 1029 769 2209 1386 3859 144 17104 301 379 329 224 277 422 446 462 455 473 493 541 574 616 710 602 688 557 611 527 597 526 628 712 479 526 349 355 256 231 183 158 125 1016 770 1953 1384 3917 121 17104 2301 290 307 240 208 349 469 454 454 484 480 558 585 623 726 633 742 583 642 562 609 551 630 729 486 535 345 353 255 231 179 158 124 1020 770 1965 1385 3900 144 17104 4301 248 291 230 226 386 454 474 474 479 491 547 630 614 705 593 709 567 622 535 607 533 632 709 481 530 351 354 258 232 180 158 125 1021 770 1977 1385 3884 167 17105 301 255 258 192 255 419 387 427 452 471 472 527 606 570 718 599 741 593 648 574 624 553 629 726 470 538 339 348 251 226 176 152 119 1024 770 1990 1384 3892 191 17105 2301 319 276 192 294 431 366 390 406 424 500 507 614 591 776 617 773 589 669 555 644 547 650 738 486 538 350 357 256 234 180 156 123 1026 770 2000 1385 3925 191 17105 4301 252 292 214 226 343 467 449 395 515 487 573 653 644 742 608 761 603 648 573 639 539 651 726 492 539 355 358 256 233 178 156 122 1023 769 2218 1387 3917 191 17106 301 246 324 207 280 409 479 507 429 548 519 555 641 626 755 614 774 603 671 562 661 556 675 771 506 574 364 376 268 241 183 161 128 1010 770 1960 1385 3917 167 17106 2301 244 229 206 335 492 360 372 561 397 548 445 705 509 802 557 845 573 714 546 682 551 689 748 514 564 369 373 267 244 187 163 127 1016 770 1970 1385 3909 167 17106 4301 256 314 221 289 437 454 411 432 493 474 520 674 590 737 568 774 597 692 530 673 539 690 746 517 559 376 374 276 246 193 166 132 1007 770 1980 1386 3925 144 17107 301 269 354 272 297 384 518 490 376 570 414 686 612 693 682 706 711 666 626 611 620 591 651 771 487 549 353 361 257 233 179 157 125 1004 770 1988 1386 3925 144 17107 2301 302 303 225 329 463 411 373 510 421 521 519 714 584 785 691 830 674 696 632 663 609 682 810 500 574 354 371 263 241 183 162 128 1004 770 1997 1385 3933 121 17107 4301 296 364 251 331 535 477 414 496 475 548 568 715 637 787 690 831 679 710 629 678 603 679 799 506 571 361 370 264 239 186 163 130 1003 768 2212 1386 3925 121 17108 301 284 350 256 355 544 463 338 510 420 526 542 653 626 775 678 815 672 707 611 677 609 690 809 505 575 360 367 263 242 187 163 129 997 770 1956 1386 3900 98 17108 2301 324 318 263 272 405 490 424 422 471 499 643 654 636 753 675 779 648 678 625 663 605 664 793 493 560 348 360 252 228 178 156 123 1003 770 1966 1386 3925 98 17108 4301 275 314 254 319 512 477 424 498 453 544 569 687 644 794 677 786 645 704 603 659 586 668 778 491 567 350 361 255 232 178 157 124 1005 770 1977 1386 3900 121 17109 301 266 338 244 266 440 521 520 405 564 513 635 681 687 758 682 763 650 689 612 653 595 659 772 490 557 351 357 252 229 176 157 123 1002 770 1989 1384 3884 121 17109 2301 296 374 241 355 473 482 496 481 463 559 578 685 642 780 678 809 635 713 601 665 581 677 778 495 564 356 362 256 233 181 159 125 1000 770 2000 1385 3884 144 17109 4301 271 349 263 292 444 532 538 461 549 517 654 664 697 758 705 766 658 685 618 651 598 654 777 486 553 346 357 253 226 180 157 124 998 769 2217 1386 3859 191 17110 301 346 382 310 307 467 576 511 506 554 519 689 649 724 777 726 802 691 697 636 673 605 681 796 505 571 359 364 258 238 185 160 128 989 770 1962 1386 3884 191 17110 2301 340 363 314 295 434 613 537 449 580 503 732 650 736 773 701 773 670 678 615 664 588 671 794 502 564 353 364 256 235 181 161 126 990 770 1974 1386 3868 191 17110 4301 348 323 237 348 574 559 543 574 537 656 599 749 671 833 734 879 665 760 649 717 619 733 826 544 607 381 394 280 256 196 171 135 975 770 1985 1385 3868 191 17111 301 274 430 377 368 577 679 606 483 582 599 640 679 712 797 725 876 696 724 651 712 636 720 843 541 616 381 399 286 258 202 174 140 959 770 1996 1386 3835 167 17111 2301 476 445 406 384 527 721 626 491 732 558 779 686 785 806 770 846 736 717 681 695 642 716 847 538 602 383 391 280 252 198 172 139 952 770 2003 1386 3909 144 17111 4301 384 476 382 367 619 657 574 529 623 555 682 726 731 829 690 857 661 733 621 718 611 738 812 555 600 396 398 292 261 204 178 143 952 768 2216 1386 3859 121 17112 301 305 296 243 568 821 490 474 748 473 768 545 846 614 976 684 1055 660 839 642 783 625 786 855 569 651 398 422 293 273 205 181 142 950 770 1958 1384 3818 98 17112 2301 290 329 310 378 528 656 603 486 631 504 681 690 714 877 808 891 739 763 679 731 655 731 854 542 626 376 394 276 254 196 171 137 965 770 1966 1384 3818 74 17112 4301 320 364 347 354 533 562 549 561 621 562 630 706 688 860 665 891 636 780 603 726 587 745 794 558 599 400 399 293 261 208 180 144 964 770 1974 1384 3818 74 17113 301 232 323 303 441 592 573 515 461 571 516 638 713 693 813 699 866 654 735 606 722 586 728 786 547 585 383 388 282 253 197 170 136 979 770 1982 1384 3785 5 17113 2302 276 374 324 309 462 604 607 455 533 525 684 671 735 808 708 845 656 731 606 703 594 714 790 542 571 378 380 278 247 194 168 134 975 769 1988 1384 3802 65518 17113 4302 321 412 315 397 552 640 594 474 519 550 625 711 728 857 728 870 651 761 611 726 586 731 805 563 590 389 389 285 254 199 172 138 970 768 2199 1385 3826 65518 17114 302 243 323 331 274 419 639 565 451 625 505 684 657 735 807 719 844 663 741 619 710 594 706 793 543 578 382 382 281 249 195 170 134 981 770 1942 1385 3793 65471 17114 2302 309 327 302 290 408 544 534 386 567 481 648 635 774 756 706 810 648 707 610 675 589 687 775 522 563 368 372 270 244 187 165 131 988 770 1949 1384 3843 65471 17114 4302 289 305 270 291 393 504 433 460 523 560 588 691 649 812 680 877 662 758 634 719 603 738 820 537 598 378 394 275 253 192 169 133 990 770 1957 1383 3843 65448 17115 302 249 263 207 275 412 359 377 491 460 554 516 698 615 786 687 872 682 734 643 710 610 723 811 544 591 380 386 277 251 191 169 130 997 768 2172 1383 3826 65471 17115 2302 299 314 259 281 437 430 411 473 504 536 561 639 643 775 670 842 643 731 593 692 585 716 786 533 580 383 385 284 254 197 171 136 991 770 1980 1384 3868 65518 17115 4302 316 330 311 271 407 542 486 443 563 531 648 630 695 773 708 803 648 712 602 682 588 712 782 533 572 378 378 280 248 195 170 134 987 768 2199 1386 3876 98 17116 302 357 364 213 338 449 446 448 399 462 533 568 620 636 760 630 805 628 710 579 673 577 694 774 515 576 371 381 276 249 191 167 133 997 770 1952 1384 3917 144 17116 2302 261 297 236 283 408 402 356 449 472 507 537 635 635 770 699 804 641 717 593 679 587 691 771 512 556 360 364 263 237 181 159 124 1014 770 1967 1384 3884 144 17116 4302 254 256 241 232 345 434 407 385 500 441 601 557 636 685 631 746 586 663 546 641 547 654 731 495 528 358 351 263 230 181 156 124 1023 769 1980 1385 3884 144 17117 302 292 323 283 219 304 542 507 346 587 450 674 584 739 704 730 724 680 631 620 623 592 644 782 490 549 347 354 255 229 176 153 121 1013 770 1989 1385 3909 121 17117 2302 248 281 258 246 360 481 395 373 520 430 581 555 662 680 624 719 574 649 536 648 533 652 713 497 527 357 353 262 230 182 158 126 1020 769 1999 1386 3909 121 17117 4302 329 324 245 245 350 415 392 342 489 462 536 578 621 712 622 731 612 664 564 638 565 657 744 489 540 352 355 259 232 179 155 124 1022 768 2214 1386 3942 121 17118 302 278 271 192 235 323 433 399 386 489 444 561 592 669 713 704 730 648 658 595 633 566 639 743 474 526 342 343 248 219 169 148 117 1026 770 1959 1386 3933 144 17118 2302 253 270 169 257 345 347 309 444 393 530 474 638 555 795 664 862 621 692 598 682 576 685 758 495 559 346 357 250 230 169 151 119 1030 769 1970 1386 3933 167 17118 4302 271 255 195 231 357 434 404 375 497 455 587 603 684 685 698 722 635 638 610 622 582 639 752 473 532 337 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345 245 224 170 151 119 1008 769 1977 1385 3958 98 17121 302 357 292 197 314 484 474 380 460 449 568 522 685 620 810 687 837 623 716 617 694 588 691 773 505 561 359 366 261 235 182 156 126 1005 769 1986 1386 3958 51 17121 2302 325 326 211 233 395 481 438 378 538 492 607 646 666 745 699 773 651 680 621 657 593 659 755 481 537 344 349 249 228 172 151 120 1013 768 2199 1386 3942 28 17121 4302 351 316 299 233 370 499 467 385 540 467 646 664 714 717 707 751 654 671 639 644 605 657 775 473 538 341 348 246 225 170 150 120 1005 768 2206 1385 3942 28 17122 302 358 294 235 277 454 377 360 383 346 500 483 628 565 717 673 750 620 651 588 621 575 634 756 463 535 335 343 243 224 169 149 118 1023 769 1948 1383 3933 5 17122 2302 365 286 176 286 485 384 343 427 344 505 447 666 592 735 658 795 622 660 567 651 565 651 755 481 530 345 337 253 222 173 148 120 1022 769 1954 1384 3933 65471 17122 4302 355 360 294 235 383 482 436 317 454 489 548 575 649 703 676 734 645 632 603 620 583 616 744 460 523 333 338 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560 363 366 262 237 183 160 125 993 769 1957 1384 3892 65448 17201 303 450 376 247 368 500 444 324 502 433 583 514 660 640 789 674 812 627 705 593 668 584 675 772 505 572 361 372 262 239 182 159 125 998 768 2172 1385 3892 65425 17201 2303 389 416 371 286 400 501 409 412 521 533 537 642 633 790 603 819 608 697 569 674 567 684 764 504 570 361 371 264 240 182 161 124 994 769 1977 1384 3859 65425 17201 4303 449 353 352 290 442 460 402 420 502 517 575 635 712 746 714 785 642 686 606 662 587 678 791 511 567 368 364 268 240 185 163 128 992 768 2189 1385 3884 65448 17202 303 430 387 375 284 498 493 369 465 534 540 591 667 660 788 638 806 590 709 572 684 560 691 752 523 557 377 372 272 242 187 163 129 994 769 1937 1384 3876 65425 17202 2303 454 359 305 377 538 519 432 548 493 543 511 628 635 787 641 833 608 721 578 674 564 693 761 520 558 379 369 274 243 190 165 131 988 769 1948 1383 3892 65448 17202 4303 401 355 319 332 500 469 412 516 435 568 508 612 611 777 634 804 595 690 570 672 558 679 749 500 550 363 359 262 237 179 157 123 1003 769 1958 1384 3876 65448 17203 303 420 389 314 297 462 511 409 449 493 545 570 667 697 740 647 782 613 696 598 657 564 670 747 498 549 357 363 263 234 181 158 125 992 768 2173 1385 3884 65448 17203 2303 404 281 279 293 427 496 420 428 470 456 582 580 638 692 630 753 599 650 567 621 550 645 725 485 531 351 348 255 226 176 152 121 1017 768 2183 1384 3892 65448 17203 4303 351 420 337 241 300 569 498 394 592 479 656 578 706 695 674 737 631 663 581 636 570 653 757 494 550 362 362 262 235 182 158 124 1005 767 2193 1384 3876 65448 17204 303 255 317 278 247 369 504 437 400 532 502 613 585 707 728 696 761 656 659 611 634 587 653 778 483 555 343 352 245 226 171 151 118 1014 769 1939 1383 3843 65448 17204 2303 270 316 259 259 378 404 403 425 443 508 516 594 577 719 647 763 616 662 581 630 572 647 751 480 541 343 349 248 227 172 151 119 1024 769 1949 1385 3851 65448 17204 4303 229 311 216 215 312 419 435 357 501 410 565 503 621 627 649 657 600 585 544 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![](media/image1.jpeg){width="5.090277777777778in" height="1.179861111111111in"} **Global Level-1 Operations Manual** Rev 1.0 March 29, 2000 J. Lajoie & S. Belikov <lajoie@iastate.edu> <belikov@bnl.gov> Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa **[Index]{.underline}** ### Introduction.................................................................................... 3 ###### Overview of the Level-1 Trigger ......................................................... 5 The GL1 Hardware.......................................................................... 8 ####### Programming the Global Level-1 Trigger............................................. 11 ####### How to create a new GL1 configuration mode....................................\... 12 ### How to download a GL1 configuration mode......................................... 21 **[Introduction]{.underline}** The Global Level-1 trigger (GL1) is the part of the PHENIX online system that is responsible for generating triggers from the Local Level-1 (LL1) reduced bit data , coordinating busies, and managing partitioned running of the PHENIX detector. The GL1 system is comprised of three types of 9U VME-P boards with very specific responsibilities: GL1 Board 1 (GL1-1) generates triggers from reduced bit input GL1 Board 2 (GL1-2) manages the busies and Dead-4-4 counters > GL1 Board (GL1-3) generates the granule accept vector and manages the > accepted event readout. This document is intended to describe the [typical]{.underline} operation of both the GL1 hardware and software. By referring to this guide you should be able to set up and program GL1. However, it is not intended to make you a GL1 expert or facilitate anything more than rudimentary debugging of the system. **What To Do If You Find an Error in This Manual** As long as PHENIX is in operation, this manual will be a \"work in progress.\" If you find portions of this manual that are misleading or inaccurate, or you have suggestions for making the manual more useful please contact the authors (<lajoie@iastate.edu> and <belikov@bnl.gov>). **Definitions** As in all manuals, a few definitions are in order to get things off on the right foot. All computer input, output, typed commands and filenames will appear in **Times Roman Bold** type. All program messages and references to buttons, etc., will appear in **bold** type. File listings are shown in Times Roman type. Computer prompts are shown as \"**\>**\"; this may be different depending in the system you are logged in to. The most critical definition, however, is reserved for the phrase \"consult an expert\". Simply put, and expert is someone who knows more than you. In some cases where you are asked to consult an expert you may know what to do to fix a problem, but it may be more important to find out why things went wrong in the first place. The PHENIX Level-1 contact is: > John Lajoie > > BNL extension 1266 (ER only) > > 1-515-294-6952 (ISU office) > > 1-515-963-9818 (home - use this wisely!) > > 1-515-480-8312 (cell phone - use this [very]{.underline} wisely!) > > Sergei Belikov > > PHENIX Counting House (7821,7815) > > 924-0458 (home) #### [Overview of the Level-1 Trigger]{.underline} A schematic of the PHENIX Trigger and Timing systems is shown in Figure 1. Note in particular the connections between GL1 and the Granule Timing Modules (GTMs), where each granule controls four signals that can be sent to GL1. Two of these are busies (**FEM Unreliable** and **DCM Busy/Full**) and are sent to GL1-2 to hold off triggers for that granule (and any partition that owns that granule). The other two (**Granule Disable** and **Forced Accept**) are available for use as reduced bit inputs on GL1-1. Note that these inputs are available by programming the LL1 mode bits in the GTM scheduler for any granule, not just LL1 participant systems. The box labeled LL1 in Figure 1 represents any system that places reduced bit information on the GL1 backplane where it is available for trigger purposes. While in the future this will be dedicated LL1 electronics for systems such as BBC, EMCAL, etc., during the ER this functionality is provided by a transition card in the back of the GL1 crate called the Reduced Bit Input Board (RBIB). This board accepts TTL signals on Lemo cables and converts them to the LVDS standard used by the input transition cards (called the 6Rx due to its six input connectors). The configuration of the GL1 for the ER is described fully in a later section. In order to better understand how GL1 generates a trigger, it is instructive to look at the flow of a single trigger through the GL1 system, as shown in Figure 2. The available information for making a trigger decision is placed by the 6Rx transitions cards on a backplane bus in the GL1 crate, called the *reduced bit input bus*. The user programs a crossbar to select which bits will be used as the input address to a SRAM lookup table (LUT). These bits can be selected as four groups of 20 (out of the 130 bits available) for each GL1-1 board in the system. The SRAM LUT is then programmed based on the input address to generate output for selected conditions. For a given trigger, a nonzero output bit from the LUT at this point is called a *raw trigger*. Raw triggers are counted in VME addressable counters on GL1-1. At this point the trigger can be masked off with a user-programmable mask. ![](media/image2.jpeg){width="5.979166666666667in" height="6.601388888888889in"} Figure 1: The PHENIX Trigger and timing system. Note in particular the four signals (Granule Disable, Forced Accept, FEM Unreliable, and DCM Busy/Full) that are available for each granule to send as inputs to GL1. The Level 1 Data Distributor does not exist for the Engineering Run; instead the GL1 accepted event data is read out directly via a DCM partitioner board. The next step is to apply the busy for the partition that owns this trigger. The busies are contained on a second bus on the backplane, called the partition busy bus, that is managed by GL1-2 and includes the Dead-4-4 counters. A programmable crossbar maps the partition busy for the partition that owns the trigger in question and the busy is applied to the raw trigger. A trigger that passes the busy test is called a *live trigger* and is again kept track of by counters in GL1-1. ![](media/image3.jpeg){width="5.663888888888889in" height="6.595833333333333in"} Figure 2: A closeup of a single GL1 trigger, showing the flow and programmable elements in the system. Finally, a programmable scaledown counter is applied to prescale active triggers, and again the output is counted. A trigger passing the scaledown test is called an *accepted* or *scaled* trigger and is mapped by a third crossbar to a line on the partition accept bus. This bus is monitored by GL1-3 and used to generate the granule accept vector (via another crossbar, not shown in Figure 2) that is sent to the Master Timing Module (MTM). From the point at which reduced bit data is presented on the reduced bit input bus to when the granule accept vector is sent to the MTM requires three beam clocks in GL1. ##### The GL1 Hardware The GL1 trigger crate is located in PRR.1.1 in the electronics area of the PHENIX counting house. The Timing System is located in rack PRR.1.5. The Level-1 trigger rack is typically left closed to prevent dust and contamination from building up on the GL1 boards. If you need to open the rack you will need a \"crate key\". For reference, Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of the GL1 crate and associated 9U VME cards, transition cards and beam rate inputs. This diagram can be used to identify the GL1 transition cards and GL1 internal cabling. It should be noted that each end of the GL1 LVDS cabling is labeled with the signal names on each connector end. ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="5.059027777777778in" height="4.315972222222222in"} Figure 3: A schematic view of the GL1 crate, showing the associated transition cards and beam rate inputs. Each line in the above corresponds to an LVDS cable. Note that for the ER GL1 uses a shorter backplane and the 9U and transition cards may not be located exactly as shown. Like all VME systems in PHENIX, the GL1 crate is controlled by a PPC VME processor (currently iocondev14). This processor is located in the leftmost slot (slot 0) of the GL1 crate and can be reset by pressing the **Reset** button on the front panel. Note that all the GL1 boards monitor the VME SYSRESET signal and will automatically reset themselves when the VME processor is reset. Thus, resetting the processor will necessitate reloading the GL1 configuration to ensure proper trigger operation. While each of the GL1 boards have independent reset buttons, use of these buttons is [strongly discouraged]{.underline}. Should it be necessary, the proper way to reset the GL1 crate is reset the PPC VME processor by pressing Reset button on the PPC front panel. ![](media/image5.png) Figure 4 : The GL1 board front panels and a description of their LEDs. The busies indicated by GL1-2 and GL1-2 are likely to be of particular importance to the user. The GL1 trigger boards contain a set of lights intended to indicate to the user quickly the status of the various GL1 signals, as shown in Figure 4. Of particular importance are the Granule Busy and FEM Unreliable lights on GL1-2. If either of these lights are illuminated for a given granule, triggers for that granule (and any partition that contains it) will be busied out. This is often the first place to look when the complaint \"Hey, I\'m not getting any triggers!