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BeastyZ

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E5-R

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[ "The \"cones\" themselves are shock diamonds, and are a characteristic of supersonic flow (so, they happen all the time in rocket and very high-performance jet engines). The shock diamonds occur because the exhaust is overexpanded by the nozzle, and is actually at lower pressure than the ambient air. As it moves away from the exhaust nozzle, the atmospheric air pushes in on it, which causes the exhaust to contract (which you can see in the fact that the gas sort of necks inwards right after it leaves the nozzle). However, this contraction happens very very suddenly in the form of a shock wave, and typically with this shock/compression wave you also get an expansion fan as a sort of \"rebound\" within the flow. When these compression and expansion waves overlap, [you get the actual shock diamonds visible in the flow.](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Basically, just like YOU keep up with earth : gravtity and momentum." ]

[ "Regional dialects. In my region the U is pronounced and we say \"Burr-ee\" I've also heard \"Be-urr-ee\"" ]

[ "Imagine you wanted to send a digital file to a friend of yours, but all you have is a telephone and the binary data contents of the file. You tell your friend \"when I say beep you write down 1, when I say boop, you write down 0\", and then you read the contents of the file to him over the phone \"beep beep boop boop beep boop beep boop boop boop beep\" etc etc. It takes _weeks_ to do, but it works. So you invent a little box that can say the beeps and boops faster than your mouth can say them, and give your friend a little box that can hear the beeps and boops and write them down very fast. This works pretty well, and you realize you can make it go so fast that the beeps and boops happen very very quickly, so quickly that to your human ear it just sounds like hissing." ]

[ "Let's say that I own a building with 15 apartments, and I want to have 1 master key to open all of them. Each of these apartments has a unique key. None of them can open the other apartments' doors. So what the locksmith does is simple: Every lock has 2 possible \"combinations\" of teeth, grooves, etc. One of them is common to every lock, and this is shaped to the master key's teeth. The other one on each lock is unique, and each apartment has its own key to match." ]

[ "Hi there, while I don't claim to be an expert, I have studied the GDR extensively and I have not come across this anecdote before. It seems unlikely to me, for the following reasons: * Any goods imported into the GDR would have most likely been manufactured within the Communist Bloc, and therefore of questionable quality to begin with. * The Stasi had a huge array of techniques to gain entry into premises, from lock picking to coercion. They were extremely pervasive and their techniques sophisticated. For them to rely on shoddy locks seems highly improbable. * The Stasi were makers of their own myths. Rumours like these were not uncommon, and used to spread wider fear amongst the populace and destabilize any feeling of privacy or security. *Suggested Reading*: 'Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police' John.O.Koehler 'Stasiland' - Anna Funder 'Man Without A face' - Markus Wolf" ]

[ "What type of braid? Can you ensure that the strands don't twist when you braid them? You're right that there are a lot of \"depends.\" If the braid is not twisted, then best-case, each strand supports an equal load, so you'd expect your new rope to be 4X stronger than the old rope. However, if you introduce any uneven load distribution when you make the braid, then the allowable load would be knocked down by some percentage. This depends on the material, diameter, twist, and construction type of the rope. For instance, with a 1\" diameter, 12-strand, nylon rope, 5 twists (rotations of an individual strand) per meter results in a 20% knockdown as compared to full strength. The questions you're asking are all very specific to the type, size, and style of rope...sorry." ]

[ "Different algorithms to try and compress data. In general, RAR is slower than ZIP, but it will compress the data more, giving you a smaller file. RAR is especially good at compressing multimedia files. Another feature of RAR is that you can split it into many smaller chunks, so you can have, for instance, five 20MB files instead of one 100MB file. I don't believe you can do that with ZIP. Sometimes it makes transferring the parts easier. In general, the end user won't see much of a difference." ]

[ "Can you please define for the court when a crime is \"obvious\"? When is the evidence \"clear\"? Why do you point out a first degree murder and claim that this is something more 'obvious' and 'clear' than say, fraud or kidnapping? It takes a long time because it is a very serious accusation and in order to ensure that justice is done properly - meaning the right person is punished and the wrong person is not - takes a lot of time and meticulous attention to detail. Even if something is 'obvious' or 'clear', very specific procedures need to be followed. This keeps our criminal, civil, and judicial proceedings standardized and help prevent mistakes and wrongdoing. This is also why criminal charges need to be beyond a reasonable doubt." ]

[ "The US banking system was [developed in the 70s](_URL_0_), and has not been updated since. They save up days worth of transactions and then actually perform them all at once, which saves them a lot of effort. If Bank A has 10,000 transactions totaling 1 million dollars to go to bank B, and Bank B has 10,000 transactions totaling $800,000 to go to bank A, it's much easier to add up the transactions and then just send the difference. A single $200,000 transaction is much simpler than 20,000 transactions. They assumed that data transfers would take place by air-mailing data tapes, so a few days delay wouldn't matter much anyway. Data transfers take place by internet now, but they've got no competition to encourage them to modernize—every bank in the country has signed on to this system (they have to, if they want to do business with other banks)." ]

[ "The Spanish did have a land trade route over the Isthumus of Panama. It was successful and saw most of the gold and silver mined in Peru and Bolivia cross it on the way to Spain. In the 1850's, Cornellius Vanderbilt carried people by steamship to Panama, had them cross the Isthumus, and take another steamboat to California. This route was used by more \"Forty-Niners\", joining the California Gold-rush, than the longer route around Cape Horn. Most of the Forty-niners went by ship, and San Francisco harbour was soon clogged with abandoned boats, as not only did the passengers rush off to the gold fields, most of the ship crews joined them. A 47 mile long railroad accross the isthumus openned in January, 1855. The Spanish road dates back to the 1530's." ]

[ "To add a concrete example to what's already been stated: [The Sahara desert fertilizes the Amazon rainforest.](_URL_0_) Equatorial trade winds carry mineral dust (carbonates and oxides, mostly) from the Bodele depression in the Sahara to South America, significantly increasing the productivity of the Amazon basin." ]

[ "We don't. The concept of things being greater than we can perceive is kinda the only thing that keeps religion going. It is not just possible but probable that we are part of a larger structure of some sort. Unlike, say, mites we have a brain capable of understanding it though. We just have to get a better picture. That's where science and religion(at least Abrahamic relgions) differ. The religious will hold that it is simply beyond our ability to comprehend." ]

[ "I personally don't feel there is any rock solid defense against solipsism. A common scenario for this is the Brain in a Vat scenario. All that you perceive is fed into your brain from external inputs. If those inputs could be manipulated perfectly, you would have no way of separating whether you are experiencing reality or not. Personally, I 'resolve' it for myself from a utilitarian standpoint. If the universe I perceive is real, and I respond to it as though it was real, I benefit myself. If it is real, and I respond to it as though it was false, I harm myself. If it is illusory, then no action is necessarily good or bad. So I may as well treat it as real, as it is the the only course available to me that provides a clear (but possibly false) form of guidance." ]

[ "Hi, re your title question, check out this recent response from /u/Bernardito * [Is Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries being blasted from helicopter-mounted speakers during the Vietnam War an invention of Hollywood, or based in historical fact?](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "They were easy to get a hold of because this was prior to the [National Firearms Act](_URL_3_). As to availability, [Thompson sold it by mail order and in stores](_URL_1_). Price doesn't seem to have been the determining factor. Only the civilian models used the circular drum magazine. The military [M1A1](_URL_4_) only accepted the stick magazine. Don't forget the [Browning Automatic Rifle](_URL_2_) (BAR). [Bonnie and Clybe](_URL_0_), among others, made use of them. The Thompson used the .45 ACP pistol round while the BAR uses the far more powerful .30-06 rifle round." ]

[ "I think it has to do with nucleation sites. The tablet gives bubbles a good place to form. The bubbles form easily because the liquid is super saturated with CO2, and so they \"want\" to leave solution. The same reason diet coke and mentos fountains work. The bubbles are just waiting for an easy way to release their energy." ]

[ "Did nobody here do the thing when you were kids in which you take a water balloon and then fill it half with air? The air acts as a shock absorber and it's actually *super* hard to get it to pop by throwing it against a surface, even throwing it hard just causes it to bounce. Good way to freak people out without actually getting them wet." ]

[ "I don't think a compression wave (sound) could pass through an incompressable substance at all." ]

[ "Imagine you wanted to send a digital file to a friend of yours, but all you have is a telephone and the binary data contents of the file. You tell your friend \"when I say beep you write down 1, when I say boop, you write down 0\", and then you read the contents of the file to him over the phone \"beep beep boop boop beep boop beep boop boop boop beep\" etc etc. It takes _weeks_ to do, but it works. So you invent a little box that can say the beeps and boops faster than your mouth can say them, and give your friend a little box that can hear the beeps and boops and write them down very fast. This works pretty well, and you realize you can make it go so fast that the beeps and boops happen very very quickly, so quickly that to your human ear it just sounds like hissing." ]

