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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Locks_CT

Windsor Locks, Connecticut

["1 History","1.1 1965 Little League World Series Win","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","4 Economy","5 Education","6 Government and Politics","7 Historical places","8 Notable people","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]

Coordinates: 41°55′30″N 72°38′58″W / 41.92500°N 72.64944°W / 41.92500; -72.64944 Town in Connecticut, United StatesWindsor Locks, ConnecticutTownTown of Windsor LocksThe Windsor Locks Canal Company alongside the Enfield Falls Canal Seal Hartford County and Connecticut Capitol Planning Region and ConnecticutShow Windsor LocksShow ConnecticutShow the United StatesCoordinates: 41°55′30″N 72°38′58″W / 41.92500°N 72.64944°W / 41.92500; -72.64944Country United StatesU.S. state ConnecticutCountyHartfordRegionCapitol RegionSettled1633Incorporated1854Government • TypeSelectman-town meeting • First selectmanScott A. Storms (R) • SelectmanJonathan W. Savino (D) • SelectmanJames E. Cannon (R)Area • Total9.4 sq mi (24.3 km2) • Land9.0 sq mi (23.4 km2) • Water0.3 sq mi (0.9 km2)Elevation157 ft (48 m)Population (2020) • Total12,613 • Density1,300/sq mi (520/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (Eastern)ZIP Code06096Area code(s)860/959FIPS code09-87070GNIS feature ID0212355InterstatesState Routes Commuter Rail Websitewww.windsorlocksct.org Windsor Locks is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region. As of the 2020 census, its population was 12,613. It is the site of Bradley International Airport, which serves the Greater Hartford-Springfield region and occupies approximately a third of the town. Windsor Locks is also the site of the New England Air Museum. Located beside the Connecticut River and equidistant from the densely populated cities of Springfield, Massachusetts and Hartford, Connecticut, Windsor Locks is named for a set of canal locks that opened in 1829. Windsor Locks is situated just south of the first large falls in the Connecticut River, the Enfield Falls, which is the head of navigation (the farthest point that seagoing vessels can reach) of the Connecticut River. The Enfield Falls Canal circumvents the Enfield Falls and its nearby shallows. History Flood in 1938 Originally part of Windsor, Windsor Locks broke off into its own settlement in 1854 named after the thriving Enfield Locks going around Enfield Falls which opened in 1829. Bradley International Airport opened as a military base in 1940, and opened to civilian use in 1947. In 1967 the town boundary was altered due to the opening of the Bradley Airport Connector. The town boundary between Windsor Locks and Windsor changed several times and currently sits with Windsor Locks being on the westbound side and Windsor on the eastbound side of the median of CT Route 20. 1965 Little League World Series Win Led by Coach Russ Mattesen, Windsor Locks Little League advanced to the finals, competing against Stoney Creek Little League from Stoney Creek, Ontario, on August 28, 1965. Pitcher Mike Roche struck out 14 players, and Dale Misek struck a two-run home run to seal victory by a score of 3-1. Windsor Locks Little League was then crowned the champion of the 1965 Little League World Series. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 9.4 square miles (24.3 km2), of which 9.0 square miles (23.4 km2) is land and 0.35 square miles (0.9 km2), or 3.65%, is water. Climate Windsor Locks has a humid continental climate with hot and humid summer days to cold sometimes frigid winter nights. Average January temperature high is 36 °F (2.2 °C) and a low of 18 °F (−7.8 °C) temps can reach zero degrees or below 4 nights a year. Summer in Windsor Locks can be hot with the average July temperature of 87 °F (30.6 °C) at daytime and 63 °F (17.2 °C) at nighttime. Temperatures at or above 90 can occur 15 to 25 days per year. The hottest temperature at Windsor Locks was 103 °F (39.4 °C) on July 22, 2011, and the coldest recorded temperature was −26 °F (−32 °C) on January 22, 1961. Average rainfall in Windsor Locks is 46.27 inches. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18601,587—18702,15435.7%18802,3328.3%18902,75818.3%19003,06211.0%19103,71521.3%19203,554−4.3%19304,07314.6%19404,3476.7%19505,22120.1%196011,411118.6%197015,08032.2%198012,190−19.2%199012,3581.4%200012,043−2.5%201012,4983.8%202012,6130.9%U.S. Decennial Census See also: List of Connecticut locations by per capita income As of the census of 2000, there were 12,043 people, 4,935 households, and 3,306 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,333.8 inhabitants per square mile (515.0/km2). There were 5,101 housing units at an average density of 218.1 persons/km2 (565.0 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 92.47% White, 2.67% African American, 0.12% Native American, 2.57% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.75% from other races, and 1.42% from two or more races. 2.22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 4,935 households, out of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 33.0% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.97. In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males. The median income for a household in the town was $48,837, and the median income for a family was $59,054. Males had a median income of $41,179 versus $33,641 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,079. 4.4% of the population and 3.3% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 4.5% were under the age of 18 and 4.7% were 65 or older. Economy Until 2000, Windsor Locks was home to the oldest corporation listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the Dexter Corporation. Established in 1767 as C.H. Dexter and Sons, the company grew from a family-owned saw and grist mill and evolved into a multi-national producer of long fiber papers and chemical laminates. In its 233 years of operation, the company grew from manufacturing tissues, toilet paper, and tea bags to marketing more specialized products like medical garments and industrial finishes. Faced with a proposed buyout by International Specialty Products Incorporated in 2000, the Dexter Corporation separated its three divisions and sold them off to avoid a hostile takeover. The Life Sciences division merged with Invitrogen Corporation. The Specialty Polymers division was sold in part to AkzoNobel, and the remaining businesses merged with Loctite Corporation. The third division, Dexter Nonwoven Materials, located on the company's original site in Windsor Locks, was sold to the Finnish Ahlstrom Paper Group. The physical plant continues to operate, with offices located nearby at 2 Elm Street. In 2011, the Home and Personal Nonwovens division of Ahlstrom Windsor Locks was sold to Suominen Corporation, also headquartered in Finland. In 1952 Hamilton Standard opened its aircraft propeller plant in Windsor Locks. In 1999, Hamilton Standard merged with Sundstrand Corporation to become Hamilton Sundstrand, which is headquartered in Windsor Locks. Hamilton Sundstrand changed names to UTC Aerospace Systems before acquiring Rockwell Collins and forming Collins Aerospace in 2018. On September 19, 2008, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston ceased operations at Windsor Locks and moved them to the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. Education Primary and secondary education falls under the oversight of Windsor Locks Public Schools. Windsor Locks contains five public schools for students in grades Pre-K3 to 12th grade and one transition academy for students age 18–21. North Street Elementary School: Pre-K3–2nd South Street Elementary School: 3rd–5th Windsor Locks Middle School: 6th–8th Windsor Locks High School (traditional): 9–12 Pine Meadow Academy (alternative, Big Picture Learning Affiliate School): 9–12 Rise Transition Academy: transition program from ages 18–21 Government and Politics As of 2023, Windsor Locks is split into two House districts: the 60th represented by Jane Garibay (D) and the 61st represented by Tami Zawistowski (R). Windsor Locks uses the selectman-town meeting system with an elected Board of Finance. Windsor Locks adopted the Windsor Locks Town Charter in 1981. Windsor Locks' Board of Selectman is composed of First Selectman Scott Storms (R), Selectman Jonathan Savino (D), and Selectman James Cannon (R). Historical places Windsor Locks station, January 2015. The train station is served by the Hartford Line and Amtrak, and is part of the bus route to Bradley International Airport. The following places in Windsor Locks are on the National Register of Historic Places. David Pinney House and Barn – 58 West St. (added August 25, 1977) Enfield Falls Canal – along Connecticut River from Windsor Locks north to Suffield CT at a location directly across the Connecticut River from Thompsonville (added May 22, 1976) J. R. Montgomery Company Industrial Complex – 25 Canal Bank Rd. (added December 31, 2017) Memorial Hall – Intersection of South Main and Elm streets (added July 2, 1987) Windsor Locks Passenger Station – Main Street (added October 2, 1975) Notable people Senior Airman John Chapman, recipient of the Medal of Honor John A. Chapman (1965–2002), US Air Force Combat Controller, posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor Ella Grasso, 83rd Governor of Connecticut Henry Molaison (1926–2008), American patient who suffered from life-threatening epilepsy and therefore got his medial temporal lobe surgically removed, and as a tragic consequence of this life-saving treatment, developed anterograde amnesia. Kathryn Morris, American actress, best known for her lead role as Detective Lilly Rush in the CBS series Cold Case See also Connecticut portal Toll bridge over the Connecticut River, c. 1910 Bradley International Airport Windsor Locks (Amtrak station) New England Air Museum FlightSimCon References ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Windsor Locks town, Hartford County, Connecticut". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 23, 2021. ^ Connecticut Heritage (Dorothy A. DeBisschop). The Canal at Windsor Locks. Retrieved January 20, 2006. ^ The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly. Connecticut Magazine Company. 1903. p. 335. ^ "The 1965 Windsor Locks Little League Team". Windsor Locks Athletic Hall of Fame. Retrieved May 23, 2023. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Windsor Locks town, Hartford County, Connecticut". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2012. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Boston Fed Moves up Plans to Close Windsor Locks Office". Retrieved September 21, 2008. ^ "Town of Windsor Locks, CT: CHARTER". Town of Windsor Locks, CT Code. Retrieved May 23, 2023. Further reading C.H. Dexter Company Records archived at University of Connecticut Five Books on Windsor Locks History archived on town website by Melvin D. Montemerlo. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Windsor Locks, Connecticut. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_town"},{"link_name":"Hartford County, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_County,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Capitol Planning Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Planning_Region,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-1"},{"link_name":"Bradley International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Greater Hartford-Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford%E2%80%93Springfield"},{"link_name":"New England Air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Air_Museum"},{"link_name":"Connecticut River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_River"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"canal locks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(water_navigation)"},{"link_name":"Enfield Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield_Falls_Canal"},{"link_name":"head of navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_navigation"},{"link_name":"Enfield Falls Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield_Falls_Canal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Town in Connecticut, United StatesWindsor Locks is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region. As of the 2020 census, its population was 12,613.[1] It is the site of Bradley International Airport, which serves the Greater Hartford-Springfield region and occupies approximately a third of the town. Windsor Locks is also the site of the New England Air Museum.Located beside the Connecticut River and equidistant from the densely populated cities of Springfield, Massachusetts and Hartford, Connecticut, Windsor Locks is named for a set of canal locks that opened in 1829. Windsor Locks is situated just south of the first large falls in the Connecticut River, the Enfield Falls, which is the head of navigation (the farthest point that seagoing vessels can reach) of the Connecticut River. The Enfield Falls Canal circumvents the Enfield Falls and its nearby shallows.[2]","title":"Windsor Locks, Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Connecticut_-_Norwalk_through_Windsor_Locks_-_NARA_-_23936547_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bradley International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bradley Airport Connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_20"}],"text":"Flood in 1938Originally part of Windsor, Windsor Locks broke off into its own settlement in 1854 named after the thriving Enfield Locks going around Enfield Falls which opened in 1829.[3] Bradley International Airport opened as a military base in 1940, and opened to civilian use in 1947. In 1967 the town boundary was altered due to the opening of the Bradley Airport Connector. The town boundary between Windsor Locks and Windsor changed several times and currently sits with Windsor Locks being on the westbound side and Windsor on the eastbound side of the median of CT Route 20.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stoney Creek, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoney_Creek,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1965 Little League World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Little_League_World_Series"}],"sub_title":"1965 Little League World Series Win","text":"Led by Coach Russ Mattesen, Windsor Locks Little League advanced to the finals, competing against Stoney Creek Little League from Stoney Creek, Ontario, on August 28, 1965. Pitcher Mike Roche struck out 14 players, and Dale Misek struck a two-run home run to seal victory by a score of 3-1.[4]Windsor Locks Little League was then crowned the champion of the 1965 Little League World Series.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 9.4 square miles (24.3 km2), of which 9.0 square miles (23.4 km2) is land and 0.35 square miles (0.9 km2), or 3.65%, is water.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Windsor Locks has a humid continental climate with hot and humid summer days to cold sometimes frigid winter nights. Average January temperature high is 36 °F (2.2 °C) and a low of 18 °F (−7.8 °C) temps can reach zero degrees or below 4 nights a year. Summer in Windsor Locks can be hot with the average July temperature of 87 °F (30.6 °C) at daytime and 63 °F (17.2 °C) at nighttime. Temperatures at or above 90 can occur 15 to 25 days per year. The hottest temperature at Windsor Locks was 103 °F (39.4 °C) on July 22, 2011, and the coldest recorded temperature was −26 °F (−32 °C) on January 22, 1961. Average rainfall in Windsor Locks is 46.27 inches.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Connecticut locations by per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Connecticut_locations_by_per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Hispanic or Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"}],"text":"See also: List of Connecticut locations by per capita incomeAs of the census of 2000, there were 12,043 people, 4,935 households, and 3,306 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,333.8 inhabitants per square mile (515.0/km2). There were 5,101 housing units at an average density of 218.1 persons/km2 (565.0 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 92.47% White, 2.67% African American, 0.12% Native American, 2.57% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.75% from other races, and 1.42% from two or more races. 2.22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.There were 4,935 households, out of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 33.0% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.97.In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males.The median income for a household in the town was $48,837, and the median income for a family was $59,054. Males had a median income of $41,179 versus $33,641 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,079. 4.4% of the population and 3.3% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 4.5% were under the age of 18 and 4.7% were 65 or older.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Invitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitrogen"},{"link_name":"AkzoNobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AkzoNobel"},{"link_name":"Loctite Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loctite"},{"link_name":"Ahlstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlstrom"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Standard"},{"link_name":"Sundstrand Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundstrand_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Sundstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Sundstrand"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Until 2000, Windsor Locks was home to the oldest corporation listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the Dexter Corporation. Established in 1767 as C.H. Dexter and Sons, the company grew from a family-owned saw and grist mill and evolved into a multi-national producer of long fiber papers and chemical laminates. In its 233 years of operation, the company grew from manufacturing tissues, toilet paper, and tea bags to marketing more specialized products like medical garments and industrial finishes. Faced with a proposed buyout by International Specialty Products Incorporated in 2000, the Dexter Corporation separated its three divisions and sold them off to avoid a hostile takeover.The Life Sciences division merged with Invitrogen Corporation. The Specialty Polymers division was sold in part to AkzoNobel, and the remaining businesses merged with Loctite Corporation. The third division, Dexter Nonwoven Materials, located on the company's original site in Windsor Locks, was sold to the Finnish Ahlstrom Paper Group. The physical plant continues to operate, with offices located nearby at 2 Elm Street. In 2011, the Home and Personal Nonwovens division of Ahlstrom Windsor Locks was sold to Suominen Corporation, also headquartered in Finland.In 1952 Hamilton Standard opened its aircraft propeller plant in Windsor Locks. In 1999, Hamilton Standard merged with Sundstrand Corporation to become Hamilton Sundstrand, which is headquartered in Windsor Locks. Hamilton Sundstrand changed names to UTC Aerospace Systems before acquiring Rockwell Collins and forming Collins Aerospace in 2018.On September 19, 2008, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston ceased operations at Windsor Locks and moved them to the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.[7]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Primary and secondary education falls under the oversight of Windsor Locks Public Schools. Windsor Locks contains five public schools for students in grades Pre-K3 to 12th grade and one transition academy for students age 18–21.North Street Elementary School: Pre-K3–2nd\nSouth Street Elementary School: 3rd–5th\nWindsor Locks Middle School: 6th–8th\nWindsor Locks High School (traditional): 9–12\nPine Meadow Academy (alternative, Big Picture Learning Affiliate School): 9–12\nRise Transition Academy: transition program from ages 18–21","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Garibay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Garibay"},{"link_name":"Tami Zawistowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tami_Zawistowski"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"As of 2023, Windsor Locks is split into two House districts: the 60th represented by Jane Garibay (D) and the 61st represented by Tami Zawistowski (R).Windsor Locks uses the selectman-town meeting system with an elected Board of Finance. Windsor Locks adopted the Windsor Locks Town Charter in 1981.[8] Windsor Locks' Board of Selectman is composed of First Selectman Scott Storms (R), Selectman Jonathan Savino (D), and Selectman James Cannon (R).","title":"Government and Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windsor_Locks_station_from_the_south,_January_2015.JPG"},{"link_name":"Windsor Locks station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Locks_station"},{"link_name":"Hartford Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Line"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Bradley International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"David Pinney House and Barn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noden-Reed_Museum"},{"link_name":"Enfield Falls Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield_Falls_Canal"},{"link_name":"J. R. Montgomery Company Industrial Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Montgomery_Company_Industrial_Complex"},{"link_name":"Memorial Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Hall_(Windsor_Locks,_Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"Windsor Locks Passenger Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Locks_Passenger_Station"}],"text":"Windsor Locks station, January 2015. The train station is served by the Hartford Line and Amtrak, and is part of the bus route to Bradley International Airport.The following places in Windsor Locks are on the National Register of Historic Places.David Pinney House and Barn – 58 West St. (added August 25, 1977)\nEnfield Falls Canal – along Connecticut River from Windsor Locks north to Suffield CT at a location directly across the Connecticut River from Thompsonville (added May 22, 1976)\nJ. R. Montgomery Company Industrial Complex – 25 Canal Bank Rd. (added December 31, 2017)\nMemorial Hall – Intersection of South Main and Elm streets (added July 2, 1987)\nWindsor Locks Passenger Station – Main Street (added October 2, 1975)","title":"Historical places"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airman_to_be_awarded_Medal_of_Honor_180727-F-F3227-1005.jpg"},{"link_name":"John A. Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Chapman"},{"link_name":"Ella Grasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Grasso"},{"link_name":"Governor of Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Henry Molaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Molaison"},{"link_name":"medial temporal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_temporal_lobe"},{"link_name":"anterograde amnesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Morris"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Cold Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Case"}],"text":"Senior Airman John Chapman, recipient of the Medal of HonorJohn A. Chapman (1965–2002), US Air Force Combat Controller, posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor\nElla Grasso, 83rd Governor of Connecticut\nHenry Molaison (1926–2008), American patient who suffered from life-threatening epilepsy and therefore got his medial temporal lobe surgically removed, and as a tragic consequence of this life-saving treatment, developed anterograde amnesia.\nKathryn Morris, American actress, best known for her lead role as Detective Lilly Rush in the CBS series Cold Case","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lib.uconn.edu/online/research/speclib/ASC/findaids/Dexter/MSS20000128.html"},{"link_name":"Five Books on Windsor Locks History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//windsorlocksct.org/2023/01/09/five-books-on-windsor-locks-history-by-mel-montemerlo-which-you-can-read-online-or-download-for-free/"}],"text":"C.H. Dexter Company Records archived at University of Connecticut\nFive Books on Windsor Locks History archived on town website by Melvin D. Montemerlo.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Flood in 1938","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Connecticut_-_Norwalk_through_Windsor_Locks_-_NARA_-_23936547_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Connecticut_-_Norwalk_through_Windsor_Locks_-_NARA_-_23936547_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Windsor Locks station, January 2015. The train station is served by the Hartford Line and Amtrak, and is part of the bus route to Bradley International Airport.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Windsor_Locks_station_from_the_south%2C_January_2015.JPG/220px-Windsor_Locks_station_from_the_south%2C_January_2015.JPG"},{"image_text":"Senior Airman John Chapman, recipient of the Medal of Honor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Airman_to_be_awarded_Medal_of_Honor_180727-F-F3227-1005.jpg/170px-Airman_to_be_awarded_Medal_of_Honor_180727-F-F3227-1005.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toll bridge over the Connecticut River, c. 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PostcardWindsorLocksCTTollBridgeWarehousePoint1910.jpg/250px-PostcardWindsorLocksCTTollBridgeWarehousePoint1910.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_Hartford_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_Hartford_County.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_Capitol_Planning_Region.svg/180px-Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_Capitol_Planning_Region.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Connecticut portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PostcardWindsorLocksCTTollBridgeWarehousePoint1910.jpg"},{"title":"Connecticut River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_River"},{"title":"Bradley International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_International_Airport"},{"title":"Windsor Locks (Amtrak station)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Locks_(Amtrak_station)"},{"title":"New England Air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Air_Museum"},{"title":"FlightSimCon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlightSimCon"}]

[{"reference":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Windsor Locks town, Hartford County, Connecticut\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US0900387070","url_text":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Windsor Locks town, Hartford County, Connecticut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly. Connecticut Magazine Company. 1903. p. 335.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qoEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA335","url_text":"The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly"}]},{"reference":"\"The 1965 Windsor Locks Little League Team\". Windsor Locks Athletic Hall of Fame. Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.windsorlocks-hof.com/inductees/the-1965-windsor-locks-little-league-team/","url_text":"\"The 1965 Windsor Locks Little League Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Windsor Locks town, Hartford County, Connecticut\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212161152/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US0900387070","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Windsor Locks town, Hartford County, Connecticut\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US0900387070","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boston Fed Moves up Plans to Close Windsor Locks Office\". Retrieved September 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wtic.com/Boston-Fed-Moves-up-Plans-to-Close-Windsor-Locks-O/2353052","url_text":"\"Boston Fed Moves up Plans to Close Windsor Locks Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"Town of Windsor Locks, CT: CHARTER\". Town of Windsor Locks, CT Code. Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ecode360.com/26844633","url_text":"\"Town of Windsor Locks, CT: CHARTER\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Spring_Jr.

Charles A. Spring Jr.