\" arises. In addition, the global VME busy on GL1-2 is indicated by a small LED in the lower left of the board. The GL1-3 board contains a set of \"global\" busies that will hold off all triggers in all partitions, as indicated by red lights on the front panel. The Misc/Global busy is (at present) connected to the DCM that is receiving the GL1 accepted event data. The Governor Busy is a busy generated by a programmable \"throttle\" on the GL1 accepted event rate; currently this throttle is set to limit the accepted event rate to less than 25kHz. In addition to the busy lights on GL1-3, there is also a green LED to indicate that the GL1 system is receiving a proper beam clock signal from the GTM in the GL1 crate. This light should [always]{.underline} be lit during normal operation of the trigger - without a beam clock, most elements of the trigger will not function. When the GTM controlling GL1 is properly cycling (the Mode Enable signal is high) an additional green LED will be lit on the GL1-3 front panel. While this LED should be on for normal operation of the trigger, it should be off before or during configuration of the GL1 system. Certain items, such as the GL1-1 LUTs, will not permit load operations while Mode Enable is high. Finally, all three boards have a green LED to indicate VME activity. This light can be used as a visual indication to verify that software is actually addressing the correct boards during program operations such as configuration, etc. A red LED at the top of each board indicates failure of the Geographical Address Parity circuit - this LED should [never]{.underline} be lit during normal operation. If this LED is lit, it likely indicates a catastrophic failure in the GL1 board or the VME crate - call an expert. Please note that the GTM controlling the GL1 is not located in the Timing System rack, but in the crate with the GL1 itself. This simplifies the control of GL1 and facilitates software control of the GL1 GTM for downloading and configuration. While the normal GTM tools can be used to configure this GTM and load mode bit files, the GL1 configuration utility takes care of this automatically for ordinary running. In addition, starting and stopping the GL1 GTM is done automatically when using the GL1 configuration utilities. Much of the cabling that is critical to the proper operation of GL1 is located in the back of the Timing and Control System rack (PRR.1.5). In the bottom of this rack there is an aluminum box labeled GTM-\>GL1 Transition box which receives 32 RJ45 cables (one from each potential GTM) and maps them to the eight LVDS cables that are sent to GL1. Each RJ45 connector on the transition box corresponds to a very specific granule and labels on the box will show you how to identify the connectors. It is where the RJ45 cable is plugged into the transition box that defines what granule number a given GTM is mapped to. It is important to keep this hardware mapping synchronized with the software described in later sections or mass confusion will result! In addition, two cables carry the granule accept vector from the Standard Transition card in the GL1 crate (see Figure 3) to the MTM fanout in the back of the Timing and Control rack. This MTM fanout card receives the two LVDS cables from GL1 and splits them out into 32 RJ45 connectors to the GTMs. The MTM card has two RJ45 blocks; the upper block contains granules 0-15, while the lower contains granules 16-31. Each block\'s connectors are numbered \"like a chip\" starting in the upper left hand corner, down the lefthand side, and up the righthand side of the connector. Once again, the RJ45 cabling is crucial - a given GTM [must]{.underline} be connected to the same granule number in both the GTM-\> GL1 fanout box and the MTM fanout box. If this is not followed, a given GTM will either not receive accepts (at best) or receive accepts for a different granule (at worst). The above descriptions of the GL1 and Timing and Control cabling lead to one simple rule - please leave it alone! If you need to swap out a GTM (for whatever reason) leave the cabling and transition card in the back of the crate alone and just swap GTMs in the front of the crate. If you must remove and replace a GTM transition card, double (and triple) check that the GL1 and MTM cabling is correct when you are finished. **[Programming the Global Level-1 Trigger]{.underline}** Programming the Global Level-1 trigger consists of five separate steps, that are combined in one GUI: 1. Defining the granule-to-partition mapping. 2. Defining the trigger to partition mapping. 3. Defining the reduced bit input to each GL1-1 lookup table. 4. Defining triggers based on the LUT input. 5. Creating Look Up Table. (Note that steps 2-5 must be repeated for each GL1-1 board in the system) This section will take you through each of the five steps in detail. After reading this section you should be able to completely reconfigure the GL1 trigger to suit a wide variety of conditions. Before we start, let\'s set some ground rules. The instructions that follow assume that you have logged into **phoncs0** as user **phoncs**, and executed the setup command files for both the production release of the online distribution and the GL1 package. There are two reasons for this: 1. GL1 requires the commercial program **iqxcomp** that can run only on Sun computer. 2. The software creates subdirectories and files inside the GL1 directory that belongs to PHONCS. An example session (after you have logged in) would go something like: **\> setuponcs R-pro** **selecting release R-pro** **\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--** **setting up the ONCS environment R-pro** **\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--** **\> cd \$GL1_MAIN/config** The above example will leave you in the directory **/export/software/oncs/R-pro/online_distribution/GL1/config**. This directory contains the GL1 configuration programs and scripts. **[How to create a new GL1 configuration mode]{.underline}** To start GL1 configuration GUI type: **GL1cfgC** - stands for GL1 configuration for CORBA version. You will see the next window: ![](media/image6.png){width="3.2583333333333333in" height="4.125in"} **Figure 5. GL1cfgC GUI window as it appears at the very beginning.** As you can see all buttons (except EXIT) are disabled. To activate them choose a name for a GL1 mode. You can type a new name in the upper small self-expanded window or choose a name of already existed mode from the list box below. Figure 6 shows how GUI will look like after you have chosen the mode. ![](media/image7.png){width="3.283333333333333in" height="4.141666666666667in"} **Figure 6. GL1 GUI window after mode** modeF_All **was chosen by user.** The name of GL1 mode is actually the name of the subdirectory located at \$GL1_DATA (the same as \$ONLINE_CONFIGURATION/GL1/) area. Each such subdirectory keeps 16 configuration files but you need know nothing about them -- program will create and modify them itself. In this document we use **modeF_All** configuration as an example. This mode has 32 partitions, each partition has one granule and one trigger. For simplicity partition number is the same as its granule and trigger number (1-to-1). Only Forced Accepts are used to configure triggers: forced accept of a granule N fires trigger number N that belongs to the partition N. We will start by associating granules with partitions. Press the button "Granules-\>Partitions". You should be rewarded with a screen like that in Figure 7. This is a simple mapping program, with partition names (or numbers) listed in columns and granule names (or numbers) listed in rows. You assign a granule to a partition by clicking the mouse on the box corresponding to the granule and partition number intersection. If you select a granule incorrectly, you may deselect it by clicking again on the highlighted box or by clicking on correct position (since granule can belong to only one partition the previous selection will be deselected). A message will appear under the command buttons confirming the mapping and unmapping actions. ![](media/image8.png){width="5.9944444444444445in" height="5.045833333333333in"} Figure 7: The granule to partition mapping configuration window. Mode modeF_All mapping is shown. At this point a few important comments are in order. First of all, the granule names and their assignment to granule numbers are contained in the file **.gl1_granule_names** in the \$GL1_MAIN/config directory (note that this may be a symbolic link to a file in the online configuration directory). The format is very simple - granule number is listed followed by a name. An example is listed below: 2. BBC 3. ZDC 4. MVD 5. DC.W 6. PC.W 7. TEC.W 8. RICH.W 9. PBSC01.W 10. PBSC_23.W 11. DC.E 12. PC.E 13. TEC.E 14. TOF.E 15. RICH.E 16. PBSC.E 17. PBGL.E 18. MUTR.S 19. MUID.S 20. MUTR.N 21. MUID.N You should be aware that [only administrative controls keep this file synchronized with the actual hardware configuration]{.underline} (see The GL1 Hardware section). It is critically important that the information in the file be kept synchronized with the GL1 cabling configuration in the Timing and Control rack. This information is used by the configuration program for display purposes only, but it is also used by the run control partition server to list what granules are available in a partition. A great deal of confusion will ensue if the **.gl1_granule_names** file does not match the hardware configuration, so if you must edit it please do so carefully! You can change a partition name: click the corresponding name in the Partition Names row and just edit its name in the entry above. If you move mouse over partition box you will see its name in the entry. On fig. 7 the name of partition 6 is displayed. When you hit **Save&Compile** button all 32 partition names will be saved into the file named **partition.names** located in current mode subdirectory. These names will be used later by Partition Server and by Run Control to describe partitions of current GL1 configuration. OK, so you are happily clicking away and you have a granule to partition map that you like. (Note that the program will prevent you from mapping a granule to more than one partition - a definite PHENIX no-no!) Selecting the **Save&Compile** button at the top of the grid will allow you to save your configuration file and to create crossbar files that can be downloaded into the GL1 boards. If you receive any message other than **Crossbar files compiled successfully** across the top of the screen, consult an expert. If all is well, you can exit the program with the **Quit** button. You can load Granules-\>Partitions mapping from other GL1 mode by pressing **Load** button. You must click **Save&Compile** button to create corresponding configuration files in your mode configuration! Pay attention to "**GL1 Configuration**" window: before you started granules mapping the "**Granules-\>Partitions**" button was gray; when you made any changes to the mapping the button becomes red; when you saved & compiled your mapping the button becomes green. This is the policy for all buttons of "**Granules-\>Partitions**" window, it indicates the status of each operation. The next step is to assign triggers to partitions. Clicking button "**Trig-\>Par**" of any GL1-1 button group will produce the configuration screen shown in Figure 8. ![](media/image9.png){width="5.995833333333334in" height="5.050694444444445in"} Figure 8: The trigger to partition mapping program. The interface is similar to that used for the granule to partition mapping program. Configuration for modeF_All is shown. Since the interface for this program is almost identical to the "**Granules-\>Partitions**" we have previously discussed, we won't go over it in great detail here. Some of the same caveats for mapping granules to partitions apply for mapping triggers to partitions, however. Note that a given trigger can belong to [one and only one]{.underline} partition, and the program will prevent mapping a trigger to more than one partition. The next step is to define the address to the LUTs that will be used to define each trigger by mapping lines from the reduced bit input bus; you will have to do this for each trigger you mapped to a partition in the previous step. Start the configuration program by pressing "**Bits-\>LUT**" button. You should see a configuration screen like that shown in Figure 9. ![](media/image10.png){width="5.99375in" height="4.145138888888889in"} Figure 9: The GL1 lookup table address mapping program. The LUT to be configured is selected by the radio buttons at the left, while the address bit to be mapped is selected by the radio buttons for each bit. Clicking on a named signal will map that signal to the input bit. ModeF_All configuration for LUT 0 is shown as an example. It is useful to remember the architecture of GL1-1 at this point. Each set of four triggers is generated as the output of a LUT that takes 20 bits of address from the GL1 reduced bit input bus. Your job at this point is to define which 20 bits will be mapped to which lookup table. Triggers 1-4 are controlled by LUT 1, 5-8 by LUT 2, etc. Select the LUT you want to work with by the radio buttons at the left of the configuration screen, then select the GL1 reduced bit input bus elements from the any of 4 list boxes at the right. As you can see some signals of "Forced Accept" and "Disable Granule" have names that correspond to granule name. If you want to clear some bit assignment first click this bit then click \<none\> string in "Other" list box. Start from the lowest bits in the address. When you "connect" the selected bit the next bit will be automatically selected, so just click bit names one by one. Don\'t worry about uncommitted address bits; the program will automatically force those bits low when the crossbar files will be compiled. ***Note: try always to start from Bit 0 and do not skip bits -- it will significantly reduce LUT creation time.*** When you have fulfilled all necessary connections press button "**Save&Compile**". Program will save your Bits-\>LUT configuration, create and compile some crossbar files, and write for you a skeleton for raw triggers firing logic. Up to this point, configuring the GL1 has been a purely graphical exercise. What follows next may sound complicated, but keep in mind the basic job of this utility is to loop over all combinations on the 20 bit LUT address and generate raw triggers for only those combinations that you select. To start with, click "**Trig Logic**" button -- it should open the skeleton of logic file in an **emacs** window, and the file it contains should look something like this: LUT 0 { #define ForcedAccept0_bit0 0x1 #define ForcedAccept1_bit1 0x2 #define FA_BBC_bit2 0x4 #define FA_ZDC_bit3 0x8 #define Others 0xffff0 TRIG 0 { Others.eq.0 } TRIG 1 { Others.eq.0 } TRIG 2 { Others.eq.0 } TRIG 3 { Others.eq.0 } } LUT 1 { #define FA_MVD_bit0 0x1 #define FA_DC_W_bit1 0x2 #define FA_PC_W_bit2 0x4 #define FA_TEC_W_bit3 0x8 #define Others 0xffff0 TRIG 4 { Others.eq.0 } ... (The listing should include all 8 LUTs and all 32 triggers as separate sections, but I have truncated the list here to save space.) As you can see, the LUT input file contains sections that start with a LUT name (LUT 0) and are surrounded with braces {}. Inside LUT section Bit-\>LUT program defines named masks on the bits connected to this LUT address and one mask "Others" for each LUT that defines all disconnected bits. Names of the masks are the same as in Bit-\>LUT list boxes except additional suffix \_bitX is added where X indicates to what bit is this signal connected. This is done just to remind you Bit-\>LUT configuration and to avoid ambiguity in case when you connect the same signal to more then one input bit. You may be already have noticed that in addition to mask definitions inside each LUT section there are four TRIG sections also surrounded with braces {}. This is up to you to determine logic that will fire each trigger. Fill in the TRIG section with tests based on these masks to define trigger conditions. The comparisons in the TRIG section recognize the keywords \".GT.\" (greater than), \".LT.\" (less than), \".EQ.\" (equals), \".GE.\" (greater than or equal to) and \".LT.\" (less than or equal to). Program is case insensitive to comparison keywords, so you can write .gt. as well as .GT. But program **is** case sensitive to mask names, so be careful while typing them (better just use Copy and Paste). All lines in TRIG section are combined by logical AND, so for example TRIG 2 { FA_BBC_bit2.gt.0 Others.EQ.0 } means: fire trigger 2 when Forced Accept from granule BBC is high AND disconnected entries (mask Others) are low. The following is a fragment of logic file for modeF_All configuration. LUT 0 { #define ForcedAccept0_bit0 0x1 #define ForcedAccept1_bit1 0x2 #define FA_BBC_bit2 0x4 #define FA_ZDC_bit3 0x8 #define Others 0xffff0 TRIG 0 { ForcedAccept0_bit0.gt.0 Others.EQ.0 } TRIG 1 { ForcedAccept1_bit1.gt.0 Others.EQ.0 } TRIG 2 { FA_BBC_bit2.gt.0 Others.EQ.0 } TRIG 3 { FA_ZDC_bit3.gt.0 Others.EQ.0 } } LUT 1 { #define FA_MVD_bit0 0x1 #define FA_DC_W_bit1 0x2 #define FA_PC_W_bit2 0x4 #define FA_TEC_W_bit3 0x8 #define Others 0xffff0 TRIG 4 { FA_MVD_bit0.gt.0 Others.EQ.0 } ... You can define your own mask if you wish. For example, suppose you want to fire trigger 0 if any of 4 LUT input bits has signal. You can add to mask definitions: LUT 0 { #define ForcedAccept0_bit0 0x1 #define ForcedAccept1_bit1 0x2 #define FA_BBC_bit2 0x4 #define FA_ZDC_bit3 0x8 #define Others 0xffff0 **#define Any_of_4 0xf** and define trigger 0 logic as: TRIG 0 { **Any_of_4.gt.0** Others.EQ.0 } Thus by combining mask bits and by adding new lines in trigger section you can create sophisticated logic for trigger firing. You will definitely say: "Hey, guys! Your code is half C-like half Fortran-like! Can it be only in one language?" Calm down, it will be completely C-like later. OK, you modified the trigger logic skeleton file as you desired. What's next? First, save file just by choosing "**Save Buffer**" from **File** menu of emacs. Then exit emacs. ***Note: you can't continue to use GL1cfgC program until you close this emacs session***. You will see that "**Trig Logic**" button becomes green while "**Create LUT**" is now red. Push this red button and wait while program create a Look Up Table. If program finds any error in your logic file it will stop compilation and will write error message in GL1cfgC message window. The text color will be red. If no errors are found the program will create and write down the LUT. The size of LUT file is 1M strings, so it will take some time to do it. If everything is OK program will type "Done!" in message window and will convert the color of "**Create LUT**" button to green. Now the last button of GL1 configuration GUI: "Scaledown". It permits you to define scale down factor for each trigger. We definitely will not use it in Year-1 run, so just keep all values equal to 0. ![](media/image11.png){width="4.391666666666667in" height="1.4in"} Fig. 10. This window will pop up when you hit "Scaledown" button. You can set a scale down factor for each trigger of this GL1-1 board. Congratulations! You configured GL1 for one GL1-1 board. It is important to note that for the Year-1 run there is only one GL1-1 board. When there are multiple GL1-1 boards in the near future, you will have to repeat the previous four steps (**Trig-\>Par, Bit-\>LUT, Trig Logic, Create LUT**) for each GL1-1 board in the system. Generally program defines the number of GL1-1 board itself reading file .GL1temlate in \$GL1_DATA area. This file is template for GL1.config file that is created by GL1cfgC in each mode subdirectory. Only experts have right to update this file. Nevertheless you can change the number of GL1-1 boards yourself by typing the desired number into the entry labeled "Number of GL1-1 Boards". If you increase the number of boards additional blocks of GL1-1 buttons will appear, if you decrease this number the rightmost blocks will disappear. Program will make itself the corresponding changes to GL1.config file. Button "**Save&Compile All**" will save and compile **Granules-\>Partitions** and **Trig-\>Par, Bit-\>LUT** configurations for each GL1-1 if any of them was changed, but you must make steps **Trig Logic** and **Create LUT** yourself for each GL1-1. If you have reached this point after working through all of the above configuration steps, congratulations! You now have a complete GL1 configuration and you are ready to try it out by downloading it into the GL1 system. ##### How to download a GL1 configuration mode The GL1 system is most easily controlled by the average user though a Java gui. This gui encapsulates the most common GL1 functions into a set of easy to follow menus and button. To start the gui, change directory to the GL1 area and do the following: - **cd \$GL1_MAIN/** ```{=html}  ``` - **cd java** - **gl1gui** This will start up the gui, and you will be presented with a window with buttons across the top for the various GL1 elements. You should see a window that looks like that in Figure 11. Each page of the gui is organized the same: the top row of buttons accesses the configuration pages for the different boards, the **Options** section contains buttons for the user commands, while the **Status** section displays status information. ## *Note: If instead of GUI you see on your terminal the message* "Exception during ResolveName Object -- gl1. -- not found." *then just reset the GL1 PPC controller.* If you are having a problem with GL1 and you suspect that a board is dead or not answering, you can scan the current crate configuration with the **Scan crate** button. This will pop up a window showing you the configuration of GL1 boards found in the crate, along with any transition cards. ![](media/image12.png){width="5.995833333333334in" height="5.74375in"} Figure 11: The GL1 gui crate configuration window. Commands are accessed using the buttons under the Options heading or by the menu headings in the upper left. Configuration pages for different elements can be accessed using the buttons directly above the PHENIX logo. In order to download the current configuration that you defined in the previous section select the "**Run Config. Script"** button. You will be presented with a file box that you can use to select the **GL1.config** file from the directory of your configuration. At this point the gui will parse the configuration file and download the GL1 components - if you watch the VME access lights on the boards, you will see multiple accesses for each board. **Configuration Progress** bar will show you the downloading progress. If any error occur during the downloading the message window with problem explanation will appear on the screen. If "**Configuration Progress"** bar has reached 100% without any error message -- congratulations, your GL1 mode has been successfully downloaded! Note that running a crate configuration script automatically sets the global VME busy, and the **VME Busy** checkbox should be red after the script is complete. In order to clear the busy, click the "**Clear VME Busy"** button on the GL1 gui (right bottom corner). The trigger will now be fully enabled, and should now provide triggers and accepts (for those partitions that are not themselves busy, of course). The GL1-1, GL1-2 and GL1-3 pages in the configuration gui contain additional commands that allow you to read out and reset the GL1 counters. Note that counter readout windows are updated automatically by a background task - if you want to monitor the GL1 counters you can set the counter window in a corner of our screen and it will update automatically, approximately every second. The GL1-1, GL1-2, GL1-3 and BBC functions will be more fully described as this document is expanded. For now, feel free to explore. Of particular use are the **"Clear counters"** function on the GL1-1 page (which clears the raw, live and scaled trigger counters for the board) and the **"Clear Gran. Counters"** function (which allows you to clear selected granule accept counters in GL1-3). We will describe later in the chapter for advanced user how to use all these and other buttons. For an ordinary person on shift you already know enough to create and download GL1 configuration mode. Good luck!