[ "[The Straight Dope covered this](_URL_0_). Basically, they started out as being made by two different production teams, but after a certain point, they became essentially interchangeable, but they kept both names going." ]

[ "News and scheduled programs have different airing times for the different time zones. Live programs (sports, or a presidential debate or something) are scheduled so as to attempt to be convenient for everyone. This often ends up being rather late on the east coast, and inconveniently early on the west coast. I don't know how Hawaii deals with it!" ]

[ "CEO's that don't take a salary are generally extremely wealthy to begin with, so it's not much of a problem. If they weren't, then they would just sell a portion of their stock, and that solves the problem. The CEO of a company has control of a company to a much larger degree than his personal share of the stock in that company. You can look at Tim Cook's (the new CEO at Apple) [stock history](_URL_0_). He current owns 13k shares, which is pretty much nothing when it comes to power to control the company. Back last march he exercised 300k shares and sold them for $76 million. Of course he's scheduled to receive 1,000,000 shares over the next 10 years, which has a current value of $422 Million. He'll have to make do with that $76 mil until the big pay day comes through." ]

[ "The same is true of literally any product in the world. For example, when you buy groceries, you don't buy from farmers do you? You buy from a store, that buys from a distributor, that buys from farmers. The farmer sells in bulk to the distributor who sells in less bulk to the store who sells in single units to you. The price increases along the way." ]

[ "Do you know what resolution the NMR was? It's throwing me off that there is no splitting." ]

[ "Still decoding the song. You can verify this by looking at the spectrum analyzer while on mute." ]

[ "Well, both the Xbox and PlayStation have matchmaking built into them, which only works with other Xboxes and PlayStations. For a developer, it's much easier to just use that, than develop a separate server and then host those servers, because that takes a huge amount of computing power, and especially for something like call of duty, it's very difficult. > So what about PC? They have dedicated servers? Yes, but those servers are very often hosted by a third party, whose job it is to host them, for their own profit. And even if the developer hosts them, there's a lot less power needed to host only PC servers than hosting PC, Xbox and PlayStation servers, because there's less people playing. And then you have the differences in controllers, where the PC might have an advantage over consoles or vice-versa, due to the game mechanics and controllers" ]

[ "In addition to what others have said nations often sell export variants of hardware. These versions are usually less capable than what is in the selling nations' arsenals. When the US sells planes they will usually have a less capable avionics and radar systems. US tanks are sold with export armor that is less capable than the armor on tanks currently in the US military. In essence if you have to go to war against your own hardware it won't be as capable as what you have." ]

[ "Part of it is also tied to the price of oil extraction. Alberta for instance has been experiencing an economic boom because of the oil sands, however when the market value of petrol drops below whatever it costs to extract and process oil from those oil sands(IIRC $75 a barrel around 2000), it becomes a better strategy for the owners of the oil sands to stop extracting oil until the price comes back up." ]

[ "Prior to burning fossil fules, we had a balance of CO2 producers (mammal life breathing oxygen and exhaling CO2) and oxygen producers (plant life). We're damaging the oceans and clearing forests while burning fossil fuels, which releases tons of extra CO2 with less plant life to convert it. It's not like there's a place were we can just plant our way out of it at that scale. We'd need a continent worth of trees." ]

[ "They do pay the entire repair — minus your deductible. You can pay more to have a $0 deductible, but more typically they are $500 or so to keep you from making a millions claims for every little ding." ]

[ "Well some of the high end brands just destroy their leftover stock, though I know [that was an issue](_URL_0_) and some may have changed (mainly by selling them to a country they don't care about). The cheaper brands just sell it to other stores, TJ-Maxx and Marshalls basically exist for this, they buy up all the unsold stuff and sell it at a discount. Some have various subsidiaries that they go through first (Nordstrom has Nordstrom Rack which just sells old Nordstrom stuff)" ]

[ "The captains basically saw two ways to pack slaves. One way was to transport fewer slaves than the ship could actually carry in hopes of reducing the disease and deaths among slaves, this was called \"loose packing\". The other that you inquire about was the cruel way, \"tight packing\". This way meant that the slaves were packed very tightly in order to fill the whole ship. They were tied ankle to wrist and crammed into the smallest spaces. The idea behind this was that the more slaves a ship had, the more profit they could make. The ships's smell was appalling and in the worst case scenario the slaves were not provided with any kind of hygiene. This would lead to more deaths and actually would not work as well as they thought." ]

[ "**If you're new to the thread, please don't post the Mythbusters episode again. Mythbusters is entertaining but it's not history (or more specifically, it's not historical proof of anything.)** The short answer is no, not that we know of. /u/davidaop, our pirate expert, and I have both answered [questions about this](_URL_0_) in the past. Unfortunately, because it's not a thing people did, there's not a canonical source saying that people didn't do it (if that makes sense); there's just an absence of evidence, into which void people throw half-baked conjecture. And Mythbusters." ]

[ "A fever is the body's attempt to kill intruders(bacteria, viruses, etc) by making the conditions inside your body less ideal for said intruders. Unfortunately, your body also happens to be in your body so you suffer the effects of the raised body temperature such as sweating. A really high fever is the body saying \"I'll kill this intruder or I'll die trying.\" Fevers don't outright kill intruders, but they do weaken them which helps your immune system fend them off. The reason you don't feel great when you have a fever is two fold: A) Your body is diverting all of it's energy to fighting whatever bug you have which means taking away energy from other places B) The biological processes in our bodies are suited to work best at body temperature. When that temperature is too high then those processes don't work as well." ]

[ "The Viet Cong were very aware of the anti-war mentality of Americans. It was central to their strategy for ultimately winning, in fact. They believed that if they could bring the frontlines out of remote areas and in front of news cameras, the American public would object to seeing such slaughter. And it did work. The Tet Offensive allowed Americans back home to see their sons, fathers and cousins slaughtered in brutal warfare, further driving anti-war mentality. I can't remember which Viet Cong general said it, but after Americans withdrew from Vietnam, the general reportedly said, \"Were it not for the American news, we surely would have lost the war\"" ]

[ "This depends on the vapor pressure of water in the air. If the vapor pressure is below saturation at 37 C, there is some chance that the body will be losing heat from water evaporating from the skin. In this case the fan blowing at you may make you cooler. If the vapor pressure of water equals the saturation pressure at 37C, the body will not be able to cool via evaporation of water, and warm water will actually condense on the body from the air. In this case I imagine a fan directing air at you would cause you to heat up faster towards nonviable temperature." ]

[ "When you blow to cool things down part of the air comes from your lungs, but a greater part is pulled from the surrounding air by the vacuum you create blowing. When you blow to heat something up you get much closer and try to minimize the surrounding air. There is a good video I will try to find asking people how much they can fill a long plastic bag in one breath. Here's a similar video. _URL_0_" ]

[ "They use a device called an [autorefractor](_URL_0_). It projects an image onto the retina, and uses a camera to see if the image in is focus. It then rapidly adjusts the focus of the projector until the image on the retina is in focus, which allows it to calculate how out-of-focus your eye is. They often uses autorefractors for adults' eye exams, too, to quickly get a good starting point for further refinement." ]

[ "Almost certainly not. In fact, it's kind of up for debate whether bees \"know\" anything at all. Their neurological systems are so simplistic, it's been argued that they aren't even really sentient in the way humans are. They're basically robots following the incredibly simple programming they're born with. It's believed that bees, and really insects in general, lack the complexity for complicated thought or decision making. Sidenote: This to me is why bee colonies, and even more so ant colonies, are so fascinating. We think of them as this massive hive run by the queen, but that isn't accurate at all; the queen is no more intelligent than the rest, and while she may be the most important for breeding purposes, she isn't actually \"in charge\" of anything. No one is. They are incredibly complex systems with absolutely no leadership whatsoever; every single component is a cog running on pure instinct and yet somehow they develop these immensely intricate and well-functioning societies." ]

[ "Water boils at 100C. Water evaporates at any temperature, and will even evaporate as ice (actually, it's called sublimation). wikipedia: _URL_0_" ]

[ "I'm a semiconductor reliability engineer, and I used to do a lot of ESD failure analysis: Integrated circuits have very, very tiny features. Electrostatic discharges don't have a lot of total charge, but the rate of charge flow (current) can exceed several amps for a short period of time. Since the features that the current flows through are quite small, the current densities reach incredible levels....enough to melt metal conductors and even the[ silicon itself](_URL_0_). That's pretty awesome, when you keep in mind that it take in excess of 1400 degrees C to melt Si. Similarly, the voltages can be quite high (thousands of volts), sometimes causing rupture of the very thin insulators in an integrated circuit. (But the killer is more often the heating.) ESD almost never directly damages a circuit board. But it can short a component on the board, making bad things happen to the board as a secondary effect." ]

[ "Sexually mature men can control their arousal. During puberty, hormones are all over the place causing all spontaneous arousal, etc." ]

[ "Moisture in the air helps to dissipate the electrical charge and not allow it to build up into a noticeable zap. And dry air does not." ]