["1 Early life","2 McCormick Harvesting Company and Great Chicago Fire","3 Later life","4 Relations","5 References"]

Charles A. Spring Jr. (1826–1901) was a prominent Chicago capitalist during its transition from a frontier town of 30,000 in the 1850s to an industrial metropolis of more than 1.7 million at the turn of the 20th century. He was a key figure in its rise, serving as inventor Cyrus McCormick's closest adviser and as general manager of the McCormick Harvesting Company for many years. Early life Charles A. Spring Jr. was born in Boston in 1826, and spent his first years there and then in Brooklyn, New York. His father, Charles A. Spring Sr., was a dry goods merchant at the time, and his grandfather was Reverend Samuel Spring. In 1837, the family moved west and settled into farming at Rock Island, Illinois. After Charles Jr.'s mother died in 1850, the Springs went into the boot and shoe business in Chicago under the name C. A. Spring & Sons. In November 1853, Charles Jr. married Ellen Maria Spring (possibly a relative) in East Hartford, Connecticut. The couple were married by Charles' uncle, Reverend Samuel Spring Jr., who was attached to a church there. The following year, Ellen gave birth to Kittie Maria Spring, Charles' only child. Soon afterwards, in 1855, Charles went to work for the inventor Cyrus McCormick, a friend of his father's, in the McCormick Reaper factory in Chicago. Charles' father and siblings moved south to Manteno, Illinois and returned to farming by around 1858, but Charles Jr. stayed on in Chicago. In 1861, his wife Ellen died at the age of 27, leaving Spring alone with a six-year-old daughter. McCormick Harvesting Company and Great Chicago Fire Upon the death of William Sanderson McCormick (the brother of the inventor) in 1865, Spring replaced him as superintendent and general manager of McCormick & Co., and as the manager of Cyrus McCormick's extensive real estate holdings and other financial concerns. The following year (1866), he married Eugenia B. Keith, his first cousin on his mother's side. Through the summer of 1871, Cyrus and his brother Leander McCormick, who had fought over the division of their brother's estate and a great many other things, were trying to renegotiate a partnership agreement. At one point that July, Spring became so frustrated over the conflict that he threatened to resign; at this, Cyrus wrote to Leander: “Can we do business without Spring?" In September, the remaining brothers finally reached an accord, but it was all destroyed within a few weeks when (according to legend) Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicked over a lantern and set a barn ablaze. The Great Chicago Fire destroyed the entirety of the McCormick factory, along with most of Chicago. All of the office staff lost their homes, but most escaped with their lives. Spring along with wife Eugenia and teenage daughter Kittie, fled from the inferno to the shores of Lake Michigan, where they spent the night waist-deep in the water, dodging flaming pieces of debris. They passed the following two nights holed up in a nearby lighthouse. Within a few days, Spring and the others had opened a temporary office across Ashland Avenue from the old Bull's Head Tavern, and McCormick made the decision to rebuild. Although he had warned McCormick about the spotty insurance that they carried (as recently as November of the previous year), Spring set into the task of rebuilding with all his might. His heavy responsibilities through this period undermined his health, however, and although McCormick raised his salary to $15,000 to get him to stay on, he retired in October 1873. The resignation of the man William Hutchinson, McCormick's biographer, called “the experienced and conciliatory C. A. Spring” spelled the darkest days of the firm. By 1875, however, Spring was once again supervising McCormick's personal financial concerns, and he ultimately returned to work for the company in 1879. Later life When Cyrus McCormick died in 1884, Spring was asked to serve as a pallbearer. Cyrus Jr. took over his father's business, and Spring likely retired after this. He was still quite active in various financial concerns in Chicago; as of 1891, for example, he sat on the Board of Directors of the North Chicago Street Railroad Company. On the 1900 Census, he listed his occupation only as “Capitalist.” Spring died on July 16, 1901; his death was noted in national newspapers the following day. His obituary, in part, read: It was one of his principles that no man should have more than what he considered a moderate fortune, and in keeping his property at the $250,000 mark. . . charitable institutions and individuals were benefitted. He gave away large sums, but in such a quiet manner that few persons were aware of them. Spring's extensive correspondence to and from McCormick is held by the Wisconsin Historical Society. Relations Charles's widow, Eugenia, continued to live at their home at 448 Dearborn Avenue after his death. She often donated art and other precious objects to local museums under the name “Mrs. Charles A. Spring, Jr.” She died in 1920. Charles was the elder brother of Winthrop N. Spring, who died along with his wife and daughter in the Iroquois Theatre Fire in 1903. Charles' only child, Kittie, died in 1881; her son Charles Mellon Woodman became a Quaker minister, and son Harris Spring Woodman served with the Red Cross in Europe during World War I. References ^ a b c d e William Thomas Hutchinson (1935). Cyrus Hall McCormick: Harvest, 1856-1884. Vol. 2. New York: D. Appleton, The Century Company.

[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charles A. Spring Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Charles A. Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Spring"},{"link_name":"Samuel Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Spring"},{"link_name":"Rock Island, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"East Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cyrus McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_McCormick"},{"link_name":"Manteno, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manteno,_Illinois"}],"text":"Charles A. Spring Jr. was born in Boston in 1826, and spent his first years there and then in Brooklyn, New York.\nHis father, Charles A. Spring Sr., was a dry goods merchant at the time, and his grandfather was Reverend Samuel Spring. In 1837, the family moved west and settled into farming at Rock Island, Illinois. After Charles Jr.'s mother died in 1850, the Springs went into the boot and shoe business in Chicago under the name C. A. Spring & Sons.In November 1853, Charles Jr. married Ellen Maria Spring (possibly a relative) in East Hartford, Connecticut. The couple were married by Charles' uncle, Reverend Samuel Spring Jr., who was attached to a church there.[citation needed]The following year, Ellen gave birth to Kittie Maria Spring, Charles' only child. Soon afterwards, in 1855, Charles went to work for the inventor Cyrus McCormick, a friend of his father's, in the McCormick Reaper factory in Chicago. Charles' father and siblings moved south to Manteno, Illinois and returned to farming by around 1858, but Charles Jr. stayed on in Chicago.In 1861, his wife Ellen died at the age of 27, leaving Spring alone with a six-year-old daughter.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Sanderson McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sanderson_McCormick"},{"link_name":"Cyrus McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_McCormick"},{"link_name":"Leander McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leander_McCormick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvest-1"},{"link_name":"Mrs. O'Leary's cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_O%27Leary"},{"link_name":"The Great Chicago Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Chicago_Fire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvest-1"},{"link_name":"Bull's Head Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull%27s_Head_Tavern"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvest-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvest-1"}],"text":"Upon the death of William Sanderson McCormick (the brother of the inventor) in 1865, Spring replaced him as superintendent and general manager of McCormick & Co., and as the manager of Cyrus McCormick's extensive real estate holdings and other financial concerns. The following year (1866), he married Eugenia B. Keith, his first cousin on his mother's side.Through the summer of 1871, Cyrus and his brother Leander McCormick, who had fought over the division of their brother's estate and a great many other things, were trying to renegotiate a partnership agreement. At one point that July, Spring became so frustrated over the conflict that he threatened to resign; at this, Cyrus wrote to Leander: “Can we do business without Spring?\"[1]In September, the remaining brothers finally reached an accord, but it was all destroyed within a few weeks when (according to legend) Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicked over a lantern and set a barn ablaze. The Great Chicago Fire destroyed the entirety of the McCormick factory, along with most of Chicago. All of the office staff lost their homes, but most escaped with their lives. Spring along with wife Eugenia and teenage daughter Kittie, fled from the inferno to the shores of Lake Michigan, where they spent the night waist-deep in the water, dodging flaming pieces of debris. They passed the following two nights holed up in a nearby lighthouse.[1]Within a few days, Spring and the others had opened a temporary office across Ashland Avenue from the old Bull's Head Tavern, and McCormick made the decision to rebuild. Although he had warned McCormick about the spotty insurance that they carried (as recently as November of the previous year), Spring set into the task of rebuilding with all his might. His heavy responsibilities through this period undermined his health, however, and although McCormick raised his salary to $15,000 to get him to stay on, he retired in October 1873.[1]The resignation of the man William Hutchinson, McCormick's biographer, called “the experienced and conciliatory C. A. Spring” spelled the darkest days of the firm. By 1875, however, Spring was once again supervising McCormick's personal financial concerns, and he ultimately returned to work for the company in 1879.[1]","title":"McCormick Harvesting Company and Great Chicago Fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyrus McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_McCormick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvest-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Historical_Society"}],"text":"When Cyrus McCormick died in 1884, Spring was asked to serve as a pallbearer.[1] Cyrus Jr. took over his father's business, and Spring likely retired after this. He was still quite active in various financial concerns in Chicago; as of 1891, for example, he sat on the Board of Directors of the North Chicago Street Railroad Company. On the 1900 Census, he listed his occupation only as “Capitalist.”Spring died on July 16, 1901; his death was noted in national newspapers the following day. His obituary, in part, read:It was one of his principles that no man should have more than what he considered a moderate fortune, and in keeping his property at the $250,000 mark. . . charitable institutions and individuals were benefitted. He gave away large sums, but in such a quiet manner that few persons were aware of them.[citation needed]Spring's extensive correspondence to and from McCormick is held by the Wisconsin Historical Society.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iroquois Theatre Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_Theatre_Fire"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"Charles's widow, Eugenia, continued to live at their home at 448 Dearborn Avenue after his death. She often donated art and other precious objects to local museums under the name “Mrs. Charles A. Spring, Jr.” She died in 1920.Charles was the elder brother of Winthrop N. Spring, who died along with his wife and daughter in the Iroquois Theatre Fire in 1903. Charles' only child, Kittie, died in 1881; her son Charles Mellon Woodman became a Quaker minister, and son Harris Spring Woodman served with the Red Cross in Europe during World War I.","title":"Relations"}]

[]

[{"reference":"William Thomas Hutchinson (1935). Cyrus Hall McCormick: Harvest, 1856-1884. Vol. 2. New York: D. Appleton, The Century Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cyrushallmccormi000264mbp","url_text":"Cyrus Hall McCormick: Harvest, 1856-1884"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cyrushallmccormi000264mbp","external_links_name":"Cyrus Hall McCormick: Harvest, 1856-1884"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiVo_Inc.

TiVo Inc.

["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Former American corporation TiVo Inc.TiVo headquarters in San Jose, CaliforniaFormerlyTeleworld Inc. (1997-1999)Company typePublicTraded asNasdaq: TIVOIndustryDigital video recordersFoundedAugust 4, 1997; 26 years ago (1997-08-04)FoundersJim BartonMike RamsayDefunctSeptember 8, 2016; 7 years ago (2016-09-08)FateAcquired by Rovi CorporationSuccessorTiVo CorporationXperiHeadquartersSan Jose, California, United StatesKey peopleTom Rogers (CEO)ProductsTiVo DVRRevenue US$ 406 Million (2014)Net income US$ 271.8 Million (2014)Number of employees630 (2014)Websitetivo.comFootnotes / references TiVo Inc. was an American corporation with its primary product being its eponymous digital video recorder. While primarily operating in the United States, TiVO also operated in Australia, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and Western Europe. On September 8, 2016, TiVo Inc. was acquired by Rovi Corporation. The new entity became known as TiVo Corporation, which in turn, merged with Xperi in December 2019. History The company TiVo Inc. was incorporated on August 4, 1997, as Teleworld, Inc. by Jim Barton and Mike Ramsay, former employees at Silicon Graphics and Time Warner's Full Service Network digital video system. Originally intending to create a home network device, they later developed the idea to record digitized video on a hard disk for a monthly service, at the suggestion of Randy Komisar. The original TiVo device digitized and compressed analog video from any source. Teleworld began the first public trials of the TiVo device and service in late 1998 in the San Francisco Bay area. Teleworld, Inc. renamed itself to TiVo Inc. on July 21, 1999, and made its IPO (Initial Public Offering) on September 30, 1999. In late 2000, Philips Electronics introduced the DSR6000, the first DirecTV receiver with an integrated TiVo DVR. This new device, nicknamed the DirecTiVo, stored digital signals sent from DirecTV directly onto a hard disk. In early 2000, TiVo also partnered with electronics manufacturer Thomson and broadcaster British Sky Broadcasting to deliver the TiVo service in the UK market. This partnership resulted in the Thomson PVR10UK, a stand-alone receiver released in October 2000. In January 2003, After poor sales, TiVo pulled out of the UK market. On January 27, 2004, TiVo announced the acquisition of Strangeberry Inc., a Palo Alto-based technology company specializing in using home network and broadband technologies to create new entertainment on television. In 2004, TiVo sued EchoStar Corp, a manufacturer of DVR units, for patent infringement. The parties reached a settlement in 2011 wherein EchoStar paid TiVo a licensing fee for its technology. In June 2005, Tom Rogers, a TiVo board member since 1999, was named president and chief executive officer of TiVo Inc. In 2006, TiVo, Inc. won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Innovation and Achievement in Advanced Media Technology. TiVo was again awarded an Emmy in 2013 for Technical and Engineering Achievement for Personalized Recommendation Engines for Video Discovery. On November 25, 2009, TiVo re-entered the UK market by announcing a partnership with UK cable company Virgin Media. By 2012, TiVo services had become a part of 18% of Virgin's TV customer base. By the end of 2013, TiVo was installed in 52%, or around 2 million, of all Virgin TV's subscribers. On January 19, 2010, Microsoft filed a lawsuit against TiVo, Inc. for patent infringement. TiVo had also filed a lawsuit against Microsoft for patent infringement. The companies agreed to end their respective lawsuits in March 2012. On July 17, 2012, TiVo announced the acquisition of TRA, Inc., an audience measurement company that measures advertising effectiveness. On January 29, 2014, TiVo announced the acquisition of Digitalsmiths, a cloud-based content discovery and recommendation service for pay TV. In March, 2015, TiVo purchased the assets of Aereo, a technology company that allowed subscribers to view live and time-shifted streams of over-the-air television on Internet-connected devices, for $1 million. On April 29, 2016, Rovi announced that it had acquired TiVo Inc. for $1.1 billion, and that the combined company would operate under the TiVo brand. On September 8, 2016, the acquisition by Rovi Corporation was completed. On December 19, 2019, TiVo and Xperi announced they had entered into a definitive merger agreement in an all-stock transaction, representing approximately $3 billion of combined enterprise value. The combined company's value creation plan will focus on integrating the companies’ respective product and IP licensing businesses. See also TiVo TiVo digital video recorders References ^ "SEC". ^ "Tivo Reports Results for the Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2014". TiVo. February 26, 2014. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014. ^ "In which countries is the TiVo Service available?". TiVo. Retrieved March 21, 2014. ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (2019-12-19). "TiVo to merge with Xperi to create "one of the largest licensing companies in the world"". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2019-12-25. Retrieved 2019-12-27. ^ a b c d e Asselin, Kristine Carlson (2012-09-01). TiVo: The Company and Its Founders. ABDO Publishing Company. ISBN 9781614801849. ^ Komisar, Randy (2001). The Monk and the Riddle. Harvard Business Press. ISBN 9781578516445. ^ Jim Davis (December 22, 1998). "TiVo launches "smart TV" trial". CNET. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2014. ^ "DirecTV's TiVo ready to return December 8th in a few markets". Engadget. Archived from the original on 2012-12-07. Retrieved 2019-08-28. ^ Robert Holmes (June 27, 1999). "Thomson multimedia chosen by BskyB and TiVo to launch the UK'S first Personal Video Recorder". PR Newswire. Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014. ^ Matthew Broersma (February 5, 2003). "TiVo switches off UK sales". ZDNet. Archived from the original on July 15, 2023. Retrieved June 29, 2012. ^ "TiVo Acquires Strangeberry". Silicon Valley Business Journal. January 24, 2004. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2016. ^ Steven Russolillo (May 3, 2011). "Dish, EchoStar Settle TiVo Patent Litigation". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 15, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2017. ^ Emily Church (June 27, 2005). "TiVo taps Tom Rogers as CEO". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2009. ^ Jeff Baumgartner (August 12, 2013). "TW Cable, TiVo Join Tech Emmy Haul". Multichannel News. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014. ^ Emma Barnett (March 4, 2010). "TiVo's UK launch could 'make British television personal'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018. ^ http://investors.virginmedia.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=135485&p=irol-newsarticle&ID=1899958 ^ "Microsoft Corporation v. TiVo, Inc". RFC Express. January 19, 2010. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2014. ^ Darren Murph (March 22, 2012). "Microsoft and TiVo agree to drop ongoing patent suits, we ask the world to follow". Engadget.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2017. ^ Bill Carter (July 16, 2012). "TiVo to Buy Company That Tracks Shopping of TV Viewers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 15, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2017. ^ Jeff Baumgartner (January 29, 2014). "TiVo To Buy Digitalsmiths For $135 Million". Multichannel News. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014. ^ Perez, Sarah (13 March 2014). "TiVo Receives Approval To Acquire Aereo Assets". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015. ^ "From TV trailblazer to IP afterthought: TiVo bought for $1.1 billion". Ars Technica. Conde Nast Digital. 29 April 2016. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016. ^ Picker, Leslie (29 April 2016). "Rovi Buys TiVo in $1.1 Billion Deal". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016. ^ Spangler, Todd (2019-12-19). "TiVo to Merge With Entertainment-Tech Firm Xperi in $3 Billion Deal". Variety. Archived from the original on 2019-12-19. Retrieved 2020-02-25. External links TiVo – official site

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While primarily operating in the United States, TiVO also operated in Australia, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and Western Europe.[3] On September 8, 2016, TiVo Inc. was acquired by Rovi Corporation. 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suggestion of Randy Komisar.[6][better source needed] The original TiVo device digitized and compressed analog video from any source.[5]Teleworld began the first public trials of the TiVo device and service in late 1998 in the San Francisco Bay area.[7]Teleworld, Inc. renamed itself to TiVo Inc. on July 21, 1999, and made its IPO (Initial Public Offering) on September 30, 1999.[5]In late 2000, Philips Electronics introduced the DSR6000, the first DirecTV receiver with an integrated TiVo DVR.[5] This new device, nicknamed the DirecTiVo, stored digital signals sent from DirecTV directly onto a hard disk.[8]In early 2000, TiVo also partnered with electronics manufacturer Thomson and broadcaster British Sky Broadcasting to deliver the TiVo service in the UK market.[9] This partnership resulted in the Thomson PVR10UK, a stand-alone receiver released in October 2000.[citation needed] In January 2003, After poor sales, TiVo pulled out of the UK market.[10]On January 27, 2004, TiVo announced the acquisition of Strangeberry Inc., a Palo Alto-based technology company specializing in using home network and broadband technologies to create new entertainment on television.[11]In 2004, TiVo sued EchoStar Corp, a manufacturer of DVR units, for patent infringement. The parties reached a settlement in 2011 wherein EchoStar paid TiVo a licensing fee for its technology.[12]In June 2005, Tom Rogers, a TiVo board member since 1999, was named president and chief executive officer of TiVo Inc.[13]In 2006, TiVo, Inc. won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Innovation and Achievement in Advanced Media Technology.[5] TiVo was again awarded an Emmy in 2013 for Technical and Engineering Achievement for Personalized Recommendation Engines for Video Discovery.[14]On November 25, 2009, TiVo re-entered the UK market by announcing a partnership with UK cable company Virgin Media.[15] By 2012, TiVo services had become a part of 18% of Virgin's TV customer base.[citation needed] By the end of 2013, TiVo was installed in 52%, or around 2 million, of all Virgin TV's subscribers.[16]On January 19, 2010, Microsoft filed a lawsuit against TiVo, Inc. for patent infringement.[17] TiVo had also filed a lawsuit against Microsoft for patent infringement. The companies agreed to end their respective lawsuits in March 2012.[18]On July 17, 2012, TiVo announced the acquisition of TRA, Inc., an audience measurement company that measures advertising effectiveness.[19]On January 29, 2014, TiVo announced the acquisition of Digitalsmiths, a cloud-based content discovery and recommendation service for pay TV.[20]In March, 2015, TiVo purchased the assets of Aereo, a technology company that allowed subscribers to view live and time-shifted streams of over-the-air television on Internet-connected devices, for $1 million.[21]On April 29, 2016, Rovi announced that it had acquired TiVo Inc. for $1.1 billion, and that the combined company would operate under the TiVo brand.[22][23] On September 8, 2016, the acquisition by Rovi Corporation was completed.On December 19, 2019, TiVo and Xperi announced they had entered into a definitive merger agreement in an all-stock transaction, representing approximately $3 billion of combined enterprise value. The combined company's value creation plan will focus on integrating the companies’ respective product and IP licensing businesses.[24]","title":"History"}]

[]

[{"title":"TiVo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiVo"},{"title":"TiVo digital video recorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiVo_digital_video_recorders"}]

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Retrieved February 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/17/business/media/tivo-to-buy-tra-which-tracks-buying-habits-of-tv-viewers.html?_r=1&","url_text":"\"TiVo to Buy Company That Tracks Shopping of TV Viewers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230715062115/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/17/business/media/tivo-to-buy-tra-which-tracks-buying-habits-of-tv-viewers.html?_r=1&","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jeff Baumgartner (January 29, 2014). \"TiVo To Buy Digitalsmiths For $135 Million\". Multichannel News. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.multichannel.com/distribution/tivo-buy-digitalsmiths-135-million/147973","url_text":"\"TiVo To Buy Digitalsmiths For $135 Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multichannel_News","url_text":"Multichannel News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302110307/http://www.multichannel.com/distribution/tivo-buy-digitalsmiths-135-million/147973","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Perez, Sarah (13 March 2014). \"TiVo Receives Approval To Acquire Aereo Assets\". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 22 April 2015. 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The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/30/business/dealbook/rovi-buys-tivo-in-1-1-billion-deal.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Rovi Buys TiVo in $1.1 Billion Deal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160502020829/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/30/business/dealbook/rovi-buys-tivo-in-1-1-billion-deal.html?_r=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Spangler, Todd (2019-12-19). \"TiVo to Merge With Entertainment-Tech Firm Xperi in $3 Billion Deal\". Variety. Archived from the original on 2019-12-19. 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TiVo, Inc\""},{"Link":"http://www.rfcexpress.com/lawsuits/patent-lawsuits/california-northern-district-court/53537/microsoft-corporation-v-tivo-inc/summary/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2012/03/22/microsoft-tivo-drop-patent-lawsuit/","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft and TiVo agree to drop ongoing patent suits, we ask the world to follow\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173626/http://www.engadget.com/2012/03/22/microsoft-tivo-drop-patent-lawsuit/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/17/business/media/tivo-to-buy-tra-which-tracks-buying-habits-of-tv-viewers.html?_r=1&","external_links_name":"\"TiVo to Buy Company That Tracks Shopping of TV Viewers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230715062115/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/17/business/media/tivo-to-buy-tra-which-tracks-buying-habits-of-tv-viewers.html?_r=1&","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.multichannel.com/distribution/tivo-buy-digitalsmiths-135-million/147973","external_links_name":"\"TiVo To Buy Digitalsmiths For $135 Million\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302110307/http://www.multichannel.com/distribution/tivo-buy-digitalsmiths-135-million/147973","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/13/tivo-receives-approval-to-acquire-aereo-assets","external_links_name":"\"TiVo Receives Approval To Acquire Aereo Assets\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150422093546/http://techcrunch.com/2015/03/13/tivo-receives-approval-to-acquire-aereo-assets/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/business/2016/04/rovi-buys-tivo-and-a-ton-of-ip-for-1-1-billion/","external_links_name":"\"From TV trailblazer to IP afterthought: TiVo bought for $1.1 billion\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160430110903/http://arstechnica.com/business/2016/04/rovi-buys-tivo-and-a-ton-of-ip-for-1-1-billion/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/30/business/dealbook/rovi-buys-tivo-in-1-1-billion-deal.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Rovi Buys TiVo in $1.1 Billion Deal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160502020829/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/30/business/dealbook/rovi-buys-tivo-in-1-1-billion-deal.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/tivo-to-merge-with-entertainment-tech-firm-xperi-in-3-billion-deal-1203448604/","external_links_name":"\"TiVo to Merge With Entertainment-Tech Firm Xperi in $3 Billion Deal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191219133624/https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/tivo-to-merge-with-entertainment-tech-firm-xperi-in-3-billion-deal-1203448604/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tivo.com/about","external_links_name":"TiVo"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen

George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen

["1 Early life","2 Political and diplomatic career, 1805–1828","3 Political career, 1828–1852","3.1 In opposition","4 Prime Minister, 1852–1855","5 The \"Eastern Question\"","6 Crimean War 1853–1856","7 Relations with the United States","8 Legacy","9 Family","9.1 Ancestry","10 Religious interests","11 Notes","12 Bibliography","13 External links"]