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From: BULLELKMAN@aol.com Sent: Wednesday, February 08, 2006 1:38 AM To: Dockets, FDA; charlie@toxicteeth.org Cc: FreKoss@aol.com; sandyduffy@comcast.net Subject: Docket Number # 03N-0169 Dear FDA, Please post this e-mail to Docket Number # 03N-0169. It is imperative that this important information becomes part of public record on mercury dental fillings. By recording this e-mail to Docket Number #03N-0169, it becomes information that will be available to the "public" to include the American public, elected officials and the media because of Freedom of Information Act. It is critical that the "public" has access to this information. Thank you, Mary Ann Newell Manager of the Files for Consumers for Dental Choice MEMORANDUM TO FDA OFFICE OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS RE: FDAs LSRO/BETAH CONTRACT From: Consumers for Dental Choice, November 4, 2005 We ask FDAs office of Internal Affairs to investigate the secretive, no-bid deal jointly engineered by FDA and National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) officials with Life Sciences Research Office (LSRO), Inc., and BETAH Associates regarding what FDA had promised would be an independent study of the scientific literature on the potential health risks related to mercury-based dental amalgam fillings. First, the contractual arrangements, the subcontracting deal, and the surreptitious conduct of government employees took place in violation the evidence suggests willful violation -- of government competitive bidding rules and scientific ethics. Second, the methodology was fundamentally flawed, starting with a panel of persons devoid of research in mercury toxicity but full of pro-industry conflicts, who to this day ill not identify its bibliography, and who in an act of scientific dishonesty flipped the research question to abandon the focus on risks. Over a year ago, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) launched a formal investigation of NIDCRs role in this contract Case No. 2004-99. This year, the investigation was upgraded to a more serious level -- NIH Director Zerhouni appointed a national CPA firm, Clifton Gunderson, to investigate the charges. (NIH may not investigate FDA, however. FDA must look into its own house, instead of to keep looking the other.) While NIH investigates the LSRO/BETAH deal, FDA officials take the totally opposite attitude toward allegations of corruption showing indifference, if not an outright cover-up. In letters to at least three Senators (Kennedy, Smith, and Murray) and in public statements, FDAs leaders laud the contract and fail to disclose to the Senators that NIH has it under investigation (even though the existence of the NIH investigation has appeared in at least three major newspapers). We believe such selectivity is due to the same group at the Center on Device and Radiological Health, who not only did this contract to protect the untrammeled marketing of mercury amalgam, but is charged with enunciating FDAs policies in mercury fillings. (We have filed a petition with FDA to revoke regulatory control over mercury amalgam from the Dental Devices Branch.) The purpose of FDA and NIDCRs independent study is to arrive at pre-determined conclusions that favor pro-amalgam interests. To that end, the competitive bidding process was circumvented and LSRO was handpicked to deliver the desired results. LSRO is currently a consultant for major tobacco companies Phillip Morris and RJR Nabisco. LSROs capability appears to be more in the realm of complex verbiage than in meaningful findings. For instance, in its recent report on tobacco additives, LSRO offered, as a conclusion in its Executive Summary, the following: Although the addition of ingredients to tobacco is unlikely to change significantly the adverse health effects of cigarettes based on the magnitude of the health effects of cigarettes and the incremental mass of pyrolyzed materials contributed by the added ingredients. Huh? This isnt simply an ambiguously stated scientific observation. It isnt even a sentence. One of the reviewers of the LSRO report found it to be little more than an elaborate series of pre-determined conclusions that favor the pro-amalgam position of elements within organized dentistry, their allies at NIDCR and FDA, and by extension, the financial interests of mercury amalgam producers. From the outset, the purpose of this so-called peer review of the literature has been to parrot the refrain that mercury-based fillings are safe and to claim, falsely, that there is no scientific evidence to the contrary. In recent years, scientists around the world have come to recognize that even minute amounts of mercury can cause permanent neurological harm to young children and developing fetuses. Environmental Protection Agency scientists recently announced that 630,000 babies are born each year with too much mercury in their bodies, and that one American woman of childbearing age in six has so much mercury in her system that she is at risk of giving birth to a retarded child. That means millions and millions of American women are so burdened with mercury that they should have no further exposure to mercury whatsoever but concern over these women falls on deaf ears at the Dental Devices Branch. It is generally understood that exposure to the neurotoxin mercury comes from many sources, the most common of which are air pollution, certain kinds of fish, and so-called silver fillings which are actually 50 percent mercury. (Amalgam is a combination that is only about 35 percent silver plus other heavy metals, with mercury acting as the glue that holds everything together.) Because of health risks, mercury has been systematically outlawed in virtually all health remedies and consumer products. Lat year, Kellogg was forced to remove from its cereal boxes a Spiderman toy because it is powered by a mercury battery. Extensive studies conducted by the governments of Norway, Sweden, Canada, Germany, and other advanced nations have resulted in warnings of serious health risks particularly for pregnant women and young children associated with exposure to mercury from amalgam fillings. Referring to a 39-page report released by her government in March 2003, Dr. Liljan Smith Aandahl, Norways Chief Dental Officer at the Directorate for Health and Social Affairs recently stated: In the last decade, a considerable amount of documentation shows that amalgam releases more mercury, and that more mercury from amalgam is absorbed into the human body, than previously believed. [I]n line with the precautionary principle, it is important that the populations exposure to mercury be held at the lowest possible level. It is therefore natural to discontinue the use of amalgam and to use other dental filling materials as much as possible, since good alternatives are available. An exhaustive 2002 study, under the auspices of Swedens Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, concluded: The safety factor thought to exist with respect to mercury exposure from amalgam has been erased; and For medical reasons, amalgam should be eliminated in dental care as soon as possible. (pages 41 and 42, Report of the Dental Material Commission - Care and Consideration, November 2002, Kv. Spektern, SE-103 33, Stockholm, Sweden, emphasis added). Eight years ago, Canada adopted recommendations to stop the placing of amalgam fillings in children, pregnant women, and those with kidney problems. Likewise in Germany, the government requires manufacturers to give warnings that mercury fillings are contraindicated (= DO NOT USE) for children, pregnant women, and people with kidney problems. Similar warnings were briefly given on the American website of Dentsply, a German company that sells amalgam products in the U.S. After pressure from special interests in this country, Dentsply removed the warnings. Like tobacco, mercury-based amalgam is becoming recognized as a toxic substance that poses significant health risks. Like tobacco, warnings of these risks would help protect the health of the American public. And like tobacco, powerful forces that have profited from amalgam are determined to protect and expand its use, even to the point of using independent studies to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of a substance that the weight of scientific evidence has shown to be toxic. As early as July 11, 2002, NIDCR and FDA drafted a statement to serve as the basis for conducting its independent study on amalgam. In the Background section, NIDCR completely ignored the evidence behind the warnings of health risks issued in Norway, Sweden, Canada, and Germany, citing instead their own conclusions of a decade ago as the basis for the upcoming study. These old reports claimed that except for localized allergic reactions (extremely rare), there was no evidence that mercury-based amalgam posed a serious health risk in human [s]; and falsely stated that the World Health Organization, in 1997, reaffirmed this conclusion. In fact and Susan Runner is well aware of this point that WHO statement was a draft by a consultative group. It is sheer demagoguery by Runner and others at FDA to adopt this ADA rhetoric and call it a WHO report, when they know better. (Dr. Maths Berlin, who formerly chaired the World Health Organizations Task Group on Environmental Health Criteria for Inorganic Mercury, was the lead researcher in the 2002 Swedish study, referred to earlier, that recommended amalgam should be eliminated in dental care as soon as possible.) Further demonstrating its effort to skirt the mercury question, NIDCR went so far as to provide a misleading label of ingredients, describing amalgam as an alloy of powdered silver, tin, copper and sometimes smaller amounts of zinc, palladium or indium. Almost as an afterthought, the presence of elemental liquid mercury is mentioned, as if it were a trace element. Who would guess from such a description what is its main ingredient that amalgam is 50% mercury? NIH must immediately implement two changes: Because of their ties to elements within organized dentistry that have for years taken an aggressively pro-amalgam stance, NIDCRs Tabak and his staff, and FDAs Dr. Mary Susan Runner should be disqualified from any future role in evaluating, classifying, or providing warnings about the health risks of mercury amalgam fillings. We urge you to ensure that, if ever released, this independent study does not draw the imprimatur of the federal government, a step that would deceive parents and pregnant women into taking the risky step of exposing themselves or their children to a potent neurotoxin: mercury. Its time to void this illegal contract, and have the study done by a truly independent entity at arms length from the special interests within NIDCR and FDA one chosen through an honest and open process of competitive bidding, and enlisting a panel of persons with substantial experience in the study of mercury amalgam fillings. This report is presented to you in four parts, and includes over 30 attachments of mainly internal records, such as e-mails. I - Conspiracy to Violate Federal Bidding Laws NIDCRs Director Tabak, his assistant Norman Braveman, and contracting officer Marion Blevins, along with FDAs Runner, conspired to violate the federal bidding laws by handpicking tobacco consultant LSRO to prepare a study, designating the results they wanted, and then in an attempt to create a faade of legality shoehorning the deal into an existing contract with a management services company, BETAH. II - Conflict of Interest Tabak and Runner have been promoting the safety and effectiveness of mercury amalgam fillings while protecting a flagrant conflict of interest via their close ties to pro-amalgam interests within organized dentistry thus providing an incentive to protect mercury amalgam interests even at the risk of breaking the law. III - Operating in Secret As members of the secret committee to name the contractor, Braveman at NIDCR and Runner at FDA conspired to keep the matter secret, blocking legitimate requests for public information. IV - Attempting a Cover-up To cover up his violation of law, Tabak provided false and deceptive testimony to Congress, via a letter dated July 23, 2004, to Reps. Dan Burton and Diane Watson. --------------------------------- I - NIDCR Director Tabak, his assistant Braveman, and Blevins, along with FDA official Runner appear to have violated the competitive bidding laws by handpicking tobacco consultant LSRO to mirror their own views.[1] In November 2002, David Feigal, M.D., Director, Center on Devices, FDA, decided that there was a need for an independent, outside review of the scientific studies on amalgam.[2] The assignment created a dilemma of major proportions for Tabak, Braveman, and Runner. On the one hand, as scientifically trained professionals, they were aware of the many peer-reviewed studies raising questions about the safety of mercury amalgam fillings, and the virtual absence of peer-reviewed studies saying that mercury amalgam fillings are safe. On the other hand, if they carried through with their duties as government officials and conducted an independent study, it would necessarily bring to light information damaging to their allies pro-amalgam interests within organized dentistry. These government officials systematically planned their version of an independent study, repeating the charade they had performed twice previously: announce that they had reviewed the literature and proclaim mercury-based fillings safe. They drafted, or caused to be drafted, a contract dated July 11, 2002, to begin the process. Exhibit G. The evidence of their intent is plainly stated in the Background section, where they simply restate the results of their previous reviews and include the false statement that the World Health Organization supports amalgam fillings. The next step was to hire a consultant willing and able to deliver the intended message while maintaining the appearance of conducting an independent study. Phase One: With no competitive bidding, no request for proposal, and no public notice, NIDCR and FDA officials secretly chose a consultant with ties to the tobacco industry. At the outset of the process, Tabaks assistant Braveman, Runner, one Dr. Lireka Joseph (now deceased), and one or two other persons formed a committee or task force to name the consultant for the study. Exhibit F. Tabak was kept apprised, e.g., through being ccd on e-mails. On November 21, 2002, Braveman met with a representative of the tobacco consultant, LSRO. Based in Bethesda, Maryland, LSROs research activities in defense of tobacco companies made it the perfect candidate. On November 22, Braveman told LSRO to submit a proposal. Exhibit H (bottom e-mail). After huddling with LSRO, these government officials then wrote, or caused to be written, a second draft contract dated January 14, 2003, that calls for a Contractor to do the work instead of the government. The agreement specifies meetings to be held with the Contractor at LSROs headquarters location in Bethesda. Exhibit I. Astonishingly, this draft plainly states the biased agenda of the parties drafting the contract: Their two previous literature reviews opined that amalgam is safe, and now we have handpicked you, LSRO, as the independent contractor to repeat the process and come up with the same results. Reading that contract leaves little doubt about what conclusion these government officials wanted LSRO to reach. LSRO which had performed so eloquently for the tobacco interests was sub silentio directed to give amalgam a clean bill of health. This end point, it would appear from the correspondence, LSRO understood well. In an e-mail dated December 3, 2002, and addressed as Dear Norm (Braveman) and Lireka (Joseph), LSRO sent, in the words of the writer,[3] a pre-proposal. Exhibit H. In decidedly unscientific language, LSRO described the project as right down our alley. In its own words, LSRO made clear they understood what the trick is to producing the kind of study these government officials desired. Braveman apparently then passed this contract on to Tabak, Runner, and others, asking for comments. On January 23, Braveman e-mailed them, saying he had reviewed their comments on the contract, rejecting some and including some. Exhibit J. In this memo, he made clear that the secret decision to hire LSRO had been made: Lets keep in mind that this document is intended to be passed to our contracting people so that we can get a cost associated with whats been outlined. It is definitive only in the sense that it is intended to outline in a broad way the activities that wed like to have the contractor handle. These officials violated several sections of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR): no request for proposal, no publication of a desire for a contractor, no competitive bidding, and no open negotiations. Immediately after Director Feigal announced the need for a study in late November 2002, the contracting process focused solely on LSRO, and within a matter of weeks, the terms of the contract were being finalized. By January 2003, Braveman and Runner, along with Tabak, had agreed to contract with LSRO. The entire process was conducted in secret and, as shown below, kept secret from public scrutiny through an orchestrated series of deceptive acts and practices. In the third draft, Exhibit K (January 23), Tabak, Runner, and associates made a major change in the terms. They decided that they, the government, would determine what literature the independent panel would read, precluding the possibility that an inquisitive panel member might venture into uncharted territory (for NIDCR) and that the most up-to-date and thoroughly researched scientific evidence might inadvertently be considered. The government will separately identify and define the initial scope of the literature to be reviewed, and will manage all logistic activities relating to expert panel members. A question naturally arises about what is meant by logistic activities within the context of scientific research. And what criteria did the government intend to use to define the scope of the literature to be reviewed? Would the criteria include the warnings resulting from major studies by the governments of Norway, Sweden, Canada, and Germany? Or would these warnings and other scientific studies suggesting health risks to pregnant women and young children be minimized or ignored? Between January 23 and May 1, despite repeated FOIA requests, Consumers for Dental Choice was denied access to e-mails, or other information that might have shed light on these questions by both NIDCR and FDA. In October 2005, after three years of making requests, FDA finally responded. (While we acknowledge receipt of these records, we believe they remain incomplete. We have received nothing from the files of Dan Schultz, Linda Kahan, the retired David Feigal, or the late Lee Joseph; all have been integrally involved in this issue.) Phase Two: BETAH Associates was enlisted as straw person contractor. In the fourth draft (February 23, 2003), LSRO remained the Contractor, but a new name suddenly appeared: BETAH Associates, Inc. Exhibit L. BETAH, also based in Bethesda, Maryland, has an existing three-year contract with NIDCR to do provide management and logistical services associated with running conferences. Exhibit M. None of BETAHs services are remotely related to scientific research, and nothing in the NIDCRs contract with BETAH pertains to scientific studies an area in which BETAH has no qualifications whatsoever. In this draft, BETAH is charged with submanaging logistic activities within the Governments responsibilities. In the fifth contract draft (March 21, 2003), Exhibit M, BETAHs responsibilities became separated from those of the Government. Exhibit N. LSRO was given 10 major delegated responsibilities, Betah just one peripheral responsibility. But in the eyes of Tabak, Runner, and associates, BETAH had the one qualification that LSRO lacked: an existing NIDCR contract. Enter NIDCRs Marion Blevins. Exhibit O. As the contract officer, she was charged with putting the veneer of legality on the arrangement. At this point (May 1), through a tortuous distortion of Dr. Feigals original order, the conference-planning support company BETAH became the Contractor designated to conduct the independent scientific review. On May 13 (Exhibit P), Blevins wrote an authorization for BETAH to hire LSRO as a subcontractor. Although FDAs Runner handed to NIDCR the lead on this contract, e-mails prove that she and her colleagues at FDA remained engaged in the process from start to finish -- from awareness of the secret meetings to handpick LSRO, to drafting the contract with a blueprint of the desired result, to shoehorning in BETAH as strawperson contractor, and to facilitating LSROs retention as subcontractor (Exhibits F, H, J, Q, R, II [eye-eye]). Phase Three: The conspirators erected a faade of legality to try to cover their tracks. BETAH Associates started as a non-participant, then took on an inconsequential role doing logistics, and finally was designated as the contractor. LSRO started as the contractor, then was shifted to subcontractor, although it was doing all the substantive work. So LSRO was slipped in through the back door, while BETAH received a handsome payment in return for going along with the deal. Aware that public comment was supposed to be an important part of this study, and faced with the potential undoing of their scheme, Braveman and Blevins began to pressure BETAH to speed up the process and get the contract finalized. Exhibit Q, series of e-mails May 21 to June 4. On May 29, Braveman made clear to his co-conspirators that he would continue stonewalling requests for information until the contract was completed. Exhibit R. In an e-mail titled Charlie Brown (presumably referencing the counsel for Consumers for Dental Choice, the undersigned), he referred to an attached letter he had written to Brown (not released under FOIA), but which he would hold . . . until all of the is are dotted and ts crossed in the contract between [sic] LSRO. I cant send it until we know for sure that everything is ok with the contract. Ill let you know when that happens. One more step remained to shoehorn the work of LSRO into BETAHs existing contract. Through utterly shameless verbal manipulation, the language of the approved contract named the conference-planning company BETAH as the contractor to conduct a study on the critical issue of potential health risks from exposure to mercury in dental amalgam. To complete the fabrication, the contract said that BETAH, not the government, identified LSRO as a subcontractor, and described LSROs independent scientific study as a conference. By means of this obviously deceptive mechanism, BETAH was awarded the NIDCR contract. Neither before nor after is this work characterized as a conference. LSROs activities became a conference only momentarily, in the rigged language of a sham contract designed to mislead the public and produce predetermined results in the guise of an independent scientific study. Tabak, his assistant Braveman, Runner, et al., conspired to create the appearance of engaging an existing contractor already doing similar work. In a cynical distortion of government contracting regulations, they identified LSRO as a safe consultant whose track record indicated a willingness to deliver findings consistent with the agenda of the client, drafted a contract of duties, then found an existing contractor one doing totally unrelated work on which to piggyback the deal. This Byzantine scenario shows, prima facie, that Tabak, Runner, et al., consciously took a carefully scripted set of steps to corrupt the bidding process in order to handpick LSRO as a compliant consultant. As government officials at agencies that regulate or study the potential benefit or harm of a variety of products, these officials abused their responsibilities by sabotaging the order of FDA Center Director Feigal to conduct an independent study of the literature on health risks associated with mercury in amalgam fillings. They embarked on a conspiracy to (1) handpick a tobacco industry consultant experienced in using scientific verbiage to create a veneer of authenticity, (2) enlist an existing contractor as straw person to hire that consultant as subcontractor; and (3) erect a faade of paper legality in an effort to cover their tracks in the first and second steps. Meanwhile, (4) they worked to keep their activities secret from the public and from consumer advocates. Phase Four: LSRO proceeded, predictably, toward the delivery of a biased, unscientific product The study or what the BETAH contract with NIDCR defined as a conference proceeded predictably. It turned out to be neither a study nor a conference. LSRO conducted its independent study from start to finish in the most unscientific manner imaginable. Not one panelist had expertise or even substantial experience in researching mercury-based dental amalgam products. From the outset, one participant was openly dismissive of risks related to mercury. He went so far as to air his views in a published article and sat for a major newspaper interview.[4] In June 2004, LSRO sent the draft to outside reviewers, one of whom had appeared as its chief witness in favor of amalgam fillings. At this point, another reviewer who recognized the need to play the role of whistleblower, alerted Consumers for Dental Choice about a host of irregularities and omissions in LSROs conduct of its independent study: no mention of major international studies on new evidence of health risks associated with amalgam, deceptions and mischaracterizations of the literature, an unscientific report with results plainly predetermined in short, findings that simply echo the positions advocated by organizations that have a financial stake and/or a vested interest in amalgam. For example, the report claims that the government of Canada has no problems with mercury amalgam fillings, when the opposite is true. That government advised every dentist in the country in 1996, via a personal letter, not to place mercury-based fillings in children, pregnant women, or people with kidney problems. But the question remained: how did they reach the opposite conclusion (i.e., explaining away literature on the health risks of mercury amalgam) when all other national literature reviews were the opposite i.e., Swedens, Norways, and Germanys national studies say to ban mercury fillings, while Canadas says to stop its use for children, pregnant women, and adults with kidney disorders. We explained that Braveman gave Falk a blueprint of the desired result, but another step was needed to produce the veneer of a scientific report. Via comparing the contract with the final report, we have discovered how it happened. LSRO accomplished this task by violating the terms of the contract. How? Falk and Brownawell shifted the purpose of the study from what was mandated in the contract to one that would produce the opposite result. Compare the contract between LSRO and BETAH, Description/Specifications/Statement of Work (SOW), page 1 (Attachment CC); and the LSRO report, Executive Summary, page 1, Attachment DD. The contract: Here is the mission of LSRO, as stated in the contract: Provide and enforce the following charge to the Panel: Is there any evidence in the scientific literature that you have reviewed that would indicate that dental amalgam poses a health risk of humans? (Emphases added.) The report: Here is what LSRO claimed in the executive summary is its mission: Unlike other recent reviews of the dental amalgam literature (Berlin 2002)**, LSRO was not asked to provide policy recommendations or perform risk assessment or risk-benefit analysis. LSRO was simply asked to review the literature to determine if it supported hypotheses relating to adverse health effects. (Emphases added.) [**(Berlin 2002) = The Swedish report condemning mercury amalgam and calling for a ban.] LSRO flipped the question, to one that would certainly have to be answered yes, to one that can be answered no. a.. The answer to the question of the existence of ANY EVIDENCE that amalgam poses a HEALTH RISK TO HUMANS is patent in the scientific literature! Reports from Sweden, Germany, Canada, and American studies say yes, such evidence exists; no legitimate scientist could deny it. And this is the very question LSRO was required to answer in its contract. b.. But LSRO did not answer the question mandated in the contract. It switched the question to an entirely different one. First, it changed the literature to a singular composite, it, so the question no longer was based on any literature, but the weight of the literature. Second, it changed the issue from risks to adverse health effects, which any scientist would know is a wholly different analysis. Third, it inserted the term HYPOTHESES, then creating a series of them written in a manner so the answer mirrored the initial FDA/NIDCR blueprint (amalgam is safe.). Intellectual dishonesty reigns -- a cruel hoax on the American people, an approach that dodges the risk question, collectivizes the literature into a single answer, and poses hypotheses that needed only a 51% likelihood. Risk, unlike a hypothesis, does not need a 51% likelihood to be a problem. Employment of this deceptive move of changing the question in the report to get the opposite answer is consistent with the sleaze that marked this deal from start to finish. The sequence unmasks LSRO as a Jeopardy game show consultant The funding agency provides the answer first, then LSRO figures out the question to match it. But LSRO could never have done this report had not Tabak, Runner, and associates used a backdoor method to bring in this consultant -- receiving in return a document reflecting their agenda and those of pro-amalgam interests while ignoring or mischaracterizing the scientific evidence on health risks related to mercury-based dental fillings. In their efforts to engineer a pre-determined result, these government officials have shown contempt both for the American public, whose health concerns should be foremost in a study of this type, and for the legal process. The motivation is clear: as committed defenders of pro-amalgam interests, they are opposed to any study that might consider the full extent of peer-reviewed research on health risks related to mercury-based amalgam fillings. 1. NIDCR Director Tabaks assistant Braveman and FDAs Runner violated the FAR by handpicking tobacco consultant LSRO without competitive bidding, RFPs, and publicizing the opportunity to participate. The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), 41 USC 1 et seq., governing virtually all federal agencies purchasing decisions, mandates an open and competitive system. It has an extensive set of implementing regulations: 48 CFR 5.002 requires contracting officers to publicize contract actions; 48 CFR 5.102 requires solicitations be made available to the public; 48 CFR 6.000 states that the fundamental policy is one of full and open competition; 48 CFR 6.102 states that this system covers basic and applied research, and specifically includes a peer of scientific review; 48 CFR 6.303 states that no agency may depart from this basic requirement without a written justification for other than full and open competition, with mandated criteria. 41 USC 253 (c) and (f). Contract by negotiation (Braveman uses the term negotiating to describe his activities) plainly does not permit a choose your favorite contractor potion. Contract by negotiation requires conducting negotiations with a range of qualified applicants, because factors other than fees matter. Contract by negotiation is a process designed to foster an impartial and comprehensive evaluation of offerors proposals (emphases on s and s added to indicate that negotiating means more than one proposal is being evaluated). 48 CFR 15.002. By definition, negotiating mandates a tradeoff process to reach the best value. 48 CFR 15.101-1 and 2. Written information or, in lieu thereof, oral presentations, are required. 48 CFR 15.102. Requests for Proposal (RFPs) communicate government requirements to prospective contractors. 48 CFR 15.203. Like competitive bidding, contract by negotiation is an open process that involves choosing among qualified prospects. Instead of following these clearly defined steps, NIDCR and FDA officials chose to proceed along a more tortuous path. 2. Their approach of choosing the consultant then finding a contractor doing unrelated work to write a subcontract and deceptively calling the work a conference also violated the FAR. Subcontracting, too, must be a transparent, above-board process. The agency must review requests for subcontracting and consider the following factors: Was adequate price competition obtained or its absence properly justified? Were price comparisons made? Was there a sound basis for the contractor to pick the subcontractor? 48 CFR 44.202. Consumers for Dental Choice repeated requests FOIA for documents related to these criteria went unanswered. Agencies must not consent to contracts when the contracting officer must deal directly with the subcontractor. 