[ "That would most probably be your body dumping adrenaline into your blood when something happens, the effect is almost instant. Part of the fight, flight, freeze, or fawn response." ]

[ "Anthems are designed to do this. I don't know exactly what it is, but many anthems have similar effects.try listening to some other ones." ]

[ "There are a ton of misconceptions popular media pushes about pre-gunpowder combat. [There was a discussion about it](_URL_1_) on the short answer thread two weeks ago, as well as [this answer from about a month ago](_URL_0_) on medieval troop divisions that might get closer to what you're asking." ]

[ "Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How did we figure out how many protons each element has? ](_URL_0_) 1. [ELI5: How did scientists figure out how many protons are in an atom? Or, even, what an atom is made of? ](_URL_1_)" ]

[ "They want to encourage people to actually watch the show on television. Television ads bring in a lot more money than any ads online." ]

[ "Because it's not always the store putting out those coupons. Sometimes, it's the company who makes that brand of soda, or spaghetti sauce, or crackers, or whatever that wants you to buy their brand over the others. So they attach coupons to the shelf so you see their stuff first, and think \"this is a good deal\" and put their product into your cart. The store knows about it, of course, but they still have to collect the coupons and send them to the vendor to be reimbursed for the face value of the coupon, plus a small handling fee. Sometimes it is the store, because they got a particularly great buy on some particular product, and they want to move as much of that product as possible." ]

[ "Practice. They spent lots and lots of hours practicing throwing darts. It took them just as long to figure out how to get a dart shot as it did for you to figure out how to get a baseball throw. You just don't think about it, because you probably remember very little of how godawful you were at throwing baseballs before you were 12. Take those seven years of practice, and apply them to darts instead, and you'll be just as good as the pros." ]

[ "[Here](_URL_0_)'s a great video by Steve Mould on Tom Scott's channel which explains it. Essentialy it's because the viscosity (thickness) of water changes at different temperatures, changing how it splashes as it's poured." ]

[ "Denmark didn't play an important role in WWII. The Germans quickly occupied Denmark in 1940 as a staging ground for the attack to Norway. The Danish military initially resisted but surrendered after two hours. The Danish government was left in place and life continued pretty normal until 1943. The UK occupied the Faroe Islands and Iceland. They also planned to occupy Greenland but US (neutral at the time) disagreement prevented this. In 1941 the Danish government signed an agreement with the US, authorising them to defend Greenland. In 1943, after the first major Nazi defeats and the outlook of war turned, the Danish population more openly resisted to the Nazi occupation. The Nazis abandoned the Danish government and declared martial law. The probably most important event was the rescue of the Danish Jews and almost all Jews were evacuated to Sweden. There was a Danish unit in the Waffen SS with a few thousand members." ]

[ "While not a scientific answer to your question at all, I want to suggest the excellent movie [Before the Fall](_URL_5_) (German Titel: Napola – Elite für den Führer) to anyone interested in this topic, which is a story about pupils in an elite high school in the German Reich." ]

[ "It does rotate, and the dark side is a misnomer. the \"Dark side\" frequently faces the sun, which is what we call \"New moon\". About once a month, give or take. However the moon is tidally locked to the earth, meaning that it rotates at the same speed as it orbits the earth. For every single orbit it makes around the earth it rotates once. the \"moon day\" is the same length as a \"moon year\"." ]

[ "* it isn't very big, and would have to spin really, really fast to simulate 1g * spinning makes it hard to dock with * part of the point is to do experiments in a weightless environment." ]

[ "The [watermelon stereotype](_URL_0_) isn't just about liking watermelon. It's part of larger stereotype of blacks being lazy & simpleminded. The old images involved a bunch of blacks sitting around doing nothing but eating watermelon. The implication is that blacks are lazy and , without the white man pushing them to work, they would not actually do work or ever accomplish anything on their own." ]

[ "The rotisserie chicken you see in the front of stores is a loss leader. The store loses money on each chicken sold. However, when you put it in your cart and walk around with it, you smell the chicken and get hungry, thus buying more." ]

[ "We can observe black holes indirectly, via their affect on light in various solar systems, notably binary star systems. We cant \"truly\" know how they behave until we are able to closely observe one. Even if we could launch probes into one, by our current theory it would take nearly infinite time to reach the event horizon, and should be impossible to observe beyond that. What goes on inside the event horizon can only be extrapolated from our current best theory of gravity, General Relativity. Weird things that should happen near a singularity can be mathematically formulated, but will not be empirically observable in the near future." ]

[ "The Big Bang theory actually concerns itself with the evolution of the universe since moments *after* whatever initially happened. If we try to use the theory to extrapolate from the first moments it *can* represent to the actual beginning of time, the equations give us a singularity - basically, a divide by zero. What we don't know is whether these kind of singularities are something physically existing (though we're pretty sure you can't actually divide by zero), or whether the model is simply incomplete and gives totally wrong results when applied beyond its scope." ]

[ "Most balloons are made of latex these days, but the same principle holds regardless. It is because of their insulating properties that they become statically charged. When you rub a balloon, or any other insulator on another, electron transfer occurs. This build-up of electrons is responsible for the static shock when they come close to something more conductive. Static charge is a different property than conductivity." ]

[ "Food Scientist here: Looked up the ingredients online but could not find the exact ingredients for the icing. However I will give it my best shot. It has too do with the amount of solids that is in the icing (mainly sugar and corn starch). The sugar will bind to the water, and will keep the water from forming very large ice crystals. This is the same reason why a Popsicle is softer than an ice cube. The popsicle has a lot of sugar binding the water while the icecube is just pure frozen water. In the icing there is so much sugar that all the water is bound and can't form large ice crystals so it appears to not be frozen." ]

[ "It's to stop frivolous wastes of time. For most crimes, there's a certain point where the crime just doesn't matter anymore. Also, defendants have the right to defend themselves, and if it happened a long time ago they may not be able to produce exonerating evidence (because it may have been lost, they may have forgotten an alibi, etc.). All this being said, certain crimes like murder have no statute of limitation because they are considered especially heinous." ]

[ "I heard it had a lot to do with the invention / discovery of the camera obscura. This helped people understand perspective / proportions / etc better. Here's a quick article I found about it - but there are a ton of others, videos, books, etc that talk about it in more depth. _URL_0_" ]

[ "A lot of our constitutional rights have limits on them. For instance, there is the right to free speech, but there are still laws against slander, libel, or saying things that cause immediate danger (like yelling \"fire\" in a crowded area). Arms are the same way - you can't own fully automatic weapons (without going through a lot of hoops), nuclear weapons, etc. There's a few other factors here. One is whether bladed weapons are considered \"arms\". Another goes back to the days when the constitution was formed - there were torts on the books that banned \"affrighting\", such as carrying around an open axe with the purpose of instilling fear in others. These were considered acceptable to the founding fathers. That being said, there are those who are trying to banish all knife laws based on the second amendment." ]

[ "Basically, instead of responding to your argument, I make up an easier argument to fight, pretend that it's what you mean, and respond to that instead. Typically the fake argument (the \"straw man\") is a more extreme version of the original argument, but not always. So if you said something like \"I think we should legalize marijuana,\" then I could turn it into a straw man like so: \"So you think we should let potheads drive while stoned? That's a terrible idea! So you're saying you want kids to get run over?\" See, you didn't say anything about driving. You didn't say anything about kids. I don't even know your opinion on driving while high, because that wasn't part of your argument at all. But I responded to that idea as if it *was* your argument, because it made me look (hopefully!) like I was right and you were wrong. I built a strawman and attacked it instead of attacking your point, which I should be doing if I wanted to discuss the issue with you like a respectful and thoughtful person." ]

[ "There are parts of food that cannot be broken down effectively by our digestive system alone. For example, the cell walls of vegetables can't be broken by our stomach or intestines. Chewing helps but because the cells are so small, it doesn't help much. But when you cook it, those cell walls are broken open from the heat. At that point the nutrients inside can be better absorbed. Also I don't suspect that cheese would have a heightened nutritional value after melting. The bacteria used in the culturing process has already broken it down significantly." ]

[ "The main reason is the way the atoms/molecules behave When applying heat to something, you increase the kinetic energy (speed, since mass is constant) of its particles. A heavier particle needs more energy to speed up by the same amount. Another application of that is rotation. When applying (input) heat you expect (output) the temperature (particle speed) to increase. But (kinetic) energy applied can be translated to either *transport* speed or *rotation* speed. For example, when applying the same amount of heat to air (mostly N2 and O2, average molecular weight 29 g/mol) and Argon (40 g/mol), the air's temperature will increase more, despite its molecules weighing less than Ar atoms. That is because a N2 molecule takes energy to spin around the axis that is perpendicular to the imaginary line that connects the atom cores Hope I helped!" ]

[ "Why without mass? You can't create an electromagnetic field without charge. Anyway, to answer your question we can create gravitational fields by putting lots of heavy stuff in one place, as Cavendish did when he measured the gravitational constant. Gravity is indistinguishable from acceleration, so we could mimic gravity by having something that is constantly accelerating." ]