British politician "Lord Aberdeen" and "The Earl of Aberdeen" redirect here. For other holders of the title, see Earl of Aberdeen. The Right HonourableThe Earl of AberdeenKG KT PC FRS FRSE FSA ScotLord Aberdeen in July 1860Prime Minister of the United KingdomIn office19 December 1852 – 30 January 1855MonarchVictoriaPreceded byThe Earl of DerbySucceeded byThe Viscount PalmerstonForeign SecretaryIn office2 September 1841 – 6 July 1846Prime MinisterSir Robert PeelPreceded byThe Viscount PalmerstonSucceeded byThe Viscount PalmerstonIn office2 June 1828 – 22 November 1830Prime MinisterThe Duke of WellingtonPreceded byThe Earl of DudleySucceeded byThe Viscount PalmerstonSecretary of State for War and the ColoniesIn office20 December 1834 – 8 April 1835Prime MinisterSir Robert PeelPreceded byThomas Spring RiceSucceeded byThe Lord GlenelgChancellor of the Duchy of LancasterIn office26 January 1828 – 2 June 1828Prime MinisterThe Duke of WellingtonPreceded byThe Lord BexleySucceeded byCharles Arbuthnot Personal detailsBornGeorge Gordon(1784-01-28)28 January 1784Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, Great BritainDied14 December 1860(1860-12-14) (aged 76)St James's, Middlesex, England, United KingdomResting placeSt John the Evangelist, Great StanmorePolitical partyPeelite (1846–1859)Other politicalaffiliationsLiberal (1859–1860) Conservative (1834–1846) Tory (before 1834)Spouses Lady Catherine Hamilton ​ ​(m. 1805; died 1812)​ Harriet Douglas ​ ​(m. 1815; died 1833)​Children9, including GeorgeParent(s)George Gordon, Lord Haddo Charlotte BairdAlma materSt John's College, CambridgeSignature George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, KG, KT, PC, FRS, FRSE, FSA Scot (28 January 1784 – 14 December 1860), styled Lord Haddo from 1791 to 1801, was a British statesman, diplomat and landowner, successively a Tory, Conservative and Peelite politician and specialist in foreign affairs. He served as Prime Minister from 1852 until 1855 in a coalition between the Whigs and Peelites, with Radical and Irish support. The Aberdeen ministry was filled with powerful and talented politicians, whom Aberdeen was largely unable to control and direct. Despite his trying to avoid this happening, it took Britain into the Crimean War, and fell when its conduct became unpopular, after which Aberdeen retired from politics. Born into a wealthy family with the largest estates in Scotland, his personal life was marked by the loss of both parents by the time he was eleven, and of his first wife after only seven years of a happy marriage. His daughters died young, and his relations with his sons were difficult. He travelled extensively in Europe, including Greece, and he had a serious interest in the classical civilisations and their archaeology. His Scottish estates having been neglected by his father, he devoted himself (when he came of age) to modernising them according to the latest standards. After 1812 he became a diplomat, and in 1813, at age 29, was given the critically important embassy to Vienna, where he organised and financed the sixth coalition that defeated Napoleon. His rise in politics was equally rapid and lucky, and "two accidents — Canning's death and Wellington's impulsive acceptance of the Canningite resignations" led to his becoming Foreign Secretary for Prime Minister Wellington in 1828 despite "an almost ludicrous lack of official experience"; he had been a minister for less than six months. After holding the position for two years, followed by another cabinet role, by 1841 his experience led to his appointment as Foreign Secretary again under Robert Peel for a longer term. His diplomatic successes include organizing the coalition against Napoleon in 1812–1814, normalizing relations with post-Napoleonic France, settling the old border dispute between Canada and the United States, and ending the First Opium War with China in 1842, whereby Hong Kong was obtained. Aberdeen was a poor speaker, but this scarcely mattered in the House of Lords. He exhibited a "dour, awkward, occasionally sarcastic exterior". His friend William Ewart Gladstone, said of him that he was "the man in public life of all others whom I have loved. I say emphatically loved. I have loved others, but never like him". Early life Born in Edinburgh on 28 January 1784, he was the eldest son of George Gordon, Lord Haddo, son of George Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aberdeen. His mother was Charlotte, youngest daughter of William Baird of Newbyth. He lost his father on 18 October 1791 and his mother in 1795, and he was brought up by Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, and William Pitt the Younger. He was educated at Harrow, and St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Master of Arts in 1804. Before this, however, he had become Earl of Aberdeen on his grandfather's death in 1801, and had travelled all over Europe. On his return to Britain, he founded the Society of Athenian Travellers. In 1805, he married Lady Catherine Elizabeth, daughter of John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn. Political and diplomatic career, 1805–1828 In December 1805, Lord Aberdeen took his seat as a Tory Scottish representative peer in the House of Lords. In 1808, he was created a Knight of the Thistle. Following the death of his wife from tuberculosis in 1812 he joined the Foreign Service. He was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Austria, and signed the Treaty of Töplitz between Britain and Austria in Vienna in October 1813. In the company of the Austrian Emperor, Francis II, he was an observer at the decisive Coalition victory of the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813; he had met Napoleon in his earlier travels. He became one of the central diplomatic figures in European diplomacy at this time, and he was one of the British representatives at the Congress of Châtillon in February 1814, and at the negotiations which led to the Treaty of Paris in May of that year. Aberdeen was greatly affected by the aftermath of war which he witnessed at first hand. He wrote home:The near approach of war and its effects are horrible beyond what you can conceive. The whole road from Prague to was covered with waggons full of wounded, dead, and dying. The shock and disgust and pity produced by such scenes are beyond what I could have supposed possible...the scenes of distress and misery have sunk deeper in my mind. I have been quite haunted by them. Returning home he was created a peer of the United Kingdom as Viscount Gordon, of Aberdeen in the County of Aberdeen (1814), and made a member of the Privy Council. In July 1815, he married his former sister-in-law Harriet, daughter of John Douglas, and widow of James Hamilton, Viscount Hamilton; the marriage was much less happy than his first. During the ensuing thirteen years Aberdeen took a less prominent part in public affairs. Political career, 1828–1852 The Earl of Aberdeen by Thomas Lawrence in 1829 Lord Aberdeen c. 1847 by John Partridge Lord Aberdeen served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster between January and June 1828 and subsequently as Foreign Secretary until 1830 under the Duke of Wellington. He resigned with Wellington over the Reform Bill of 1832. He was Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in the first Peel ministry (December 1834 - April 1835), and again Foreign Secretary between 1841 and 1846 under Sir Robert Peel (second Peel ministry). It was during his second stint as Foreign Secretary that he had the harbor settlement of 'Little Hong Kong', on the south side of Hong Kong Island, named after him. It was probably the most productive period of his career; he settled two disagreements with the US: the northeast boundary dispute by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842), and the Oregon dispute by the Oregon Treaty of 1846. He enjoyed the trust of Queen Victoria, which was still important for a Foreign Secretary. He worked closely with Henry Bulwer, his ambassador to Madrid, to help arrange marriages for Queen Isabella and her younger sister the Infanta Luisa Fernanda. They helped stabilize Spain's internal and external relations. He sought better relations with France, relying on his friendship with Guizot, but Britain was annoyed with France on a series of issues, especially French colonial policies, the right to search slave ships, the French desire to control Belgium, disputes in the Pacific and the French intervention in Morocco. In opposition Aberdeen again followed his leader and resigned with Peel over the issue of the Corn Laws. After Peel's death in July 1850 he became the recognised leader of the Peelites. In August 1847, a general election of Parliament had been held which resulted in the election of 325 Tory/Conservative party members to Parliament. This represented 42.7% of the seats in Parliament. The main opposition to the Tory/Conservative Party was the Whig Party, which had 292 seats. While the Peelites agreed with the Whigs on issues dealing with international trade, there were other issues on which the Peelites disagreed with the Whigs. Indeed, Lord Aberdeen's own dislike of the Ecclesiastical Titles Assumption Bill, the rejection of which he failed to secure in 1851, prevented him from joining the Whig government of Lord John Russell in that year. Additionally, 113 of the members of Parliament elected in 1847 were Free Traders. These members agreed with the Peelites on the repeal of the "Corn Laws", but they felt that the tariffs on all consumer products should be removed. Furthermore, 36 members of Parliament elected in 1847 were members of the "Irish Brigade", who voted with the Peelites and the Whigs for the repeal of the Corn Laws because they sought an end the Great Irish Famine by means of cheaper wheat and bread prices for the poor and middle classes in Ireland. Currently, however, the Free Traders and the Irish Brigade had disagreements with the Whigs that prevented them from joining with the Whigs to form a government. Accordingly, the Tory/Conservative Party leader the Earl of Derby was asked to form a "minority government". Derby appointed Benjamin Disraeli as the Chancellor of the Exchequer for the minority government. The general election in July 1852 had no clear winner. When in December 1852 Disraeli submitted his budget to Parliament on behalf of the minority government, the Peelites, the Free Traders, and the Irish Brigade were all alienated by the proposed budget. Accordingly, those groups suddenly forgot their differences with the Whig Party and voted with the Whigs against the proposed budget. The vote was 286 in favour of the budget and 305 votes against the budget. Because the leadership of the minority government had made the vote on the budget vote a vote of confidence, the defeat of the Disraeli budget was a "vote of no confidence" in the minority government and meant its downfall. Lord Aberdeen was asked to form a new government; Gladstone became his Chancellor. Prime Minister, 1852–1855 Further information: Aberdeen ministry Aberdeen in the 1850s Following the downfall of the Tory/Conservative minority government under Lord Derby in December 1852, Lord Aberdeen formed a new government from the coalition of Free Traders, Peelites, and Whigs that had voted no confidence in the minority government. Lord Aberdeen was able to put together a coalition that held 53.8% of the seats of Parliament. Thus Lord Aberdeen, a Peelite, became Prime Minister and headed a coalition ministry of Whigs and Peelites. Although united on international trade issues and on questions of domestic reform, his cabinet also contained Lord Palmerston and Lord John Russell, who were certain to differ on questions of foreign policy. Charles Greville wrote in his Memoirs, "In the present cabinet are five or six first-rate men of equal, or nearly equal, pretensions, none of them likely to acknowledge the superiority or defer to the opinions of any other, and every one of these five or six considering himself abler and more important than their premier"; and Sir James Graham wrote, "It is a powerful team, but it will require good driving", which Aberdeen was unable to provide. During the administration, much trouble was caused by the rivalry between Palmerston and Russell, and over the course of it Palmerston managed to out-manoeuvre Russell to emerge as the Whig heir apparent. The cabinet also included a single Radical, Sir William Molesworth, but much later, when justifying to the Queen his own new appointments, Gladstone told her: "For instance, even in Ld Aberdeen's Govt, in 52, Sir William Molesworth had been selected, at that time, a very advanced Radical, but who was perfectly harmless, & took little, or no part.... He said these people generally became very moderate, when they were in office", which she admitted had been the case. One of the foreign policy issues on which Palmerston and Russell disagreed was the type of relationship that Britain should have with France and especially France's ruler, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. Bonaparte was the nephew of the famous Napoleon Bonaparte, who had become dictator and then Emperor of France from 1804 until 1814. The younger Bonaparte had been elected to a three-year term as President of the Second Republic of France on 20 December 1848. The Constitution of the Second Republic limited the President to a single term in office. Thus, Louis Bonaparte would be unable to succeed himself and after 20 December 1851 would no longer be president. Consequently, on 2 December 1851, shortly before the end of his single three-year term in office was to expire, Bonaparte staged a coup against the Second Republic in France, disbanded the elected Constituent Assembly, arrested some of the Republican leaders, and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III of France. This coup upset many democrats in England as well as in France. Some British government officials felt that Louis Bonaparte was seeking foreign adventure in the spirit of his uncle, Napoleon I. Consequently, these officials felt that any close association with Bonaparte would eventually lead Britain into another series of wars, like the wars with France and Napoleon dating from 1793 until 1815. British relations with France had scarcely improved since 1815. As prime minister, the Earl of Aberdeen was one of these officials who feared France and Bonaparte. However, other British government officials were beginning to worry more about the rising political dominance of the Russian Empire in eastern Europe and the corresponding decline of the Ottoman Empire. Lord Palmerston at the time of Louis Bonaparte's 2 December 1851 coup was serving as the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in the Whig government of Prime Minister Lord John Russell. Without informing the rest of the cabinet or Queen Victoria, Palmerston had sent a private note to the French ambassador endorsing Louis Bonaparte's coup and congratulating Louis Bonaparte himself on the coup. Queen Victoria and members of the Russell government demanded that Palmerston be dismissed as Foreign Minister. Russell requested Palmerston's resignation and Palmerston reluctantly provided it. George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, c. June 1858 In February 1852, Palmerston took revenge on Russell by voting with the Conservatives in a "no confidence" vote against the Russell government. This brought an end to the Russell Whig government and set the stage for a general election in July 1852 which eventually brought the Conservatives to power in a minority government under the Earl of Derby. Later in the year, another problem facing the Earl of Aberdeen in the formation of his own new government in December 1852 was Lord John Russell himself. Russell was the leader of the Whig Party, the largest group in the coalition government. Consequently, Lord Aberdeen, was required to appoint Russell as the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, which he had done on 29 December 1852. However, Russell sometimes liked to use this position to speak for the whole government, as if he were the prime minister. In 1832, Russell had been nicknamed "Finality John" because of his statement that the 1832 Reform Act had just been approved by both the House of Commons and the House of Lords would be the "final" expansion of the vote in Britain. There would be no further extension of the ballot to the common people of Britain. However, as political pressure in favour of further reform had risen over the twenty years since 1832, Russell had changed his mind. Russell had said, in January 1852, that he intended to introduce a new reform bill into the House of Commons which would equalise the populations of the districts from which members of Parliament were elected. Probably as a result of their continuing feud, Palmerston declared himself against this Reform Bill of 1852. As a result, support for the bill dwindled and Russell was forced to change his mind again and not introduce any Reform Bill in 1852. In order to form the coalition government, the Earl of Aberdeen had been required to appoint both Palmerston and Russell to his cabinet. Because of the controversy surrounding Palmerston's removal as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Palmerston could not now be appointed Foreign Minister again so soon after his removal from that position. Accordingly, on 28 December 1852, Aberdeen appointed Palmerston as Home Secretary and appointed Russell as Foreign Minister. The "Eastern Question" Given the differences of opinion within the Lord Aberdeen cabinet over the direction of foreign policy with regard to relations between Britain and France under Napoleon III, it is not surprising that debate raged within the government as Louis Bonaparte, now assuming the title of Emperor Napoleon III. As Prime Minister of the Peelite/Whig coalition government, Aberdeen eventually led Britain into war on the side of the French and Ottomans against the Russian Empire. This war would eventually be called the Crimean War, but throughout the foreign policy negotiations surrounding the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, which would continue throughout the middle and end of nineteenth century, the problem would be referred to as the "Eastern Question". The cabinet was bitterly divided. Palmerston stirred up anti-reform feeling in Parliament and pro-war public opinion to out-maneuver Russell. The result was that the weak Aberdeen government went to war with Russia as the result of internal British political rivalries. Aberdeen accepted Russian arguments at face value because he sympathised with Russian interests against French pressure and was not in favour of the Crimean War. However, he was unable to resist the pressure that was being exerted on him by Palmerston's faction. In the end, the Crimean War proved to be the downfall of his government. The Eastern Question flared up on 2 December 1852, with the Napoleon's coup against the Second Republic. As Napoleon III was forming his new imperial government, he sent an ambassador to the Ottoman Empire with instructions to assert France's right to protect Christian sites in Jerusalem and the Holy Land. The Ottoman Empire agreed to this condition to avoid conflict or even war with France. Aberdeen, as Foreign Secretary in 1845, had himself tacitly authorised the construction of the first Anglican church in Jerusalem, following his predecessor's commission in 1838 of the first European Consul in Jerusalem on Britain's behalf, which lead to series of successive appointments by other nations. Both resulted from Lord Shaftesbury's canvassing with substantial public support. Nevertheless, Britain became increasingly worried about the situation in Turkey, and Prime Minister Aberdeen sent Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, a diplomat with vast experience in Turkey, as a special envoy to the Ottoman Empire to guard British interests. Russia protested the Turkish agreement with the French as a violation of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1778, which ended the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). Under the treaty, the Russians had been granted the exclusive right to protect the Christian sites in the Holy Land. Accordingly, on 7 May 1853, the Russians sent Prince Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov, one their premier statesmen, to negotiate a settlement of the issue. Prince Menshikov called the attention of the Turks to the fact that during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russians had occupied the Turkish-controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia on the north bank of the Danube River, and he reminded them that pursuant to the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, the Russians had returned these "Danubian provinces" to Ottoman control in exchange for the right to protect the Christian sites in the Holy Land. Accordingly, the Turks reversed themselves and agreed with the Russians. The French sent one of their premier ships-of-the-line, the Charlemagne, to the Black Sea as a show of force. In light of the French show of force, the Turks, again, reversed themselves and recognised the French right to protect the Christian sites. Lord Stratford de Redcliffe was advising the Ottomans during this time, and later it was alleged that he had been instrumental in persuading the Turks to reject the Russian arguments. As war became inevitable, Aberdeen wrote to Russell: The abstract justice of the cause, although indisputable, is but a poor consolation for the inevitable calamities of all war, or for a decision which I am not without fear may prove to have been impolitic and unwise. My conscience upbraids me the more, because seeing, as I did from the first, all that was to be apprehended, it is possible that by a little more energy and vigour, not on the Danube, but in Downing Street, it might have been prevented. Crimean War 1853–1856 The coalition Aberdeen ministry of 1854 after a painting by Sir John Gilbert, 1855 In response this latest change of mind by the Ottomans, the Russians on 2 July 1853 occupied the Turkish satellite states of Wallachia and Moldavia, as they had during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. Almost immediately, the Russian troops deployed along the northern banks of the Danube River, implying that they might cross the river. Aberdeen ordered the British Fleet to Constantinople and later into the Black Sea. On 23 October 1853, the Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia. A Russian naval raid on Sinope, on 30 November 1853, resulted in the destruction of the Turkish fleet in the battle of Sinope. When Russia ignored an Anglo-French ultimatum to abandon the Danubian provinces, Britain and France declared war on Russia on 28 March 1854. In September 1854, British and French troops landed on the Crimean peninsula at Eupatoria, north of Sevastopol. The Allied troops then moved across the Alma River on 20 September 1854 at the battle of Alma and set siege to the fort of Sevastopol. A Russian attack on the allied supply base at Balaclava on 25 October 1854 was rebuffed. The Battle of Balaclava is noted for its famous (or rather infamous) Charge of the Light Brigade. On 5 November 1854, Russian forces tried to relieve the siege at Sevastopol and defeat the Allied armies in the field in the Battle of Inkerman. However, this attempt failed. Dissatisfaction as to the course of the war grew in England. As reports returned detailing the mismanagement of the conflict, Parliament began to investigate. On 29 January 1855, John Arthur Roebuck introduced a motion for the appointment of a select committee to enquire into the conduct of the war. This motion was carried by the large majority of 305 in favour and 148 against. Treating this as a vote of no confidence in his government, Aberdeen resigned, and retired from active politics, speaking for the last time in the House of Lords in 1858. In visiting Windsor Castle to resign, he told the Queen: "Nothing could have been better, he said than the feeling of the members towards each other. Had it not been for the incessant attempts of Ld John Russell to keep up party differences, it must be acknowledged that the experiment of a coalition had succeeded admirably. We discussed future possibilities & agreed that nothing remained to be done, but to offer the Govt to Ld Derby,...". The Queen continued to criticise Lord John Russell for his behaviour for the rest of his life; on his death in 1878 her journal records that he was "A man of much talent, who leaves a name behind him, kind, & good, with a great knowledge of the constitution, who behaved very well, on many trying occasions; but he was impulsive, very selfish (as shown on many occasions, especially during Ld Aberdeen's administration) vain, & often reckless & imprudent". Relations with the United States British-American relations had been troublesome under Palmerston, but Aberdeen proved much more conciliatory, and worked well with Daniel Webster, the American Secretary of State who was himself an Anglophile. In 1842, Aberdeen sent Lord Ashburton to Washington to settle all disputes, especially the border between Canada and Maine, the boundary along the Great Lakes, the Oregon boundary, the African slave trade, the Caroline affair about boundaries in 1837 and the Creole case of 1841 involving a slave revolt on the high seas. The Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842 solved the most of the problems amicably. Thus Maine got most of the disputed land, but Canada obtained a vital, strategic strip of land connecting it to a warm water port. Aberdeen helped solve the Oregon dispute amicably in 1846. However, as prime minister, Aberdeen had trouble with the United States. In 1854 an American naval vessel bombarded the mosquito port of Greytown, Nicaragua in retaliation for an insult; Britain protested. Later in 1846, the United States announced its intention of annexing Hawaii, and Britain not only complained but sent a naval force to make the point. Negotiations for reciprocal trade agreement between the United States and Canada dragged on for eight years until a reciprocity treaty was reached in 1854. Legacy Further information: International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919) Aberdeen was generally successful as a hard-working diplomat, but his reputation has suffered greatly because of the lack of military success in the Crimean War and from the ridicule of enemies such as Disraeli who regarded him as weak, inefficient, and cold. Before the Crimean debacle that ended his career, Aberdeen scored numerous diplomatic triumphs, starting in 1813-14 when as ambassador to the Austrian Empire he negotiated the alliances and financing that led to the defeat of Napoleon. In Paris, he normalized relations with the newly restored Bourbon government and convinced London it could be trusted. He worked well with top European diplomats such as his friends Klemens von Metternich in Vienna and François Guizot in Paris. He brought Britain into the center of Continental diplomacy on critical issues, such as the local wars in Greece, Portugal, and Belgium. Simmering troubles on numerous issues with the United States were ended by friendly compromises. He played a central role in winning the Opium Wars against China, gaining control of Hong Kong in the process. Family Bust of Aberdeen in Westminster Abbey by Matthew Noble Lord Aberdeen married Lady Catherine Elizabeth (10 January 1784 – 29 February 1812; daughter of Lord Abercorn) on 28 July 1805. They had four children. Lady Jane Hamilton-Gordon (11 February 1807 – 18 August 1824) died at the age of seventeen years old Lady Charlotte Catherine Hamilton-Gordon (28 March 1808 – 24 July 1818) died at the age of ten years old. Lady Alice Hamilton-Gordon (12 July 1809 – 21 April 1829) died at the age of nineteen years old. unnamed Gordon, Lord Haddo (23 November 1810 – 23 November 1810) He remarried Harriet Douglas (paternal granddaughter of James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton and maternal granddaughter of Edward Lascelles, 1st Earl of Harewood) on 8 July 1815. They had five children: George John James Hamilton-Gordon, 5th Earl of Aberdeen (28 September 1816 – 22 March 1864). He married Lady Mary Baillie (younger sister of George Baillie-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Haddington) on 5 November 1840. They had six children. General Sir Alexander Hamilton-Gordon (11 December 1817 – 19 May 1890). He married Caroline Herschel (daughter of Sir John Herschel, 1st Baronet) on 9 December 1852. They had nine children. Lady Frances Hamilton-Gordon (4 December 1818 – 20 April 1834) died at the age of fifteen years old. Reverend Hon. Douglas Hamilton-Gordon (13 March 1824 – 6 December 1901). He married Lady Ellen Douglas (maternal first cousin) on 15 July 1851. Arthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon (26 November 1829 – 30 January 1912). He married Rachel Emily Shaw-Lefevre on 20 September 1865. They had two children. The Countess of Aberdeen died in August 1833. Lord Aberdeen died at Argyll House, St. James's, London, on 14 December 1860, and was buried in the family vault at Stanmore church. In 1994 the novelist, columnist, and politician Ferdinand Mount used George Gordon's life as the basis for a historical novel, Umbrella. Apart from his political career, Aberdeen was also a scholar of the classical civilisations, who published An Inquiry into the Principles of Beauty in Grecian Architecture (London, 1822) and was referred to by his cousin Lord Byron in his English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809) as "the travell'd thane, Athenian Aberdeen." He was appointed Chancellor of the University of Aberdeen in 1827 and was President of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Ancestry Ancestors of George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen 8. William Gordon, 2nd Earl of Aberdeen 4. George Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aberdeen 9. Lady Susan Murray 2. George Gordon, Lord Haddo 10. Oswald Hanson 5. Catherine Elizabeth Hanson 11. Mary Collett 1. George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen 12. William Baird 6. William Baird 13. ? 3. Charlotte Baird 14. ? Johnstone 7. Alicia Johnstone 15. ? Religious interests Aberdeen's biographer Muriel Chamberlain summarises, "Religion never came easy to him". In his Scots landowning capacity "North of the border, he considered himself ex officio a Presbyterian". In England "he privately considered himself an Anglican"; as early as 1840 he told Gladstone he preferred what Aberdeen called "the sister church " and when in London worshipped at St James's Piccadilly. He was ultimately buried in the Anglican parish church at Stanmore, Middlesex. He was a member of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland from 1818 to 1828 and exercised his existing rights to present ministers to parishes on his Scottish estates through a time when the right of churches to veto the appointment or 'call' of a minister became so contentious as to lead in 1843 to the schism known as "the Disruption" when a third of ministers broke away to form the Free Church of Scotland. In the House of Lords, in 1840 and 1843, he raised two Compromise Bills to allow presbyteries but not congregations the right of veto. The first failed to pass (and was voted against by the General Assembly) but the latter, raised post-schism, became law for Scotland and remained in force until patronage of Scots livings was abolished in 1874. It was under his prime ministership that the revival of the Convocations of Canterbury and York began, though they did not obtain their potential power until 1859. He is said in the last few months of his life, after the Crimean War, to have declined to contribute to building a church on his Scotland estates because of a sense of guilt in having "shed much blood", citing biblically King David's being forbidden to build the Temple in Jerusalem. Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Aberdeen, George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A–ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 28. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8. ^ MacIntyre, 644 ^ MacIntyre, 641 ^ MacIntyre, 642, 644. ^ MacIntyre, 643, quoted ^ Dod, Robert P. (1860). The Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Whitaker and Co. p. 81. ^ "Gordon, George Hamilton (Lord Haddo) (GRDN800GH)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ a b c d e f g Holland 1911, p. 46. ^ Chambers Biographical Dictionary, ISBN 0-550-18022-2, page 4 ^ Gordon, Arthur (1893). The Earl of Aberdeen. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company. p. 31. ^ Laurence Guymer, "The Wedding Planners: Lord Aberdeen, Henry Bulwer, and the Spanish Marriages, 1841–1846." Diplomacy & Statecraft 21.4 (2010): 549-573. ^ A.B. Cunningham, "Peel, Aberdeen and the Entente cordiale." Historical Research 30.82 (1957): 189-206. ^ Robert Seton-Watson, Britain in Europe: 1789-1914 (1937) pp 223-41. (online) ^ Lucille Iremonger, Lord Aberdeen: a biography of the fourth Earl of Aberdeen, KG, KT, Prime Minister 1852–1855 (1978). ^ Karl Marx, "Result of the Elections" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11, p. 352. ^ Karl Marx, "The Defeat of the Ministry" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: volume 11, p. 466. ^ Martin, 110–112 ^ Queen Victoria's Journals, Wednesday 28 April 1880, Windsor Castle, from Princess Beatrice's copies, Volume72 (1 January 1880 – 18 August 1880), p.167, online from the Bodleian Library ^ Jonathan Philip Parry, "The impact of Napoleon III on British politics, 1851–1880." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Sixth Series) 11 (2001): 147–175. ^ C. H. Stuart, "The Formation of the Coalition Cabinet of 1852." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Fifth Series) 4 (1954): 45–68. ^ Stuart, "The Formation of the Coalition Cabinet of 1852." (1954): 45–68. ^ Norman McCord; Bill Purdue (2007). British History 1815–1914. Oxford UP. p. 269ff. ISBN 9780199261642. ^ M. S. Anderson. The Eastern Question, 1774–1923 (London, 1966), pp. 110–149. ^ David F. Krein. "War and Reform: Russell, Palmerston and the Struggle for Power in the Aberdeen Cabinet, 1853–54". Maryland Historian (1976) 7#2 pp. 67–84. ^ Lewis, Donald (2 January 2014). The Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury And Evangelical Support for a Jewish Homeland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 380. ISBN 9781107631960. ^ Sokolow, Nahum (27 September 2015). History of Zionism, 1600-1918. Vol. 1. Charleston SC USA: Forgotten Books. p. 418. ISBN 9781330331842. ^ Hyamson, Albert M., The British Consulate in Jerusalem in Relation to the Jews of Palestine, 1838–1914, ISBN 978-0404562786, cited in Lewis, D. ^ Karl Marx. "Affairs in Holland—Denmark—Conversion of the British Debt—India, Turkey and Russia". In Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 12, p. 105. ^ Karl Marx. "Mazzini—Switzerland and Austria—Turkish Question". In Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 12, p. 109. ^ Walpole, Spencer (1889). The Life of Lord John Russell – Volume II. London: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 204. ^ Karl Marx, "Turkey and Russia—the Connivance of the Aberdeen Ministry with Russia—The Budget—Tax on Newspaper Supplements—Parliamentary Corruption" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 12, p. 145. ^ Karl Marx, "Fall of the Aberdeen Ministry" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 13 (International Publishers: New York, 1980) p. 631. ^ Queen Victoria's Journals, Tuesday 30 January 1855, Windsor Castle, Princess Beatrice's copies, Volume:39 (1 January 1855 – 30 June 1855), pp. 47–48, Online from the Bodleian Library ^ Queen Victoria's Journals, Wednesday 29 May 1878, Balmoral Castle, Princess Beatrice's copies, Vol 68 (1 January 1878 – 24 June 1878), pp. 268–69, Online from the Bodleian Library ^ Charles M. Wiltse, "Daniel Webster and the British Experience." Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society Vol. 85. (1973) pp 58-77. online. ^ Wilbur Devereux Jones, "Lord Ashburton and the Maine Boundary Negotiations." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 40.3 (1953): 477-490. online ^ Bruce W. Jentleson and Thomas G. Paterson, eds. Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations (4 vol 1997) 1:1. ^ Robert Eccleshall and Graham S. Walker, eds. Biographical dictionary of British prime ministers (1998) pp. 167-74. ^ R.W. Seton-Watson, Britain in Europe: 1789-1914 (1937) pp 129-48, 223-41, 688. ^ "The Churches of Great Stanmore". St John Church, Stanmore. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015. ^ "Umbrella". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 23 December 2021. ^ Holland 1911, p. 47. ^ a b G.E. Cokayne and V. Gibbs, Complete Peerage, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 1910, pg. 16. ^ G.E. Cokayne and V. Gibbs, Complete Peerage, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 1910, pg. 16 ; sister of General Sir David Baird, Baronet. ^ a b c G.E. Cokayne and V. Gibbs, Complete Peerage, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 1910, pg. 15. ^ G.E. Cokayne and V. Gibbs, Complete Peerage, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 1910, pp. 15–16; of Newbyth, Haddington. ^ B. Carnduff, "Baird, Sir David, first baronet (1757–1829)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004; of Hiltown, Berwick. ^ G.E. Cokayne and V. Gibbs, Complete Peerage, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 1910, pg. 16; of Wakefield, Yorkshire; according to local traditions recited in at least two books on Lord Aberdeen, Oswald Hanson was a blacksmith and his daughter a cook at the Strafford Arms, Wakefield; the third Earl was visiting Hatfield Hall near the town and ate at the pub; being so impressed by the food prepared there for him, he asked to meet the cook and she would become his wife (see M.E. Chamberlain, Lord Aberdeen: a Political Biography, 1983, pg. 17 and W.D. Home, The Prime Ministers: Stories and Anecdotes, 1987, pg. 133). ^ "Hanson Pedigree", in J. Horsfall Turner (ed.), The Yorkshire Genealogist, vol. 1 (Bingley: T. Harrison, 1888), pp. 162–163. George Roberts also states that Elizabeth Hanson's mother was a daughter of "Ralph Collett, of Oulton" in Topography and Natural History of Lofthouse and its Neighbourhood, with the Diary of a Naturalist and Rural Notes (London: David Bogue; Leeds: Richard Jackson, 1882), pg. 42. ^ J. Debrett, The Baronetage of England, 1815, vol. ii, pg. 1232 ^ Debrett gives no name for William Baird's wife. ^ J. Debrett, The Baronetage of England, 1815, vol. ii, pg. 1232; neither Debrett nor the ODNB article for Sir David Baird give a name for Alicia Johnstone's father; both do state that he was from Hiltown. ^ No information is available about Alicia Johnstone's mother. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 22. Oxford University Press. 2004. p. 902. ISBN 978-0-19-861372-5.Article by Muriel E. Chamberlain. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 22. p. 903. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 22. pp. 902–903. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 22. p. 907. Bibliography  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Holland, Arthur William (1911). "Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–47. Anderson, Olive. A liberal state at war: English politics and economics during the Crimean War (1967). Bailey, Frank E. (1940). "The Economics of British Foreign Policy, 1825-50". Journal of Modern History. 12 (4): 449–484. doi:10.1086/236517. S2CID 143965932. online Balfour, Frances. The life of George, fourth earl of Aberdeen (vol 1 1922) online Balfour, Frances. The life of George, fourth earl of Aberdeen (vol 2 1922) online Butcher, Samuel J. "Lord Aberdeen and Conservative Foreign Policy, 1841-1846" (PhD Diss. University of East Anglia, 2015) online. Cecil, Algernon. British foreign secretaries, 1807-1916: studies in personality and policy (1927). pp 89–130. online M.E. Chamberlain (1983). Lord Aberdeen: A Political Biography. MacIntyre, Angus, review of Lord Aberdeen. A Political Biography by Muriel E. Chamberlain, The English Historical Review, 100#396 (1985), pp. 641–644, JSTOR Conacher, J. B. (1968). The Aberdeen Coalition 1852–1855: A study in mid-19th-century party politics. Guymer, Laurence. "The Wedding Planners: Lord Aberdeen, Henry Bulwer, and the Spanish Marriages, 1841–1846." Diplomacy & Statecraft 21.4 (2010): 549–573. Hoppen, K. Theodore. The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846–1886 (2000), Wide-ranging scholarly survey of the entire era. Iremonger, Lucille. Lord Aberdeen: a Biography of the Fourth Earl of Aberdeen, KG, KT, Prime Minister 1852–1855 (Collins, 1978) online free to borrow Martin, Kingsley. The triumph of Lord Palmerston: a study of public opinion in England before the Crimean War (Hutchinson, 1963). Online Martin, B. K., "The Resignation of Lord Palmerston in 1853: Extracts from Unpublished Letters of Queen Victoria and Lord Aberdeen", Cambridge Historical Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1923), pp. 107–112, Cambridge University Press, JSTOR Seton-Watson, R. W. Britain in Europe, 1789–1914: A survey of foreign policy (1937) pp 223–40. online Temperley, Harold W. V. England and the Near East: The Crimea (1936) online Temperley, Harold and L.M. Penson, eds. Foundations of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902) (1938), primary sources online External links Biography portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen. More about The Earl of Aberdeen on the Downing Street website. "Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen "Archival material relating to George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen". UK National Archives. Portraits of George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen at the National Portrait Gallery, London Portraits of Catherine Elizabeth Gordon (née Hamilton), Countess of Aberdeen at the National Portrait Gallery, London Political offices Preceded byThe Lord Bexley Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster January–June 1828 Succeeded byCharles Arbuthnot Preceded byThe Earl of Dudley Foreign Secretary 1828–1830 Succeeded byThe Viscount Palmerston Preceded byThomas Spring Rice Secretary of State for War and the Colonies 1834–1835 Succeeded byThe Lord Glenelg Preceded byThe Viscount Palmerston Foreign Secretary 1841–1846 Succeeded byThe Viscount Palmerston Preceded byThe Earl of Derby Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 19 December 1852 – 30 January 1855 Leader of the House of Lords 1852–1855 Succeeded byThe Earl Granville Diplomatic posts VacantNapoleonic WarsTitle last held bySir Arthur Paget British Ambassador to Austria 1813–1814 Succeeded byThe Lord Stewart Honorary titles Preceded byThe Earl of Erroll Lord Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire 1846–1860 Succeeded byThe Marquess of Huntly Peerage of Scotland Preceded byGeorge Gordon Earl of Aberdeen 1801–1860 Succeeded byGeorge Hamilton-Gordon Peerage of the United Kingdom New creation Viscount Gordon 1814–1860 Succeeded byGeorge Hamilton-Gordon George Hamilton-Gordon navigational boxes vtePrime ministers of the United Kingdom (list)Great Britain Walpole (Orford) Wilmington Pelham Newcastle Devonshire Newcastle Bute G. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earl of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"KG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"KT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Thistle"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"FSA Scot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Peelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peelite"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_ministry"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"classical civilisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_civilisation"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"sixth coalition that defeated Napoleon.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Canning's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Canning"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Robert Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"First Opium War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"William Ewart Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"Lord Aberdeen\" and \"The Earl of Aberdeen\" redirect here. For other holders of the title, see Earl of Aberdeen.George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, KG, KT, PC, FRS, FRSE, FSA Scot (28 January 1784 – 14 December 1860[1]), styled Lord Haddo from 1791 to 1801, was a British statesman, diplomat and landowner, successively a Tory, Conservative and Peelite politician and specialist in foreign affairs. He served as Prime Minister from 1852 until 1855 in a coalition between the Whigs and Peelites, with Radical and Irish support. The Aberdeen ministry was filled with powerful and talented politicians, whom Aberdeen was largely unable to control and direct. Despite his trying to avoid this happening, it took Britain into the Crimean War, and fell when its conduct became unpopular, after which Aberdeen retired from politics.Born into a wealthy family with the largest estates in Scotland, his personal life was marked by the loss of both parents by the time he was eleven, and of his first wife after only seven years of a happy marriage. His daughters died young, and his relations with his sons were difficult.[2] He travelled extensively in Europe, including Greece, and he had a serious interest in the classical civilisations and their archaeology. His Scottish estates having been neglected by his father, he devoted himself (when he came of age) to modernising them according to the latest standards.After 1812 he became a diplomat, and in 1813, at age 29, was given the critically important embassy to Vienna, where he organised and financed the sixth coalition that defeated Napoleon. His rise in politics was equally rapid and lucky, and \"two accidents — Canning's death and Wellington's impulsive acceptance of the Canningite resignations\" led to his becoming Foreign Secretary for Prime Minister Wellington in 1828 despite \"an almost ludicrous lack of official experience\"; he had been a minister for less than six months. After holding the position for two years, followed by another cabinet role, by 1841 his experience led to his appointment as Foreign Secretary again under Robert Peel for a longer term.[3] His diplomatic successes include organizing the coalition against Napoleon in 1812–1814, normalizing relations with post-Napoleonic France, settling the old border dispute between Canada and the United States, and ending the First Opium War with China in 1842, whereby Hong Kong was obtained. Aberdeen was a poor speaker, but this scarcely mattered in the House of Lords. He exhibited a \"dour, awkward, occasionally sarcastic exterior\".[4] His friend William Ewart Gladstone, said of him that he was \"the man in public life of all others whom I have loved. I say emphatically loved. I have loved others, but never like him\".[5]","title":"George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"George Gordon, Lord Haddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gordon,_Lord_Haddo"},{"link_name":"George Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gordon,_3rd_Earl_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville"},{"link_name":"William Pitt the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Earl of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"Lady Catherine Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Hamilton-Gordon,_Countess_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hamilton,_1st_Marquess_of_Abercorn"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland191146-8"}],"text":"Born in Edinburgh on 28 January 1784, he was the eldest son of George Gordon, Lord Haddo, son of George Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aberdeen. His mother was Charlotte, youngest daughter of William Baird of Newbyth.[6] He lost his father on 18 October 1791 and his mother in 1795, and he was brought up by Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, and William Pitt the Younger.[1] He was educated at Harrow, and St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Master of Arts in 1804.[7] Before this, however, he had become Earl of Aberdeen on his grandfather's death in 1801,[1] and had travelled all over Europe. On his return to Britain, he founded the Society of Athenian Travellers. In 1805, he married Lady Catherine Elizabeth, daughter of John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn.[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"Scottish representative peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_representative_peers"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ambassadors_from_the_United_Kingdom_to_Austria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Töplitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_T%C3%B6plitz"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"the Austrian Emperor, Francis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Battle of Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"Congress of Châtillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland191146-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland191146-8"},{"link_name":"James Hamilton, Viscount Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hamilton,_Viscount_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland191146-8"}],"text":"In December 1805, Lord Aberdeen took his seat as a Tory Scottish representative peer in the House of Lords. In 1808, he was created a Knight of the Thistle. Following the death of his wife from tuberculosis in 1812 he joined the Foreign Service. He was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Austria,[1] and signed the Treaty of Töplitz between Britain and Austria in Vienna in October 1813. In the company of the Austrian Emperor, Francis II, he was an observer at the decisive Coalition victory of the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813; he had met Napoleon in his earlier travels. He became one of the central diplomatic figures in European diplomacy at this time,[1] and he was one of the British representatives at the Congress of Châtillon in February 1814, and at the negotiations which led to the Treaty of Paris in May of that year.[1][9][8]Aberdeen was greatly affected by the aftermath of war which he witnessed at first hand. He wrote home:The near approach of war and its effects are horrible beyond what you can conceive. The whole road from Prague to [Teplitz] was covered with waggons full of wounded, dead, and dying. The shock and disgust and pity produced by such scenes are beyond what I could have supposed possible...the scenes of distress and misery have sunk deeper in my mind. I have been quite haunted by them.[10]Returning home he was created a peer of the United Kingdom as Viscount Gordon, of Aberdeen in the County of Aberdeen (1814),[1] and made a member of the Privy Council.[8]In July 1815, he married his former sister-in-law Harriet, daughter of John Douglas, and widow of James Hamilton, Viscount Hamilton; the marriage was much less happy than his first. During the ensuing thirteen years Aberdeen took a less prominent part in public affairs.[8]","title":"Political and diplomatic career, 1805–1828"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgehamiltongordonaberdeen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Hamilton_Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen_by_John_Partridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Partridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Partridge_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Foreign Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"Reform Bill of 1832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1832"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for War and the Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies"},{"link_name":"first Peel ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Peel_ministry"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"second Peel ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Peel_ministry"},{"link_name":"Webster-Ashburton Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster-Ashburton_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Oregon dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute"},{"link_name":"Oregon Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Henry Bulwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bulwer"},{"link_name":"Queen Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Infanta Luisa Fernanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Luisa_Fernanda,_Duchess_of_Montpensier"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Guizot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizot"},{"link_name":"French colonial policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire#Second_French_colonial_empire_(post-1830)"},{"link_name":"French intervention in Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco#European_influence_(c._1830_%E2%80%93_1956)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Earl of Aberdeen by Thomas Lawrence in 1829Lord Aberdeen c. 1847 by John PartridgeLord Aberdeen served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster between January and June 1828 and subsequently as Foreign Secretary until 1830 under the Duke of Wellington.[1] He resigned with Wellington over the Reform Bill of 1832.He was Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in the first Peel ministry (December 1834 - April 1835), and again Foreign Secretary between 1841 and 1846 under Sir Robert Peel (second Peel ministry). It was during his second stint as Foreign Secretary that he had the harbor settlement of 'Little Hong Kong', on the south side of Hong Kong Island, named after him. It was probably the most productive period of his career; he settled two disagreements with the US: the northeast boundary dispute by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842), and the Oregon dispute by the Oregon Treaty of 1846.[1] He enjoyed the trust of Queen Victoria, which was still important for a Foreign Secretary. He worked closely with Henry Bulwer, his ambassador to Madrid, to help arrange marriages for Queen Isabella and her younger sister the Infanta Luisa Fernanda. They helped stabilize Spain's internal and external relations.[11] He sought better relations with France, relying on his friendship with Guizot, but Britain was annoyed with France on a series of issues, especially French colonial policies, the right to search slave ships, the French desire to control Belgium, disputes in the Pacific and the French intervention in Morocco.[12][13]","title":"Political career, 1828–1852"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corn Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Laws"},{"link_name":"Peelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peelites"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland191146-8"},{"link_name":"general election of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ecclesiastical Titles Assumption Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Titles_Act_1851"},{"link_name":"Lord John Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland191146-8"},{"link_name":"Free Traders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Traders&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Corn Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Laws"},{"link_name":"Irish Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Irish_Party"},{"link_name":"Great Irish Famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Irish_Famine"},{"link_name":"Earl of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Disraeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli"},{"link_name":"general election in July 1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"vote of confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_of_confidence"}],"sub_title":"In opposition","text":"Aberdeen again followed his leader and resigned with Peel over the issue of the Corn Laws. After Peel's death in July 1850 he became the recognised leader of the Peelites.[8] In August 1847, a general election of Parliament had been held which resulted in the election of 325 Tory/Conservative party members to Parliament. This represented 42.7% of the seats in Parliament. The main opposition to the Tory/Conservative Party was the Whig Party, which had 292 seats.[14]While the Peelites agreed with the Whigs on issues dealing with international trade, there were other issues on which the Peelites disagreed with the Whigs. Indeed, Lord Aberdeen's own dislike of the Ecclesiastical Titles Assumption Bill, the rejection of which he failed to secure in 1851, prevented him from joining the Whig government of Lord John Russell in that year.[8] Additionally, 113 of the members of Parliament elected in 1847 were Free Traders.[15] These members agreed with the Peelites on the repeal of the \"Corn Laws\", but they felt that the tariffs on all consumer products should be removed.Furthermore, 36 members of Parliament elected in 1847 were members of the \"Irish Brigade\", who voted with the Peelites and the Whigs for the repeal of the Corn Laws because they sought an end the Great Irish Famine by means of cheaper wheat and bread prices for the poor and middle classes in Ireland. Currently, however, the Free Traders and the Irish Brigade had disagreements with the Whigs that prevented them from joining with the Whigs to form a government. Accordingly, the Tory/Conservative Party leader the Earl of Derby was asked to form a \"minority government\". Derby appointed Benjamin Disraeli as the Chancellor of the Exchequer for the minority government. The general election in July 1852 had no clear winner.When in December 1852 Disraeli submitted his budget to Parliament on behalf of the minority government, the Peelites, the Free Traders, and the Irish Brigade were all alienated by the proposed budget. Accordingly, those groups suddenly forgot their differences with the Whig Party and voted with the Whigs against the proposed budget. The vote was 286 in favour of the budget and 305 votes against the budget.[16] Because the leadership of the minority government had made the vote on the budget vote a vote of confidence, the defeat of the Disraeli budget was a \"vote of no confidence\" in the minority government and meant its downfall. Lord Aberdeen was asked to form a new government; Gladstone became his Chancellor.","title":"Political career, 1828–1852"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberdeen ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_ministry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Hamilton-Gordon_cph.3b31157_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Greville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Greville_(diarist)"},{"link_name":"Sir James Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Graham,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland191146-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sir William Molesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Molesworth,_8th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Bonaparte staged a coup against the Second Republic in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1851"},{"link_name":"wars with France and Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Lord Palmerston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Palmerston"},{"link_name":"Lord John Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Hamilton_Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen.jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Minister"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Further information: Aberdeen ministryAberdeen in the 1850sFollowing the downfall of the Tory/Conservative minority government under Lord Derby in December 1852, Lord Aberdeen formed a new government from the coalition of Free Traders, Peelites, and Whigs that had voted no confidence in the minority government. Lord Aberdeen was able to put together a coalition that held 53.8% of the seats of Parliament. Thus Lord Aberdeen, a Peelite, became Prime Minister and headed a coalition ministry of Whigs and Peelites.Although united on international trade issues and on questions of domestic reform, his cabinet also contained Lord Palmerston and Lord John Russell, who were certain to differ on questions of foreign policy. Charles Greville wrote in his Memoirs, \"In the present cabinet are five or six first-rate men of equal, or nearly equal, pretensions, none of them likely to acknowledge the superiority or defer to the opinions of any other, and every one of these five or six considering himself abler and more important than their premier\"; and Sir James Graham wrote, \"It is a powerful team, but it will require good driving\",[8] which Aberdeen was unable to provide. During the administration, much trouble was caused by the rivalry between Palmerston and Russell, and over the course of it Palmerston managed to out-manoeuvre Russell to emerge as the Whig heir apparent.[17] The cabinet also included a single Radical, Sir William Molesworth, but much later, when justifying to the Queen his own new appointments, Gladstone told her: \"For instance, even in Ld Aberdeen's Govt, in 52, Sir William Molesworth had been selected, at that time, a very advanced Radical, but who was perfectly harmless, & took little, or no part.... He said these people generally became very moderate, when they were in office\", which she admitted had been the case.[18]One of the foreign policy issues on which Palmerston and Russell disagreed was the type of relationship that Britain should have with France and especially France's ruler, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. Bonaparte was the nephew of the famous Napoleon Bonaparte, who had become dictator and then Emperor of France from 1804 until 1814. The younger Bonaparte had been elected to a three-year term as President of the Second Republic of France on 20 December 1848. The Constitution of the Second Republic limited the President to a single term in office. Thus, Louis Bonaparte would be unable to succeed himself and after 20 December 1851 would no longer be president. Consequently, on 2 December 1851, shortly before the end of his single three-year term in office was to expire, Bonaparte staged a coup against the Second Republic in France, disbanded the elected Constituent Assembly, arrested some of the Republican leaders, and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III of France. This coup upset many democrats in England as well as in France. Some British government officials felt that Louis Bonaparte was seeking foreign adventure in the spirit of his uncle, Napoleon I. Consequently, these officials felt that any close association with Bonaparte would eventually lead Britain into another series of wars, like the wars with France and Napoleon dating from 1793 until 1815. British relations with France had scarcely improved since 1815. As prime minister, the Earl of Aberdeen was one of these officials who feared France and Bonaparte.[19]However, other British government officials were beginning to worry more about the rising political dominance of the Russian Empire in eastern Europe and the corresponding decline of the Ottoman Empire. Lord Palmerston at the time of Louis Bonaparte's 2 December 1851 coup was serving as the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in the Whig government of Prime Minister Lord John Russell. Without informing the rest of the cabinet or Queen Victoria, Palmerston had sent a private note to the French ambassador endorsing Louis Bonaparte's coup and congratulating Louis Bonaparte himself on the coup. Queen Victoria and members of the Russell government demanded that Palmerston be dismissed as Foreign Minister. Russell requested Palmerston's resignation and Palmerston reluctantly provided it.George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, c. June 1858In February 1852, Palmerston took revenge on Russell by voting with the Conservatives in a \"no confidence\" vote against the Russell government. This brought an end to the Russell Whig government and set the stage for a general election in July 1852 which eventually brought the Conservatives to power in a minority government under the Earl of Derby. Later in the year, another problem facing the Earl of Aberdeen in the formation of his own new government in December 1852 was Lord John Russell himself. Russell was the leader of the Whig Party, the largest group in the coalition government. Consequently, Lord Aberdeen, was required to appoint Russell as the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, which he had done on 29 December 1852. However, Russell sometimes liked to use this position to speak for the whole government, as if he were the prime minister. In 1832, Russell had been nicknamed \"Finality John\" because of his statement that the 1832 Reform Act had just been approved by both the House of Commons and the House of Lords would be the \"final\" expansion of the vote in Britain. There would be no further extension of the ballot to the common people of Britain. However, as political pressure in favour of further reform had risen over the twenty years since 1832, Russell had changed his mind. Russell had said, in January 1852, that he intended to introduce a new reform bill into the House of Commons which would equalise the populations of the districts from which members of Parliament were elected. Probably as a result of their continuing feud, Palmerston declared himself against this Reform Bill of 1852. As a result, support for the bill dwindled and Russell was forced to change his mind again and not introduce any Reform Bill in 1852.[20]In order to form the coalition government, the Earl of Aberdeen had been required to appoint both Palmerston and Russell to his cabinet. Because of the controversy surrounding Palmerston's removal as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Palmerston could not now be appointed Foreign Minister again so soon after his removal from that position. Accordingly, on 28 December 1852, Aberdeen appointed Palmerston as Home Secretary and appointed Russell as Foreign Minister.[21][22]","title":"Prime Minister, 1852–1855"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Eastern Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Question"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"Anglican church in Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Lord Shaftesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sokolow-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyamson-27"},{"link_name":"Lord Stratford de Redcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Stratford_de_Redcliffe"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Sergeyevich_Menshikov"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia"},{"link_name":"ships-of-the-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Charlemagne_(1851)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Given the differences of opinion within the Lord Aberdeen cabinet over the direction of foreign policy with regard to relations between Britain and France under Napoleon III, it is not surprising that debate raged within the government as Louis Bonaparte, now assuming the title of Emperor Napoleon III. As Prime Minister of the Peelite/Whig coalition government, Aberdeen eventually led Britain into war on the side of the French and Ottomans against the Russian Empire. This war would eventually be called the Crimean War, but throughout the foreign policy negotiations surrounding the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, which would continue throughout the middle and end of nineteenth century, the problem would be referred to as the \"Eastern Question\".