48 CFR 44.203. But that is exactly what happened here. NIDCR and FDA officials chose the subcontractor (LSRO) first, then dealt directly with the subcontractor, start to finish. After choosing the consultant, NIDCR/FDA officials brought in an existing contractor (BETAH), but gave the latter only one peripheral assignment (modified slightly in the final contract). Plainly, BETAH, the so-called contractor, acted as a straw person whose chief advantage was availability. Since contractor BETAHs agreement with NIDCR was to do conferences, not scientific studies, the contract falsely characterized the study as a conference. By making it appear as if BETAH had simply been given a new responsibility, NIDCR/FDA collectively attempted to circumvent the bidding laws. Allowing this legerdemain to stand would render Federal bidding regulations meaningless. 3. NIDCR and FDAs Center on Devices may have authorized a violation of the Anti-Kickback statute. The Anti-Kickback Act of 1986, 41 USC 51-58, prohibits compensation to prime contractor from subcontractor, as does 48 CFR 3.502-2, the Code of Federal Regulation implementing language. These government officials may have directed a violation of the Anti-Kickback Statute, in that BETAH is getting paid for being an existing contractor through the deal made with LSRO, instead of for actual work consistent with the payment made. NIDCRs Braveman was involved in every step of this contract, as was a high-ranking official of the Center on Devices, who was ccd on every key memorandum we have been allowed to see. Braveman wrote the FDA official and others that he was going to dot all the is and cross all the ts of the LSRO/BETAH contract. In his own words, he put pressure on the two parties to sign off on the deal. He was aware, indeed he directed, that LSRO would do the actual work, while BETAH would collect a tidy sum for agreeing to act as a contractual middleman. Such dealmaking, with money changing hands between contractor and subcontractor, is precisely what the anti-kickback statute prohibits. Here are government officials, sworn to serve and protect the public, engaging in an illegal scheme to hire a private consultant whose job is to conduct a sham study that reflects the views of those officials and to misrepresent those views as independent scientific research. II - Because of major conflicts of interest, NIHs top dental official, Dr Tabak, and FDAs top regulator of dental amalgam, Dr Runner, should have no involvement in evaluating the health risks related to mercury-based fillings. Long considered a sacred cow in its ability to conduct research and publish studies without arousing Congressional or media attention to conflicts of interest, NIH is now facing scrutiny for allowing health professionals to make decisions that benefit products and/or organizations with which they are affiliated. A Science magazine article detailed the disturbing reality that NIH is rife with health professionals who wear two hats: they have close ties to the products or organizations they are supposed to regulate. (Feeling the Heat, NIH Tightens Conflict of Interest Rules,July 2, 2004). In The Washington Post, Jerome P. Kassirer, editor-in-chief emeritus of the New England Journal of Medicine and professor at the Tufts University School of Medicine, explained why professionals with such conflicts should not be involved in any way with conducting studies or issuing guidelines. (Why Should We Swallow What These Studies Say, August 1, 2004.) The Los Angeles Times reported in a front-page story (August 6, 2004) that Marilyn Glynn, head of the Office of Government Ethics, described NIH as beset with a permissive culture and that firm, across-the-board restrictions were needed to restore public confidence. Without tougher standards, she said, NIH could give the appearance that some level of misuse of office is tolerable. (Emphases added.) 1) Long-standing ties exist between NIDCR/FDA officials and organizations with pro-amalgam agendas. Tabak and Runner the top people on dental issues at their respective agencies have long-standing ties to organizations that are outspoken in their support for the continued use of mercury-based amalgam fillings: the American Association of Dental Research (AADR) and the American Dental Association (ADA). The AADR, according to its policy statement, claims amalgam has a well documented history of safety and efficacy, and it endorses the use of best management practices for the use of amalgam restorations . . .. (emphasis added). www.dentalresearch.org/about/aadr/policy.html. Dental research activities at NIDCR have long been influenced, if not controlled, by personnel with strong ties to the ADA, which has been the leading advocate of mercury amalgam products in the United States since its founding more than 150 years ago, and by the AADR. Unlike the American Medical Association, the ADA has long been in the business of promoting commercial products, the most prominent of which is mercury-based amalgam. (By contrast, the American Medical Associations position on promoting commercial products is unequivocal: The AMA does not have a mechanism or procedure to approve medical or surgical procedures, treatments, or products. The AMA does not sanction, endorse, approve, or disapprove products, procedures, hospitals, or clinics.) The ADA came into being in the 19th century for the specific purpose of advocating silver amalgam-mercury use in dentistry. Consumer Cause v. Smilecare (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 454, 458 (emphasis added) quoting Miller, Mercury Amalgam Fillings: Human and Environmental Issues Facing the Dental Profession (1996) 1 DePaul J. Health Care L. 355, 355-359. Amalgam was cheap and profitable, and the public then as now naively accepted organized dentistrys claim that they were getting silver fillings. Every amalgam patent that has been awarded for decades has been produced according to ADA specifications a simple search of the U.S. Patent Office will confirm this fact and since the 1930s, the ADA has continuously promoted the safety and effectiveness of amalgam products through its Seal of Acceptance, paid for by mercury producers and amalgam manufacturers. an arrangement in which the companies pay ADA for attesting to the safety and effectiveness of their products. www.ada.org/seal/index.asp. Currently, more than 50 mercury-based amalgam products are promoted through these ADA Seal contracts. ADA Seal Product Search -- Keywords: AMALGAM: Becker-Parkin Dental Supply: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: DFL Alloy Capsules. Darby Dental Supply Co.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Formula T, Capsules, Non-Zinc; Superdent Dispersed Phase Alloy, Capsules, Non-Zinc; Superdent Dispersed Phase Alloy, Capsules, Zinc; Ternalloy Alloy Capsules. Dentsply L.D. Caulk Division: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated; Dispersalloy Self-Activating Capsules, Fast Set; Dispersalloy Self-Activating Capsules, Regular Set; Optaloy II Sure-Caps; Unison Spherical Alloy Self-Activating Capsules. Fen Dental Manufacturing, Inc.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Epsilon Capsules. Foremost Dental Mfg. Co.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Zenith Premium Dispersed Phase Alloy Capsules, Fast Set; Zenith Premium Dispersed Phase Alloy Capsules, Regular Set; Zenith Royale Dispersed Phase High Copper Alloy, Capsules; Zenith Type-T Spherical Alloy, Capsules. Goldsmith & Revere: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Aristaloy 21 Dispersed Phase Amalgam Alloy Capsules; Aristaloy CR High Copper Spherical Amalgam Alloy Capsules; Ultra Dispersed Phase Alloy, Capsules, Regular Set; Ultra Dispersed Phase Dental Amalgam Alloy Capsules, Fast Set; ltra Dispersed Phase High Copper Alloy, Capsules; Ultra High Copper Spherical Alloy, Capsules; Veraloy Disperesed Phase High Copper Amalgam Alloy Capsules. Ivoclar-Vivadent, Inc.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Valiant, Capsules, Non-Zinc; Valiant PhD, Capsules, Non-Zinc. Network Sales Co., Inc.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Etal Aristalloy 21; Etalloy Cr. Schein, Inc., Henry: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Henry Schein Ionosphere High Copper Ternary Alloy; Henry Schein Stratosphere, Fast Set, Capsules; Henry Schein Stratosphere, Regular Set, Capsules; Henry Schein Troposphere Spherical Alloy, Capsules. Silmet USA Corp.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Nogama-2, Capsules; Spherodon, Capsules; Spherodon-M, Capsules. Southern Dental Industries, Inc.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: GS-80, Fast Set, Capsules, Non-Zinc; GS-80, Regular Set, Capsules, Non-Zinc; GS-80, Slow Set, Capsules, Non-Zinc; Logic Plus, Fast Set, Capsules, Non-Zinc; Logic Plus, Regular Set, Capsules, Non-Zinc; Logic Plus, Slow Set, Capsules, Non-Zinc; Lojic, Slow Set, Capsules; Patterson Dental Admix Alloy Capsules, Fast Set; Patterson Dental Admix Alloy Capsules, Regular Set; Patterson Dental Spherical Alloy Capsules, Fast Set; Patterson Dental Spherical Alloy Capsules, Regular Set; Permite C, Fast Set, Capsules; Permite C, Regular Set, Capsules; Permite C, Slow Set, Capsules. Wykle Research, Inc.: Amalgam Alloys, Pre-encapsulated: Original D, Extra Fast Set Capsules; Original D, Fast Set Capsules; Original D, Regular Set Capsules; Phasealloy Zinc, Extra Fast Set Capsules; Phasealloy Zinc, Fast Set Capsules; Phasealloy Zinc, Regular Set Capsules. It is generally acknowledged that the ADAs Seal gives substantial financial advantages to [c]ompanies competing for their share of the $2 billion market in dental products . . . (The Complete Guide to Better Dental Care, Taintor, Jerry F. and Mary Jane, Facts on File, 1997.) During World War I, ADA researchers went to work for the Bureau of Standards. Over time, the ADA also developed a close relationship with the dental research arm of the National Institutes of Health (formerly the National Institute of Dental Research, now the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research). By the 1960s, research in restorative materials benefited from increased Institute support through workshops, grants, and a closer working relationship between the bureau and the ADA (Dental Science in a New Age: The History of the National Institute of Dental Research, Ruth Roy Harris, Blackwell, 1992). The close ties in the dental materials activities involving the ADA, AADR, and government organizations continue to this day. The professional reputation of the ADA and the AADR (perhaps their very existence) has depended on suppressing any suggestion that there might be health risks associated with implanting mercury in the mouths of patients. To the extent that people with ties to the ADA or other avowedly pro-amalgam organizations, such as the AADR, are involved in any way with amalgam research at NIDCR, this would clearly represent a conflict of interest in overseeing an independent scientific study. Reflecting the a priori position of organized dentistry and against the weight of the latest scientific evidence Tabak, Runner, and associates could not, and did not, attempt to undertake a truly objective study on amalgam. Their conflicting interests made objectivity on the amalgam issue a virtual impossibility, and as Kassirer pointed out in his Washington Post article, they should have recused themselves. But they did not. Instead, they acted deceptively when directed to commission an outside, independent study of the literature on amalgam as manifested by their actions to handpick a pliant consultant and Tabaks attempted cover-up in his July 23 letter to Reps. Burton and Watson (see pages 15-17). These government regulators have marched in lockstep with the pro-amalgam interests of organized dentistry. They have taken public pro-amalgam positions and dismissed the plethora of studies showing the health risks of mercury in dental fillings. They have published, or caused to be published, false information claiming that other nations and/or international organizations have said mercury fillings have no health risks, and have put forth this false information as a basis for conducting their independent study.[5] By coordinating their efforts with their ADA/AADR allies and exercising their power as key officials in the agencies studying (NIDCR) and regulating (FDA) amalgam, Tabak, Runner, and associates have been able to stop disclosures of evidence on the potential risks of mercury-based amalgam that are now given for virtually every other use of mercury in health care. Runner, who oversees the regulation of dental amalgam, has protected its use. Likewise, Tabak has ensured that only supporters of the ADA/AADR position on amalgam are given grants to study the health effects of these fillings, and has maintained such minimal oversight that the grantees almost never publish anything.[6] Both Tabak and Runner maintain the fiction that there is no scientific evidence of health risks related to mercury amalgam fillings, and that they are engaged in independent research.[7] 2) Pregnant women and the parents of young children will accept the results of this independent scientific study as truthful, to their potential detriment. Based on past performance, these government officials and pro-amalgam forces within organized dentistry are poised to trumpet the results of this independent study. How do we know? That is exactly how they and their ADA allies responded after the publication of the now discredited March 2002 FDA Consumer Update on amalgam a report attributed to none other than Mary Susan Runner. That update contained the false statement that the government of Canada supported the use of amalgam fillings and went so far as to encourage the continued use of mercury-based dental materials. Most damaging of all, it gave the impression that FDA had already made up its mind, before the public comment period on its proposed rule began. Dr. Feigal and Dr. Joseph noted the error, stating in the December 2002 letter: We are currently in the process of revising the Update and have redrafted our statement about the proposed rule to remove any perception that we have already made a decision prior to reading the comments. From March 2002 until the FDA revoked it on December 31, 2002, this Consumer Update was the most widely quoted document cited by the ADA at every hearing on amalgam before state legislatures, federal and state regulatory agencies, and private sector organizations. Its impact was so great that, even two years later, consumer groups and public health organizations have to contend with the aftershock. The fact that an official published document containing misleading information and demonstrating agency bias was used to influence the public debate and affect governmental decision-making is outrageous. The publication of this independent study would have an even more dramatic effect. The ADA would make sure that it goes to every policy maker considering restrictions on the use of mercury-based dental products. 3) Runner and the Dental Devices Branch may use this independent study to achieve a federal regulation to conceal the risks of mercury-based amalgam fillings. Through their professional affiliations, Tabak, as head of NIDCR, and Runner, still in charge of amalgam regulatory decisions at FDA, are committed to protect amalgam via a federal regulation, one proposed in 2002 but put on hold by Dr. Feigal, who has since retired. LSRO s independent study would act as a major step toward securing such a regulation. The appearance of governmental approval of this sham study would allow these government officials to advance their agenda. The stakes are enormous. While all other uses of mercury are being banned or restricted, these allies of elements within organized dentistry with long-standing ties to amalgam have conspired to stop public disclosure of the potential health effects of mercury-based fillings. Relying upon a sham study will deny the right of informed consent to our most vulnerable populations, pregnant women and young children, who will continue to endure the needless risk of mercury exposure when alternative dental materials are readily available. III - Braveman and Runner defied the Freedom of Information Act and the transparency mandated in FAR to put together a secret contract and an unqualified panel. When the Director of FDAs Center on Devices, David Feigal, M.D., met with representatives of Consumers for Dental Choice in October 2002, he stated that he was authorizing an outside, independent review of the literature on mercury amalgam fillings. This promise was reaffirmed in a letter dated December 12, 2002, from the late Lireka Joseph, written (the letter states) on Dr. Feigals behalf (Exhibit D). At a very early stage, Tabak, Runner, and associates gained control of the process and made it clear that they had no intention of conveying information to consumer organizations or other members of the public. NIDCRs contract with LSRO/BETAH gave all power of appointment of panelists to handpicked consultant LSRO, shutting consumer groups out of a process where they generally have a role. None of the members of the panel have expertise or even substantial experience in researching mercury-based amalgam products. Although LSROs Falk promised an independent-minded panel, such was not the case. In June 2004, the New York Times disclosed that panelist Robert Brent had written an article saying exposure to environmental toxins should be of minimal concern for parents. In addition, Falk played a central role in testimony to an acknowledged supporter of mercury-based fillings, Thomas Clarkson. Incredibly, Falk then named Clarkson as an outside reviewer for the LSRO study. LSROs modus operendi was to shut the public out. After a perfunctory half-day hearing, in which panelists were not involved in any discussions whatsoever, LSRO closed its doors to public participation. The promised transparency rang hollow, as LSRO posted after the fact and withheld meaningful information. For three years (2002-2005), Runner and the Center on Devices stonewalled our FOIA requests, only complying on the workday preceding a meeting we had with two Associate Commissioners. Whether we have all records we cannot determine. ----------------------------------------- Despite limitations based on the stonewalling of our requests, this letter presents prima facie evidence of a secret conspiracy to: circumvent competitive bidding regulations to favor pro-amalgam interests; handpick a favored consultant; give the consultant a virtual blueprint of what to consider and what conclusions to reach; corral an existing contractor to act as straw person; and mischaracterize the contract to create a faade of legality. produce a work product with biased and ill-prepared panelists asking not the question posed in the contract but one inverted so LSRO could respond in a way to conceal the health risks of mercury exposure from amalgam. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] The evidence presented here is taken from but a fraction of available materials. Despite multiple efforts for public records, Consumers for Dental Choice received only the e-mails from and to Tabaks assistant, Braveman without attachments and with numerous parts deleted. With discovery, or with compliance with the Freedom of Information Act by FDA and NIDCR, there are likely substantially more documents to review and, potentially, evidence to present to the Court. [2] Feigal: FDA Planning Another Review of Mercury in Dental Amalgams, FDA Week, Nov. 22, 2003. Exhibit E. [3] LSRO Inc.s principal is never identified. In an artful decision of dubious legality, his name was redacted every time, but since his direct line telephone number was sometimes not redacted, the person can be identified as Michael Falk, reportedly the CEO. [4] Dr. Robert Brent, a member of the panel, told The New York Times on July 13, 2004, that parents should stop worrying about environmental toxins like mercury. [5] The Background section of NIDCRs July 2. 2002, draft includes the false claim that the World Health Organization reaffirmed the safety of amalgam fillings, when it was only a dental committee with no authority that made such claim; the WHO says, in fact, that there is no safe level of mercury for human beings. Runner caused to be published an FDA Consumer Update claiming the government of Canada found amalgam safe when in fact it has disapproved of amalgam since 1996 for children, pregnant women, and people with kidney problems. The Consumer Update was so riddled with erroneous puffery on mercury fillings that her superiors announced on December 12, 2002, that it would be withdrawn. Exhibit D. [6] In NICDRs most expensive and most controversial study, that of Portuguese orphans who became subjects of toxicity experiments without informed consent, the dentist leading the research announced at a public hearing in Seattle before the review of the data began that mercury fillings are safe. Braveman sees no conflict in continuing to authorize millions of dollars for a pre-determined result. [7] Runner styles herself as a spokesperson on mercury fillings for FDA, and has speciously claimed in public forums that the benefits outweigh the risks (!). Since mercury fillings are interchangeable with non-mercury fillings, there are no benefits except to the dentist. For the assembly-line dental practice, the dentist maximizes his/her income by getting the low-income consumer or the child out of the chair faster by implanting mercury and moving on to the next patient, maximizing income per chair per day.

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**IMPORTANCE OF TIME SERIES TRENDS** ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Iraq ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Polls listed chronologically. Data are from nationwide surveys of Americans 18 & older. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- --------------- --------------- ------------- ------------ **CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll**. Jan. 6-8, 2006. Adults nationwide. . **\"How important will each of the following issues be to your vote for Congress this year? Will it be extremely important, very important, moderately important, or not that important? How about the situation in Iraq?\"** N=1,003, MoE ± 3 . **Extremely\ **Very\ **Moderately\ **Not That\ **Unsure** Important** Important** Important** Important** \% \% \% \% \% 1/6-8/06 45 40 11 3 1 10/21-23/05 44 37 13 4 2 . **\"Next, we\'d like to ask you some questions about Iraq. First: In view of the developments since we first sent our troops to Iraq, do you think the United States made a mistake in sending troops to Iraq, or not?\"** N=498, MoE ± 5 (Form A) . **Made a\ **Did Not Make\ **Unsure** ** ** ** ** Mistake** a Mistake** \% \% \% ** ** ** ** 1/6-8/06 50 47 3 ** ** ** ** 12/16-18/05 52 46 2 ** ** ** ** 12/9-11/05 48 50 2 ** ** ** ** 11/11-13/05 54 45 1 ** ** ** ** 10/28-30/05 54 45 1 ** ** ** ** 10/21-23/05 49 49 2 ** ** ** ** 9/16-18/05 59 39 2 ** ** ** ** 9/8-11/05 53 46 1 ** ** ** ** 8/28-30/05 53 46 1 ** ** ** ** 8/5-7/05 54 44 2 ** ** ** ** 7/22-24/05 46 53 1 ** ** ** ** 6/24-26/05 53 46 1 ** ** ** ** 4/29 - 5/1/05 49 48 3 ** ** ** ** 3/18-20/05 46 51 3 ** ** ** ** 2/25-27/05 47 51 2 ** ** ** ** 2/4-6/05 45 55 \- ** ** ** ** 1/14-16/05 52 47 1 ** ** ** ** 1/7-9/05 50 48 2 ** ** ** ** 11/19-21/04 47 51 2 ** ** ** ** 10/29-31/04 44 52 4 ** ** ** ** 10/22-24/04 47 51 2 ** ** ** ** 10/14-16/04 47 52 1 ** ** ** ** 10/9-10/04 46 53 1 ** ** ** ** 10/1-3/04 48 51 1 ** ** ** ** 9/24-26/04 42 55 3 ** ** ** ** 9/3-5/04 38 57 5 ** ** ** ** 8/23-25/04 48 50 2 ** ** ** ** 7/30 - 8/1/04 47 51 2 ** ** ** ** 7/19-21/04 50 47 3 ** ** ** ** 7/8-11/04 54 45 1 ** ** ** ** 6/21-23/04 54 44 2 ** ** ** ** 6/3-6/04 41 58 1 ** ** ** ** 5/7-9/04 44 54 2 ** ** ** ** 4/16-18/04 42 57 1 ** ** ** ** 1/12-15/04 42 56 2 ** ** ** ** 11/3-5/03 39 60 1 ** ** ** ** 10/6-8/03 40 59 1 ** ** ** ** 7/7-9/03 27 72 1 ** ** ** ** 3/24-25/03 23 75 2 ** ** ** ** . **\"All in all, do you think it was worth going to war in Iraq, or not?\"** N=505, MoE ± 5 (Form B)**\ **Wording, 6/03-12/03: \"All in all, do you think the situation in Iraq was worth going to war over, or not?\"\ Wording prior to 6/03: \"All in all, do you think the current situation in Iraq is worth going to war over, or not?\" . **Worth\ **Not Worth\ **Unsure** ** ** ** ** Going\ Going\ To War** To War** \% \% \% ** ** ** ** 1/6-8/06 46 52 3 ** ** ** ** 11/11-13/05 38 60 2 ** ** ** ** 9/12-15/05 45 53 2 ** ** ** ** 8/5-7/05 44 54 2 ** ** ** ** 7/7-10/05 44 53 3 ** ** ** ** 6/29-30/05 46 52 2 ** ** ** ** 6/6-8/05 42 56 2 ** ** ** ** 4/29 - 5/1/05 41 57 2 ** ** ** ** 4/1-2/05 45 53 2 ** ** ** ** 2/7-10/05 48 50 2 ** ** ** ** 1/3-5/05 46 52 2 ** ** ** ** 10/9-10/04 44 54 2 ** ** ** ** 9/3-5/04 49 48 3 ** ** ** ** 8/23-25/04 51 46 3 ** ** ** ** 8/9-11/04 49 48 3 ** ** ** ** 7/8-11/04 47 50 3 ** ** ** ** 6/21-23/04 46 51 3 ** ** ** ** 6/3-6/04 46 52 2 ** ** ** ** 5/21-23/04 45 52 3 ** ** ** ** 5/7-9/04 44 54 2 ** ** ** ** 5/2-4/04 50 47 3 ** ** ** ** 4/16-18/04 52 46 2 ** ** ** ** 4/5-8/04 50 47 3 ** ** ** ** 3/26-28/04 56 41 3 ** ** ** ** 3/5-7/04 55 43 2 ** ** ** ** 1/29 - 2/1/04 49 49 2 ** ** ** ** 1/9-11/04 59 38 3 ** ** ** ** 12/15-16/03 65 33 2 ** ** ** ** 12/5-7/03 59 39 2 ** ** ** ** 11/14-16/03 56 42 2 ** ** ** ** 11/3-5/03 54 44 2 ** ** ** ** 10/24-26/03 54 44 2 ** ** ** ** 10/6-8/03 55 44 1 ** ** ** ** 9/19-21/03 50 48 2 ** ** ** ** 9/8-10/03 58 40 2 ** ** ** ** 8/25-26/03 63 35 2 ** ** ** ** 7/25-27/03 63 34 3 ** ** ** ** 7/18-20/03 63 35 2 ** ** ** ** 6/27-29/03 56 42 2 ** ** ** ** 4/14-16/03 73 23 4 ** ** ** ** 4/9/03 76 19 5 ** ** ** ** 4/7-8/03 67 30 3 ** ** ** ** 3/24-25/03 68 29 3 ** ** ** ** 1/3-5/03 53 42 5 ** ** ** ** . **\"In general, how would you say things are going for the U.S. in Iraq: very well, moderately well, moderately badly, or very badly?\"** Options rotated. N=1,003, MoE ± 3.\ Wording prior to 3/04: \"How would you say things are going for the U.S. in Iraq now that the major fighting has ended: very well, moderately well, moderately badly, or very badly?\" . **Very Well** **Moderately\ **Moderately\ **Very **Unsure** Well** Badly** Badly** \% \% \% \% \% 1/6-8/06 8 38 32 21 1 10/21-23/05 7 35 29 28 1 8/5-7/05 5 38 28 28 1 4/29 - 5/1/05 6 36 31 25 2 3/18-20/05 8 44 24 21 3 2/4-6/05 13 40 28 18 1 1/7-9/05 5 35 29 30 1 12/5-8/04 6 34 26 33 1 9/24-26/04 4 42 27 25 2 8/9-11/04 5 40 28 25 2 7/8-11/04 5 35 30 29 1 6/3-6/04 6 34 35 25 \- 5/21-23/04 7 35 26 31 1 5/2-4/04 4 33 32 30 1 4/5-8/04 5 30 31 33 1 3/5-7/04 9 46 28 15 2 11/3-5/03 4 34 34 27 1 10/6-8/03 6 36 34 24 \- 9/8-10/03 6 41 31 21 1 8/25-26/03 6 44 30 19 1 7/25-27/03 10 46 28 15 1 7/18-20/03 6 48 30 15 1 6/27-29/03 5 51 29 13 2 5/30 - 6/1/03 11 59 22 7 1 . **\"If you had to choose, which do you think is better for the U.S. \-- to set a timetable for removing troops from Iraq and remove them regardless of whether the U.S. goals are achieved by that time, or to keep a significant number of troops in Iraq until the U.S. achieves its goals there, regardless of how long that takes?\"** Options rotated. N=1,003, MoE ± 3. . **Set\ **Stay Until\ **Unsure** ** ** ** ** Timetable** Achieve Goals** \% \% \% ** ** ** ** 1/6-8/06 49 47 4 ** ** ** ** . **\"Do you think that, within the next 12 months, there will or will not be a stable democratic government in Iraq that can maintain order in the country without assistance from U.S. troops?\"** N=498, MoE ± 5 (Form A) . **Will** **Will Not** **Unsure** ** ** ** ** \% \% \% ** ** ** ** 1/6-8/06 19 75 6 ** ** ** ** . **\"Do you think that, eventually, there will or will not be a stable democratic government in Iraq that can maintain order in the country without assistance from U.S. troops?\"** N=505, MoE ± 5 (Form B) . **Will** **Will Not** **Unsure** ** ** ** ** \% \% \% ** ** ** ** 1/6-8/06 46 46 7 ** ** ** ** -------------- ------------- -------------- --------------- --------------- ------------- ------------ ----------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ **CBS News Poll**. Jan. 5-8, 2006. N=1,151 adults nationwide. MoE ± 3 (for all adults). RV = registered voters . **\"Do you approve or disapprove of the way George W. Bush is handling the situation with Iraq?\"** . **Approve** **Disap-\ **Unsure** prove** \% \% \% ALL adults 37 58 5 Republicans 75 21 4 Democrats 16 81 3 Independents 28 65 7 . *Trend:* 12/2-6/05 36 59 5 10/30 - 11/1/05 32 62 6 10/3-5/05 32 64 4 9/9-13/05 36 59 5 9/6-7/05 35 60 5 8/29-31/05 38 57 5 7/29 - 8/2/05 41 55 4 6/10-15/05 37 59 4 5/20-24/05 38 57 5 4/13-16/05 39 56 6 3/21-22/05 39 53 8 2/24-28/05 45 50 5 1/14-18/05 40 55 5 11/18-21/04 40 55 5 10/28-30/04 45 50 5 10/14-17/04 42 54 4 7/11-15/04 37 58 5 6/23-27/04 36 58 6 5/20-23/04 34 61 5 5/11/04 39 58 3 4/23-27/04 41 52 7 3/30 - 4/1/04 44 49 7 3/10-14/04 49 43 8 2/24-27/04 46 47 7 2/12-15/04 49 45 6 1/12-15/04 48 46 6 12/21-22/03 57 36 7 12/14-15/03 59 35 6 11/10-12/03 48 48 4 10/20-21/03 49 45 6 9/28 - 10/1/03 47 48 5 9/15-16/03 46 47 7 8/11-12/03 57 33 10 7/03 58 32 10 5/03 72 20 8 3/26-27/03 69 27 4 3/24/03 71 24 5 3/23/03 75 22 3 3/22/03 72 23 5 3/20-21/03 69 25 6 3/15-16/03 55 41 4 3/7-9/03 51 42 7 3/4-5/03 54 39 7 2/24-25/03 52 44 4 2/10-12/03 53 42 5 . **\"Regardless of how you usually vote, do you think the Republican Party or the Democratic Party is more likely to make the right decisions about the war in Iraq?\"** . **Republican\ **Democratic\ **Both **Neither **Unsure** Party** Party** (vol.)** (vol.)** \% \% \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 36 39 2 9 14 12/2-6/05 35 40 2 8 15 7/11-15/04 41 45 2 4 8 . **\"Looking back, do you think the United States did the right thing in taking military action against Iraq, or should the U.S. have stayed out?\"** . **Did Right\ **Should Have\ **Unsure** Thing** Stayed Out** \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 47 49 4 12/2-6/05 48 48 4 10/30 - 11/1/05 42 50 8 10/3-5/05 41 55 4 9/9-13/05 44 50 6 8/29-31/05 45 49 6 7/29 - 8/2/05 48 46 6 6/10-15/05 45 51 4 5/20-24/05 47 49 4 4/13-16/05 47 48 5 2/24-28/05 46 50 4 1/14-18/05 45 49 6 11/18-21/04 46 48 6 10/28-30/04 RV 52 44 4 10/14-17/04 RV 50 46 4 7/11-15/04 45 51 4 6/23-27/04 48 46 6 5/20-23/04 49 46 5 5/11/04 49 45 6 4/23-27/04 47 46 7 3/30 - 4/1/04 55 39 6 3/10-14/04 58 37 5 2/24-27/04 54 39 7 2/12-15/04 58 37 5 12/21-22/03 62 34 4 12/14-15/03 63 31 6 . **\"How would you say things are going for the U.S. in its efforts to bring stability and order to Iraq? Would you say things are going very well, somewhat well, somewhat badly, or very badly?\"** . **Very Well** **Somewhat\ **Somewhat\ **Very **Unsure** Well** Badly** Badly** \% \% \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 8 41 28 21 2 12/2-6/05 6 40 28 24 2 10/30 - 11/1/05 4 36 31 26 3 10/3-5/05 4 39 27 28 2 8/29-31/05 5 35 29 28 3 7/29 - 8/2/05 7 41 29 21 2 6/10-15/05 7 33 34 26 0 5/20-24/05 5 36 31 26 2 4/13-16/05 7 41 32 18 2 2/24-28/05 10 43 29 18 0 1/14-18/05 5 36 28 29 2 11/18-21/04 5 40 26 27 2 10/28-30/04 RV 7 40 25 25 2 10/14-17/04 RV 5 38 27 28 2 7/11-15/04 4 39 28 28 1 6/23-27/04 2 38 31 26 3 5/20-23/04 3 34 38 22 3 4/23-27/04 4 34 31 29 2 12/21-22/03 8 57 24 9 2 12/14-15/03 12 53 21 10 4 11/10-12/03 5 42 28 22 3 10/20-21/03 5 49 31 12 3 9/15-16/03 5 44 29 18 4 8/26-28/03 5 46 31 16 2 8/11-12/03 6 47 28 13 6 7/03 6 54 25 11 4 5/03 11 61 19 5 4 . **\"Should the United States troops stay in Iraq as long as it takes to make sure Iraq is a stable democracy, even if it takes a long time, or should U.S. troops leave Iraq as soon as possible, even if Iraq is not completely stable?\"\ **Prior to 6/04: \"Should the United States troops stay in Iraq as long as it takes to make sure Iraq is a stable democracy, even if that takes a long time, or should U.S. troops turn over control to Iraqis as soon as possible, even if Iraq is not completely stable?\" . **Stay as\ **Leave\ **Unsure** Long as\ ASAP** It Takes** \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 49 44 7 10/30 - 11/1/05 43 50 7 10/3-5/05 36 59 5 9/9-13/05 42 52 6 2/24-28/05 55 40 5 1/14-18/05 51 42 7 9/04 54 39 7 6/23-27/04 54 40 6 5/20-23/04 45 49 6 5/11/04 38 55 7 4/23-27/04 46 46 8 12/14-15/03 56 35 9 11/10-12/03 49 43 8 . **\"Which of these do you think is most likely? (1) Iraq will become a stable democracy in the next year or two. (2) Iraq will become a stable democracy, but it will take longer than a year or two. Or, (3) Iraq will probably never become a stable democracy.\"** . **Next Year\ **Longer** **Never** **Unsure** Or Two** \% \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 6 52 39 3 12/2-6/05 7 44 47 2 10/30 - 11/1/05 3 46 48 3 10/3-5/05 4 45 49 2 9/9-13/05 4 43 50 3 8/29-31/05 6 43 48 3 12/21-22/03 7 59 31 3 . **\"If the Iraqi people choose to elect an Islamic fundamentalist government that might not cooperate with the United States, should the United States support that choice, or should the United States take action to prevent that kind of government in Iraq?\"** . **Support\ **Prevent** **Unsure** Choice** \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 59 26 15 1/14-18/05 66 20 14 . **\"As a result of the United States\' military action against Iraq, do you think the United States is more safe from terrorism, less safe from terrorism, or hasn\'t it made any difference?\"** . **More Safe** **Less Safe** **No\ **Unsure** Difference** \% \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 36 19 41 4 12/2-6/05 35 22 41 2 10/3-5/05 32 24 42 1 9/9-13/05 30 23 46 1 . **\"Who do you think is currently winning the war in Iraq: the United States, or the Iraqi resistance and insurgents, or neither side?\"** . **U.S.** **Resistance** **Neither\ **Unsure** Side** \% \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 36 9 48 7 5/11/04 31 10 54 5 . **\"Do you think the United States should or should not set a time-table for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq?\"** . **Should** **Should Not** **Unsure** \% \% \% 1/5-8/06 54 40 6 12/2-6/05 58 39 3 ----------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ **Pew Research Center for the People & the Press survey** conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates International. Jan. 4-8, 2006. N=1,503 adults nationwide. MoE ± 3. . **\"Do you think the U.S. made the right decision or the wrong decision in using military force against Iraq?\"** . **Right\ **Wrong\ **Unsure** Decision** Decision** \% \% \% 1/4-8/06 45 47 8 12/7-11/05 47 48 5 10/6-10/05 44 50 6 9/8-11/05 49 44 7 7/13-17/05 49 44 7 6/8-12/05 47 45 8 2/16-21/05 47 47 6 1/5-9/05 51 44 5 12/1-16/04 49 44 7 . *Trend, among registered voters:* 10/27-30/04 48 41 11 . *Among ALL adults:* 10/15-19/04 46 42 12 10/1-3/04 50 39 11 9/8-13/04 53 39 8 8/5-10/04 53 41 6 7/8-18/04 52 43 5 6/3-13/04 55 38 7 5/3-9/04 51 42 7 4/21-25/04 54 37 9 4/1-4/04 57 35 8 3/17-21/04 55 39 6 2/24-29/04 60 32 8 2/11-16/04 56 39 5 1/6-11/04 65 30 5 12/19/03 - 62 28 10 1/4/04 12/15-17/03 67 26 7 10/03 60 33 7 9/03 63 31 6 7/14 - 8/5/03 63 30 7 6/20 - 7/2/03 67 24 9 4/10-16/03 74 19 7 4/8-9/03 74 19 7 4/2-7/03 72 20 8 3/28 - 4/1/03 69 25 6 3/25-27/03 74 21 5 3/23-24/03 74 21 5 3/20-22/03 71 22 7 . **\"How well is the U.S. military effort in Iraq going . . . ?\"** . **Very\ **Fairly\ **Not Too\ **Not At\ **Unsure** Well** Well** Well** All Well** \% \% \% \% \% 1/4-8/06 12 39 27 17 5 12/7-11/05 14 37 29 17 3 10/6-10/05 9 35 31 22 3 9/8-11/05 12 41 26 18 3 7/13-17/05 14 38 27 17 4 6/8-12/05 9 41 27 19 4 2/16-21/05 14 40 25 17 4 1/5-9/05 9 39 29 20 3 12/1-16/04 10 40 28 18 4 10/15-19/04 13 38 26 17 6 9/8-13/04 12 40 26 18 4 8/5-10/04 12 41 28 16 3 7/8-18/04 13 42 26 16 3 6/3-13/04 16 41 25 14 4 5/3-9/04 10 36 32 19 3 4/21-25/04 12 43 26 15 4 4/1-4/04 14 43 26 13 4 3/17-21/04 16 45 26 11 2 2/11-16/04 17 46 23 11 3 1/6-11/04 22 51 18 6 3 12/19/03 - 23 47 18 7 5 1/4/04 12/15-17/03 28 47 16 6 3 10/03 16 44 25 11 4 9/03 15 47 26 9 3 7/14 - 8/5/03 19 43 24 11 3 6/20 - 7/2/03 23 52 16 5 4 4/10-16/03 61 32 3 1 3 4/8-9/03 60 32 3 3 2 4/2-7/03 55 37 3 2 3 3/25 - 4/1/03 39 46 8 2 5 . **\"Do you think the U.S. should keep military troops in Iraq until the situation has stabilized, or do you think the U.S. should bring its troops home as soon as possible?\"** . **Keep\ **Bring\ **Unsure** Troops** Home** \% \% \% 1/4-8/06 48 48 4 12/7-11/05 49 46 5 10/6-10/05 47 48 5 9/8-11/05 51 45 4 7/13-17/05 52 43 5 6/8-12/05 50 46 4 2/16-21/05 55 42 3 1/5-9/05 54 41 5 12/1-16/04 56 40 4 10/15-19/04 57 36 7 9/8-13/04 54 40 6 8/5-10/04 54 42 4 7/8-18/04 53 43 4 . **\"Do you think the U.S. should or should not set a timetable for when troops will be withdrawn from Iraq?\"** . **Should** **Should\ **Should **Unsure** Not** Get\ Out Now\ (vol.)** \% \% \% \% 1/4-8/06 50 42 2 6 12/7-11/05 56 38 1 5 10/6-10/05 52 43 1 4 9/8-11/05 57 37 1 5 7/13-17/05 49 45 \- 6 ---------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ----------------- --------------- ------------- ----------- ------------ ------------ -------- **Associated Press/Ipsos poll** conducted by Ipsos-Public Affairs. Jan. 3-5, 2006. N=1,001 adults nationwide. MoE ± 3.1. . **\"When it comes to the situation in Iraq, do you approve or disapprove or have mixed feelings about the way George W. Bush is handling that issue?\"** If \"mixed feelings\" or not sure: **\"If you had to choose, do you lean more toward approve or disapprove?\"** . **Approve** **Disap-\ **Mixed\ **Unsure** prove** Feelings** \% \% \% \% 1/3-5/06 39 58 2 \- 12/5-7/05 41 58 1 \- 11/7-9/05 37 62 1 1 10/3-5/05 37 61 2 \- 9/6-8/05 37 62 1 \- 8/1-3/05 38 59 2 1 7/11-13/05 40 59 1 \- 6/6-8/05 41 56 2 1 5/2-4/05 43 55 2 \- 4/4-6/05 43 56 1 \- 3/7-9/05 45 53 2 \- 2/7-9/05 42 57 1 \- 1/3-5/05 44 54 2 \- . *Among registered voters:* 12/6-8/04 48 50 1 \- 11/3-5/04 48 51 1 \- ----------------- --------------- ------------- ----------- ------------ ------------ --------