[ "We aren't really sure why, but it doesn't seem that something like that can be done. Think about it like your bladder; you can build up a need to urinate, but you cannot urinate so much that your bladder is more than empty." ]

[ "Parole is a supervised period after being in jail; probation is supervison without jail time." ]

[ "[The Straight Dope covered this](_URL_0_). Basically, they started out as being made by two different production teams, but after a certain point, they became essentially interchangeable, but they kept both names going." ]

[ "I use to have a dream where I died and would just float for a while above my body. It was incredibly unnerving . I imagine though you would wake up from the increased heart rate and adrenaline in you system from the fright of the dream though." ]

[ "To confirm that you're ready. What if the game just started and something came along and killed your guy?" ]

[ "Ahh, but you are capable of eating and digesting raw meat. It'll take a bit longer to digest than cooked meat, and won't be as tasty, but there's nothing about it that your digestive tract cannot handle. Your ancestors ate plenty of raw meat. We are warned against eating raw meat because where meat it processed can be a haven for bacteria. Slaughterhouses and processing plants go to great lengths to sanitize themselves, but whenever meat is sitting around for extended periods of time, in transit or whatever, bacteria in and on the meat have a chance to multiply." ]

[ "Cats and dogs are faster breeders and their offspring can become adult and self sufficient much faster then human babies. It's a bit like the \"quantity vs quality\" thing: humans are much more complex than cats and dogs especially when it comes to the brain, and so they need much more time to develop. So cats and dogs live less because they can fulfill their reproduction much quicker than humans do. Also, compare these animals to even faster breeders and you see they'll have even shorter lifespans: there is an inverse proportion between period of reproduction and lenght of life." ]

[ "The Bektashi order is not Shi'a. They're a bit more syncretic than other Sunni Sufi orders, in that they revere Ali and his family more than is common, but to classify them as Shi'a would be a mistake. See Taşköprüzade's entry on Hajji Veli Bektash in his \"Shaqa'iq al-Nu'maniyya\". He's very adamant (in the 16th century at least) that the origins of the order have nothing to do with the Shi'ism and innovative beliefs that they're commonly accused of." ]

[ "Or would you put it down to factors such as the Army, Parliament, the Major General rule, religion at the time?" ]

[ "It is not super rare when compared to genetic abnormalities, there are a lot of ways the melanin synthesis pathway can break. Look at this [biosynthetic pathway](_URL_0_) or this [simplified version](_URL_1_), if one of those enzymes (the arrows here) mutate the organism might survive but lose the ability to form melanin, resulting in albinism. Albino animals are unique in the genetic abnormalities world because they are extremely obvious. You might have organisms with all sorts of mutations walking around and you would need to sequence their genome or do a very in-depth phenotypic (physical traits) analysis to find out." ]

[ "They are nocturnal and evolved to navigate by the light of the moon. But this smaller brighter moon is much much closer and messes with their internal compass." ]

[ "Sometimes it's all designed by a person, sometimes it's generated by algorithms, sometimes it's a mix of both. Minecraft worlds are procedurally generated. There's an algorithm that generates them based on an initial \"seed\" value. The first two elder scrolls games worked in a similar way. The world in Elder Scrolls: Daggerfall was about the size of Great Britain. It was huge, but it was almost all automatically generated. Starting with Morrowind, they started designing manually. However they probably do use tools to help them, and then add detail. I suspect they use terrain generation tools to create the initial landmass. Then add the towns and other locations on top of that, tweaking the terrain when necessary. They do reuse a lot of assets when making dungeons. If you look around in Skyrim you'll notice that there's only few different themes for dungeons, and most of the scenery is the same just resized and rotated." ]

[ "SDK (source development kits), modding tools, 3D design tools, audio production software and many other means. To explain it in detail would overwhelm you." ]

[ "People with PTSD often have trouble relating to other people and become withdrawn. A good dog is basically always happy to see you which can make someone smile. They don't judge you if you wake up with a night terror or cry in the shower or get pass out drunk because you are stressed out. They give you something low maintenance to take care of, to focus on without having to deal with a spouse or child. If you walk them then you get out of the house and possibly interact with neighbors and other dog owners in the area which can help socialize someone feeling isolated." ]

[ "Governments give tax breaks and subsidies to corporations to lure them in to their area. The idea is that bringing that business to the area will, ultimately, bring more business and jobs to the area which, theoretically, will bring jobs to the locals and more tax revenue for the government. Again, theoretically, that will offset the original investment given to the business they are trying to lure in. They do this where I live (Georgia, USA) with the motion picture/film/tv businesses. We give tax cuts to production crews to lure them in. And it works! Georgia has a very big film/tv industry going on. Now, the part I don’t know, and the reason I used the word theoretically, is that I have no idea if the breaks we give are offset by the influx of production companies. I would assume so because we continue to offer the breaks." ]

[ "No. His nickname came either from his black armor or his personality. To top it off the nickname was only used 150 years after his death! And if you look at his genealogy you will notice that all of his ancestors are from typical european noble stock." ]

[ "Depending on a lot of different variables, DNA has a half-life in the neighborhood of [500 years](_URL_2_). DNA from 1665 would be relatively fresh, then. For comparison's sake, the oldest complete genome (to the best of my knowledge) came from a 700,000 year-old [horse](_URL_0_) that was preserved in permafrost. Bubonic plague is caused by *Yersinia pestis*. Typically it cycles [between a bunch of different animals](_URL_1_) in its life cycle. The bacteria is dead but its DNA is still laying around, in the same way that if I collapsed and died in the street you could still take a DNA sample from my dead body." ]

[ "The simplest answer I believe is how life cannot be grown in a test tube. When something is cloned, it has its DNA put into a female of the same species. Because there are no T-Rexs walking around, there is no way to replicate one. OR: Scientists saw the movie and realized there would be dire consequences." ]

[ "We are already doing it! Engineered proteins have been made on an industrial scale for ~ 30 years in the biopharma industry. The first recombinant protein treatment was approved by the fda in 1982 _URL_0_" ]

[ "The function of the cylinder is to contain a little gasoline explosion, directing the force out in on direction (moving the piston). A round shape is the strongest shape for containing the explosion, because it has no weak corners to crack, or weak flat areas to bulge out. A linear shape (a cylinder rather than a sphere) is necessary so that the piston can then move up and down." ]

[ "Basically they all start from the oil we pump out of the ground.All of these things are inside that oil. We then heat the oil in a large tube that has many different levels. As the oil heats up all the different parts become a gas at different temperatures and they settle in the level where the temperature is cool enough for them to become a liquid again.Heres a picture _URL_0_ they differ by the the amount of heat(energy) produced when they are burnt" ]

[ "The most important thing is the the computer checks that all pending writes are completed, and no programs have files on the drive open. If all of this checks out, it closes down the background programs that are used to access the disk, and removes it from the list of available disks (together called 'unmounting'.)." ]

[ "Its all CYOA. The company making the product can't advertise that it kills 100% bacertia. This is because of human error. If someone uses their product the wrong way, and gets sick, they can sue the manufacturer for false advertising, and in this society, they stupid person would probably win. Same thing with The Birth Control Pill. They say it's 99% effective because it relies on a human taking the pill everyday." ]

[ "One of the major causes of cub mortality is from infanticide by male lions during a pride takeover. Very young cubs (e.g. a few weeks old) are far more likely to be killed by a male lion during a takeover compared to a [cub that is a little bit older](_URL_0_) (Pusey & Packer 1987). When female lions retreat to give birth, they hide in areas where the vegetation is dense and so are better hidden from nomadic males. Another thing to note is that female lions rear cubs communally - they will allow cubs that are not their own to suckle. I would imagine that there is a nutritional advantage for the lioness to be solely feeding her newborn in its first few weeks of life as opposed to the younger cub having to 'share' with the other cubs in the pride." ]

[ "Hello everyone, Unfortunately, we have already had to remove a number of poor quality responses in this thread, including many asking about the deleted comments, which merely compound the issue. If you're here to answer the question, please make every effort to *answer the question*, not talk about the show, make jokes about baby-making time, or rail against moderators. And, before you attempt answer the question, keep in mind [our rules](_URL_3_) concerning in-depth and comprehensive responses. Answers that do not meet the standards we ask for will be removed. Additionally, it is unfair to the OP to further derail this thread with off topic conversation, so if anyone has further questions or concerns, I would ask that they be directed to [modmail](_URL_3_), or a [META thread](_URL_3_[META]). Thank you!" ]

[ "Well Germany used a word, Weltkrieg, which basically means World War. When they used the term, they were referring to a sort of apocalyptic struggle that would determine what country would dominate the entire world. When WWI broke out, most countries did not call it World War. Britain, France, and Russia referred to it as the \"Great\" War (great as in big). The US called it the \"European War\" at first, but when they later joined in the war they couldn't call it European anymore, and that's when the American media starting using the term World War. I doubt they called it \"World War 1\" at the time, because that name sort of suggests there will be another, and why would anyone suggest such a thing, even if they thought it were true? Both wars were considered over when Germany formally surrendered." ]