[23]The cabinet was bitterly divided. Palmerston stirred up anti-reform feeling in Parliament and pro-war public opinion to out-maneuver Russell. The result was that the weak Aberdeen government went to war with Russia as the result of internal British political rivalries. Aberdeen accepted Russian arguments at face value because he sympathised with Russian interests against French pressure and was not in favour of the Crimean War. However, he was unable to resist the pressure that was being exerted on him by Palmerston's faction. In the end, the Crimean War proved to be the downfall of his government.[24]The Eastern Question flared up on 2 December 1852, with the Napoleon's coup against the Second Republic. As Napoleon III was forming his new imperial government, he sent an ambassador to the Ottoman Empire with instructions to assert France's right to protect Christian sites in Jerusalem and the Holy Land. The Ottoman Empire agreed to this condition to avoid conflict or even war with France. Aberdeen, as Foreign Secretary in 1845, had himself tacitly authorised the construction of the first Anglican church in Jerusalem, following his predecessor's commission in 1838 of the first European Consul in Jerusalem on Britain's behalf, which lead to series of successive appointments by other nations. Both resulted from Lord Shaftesbury's canvassing with substantial public support.[25][26][27]Nevertheless, Britain became increasingly worried about the situation in Turkey, and Prime Minister Aberdeen sent Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, a diplomat with vast experience in Turkey, as a special envoy to the Ottoman Empire to guard British interests. Russia protested the Turkish agreement with the French as a violation of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1778, which ended the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). Under the treaty, the Russians had been granted the exclusive right to protect the Christian sites in the Holy Land. Accordingly, on 7 May 1853, the Russians sent Prince Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov, one their premier statesmen, to negotiate a settlement of the issue.[28] Prince Menshikov called the attention of the Turks to the fact that during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russians had occupied the Turkish-controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia on the north bank of the Danube River, and he reminded them that pursuant to the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, the Russians had returned these \"Danubian provinces\" to Ottoman control in exchange for the right to protect the Christian sites in the Holy Land. Accordingly, the Turks reversed themselves and agreed with the Russians.The French sent one of their premier ships-of-the-line, the Charlemagne, to the Black Sea as a show of force. In light of the French show of force, the Turks, again, reversed themselves and recognised the French right to protect the Christian sites. Lord Stratford de Redcliffe was advising the Ottomans during this time,[29] and later it was alleged that he had been instrumental in persuading the Turks to reject the Russian arguments.As war became inevitable, Aberdeen wrote to Russell:The abstract justice of the cause, although indisputable, is but a poor consolation for the inevitable calamities of all war, or for a decision which I am not without fear may prove to have been impolitic and unwise. My conscience upbraids me the more, because seeing, as I did from the first, all that was to be apprehended, it is possible that by a little more energy and vigour, not on the Danube, but in Downing Street, it might have been prevented.[30]","title":"The \"Eastern Question\""},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coalition_Ministry_of_1854.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_ministry"},{"link_name":"Sir John Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilbert_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"battle of Sinope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sinope"},{"link_name":"Crimean peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Eupatoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevpatoria"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"battle of Alma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alma"},{"link_name":"siege to the fort of Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)"},{"link_name":"Balaclava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaklava"},{"link_name":"Battle of Balaclava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava"},{"link_name":"Charge of the Light Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Battle of Inkerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Inkerman"},{"link_name":"John Arthur Roebuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arthur_Roebuck"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"The coalition Aberdeen ministry of 1854 after a painting by Sir John Gilbert, 1855In response this latest change of mind by the Ottomans, the Russians on 2 July 1853 occupied the Turkish satellite states of Wallachia and Moldavia, as they had during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774.[31] Almost immediately, the Russian troops deployed along the northern banks of the Danube River, implying that they might cross the river. Aberdeen ordered the British Fleet to Constantinople and later into the Black Sea.[1] On 23 October 1853, the Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia. A Russian naval raid on Sinope, on 30 November 1853, resulted in the destruction of the Turkish fleet in the battle of Sinope. When Russia ignored an Anglo-French ultimatum to abandon the Danubian provinces, Britain and France declared war on Russia on 28 March 1854. In September 1854, British and French troops landed on the Crimean peninsula at Eupatoria, north of Sevastopol. The Allied troops then moved across the Alma River on 20 September 1854 at the battle of Alma and set siege to the fort of Sevastopol.A Russian attack on the allied supply base at Balaclava on 25 October 1854 was rebuffed. The Battle of Balaclava is noted for its famous (or rather infamous) Charge of the Light Brigade. On 5 November 1854, Russian forces tried to relieve the siege at Sevastopol and defeat the Allied armies in the field in the Battle of Inkerman. However, this attempt failed. Dissatisfaction as to the course of the war grew in England. As reports returned detailing the mismanagement of the conflict, Parliament began to investigate. On 29 January 1855, John Arthur Roebuck introduced a motion for the appointment of a select committee to enquire into the conduct of the war.[32] This motion was carried by the large majority of 305 in favour and 148 against.Treating this as a vote of no confidence in his government, Aberdeen resigned, and retired from active politics, speaking for the last time in the House of Lords in 1858. In visiting Windsor Castle to resign, he told the Queen: \"Nothing could have been better, he said than the feeling of the members towards each other. Had it not been for the incessant attempts of Ld John Russell to keep up party differences, it must be acknowledged that the experiment of a coalition had succeeded admirably. We discussed future possibilities & agreed that nothing remained to be done, but to offer the Govt to Ld Derby,...\".[33] The Queen continued to criticise Lord John Russell for his behaviour for the rest of his life; on his death in 1878 her journal records that he was \"A man of much talent, who leaves a name behind him, kind, & good, with a great knowledge of the constitution, who behaved very well, on many trying occasions; but he was impulsive, very selfish (as shown on many occasions, especially during Ld Aberdeen's administration) vain, & often reckless & imprudent\".[34]","title":"Crimean War 1853–1856"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Caroline affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_affair"},{"link_name":"Creole case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_case"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Webster–Ashburton Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Greytown, Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greytown,_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"British-American relations had been troublesome under Palmerston, but Aberdeen proved much more conciliatory, and worked well with Daniel Webster, the American Secretary of State who was himself an Anglophile. In 1842, Aberdeen sent Lord Ashburton to Washington to settle all disputes, especially the border between Canada and Maine, the boundary along the Great Lakes, the Oregon boundary, the African slave trade, the Caroline affair about boundaries in 1837 and the Creole case of 1841 involving a slave revolt on the high seas.[35] The Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842 solved the most of the problems amicably. Thus Maine got most of the disputed land, but Canada obtained a vital, strategic strip of land connecting it to a warm water port.[36] Aberdeen helped solve the Oregon dispute amicably in 1846. However, as prime minister, Aberdeen had trouble with the United States. In 1854 an American naval vessel bombarded the mosquito port of Greytown, Nicaragua in retaliation for an insult; Britain protested. Later in 1846, the United States announced its intention of annexing Hawaii, and Britain not only complained but sent a naval force to make the point. Negotiations for reciprocal trade agreement between the United States and Canada dragged on for eight years until a reciprocity treaty was reached in 1854.[37]","title":"Relations with the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)"},{"link_name":"Klemens von Metternich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich"},{"link_name":"François Guizot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot"},{"link_name":"Opium Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Wars"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Further information: International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)Aberdeen was generally successful as a hard-working diplomat, but his reputation has suffered greatly because of the lack of military success in the Crimean War and from the ridicule of enemies such as Disraeli who regarded him as weak, inefficient, and cold. Before the Crimean debacle that ended his career, Aberdeen scored numerous diplomatic triumphs, starting in 1813-14 when as ambassador to the Austrian Empire he negotiated the alliances and financing that led to the defeat of Napoleon. In Paris, he normalized relations with the newly restored Bourbon government and convinced London it could be trusted. He worked well with top European diplomats such as his friends Klemens von Metternich in Vienna and François Guizot in Paris. He brought Britain into the center of Continental diplomacy on critical issues, such as the local wars in Greece, Portugal, and Belgium. Simmering troubles on numerous issues with the United States were ended by friendly compromises. He played a central role in winning the Opium Wars against China, gaining control of Hong Kong in the process.[38][39]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_George_Gordon,_Earl_of_Aberdeen,_Westminster_Abbey_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Matthew Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Noble"},{"link_name":"Lady Catherine Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Hamilton-Gordon,_Countess_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Lord Abercorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hamilton,_1st_Marquess_of_Abercorn"},{"link_name":"James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Douglas,_14th_Earl_of_Morton"},{"link_name":"Edward Lascelles, 1st Earl of Harewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lascelles,_1st_Earl_of_Harewood"},{"link_name":"George John James Hamilton-Gordon, 5th Earl of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_5th_Earl_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"George Baillie-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Haddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Baillie-Hamilton,_10th_Earl_of_Haddington"},{"link_name":"Sir Alexander Hamilton-Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton-Gordon_(1817%E2%80%931890)"},{"link_name":"Sir John Herschel, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Herschel"},{"link_name":"Arthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Baron_Stanmore"},{"link_name":"Argyll House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll_House"},{"link_name":"St. James's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James%27s"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Stanmore church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_the_Evangelist,_Great_Stanmore"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Mount"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Lord Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron"},{"link_name":"English Bards and Scotch Reviewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Bards_and_Scotch_Reviewers"},{"link_name":"University of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Society of Antiquaries of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland191147-42"}],"text":"Bust of Aberdeen in Westminster Abbey by Matthew NobleLord Aberdeen married Lady Catherine Elizabeth (10 January 1784 – 29 February 1812; daughter of Lord Abercorn) on 28 July 1805. They had four children.Lady Jane Hamilton-Gordon (11 February 1807 – 18 August 1824) died at the age of seventeen years old\nLady Charlotte Catherine Hamilton-Gordon (28 March 1808 – 24 July 1818) died at the age of ten years old.\nLady Alice Hamilton-Gordon (12 July 1809 – 21 April 1829) died at the age of nineteen years old.\nunnamed Gordon, Lord Haddo (23 November 1810 – 23 November 1810)He remarried Harriet Douglas (paternal granddaughter of James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton and maternal granddaughter of Edward Lascelles, 1st Earl of Harewood) on 8 July 1815. They had five children:George John James Hamilton-Gordon, 5th Earl of Aberdeen (28 September 1816 – 22 March 1864). He married Lady Mary Baillie (younger sister of George Baillie-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Haddington) on 5 November 1840. They had six children.\nGeneral Sir Alexander Hamilton-Gordon (11 December 1817 – 19 May 1890). He married Caroline Herschel (daughter of Sir John Herschel, 1st Baronet) on 9 December 1852. They had nine children.\nLady Frances Hamilton-Gordon (4 December 1818 – 20 April 1834) died at the age of fifteen years old.\nReverend Hon. Douglas Hamilton-Gordon (13 March 1824 – 6 December 1901). He married Lady Ellen Douglas (maternal first cousin) on 15 July 1851.\nArthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon (26 November 1829 – 30 January 1912). He married Rachel Emily Shaw-Lefevre on 20 September 1865. They had two children.The Countess of Aberdeen died in August 1833. Lord Aberdeen died at Argyll House, St. James's, London, on 14 December 1860, and was buried in the family vault at Stanmore church.[40] In 1994 the novelist, columnist, and politician Ferdinand Mount used George Gordon's life as the basis for a historical novel, Umbrella.[41]Apart from his political career, Aberdeen was also a scholar of the classical civilisations, who published An Inquiry into the Principles of Beauty in Grecian Architecture (London, 1822) and was referred to by his cousin Lord Byron in his English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809) as \"the travell'd thane, Athenian Aberdeen.\" He was appointed Chancellor of the University of Aberdeen in 1827 and was President of the Society of Antiquaries of London.[42]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Gordon, 2nd Earl of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gordon,_2nd_Earl_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V._Gibbs,_1910,_p._15-45"},{"link_name":"George Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gordon,_3rd_Earl_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V._Gibbs,_1910,_p._15-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V._Gibbs,_1910,_p._15-45"},{"link_name":"George Gordon, Lord Haddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gordon,_Lord_Haddo"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V._Gibbs,_1910,_p._16-43"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V._Gibbs,_1910,_p._16-43"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Ancestry","text":"Ancestors of George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen 8. William Gordon, 2nd Earl of Aberdeen[45] 4. George Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aberdeen[45] 9. Lady Susan Murray[45] 2. George Gordon, Lord Haddo[43] 10. Oswald Hanson[48] 5. Catherine Elizabeth Hanson[43] 11. Mary Collett[49] 1. George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen 12. William Baird[50] 6. William Baird[46] 13. ?[51] 3. Charlotte Baird[44] 14. ? Johnstone[52] 7. Alicia Johnstone[47] 15. ?[53]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muriel Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb1-54"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"St James's Piccadilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Piccadilly"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb2-55"},{"link_name":"Stanmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanmore"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"General Assembly of the Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"the Disruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruption_of_1843"},{"link_name":"Free Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843-1900)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb3-56"},{"link_name":"Convocations of Canterbury and York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convocations_of_Canterbury_and_York"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Temple in Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Aberdeen's biographer Muriel Chamberlain summarises, \"Religion never came easy to him\". In his Scots landowning capacity \"North of the border, he considered himself ex officio a Presbyterian\".[54] In England \"he privately considered himself an Anglican\"; as early as 1840 he told Gladstone he preferred what Aberdeen called \"the sister church [of England]\" and when in London worshipped at St James's Piccadilly.[55] He was ultimately buried in the Anglican parish church at Stanmore, Middlesex.He was a member of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland from 1818 to 1828 and exercised his existing rights to present ministers to parishes on his Scottish estates through a time when the right of churches to veto the appointment or 'call' of a minister became so contentious as to lead in 1843 to the schism known as \"the Disruption\" when a third of ministers broke away to form the Free Church of Scotland. In the House of Lords, in 1840 and 1843, he raised two Compromise Bills to allow presbyteries but not congregations the right of veto. The first failed to pass (and was voted against by the General Assembly) but the latter, raised post-schism, became law for Scotland and remained in force until patronage of Scots livings was abolished in 1874.[56]It was under his prime ministership that the revival of the Convocations of Canterbury and York began, though they did not obtain their potential power until 1859.He is said in the last few months of his life, after the Crimean War, to have declined to contribute to building a church on his Scotland estates because of a sense of guilt in having \"shed much blood\", citing biblically King David's being forbidden to build the Temple in Jerusalem.[57]","title":"Religious interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-11"},{"link_name":"\"Aberdeen, George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/28"},{"link_name":"28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/28"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59339-837-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Gordon, George Hamilton (Lord Haddo) (GRDN800GH)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=GRDN800GH&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland191146_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland191146_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland191146_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland191146_8-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland191146_8-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland191146_8-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland191146_8-6"},{"link_name":"Holland 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHolland1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Chambers Biographical Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers_Biographical_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-550-18022-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-550-18022-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"A.B. 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1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHolland1911"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-V._Gibbs,_1910,_p._16_43-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-V._Gibbs,_1910,_p._16_43-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-V._Gibbs,_1910,_p._15_45-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-V._Gibbs,_1910,_p._15_45-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-V._Gibbs,_1910,_p._15_45-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"\"Hanson Pedigree\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/yorkshiregenealo01turn/page/162"},{"link_name":"Topography and Natural History of Lofthouse and its Neighbourhood, with the Diary of a Naturalist and Rural Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/topographynatura00robe/page/42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb1_54-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-861372-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861372-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb2_55-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb3_56-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). \"Aberdeen, George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A–ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 28. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.\n\n^ MacIntyre, 644\n\n^ MacIntyre, 641\n\n^ MacIntyre, 642, 644.\n\n^ MacIntyre, 643, quoted\n\n^ Dod, Robert P. (1860). The Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Whitaker and Co. p. 81.\n\n^ \"Gordon, George Hamilton (Lord Haddo) (GRDN800GH)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Holland 1911, p. 46.\n\n^ Chambers Biographical Dictionary, ISBN 0-550-18022-2, page 4\n\n^ Gordon, Arthur (1893). The Earl of Aberdeen. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company. p. 31.\n\n^ Laurence Guymer, \"The Wedding Planners: Lord Aberdeen, Henry Bulwer, and the Spanish Marriages, 1841–1846.\" Diplomacy & Statecraft 21.4 (2010): 549-573.\n\n^ A.B. Cunningham, \"Peel, Aberdeen and the Entente cordiale.\" Historical Research 30.82 (1957): 189-206.\n\n^ Robert Seton-Watson, Britain in Europe: 1789-1914 (1937) pp 223-41. (online)\n\n^ Lucille Iremonger, Lord Aberdeen: a biography of the fourth Earl of Aberdeen, KG, KT, Prime Minister 1852–1855 (1978).\n\n^ Karl Marx, \"Result of the Elections\" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11, p. 352.\n\n^ Karl Marx, \"The Defeat of the Ministry\" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: volume 11, p. 466.\n\n^ Martin, 110–112\n\n^ Queen Victoria's Journals, Wednesday 28 April 1880, Windsor Castle, from Princess Beatrice's copies, Volume72 (1 January 1880 – 18 August 1880), p.167, online from the Bodleian Library\n\n^ Jonathan Philip Parry, \"The impact of Napoleon III on British politics, 1851–1880.\" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Sixth Series) 11 (2001): 147–175.\n\n^ C. H. Stuart, \"The Formation of the Coalition Cabinet of 1852.\" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Fifth Series) 4 (1954): 45–68.\n\n^ Stuart, \"The Formation of the Coalition Cabinet of 1852.\" (1954): 45–68.\n\n^ Norman McCord; Bill Purdue (2007). British History 1815–1914. Oxford UP. p. 269ff. ISBN 9780199261642.\n\n^ M. S. Anderson. The Eastern Question, 1774–1923 (London, 1966), pp. 110–149.\n\n^ David F. Krein. \"War and Reform: Russell, Palmerston and the Struggle for Power in the Aberdeen Cabinet, 1853–54\". Maryland Historian (1976) 7#2 pp. 67–84.\n\n^ Lewis, Donald (2 January 2014). The Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury And Evangelical Support for a Jewish Homeland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 380. ISBN 9781107631960.\n\n^ Sokolow, Nahum (27 September 2015). History of Zionism, 1600-1918. Vol. 1. Charleston SC USA: Forgotten Books. p. 418. ISBN 9781330331842.\n\n^ Hyamson, Albert M., The British Consulate in Jerusalem in Relation to the Jews of Palestine, 1838–1914, ISBN 978-0404562786, cited in Lewis, D.\n\n^ Karl Marx. \"Affairs in Holland—Denmark—Conversion of the British Debt—India, Turkey and Russia\". In Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 12, p. 105.\n\n^ Karl Marx. \"Mazzini—Switzerland and Austria—Turkish Question\". In Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 12, p. 109.\n\n^ Walpole, Spencer (1889). The Life of Lord John Russell – Volume II. London: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 204.\n\n^ Karl Marx, \"Turkey and Russia—the Connivance of the Aberdeen Ministry with Russia—The Budget—Tax on Newspaper Supplements—Parliamentary Corruption\" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 12, p. 145.\n\n^ Karl Marx, \"Fall of the Aberdeen Ministry\" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 13 (International Publishers: New York, 1980) p. 631.\n\n^ Queen Victoria's Journals, Tuesday 30 January 1855, Windsor Castle, Princess Beatrice's copies, Volume:39 (1 January 1855 – 30 June 1855), pp. 47–48, Online from the Bodleian Library\n\n^ Queen Victoria's Journals, Wednesday 29 May 1878, Balmoral Castle, Princess Beatrice's copies, Vol 68 (1 January 1878 – 24 June 1878), pp. 268–69, Online from the Bodleian Library\n\n^ Charles M. Wiltse, \"Daniel Webster and the British Experience.\" Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society Vol. 85. (1973) pp 58-77. online.\n\n^ Wilbur Devereux Jones, \"Lord Ashburton and the Maine Boundary Negotiations.\" Mississippi Valley Historical Review 40.3 (1953): 477-490. online\n\n^ Bruce W. Jentleson and Thomas G. Paterson, eds. Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations (4 vol 1997) 1:1.\n\n^ Robert Eccleshall and Graham S. Walker, eds. Biographical dictionary of British prime ministers (1998) pp. 167-74.\n\n^ R.W. Seton-Watson, Britain in Europe: 1789-1914 (1937) pp 129-48, 223-41, 688.\n\n^ \"The Churches of Great Stanmore\". St John Church, Stanmore. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.\n\n^ \"Umbrella\". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 23 December 2021.\n\n^ Holland 1911, p. 47.\n\n^ a b G.E. Cokayne and V. Gibbs, Complete Peerage, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 1910, pg. 16.\n\n^ G.E. Cokayne and V. Gibbs, Complete Peerage, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 1910, pg. 16 ; sister of General Sir David Baird, Baronet.\n\n^ a b c G.E. Cokayne and V. Gibbs, Complete Peerage, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 1910, pg. 15.\n\n^ G.E. Cokayne and V. Gibbs, Complete Peerage, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 1910, pp. 15–16; of Newbyth, Haddington.\n\n^ B. Carnduff, \"Baird, Sir David, first baronet (1757–1829)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004; of Hiltown, Berwick.\n\n^ G.E. Cokayne and V. Gibbs, Complete Peerage, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 1910, pg. 16; of Wakefield, Yorkshire; according to local traditions recited in at least two books on Lord Aberdeen, Oswald Hanson was a blacksmith and his daughter a cook at the Strafford Arms, Wakefield; the third Earl was visiting Hatfield Hall near the town and ate at the pub; being so impressed by the food prepared there for him, he asked to meet the cook and she would become his wife (see M.E. Chamberlain, Lord Aberdeen: a Political Biography, 1983, pg. 17 and W.D. Home, The Prime Ministers: Stories and Anecdotes, 1987, pg. 133).\n\n^ \"Hanson Pedigree\", in J. Horsfall Turner (ed.), The Yorkshire Genealogist, vol. 1 (Bingley: T. Harrison, 1888), pp. 162–163. George Roberts also states that Elizabeth Hanson's mother was a daughter of \"Ralph Collett, of Oulton\" in Topography and Natural History of Lofthouse and its Neighbourhood, with the Diary of a Naturalist and Rural Notes (London: David Bogue; Leeds: Richard Jackson, 1882), pg. 42.\n\n^ J. Debrett, The Baronetage of England, 1815, vol. ii, pg. 1232\n\n^ Debrett gives no name for William Baird's wife.\n\n^ J. Debrett, The Baronetage of England, 1815, vol. ii, pg. 1232; neither Debrett nor the ODNB article for Sir David Baird give a name for Alicia Johnstone's father; both do state that he was from Hiltown.\n\n^ No information is available about Alicia Johnstone's mother.\n\n^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 22. Oxford University Press. 2004. p. 902. ISBN 978-0-19-861372-5.Article by Muriel E. Chamberlain.\n\n^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 22. p. 903.\n\n^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 22. pp. 902–903.\n\n^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 22. p. 907.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Aberdeen,_George_Hamilton_Gordon,_4th_Earl_of"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"Anderson, Olive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Anderson"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/236517","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F236517"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143965932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143965932"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1871223"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifeofgeorgefour01balfuoft"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifeofgeorgefour02balfiala"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/52491/1/2015ButcherSJPhD.pdf"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.124230"},{"link_name":"M.E. Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.E._Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/568247"},{"link_name":"online free to borrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lordaberdeenbiog0000irem"},{"link_name":"Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.191245"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3020826"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.226175/2015.226175.Britain-In.pdf"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174587"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.2629"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Holland, Arthur William (1911). \"Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–47.\nAnderson, Olive. A liberal state at war: English politics and economics during the Crimean War (1967).\nBailey, Frank E. (1940). \"The Economics of British Foreign Policy, 1825-50\". Journal of Modern History. 12 (4): 449–484. doi:10.1086/236517. S2CID 143965932. online\nBalfour, Frances. The life of George, fourth earl of Aberdeen (vol 1 1922) online\nBalfour, Frances. The life of George, fourth earl of Aberdeen (vol 2 1922) online\nButcher, Samuel J. \"Lord Aberdeen and Conservative Foreign Policy, 1841-1846\" (PhD Diss. University of East Anglia, 2015) online.\nCecil, Algernon. British foreign secretaries, 1807-1916: studies in personality and policy (1927). pp 89–130. online\nM.E. Chamberlain (1983). Lord Aberdeen: A Political Biography.\nMacIntyre, Angus, review of Lord Aberdeen. A Political Biography by Muriel E. Chamberlain, The English Historical Review, 100#396 (1985), pp. 641–644, JSTOR\nConacher, J. B. (1968). The Aberdeen Coalition 1852–1855: A study in mid-19th-century party politics.\nGuymer, Laurence. \"The Wedding Planners: Lord Aberdeen, Henry Bulwer, and the Spanish Marriages, 1841–1846.\" Diplomacy & Statecraft 21.4 (2010): 549–573.\nHoppen, K. Theodore. The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846–1886 (2000), Wide-ranging scholarly survey of the entire era.\nIremonger, Lucille. Lord Aberdeen: a Biography of the Fourth Earl of Aberdeen, KG, KT, Prime Minister 1852–1855 (Collins, 1978) online free to borrow\nMartin, Kingsley. The triumph of Lord Palmerston: a study of public opinion in England before the Crimean War (Hutchinson, 1963). Online\nMartin, B. K., \"The Resignation of Lord Palmerston in 1853: Extracts from Unpublished Letters of Queen Victoria and Lord Aberdeen\", Cambridge Historical Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1923), pp. 107–112, Cambridge University Press, JSTOR\nSeton-Watson, R. W. Britain in Europe, 1789–1914: A survey of foreign policy (1937) pp 223–40. online\nTemperley, Harold W. V. England and the Near East: The Crimea (1936) online\nTemperley, Harold and L.M. Penson, eds. Foundations of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902) (1938), primary sources online","title":"Bibliography"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_Victoria