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================================================================================ Item ID --- 5553 Location --- Area L, metal shelves, Rm. M1205A in Bldg. 15 at 345 Middlefield Rd., column 01, row 04 Activity ID --- ____CP Scientist --- Paula Quinterno Contents --- Notes and slides in box Comments --- Horizon Guyot ================================================================================ Item ID --- 5553 Location --- Area L, metal shelves, Rm. M1205A in Bldg. 15 at 345 Middlefield Rd., column 01, row 04 Activity ID --- ____CP Scientist --- Paula Quinterno Contents --- Negatives in box Comments --- "Climate" Horizon Guyot ================================================================================ Item ID --- 5577 Location --- Area P, storage cabinets, Rm. M1205A in Bldg. 15 at 345 Middlefield Rd., column 01, row 01 Activity ID --- ____CP Scientist --- Contents --- Picked and unpicked samples Comments --- Horizon Guyot Alvin dives 1807, 1809, 1810, 1814

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# Presentation: 181807 ## NOAA Planning Update - NOAA Program Planning and Integration - Science Advisory Board - November 3, 2004 - NOAA Planning Update ## Outline - NOAA Strategic Plan for 2005-2010 - NOAA Program Structure – linking Programs to the Strategic Plan - Annual Guidance Memorandum - Associated Planning Documents - NOAA’s Strategic Organization and PPBES - FY08 Planning Process – A Look Ahead ## An informed society that uses a comprehensive understanding of the role of the oceans, coasts, and atmosphere in the global ecosystem to make the best social and economic decisions - NOAA Strategic Plan for 2005 – 2010 *NOAA Envisions...* ## To Meet the Challenges... NOAA’s Strategic Plan for 2005 – 2010 ***Vision*** ***An informed society that uses a comprehensive understanding of the role of the oceans, coasts, and atmosphere to make the best social and economic decisions***** ** _**Ecosystems**_ - Protect, restore & manage the use of coastal and ocean resources through an ecosystems approach to management _**Climate**_ - Understand climate variability and change to enhance society’s ability to plan and respond _**Weather and Water**_** ** - Serve society’s needs for weather and water information _**Commerce and Transportation**_ - Support the Nation’s commerce with info for safe, efficient & environmentally sound transportation - Ensuring Sound, State-of-the-Art Research - Promoting Environmental Literacy **Drivers** - Leading International Activities _**Supporting NOAA’s**_ _**Mission**_ - Provide Critical Support - for NOAA’s - Mission - Developing, Valuing, and Sustaining a World-Class Workforce ***Mission*** ***To understand and predict changes in the Earth’s environment and conserve and manage coastal and marine resources to meet our Nation's economic, social, and environmental needs***** ** **Strategic Goals** **Cross-Cutting Priorities** - Integrating Global Environmental Observation and Data Management ## We’ve Set TheseFive NOAA Goals: - Protect, restore, and manage the use of coastal and ocean resources through an ecosystem approach to management - Understand climate variability and change to enhance society’s ability to plan and respond - Serve society’s needs for weather and water information - Support the nation’s commerce with information for safe, efficient, and environmentally sound transportation - Provide critical support for NOAA’s mission ## Slide 6 ## Protect, Restore, and Manage the Use of Coastal and Ocean Resources through an Ecosystem Approach to Management - Programs ## Understand Climate Variability and Changeto Enhance Society’s Ability to Plan and Respond - Understand Climate Variability and Changeto Enhance Society’s Ability to Plan and Respond - Programs ## Serve Society’s Needs for Weather and Water Information **Local Forecasts** **& Warnings** - Serve Society’s Needs for Weather and Water Information **Hydrology** **Air Quality** **Environmental** **Modeling** **Coasts, Estuaries,** **Ocean** **Science, Tech.,** **& Infusion** **Space Weather** - Programs ## Support the Nation’s Commerce withInformation for Safe, Efficient, and Environmentally Sound Transportation **Marine Transp.** **Systems** **Commercial &** **Remote Sensing** **Licensing** **Geodesy** - Support the Nation’s Commerce withInformation for Safe, Efficient, and Environmentally Sound Transportation **NOAA Emergency** **Response** **Surface Weather** **Marine Weather** **Aviation Weather** - Programs ## Supporting NOAA’s Mission **STRATEGIES** **1. Provide timely and effective acquisition and delivery of satellite-derived information** **2. Use effective and efficient approaches to meet NOAA requirements for ship and aircraft support ** **3. Formulate and maintain policies, procedures, plans, and processes ** **4. Coordinate NOAA’s homeland security-related plans, programs, and policies** **5. Plan for, construct, and maintain facilities ** **6. Lead agency-wide efforts in education and outreach, public affairs, legislative affairs, international affairs, and legal affairs** ** ** **7. Develop and maintain an Information Technology Enterprise ** **8. Employ a planning, programming, budgeting, and execution system to enhance NOAA’s capabilities** **...** - Programs ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum - The AGM - Guides the transformation of our plans into programs - Provides the means for setting fiscal priorities - Assists the decision-making as to where our resources are best spent to achieve our goals - Addresses significant capability gaps - The AGM does not - Provide solutions to “fix” gaps - Provide assurance that critical gaps will be met - Provide specific programming direction - Provide fiscal guidance ## AGM Future DirectionsMeeting our Priorities Through Effective Partnerships - Taking the Pulse of the Planet – Integrate Global Observations - Advance NOAA’s Modeling Capability - Provide Leadership for Our Oceans - Increase Climate Information, Services, and Products - Provide Critical Information for Water Resources - Support the US Transportation Systems - Enhance Environmental Literacy - Deliver Effective, Efficient Decision-Support Information - _[Link](slide21.xml)__ to More Detail_ ## AGM EnablersMeeting our Priorities Through Effective Partnerships - Enhance Skills and Capabilities of NOAA’s Workforce - Improve Administrative Programs - Maintain and Provide Necessary Platforms - Improve Critical Infrastructure and Services - Advance the Use of Technology ## Strategic Plans - DOC Strategic Plan - NOAA Strategic Plan - Council Strategic Plans - Line & Staff Office - Goal 3: Observe, protect, and manage the Earth’s resources to promote environmental stewardship - Goals and Strategies - Cross-cut priorities - Human Capital Council - Observing Systems Council - Research Council - Education Council - International Affairs Council **Notes:** First start with the long term outcomes - these are the results to be achieved in 5 to 10 years. These may be your program’s 100% requirement. To make it more understandable and real most suggest creating mid-term outcomes to describe results for 1 to 5 years. If you can we suggest creating some mid-term outcomes. Last the Short-term Outcomes are the results to be achieved within one year. These may only be milestones and are very dependent on funding and other resources. PART requires these and so does the DUS for the monthly and quarterly reviews. ## NOAA’s Strategic Organization ## PPBES - Planning - Programming - Budgeting - Execution - Closeout **Adjust goal & ** **strategies as ** **necessary** **Assess baseline** **compared to ** **goals ** **Set priorities** **NOAA Strategic** **Plan** **Annual** **Guidance ** **Memorandum** **Determine ** **optimal use of** **resources** **Request ** **resources** **and adjust** **plan as ** **necessary** **Execute, assess,** **adjust, and** **report** **Annual ** **Review** **NOAA** **Program** **Plan** **NOAA ** **Budget** **DOC Budget** **President’s** **Budget** **Appropriation** **Program Annual** **Operating Plans** **(AOPs)** **Line & Staff ** **Office AOPs** **Employee** **Performance ** **Plans** **Audit** **Business report** **Program reports** **Employee** **appraisals** **Functions** **Products** - 2.5 years prior to Execution Year **Notes:** First start with the long term outcomes - these are the results to be achieved in 5 to 10 years. These may be your program’s 100% requirement. To make it more understandable and real most suggest creating mid-term outcomes to describe results for 1 to 5 years. If you can we suggest creating some mid-term outcomes. Last the Short-term Outcomes are the results to be achieved within one year. These may only be milestones and are very dependent on funding and other resources. PART requires these and so does the DUS for the monthly and quarterly reviews. ## FY08 Planning – A Look Ahead - Planning Phase to run March – August 2005 - Priorities for Planning: - More effective coordination with external partners - More time for external review of AGM ## Summary - Summary - NOAA Planning Phase effectively linking through to Execution Phase - Draft Line Office Strategic Plans out for review until November 30 (http://www.spo.noaa.gov/losps.htm) - FY08 planning goal – target more partner participation ## Backup slides ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Taking the pulse of the planet – Integrate Global Observations - Provide leadership to develop and implement national interagency systems - Develop IOOS as a major component of the US contribution to GEOSS - Focus on connecting and strengthening existing observations systems - Ensure continuity of observations - Develop new techniques and measurements - Use analysis capabilities to ensure collected data are optimal - Employ consistent data management strategy that handle large data volumes expected from GEOSS - Move proven systems into operations - Direct resources and research toward exploring new technologies - Form ecosystem component of GEOSS - Diversify observations to make efficient use of vessels and other platforms - Leverage platforms for multi-purpose observations - Implement an observing and data management system that ensures data flow to our customers ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Advance NOAA’s Modeling Capability - Develop a world-class environmental modeling capability with required high-performance computing infrastructure - Support research to operations - Develop and apply advance data assimilation techniques - Adopt a modeling framework that supports estuaries, oceans, weather, and climate change and extends to ecosystems as the science matures - Support increasing data inputs from GEOSS - Enhance model resolution ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Provide Leadership for the Oceans - Develop and implement an ecosystems approach to management - Strengthen partnerships at local and regional levels - Improve existing regional coordination across NOAA and with other agencies - Invest in research and development to understand ecosystem function - Continue to meet our mandates to rebuild and sustain fishery stocks - Continue lead role in monitoring, managing, and conservation of known population and protected areas - Strengthen recovery planning for protected species - Conduct ecological and socioeconomic risk-benefit assessments - Advance decision-support tools - Perform a systems analysis to guide our efforts - Create environmental standards and evaluation protocols for aquaculture ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Increase Climate Information, Services, and Products - Support Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) synthesis product generation - Support the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments - Provide long-term and process oriented research to support CCSP and IPCC - Build on established climate prediction capabilities by focusing on specific regional and local services - Deliver climate-relevant information, service, and products on long- and short-term scales - Promote the transition of research findings to products and services - Provide an early warning capability for climate extremes - Develop test-bed concept to support the transition of research into operations - Actively Participate in the International Polar Year ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Provide Critical Information for Water Resources - Deliver observations and forecast products on the quality of water in the coastal zone - Provide leadership in order to develop a comprehensive framework for the delivery of water resource information - Develop and implement a comprehensive framework for water resource information and prediction delivery - Improve short-term stream flow and long-term water supply predictions ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Support the US Transportation Systems - Identify valid user needs that cannot be met with existing information - Increase and improve products and services that support transportation systems - Work with partners to conduct research and development in weather and geo-positioning - Improve the translation of research into operational value ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Enhance Environmental Literacy - Develop sustainable education activities - Enhance partnerships with informal education entities - Increase participation by underrepresented groups - Evaluate existing NOAA education materials - Expand teacher professional development efforts - Increase learning opportunities for students - Improve collaboration researchers - Increase fellowship and internship opportunities - Increase coordination with other federal agencies ## FY07 Annual Guidance Memorandum:Future Directions - Deliver Effective, Efficient Decision-Support Information - Maximize the contribution of science and technology - Investigate, develop, and expand use of new technologies - Integrate information across disciplines and organizational elements as driven by customer needs - Deliver effective products and services to support decision makers - Review operational concepts and identify opportunities for efficiencies - _[Back](slide13.xml)__ to AGM_

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Package build of bug-buddy started. (Wednesday, 05 October 2005 07:59:11 EDT) [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting buildroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "buildroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750" [buildtool/379/build_single_package()] Building bug-buddy in /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy. [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting name [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "name" -> "bug-buddy" [PkgVars.pm/265/pkgvar_filename()] /home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/bug-buddy [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(REBUILD): 0 [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDDIR): /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDDIR with value /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDROOT): <undef> [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDROOT with value <undef>. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDTREE_LAYOUT): orc [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDTREE_LAYOUT with value orc. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(BUILDUSER): nobody [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key BUILDUSER with value nobody. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(CFLAGS): -O2 -march=pentium [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key CFLAGS with value -O2 -march=pentium. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(CLEAN): orc [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key CLEAN with value orc. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(DEBUG): 1 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key DEBUG with value 1. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(HINTS =): <undef> [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key HINTS = with value <undef>. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(DEP_INSTALLER): /usr/bin/yum -ty install [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key DEP_INSTALLER with value /usr/bin/yum -ty install. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT): /caos/buildroot-2-ia32 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT with value /caos/buildroot-2-ia32. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_COPY): rsync -Ha --delete --delete-after [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_COPY with value rsync -Ha --delete --delete-after. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_INIT): rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/ [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_INIT with value rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_RESET): rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/ [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_RESET with value rsync -Haz --delete --delete-after --exclude=/proc /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(INSTROOT_SOURCE_RSYNC): /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/ [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key INSTROOT_SOURCE_RSYNC with value /caos/buildroot-2-ia32/. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(LOCATIONS): /src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS,/rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key LOCATIONS with value /src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS,/rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(LOGFILE): /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/build.log [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key LOGFILE with value /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/build.log. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(MAKE): make [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key MAKE with value make. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(PARALLELIZE): x1 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key PARALLELIZE with value x1. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(PATH): /usr/build/bin:/usr/local/build/bin:/usr/lib/qt-1.45/bin:/usr/lib/qt-2.1.0/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:. [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key PATH with value /usr/build/bin:/usr/local/build/bin:/usr/lib/qt-1.45/bin:/usr/lib/qt-2.1.0/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:.. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(TARGET): rpms [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key TARGET with value rpms. [Config.pm/155/Config::get] Config::get(VERBOSITY): 2 [buildtool/194/is_build_needed()] Got config key VERBOSITY with value 2. [PkgVars.pm/265/pkgvar_filename()] /home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/bug-buddy [Util.pm/1079/newest_file()] Args: "/home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/bug-buddy" [Util.pm/1104/Util::newest_file] "/home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/bug-buddy/ChangeLog" is newest with mtime of 2004-10-21 22:48:43. [buildtool/227/is_build_needed()] SRPM directory /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS does not exist. /bin/ls: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS/../: No such file or directory [buildtool/228/is_build_needed()] Listing: ---- [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750" Resetting chroot jail, please wait. [Util.pm/1155/run_cmd()] About to run true /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 [Util.pm/1192/run_cmd()] "true /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750" returned 0 [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting builduser [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [buildtool/416/build_single_package()] Building as nobody (99:99) [buildtool/426/build_single_package()] Build tree layout style: orc [Build.pm/995/build_package()] Args: "" [PkgVars.pm/265/pkgvar_filename()] /home/mej/cvs/caos/groups/gnome/bug-buddy [PkgVars.pm/232/pkgvar_type()] SPM [Build.pm/604/build_spm()] Args: "" [Build.pm/185/prepare_build_tree()] bug-buddy | /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy | /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 | /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 | [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting name [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "name" -> "bug-buddy" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting topdir [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "topdir" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting buildroot [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "buildroot" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408" [Build.pm/202/prepare_build_tree()] Creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy with mkdirhier(). [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS. [Build.pm/220/prepare_build_tree()] I'm creating /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES. [Build.pm/229/prepare_build_tree()] I'm also creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES. [Build.pm/244/prepare_build_tree()] Creating /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 with mkdirhier(). [Build.pm/251/prepare_build_tree()] I created: /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "hints" -> "yum -Cty install" buildtool: Warning: Hint installation failed: Unable to open hint file yum -Cty install -- No such file or directory [Util.pm/974/find_spec_file()] Found single spec file for bug-buddy in F: F/bug-buddy.spec [Util.pm/691/copy_files()] Copying F/bug-buddy.spec to /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS/. [Util.pm/691/copy_files()] Copying F/bug-buddy.spec to /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS/. [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instructions [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instructions" -> "/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS/bug-buddy.spec" [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: summary -> Utility to ease the reporting of bugs within the GNOME Desktop Environment. [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: name -> bug-buddy [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: version -> 2.6.1 [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: release -> 3.caos [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: license -> GPL [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: group -> Applications/System [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: url -> http://www.gnome.org/ [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: vendor -> cAos <http://www.caosity.org/> [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: source0 -> ftp://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/desktop/2.6/2.6.0/sources/bug-buddy-2.6.1.tar.bz2 [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildroot -> /var/tmp/bug-buddy-2.6.1-root [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: prereq -> /usr/bin/gconftool-2 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep /usr/bin/gconftool-2 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: /usr/bin/gconftool-2 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: /usr/bin/gconftool-2 [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: prereq -> /usr/bin/wget [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep /usr/bin/wget [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: /usr/bin/wget [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: /usr/bin/wget [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: prereq -> /usr/bin/scrollkeeper-update [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep /usr/bin/scrollkeeper-update [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: /usr/bin/scrollkeeper-update [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: /usr/bin/scrollkeeper-update [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> glib2 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep glib2 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: glib2 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: glib2 [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> gtk [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep gtk [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: gtk [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: gtk [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> libxml2 >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep libxml2 >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libxml2 >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libxml2 [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> libgnome >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep libgnome >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libgnome >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libgnome [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> libgnomecanvas >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep libgnomecanvas >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libgnomecanvas >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libgnomecanvas [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> libgnomeui >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep libgnomeui >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libgnomeui >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libgnomeui [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> libbonobo >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep libbonobo >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libbonobo >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libbonobo [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> gnome-vfs >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep gnome-vfs >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: gnome-vfs >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: gnome-vfs [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> libglade >= 2.3.6 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep libglade >= 2.3.6 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libglade >= 2.3.6 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libglade [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> gnome-desktop >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep gnome-desktop >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: gnome-desktop >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: gnome-desktop [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> GConf [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep GConf [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: GConf [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: GConf [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: requires -> wget [RPM.pm/286/parse_spec_file()] Got dep wget [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: wget [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: wget [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> glib2-devel [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep glib2-devel [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: glib2-devel [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: glib2-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> gtk-devel [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep gtk-devel [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: gtk-devel [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: gtk-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> libxml2-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep libxml2-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libxml2-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libxml2-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> libgnome-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep libgnome-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libgnome-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libgnome-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> libgnomecanvas-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep libgnomecanvas-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libgnomecanvas-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libgnomecanvas-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> libgnomeui-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep libgnomeui-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libgnomeui-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libgnomeui-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> libbonobo-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep libbonobo-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libbonobo-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libbonobo-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> gnome-vfs-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep gnome-vfs-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: gnome-vfs-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: gnome-vfs-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> libglade-devel >= 2.3.6 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep libglade-devel >= 2.3.6 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: libglade-devel >= 2.3.6 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: libglade-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> gnome-desktop-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep gnome-desktop-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: gnome-desktop-devel >= 2.6.0 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: gnome-desktop-devel [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> intltool >= 0.30 [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep intltool >= 0.30 [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: intltool >= 0.30 [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: intltool [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> GConf [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep GConf [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: GConf [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: GConf [RPM.pm/251/parse_spec_file()] Header: buildrequires -> scrollkeeper [RPM.pm/289/parse_spec_file()] Got build dep scrollkeeper [RPM.pm/746/parse_deps()] Dependency string: scrollkeeper [RPM.pm/763/parse_deps()] Dep packages: scrollkeeper [RPM.pm/305/parse_spec_file()] Got the following sources: [RPM.pm/307/parse_spec_file()] Source 0 -> bug-buddy-2.6.1.tar.bz2 [RPM.pm/309/parse_spec_file()] Got the following patches: [RPM.pm/313/parse_spec_file()] Got the following header info: [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] buildrequires -> scrollkeeper [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] buildroot -> /var/tmp/bug-buddy-2.6.1-root [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] group -> Applications/System [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] license -> GPL [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] prereq -> /usr/bin/scrollkeeper-update [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] release -> 3.caos [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] requires -> wget [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] summary -> Utility to ease the reporting of bugs within the GNOME Desktop Environment. [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] url -> http://www.gnome.org/ [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] vendor -> cAos <http://www.caosity.org/> [RPM.pm/315/parse_spec_file()] version -> 2.6.1 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "allow_epoch" -> "0" [Build.pm/317/install_deps()] Installing the following: glib2-devel gtk-devel libxml2-devel libgnome-devel libgnomecanvas-devel libgnomeui-devel libbonobo-devel gnome-vfs-devel libglade-devel gnome-desktop-devel intltool GConf scrollkeeper [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "dep_installer" -> "/usr/bin/yum -ty install" [Util.pm/1155/run_cmd()] About to run chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /usr/bin/yum -ty install glib2-devel gtk-devel libxml2-devel libgnome-devel libgnomecanvas-devel libgnomeui-devel libbonobo-devel gnome-vfs-devel libglade-devel gnome-desktop-devel intltool GConf scrollkeeper pkg-installer: No Match for argument: libxml2-devel pkg-installer: Setting up Install Process pkg-installer: Setting up Repos pkg-installer: Reading repository metadata in from local files pkg-installer: Parsing package install arguments pkg-installer: Resolving Dependencies pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for intltool to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package intltool.noarch 0:0.31-2.