[ "The world currently adheres to the Gregorian colander, which sets the year 1 AD at the believed birth year of Jesus Christ. (The calender does not have a 0 year, it goes from 1 BC to 1 AD) Anything before that is marked as BC or Before Christ. (Or BCE for Before the Common Era) Anything after is marked AD or Ano Domini (latin for \"In the year of our lord) (Or CE for Common Era)." ]

[ "All magnets have a north and a south. When you cut them into 2 you will have 2 magnets each with a North and South but weaker field. Magnets are composed of tiny magnets that work together when aligned in the same direction." ]

[ "This question is pretty tough to imagine. Here's something that might help: Imagine you live on a [Möbius strip](_URL_0_). You're facing straight down at all times. You leave a ghost image of yourself as you go around the strip. Travel fully around and you get back to where you started, still looking the same way. Travel halfway around? You're back where you started, but you see a mirror image of yourself where you started! Someone correct me if I'm wrong, but I'm pretty sure this example works." ]

[ "You're right and that article is taking liberties. The \"big bang\" theory doesn't say anything about the \"instant\" of creation; the theoretical cosmologists studying it start a small amount of time *after* when there \"would be\" a singularity." ]

[ "How to you put all the matter in one spot and at the same time not condense it? That violates quantum mechanics." ]

[ "Two reasons, one, batteries have an internal resistance, and when current flows through anything with resistance, heat is produced. The second reason is that batteries work through a chemical reaction, one which is not 100% efficient in producing electrical power, some energy is lost to the creation of heat. Charging is also not 100% efficient, and batteries will produce heat during charge as well." ]

[ "Metals are good conductors. Microwaves induce a current in these metals. Depending on the geometry of the conductor, the voltage might be very large across certain paths through the air -- especially if there are two pointy ends of metal with a small gap between. It may be easier for current to cause dielectric breakdown of the air (i.e. the air becomes ionized and begins to conduct) and arc through the air than to go through the metal." ]

[ "Cancer is a broad class of diseases that have one thing in common. The cells in the body that are cancerous are unable to stop dividing. So in the simplest case, the tissue simply keeps growing. The more dangerous cancers (the ones that spread) acquire multiple mutations that allow the cells to not only keep dividing but also move from their local environment, such as lung, liver, etc, into other tissues and grow there. As the cells keep growing, they take over the nutrients from the environment and interfere with normal organ function, leading to organ failure." ]

[ "Every time you make a copy of a cell, there is a chance for errors. For example when you photocopy a first print, it is pretty crisp and close to the original, but there are a few minor discrepencies. Now if you photocopy the copy, it gets more distorted, and so on until some letters get hard to read, it gets difficult to discern a comma from a period, etc. Add to this, that our cells have a thing called telomeres, which cap off the ends of our DNA. Think of it like the period at the end of a sentence. Well each time you make a copy, that period gets a little smaller, and smaller, until its gone and then your DNA can't copy properly anymore, because it doesn't know where to end. So your cells get confused about the information on those strands of DNA, like trying to read a page of a book with no periods at all!" ]

[ "My personal experience does differ from yours in that I have seen people get flak for using the symbol. In any case, it undeniably has more public usage than the swastika. This is because the swastika was an explicitly Nazi symbol, while the iron cross had been the symbol of the German army since the late 19th century (and the Prussians long before that.) It was used up through WWI, then reintroduced in WWII. It [continues](_URL_0_) to be used today in the *Bundeswehr* logo." ]

[ "Follow up: When did 666 become widely seen as The Devil's Number?" ]

[ "Because cigarette smokers tend to smoke more frequently than marijuana smokers. so the smell has more chances to build up." ]

[ "Crops are a lot less diverse than weeds. When we develop a crop, we plant the exact same plant over and over again. In extreme cases like the Cavendish banana (the one you probably eat), all the plants are genetically clones of each other. So if one disease works against one plant, it would like work against the same type of plant all over the world. The fact that the same plant is all over the world also means that disease from all over the world can spread to the rest of the world. Weeds on the other hand reproduce naturally, they are quite different from the weeds that are even a few miles away." ]

[ "Planes are generally more efficient the higher they can get - the shorter distance is trivial for a 7km difference on a radius of 6570 km, while the vastly decreased air resistance at altitude is a huge benefit to both speed and fuel economy. The strong winds can be a great help in one direction, and relatively easily avoided in the other direction by moving a little vertically." ]

[ "Data. Pure, gooey, delicious data. Seriously though - the Airlines are collecting data on a massive scale. If they notice an uptick in travel to/from one city they will use that information to update how their resources are distributed." ]

[ "A certain number of rotations of the gears causes a specific change in height of the elevator. This isn't something that has any drift to it, it's pretty constant on the kind of scale we care about. A little tuning and you have it set with all the heights. Not much to it." ]

[ "Hey, I can answer this! So here's how it works: internally, the game has each question and answer stored in some kind of [tree structure](_URL_0_). Question nodes have children, answer nodes do not. That's why the game starts off with really generic questions, and gets more specific as the game goes on. The game just comes with a very big knowledge bank, and when given an answer it doesn't know, creates a new node and connects it to the path it took to get there." ]

[ "Educated guess here. Lots of blood and lubricating fluid builds up in all the \"tubes\" of your genitals when you sexually excited, and the tubes expand a bit for better flow. The \"plan\" is all that fluid is expelled in an ejaculation, then all the blood flow goes back to the rest of your body and all your \"tubes\" constrict back to their normal size. When you don't ejaculate, the tubes eventually return back to their normal size, but all the pent up fluid is still there, so your body is trying to constrict around a mass that \"shouldn't be there.\" It's a pressure ache, and your body has to manually clean it up, absorbing the water and destroying all those \"foreign bodies\" that are sitting there." ]

[ "A number of sperm cells die each time when freezing. You just need a small number to survive, and the survivors can still carry out the job. In fact, you only need 1 sperm cell out of trillions. Unfortunately, this doesn’t work for whole humans. 70% of a live human is still a dead human." ]

[ "Did he actually open it under your name? If he did, you would see the bank summary and transactions as far as I know. He probably added you as an authorized card holder to one of his accounts. I have cards from my parents that are like that" ]

[ "I do monitor multiple sign ups from the same IP on websites. We trigger a flag for the admins when we get 50+ signups in the same day from that IP. Then it is reviewed by humans because for all we know it could be a school." ]

[ "The Romans certainly celebrated birthdays- not only for individuals but also for the founding of temples and cities (what we might call annual celebrations or anniversaries). [Cicero](_URL_2_) references the fact that his daughter's birthday (*natalis*) coincidentally occurs on the birthday of a local temple to Salus, as well as the birthday of Brundisium. EDIT: [Link to that letter](_URL_3_) In [Plautus'](_URL_1_) play [Pseudolus](_URL_0_), Ballio marks his birthday by whipping his slaves to make them work harder (and thus to produce more as a sort of gift). Pseudolus even sings a birthday song to him!" ]

[ "It is sort of evolution. You start out with our ancestors cracking open eggs and slurping the liquids inside. Some other ancestor found wild grass seeds and chewed on them. A third one saw a calf drinking from an utter. A fourth one found salt either in a cave or on a rocky shore. A fifth one ate some sugar beets or sugar cane. From there those things evolved cooking-vise to bread and then to cake. Took thousands of iterations and many generations of \"trying a new combination\"." ]

[ "Mostly, it comes from the circuits inside your radio. Real world components are not perfect, and they introduce noise. Thermal noise is another factor. The random movement of matter always causes some white noise in a radio. You can reduce this by operating your radio at temperatures closer to absolute zero, but of course that introduces it's own challenges." ]

[ "[Standing waves](_URL_0_) If you shake a string at right frequency \"knot\" points will form that stay stationary. This is due to the wave created by the shaking and the wave reflected from the other end interfering with each other. Video: Standing waves on a string _URL_2_ Objects that are more complex than a string will have different kind of standing waves on them. They too will form knot points that are stationary (or move only very little). Examples for a circular surface: _URL_1_ The sand will move away from the areas that move alot and accumulate on the stationary areas." ]

[ "Doing any work effortlessly involves using muscle memory or \"cached memory\" gained through former experience. Thinking about it consciously throws the system off and puts extra \"load\" on the brain and requires more processing power. For eg. a good way to throw a player of his game would be to make him think about what he's doing by inquiring specifically about his technique, \"Wow you seem to be on fire, what are you doing with your right elbow?\"" ]

[ "Imagine you're trying to find a coffee shop in a city. If you've been there recently, it should be pretty easy to find. If it's been 10 years since you've been to the coffee shop or the city, it might take you a LONG time to find. It also might take long to find if you've been to other, similar coffee shops in the area. Now, imagine that your city is constantly undergoing construction, demolition, and changing of street signs. That is your brain." ]