Sunbury, Victoria

["1 History","2 Culture","3 Retail and entertainment","4 Transport","4.1 Bus","4.2 Train","5 Education","6 Sport","7 Politics","8 Notable people","9 See also","10 Historical bibliography","11 References","12 External links"]

Coordinates: 37°34′52″S 144°42′50″E / 37.58111°S 144.71389°E / -37.58111; 144.71389 Suburb of City of Hume, Victoria, AustraliaSunburyVictoriaAerial view of Sunbury, VictoriaSunburyLocation in metropolitan MelbourneCoordinates37°34′52″S 144°42′50″E / 37.58111°S 144.71389°E / -37.58111; 144.71389Population38,851 (2021 census) • Density1,758/km2 (4,553/sq mi)Established1836Postcode(s)3429Elevation309 m (1,014 ft)Area22.1 km2 (8.5 sq mi)Location38 km (24 mi) NW of Melbourne CBDLGA(s)City of HumeState electorate(s)SunburyFederal division(s)McEwen Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall 19.9 °C 68 °F 9.6 °C 49 °F 586.5 mm 23.1 in Suburbs around Sunbury: Gisborne Riddells Creek Clarkefield Gisborne South Sunbury Wildwood Melton Hillside / Diggers Rest Bulla Sunbury (/ˈsʌnbəri/ SUN-bər-ee, locally /ˈsʌnbri/ SUN-bree) is a satellite suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 38 kilometres (24 mi) north-west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Hume local government area. Sunbury recorded a population of 38,851 at the 2021 census. Statistically, Sunbury is considered part of Greater Melbourne, as per the Victorian Government's 2009 decision to extend the urban growth boundary in 2011 to include the area in the Melbourne Urban Area as the north-western fringe of the Greater Melbourne area, giving its land urban status and value. History The Sunbury area has several important Aboriginal archaeological sites, including five earth rings, which were identified in the 1970s and 1980s, and believed to have been used for ceremonial gatherings. Records of corroborees and other large gatherings during early settlement attest to the importance of the area for Aboriginal people of the Wurundjeri tribe. One Indigenous name for the area of unknown language and meaning is 'Koorakoorakup'. Sunbury was first settled in 1836, by George Evans and William Jackson. It was Jackson and his brother, Samuel, who named the township Sunbury, after Sunbury-on-Thames, in Middlesex, England when it was established in 1857. The Post Office opened on 13 January 1858. Sunbury's connection with the history and development of Victoria is influential because of its most famous and powerful citizen, "Big" Clarke. In 1837, Clarke came to the area, and gained vast pastoral licences encompassing Sunbury, Clarkefield and Monegeetta. His role as one of the biggest pastoralists in the colony, and his power and position within the Victorian Legislative Council, were highly significant in the early years of Victoria. During the early decades of self-government in the Colony of Victoria there was a continual struggle in parliament, between the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council for ascendancy and the control of government. It was Council members, such as Clarke, who attempted to negate what they saw as the excesses of manhood suffrage, republicanism and Chartism, as embodied in the Assembly, in order to protect their own position. "Big" Clarke, as a member of the so-called bunyip aristocracy, also helped to frustrate legislative measures involving opening land to small farm selectors. Melbourne Punch depicted Clarke in anti-squatter cartoons, such as "The Man in Possession" In 1859, "Big" Clarke was involved in a scandal around the discovery of gold on his holdings in Deep Creek. Shares in the Bolinda company soared and Clarke sold his shares at the peak of the rush, before the fraud was exposed. The gold assay was actually 'salted', possibly via a shotgun blast of golden pellets into the samples. Clarke claimed the rich assay was proved when washed in a soup bowl. The ever-barbed Melbourne Punch explained how the fraud worked in a cartoon of a chipped Chinese Willow Pattern plate titled "The Soup Plate". In 1874, Clarke's son William built a mansion on an estate named "Rupertswood", after his own son, Rupert. The estate had access to a private railway station. Though the station was constructed in the late 19th century, the Clarkes did not pay the railways for its construction until the 1960s. (Rupertswood railway station was closed as a result of the Regional Fast Rail project and is now only a disused platform). The Clarkes also had a connection to the Kelly Gang story via their police connection with Superintendent Hare. The younger William was the president of the Melbourne Cricket Club, and it was through that position that the touring English cricket team came to spend the Christmas of 1882 at Rupertswood. On Christmas Eve, the English team played a social game of cricket against a local team. Lady Clarke took one or more bails, burnt them, and put the ashes in a small urn, wrapped in a red velvet bag, which she presented to the English Captain, Ivo Bligh. She proposed that the ashes be used as a perpetual trophy for matches between the two countries. The Ashes has since become one of the world's most sought-after sporting trophies. In 1922, the Clarke family sold the property to H V McKay, the owner of the Sunshine Harvester Works, who died in 1926. His estate sold the property in 1927 to the Salesian Catholic order. Until recently, the mansion and surrounding property were used for educational and agricultural purposes, and as a boarding school for students undertaking both academic and agricultural endeavours. The school, known as Salesian College, Rupertswood, is still located on the property. The mansion has been restored, and is used for weddings and other formal functions. In the early 1970s, the area, which was then still largely rural, became famous in Australia as the site of the Sunbury Pop Festival, which was held annually from 1972 to 1975. Culture The front of the Rupertswood mansion, located in the Rupertswood Estate, Sunbury Sunbury's residents represent diverse cultural backgrounds, and include a major working-class sector, dependent on proximity to major manufacturing and transport hubs, such as Melbourne Airport which is only 17.5 kilometres (11 mi) from the township. A recent trend for people who work in the Melbourne CBD to trade longer commute times for a more economic lifestyle (due to cheaper housing), has seen the population of Sunbury grow in number, with numerous new housing estates ringing the borders of the established township. Sunbury's population was recorded as being 25,086 in the 2001 census, and is estimated at 34,000 in 2016 census, making it the 38th largest urban centre by population in Australia. Retail and entertainment Sunbury has a town centre containing Boost Juice, Sunbury Electronics, Calco Electrical, Coles, Woolworths, FoodWorks and IGA supermarkets, as well as Big W, Cotton On and Target, The Good Guys, Godfrey's department stores. Away from the town centre is an Aldi Supermarket, and Bunnings Warehouse hardware store. There are also many food outlets located in Sunbury such as Nando's, Vics Cuisine, Rocquette, Restaurant 77, Schnitz, and a variety of pizza restaurants, fish and chip shops and Asian restaurants. Sunbury also has many cafes to dine at such as The Spotted Owl, Sacco Coffee and Kaffeine Bar. Sunbury has a Reading Cinema, three Hotels and The Alley, a 330-person capacity nightclub. Transport Sunbury railway station in November 2012 Bus Nine bus routes service Sunbury:  479 : Westfield Airport West – Sunbury station via Melbourne Airport. Operated by CDC Melbourne.  481 : Sunbury station – Mount Lion. Operated by Sunbury Bus Service.  483 : Sunbury station – Moonee Ponds Junction via Diggers Rest. Operated by Sunbury Bus Service.  485 : Sunbury station – Wilsons Lane. Operated by Sunbury Bus Service.  486 : Sunbury station – Rolling Meadows. Operated by Sunbury Bus Service.  487 : Sunbury station – Killara Heights. Operated by Sunbury Bus Service.  488 : Sunbury station – Jacksons Hill. Operated by Sunbury Bus Service.  489 : Sunbury station – Canterbury Hills. Operated by Sunbury Bus Service. Lancefield – Sunbury – Clarkefield via Romsey and Monegeetta. Operated by Dysons. Train Sunbury station is connected by Metro services to Melbourne on the Sunbury Line and by V/Line services on the Bendigo line to both Melbourne and country Victoria. V/Line services are not as frequent as those on the metropolitan Metro service – an approximate hourly frequency is provided by V/Line on weekdays, although on weekends service levels can be as infrequent as once every 80 minutes. The State Government electrified the tracks between Sunbury and Sydenham in a $270 million investment, bringing more frequent passenger services to the town – these Metro services started operating on 18 November 2012. Education The Asylum on Jacksons Hill Sunbury – Later turned into one of Victoria University Campuses and then closed down in 2008 Primary schools Sunbury West Primary School Sunbury Primary School Sunbury Heights Primary School Killara Primary School Kismet Park Primary School St Anne's Primary School Our Lady of Mount Carmel Primary School Goonawarra Primary School Holy Trinity Primary School Secondary schools and high schools Sunbury Downs College (formerly Sunbury Post Primary School) Sunbury College (formerly Sunbury Secondary College, Sunbury High School) Salesian College Others Sunbury and Macedon Ranges Special School Sport Sunbury is represented in the following sporting leagues: Athletics Sunbury Little Athletics Centre Inc Australian rules football Sunbury Football Club (Ballarat Football League) Sunbury Kangaroos Junior Football Club (Riddell District Football League) – club official website Rupertswood Football Club (Victorian Amateur Football Association) – club official website East Sunbury Sporting Group – Seniors and juniors Football Club (Essendon District Football League) – club official website Bandy Australian Bandy League is based here. Badminton Sunbury Badminton Club Inc Baseball Sunbury Titans Baseball club Basketball Sunbury Basketball Association Big V Basketball Bicycle Sunbury Bicycle User Group Cricket Sunbury Cricket Club, Clarke Oval Gisborne and District Cricket Association East Sunbury Cricket Club Sunbury Kangaroos Cricket Club Sunbury United Cricket Club Rupertswood Cricket Club Dancing Roselind Calisthenics Classique School of Dance Flash Dance Performing Arts Sunbury school of Calisthenics Hotpink Dance Centre Shirley Rogers Academy of Dance Concept Performing Arts Girl Guides Sunbury Leadbeater Guides (Age 5–7 years) Sunbury Sugarglider Guides (Age 5–7 years) Sunbury Wongguri Guides (Age 7–11 years) Sunbury Kamballa Guides (Age 11–14 years) Sunbury Bluebell Guides (Age 14–17 years) Golf Golfers play at the course of the Goonawarra Golf Club at Francis Boulevard, Sunbury. Sunbury Golf Range located just off Sunbury Road on the way to Melbourne Airport. Horse riding Sunbury Pony Club Sunbury Riding Centre Lawn Bowls Royal Victorian Bowls Association – Metro Sunbury Bowling Club Victorian Ladies' Bowls Association Rugby league Sunbury Tigers (Victorian Rugby League) – club official website Junior Side (Melbourne Junior Rugby League) Soccer Sunbury United (Victorian State League 2) Sunbury United Junior Football Club Softball Sunbury Softball Association Swimming Sunbury Amateur Swimming Club Aqua Wolves Swimming Club Table Tennis The Sunbury & District Table Tennis Association – club official website Tennis Sunbury Lawn Tennis Club Mt. Carmel Tennis Club Politics Sunbury is represented by Cr Trevor Dance, Cr Jarrod Bell and Cr Steve (Jack) Medcraft in the Jacksons Creek Ward of the City of Hume. At State level, Sunbury is in the Electoral district of Sunbury, represented by Josh Bull. Federally, Sunbury is located in the Division of Hawke, represented by Sam Rae. Notable people Mark Blicavs – Australian rules footballer Sara Blicavs – WNBL player and Australian Opals player Matthew Egan – Australian rules footballer Cameron Guthrie – Australian rules footballer Zach Guthrie – Australian rules footballer Mark Johnson – Australian rules footballer James Kelly – Australian rules footballer Jamie Maclaren – Australian Soccer player, striker for Melbourne City FC, Hibernian F.C. and Australia Shirley McKerrow – Politician, first woman elected Federal President of any Australian political party Nathan Phillips – Actor David Schwarz – Australian rules footballer Cassi Van Den Dungen – Model, runner-up in 2009 on Australia's Next Top Model Cameron Wight – Australian rules footballer Linden Hall – Athlete See also Shire of Bulla – Sunbury was previously within this former local government area. Rupertswood Salesian College Sunbury Bus Service Sunbury Downs College Sunbury Industrial School Sunbury Lunatic Asylum Sunbury-on-Thames Sunbury Pop Festival Sunbury railway station Historical bibliography O'Brien, Antony. Shenanigans on the Ovens Goldfields: the 1859 election, Artillery Publishing, Hartwell, 2005. (details on the Bolinda Company gold scam and 'Big'Clarke's role in Upper House) Serle, Geoffrey. The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria, 1851-1861, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1963. (gold, squatters and government) Spreadbrough Robert and Anderson, Hugh. Victorian Squatters, Red Rooster, Ascot Vale, 1983. (detailed maps of squatters runs in the district) Turner, Henry Giles, A History of the Colony of Victoria: from its discovery to its absorption in the Commonwealth of Australia, Vols 1 & 2, Melbourne, 1904. References ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Sunbury (Suburbs and Localities)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 1 July 2022. ^ http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=36&p_display_type=dataFile&p_stn_num=086282 ^ http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=38&p_display_type=dataFile&p_stn_num=086282 ^ http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=139&p_display_type=dataFile&p_stn_num=087061 ^ Butler, Susan, ed. (2009). Macquarie Dictionary (5th ed.). Sydney: Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Pty Ltd. 1952 pages. ISBN 978-1-876-42966-9. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. ^ How To Pronounce Sunbury (VIC), retrieved 5 December 2023 ^ "Big growth tax grab in Sunbury - Council - News - Sunbury Leader". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2010. ^ Meyer Eidelson, The Melbourne Dreaming: A Guide to the Aboriginal Places of Melbourne, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, (1997; 2000). ISBN 0-85575-306-4 ^ Bowdler, Sandra, 1999, A study of Indigenous ceremonial ("Bora") sites in eastern Australia, Centre for Archaeology, University of Western Australia, paper delivered at "Heritage Landscapes: Understanding Place &Communities" conference, Southern Cross University, Lismore, November 1999 Archived 14 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ Frankel, David 1982 Earth rings at Sunbury, Victoria. Archaeology in Oceania 17: 83-89. ^ Clark, Ian D. (2002). Dictionary of Aboriginal placenames of Victoria. Heydon, Toby, 1972-, Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages. Melbourne: Victorian Aboriginal Corp. for Languages. ISBN 0-9579360-2-8. OCLC 54913331. ^ Premier Postal History, Post Office List, retrieved 11 April 2008 ^ Spreadbrough, Victorian Squatters ^ Serle,The Golden Age, pp.146–150 ^ Punch, 2 December 1858, p.149 ^ Punch 9 February 1860, p. 21 see also O'Brien, Shenanigans, Ch. 3 for an insight and cartoons of the 1850s, see also M. Clarke, "Big" Clarke for a comprehensive family history ^ M. Clarke, "Big" Clarke ^ The Times (London), 27 June 1930. page 7. ^ "2016 Sunbury, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics". ^ "479 Airport West SC - Sunbury Station via Melbourne Airport". Public Transport Victoria. ^ "481 Sunbury Railway Station - Mount Lion". Public Transport Victoria. ^ "483 Sunbury - Moonee Ponds via Diggers Rest". Public Transport Victoria. ^ "485 Sunbury Railway Station - Wilsons Lane". Public Transport Victoria. ^ "486 Sunbury Railway Station - Rolling Meadows". Public Transport Victoria. ^ "487 Sunbury Railway Station - Killara Heights". Public Transport Victoria. ^ "488 Sunbury Railway Station - Jacksons Hill". Public Transport Victoria. ^ "489 Sunbury Railway Station - Canterbury Hills". Public Transport Victoria. ^ Lancefield - Sunbury-Clarkefield via Romsey & Monegeeta Public Transport Victoria ^ "Sunbury Electrification Project Overview". Victorian State Government Department of Transport. Archived from the original on 28 March 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011. ^ "Sunbury Little Athletics". sunburylac.org.au. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018. ^ Full Points Footy, Sunbury, archived from the original on 9 March 2009, retrieved 15 April 2009 ^ "Members". worldbandy.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2018. ^ Golf Select, Goonawarra, archived from the original on 24 September 2009, retrieved 11 May 2009 ^ Lofthouse, Andrea (1982). Who's Who of Australian Women. Methuen Australia. ^ "Distinguished Women in The Nationals". Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013. External links Sunbury 3429 The Carroll Directory Sunbury Online Archived 29 November 2001 at the Wayback Machine Hume City Council Sunbury Community Festival Archived 18 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine Sunbury Radio 3NRG Sunbury Family History Society Archived 14 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Sunbury Swimming Club vteSuburbs of the City of Hume Attwood Broadmeadows Bulla Campbellfield Clarkefield^ Coolaroo Craigieburn Dallas Diggers Rest^ Fawkner^ Gladstone Park Greenvale Jacana Kalkallo Keilor^ Meadow Heights Melbourne Airport Mickleham Oaklands Junction Roxburgh Park Somerton Sunbury Tullamarine^ Westmeadows Wildwood Yuroke ^ = territory divided with another LGA vteCities of Victoria, AustraliaGreater Melbourne Melbourne Dandenong Frankston Melton Sunbury Werribee Regional Victoria Ararat Bacchus Marsh Bairnsdale Ballarat Benalla Bendigo Castlemaine Colac Drouin Echuca Geelong Hamilton Horsham Maryborough Mildura Moe Morwell Ocean Grove Portland Sale Seymour Shepparton Swan Hill Torquay Traralgon Wangaratta Warragul Warrnambool Wodonga List of Melbourne suburbs List of localities in Victoria Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈsʌnbəri/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"SUN-bər-ee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"/ˈsʌnbri/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"SUN-bree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Central Business District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_central_business_district"},{"link_name":"City of Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Hume"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abs-1"},{"link_name":"Greater Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Victorian Government's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_State_Government"},{"link_name":"urban growth boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary"},{"link_name":"Greater Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Suburb of City of Hume, Victoria, AustraliaSunbury (/ˈsʌnbəri/ SUN-bər-ee, locally /ˈsʌnbri/ SUN-bree)[5][6] is a satellite suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 38 kilometres (24 mi) north-west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Hume local government area. Sunbury recorded a population of 38,851 at the 2021 census.[1]Statistically, Sunbury is considered part of Greater Melbourne, as per the Victorian Government's 2009 decision to extend the urban growth boundary in 2011 to include the area in the Melbourne Urban Area as the north-western fringe of the Greater Melbourne area, giving its land urban status and value.[7]","title":"Sunbury, Victoria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboriginal archaeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_archaeology"},{"link_name":"earth rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_earth_rings"},{"link_name":"corroborees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corroboree"},{"link_name":"Wurundjeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurundjeri"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sunbury-on-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-12"},{"link_name":"\"Big\" Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Turner_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Clarkefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkefield,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Monegeetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monegeetta,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"pastoralists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_farming"},{"link_name":"Victorian Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"manhood suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage"},{"link_name":"republicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism"},{"link_name":"Chartism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"bunyip aristocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyip_aristocracy"},{"link_name":"small farm selectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_(Australian_history)"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Punch"},{"link_name":"squatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting_(Australian_history)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Deep Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Creek_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Clarke,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Rupertswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupertswood"},{"link_name":"Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Rupert_Clarke,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupertswood_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Regional Fast Rail project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Fast_Rail_project"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Kelly Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"English cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Lady Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Ivo Bligh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Bligh"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ashes"},{"link_name":"H V McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_V_McKay"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Harvester Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Harvester_Works"},{"link_name":"Salesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesian"},{"link_name":"Salesian College, Rupertswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesian_College,_Rupertswood"},{"link_name":"Sunbury Pop Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_Pop_Festival"}],"text":"The Sunbury area has several important Aboriginal archaeological sites, including five earth rings, which were identified in the 1970s and 1980s, and believed to have been used for ceremonial gatherings. Records of corroborees and other large gatherings during early settlement attest to the importance of the area for Aboriginal people of the Wurundjeri tribe.[8][9][10] One Indigenous name for the area of unknown language and meaning is 'Koorakoorakup'.[11]Sunbury was first settled in 1836, by George Evans and William Jackson. It was Jackson and his brother, Samuel, who named the township Sunbury, after Sunbury-on-Thames, in Middlesex, England when it was established in 1857. The Post Office opened on 13 January 1858.[12]Sunbury's connection with the history and development of Victoria is influential because of its most famous and powerful citizen, \"Big\" Clarke. In 1837, Clarke came to the area, and gained vast pastoral licences encompassing Sunbury, Clarkefield and Monegeetta.[13] His role as one of the biggest pastoralists in the colony, and his power and position within the Victorian Legislative Council, were highly significant in the early years of Victoria.During the early decades of self-government in the Colony of Victoria there was a continual struggle in parliament, between the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council for ascendancy and the control of government. It was Council members, such as Clarke, who attempted to negate what they saw as the excesses of manhood suffrage, republicanism and Chartism, as embodied in the Assembly, in order to protect their own position.[14]\"Big\" Clarke, as a member of the so-called bunyip aristocracy, also helped to frustrate legislative measures involving opening land to small farm selectors. Melbourne Punch depicted Clarke in anti-squatter cartoons, such as \"The Man in Possession\"[15] In 1859, \"Big\" Clarke was involved in a scandal around the discovery of gold on his holdings in Deep Creek. Shares in the Bolinda company soared and Clarke sold his shares at the peak of the rush, before the fraud was exposed. The gold assay was actually 'salted', possibly via a shotgun blast of golden pellets into the samples. Clarke claimed the rich assay was proved when washed in a soup bowl. The ever-barbed Melbourne Punch explained how the fraud worked in a cartoon of a chipped Chinese Willow Pattern plate titled \"The Soup Plate\".[16]In 1874, Clarke's son William built a mansion on an estate named \"Rupertswood\", after his own son, Rupert. The estate had access to a private railway station. Though the station was constructed in the late 19th century, the Clarkes did not pay the railways for its construction until the 1960s. (Rupertswood railway station was closed as a result of the Regional Fast Rail project and is now only a disused platform).[17] The Clarkes also had a connection to the Kelly Gang story via their police connection with Superintendent Hare.The younger William was the president of the Melbourne Cricket Club, and it was through that position that the touring English cricket team came to spend the Christmas of 1882 at Rupertswood. On Christmas Eve, the English team played a social game of cricket against a local team. Lady Clarke took one or more bails, burnt them, and put the ashes in a small urn, wrapped in a red velvet bag, which she presented to the English Captain, Ivo Bligh.[18] She proposed that the ashes be used as a perpetual trophy for matches between the two countries. The Ashes has since become one of the world's most sought-after sporting trophies.In 1922, the Clarke family sold the property to H V McKay, the owner of the Sunshine Harvester Works, who died in 1926. His estate sold the property in 1927 to the Salesian Catholic order. Until recently, the mansion and surrounding property were used for educational and agricultural purposes, and as a boarding school for students undertaking both academic and agricultural endeavours. The school, known as Salesian College, Rupertswood, is still located on the property. The mansion has been restored, and is used for weddings and other formal functions.In the early 1970s, the area, which was then still largely rural, became famous in Australia as the site of the Sunbury Pop Festival, which was held annually from 1972 to 1975.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rupertswood_mansion_side_angle_shot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rupertswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupertswood"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Airport"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"largest urban centre by population in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population#50_largest_urban_centres_by_population"}],"text":"The front of the Rupertswood mansion, located in the Rupertswood Estate, SunburySunbury's residents represent diverse cultural backgrounds, and include a major working-class sector, dependent on proximity to major manufacturing and transport hubs, such as Melbourne Airport which is only 17.5 kilometres (11 mi) from the township. A recent trend for people who work in the Melbourne CBD to trade longer commute times for a more economic lifestyle (due to cheaper housing), has seen the population of Sunbury grow in number, with numerous new housing estates ringing the borders of the established township. Sunbury's population was recorded as being 25,086 in the 2001 census, and is estimated at 34,000 in 2016 census,[19] making it the 38th largest urban centre by population in Australia.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coles_Supermarkets"},{"link_name":"Woolworths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolworths_(supermarkets)"},{"link_name":"FoodWorks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FoodWorks"},{"link_name":"IGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGA_(supermarkets)"},{"link_name":"Big W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_W"},{"link_name":"Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"The Good Guys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Guys_(Australian_company)"},{"link_name":"Aldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldi"},{"link_name":"Bunnings Warehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunnings_Warehouse"},{"link_name":"Nando's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nando%27s"},{"link_name":"Schnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnitz"},{"link_name":"Reading Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Entertainment"}],"text":"Sunbury has a town centre containing Boost Juice, Sunbury Electronics, Calco Electrical, Coles, Woolworths, FoodWorks and IGA supermarkets, as well as Big W, Cotton On and Target, The Good Guys, Godfrey's department stores. Away from the town centre is an Aldi Supermarket, and Bunnings Warehouse hardware store. There are also many food outlets located in Sunbury such as Nando's, Vics Cuisine, Rocquette, Restaurant 77, Schnitz, and a variety of pizza restaurants, fish and chip shops and Asian restaurants. Sunbury also has many cafes to dine at such as The Spotted Owl, Sacco Coffee and Kaffeine Bar. Sunbury has a Reading Cinema, three Hotels and The Alley, a 330-person capacity nightclub.","title":"Retail and entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunbury_Station.JPG"}],"text":"Sunbury railway station in November 2012","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bus routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Melbourne_bus_routes"},{"link_name":"Westfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scentre_Group"},{"link_name":"Airport West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_West,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Sunbury station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_railway_station,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Airport"},{"link_name":"CDC Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Sunbury Bus Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_Bus_Service"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Moonee Ponds Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonee_Ponds_Junction"},{"link_name":"Diggers Rest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diggers_Rest,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Lancefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancefield,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Clarkefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkefield,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Romsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romsey,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Monegeetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monegeetta,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Dysons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysons"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Bus","text":"Nine bus routes service Sunbury:479 : Westfield Airport West – Sunbury station via Melbourne Airport. Operated by CDC Melbourne.[20]\n 481 : Sunbury station – Mount Lion. Operated by Sunbury Bus Service.[21]\n 483 : Sunbury station – Moonee Ponds Junction via Diggers Rest. Operated by Sunbury Bus Service.[22]\n 485 : Sunbury station – Wilsons Lane. Operated by Sunbury Bus Service.[23]\n 486 : Sunbury station – Rolling Meadows. Operated by Sunbury Bus Service.[24]\n 487 : Sunbury station – Killara Heights. Operated by Sunbury Bus Service.[25]\n 488 : Sunbury station – Jacksons Hill. Operated by Sunbury Bus Service.[26]\n 489 : Sunbury station – Canterbury Hills. Operated by Sunbury Bus Service.[27]\nLancefield – Sunbury – Clarkefield via Romsey and Monegeetta. Operated by Dysons.[28]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunbury station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_railway_station,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Trains_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Sunbury Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_railway_line"},{"link_name":"V/Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V/Line"},{"link_name":"Bendigo line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendigo_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Sydenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergardens_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Train","text":"Sunbury station is connected by Metro services to Melbourne on the Sunbury Line and by V/Line services on the Bendigo line to both Melbourne and country Victoria. V/Line services are not as frequent as those on the metropolitan Metro service – an approximate hourly frequency is provided by V/Line on weekdays, although on weekends service levels can be as infrequent as once every 80 minutes.The State Government electrified the tracks between Sunbury and Sydenham in a $270 million investment, bringing more frequent passenger services to the town – these Metro services started operating on 18 November 2012.[29]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_University_Jacksons_hill_sunbury.jpg"},{"link_name":"Victoria University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Sunbury Downs College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_Downs_College"},{"link_name":"Salesian College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesian_College_(Rupertswood)"}],"text":"The Asylum on Jacksons Hill Sunbury – Later turned into one of Victoria University Campuses and then closed down in 2008Primary schoolsSunbury West Primary School\nSunbury Primary School\nSunbury Heights Primary School\nKillara Primary School\nKismet Park Primary School\nSt Anne's Primary School\nOur Lady of Mount Carmel Primary School\nGoonawarra Primary School\nHoly Trinity Primary SchoolSecondary schools and high schoolsSunbury Downs College (formerly Sunbury Post Primary School)\nSunbury College (formerly Sunbury Secondary College, Sunbury High School)\nSalesian CollegeOthersSunbury and Macedon Ranges Special School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Ballarat Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footy-31"},{"link_name":"Riddell District Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddell_District_Football_League"},{"link_name":"club official website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sunburykangaroosjfc.org.au/"},{"link_name":"Victorian Amateur Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Amateur_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"club official website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rupertswoodfc.org.au/"},{"link_name":"club official website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121019154010/http://www.essgroup.org.au/east_sunbury_fc"},{"link_name":"Bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton"},{"link_name":"Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Big V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_V"},{"link_name":"Bicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle"},{"link_name":"Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing"},{"link_name":"Girl Guides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Guides"},{"link_name":"Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-golf-33"},{"link_name":"Horse riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_riding"},{"link_name":"Lawn Bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_Bowls"},{"link_name":"Rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Sunbury Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_United_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"club official website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sunburytigers.com.au/"},{"link_name":"Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Sunbury Amateur Swimming Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sunburyswimmingclub.org.au/"},{"link_name":"Table Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_Tennis"},{"link_name":"club official website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sunburytabletennis.org.au/"},{"link_name":"Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"}],"text":"Sunbury is represented in the following sporting leagues:Athletics\nSunbury Little Athletics Centre Inc[30]\nAustralian rules football\nSunbury Football Club (Ballarat Football League)[31]\nSunbury Kangaroos Junior Football Club (Riddell District Football League) – club official website\nRupertswood Football Club (Victorian Amateur Football Association) – club official website\nEast Sunbury Sporting Group – Seniors and juniors Football Club (Essendon District Football League) – club official website\nBandy\nAustralian Bandy League is based here.[32]\nBadminton\nSunbury Badminton Club Inc\nBaseball\nSunbury Titans Baseball club\nBasketball\nSunbury Basketball Association\nBig V Basketball\nBicycle\nSunbury Bicycle User Group\nCricket\nSunbury Cricket Club, Clarke Oval\nGisborne and District Cricket Association\nEast Sunbury Cricket Club\nSunbury Kangaroos Cricket Club\nSunbury United Cricket Club\nRupertswood Cricket Club\nDancing\nRoselind Calisthenics\nClassique School of Dance\nFlash Dance Performing Arts\nSunbury school of Calisthenics\nHotpink Dance Centre\nShirley Rogers Academy of Dance\nConcept Performing Arts\nGirl Guides\nSunbury Leadbeater Guides (Age 5–7 years)\nSunbury Sugarglider Guides (Age 5–7 years)\nSunbury Wongguri Guides (Age 7–11 years)\nSunbury Kamballa Guides (Age 11–14 years)\nSunbury Bluebell Guides (Age 14–17 years)\nGolf\nGolfers play at the course of the Goonawarra Golf Club at Francis Boulevard, Sunbury.[33]\nSunbury Golf Range located just off Sunbury Road on the way to Melbourne Airport.\nHorse riding\nSunbury Pony Club\nSunbury Riding Centre\nLawn Bowls\nRoyal Victorian Bowls Association – Metro\nSunbury Bowling Club\nVictorian Ladies' Bowls Association\nRugby league\nSunbury Tigers (Victorian Rugby League) – club official website\nJunior Side (Melbourne Junior Rugby League)\nSoccer\nSunbury United (Victorian State League 2)\nSunbury United Junior Football Club\nSoftball\nSunbury Softball Association\nSwimming\nSunbury Amateur Swimming Club\nAqua Wolves Swimming Club\nTable Tennis\nThe Sunbury & District Table Tennis Association – club official website\nTennis\nSunbury Lawn Tennis Club\nMt. Carmel Tennis Club","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Hume"},{"link_name":"Electoral district of Sunbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Sunbury"},{"link_name":"Josh Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Bull"},{"link_name":"Division of Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Hawke"},{"link_name":"Sam Rae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Rae"}],"text":"Sunbury is represented by Cr Trevor Dance, Cr Jarrod Bell and Cr Steve (Jack) Medcraft in the Jacksons Creek Ward of the City of Hume. At State level, Sunbury is in the Electoral district of Sunbury, represented by Josh Bull. Federally, Sunbury is located in the Division of Hawke, represented by Sam Rae.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Blicavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Blicavs"},{"link_name":"Australian rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules"},{"link_name":"Sara Blicavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Blicavs"},{"link_name":"WNBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Australian Opals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Opals"},{"link_name":"Matthew Egan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Egan"},{"link_name":"Cameron Guthrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Guthrie"},{"link_name":"Zach Guthrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Guthrie"},{"link_name":"Mark Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Johnson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"James Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kelly_(Australian_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Jamie Maclaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Maclaren"},{"link_name":"Soccer player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Striker"},{"link_name":"Melbourne City FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_FC"},{"link_name":"Hibernian F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Shirley McKerrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_McKerrow"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Nathan Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Phillips_(actor)"},{"link_name":"David Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Schwarz_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Cassi Van Den Dungen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassi_Van_Den_Dungen"},{"link_name":"Australia's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"Cameron Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Wight"},{"link_name":"Linden Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden_Hall_(athlete)"}],"text":"Mark Blicavs – Australian rules footballer\nSara Blicavs – WNBL player and Australian Opals player\nMatthew Egan – Australian rules footballer\nCameron Guthrie – Australian rules footballer\nZach Guthrie – Australian rules footballer\nMark Johnson – Australian rules footballer\nJames Kelly – Australian rules footballer\nJamie Maclaren – Australian Soccer player, striker for Melbourne City FC, Hibernian F.C. and Australia\nShirley McKerrow – Politician, first woman elected Federal President of any Australian political party[34][35]\nNathan Phillips – Actor\nDavid Schwarz – Australian rules footballer\nCassi Van Den Dungen – Model, runner-up in 2009 on Australia's Next Top Model\nCameron Wight – Australian rules footballer\nLinden Hall – Athlete","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"O'Brien, Antony. Shenanigans on the Ovens Goldfields: the 1859 election, Artillery Publishing, Hartwell, 2005. (details on the Bolinda Company gold scam and 'Big'Clarke's role in Upper House)\nSerle, Geoffrey. The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria, 1851-1861, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1963. (gold, squatters and government)\nSpreadbrough Robert and Anderson, Hugh. Victorian Squatters, Red Rooster, Ascot Vale, 1983. (detailed maps of squatters runs in the district)\nTurner, Henry Giles, A History of the Colony of Victoria: from its discovery to its absorption in the Commonwealth of Australia, Vols 1 & 2, Melbourne, 1904.","title":"Historical bibliography"}]