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for GConf to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package GConf.i386 0:2.6.4-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libgnomecanvas-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libgnomecanvas-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.1-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gnome-vfs-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gnome-vfs-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-2.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for scrollkeeper to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package scrollkeeper.i386 0:0.3.14-3.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libglade-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libglade-devel.i386 0:2.4.0-6.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libbonobo-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libbonobo-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gnome-desktop-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gnome-desktop-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-7.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libgnome-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libgnome-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.2-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gtk-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gtk-devel.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libgnomeui-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libgnomeui-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.1-3.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for glib2-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package glib2-devel.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgobject-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgnome = 2.6.1.2 for package: libgnome-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: ORBit2-devel >= 2.10.2 for package: libgnome-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: esound-devel >= 0.2.34 for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: ORBit2-devel >= 2.10.0 for package: libbonobo-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: pango-devel >= 1.4.0 for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libglib-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgnomeui >= 2.6.1.1 for package: gnome-desktop-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: startup-notification-devel >= 0.5 for package: gnome-desktop-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: esound-devel for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgobject-2.0.so.0 for package: glib2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libxslt.so.1 for package: scrollkeeper pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gnome-desktop = 2.6.2 for package: gnome-desktop-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: atk-devel >= 1.6.0-1 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: perl-XML-Parser >= 2.31 for package: intltool pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libatk-1.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgnomecanvas >= 2.6.1.1 for package: gnome-desktop-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libbonobo = 2.6.2 for package: libbonobo-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: ORBit2-devel >= 2.10.2 for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl-devel >= 2.3.16 for package: libgnomecanvas-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgdk_pixbuf-2.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libglib-2.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgnomeui = 2.6.1.1 for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: startup-notification >= 0.5 for package: gnome-desktop-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: pango-devel >= 1.4.0-1 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: glib2 = 2.4.7-1.caos for package: glib2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: esound-devel for package: libgnome-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgmodule-2.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgdk_pixbuf-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: GConf-devel >= 2.6.2 for package: libgnome-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgnomecanvas = 2.6.1.1 for package: libgnomecanvas-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgobject-2.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: pango for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libORBit-2.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libglade = 2.4.0 for package: libglade-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gtk for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libbonoboui-devel >= 2.6.1 for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgdk-x11-2.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gnome-vfs >= 2.6.1.1 for package: gnome-desktop-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-devel for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gnome-vfs = 2.6.2 for package: gnome-vfs-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libxslt-devel >= 1.1.6 for package: libgnome-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gtk = 2.4.13 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gtk-doc >= 1.2 for package: glib2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: docbook-dtds for package: scrollkeeper pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl-devel >= 2.3.16 for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libglib-2.0.so.0 for package: glib2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgthread-2.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgmodule-2.0.so.0 for package: gtk-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gtk >= 2.4.3 for package: gnome-desktop-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libpango-1.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libpangox-1.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: openjade for package: scrollkeeper pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: GConf-devel >= 2.6.2 for package: libgnomeui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libpangoxft-1.0.so.0 for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: atk for package: GConf pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gtk to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gtk.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gnome-desktop to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gnome-desktop.i386 0:2.6.2-7.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for startup-notification to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package startup-notification.i386 0:0.7-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for pango to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package pango.i386 0:1.6.0-8 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libbonobo to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libbonobo.i386 0:2.6.2-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gtk-doc to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gtk-doc.noarch 0:1.2-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for startup-notification-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package startup-notification-devel.i386 0:0.7-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libbonoboui-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libbonoboui-devel.i386 0:2.6.1-2.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for esound-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package esound-devel.i386 0:0.2.35-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libgnomecanvas to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libgnomecanvas.i386 0:2.6.1.1-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libxslt to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libxslt.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-devel.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libgnomeui to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libgnomeui.i386 0:2.6.1.1-3.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for GConf-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package GConf-devel.i386 0:2.6.4-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libart_lgpl-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libart_lgpl-devel.i386 0:2.3.16-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for ORBit2-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package ORBit2-devel.i386 0:2.10.5-2.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libxslt-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libxslt-devel.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for docbook-dtds to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package docbook-dtds.noarch 0:1.0-25 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for openjade to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package openjade.i386 0:1.3.2-12 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for atk-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package atk-devel.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for atk to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package atk.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libglade to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libglade.i386 0:2.4.0-6.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for perl-XML-Parser to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package perl-XML-Parser.i386 0:2.34-3.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for pango-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package pango-devel.i386 0:1.6.0-8 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libgnome to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libgnome.i386 0:2.6.1.2-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for ORBit2 to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package ORBit2.i386 0:2.10.5-2.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for glib2 to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package glib2.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gnome-vfs to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gnome-vfs.i386 0:2.6.2-2.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU = 6.8.2-4.caos for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libaudiofile.so.0 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libbonoboui-2.so.0 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: sgml-common >= 0.5 for package: openjade pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-libs for package: pango pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl_2.so.2 for package: libgnomecanvas pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXrandr.so.2 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libICE.so.6 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xml-common >= 0.6.3-8 for package: docbook-dtds pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXi.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: freetype-devel >= 2.1.3-3 for package: pango-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl = 2.3.16 for package: libart_lgpl-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libIDL-2.so.0 for package: ORBit2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgnome-keyring.so.0 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: audiofile for package: libgnome pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libICE.so.6 for package: startup-notification pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libbonoboui-2.so.0 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: perl-libwww-perl for package: perl-XML-Parser pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libIDL-devel >= 0.8.3 for package: ORBit2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libtiff.so.3 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: docbook-style-xsl for package: gtk-doc pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL = 6.8.2-4.caos for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: indent for package: ORBit2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: fontconfig-devel >= 2.1 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXrender.so.1 for package: pango pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libaudiofile.so.0 for package: libgnome pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libIDL >= 0.8.3 for package: ORBit2 pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libbonoboui >= 2.6.1 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXt.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: pango pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libgnome-keyring.so.0 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: startup-notification pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: esound >= 0.2.34 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libIDL >= 0.8.3 for package: ORBit2-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gamin >= 0.0.16 for package: gnome-vfs pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libfam.so.0 for package: gnome-vfs pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXext.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libSM.so.6 for package: startup-notification pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libaudiofile.so.0 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXrender.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libSM.so.6 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXcursor.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXft.so.2 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libICE.so.6 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libbonoboui = 2.6.1 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libICE.so.6 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libfreetype.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gnome-keyring >= 0.2.1 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: perl-URI for package: perl-XML-Parser pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libSM.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-libs = 6.8.2-4.caos for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl_2.so.2 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: sgml-common >= 0.6.3-4 for package: docbook-dtds pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libICE.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-libs for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: esound for package: libgnome pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl_2.so.2 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libjpeg.so.62 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXinerama.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libbonoboui-2.so.0 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXext.so.6 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: esound = 0.2.35 for package: esound-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libSM.so.6 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libfontconfig.so.1 for package: gtk pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libesd.so.0 for package: libgnome pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libIDL-2.so.0 for package: ORBit2 pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libesd.so.0 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libSM.so.6 for package: libbonoboui-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libfontconfig.so.1 for package: pango pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: xml-common for package: docbook-dtds pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: gnome-keyring for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: fontconfig-devel >= 2.0 for package: pango-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libX11.so.6 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libfreetype.so.6 for package: pango pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: audiofile-devel >= 0.2.3 for package: esound-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl_2.so.2 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXft.so.2 for package: pango pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: utempter for package: libgnome pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libesd.so.0 for package: gnome-desktop pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libart_lgpl >= 2.3.16 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libXpm.so.4 for package: xorg-x11-devel pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libaudiofile.so.0 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: freetype >= 2.1.3-3 for package: pango pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: libesd.so.0 for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: fontconfig for package: libgnomeui pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libIDL-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libIDL-devel.i386 0:0.8.4-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for perl-URI to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package perl-URI.noarch 0:1.35-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libtiff to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libtiff.i386 0:3.5.7-18.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for perl-libwww-perl to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package perl-libwww-perl.noarch 0:5.79-3.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for docbook-style-xsl to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package docbook-style-xsl.noarch 0:1.65.1-2 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for audiofile-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package audiofile-devel.i386 0:0.2.6-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for fontconfig-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package fontconfig-devel.i386 0:2.2.96-2 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for freetype-devel to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package freetype-devel.i386 0:2.1.8-1 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xml-common to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for audiofile to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package audiofile.i386 0:0.2.6-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libbonoboui to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libbonoboui.i386 0:2.6.1-2.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libIDL to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libIDL.i386 0:0.8.4-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libjpeg to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libjpeg.i386 0:6b-31.1 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gnome-keyring to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gnome-keyring.i386 0:0.4.0-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for freetype to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package freetype.i386 0:2.1.8-1 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for esound to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package esound.i386 0:0.2.35-1.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for gamin to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package gamin.i386 0:0.1.1-2 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for indent to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package indent.i386 0:2.2.9-6 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for utempter to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package utempter.i386 0:0.5.5-4 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for libart_lgpl to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package libart_lgpl.i386 0:2.3.16-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for fontconfig to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package fontconfig.i386 0:2.2.96-2 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for sgml-common to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package sgml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 set to be updated pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for xorg-x11-libs to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package xorg-x11-libs.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: perl(HTML::Entities) for package: perl-libwww-perl pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: perl(HTML::Parser) for package: perl-libwww-perl pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for perl-HTML-Parser to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package perl-HTML-Parser.i386 0:3.35-5 set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: perl-HTML-Tagset >= 3.03 for package: perl-HTML-Parser pkg-installer: --> Processing Dependency: perl(HTML::Tagset) for package: perl-HTML-Parser pkg-installer: --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. pkg-installer: --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. pkg-installer: ---> Downloading header for perl-HTML-Tagset to pack into transaction set. pkg-installer: ---> Package perl-HTML-Tagset.noarch 0:3.03-30.caos set to be updated pkg-installer: --> Running transaction check pkg-installer: pkg-installer: Dependencies Resolved pkg-installer: Transaction Listing: pkg-installer: Install: GConf.i386 0:2.6.4-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: glib2-devel.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gnome-desktop-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-7.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gnome-vfs-devel.i386 0:error: failed to open /etc/mtab: No such file or directory pkg-installer: error: failed to open /etc/mtab: No such file or directory pkg-installer: 2.6.2-2.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gtk-devel.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: intltool.noarch 0:0.31-2.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libbonobo-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libglade-devel.i386 0:2.4.0-6.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libgnome-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.2-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libgnomecanvas-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.1-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libgnomeui-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.1-3.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: scrollkeeper.i386 0:0.3.14-3.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: pkg-installer: Performing the following to resolve dependencies: pkg-installer: Install: GConf-devel.i386 0:2.6.4-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: ORBit2.i386 0:2.10.5-2.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: ORBit2-devel.i386 0:2.10.5-2.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: atk.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: atk-devel.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: audiofile.i386 0:0.2.6-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: audiofile-devel.i386 0:0.2.6-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: docbook-dtds.noarch 0:1.0-25 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: docbook-style-xsl.noarch 0:1.65.1-2 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: esound.i386 0:0.2.35-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: esound-devel.i386 0:0.2.35-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: fontconfig.i386 0:2.2.96-2 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: fontconfig-devel.i386 0:2.2.96-2 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: freetype.i386 0:2.1.8-1 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: freetype-devel.i386 0:2.1.8-1 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gamin.i386 0:0.1.1-2 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: glib2.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gnome-desktop.i386 0:2.6.2-7.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gnome-keyring.i386 0:0.4.0-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gnome-vfs.i386 0:2.6.2-2.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gtk.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: gtk-doc.noarch 0:1.2-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: indent.i386 0:2.2.9-6 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libIDL.i386 0:0.8.4-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libIDL-devel.i386 0:0.8.4-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libart_lgpl.i386 0:2.3.16-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libart_lgpl-devel.i386 0:2.3.16-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libbonobo.i386 0:2.6.2-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libbonoboui.i386 0:2.6.1-2.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libbonoboui-devel.i386 0:2.6.1-2.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libglade.i386 0:2.4.0-6.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libgnome.i386 0:2.6.1.2-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libgnomecanvas.i386 0:2.6.1.1-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libgnomeui.i386 0:2.6.1.1-3.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libjpeg.i386 0:6b-31.1 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libtiff.i386 0:3.5.7-18.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libxslt.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: libxslt-devel.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: openjade.i386 0:1.3.2-12 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: pango.i386 0:1.6.0-8 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: pango-devel.i386 0:1.6.0-8 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: perl-HTML-Parser.i386 0:3.35-5 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: perl-HTML-Tagset.noarch 0:3.03-30.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: perl-URI.noarch 0:1.35-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: perl-XML-Parser.i386 0:2.34-3.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: perl-libwww-perl.noarch 0:5.79-3.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: sgml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: startup-notification.i386 0:0.7-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: startup-notification-devel.i386 0:0.7-1.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: utempter.i386 0:0.5.5-4 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-devel.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Install: xorg-x11-libs.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos - autobuilder pkg-installer: Total download size: 35 M pkg-installer: Downloading Packages: pkg-installer: Running Transaction Test pkg-installer: Finished Transaction Test pkg-installer: Transaction Test Succeeded pkg-installer: Running Transaction pkg-installer: pkg-installer: Installed: GConf.i386 0:2.6.4-1.caos glib2-devel.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos gnome-desktop-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-7.caos gnome-vfs-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-2.caos gtk-devel.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos intltool.noarch 0:0.31-2.caos libbonobo-devel.i386 0:2.6.2-1.caos libglade-devel.i386 0:2.4.0-6.caos libgnome-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.2-1.caos libgnomecanvas-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.1-1.caos libgnomeui-devel.i386 0:2.6.1.1-3.caos scrollkeeper.i386 0:0.3.14-3.caos pkg-installer: Dependency Installed: GConf-devel.i386 0:2.6.4-1.caos ORBit2.i386 0:2.10.5-2.caos ORBit2-devel.i386 0:2.10.5-2.caos atk.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos atk-devel.i386 0:1.6.1-1.caos audiofile.i386 0:0.2.6-1.caos audiofile-devel.i386 0:0.2.6-1.caos docbook-dtds.noarch 0:1.0-25 docbook-style-xsl.noarch 0:1.65.1-2 esound.i386 0:0.2.35-1.caos esound-devel.i386 0:0.2.35-1.caos fontconfig.i386 0:2.2.96-2 fontconfig-devel.i386 0:2.2.96-2 freetype.i386 0:2.1.8-1 freetype-devel.i386 0:2.1.8-1 gamin.i386 0:0.1.1-2 glib2.i386 0:2.4.7-1.caos gnome-desktop.i386 0:2.6.2-7.caos gnome-keyring.i386 0:0.4.0-1.caos gnome-vfs.i386 0:2.6.2-2.caos gtk.i386 0:2.4.13-1.caos gtk-doc.noarch 0:1.2-1.caos indent.i386 0:2.2.9-6 libIDL.i386 0:0.8.4-1.caos libIDL-devel.i386 0:0.8.4-1.caos libart_lgpl.i386 0:2.3.16-4.caos libart_lgpl-devel.i386 0:2.3.16-4.caos libbonobo.i386 0:2.6.2-1.caos libbonoboui.i386 0:2.6.1-2.caos libbonoboui-devel.i386 0:2.6.1-2.caos libglade.i386 0:2.4.0-6.caos libgnome.i386 0:2.6.1.2-1.caos libgnomecanvas.i386 0:2.6.1.1-1.caos libgnomeui.i386 0:2.6.1.1-3.caos libjpeg.i386 0:6b-31.1 libtiff.i386 0:3.5.7-18.caos libxslt.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos libxslt-devel.i386 0:1.1.6-1.caos openjade.i386 0:1.3.2-12 pango.i386 0:1.6.0-8 pango-devel.i386 0:1.6.0-8 perl-HTML-Parser.i386 0:3.35-5 perl-HTML-Tagset.noarch 0:3.03-30.caos perl-URI.noarch 0:1.35-1.caos perl-XML-Parser.i386 0:2.34-3.caos perl-libwww-perl.noarch 0:5.79-3.caos sgml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 startup-notification.i386 0:0.7-1.caos startup-notification-devel.i386 0:0.7-1.caos utempter.i386 0:0.5.5-4 xml-common.noarch 0:0.6.3-17 xorg-x11-Mesa-libGL.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos xorg-x11-Mesa-libGLU.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos xorg-x11-devel.