[ "For very young toddlers who are barely starting to develop a sense of reasoning, basic negative and positive reinforcement is pretty much the only way to instill elementary parameters of proper behavior, mostly for their own safety and that of others (telling them \"good job\" when they put on weather-appropriate clothes or using a firm \"no\" when they try to stick their fingers in a dangerous place, for example). You could argue that these can be used throughout childhood in general, but later on it's more useful to take into account the importance of explaining why those rules are in place and the importance of following them." ]

[ "There are certain properties that are conserved (i.e., do not change) in an interaction; energy is one of them. However, the form that the energy takes can change. Thus, for example, when an electron and positron collide, what is happening is that the energy in the initial system (electron plus positrion) is being reconstituted as, say, two photons (which together carry the same energy as the initial state). In the Standard Model, we have a theory that tells us what kinds of interactions are possible. These interactions are telling us what kinds of rearrangements of energy are possible. For example, there is an interaction that involves a W boson, a muon, and a muon neutrino. This interaction tells us that one of the ways a W^+ can decay is to turn into an antimuon and a muon neutrino. By knowing the interactions in the Standard Model, we know what initial states can lead to what final states, and with what probabilities." ]

[ "They adhere to eachother, but the force isn't particularly strong. It's a lot weaker than the friction forces that would normally exist between your shoes and dry pavement. By obstructing that contact, they're reducing friction by a lot." ]

[ "The sugar in the honey is drawing the moisture out of the bread. Honey is a _URL_0_ which is a hygroscopic substance. _URL_1_ \"Hygroscopic substances include cellulose fibers (such as cotton and paper), sugar, caramel, honey, glycerol, ethanol, methanol, diesel fuel, sulfuric acid, methamphetamine, many fertilizer chemicals, many salts (including table salt), and a wide variety of other substances.\"" ]

[ "The life and death of individual bees matter very little in a hive of bees. Workers are not involved in reproduction, so their death in preserving the rest of the hive - more importantly, the reproducing parts (drones and queens) - is actually advantageous. It follows the concept of the selfish gene. Their deaths actually help preserve the very same genes that they share with the queen." ]

[ "_URL_0_ In summary: * The immune response has to kill some of your own cells because the pathogens are hiding inside. * Histomine causes your blood vessels dilate which also leads to some swelling * Cytokines make you more sensitive to pain Weakness and pain are probably not disadvantageous as it could slow the spread of disease." ]

[ "The topolgy of the DNA is very important. Well-regulated genes may be affected by the same regulating proteins, which means they must be in close proximity to one another. This does not mean that they are adjacent to each other on a linear stretch of DNA, but that they are close to one another when folded and wrapped around histones. Some regions of DNA called transposons (or \"jumping genes\") are able to move within the genome to new locations. I am not sure as to whether or not there are coding regions within these transposons, but I would not think so." ]

[ "It's pretty much nutrition. An example of the effect this can have is the difference between North and South Koreans. North Koreans are definitely shorter than South Koreans, even though the two groups are quite similar genetically, primarily because they eat less, and less good, food." ]

[ "Not a historian but I have been to both countries. Germans are very ashamed to even give you directions to the concentration camps. Japanese still sell some comic books and even video games aggrandizing WWII. The Germans make education on such atrocities mandatory, the Japanese do so much less." ]

[ "Nuclear engineer here. 1, U235 absorbs neutrons of much lower energies than 238; the spectra are almost exclusive. That's why you need moderation (= slowing down the neutrons). Fast neutrons 'ignore' U235, slow neutrons 'ignore' U238. 2, Now how exactly would you 'add' U238 into enclosed, solid state ceramic fuel? 3, Stoping the reaction is never a problem, and it wasn't in Fukushima. It takes a couple of seconds to scram the raction in any case. Another reason is the modeartion dependancy, lose the moderator and the reaction is done (that was the problem at Chernobyl, their moderator was solid carbon that doesn't evaporate)." ]

[ "Some of the answers to this question are disastrously wrong, and reflect commonly held misconceptions and misinformation. Credit cards are a mystery to many people, shrouded in magic and myth as to how they work behind the scenes and how to leverage them to your advantage. I highly suggest you go over to /r/personalfinance and start reading; they have sections dedicated to credit cards. This is not something you want to listen to ELI5 and act upon... Start [here](_URL_0_), and read through their articles. This is FICO, the company that makes the proprietary and industry standard credit score algorithm. If you want to learn to improve your score and leverage your credit, where better to turn to?" ]

[ "They actually debunked that, same with that nonsense about listening to classical music in the womb making your child smarter. It was all just BS to sell some cds. I'll see if I can find an article about it, and I'll edit this to put it in. And now to see if this answer is long enough, or if it will get auto-modded. _URL_0_ _URL_5_ _URL_4_ _URL_1_ _URL_2_ _URL_3_ Here's the first handful of articles I found on google." ]

[ "Human cells, when frozen, all cellular functions are slowed down near zero/still.. Including the process of cellular death, which is a physiological process that depends on enzymes and energy. So, the sperm is caught in a time freeze... can not live or die... until rewarmed back to the living world" ]

[ "Many. Malaria plasmodium parasites, for example, have two stages to their life cycle one that occurs in mosquitos (sexual reproduction) and one that occurs in the bloodstream of humans (asexual reproduction and maturation). Without either stage, without entering either host, the parasite will not reproduce. If a malaria infected mosquito feeds off of a pig or a cow instead of a human the mosquito will be fine, but the parasite won't reproduce in the host. The trypanosomes responsible for sleeping sickness are similarly restricted to human hosts, so it seems." ]

[ "Civil (private person/company v. private person/company) or criminal?" ]

[ "The \"Pixel\" takedown notice has nothing to do with patent trolls. That was DMCA abuse. Both DMCA abuse and Patent trolls have been fairly significant issues for several years." ]

[ "Crushing loneliness when knowing it's the only thing you can hug." ]

[ "Changed the flair from \"Earth Sciences\" to \"Psychology\". Although φ is not my field, I believe you will find a large part of your answer by researching the concepts of \"imprinting\" and particularly of \"cuteness\" (no, really - it's a thing; at least the way it was defined by Lorenz it is...) and the research of Konrad Lorenz. Even wikipedia should suffice to give you the gist of it. In a nutshell, certain visual cues (roundness, softness, etc.) which express juvenile characteristics elicit involuntary hardwired responses in the form of nurturing behaviors. These cues are universal and trans-specific, but are adaptive overall in that they ensure that we (normally) respond to the sight of babies with positive behaviors." ]

[ "Hello everyone, Unfortunately, we have already had to remove a number of poor quality responses in this thread, including many asking about the deleted comments, which merely compound the issue. In this thread, there have been a large number of incorrect, speculative, or otherwise disallowed comments, and as such, they were removed by the mod-team. Please, before you attempt answer the question, keep in mind [our rules](_URL_5_) concerning in-depth and comprehensive responses. Answers that do not meet the standards we ask for will be removed. Additionally, it is unfair to the OP to further derail this thread with off topic conversation, so if anyone has further questions or concerns, I would ask that they be directed to [modmail](_URL_4_), or a [META thread](_URL_3_[META]). Thank you!" ]

[ "hi! in addition to /u/Jack_of_all_offs' link, here are a few more related discussions you may find of interest * [To what extent was the Tiananmen Square movement actually motivated by democracy?](_URL_1_) * [I've just read that there was no massacre of students in Tiananmen Square on June 4th 1989. What's the deal?](_URL_4_) * [Have the Tiananmen Square protests have the same historical and political significance in China as the '60's anti-war movement has in the US?](_URL_3_) * [Did the Chinese population approve of the Chinese government's actions at the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989?](_URL_2_) * [Tiananmen 1989 and aftermath](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "If you are talking about ordinary ocean waves, it doesn't. The moon causes the tides (which are technically waves), but the waves you see on the ocean are caused by wind, not the moon." ]

[ "Wifi and cellular systems use microwave radiation (like your microwave oven, except far far less power). Microwave radiation rips absorbed quite readily by polar molecules like water and fats. (this is how microwave ovens cook food, imparting the energy of microwave radiation into kinetic energy of water and fat molecules. Thunderstorms obviously come with a high amount of atmospheric moisture. It is no coincidence that your wireless devices suffer from decreased connectivity during thunderstorms. The moisture in the environment blocks the signal rather effectively due to the polar nature of water molecules." ]

[ "I'm not sure how long it would take for the piece of silk, but it's 4,600 miles and takes at least half a year to travel if you're just traveling it, according to the New York Times. \"(The Silk Road) s some 4,600 miles long and takes at least half a year to traverse. And it passes through regions whose temperatures range from minus 50 degrees Fahrenheit to more than 120. In ancient times (as in our own) weapon-wielding robbers ambushed travelers, and tribal armies clashed over shifting frontiers.\" _URL_0_ For the piece of silk, given that traders didn't really set out from China and end up in Rome, it could take a year or more, I'd imagine. It would have been handed from trader to trader as it progressed further west." ]