[{"image_text":"The front of the Rupertswood mansion, located in the Rupertswood Estate, Sunbury","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Rupertswood_mansion_side_angle_shot.jpg/220px-Rupertswood_mansion_side_angle_shot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sunbury railway station in November 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sunbury_Station.JPG/220px-Sunbury_Station.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Asylum on Jacksons Hill Sunbury – Later turned into one of Victoria University Campuses and then closed down in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Victoria_University_Jacksons_hill_sunbury.jpg/220px-Victoria_University_Jacksons_hill_sunbury.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Shire of Bulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Bulla"},{"title":"Rupertswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupertswood"},{"title":"Salesian College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesian_College_(Rupertswood)"},{"title":"Sunbury Bus Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_Bus_Service"},{"title":"Sunbury Downs College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_Downs_College"},{"title":"Sunbury Industrial School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_Industrial_School"},{"title":"Sunbury Lunatic Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_Asylum"},{"title":"Sunbury-on-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury-on-Thames"},{"title":"Sunbury Pop Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_Pop_Festival"},{"title":"Sunbury railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_railway_station,_Melbourne"}]

[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Sunbury (Suburbs and Localities)\". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 1 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL22391","url_text":"\"Sunbury (Suburbs and Localities)\""}]},{"reference":"Butler, Susan, ed. (2009). Macquarie Dictionary (5th ed.). Sydney: Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Pty Ltd. 1952 pages. ISBN 978-1-876-42966-9. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_M._Butler","url_text":"Butler, Susan"},{"url":"http://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/","url_text":"Macquarie Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876-42966-9","url_text":"978-1-876-42966-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140112122740/http://macquariedictionary.com.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"How To Pronounce Sunbury (VIC), retrieved 5 December 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUjvxyegzu8","url_text":"How To Pronounce Sunbury (VIC)"}]},{"reference":"\"Big growth tax grab in Sunbury - Council - News - Sunbury Leader\". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706113351/http://sunbury-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/big-growth-tax-grab-in-sunbury/","url_text":"\"Big growth tax grab in Sunbury - Council - News - Sunbury Leader\""},{"url":"http://sunbury-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/big-growth-tax-grab-in-sunbury/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Ian D. (2002). Dictionary of Aboriginal placenames of Victoria. Heydon, Toby, 1972-, Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages. Melbourne: Victorian Aboriginal Corp. for Languages. ISBN 0-9579360-2-8. OCLC 54913331.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54913331","url_text":"Dictionary of Aboriginal placenames of Victoria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9579360-2-8","url_text":"0-9579360-2-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54913331","url_text":"54913331"}]},{"reference":"Premier Postal History, Post Office List, retrieved 11 April 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country=","url_text":"Post Office List"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Sunbury, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/UCL212003","url_text":"\"2016 Sunbury, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"479 Airport West SC - Sunbury Station via Melbourne Airport\". Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/8185","url_text":"\"479 Airport West SC - Sunbury Station via Melbourne Airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"481 Sunbury Railway Station - Mount Lion\". Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15817","url_text":"\"481 Sunbury Railway Station - Mount Lion\""}]},{"reference":"\"483 Sunbury - Moonee Ponds via Diggers Rest\". Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15839","url_text":"\"483 Sunbury - Moonee Ponds via Diggers Rest\""}]},{"reference":"\"485 Sunbury Railway Station - Wilsons Lane\". Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/14940","url_text":"\"485 Sunbury Railway Station - Wilsons Lane\""}]},{"reference":"\"486 Sunbury Railway Station - Rolling Meadows\". Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15831","url_text":"\"486 Sunbury Railway Station - Rolling Meadows\""}]},{"reference":"\"487 Sunbury Railway Station - Killara Heights\". Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15829","url_text":"\"487 Sunbury Railway Station - Killara Heights\""}]},{"reference":"\"488 Sunbury Railway Station - Jacksons Hill\". Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15830","url_text":"\"488 Sunbury Railway Station - Jacksons Hill\""}]},{"reference":"\"489 Sunbury Railway Station - Canterbury Hills\". Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/4798","url_text":"\"489 Sunbury Railway Station - Canterbury Hills\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunbury Electrification Project Overview\". Victorian State Government Department of Transport. Archived from the original on 28 March 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transport.vic.gov.au/web23/home.nsf/headingpagesdisplay/sunbury+electrificationproject+overview","url_text":"\"Sunbury Electrification Project Overview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110328181037/http://www.transport.vic.gov.au/web23/home.nsf/headingpagesdisplay/sunbury+electrificationproject+overview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sunbury Little Athletics\". sunburylac.org.au. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sunburylac.org.au/","url_text":"\"Sunbury Little Athletics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180317194345/http://www.sunburylac.org.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Full Points Footy, Sunbury, archived from the original on 9 March 2009, retrieved 15 April 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fullpointsfooty.net/ballarat_football_league.htm","url_text":"Sunbury"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090309142625/http://fullpointsfooty.net/ballarat_football_league.htm","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Members\". worldbandy.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131016213857/http://www.worldbandy.com/members.asp?pageID=11","url_text":"\"Members\""},{"url":"http://www.worldbandy.com/members.asp?pageID=11","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Golf Select, Goonawarra, archived from the original on 24 September 2009, retrieved 11 May 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://www.golfselect.com.au/armchair/courseView.aspx?course_id=280","url_text":"Goonawarra"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090924153900/http://golfselect.com.au/armchair/courseView.aspx?course_id=280","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Lofthouse, Andrea (1982). Who's Who of Australian Women. Methuen Australia.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Distinguished Women in The Nationals\". Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130425085244/http://www.nationals.org.au/TheNationalsWomen/DistinguishedWomeninTheNationals.aspx","url_text":"\"Distinguished Women in The Nationals\""},{"url":"http://www.nationals.org.au/TheNationalsWomen/DistinguishedWomeninTheNationals.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash,_Australian_Capital_Territory

Monash, Australian Capital Territory

["1 Demographics","2 Geology","3 Amenities","3.1 Monash Primary School","3.2 Canberra Islamic Centre","3.3 Bureau of Meteorology station","4 References"]