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos xorg-x11-libs.i386 0:6.8.2-4.caos pkg-installer: Complete! [Util.pm/1192/run_cmd()] "chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /usr/bin/yum -ty install glib2-devel gtk-devel libxml2-devel libgnome-devel libgnomecanvas-devel libgnomeui-devel libbonobo-devel gnome-vfs-devel libglade-devel gnome-desktop-devel intltool GConf scrollkeeper" returned 0 [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting instructions [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "instructions" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS/bug-buddy.spec" [Util.pm/691/copy_files()] Copying S/bug-buddy-2.6.1.tar.bz2 0 to /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES/. [Prod.pm/482/parse_prod_file()] Args: "" [Prod.pm/166/find_product_file()] Args: "<undef>", "<undef>" [Prod.pm/484/parse_prod_file()] find_product_file() failed. Returning 0. [Build.pm/572/build_topdir()] Args: "" [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "buildpkglist_filename" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/bug-buddy.pkglist" [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "buildpkglist_filename" -> "/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/bug-buddy.pkglist" [RPM.pm/498/rpm_build()] Saving package list to /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/bug-buddy.pkglist. [Util.pm/269/file_user()] UID: 99 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting command [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "command" -> "/bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/bin/rpm" [RPM.pm/172/rpm_form_command()] Command: /bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/bin/rpm --define '_topdir /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy' --root='/var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750' -qa --qf '%25{NAME} %10{EPOCH} %15{VERSION} %15{RELEASE} ' | sort -bf" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting command [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "command" -> "" [Util.pm/269/file_user()] UID: 99 [PkgVars.pm/129/PkgVars::pkgvar_get] Package variable "builduser" -> "nobody" [PkgVars.pm/160/pkgvar_set()] Setting command [PkgVars.pm/164/PkgVars::pkgvar_set] Package variable "command" -> "chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/usr/bin/rpmbuild" [RPM.pm/172/rpm_form_command()] Command: chroot /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 /bin/su -s /bin/sh nobody -c /bin/sh -c "/usr/bin/rpmbuild --define '_topdir /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy' --define 'optflags -O2 -march=pentium' --buildroot='/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408' -ba /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS/bug-buddy.spec" Executing(%prep): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.70051 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD sh-trace: LANG=C sh-trace: export LANG sh-trace: unset DISPLAY sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD sh-trace: rm -rf bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: /usr/bin/bzip2 -dc /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES/bug-buddy-2.6.1.tar.bz2 sh-trace: tar -xf - sh-trace: STATUS=0 sh-trace: '[' 0 -ne 0 ']' sh-trace: cd bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: CFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: export CFLAGS sh-trace: CXXFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: export CXXFLAGS sh-trace: FFLAGS='-O2 -march=pentium' sh-trace: export FFLAGS ssh-trace: find . -name config.guess -o -name config.sub sh-trace: ./configure --host=i686-caos-linux-gnu --build=i686-caos-linux-gnu --target=i386-caos-linux-gnu --program-prefix= --prefix=/usr --exec-prefix=/usr --bindir=/usr/bin --sbindir=/usr/sbin --sysconfdir=/etc --datadir=/usr/share --includedir=/usr/include --libdir=/usr/lib --libexecdir=/usr/libexec --localstatedir=/var --sharedstatedir=/usr/com --mandir=/usr/share/man --infodir=/usr/share/info checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking for working aclocal-1.4... missing checking for working autoconf... found checking for working automake-1.4... missing checking for working autoheader... found checking for working makeinfo... found checking whether to enable maintainer-specific portions of Makefiles... no checking for intltool >= 0.29... 0.30 found checking for perl... /usr/bin/perl checking for gconftool-2... /usr/bin/gconftool-2 Using config source xml::/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults for schema installation Using $(sysconfdir)/gconf/schemas/ as install directory for schema files checking for scrollkeeper-config... /usr/bin/scrollkeeper-config checking for i686-caos-linux-gnu-gcc... no checking for gcc... gcc checking for C compiler default output... a.out checking whether the C compiler works... yes checking whether we are cross compiling... no checking for suffix of executables... checking for suffix of object files... o checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes checking for gcc option to accept ANSI C... none needed checking for strerror in -lcposix... no checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E checking for egrep... grep -E checking for ANSI C header files... yes checking for pkg-config... /usr/bin/pkg-config checking for bonobo-activation-2.0 >= 1.0.0 gdk-pixbuf-2.0 >= 2.0.0 gmodule-2.0 >= 2.0.0 gnome-desktop-2.0 >= 2.0.0 gnome-vfs-2.0 >= 2.0.0 libbonobo-2.0 >= 2.0.0 libgnome-2.0 >= 2.0.0 libgnomecanvas-2.0 >= 2.0.0 libgnomeui-2.0 >= 2.5.92 libglade-2.0 >= 2.0.0 libxml-2.0 >= 2.4.6 gtk+-2.0 >= 2.3.6 ... yes checking BUG_BUDDY_CFLAGS... -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 checking BUG_BUDDY_LIBS... -Wl,--export-dynamic -pthread -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lgnome-desktop-2 -lstartup-notification-1 -lgnomeui-2 -lSM -lICE -lbonoboui-2 -lgnomecanvas-2 -lgnome-2 -lpopt -lart_lgpl_2 -lpangoft2-1.0 -lbonobo-2 -lgconf-2 -lgnomevfs-2 -lbonobo-activation -lORBit-2 -lgthread-2.0 -lglade-2.0 -lxml2 -lpthread -lz -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lm -lpangoxft-1.0 -lpangox-1.0 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lgmodule-2.0 -ldl -lglib-2.0 checking for libgnomeui-2.0 >= 2.5.92... yes checking GNOME_CRASH_CFLAGS... -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 checking GNOME_CRASH_LIBS... -pthread -Wl,--export-dynamic -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lgnomeui-2 -lSM -lICE -lbonoboui-2 -lxml2 -lpthread -lz -lgnomecanvas-2 -lgnome-2 -lpopt -lart_lgpl_2 -lpangoft2-1.0 -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lpangoxft-1.0 -lpangox-1.0 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lbonobo-2 -lgconf-2 -lgnomevfs-2 -lbonobo-activation -lORBit-2 -lm -lgmodule-2.0 -ldl -lgthread-2.0 -lglib-2.0 checking for sys/types.h... yes checking for sys/stat.h... yes checking for stdlib.h... yes checking for string.h... yes checking for memory.h... yes checking for strings.h... yes checking for inttypes.h... yes checking for stdint.h... yes checking for unistd.h... yes checking locale.h usability... yes checking locale.h presence... yes checking for locale.h... yes checking for LC_MESSAGES... yes checking libintl.h usability... yes checking libintl.h presence... yes checking for libintl.h... yes checking for dgettext in libc... yes checking for bind_textdomain_codeset... yes checking for msgfmt... /usr/bin/msgfmt checking for dcgettext... yes checking for gmsgfmt... /usr/bin/msgfmt checking for xgettext... /usr/bin/xgettext checking for catalogs to be installed... am ar az be bg bn ca cs cy da de el en_CA en_GB es et eu fa fi fr ga gl gu he hi hr hu id is it ja ko lt lv mk ml mn ms nl nn no pa pl pt pt_BR ro ru sk sl sq sr sr@Latn sv ta th tr uk vi wa zh_CN zh_TW checking for glib-genmarshal... /usr/bin/glib-genmarshal configure: creating ./config.status config.status: creating bug-buddy.spec config.status: creating bug-buddy.schemas config.status: creating Makefile config.status: creating bugzilla/Makefile config.status: creating bugzilla/gnome/Makefile config.status: creating bugzilla/ximian/Makefile config.status: creating docs/Makefile config.status: creating docs/C/Makefile config.status: creating docs/de/Makefile config.status: creating docs/es/Makefile config.status: creating docs/fr/Makefile config.status: creating docs/it/Makefile config.status: creating docs/ja/Makefile config.status: creating docs/ko/Makefile config.status: creating docs/sv/Makefile config.status: creating docs/zh_CN/Makefile config.status: creating docs/zh_HK/Makefile config.status: creating docs/zh_TW/Makefile config.status: creating pixmaps/Makefile config.status: creating po/Makefile.in config.status: creating src/Makefile config.status: creating src/bug-buddy.desktop.in config.status: creating config.h config.status: executing default-1 commands config.status: executing default-2 commands config.status: executing default-3 commands Configuration: CFLAGS: -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 LIBS: -Wl,--export-dynamic -pthread -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lgnome-desktop-2 -lstartup-notification-1 -lgnomeui-2 -lSM -lICE -lbonoboui-2 -lgnomecanvas-2 -lgnome-2 -lpopt -lart_lgpl_2 -lpangoft2-1.0 -lbonobo-2 -lgconf-2 -lgnomevfs-2 -lbonobo-activation -lORBit-2 -lgthread-2.0 -lglade-2.0 -lxml2 -lpthread -lz -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lm -lpangoxft-1.0 -lpangox-1.0 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lgmodule-2.0 -ldl -lglib-2.0 sh-trace: exit 0 Executing(%build): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.26291 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD sh-trace: cd bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: LANG=C sh-trace: export LANG sh-trace: unset DISPLAY sh-trace: '[' '' '!=' '' ']' sh-trace: make make all-recursive make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' Making all in po make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/po' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/po' Making all in pixmaps make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/pixmaps' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/pixmaps' Making all in src make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/src' /usr/bin/glib-genmarshal --prefix=_bb_marshal ./bb-marshal.list --body >> xgen-bmc \ && (cmp -s xgen-bmc bb-marshal.c || cp xgen-bmc bb-marshal.c) \ && rm -f xgen-bmc /usr/bin/glib-genmarshal --prefix=_bb_marshal ./bb-marshal.list --header >> xgen-bmh \ && (cmp -s xgen-bmh bb-marshal.h || cp xgen-bmh bb-marshal.h) \ && rm -f xgen-bmh gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c bb-marshal.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c bug-buddy.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c md5-utils.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c bugzilla.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c cell-renderer-uri.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c config.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c gdb-buddy.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c distribution.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c save-buddy.c save-buddy.c: In function `bb_write_buffer_to_fd': save-buddy.c:345: warning: passing arg 3 of `waitpid' makes integer from pointer without a cast gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c signal-buddy.c gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c united-states-of-bug-buddy.c gcc -O2 -march=pentium -o bug-buddy --export-dynamic bb-marshal.o bug-buddy.o md5-utils.o bugzilla.o cell-renderer-uri.o config.o gdb-buddy.o distribution.o save-buddy.o signal-buddy.o united-states-of-bug-buddy.o -Wl,--export-dynamic -pthread -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lgnome-desktop-2 -lstartup-notification-1 -lgnomeui-2 -lSM -lICE -lbonoboui-2 -lgnomecanvas-2 -lgnome-2 -lpopt -lart_lgpl_2 -lpangoft2-1.0 -lbonobo-2 -lgconf-2 -lgnomevfs-2 -lbonobo-activation -lORBit-2 -lgthread-2.0 -lglade-2.0 -lxml2 -lpthread -lz -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lm -lpangoxft-1.0 -lpangox-1.0 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lgmodule-2.0 -ldl -lglib-2.0 gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/share/locale"\" -DXTHREADS -D_REENTRANT -DXUSE_MTSAFE_API -pthread -DORBIT2=1 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/freetype2/config -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include/libglade-2.0 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -I/usr/include/bonobo-activation-2.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-vfs-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gnome-vfs-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/libbonobo-2.0 -I/usr/include/libart-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnome-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomecanvas-2.0 -I/usr/include/libbonoboui-2.0 -I/usr/include/libgnomeui-2.0 -I/usr/include/startup-notification-1.0 -I/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0 -I/usr/include -DBUDDY_DATADIR=\""/usr/share/bug-buddy"\" -DBUDDY_ICONDIR=\""/usr/share/pixmaps"\" -DREAL_DATADIR=\""/usr/share"\" -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -march=pentium -c gnome-crash.c gcc -O2 -march=pentium -o gnome-crash gnome-crash.o -pthread -Wl,--export-dynamic -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lgnomeui-2 -lSM -lICE -lbonoboui-2 -lxml2 -lpthread -lz -lgnomecanvas-2 -lgnome-2 -lpopt -lart_lgpl_2 -lpangoft2-1.0 -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lpangoxft-1.0 -lpangox-1.0 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lbonobo-2 -lgconf-2 -lgnomevfs-2 -lbonobo-activation -lORBit-2 -lm -lgmodule-2.0 -ldl -lgthread-2.0 -lglib-2.0 sed -e 's^\@icondir\@^/usr/share/pixmaps^g' < ./bug-buddy.keys.in > bug-buddy.keys.tmp \ && mv bug-buddy.keys.tmp bug-buddy.keys LC_ALL=C ../intltool-merge ../po bug-buddy.desktop.in bug-buddy.desktop -d -u -c ../po/.intltool-merge-cache Generating and caching the translation database Merging translations into bug-buddy.desktop. make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/src' Making all in bugzilla make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' Making all in gnome make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/gnome' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/gnome' Making all in ximian make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/ximian' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/ximian' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' Making all in docs make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' Making all in C make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' for file in bug-buddy-C.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/C/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' Making all in de make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' for file in bug-buddy-de.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/de/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' Making all in es make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' for file in bug-buddy-es.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/es/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' Making all in fr make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' for file in bug-buddy-fr.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/fr/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' Making all in it make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' for file in bug-buddy-it.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/it/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' Making all in ja make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' for file in bug-buddy-ja.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ja/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' Making all in ko make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' for file in bug-buddy-ko.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ko/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' Making all in sv make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' for file in bug-buddy-sv.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/sv/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' Making all in zh_CN make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' for file in bug-buddy-zh_CN.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_CN/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' Making all in zh_HK make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' for file in bug-buddy-zh_HK.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_HK/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' Making all in zh_TW make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' for file in bug-buddy-zh_TW.omf; do \ scrollkeeper-preinstall /usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_TW/bug-buddy.xml ./$file $file.out; \ done touch omf_timestamp make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' sh-trace: exit 0 Executing(%install): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.29693 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD sh-trace: cd bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: LANG=C sh-trace: export LANG sh-trace: unset DISPLAY sh-trace: rm -rf /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 sh-trace: GCONF_DISABLE_MAKEFILE_SCHEMA_INSTALL=1 sh-trace: export GCONF_DISABLE_MAKEFILE_SCHEMA_INSTALL sh-trace: make DESTDIR=/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 install Making install in po make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/po' if test -r ".././mkinstalldirs"; then \ .././mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share; \ else \ /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share; \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/am mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/am/LC_MESSAGES installing am.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/am/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ar mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ar/LC_MESSAGES installing ar.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ar/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/az mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/az/LC_MESSAGES installing az.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/az/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/be mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/be/LC_MESSAGES installing be.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/be/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/bg mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/bg/LC_MESSAGES installing bg.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/bg/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/bn mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/bn/LC_MESSAGES installing bn.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/bn/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ca mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES installing ca.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/cs mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/cs/LC_MESSAGES installing cs.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/cs/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/cy mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/cy/LC_MESSAGES installing cy.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/cy/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/da mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES installing da.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/de mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES installing de.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/el mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES installing el.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/en_CA mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/en_CA/LC_MESSAGES installing en_CA.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/en_CA/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/en_GB mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/en_GB/LC_MESSAGES installing en_GB.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/en_GB/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/es mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES installing es.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/et mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES installing et.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/eu mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/eu/LC_MESSAGES installing eu.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/eu/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fa mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fa/LC_MESSAGES installing fa.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fa/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES installing fi.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fr mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES installing fr.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ga mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ga/LC_MESSAGES installing ga.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ga/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/gl mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES installing gl.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/gu mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/gu/LC_MESSAGES installing gu.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/gu/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/he mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES installing he.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hi/LC_MESSAGES installing hi.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hi/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hr mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES installing hr.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hu mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES installing hu.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/id mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES installing id.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/is mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/is/LC_MESSAGES installing is.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/is/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/it mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES installing it.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ja mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES installing ja.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ko mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES installing ko.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/lt mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/lt/LC_MESSAGES installing lt.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/lt/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/lv mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/lv/LC_MESSAGES installing lv.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/lv/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/mk mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/mk/LC_MESSAGES installing mk.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/mk/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ml mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ml/LC_MESSAGES installing ml.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ml/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/mn mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/mn/LC_MESSAGES installing mn.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/mn/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ms mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ms/LC_MESSAGES installing ms.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ms/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/nl mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES installing nl.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/nn mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/nn/LC_MESSAGES installing nn.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/nn/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/no mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/no/LC_MESSAGES installing no.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/no/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pa mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pa/LC_MESSAGES installing pa.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pa/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pl mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES installing pl.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pt mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES installing pt.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pt_BR mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES installing pt_BR.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ro mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ro/LC_MESSAGES installing ro.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ro/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ru mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES installing ru.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sk mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES installing sk.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sl mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES installing sl.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sq mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sq/LC_MESSAGES installing sq.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sq/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sr mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sr/LC_MESSAGES installing sr.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sr/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sr@Latn mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sr@Latn/LC_MESSAGES installing sr@Latn.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sr@Latn/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sv mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES installing sv.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ta mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ta/LC_MESSAGES installing ta.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/ta/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/th mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/th/LC_MESSAGES installing th.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/th/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/tr mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES installing tr.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/uk mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES installing uk.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/vi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/vi/LC_MESSAGES installing vi.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/vi/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/wa mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/wa/LC_MESSAGES installing wa.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/wa/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/zh_CN mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES installing zh_CN.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/zh_TW mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES installing zh_TW.gmo as /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/locale/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/bug-buddy.mo if test "bug-buddy" = "glib"; then \ if test -r ".././mkinstalldirs"; then \ .././mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/glib-2.0/gettext/po; \ else \ /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/glib-2.0/gettext/po; \ fi; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./Makefile.in.in \ /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/glib-2.0/gettext/po/Makefile.in.in; \ else \ : ; \ fi make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/po' Making install in pixmaps make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/pixmaps' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/pixmaps' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/pixmaps mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/pixmaps /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.png /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/pixmaps/bug-buddy.png /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.png /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bug-buddy.png /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./gnome.png /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/gnome.png /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./ximian.png /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/ximian.png make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/pixmaps' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/pixmaps' Making install in src make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/src' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/src' /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/bin mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/bin /usr/bin/install -c bug-buddy /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/bin/bug-buddy /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/application-registry mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/application-registry /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.applications /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/application-registry/bug-buddy.applications /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.glade /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bug-buddy.glade /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./gdb-cmd /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/gdb-cmd /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/mime-info mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/mime-info /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.keys /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/mime-info/bug-buddy.keys /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/applications mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/applications /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.desktop /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/applications/bug-buddy.desktop make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/src' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/src' Making install in bugzilla make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' Making install in gnome make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/gnome' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/gnome' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/gnome mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/gnome /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./config /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/gnome/config /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./products /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/gnome/products /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./mostfreq /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/gnome/mostfreq make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/gnome' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/gnome' Making install in ximian make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/ximian' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/ximian' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/ximian mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/ximian /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./config /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/ximian/config /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./products /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/ximian/products /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./mostfreq /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/ximian/mostfreq make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/ximian' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla/ximian' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./gnome.bugzilla /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/gnome.bugzilla /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./ximian.bugzilla /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/bug-buddy/bugzilla/ximian.bugzilla make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/bugzilla' Making install in docs make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' Making install in C make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/C mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/C for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/C; \ done if test ""; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/C/; \ for file in .//*.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file | sed -e 's,^.*/,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/C//$basefile; \ done \ fi make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-C.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/C' Making install in de make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/de mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/de for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/de; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/de/figures; \ for file in ./figures/*.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file | sed -e 's,^.*/,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/de/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/de/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-de.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/de' Making install in es make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/es mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/es for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/es; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/es/figures; \ for file in ./figures/*.