[ "The \"Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee\" maintains a family line for, you guessed it, Confucius, [going along the main line of descent.](_URL_0_) As Confucius lived from the 6th-5th century BC (and the line actually goes back a bit further than Confucius), this is a very ancient line to say the least. I'm not really sure what records they are working with, though." ]

[ "Questions about the US are generally better in r/askanamerican." ]

[ "Infants and children need bonding and attachment. When they get hurt, they aren’t sure what to do and rely on the adults around them for comfort and care. We as adults teach children that it’s ok to fall and get back up from it to keep going. It’s what we were taught as children and now as adults it’s easier to stub our toe or run into something and continue on without crying. Pain tolerances grow during childhood because we are taught to get up and brush it off. These are with acute injuries (falling and getting a scraped knee, stubbing toes, or being clumsy). During a more serious injury, our adrenaline is pumping through the body as a fight or flight response (automatic) and the actual pain from the injury may not have registered yet." ]

[ "Food Scientist here: Looked up the ingredients online but could not find the exact ingredients for the icing. However I will give it my best shot. It has too do with the amount of solids that is in the icing (mainly sugar and corn starch). The sugar will bind to the water, and will keep the water from forming very large ice crystals. This is the same reason why a Popsicle is softer than an ice cube. The popsicle has a lot of sugar binding the water while the icecube is just pure frozen water. In the icing there is so much sugar that all the water is bound and can't form large ice crystals so it appears to not be frozen." ]

[ "The secret parts of the recipe are the methods of preparation, and the amounts of each individual ingredient. All they have to declare for USDA regulations are the relative amounts of each ingredient, and certain things (\"natural flavors\") don't have to be directly specified. As far as keeping it secret inside the company, batches of combined ingredients are prepared separately from each other. Nobody on the production line knows the entire formula." ]

[ "As a follow-up - Conversely, do accusations of conscious spreading of a disease make their way into the propaganda of European continental conflicts?" ]

[ "Wicca did not exist during the crusades. It was invented during the 20th century and is an amalgamation of (supposedly) pre-Christian pagan beliefs. One of Wicca's core beliefs is that witches were not satanic: they were practitioners of pre-Christian religions, so traditions were carried through time and persecution but not necessarily written down. Wicca has (to my knowledge) no codified religious texts. There are certainly widely-accepted modern works that define Wicca's origin and beliefs, but none of them claim literal ancient provenance for the literature itself. Rather, they are believed to be snippets of surviving rituals and beliefs. That being said, religion doesn't require a text, and certainly not an ancient one. Scientology is a good example of a modern religion with a definite modern text at its core (business/scam practices aside, Scientology is definitely a religion). Voodoo has no religious text at all." ]

[ "Because taking 30 seconds to get up to highway speed would suck ass, and depending on what you are doing with the vehicle (hauling cargo, towing, driving up steep hills etc) you might need the extra power. Also there are times when it's fine to go as fast as you want l, like if you like taking your car to private race events or tracks. In fact to keep a small car going highway speed only takes something like 20 horsepower, it's the accelerating that takes the power. You could theoretically impose laws that require all manufacturers to electronically limit the top speed of any vehicle to 100 or whatever you wanted but people would just remove these anyway." ]

[ "In pharmacology the figures of [EC50](_URL_3_) and [IC50](_URL_2_) are measures of how much of a substance is required to induce a desired effect or to inhibit function. These numbers vary a lot depending on the site of action, nature of the pharmacological compound, type of interaction, etc. It is all covered under the fields of [pharmacodynamics](_URL_0_) and [pharmacokinetics](_URL_1_) - and answering that question actually _does_ require one to know how a particular active compound works. Without going into that detail then, think about the normal drugs you take. An over-the-counter acetaminophen tablet can range from 250 - 500 mg. Loratidine, a second-generation antihistamine one takes for allergies, is commonly in 10 mg pills. Those agents, ingested orally, actually [goes through the liver first anyways](_URL_4_), so the percentage of drugs that actually get to systemic circulation is much lower. Compare this to a venomous bite, which injects directly to the blood." ]

[ "All psychological science is psychology but not all psychology is science. Some psych is more qualitative and clinical than quantitative and empirical. Much actually. If you go to the American psychology associations site you will see over 59 divisions. Some are highly scientific-others not so much. Psychology studies individuals, and sociology studies groups, societies, and institutions. Of course groups are made up of individuals. To keep it interesting there is also social psych and community psych. Source—I’m a psychologist— the scientific type. I don’t even work with people anymore. I now prefer data. ;o)" ]

[ "Another question, to flesh out certain aspects :How was trading with Mexico different during the war was the south trading more with Mexico from sheer proximity? What was the south's/the U.S's view and relation on Mexico after the war? (how did it contrast with before?)" ]

[ "Puppies, kittens and AFAIK all other mammals can process lactose when they're young. This ability is lost after the young are weaned so only adult animals are lactose intolerant." ]

[ "_URL_0_ \"The Milwaukee protocol (MP), a procedure reported to prevent death after the onset of rabies symptoms, has been performed over 26 times since its inception in 2004 but has only saved one life. Overwhelming failure has lead health officials to label the protocol, a red herring.\"" ]

[ "It's the English accent that probably changed the most. The way the English spoke in the 17th century is not the way they spoke from the 19th century through to today. The way the settlers (and the 17 century English) spoke would be more like you'd find in various east coast places from Boston to Atlanta. Accents evolve over time." ]

[ "From what I've read they ate a lot more rough course foods. Chewing things that are hard scrape our teeth for us kind of like it does for other animals. The problem for our modern teeth is we eat a lot of soft refined foods and a lot of sugar. That stuff just sits there and gets stuck which causes tooth decay." ]

[ "DOT regulations have very different requirements for a private vehicle and a for hire vehicle when you get to medium duty and heavy duty vehicles. They are required to display either the commercial DOT licence number, or a large not for hire sign." ]

[ "They are not exactly synonymous. There is a distinction, especially in urban planning terminology. Road is just any type of traffic surface. Street is a road in a city or other built environment. Avenue is a street with trees on the sides. Boulevard is a large avenue with multiple lanes of traffic and trees on the sides and sometimes in the middle. It is highly unlikely that you will call a simple village street a boulevard." ]

[ "And what causes the learning to happen \"instantly? First you do not know how to ride, then snap and you do." ]

[ "I don't have a ton of experience with Bitcoin, but AFAIK, you can download a wallet app, meet with someone and exchange cash for Bitcoin (you pay cash, then simply transfer the bitcoin to your wallet by snapping an image of their QR code), and walk away. You completely bypass any bank, that's the entire point of Bitcoin. Paying for things with Bitcoin is the same way.. just like paying with cash, basically. There is no central bank to monitor what you're doing." ]

[ "Followup: What relationship, if any, did the Chinese perceive between each of these groups and Manichaeans?" ]

[ "Could you perhaps present us with your original source so we can see what the author writes about it? I *think* I know the answer, but I would like to know what exactly the author wrote. Also, could you remove the bonus question? We do not allow discussions of events after 1993." ]

[ "Well, [here's a picture](_URL_0_) of a pallasite meteorite. These show up with green areas because of the minerals present. A lot of what we find in meteorites is iron and nickel, and those are both gray/silver, and so that does skew meteorites somewhat to the easy ones to identify." ]

[ "Do you mean for example a steak will go red to brown when opened? Yes the sealed trays contain a 'modified atmosphere' to make the meat stay red, as it is exposure to oxygen which turns the meat from red to brown. I've done a quick Google but can't find specifics for which gases are used. The colour on its own has nothing to do with it going bad." ]

[ "> Whenever I look up help for suicidal feelings, self injury, eating disorders etc, national suicide prevention hotline: 1 (800) 273-8255 self harm hotline: 1-800-366-8288 eating disorder hotline: 1-847-831-3438 (Not trying to answer your question, just making sure you have these for your friend)." ]

[ "People who see things happen call up the news and say, \"Hey, you should come down here and cover this.\" Organizations that are having big events issue press releases that say, \"Hey you should come down here and cover this.\" Really **big** organizations have regular (daily, weekly) press briefings that they don't even have to announce. The press just shows up and covers it. The news organizations have contacts with law-enforcement agencies, and get told about events they should go down and cover. Sometimes, they listen to police scanners to find out the things they should go down and cover. Some news organizations will have reporters with a particular \"beat\" - that is a specific topic that they are always writing about. They are plugged into that world, so they know where all the things are that they should go down and cover." ]

[ "Sometimes the better business model isn't to exploit your customers as much as possible, but to actually offer what your customers want. People like having the whole season available at once. The image/reputation of a company has long term advantages in terms of profits." ]

[ "[This](_URL_0_) article might help you see how the prices can be so low. If you compare to, say, Walmart, Walmart has to pay for the physical space of their stores and all the employees working in the front of the stores. Like Amazon, they also pay for their website and their warehouses. But Amazon lacks the costs of the physical stores and just uses the big warehouses and they just have the labor costs to get the items to the warehouses and package them. And like Walmart they pay their workers terribly and overwork them so that saves money I guess. And as far as other websites it's simply a matter of quantity. They can buy and sell the products cheaper because of the bulk." ]

[ "As we inhale, air enters our lungs and our diaphragm moves down. When we exhale, our diaphragm moves up. Running pushes/shoves around the internal organs, creating a noisy and crazy environment for the bone-connecting bands that attach to the diaphragm, often resulting in sudden pain/sudden muscle jerk or cramping. Also, exercising increases the body's demand for oxygen. As we breathe harder, we tend to gulp air deeply (in a bad way). Some of this air can become trapped under the diaphragm, creating a stabbing pain." ]

[ "We aren't allowed to give medical advice. This is because none of us here can properly examine and diagnose you over the Internet. Go see a doctor." ]

[ "The very creation of the universe causes people to fight." ]

[ "We can divide divide spacetime into regions bounded by your forward and reverse [light cones](_URL_0_). The region of spacetime inside your forward light cone is the \"absolute future\", meaning that all observers agree that these events have not happened yet. The region inside your backward light come is the \"absolute past\", because all observers agree that these events have already happened. Then finally there's all of the events outside your light cone. These events are spacelike-separated from you (at the origin), so they have no absolute causal relationship with you. Different observers will disagree on the order of events, so clearly one cannot cause the other." ]

[ "It depends on what caused the electron to return to ground state. In [spontaneous emission](_URL_1_), the direction is random. In [stimulated emission](_URL_0_), the emitted photon will have the same phase and direction as the photon that stimulated the emission." ]

[ "When you shoot an arrow from a bow, the energy of the bow is transferred to the arrow. It gradually (doesn't seem like it, I know) pushes the arrow downrange, from a full stop at full draw, to full speed when the arrow leaves it. All that pent up energy of the bow at full draw is efficiently transferred to the arrow, and when the arrow hits the target, it has plenty of energy to kill; in fact, it can go completely through a deer. The limbs of the bow come to a stop after sending the arrow downrange. Now, think of pulling that bow back with no arrow. ALL that energy pent up in the bow at full draw has nowhere to go. The limbs jerk the string to a straight line, transferring all that pent up energy... right back into the bow itself. Just like a gun with the barrel stopped up, all that energy is transferred into destroying the bow, and trust me, it will destroy it. You do NOT want to be holding a bow that has been dry fired!" ]

[ "Have a look at [this](_URL_0_) earlier answer by /u/hillsonghoods!" ]

[ "Hi there, not to discourage further comment on this topic (the origins of \"chivalry\" are interesting), but there have been quite a few threads about PTSD in the premodern world. These may be of interest for you as you wait for more comments: _URL_0_" ]

[ "It was not a Washington State court. It was a Federal Judge who lives in Washington State. There is a very big difference. As to how the Federal Judge can overrule an executive order? That is one of the purposes of Federal Judges and the Judicial Branch's check and balance against the Executive." ]

[ "By using advertising disclaimers like \"limited quantities\" or \"while supplies last\", which in many states exempts those items from raincheck laws." ]

[ "Because if it becomes widely known that you make significantly more than your social circle, you might have people asking you for money, people jealous of you, etc... But if it becomes widely known that you make significantly *less* than your social circle, you might be looked down upon, and be viewed with pity, left out of expensive activities, etc... So people don't talk about it, and don't ask about it (in general) to avoid the drama that this knowledge could cause." ]

[ "To get you to spend $29.95 on their \"work from home\" information package." ]

[ "Technically yes, you can wipe superficial bacteria off. But there are many more that can just as easily disregard your pitiful paper towel and stick to wherever they please, hence why washing your hands with soap is such a good idea. You could even clean the surface of your teeth by wiping them, yet the spaces between will remain in accessible to you, and the acid damage the bacteria continue to repeat will fuck up your teeth in the absence of fluoride. ELI5: yes, but not really enough" ]

[ "It depends on the type of touchscreen. The touchscreen on an iPhone uses the conductivity of your skin to determine where you touch (which is why you can't use it with your average pair of gloves). Considering the screen is glass (on an iPhone at least), it would take a long time for you to wear through that by dragging your finger around on it, unless you were exceedingly rough with it. You'd have to rub through the glass to wear it out. Other types of buttons get worn out because they're a mechanical system and the moving parts can get worn out and stressed." ]

[ "QWERTY keyboards were designed for typewriters, the design was made to avoid people from pressing two keys too quickly after one another to avoid the typewriter from getting jammed. QWERTY is what people got used to and now its what everyone uses. There's another type of keyboard that was designed to allow users to type as quickly as possible but its a lot harder for people to start using since pretty much is used to using QWERTY." ]

[ "[The Straight Dope covered this](_URL_0_). Basically, they started out as being made by two different production teams, but after a certain point, they became essentially interchangeable, but they kept both names going." ]

[ "You can stay fairly fit by doing basic body exercises such as push-ups, sit-ups, crunches, jumping jacks, etc. A lost of Prisons even have gyms and outdoor areas. In addition, they still feed the inmates, they're not starving to death. They also aren't eating junk food such as McDonalds or Potato Chips. If they wanted to lose weight for example, they could simply just eat less food." ]

[ "Since it looks like this will go unanswered by an actual historian, I'll point out that weightlifting is not a modern invention. The classical Greeks were famous for weight training, and we do have some artifacts from them, but they were dar from the only ones. [This](_URL_0_) is a good (non academic) overview. If you want an academic's view then pretty much anything by Dr Stephen Miller should interest you." ]

[ "They are the first to trademark it, although they likely have to prove they're using the trademark, and they MUST police the trademark themselves (make sure nobody else tries to use it anywhere else). If they fail to police their trademark, and it can be shown that the infringer has been using the trademark for a consideraboe time, then the trademark holder can lose the trademark" ]

[ "Here is a great video explaining it. _URL_0_" ]

[ "It's not a joke among pilots, but among ordinary soldiers. The joke is from late in the war, and the point is that the Gemans had completely lost air dominance. > It was with good reason that Eisenhower had categorically stated in a D-Day briefing to the troops: 'If you see fighter aircraft over you, they will be ours.' German troops had long been aware of this, a saying current in 1944 gloomily asserting: 'If you see a white plane, it's an American, if you see a black plane it's the RAF. If you see no planes at all it's the Luftwaffe!' Source: Ellis, John. *Brute force. Allied strategy and tactics in the Second World War.* Viking, 1990." ]

[ "The posted comments are right, I'm sure, but I think that there's another issue. You never start counting something at zero. If you have five elephants and you're going to count them, you don't say zero elephants, one elephant, two elephants...etc. You say one elephant, two elephants, three elephants, four elephants, five elephants. You start with the first thing you're counting. Anyway, that's my two cents. (one cent, two cents)" ]

[ "Because it's not similar resolution. 1080p video is about 2mpx. Still shots from the same camera are likely 4-6 times that." ]

[ "Imagine that someone hands you a sketchbook filled with drawings, and tells you to flip through them quickly to give the illusion of motion. That's displaying a video. Imagine that someone hands you a blank sketchbook and a pencil, and tells you to flip through the pages and draw exactly what he tells you to in real time as you're flipping the pages. That's playing a video game." ]

[ "Terminal velocity is based on the density of the air. Normal skydivers are jumping from an altitude where the density is only slightly lower than on the ground. Therefore, the terminal velocity is around 120 MPH. If a human were to enter the earth's atmosphere from space, the terminal velocity would be much higher due to the lower density (and, this velocity would decrease as he entered denser air). A key factor is how fast he was going prior to entering the atmosphere. If he had been in orbit (17,000 MPH), he would most likely burn up. However, if he had been dropped from just above the atmosphere, I doubt that he would achieve a high enough velocity to burn up." ]

[ "Imagine your perspective from a car, in every aspect. Your vision is taken up almost entirely by the car, and not the road. You are focused on the road, but in reality, most of your FOV is the car itself, which relative to you, is not moving. You are also feeling the air inside the car, not the outside air. However, that isn't the real reason. The reason is acceleration vs velocity. In a car, you generally try to accelerate as evenly as possible, and maintain velocity. However, roller coasters only feel thrilling when you accelerate very fast. If you've ever been on Test Track at Disney World, you might notice the end of the ride isn't very thrilling, since you are just maintaining a fast velocity. Drops feel fun because of the acceleration due to gravity. TL;DR: acceleration is what makes you feel like you're going fast, not the actual speed you are going. Roller coasters accelerate quickly, planes and cars don't." ]

[ "The ISS operates on UTC, which is the same as GMT. The astronauts and cosmonauts launch from Kazakhstan, which is UTC+5 or +6 depending on the time 0f year, since they don't observe DST. Once onboard, they transition to UTC. All visiting spacecraft are set to UTC as well so they arrive during the crew's \"daytime\"." ]

[ "Nøt sure how old it is but in my country, norway, we oftes say \"with/against the sun\". (With the sun being the same as with the clock). Quite independent of any mechanical apparatus." ]