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file | sed -e 's,^.*/,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/es/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/es/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-es.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/es' Making install in fr make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/fr mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/fr for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/fr; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/fr/figures; \ for file in ./figures/*.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file | sed -e 's,^.*/,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/fr/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/fr/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-fr.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/fr' Making install in it make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/it mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/it for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/it; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/it/figures; \ for file in ./figures/*.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file | sed -e 's,^.*/,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/it/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/it/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-it.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/it' Making install in ja make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ja mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ja for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ja; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ja/figures; \ for file in ./figures/*.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file | sed -e 's,^.*/,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ja/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ja/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-ja.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ja' Making install in ko make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ko mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ko for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ko; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ko/figures; \ for file in ./figures/*.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file | sed -e 's,^.*/,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ko/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/ko/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-ko.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/ko' Making install in sv make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/sv mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/sv for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/sv; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/sv/figures; \ for file in ./figures/*.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file | sed -e 's,^.*/,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/sv/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/sv/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-sv.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/sv' Making install in zh_CN make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_CN mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_CN for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_CN; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_CN/figures; \ for file in ./figures/*.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file | sed -e 's,^.*/,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_CN/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_CN/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-zh_CN.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_CN' Making install in zh_HK make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_HK mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_HK for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_HK; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_HK/figures; \ for file in ./figures/*.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file | sed -e 's,^.*/,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_HK/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_HK/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-zh_HK.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_HK' Making install in zh_TW make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_TW mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_TW for file in legal.xml bug-buddy.xml; do \ cp ./$file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_TW; \ done if test "figures"; then \ /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_TW/figures; \ for file in ./figures/*.png; do \ basefile=`echo $file | sed -e 's,^.*/,,'`; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_TW/figures/$basefile; \ done \ fi mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/gnome/help/bug-buddy/zh_TW/figures make install-data-hook make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' /bin/sh ../../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy for file in bug-buddy-zh_TW.omf; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $file.out /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy/$file; \ done scrollkeeper-update -p /var/scrollkeeper -o /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/omf/bug-buddy /var/scrollkeeper/scrollkeeper_docs: Permission denied make[4]: [install-data-hook-omf] Error 1 (ignored) make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs/zh_TW' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[3]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[3]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. make install-man1 make[4]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/man/man1 mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/man mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/man/man1 /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.1 /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/man/man1/bug-buddy.1 make[4]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[3]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1/docs' make[1]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' make[2]: Entering directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'. /bin/sh ./mkinstalldirs /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/etc/gconf/schemas/ mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/etc mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/etc/gconf mkdir /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/etc/gconf/schemas /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./bug-buddy.schemas /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/etc/gconf/schemas//bug-buddy.schemas if test -z "/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408" ; then \ for p in bug-buddy.schemas ; do \ GCONF_CONFIG_SOURCE=xml::/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults /usr/bin/gconftool-2 --makefile-install-rule $p ; \ done \ fi make[2]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' make[1]: Leaving directory `/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD/bug-buddy-2.6.1' sh-trace: unset GCONF_DISABLE_MAKEFILE_SCHEMA_INSTALL sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/find-lang.sh /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 bug-buddy sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-compress sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-strip /usr/bin/strip sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-strip-static-archive /usr/bin/strip sh-trace: /usr/lib/rpm/caos/brp-strip-comment-note /usr/bin/strip /usr/bin/objdump Processing files: bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos Executing(%doc): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.10080 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD sh-trace: cd bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: DOCDIR=/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/doc/bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: export DOCDIR sh-trace: rm -rf /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/doc/bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: /bin/mkdir -p /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/doc/bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: cp -pr AUTHORS ChangeLog COPYING COPYING.ximian-logos NEWS README TODO /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408/usr/share/doc/bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: exit 0 Requires(interp): /bin/sh /bin/sh Requires(rpmlib): rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) <= 3.0.4-1 rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) <= 4.0-1 Requires(post): /bin/sh Requires(postun): /bin/sh Checking for unpackaged file(s): /usr/lib/rpm/check-files /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 Wrote: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.src.rpm Wrote: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS/i386/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.i386.rpm Executing(%clean): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.69300 sh-trace: umask 022 sh-trace: cd /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD sh-trace: cd bug-buddy-2.6.1 sh-trace: rm -rf /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 sh-trace: exit 0 [buildtool/675/place_package_files()] Output files for bug-buddy: /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.src.rpm /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS/i386/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.i386.rpm [buildtool/694/place_package_files()] Testing location "/src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS" [buildtool/707/place_package_files()] Match found for /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.src.rpm: =src.rpm$ (/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS). [buildtool/721/place_package_files()] /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.src.rpm exists; removing. [buildtool/725/place_package_files()] ln -f /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.src.rpm /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.src.rpm [buildtool/694/place_package_files()] Testing location "/src.rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/SRPMS" [buildtool/694/place_package_files()] Testing location "/rpm$/=/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386" [buildtool/707/place_package_files()] Match found for /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS/i386/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.i386.rpm: =rpm$ (/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386). [buildtool/721/place_package_files()] /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.i386.rpm exists; removing. [buildtool/725/place_package_files()] ln -f /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS/i386/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.i386.rpm /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/bug-buddy-2.6.1-3.caos.i386.rpm Package build for bug-buddy completed successfully. (Wednesday, 05 October 2005 08:01:17 EDT) [Build.pm/462/cleanup_build_tree()] /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy | /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 | /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750 | orc [Build.pm/463/cleanup_build_tree()] Only allowing cleaning in: /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SRPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/RPMS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SPECS /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/SOURCES /var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 /var/tmp/mezzanine.temp.dironly.13676.4750/var/tmp/mezzanine-buildroot.13676/bug-buddy.1408 [Build.pm/498/cleanup_build_tree()] Cleaning /caos/repo/ext/autobuilder/i386/00_LOGS/gnome/bug-buddy/BUILD? 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Archived Information # Competitive Sourcing Methodology This guide provides a process for the Department of Education (Department) to follow in determining a best value solution to performing the activities necessary for the Department to fulfill its mission. We will make maximum use of competitive procedures to obtain best value and promote fairness. This approach is consistent with the government-wide principles for competition between employees and industry. In identifying competitive sourcing activities, we will use a Strategic Investment Process that includes developing a business case, assessing the commercial marketplace potential and deciding whether reengineering and/or competition will improve performance. (See the Strategic Investment Process Flow Chart on page 7.) # Identify Function(s) for Strategic Investment Analysis and Potential Reengineering and/or Competition As required by the FAIR Act, within a reasonable time after the publication of an annual Commercial Activities Inventory, the Department's Executive Management Team (EMT) will examine the listed activities to identify business functions to compete. For each activity, we will review the following attributes: - Core/Non-Core - Value Added/Non-Value Added - Funding Source/Type - Combination Activities - Underutilized Assets - Unstable Workload - Workforce Issues - Specialized Skills # Establish Strategic Investment Team The EMT and the Strategic Investment Office (SIO) will organize a Strategic Investment Team (the team) for each business function undergoing the Strategic Investment Process. Teams may include individuals from the program area affected, as well as procurement, human resources, legal, and finance personnel. Teams will document mission requirements and seek new and innovative ways to provide the required products or services. Team members will receive training and guidance about appropriate analysis performance and any subsequent competitive sourcing requirement. **Communication** The team and the SIO will prepare a Communication Plan to educate the workforce about the strategic investment process. It will inform all affected employees and their union representatives, in writing, that the Department will conduct a strategic investment review of their business function, and that a business case will be completed to determine whether the function will be reengineered and/or competitively sourced. If workload currently contracted out is also included in the analysis, we will notify the incumbent contractors. Review dates will be provided. Labor Relations staff will ensure that all communications comply with applicable collective bargaining agreements. # Establish Baseline Through a Business Case (Costs and Performance) The team will perform a strategic investment analysis of the business activities to determine baseline costs and performance. Data reviewed will include, but not be limited to: mission and function statements; organization charts; current staffing; position descriptions; inherently governmental positions; outputs; historical workload; special activities/services; sample reports from management information systems; existing contracts; operating procedures; performance standards; union agreements; relevant statutes, regulations and directives; equipment and facility inventories; customers; security requirements; and any identified problem areas. The team will develop the business case in accordance with the prescribed Department business case template and must include all requested data. The team will prepare the business case with assistance from the Strategic Investment Office and the Principal Office that owns the function. The Department will use the business case to quantify any cost savings and performance improvements between the \"As-Is\" organization and any reengineered or restructured organization. # Making the Decision to Maintain Status Quo, Reengineer, or Reengineer and Compete a Business Function After the team completes the business case, the Principal Office and Strategic Investment Office will submit it, along with a recommendation on reengineering/competition to the EMT. The EMT will then decide whether to maintain the existing organization, reengineer the function, or reengineer *and* compete the function between employees and industry to obtain the best value solution. **Develop Performance Work Statement/Quality Assurance Survey Plan/Independent Government Cost Estimate** If the EMT decides to reengineer and compete the business function, the team will develop a Performance Work Statement (PWS). The PWS will define need, performance standards and measures, and timeframes required. The PWS will be performance-oriented, specifying outputs or measures without dictating **[how]{.underline}** the work must be performed. The team will develop a Quality Assurance Surveillance Plan (QASP) that describes inspection methods, the required reports and necessary resources with estimated work-hours. Through market research, the team will prepare an Independent Government Cost Estimate (IGCE) based on PWS requirements. Used during the solicitation phase of the process, it will provide an estimate of contractor costs to perform the activities being competed. The PWS, QASP, IGCE, and solicitation package developers will not be allowed to develop the Education employees\' proposal. All team members must sign nondisclosure and conflict of interest statements. # Develop Employee Proposal A Most Efficient Organization Team \-- consisting of employees \-- will be organized to prepare an Employee Proposal to perform the PWS requirements. It will describe the Most Efficient Organization (MEO) of federal employees and resources to do the work. The employees\' proposal should identify the organizational structures, staffing and operating procedures, equipment, and transition and inspection plans necessary to ensure that the government can perform the activity in an efficient and cost effective manner. The proposal will include a Technical Performance Plan (TPP), a Cost Proposal and a Transition Plan (TP). The TPP represents the Government\'s technical proposal to accomplish the PWS requirements. The cost proposal is the employees' estimated costs to perform the relevant business functions. The in-house cost estimate should be based upon the following: - Personnel Costs - Materials and Supply Costs - Other Specifically Attributable Costs - Depreciation - Cost of Capital - Rent - Maintenance and Repair - Utilities - Insurance ```{=html}  ``` - Travel - MEO Subcontracts - Other Costs (i.e., transportation) ```{=html}  ``` - Overhead Costs - Additional Costs (i.e., employee recruitment, relocation) The TP will outline how the Government will transition from the current organization to the MEO or contractor/ISSA performance. Employee proposal information is procurement sensitive -- all necessary steps to protect it must be followed. # Independent Review of MEO The Department will assign an Independent Review Officer (IRO) to review the PWS, and QASP and employees' proposal. The IRO will certify in writing that Government\'s cost estimates are consistent and reasonable. The IRO will also certify in writing that the employee proposal reasonably establishes the government\'s ability to perform the PWS within the resources provided by the MEO, and that all employee proposal costs are fully justified. After certifying, the IRO returns the approved employee proposal documentation to the Contracting Officer. The IRO must be a qualified employee whose work and place in the organization is independent of both the activity being studied and the relevant competitive sourcing activity. # Solicitation The Contracts and Purchasing Operations (CPO) will prepare and issue a solicitation to request proposals or quotes from commercial vendors. During this step, the Contracting Officer (CO), in conjunction with the Strategic Improvement Office, determines which type of solicitation contract to use. The CO reviews the PWS for sufficiency and incorporates it, along with other required contract clauses, into the solicitation. The FAR requires that the Right of First Refusal of Employment clause be included in the solicitation. This clause ensures that federal employees whose positions are eliminated if an activity is outsourced will be given employment priority with the winning contractor. The Contracting Officer will announce the solicitation in accordance with FAR requirements. The Contracting Officer and the team should work together in developing the proposal evaluation criteria. Using negotiated procurement award procedures, all industry offerors, as well as the employee proposal, will be evaluated in accordance with the stated evaluation criteria. The CO will receive and evaluate proposals from outside offerors, i.e., the private sector or other government agencies (Interservice Support Agreement \-- ISSA). The CO will evaluate all proposals, determine which ones are within the competitive range, and begin negotiations. The CO\'s objective is to obtain the best value for the Government. The CO will negotiate with each offeror until a final proposal revision is submitted that provides the best value based on the offeror's proposal, the solicitation evaluation criteria, and the conditions affecting the offeror's operations. The best value is a contract with a responsible source that will satisfy ED requirements in terms of product quality and timely delivery, and includes a fair and reasonable price. After negotiations and receipt of final proposal revisions, the CO will select a best-value industry/ISSA proposal. Once the best-value contractor/ISSA proposal is selected, the Contracting Officer reviews the employee proposal, which must comply with the technical proposal requirements of the solicitation. The CO will assesses the level of performance and performance quality to be achieved. If necessary, the CO will negotiate with the MEO Team. The MEO Team will make all changes necessary to maximize performance standards. If necessary, the MEO will recalculate the employee-based cost proposal. The IRO must certify the revised employee proposal. The CO forwards the best value industry proposal and the best value employee proposal, along with a recommended award decision, to the EMT. # Best Value Decision During this step, the EMT compares the best value contract/ISSA offer with the in-house offer prepared by the MEO Team and makes a tentative award decision. The CO announces the tentative decision. # Debriefing and Protest Process Before a final-award decision is made and a transition to the \"winning\" proposal, unsuccessful offerors are entitled to a full debriefing. At a minimum, the debriefing information shall include: ED\'s evaluation of the significant weaknesses or deficiencies in the offeror\'s proposal, if applicable; the overall evaluated cost or price and technical rating, if applicable, of the successful offeror and the debriefed offeror; and past performance information on the debriefed offeror; the overall ranking of all offerors when any ranking was developed by the agency during the source selection; a summary of the award rationale; and reasonable responses to relevant questions about whether source selection procedures contained in the solicitation, applicable regulations, and other applicable authorities were followed. Unsuccessful offerors have the right to file a protest at the contracting agency or GAO. Eligible protestors include only those individuals or organizations that could be affected by the tentative best value award decision to convert to or from in-house, contract, or ISSA performance as a result of the cost comparison. Such individuals include the following: - The affected in-house employees (i.e., appropriated or non-appropriated fund civilian employees being cost-compared whose work is being competed) or their representative(s); - Contractors who have submitted formal offers; - An agency that has submitted a formal offer via an Interservice Support Agreement (ISSA); and - A non-selected contractor. A non-selected contractor is permitted to appeal in case the contractor originally selected to compete against the in-house offer is reversed via GAO protest. # Implement MEO or Contract After the end of the debriefing and protest process the EMT makes a final award decision. If the MEO is chosen, the solicitation is cancelled and the Most Efficient Organization (MEO) is implemented in accordance with the employee proposal. If the final best-value decision favors contract/ISSA performance, the contractor is awarded the contract and CPO will administer it. The Strategic Investment Office implements human resources options and oversees the transition. The Department's human resources staff will begin processing appropriate personnel actions such as: voluntary early retirement authority, voluntary separation incentive pay, priority placement programs, transition assistance reduction in force, etc. The Transition Plan from the winning proposal is implemented. # # Post MEO Performance Review After the winner of the competitive sourcing activity completes the transition period, the new organization begins full performance duties. The Government then, regardless of the outcome of the strategic improvement process, implements the Quality Assurance Surveillance Plan (QASP). This plan should be reviewed periodically and updated because over the life of the contract current performance measures may no longer be accurate indicators of performance, and/or performance standards may no longer be valid.\ \ If the employee proposal won the competition, the government will conduct a Post-MEO Performance Review to ensure that the government MEO has been implemented as proposed. The Post MEO Performance Review ensures that the government MEO is meeting the same requirements expected of a contractor or ISSA provider, and that any documentation to support a change in scope of effort has been provided. # # Re-compete The end of the competitive sourcing process is to re-compete the business function at the end of the \"contract\" performance period. All award decisions can be re-competed at the end of the \"contract\" regardless of MEO or contract performance; the same process is followed in the re-competition as in the original strategic investment process. The awardee of the first competition will be required to provide all information necessary for future strategic investment analyses, and any workload data necessary for future solicitation.

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HQ 960815 July 1, 1998 CLA-2 RR:CR:GC 960815 DWS CATEGORY: Classification TARIFF NO.: 8541.40.20 Port Director of Customs 1624 E. 7th Avenue, Suite 101 Tampa, FL 33605 RE: 1801-97-100022; Laser Diode Modules; NEC v. U.S. Dear Port Director: The following is our decision regarding Protest 1801-97-100022 concerning your action in classifying and assessing duty on laser diode modules under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS). FACTS: Based upon the information provided, the merchandise consists of laser diode modules (LDMs), each of which is comprised of a laser diode component, a built-in coaxial optical isolator and 25 ohm impedance matching circuit, a photodiode for optical monitoring, and, in some cases, a fiber pigtail allowing coupling to a fiber optic cable. The LDMs are used in an Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexer (an optical networking system) to convert electronic signals into laser light. The merchandise was entered on September, 10, 18, 25, 30, October, 2, 9, June 6, 20, 25, July 3, 11, 15, 17, 30, 31, August 6, and December 30, 1996, under subheading 9013.20.00, HTSUS, as lasers, other than laser diodes. However, the protestant now claims classification of the LDMs under subheading 8541.40.95, HTSUS, as other photosensitive semiconductor devices. The entries were liquidated on January 24, 31, and February 14, 1997, under subheading 9013.80.60, HTSUS, as other optical instruments, not specified or included elsewhere in chapter 90, HTSUS. The protest was timely filed on February 22, 1997. ISSUE: Whether the LDMs are classifiable under subheading 8541.40.20, HTSUS, as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), under subheading 8541.40.95, HTSUS, as other photosensitive semiconductor devices, or under subheading 9013.80.60, HTSUS, as other optical instruments, not specified or included elsewhere in chapter 90, HTSUS. LAW AND ANALYSIS: Classification of merchandise under the HTSUS is in accordance with the General Rules of Interpretation (GRI\'s). GRI 1 provides that classification is determined according to the terms of the headings and any relative section or chapter notes. The 1996 HTSUS provisions under consideration are as follows: 8541 Diodes, transistors and similar semiconductor devices; photosensitive semiconductor devices, including photovoltaic cells whether or not assembled in modules or made up into panels; light-emitting diodes; mounted piezoelectric crystals; parts thereof: 8541.40 Photosensitive semiconductor devices, including photovoltaic cells whether or not assembled in modules or made up into panels; light- emitting diodes: 8541.40.20 Light-emitting diodes (LED\'s). Other: 8541.40.95 Other. \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* 9013 Liquid crystal devices not constituting articles provided for more specifically in other headings; lasers, other than laser diodes; other optical appliances and instruments, not specified or included elsewhere in this chapter; parts and accessories thereof: 9013.80 Other devices, appliances and instruments: 9013.80.60 Other. \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* NEC v. U.S., Slip Op. 97-38, March 28, 1997 (CIT), aff\'d Slip Op. 97-1403, May 19, 1998 (CAFC), dealt with the classification of a LDM under the HTSUS similar to the subject merchandise, consisting of a laser diode, a photodiode detector, a columnating lens, and/or an optical fiber attachment or connector. In NEC, the Court held that laser diodes are classifiable with LEDs under subheading 8541.40.20, HTSUS. It also stated that: \[t\]he Court makes a similar finding with respect to laser diode modules. According to General Rule of Interpretation 3(b), goods comprised of different components must be classified as though they were wholly made of the material or component which gives their essential character. Because the Court finds that the laser diode component gives the laser diode module its essential character, the Court\'s finding with respect to laser diodes controls the classification of laser diode modules. Based upon the holding in NEC, because the subjects LDMs are similar in kind to the LDM in NEC, we find that they belong to the class or kind of merchandise classifiable under subheading 8541.40.20, HTSUS. The protestant cites HQ 088628, dated August 20, 1991, as precedent for the classification of the LDMs under subheading 8541.40.95, HTSUS. In HQ 088628, which dealt with the classification of a LDM similar to the subject merchandise, we held that the LDM, was classifiable under subheading 8541.40.95, HTSUS, because it consisted of both a laser diode and a photodiode. However, the holding in NEC states that, in such a situation, the laser diode imparts the essential character of the module and the LDM is classifiable under subheading 8541.40.20, HTSUS. Therefore, the holding in NEC effectively revokes the holding in HQ 088628. Your office claims that, because the subject LDMs include optical components, they are classifiable in heading 9013, HTSUS. Chapter 90, additional U.S. note 3, HTSUS, states that: \[f\]or the purposes of this chapter the terms \"optical appliances\" and \"optical instruments\" refer only to those appliances and instruments which incorporate one or more optical elements, but do not include any appliances or instruments in which the incorporated optical element or elements are solely for viewing a scale or for some other subsidiary purpose. The LDM in NEC also contained optical components. However, because the Court did not entertain classification of the LDM in heading 9013, HTSUS, we must infer that the optical components for this class of merchandise are subsidiary to the function of the laser diode. Therefore, based upon chapter 90, additional U.S. note 3, HTSUS, the subject LDMs do not meet the terms of \"optical instruments\" and are precluded from classification in heading 9013, HTSUS. HOLDING: The LDMs are classifiable under subheading 8541.40.20, HTSUS, as LEDs. You should DENY the protest, except to the extent reclassification of the merchandise as indicated above results in a partial allowance. In accordance with Section 3A(11)(b) of Customs Directive 099 3550-065, dated August 4, 1993, Subject: Revised Protest Directive, this decision, together with the Customs Form 19, should be mailed by your office to the protestant no later than 60 days from the date of this letter. Any reliquidation of the entry in accordance with the decision must be accomplished prior to mailing of this decision. Sixty days from the date of the decision the Office of Regulations and Rulings will take steps to make the decision available to Customs personnel via the Customs Rulings Module in ACS and the public via the Diskette Subscription Service, Freedom of Information Act, and other public access channels. Sincerely, John Durant, Director Commercial Rulings Division

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