Coordinates: 35°25′01″S 149°06′00″E / 35.417°S 149.100°E / -35.417; 149.100 Suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital TerritoryMonashCanberra, Australian Capital TerritoryCockcroft AvenueMonashCoordinates35°25′01″S 149°06′00″E / 35.417°S 149.100°E / -35.417; 149.100Population5,644 (2021 census) • Density1,660/km2 (4,300/sq mi)Established1978Gazetted5 August 1975Postcode(s)2904Area3.4 km2 (1.3 sq mi)DistrictTuggeranongFederal division(s)Bean Suburbs around Monash: Oxley Wanniassa Greenway Monash Gowrie Bonython Isabella Plains Richardson Monash (postcode 2904) is a suburb in the district of Tuggeranong, Canberra, Australia. The suburb is named after General Sir John Monash, (1865 to 1931), who commanded the Australian Army in France in the First World War. It was gazetted on 1 August 1975 and first settled in 1978. The suburb has an area of 3.41 km2. Streets are named after engineers and the suburb consists primarily of detached houses on suburban blocks. The suburb is bounded by Erindale Drive, Drakeford Drive, Isabella Drive and Ashley Drive. Located in the suburb is Isabella Pond and part of the Tuggeranong Creek. Facilities include the Goodwin Retirement Village, a primary school and a recreation oval. Monash is serviced by a small local shopping centre, the larger Erindale Shopping Centre at Wanniassa and the nearby Tuggeranong Hyperdome. Demographics At the 2021 census, Monash had a population of 5,644 people. The median age of people in Monash was 43 years, above the ACT average of 35. The median individual income was $1,095 per week compared to $1,203 per week across the ACT, while the median household income was $2,164. In 2021, the median monthly housing loan repayment in Monash was $2,058, compared to the ACT average of $2,080. The residents of Monash are predominantly Australian born, with 72.3% being born in Australia. The five main countries of birth for those born overseas were England, 3.0%, India, 2.9%, Sri Lanka, 1.4%, New Zealand, 1.1% and Vietnam, 1.0%. The most popular religious affiliations in descending order are no religion, Catholic, Anglican and Islam. Geology Aerial view from east See also: Geology of the Australian Capital Territory Deakin Volcanics green grey, purple and cream rhyolite is in the west of the suburb and Deakin Volcanics green grey and purple rhyodacite occurs in the centre and east. These rocks are from the Silurian period around 414 million years old. Amenities Monash Primary School Monash Primary School, on Corlette Crescent, is a preschool to Year 6 ACT public school. The school's motto is 'Touch the earth, reach the sky, challenge the future'. The school has a kitchen garden program, band and many other opportunities for enrichment. Canberra Islamic Centre The Canberra Islamic Centre in 2014 Monash is also home to the Canberra Islamic Centre and Australian National Islamic Library, first opened in 1993. The centre, on Clive Steele Avenue, holds regular prayers and a full-time Imam was appointed in 2010. The public library holds more than 30,000 titles. Bureau of Meteorology station Monash is the location of the Bureau of Meteorology's Tuggeranong weather station. This station also records air quality. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monash, Australian Capital Territory. ^ a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Monash". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 10 September 2022. ^ a b c Canberra's suburb and street names : origins and meanings. Department of the Environment, Land and Planning. 1992. p. 91. ISBN 1-86331-128-9. ^ Henderson G A M and Matveev G, Geology of Canberra, Queanbeyan and Environs 1:50000 1980. ^ Belot, Henry (15 April 2014). "History of vandalism at Canberra Islamic Centre stems back to 1993". The Canberra Times. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. ^ "Air quality in the ACT | Health". vteSuburbs in Tuggeranong Banks Bonython Calwell Chisholm Conder Fadden Gilmore Gordon Gowrie Greenway Hume Isabella Plains Kambah Macarthur Monash Oxley Richardson Theodore Wanniassa Town Centre Tuggeranong Town Centre Group Centres Calwell Chisholm Lanyon Marketplace Erindale Centre Kambah Village Centre Wanniassa Districts in the Australian Capital Territory Canberra Central Woden Valley Belconnen Jerrabomberra Majura Tuggeranong Weston Creek Gungahlin Stromlo Kowen Hall Coree Paddys River Cotter River Tennent Rendezvous Creek Booth Mount Clear Molonglo Valley See also Suburbs of Canberra List of Canberra suburbs

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The suburb has an area of 3.41 km2. Streets are named after engineers[2] and the suburb consists primarily of detached houses on suburban blocks.The suburb is bounded by Erindale Drive, Drakeford Drive, Isabella Drive and Ashley Drive. Located in the suburb is Isabella Pond and part of the Tuggeranong Creek. Facilities include the Goodwin Retirement Village, a primary school and a recreation oval. Monash is serviced by a small local shopping centre, the larger Erindale Shopping Centre at Wanniassa and the nearby Tuggeranong Hyperdome.","title":"Monash, Australian Capital Territory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census-1"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census-1"}],"text":"At the 2021 census, Monash had a population of 5,644 people. The median age of people in Monash was 43 years, above the ACT average of 35. The median individual income was $1,095 per week compared to $1,203 per week across the ACT, while the median household income was $2,164. In 2021, the median monthly housing loan repayment in Monash was $2,058, compared to the ACT average of $2,080.[1]The residents of Monash are predominantly Australian born, with 72.3% being born in Australia. The five main countries of birth for those born overseas were England, 3.0%, India, 2.9%, Sri Lanka, 1.4%, New Zealand, 1.1% and Vietnam, 1.0%. The most popular religious affiliations in descending order are no religion, Catholic, Anglican and Islam.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monash_Aerial.jpg"},{"link_name":"Geology of the Australian Capital Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"rhyolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolite"},{"link_name":"rhyodacite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyodacite"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Aerial view from eastSee also: Geology of the Australian Capital TerritoryDeakin Volcanics green grey, purple and cream rhyolite is in the west of the suburb and \nDeakin Volcanics green grey and purple rhyodacite occurs in the centre and east. These rocks are from the Silurian period around 414 million years old.[3]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory"}],"sub_title":"Monash Primary School","text":"Monash Primary School, on Corlette Crescent, is a preschool to Year 6 ACT public school. The school's motto is 'Touch the earth, reach the sky, challenge the future'. The school has a kitchen garden program, band and many other opportunities for enrichment.","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canberra_Islamic_Centre_December_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Canberra Islamic Centre","text":"The Canberra Islamic Centre in 2014Monash is also home to the Canberra Islamic Centre and Australian National Islamic Library, first opened in 1993.[4] The centre, on Clive Steele Avenue, holds regular prayers and a full-time Imam was appointed in 2010. The public library holds more than 30,000 titles.","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Bureau of Meteorology station","text":"Monash is the location of the Bureau of Meteorology's Tuggeranong weather station. This station also records air quality.[5]","title":"Amenities"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaumburg_Township,_Cook_County,_Illinois

Schaumburg Township, Cook County, Illinois

["1 Geography","1.1 Cities, towns, villages","1.2 Adjacent townships","1.3 Cemeteries","1.4 Major highways","1.5 Airports and landing strips","1.6 Lakes","1.7 Landmarks","2 Demographics","3 Political districts","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 42°01′41″N 88°05′19″W / 42.02806°N 88.08861°W / 42.02806; -88.08861 This article is about the Illinois township. For the village of, see Schaumburg, Illinois. Township in Illinois, United StatesSchaumburg TownshipTownship SealLocation in Cook CountyCook County's location in IllinoisCoordinates: 42°01′41″N 88°05′19″W / 42.02806°N 88.08861°W / 42.02806; -88.08861CountryUnited StatesStateIllinoisCountyCookArea • Total30.96 sq mi (80.2 km2) • Land30.74 sq mi (79.6 km2) • Water0.22 sq mi (0.6 km2)  0.69%Elevation787 ft (240 m)Population (2020) • Total134,809 • Density4,400/sq mi (1,700/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP codes60007, 60008, 60010, 60067, 60103, 60107, 60169, 60172, 60173, 60193, 60194, 60195FIPS code17-031-68016Websitewww.schaumburgtownship.org Schaumburg Township is one of 29 townships in Cook County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2020 census, its population was 134,809. It is in the north west corner of Cook County. Geography According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Schaumburg Township has a total area of 30.96 square miles (80.19 km2), of which 30.74 square miles (79.62 km2) (or 99.31%) is land and 0.22 square miles (0.57 km2) (or 0.69%) is water. Cities, towns, villages Elk Grove Village (small portion) Hanover Park (half) Hoffman Estates (half) Rolling Meadows (south edge) Roselle (upper third) Schaumburg (mostly) Streamwood Adjacent townships Palatine Township (north) Elk Grove Township (east) Addison Township, DuPage County (southeast) Bloomingdale Township, DuPage County (south) Wayne Township, DuPage County (southwest) Hanover Township (west) Barrington Township (northwest) Cemeteries The township contains Greve Cemetery. Major highways Interstate 90 Interstate 290 U.S. Route 20 Illinois Route 19 Illinois Route 53 Illinois Route 58 Illinois Route 72 Airports and landing strips Marriott Heliport Schaumburg Helistop Schaumburg Regional Airport Lakes George Lake Merkle Lake Moon Lake Unity Lake Volkening Lake Landmarks Busse Woods Forest Preserve Schaumburg Regional Airport Demographics As of the 2020 census there were 134,809 people, 48,588 households, and 33,895 families residing in the township. The population density was 4,355.00 inhabitants per square mile (1,681.47/km2). There were 52,646 housing units at an average density of 1,700.73 per square mile (656.66/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 56.38% White, 4.53% African American, 0.61% Native American, 23.57% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 6.53% from other races, and 8.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.88% of the population. There were 48,588 households, out of which 32.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.75% were married couples living together, 10.25% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 30.24% were non-families. 25.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.22. The township's age distribution consisted of 23.0% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 26% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males. The median income for a household in the township was $83,909, and the median income for a family was $94,590. Males had a median income of $56,219 versus $41,337 for females. The per capita income for the township was $38,698. About 4.2% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over. Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 19001,003—1910954−4.9%1920869−8.9%1930804−7.5%19408607.0%19501,08025.6%196010,587880.3%197050,995381.7%1980103,920103.8%1990127,62522.8%2000134,1145.1%2010131,288−2.1%2020134,8092.7%U.S. Decennial Census Political districts Illinois's 8th congressional district State House District 44 State House District 56 State House District 66 State Senate District 22 State Senate District 28 State Senate District 33 See also Schaumburg Township District Library References "Schaumburg Township, Cook County, Illinois". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved January 10, 2010. United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles United States National Atlas ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Schaumburg Township, Cook County, Illinois ^ a b "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 22, 2023. ^ Bureau, US Census. "Gazetteer Files". Census.gov. Retrieved January 22, 2023. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. External links Schaumburg Township official website City-Data.com Illinois State Archives Township Officials of Illinois Cook County official site vteMunicipalities and communities of Cook County, Illinois, United StatesCounty seat: ChicagoCities Berwyn Blue Island Burbank Calumet City Chicago‡ Chicago Heights Country Club Hills Countryside Des Plaines Elgin‡ Elmhurst‡ Evanston Harvey Hickory Hills Hometown Markham Northlake Oak Forest Palos Heights Palos Hills Park Ridge Prospect Heights Rolling Meadows Map of Illinois highlighting Cook CountyTowns Cicero Villages Alsip Arlington Heights‡ Barrington‡ Barrington Hills‡ Bartlett‡ Bedford Park Bellwood Bensenville‡ Berkeley Bridgeview Broadview Brookfield Buffalo Grove‡ Burnham Burr Ridge‡ Calumet Park Chicago Ridge Crestwood Deer Park‡ Deerfield‡ Dixmoor Dolton East Dundee‡ East Hazel Crest Elk Grove Village‡ Elmwood Park Evergreen Park Flossmoor Ford Heights Forest Park Forest View Frankfort‡ Franklin Park Glencoe Glenview Glenwood Golf Hanover Park‡ Harwood Heights Hazel Crest Hillside Hinsdale‡ Hodgkins Hoffman Estates‡ Homer Glen‡ Homewood Indian Head Park Inverness Justice Kenilworth La Grange La Grange Park Lansing Lemont‡ Lincolnwood Lynwood Lyons Matteson‡ Maywood McCook Melrose Park Merrionette Park Midlothian Morton Grove Mount Prospect Niles Norridge North Riverside Northbrook Northfield Oak Brook‡ Oak Lawn Oak Park Olympia Fields Orland Hills Orland Park‡ Palatine Palos Park Park Forest‡ Phoenix Posen Richton Park River Forest River Grove Riverdale Riverside Robbins Roselle‡ Rosemont Sauk Village‡ Schaumburg‡ Schiller Park Skokie South Barrington South Chicago Heights South Holland Steger‡ Stickney Stone Park Streamwood Summit Thornton Tinley Park‡ University Park‡ Westchester Western Springs Wheeling‡ Willow Springs‡ Wilmette Winnetka Woodridge‡ Worth Townships Barrington Berwyn Bloom Bremen Calumet Cicero Elk Grove Hanover Lemont Leyden Lyons Maine New Trier Niles Northfield Norwood Park Oak Park Orland Palatine Palos Proviso Rich River Forest Riverside Schaumburg Stickney Thornton Wheeling Worth Former: Evanston • Hyde Park • Jefferson • Lake • Lake View • North Chicago • Rogers Park • South Chicago • West Chicago Unincorporatedcommunities Central Stickney Hines Indian Hill La Grange Highlands Nottingham Park Sag Bridge Sutton Other Communities Orchard Place Techny Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Illinois portal United States portal

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As of the 2020 census, its population was 134,809.[2] It is in the north west corner of Cook County.","title":"Schaumburg Township, Cook County, Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaz2021-3"}],"text":"According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Schaumburg Township has a total area of 30.96 square miles (80.19 km2), of which 30.74 square miles (79.62 km2) (or 99.31%) is land and 0.22 square miles (0.57 km2) (or 0.69%) is water.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elk Grove Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Grove_Village,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Hanover Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover_Park,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Hoffman Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffman_Estates,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Rolling 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90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-290.svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_290_(Illinois)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_20.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_19.svg"},{"link_name":"Illinois Route 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_53.svg"},{"link_name":"Illinois Route 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_58.svg"},{"link_name":"Illinois Route 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_72.svg"},{"link_name":"Illinois Route 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_72"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"Interstate 90\n Interstate 290\n U.S. Route 20\n Illinois Route 19\n Illinois Route 53\n Illinois Route 58\n Illinois Route 72","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Airports and landing strips","text":"Marriott Heliport\nSchaumburg Helistop\nSchaumburg Regional Airport","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lakes","text":"George Lake\nMerkle Lake\nMoon Lake\nUnity Lake\nVolkening Lake","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Landmarks","text":"Busse Woods Forest Preserve\nSchaumburg Regional Airport","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native 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The population density was 4,355.00 inhabitants per square mile (1,681.47/km2). There were 52,646 housing units at an average density of 1,700.73 per square mile (656.66/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 56.38% White, 4.53% African American, 0.61% Native American, 23.57% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 6.53% from other races, and 8.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.88% of the population.There were 48,588 households, out of which 32.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.75% were married couples living together, 10.25% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 30.24% were non-families. 25.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.22.The township's age distribution consisted of 23.0% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 26% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males.The median income for a household in the township was $83,909, and the median income for a family was $94,590. Males had a median income of $56,219 versus $41,337 for females. The per capita income for the township was $38,698. 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[{"title":"Schaumburg Township District Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaumburg_Township_District_Library"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Costa_(painter,_born_1833)

Giovanni Battista Costa (painter, born 1833)

["1 Life","2 Gallery","3 References","4 Sources"]

Italian painter, active in Florence (1833–1893) Not to be confused with Giovanni Costa (painter, born 1826). Giovanni Battista Costa (1833–1893), also called Giovanni Costa, was an Italian genre painter. Life Giovanni Battista Costa was born in Livorno on 12 May 1833. He was a student at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze and worked afterwards in Florence, where he died on 6 December 1893. He painted genre scenes and historical costume pictures, especially scenes from ancient Rome and the Orient. Gallery Junges Mädchen im Sessel, 1878 A Fair Maiden An Odalisque with a Red Fan Lady in a Pink Dress Reverie A Young Lady holding a Basket of Flowers Costume dell'impero (woodcut) Odaliske Odalisca, 1884 (woodcut) Profumi e fiori, 1889 References ^ Bénézit 1924, p. 1019. ^ Stolzenburg 2021. Sources Bénézit, Emmanuel (1924). «Costa (Giovanni)». In Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs & graveurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays. Vol. 1. Paris: Ernest Gründ. p. 1019. Chiusa, Maria Cristina (2003). "Costa family". Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Retrieved 7 October 2022. Stolzenburg, Andreas (2021). "Costa, Giovanni Battista (1833)". In Beyer, Andreas; Savoy, Bénédicte; Tegethoff, Wolf (eds.). Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon - Internationale Künstlerdatenbank - Online. K. G. Saur. Retrieved 7 October 2022. "Costa, Giovanni". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. 2011. Oxford Art Online. Retrieved 7 October 2022. Authority control databases International VIAF Artists Musée d'Orsay RKD Artists ULAN People Italian People This article about an Italian painter born in the 19th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giovanni Costa (painter, born 1826)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Costa_(painter,_born_1826)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Giovanni Costa (painter, born 1826).Giovanni Battista Costa (1833–1893), also called Giovanni Costa, was an Italian genre painter.[1]","title":"Giovanni Battista Costa (painter, born 1833)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_di_Firenze"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Giovanni Battista Costa was born in Livorno on 12 May 1833. He was a student at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze and worked afterwards in Florence, where he died on 6 December 1893. He painted genre scenes and historical costume pictures, especially scenes from ancient Rome and the Orient.[2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Costa_-_Junges_M%C3%A4dchen_im_Sessel,_1878.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Costa_-_A_Fair_Maiden.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Costa_-_An_odalisque_with_a_red_fan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Costa_-_Lady_in_a_Pink_Dress.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Costa_-_Reverie.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Costa_-_A_young_lady_holding_a_basket_of_flowers.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Costume_dell%E2%80%99impero,_-_quadro_di_Giovanni_Costa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glaspalast_1888_023.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Odalisca,_quadro_di_Giovanni_Costa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Profumi_e_fiori,_quadro_di_Giovanni_Costa.jpg"}],"text":"Junges Mädchen im Sessel, 1878\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Fair Maiden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn Odalisque with a Red Fan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLady in a Pink Dress\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReverie\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Young Lady holding a Basket of Flowers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCostume dell'impero (woodcut)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOdaliske\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOdalisca, 1884 (woodcut)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProfumi e fiori, 1889","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"«Costa (Giovanni)»","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dictionnairecrit01bene/page/1018/mode/2up?view=theater"},{"link_name":"\"Costa family\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T019737"},{"link_name":"Grove Art Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Art_Online"},{"link_name":"\"Costa, Giovanni Battista (1833)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www-degruyter-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/database/AKL/entry/_10172665/html"},{"link_name":"\"Costa, Giovanni\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00042975"},{"link_name":"Benezit Dictionary of Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benezit_Dictionary_of_Artists"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52498153#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/96059574"},{"link_name":"Musée d'Orsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/123345"},{"link_name":"RKD Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/18591"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500056849"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-costa_res-6a7ddcdb-87eb-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Domenico_Ferretti_-_autoritratto.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Battista_Costa_(painter,_born_1833)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Italy-painter-19thC-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Italy-painter-19thC-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy-painter-19thC-stub"}],"text":"Bénézit, Emmanuel (1924). «Costa (Giovanni)». In Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs & graveurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays. Vol. 1. Paris: Ernest Gründ. p. 1019.\nChiusa, Maria Cristina (2003). \"Costa family\". Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Retrieved 7 October 2022.\nStolzenburg, Andreas (2021). \"Costa, Giovanni Battista (1833)\". In Beyer, Andreas; Savoy, Bénédicte; Tegethoff, Wolf (eds.). Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon - Internationale Künstlerdatenbank - Online. K. G. Saur. Retrieved 7 October 2022.\n\"Costa, Giovanni\". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. 2011. Oxford Art Online. Retrieved 7 October 2022.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nArtists\nMusée d'Orsay\nRKD Artists\nULAN\nPeople\nItalian PeopleThis article about an Italian painter born in the 19th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Gardens,_Portland

Victoria Gardens, Portland

["1 History","2 D-Day Memorial","3 References"]

Coordinates: 50°33′43″N 2°26′50″W / 50.562°N 2.4473°W / 50.562; -2.4473 Victoria Gardens from the Western corner. Victoria Gardens is a public garden, located at Underhill, Isle of Portland, Dorset, England. It is found close to Fortuneswell village and overlooks both Victoria Square and Chiswell. The gardens, which were created to mark the 1897 Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria, have remained a focal point since their opening in 1904. The gardens are made up of grassed and formal bedding areas, with a large rockery running along its centre. There is a children's play area, tennis courts and a bowling green managed by the Portland Victoria Bowls Club. History Victoria Gardens' bowling green. The play area of Victoria Gardens. The idea of transforming the land known as Little Common into a public garden was first suggested in 1896, along with the transformation of another Portland site, Easton Square, into Easton Gardens. Plans for Little Common were drawn up by the surveyor Mr E. J. Elford in 1897 and approved in 1901. Once funding was secured, work began in November 1902 and Victoria Gardens were officially opened on 25 May 1904 by Mr Henry Sansom, Chairman of the Portland Urban District Council. The event was attended by thousands of local residents and visitors, and performances were provided by the Portland Town Band. The original lower gate of the gardens was later replaced by a new set in 1953, made by the inmates of HM Prison The Verne. These were later removed but not replaced until 2015. D-Day Memorial Victoria Gardens' D-Day memorial. In 1944, Portland Harbour and its naval base were commissioned as part of USNAAB Portland-Weymouth, which was used as a major embarkation point for American troops during D-Day, particularly the US 1st Division who embarked for "Omaha Beach" in June 1944. Portland's role in the landings was celebrated on 22 August 1945, when American ambassador John Gilbert Winant unveiled a commemorative stone in the gardens. The plaque attached to the stone reads: "The major part of the American Assault Force which landed on the shores of France on 'D' Day, 6 June 1944, was launched from Portland Harbor. From 6 June 1944 to 7 May 1945, 418,585 troops and 144,093 vehicles were embarked from this harbor. This plaque marks the route which the vehicles and troops took on their way to the points of embarkation. Presented by the 14th major port, U.S. Army." It is signed Harold G. Miller, Major, T.C., Sub Port Commander, and Sherman L Kibor, Colonel, T.C., Port Commander. References ^ a b "Victoria Gardens, Portland". Dorsetforyou.gov.uk. Retrieved 25 August 2018. ^ a b Paul Benyon. "Portland Year Book". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 23 October 2017. ^ Portland Urban District Council (1950s). Isle of Portland Official Guide. Ed. J. Burrow & Co. Ltd., Publishers - Chelternham and London. p. 24. ^ "Victoria Gardens in Portland set to bloom thanks to improvements". Dorset Echo. 17 November 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2017. ^ "History". Portland-port.co.uk. 1 May 1944. Retrieved 23 October 2017. ^ Pomeroy, Colin A. (1995). Military Dorset Today: Second World War Scenes and Settings That Can Still Be Seen 50 Years on. Silver Link Publishing Ltd. p. 138. ISBN 978-1857940770. ^ "Chiswell, Portland, Dorset". Geoffkirby.co.uk. Retrieved 22 March 2013. ^ "Northern Chiswell and Northern Fortuneswell". Geoffkirby.co.uk. Retrieved 23 October 2017. 50°33′43″N 2°26′50″W / 50.562°N 2.4473°W / 50.562; -2.4473 vteIsle of PortlandSettlements and areas Castletown Chiswell Clay Ope Easton Ferry Bridge Fortuneswell The Grove Portland Bill Portland Harbour Southwell Tophill Underhill Victoria Square Wakeham West Cliff Weston Beaches and coastal features Balaclava Bay Cave Hole Chesil Beach Chesil Cove Church Ope Cove Freshwater Bay Hallelujah Bay Little Beach Mutton Cove Portland Raised Beach Pulpit Rock Salt Pans Wallsend Cove Attractions Broadcroft Quarry Nature Reserve Chiswell Earthworks Culverwell Mesolithic Site Fancy's Family Farm Jurassica King Barrow Quarry Nature Reserve Nicodemus Knob Perryfield Quarry Nature Reserve Portland Museum Royal Manor Theatre Tout Quarry Sculpture Park Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy Military Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment Blacknor Fort East Weare Battery East Weare Camp East Weare Rifle Range HMS Osprey Inner Pierhead Fort Ministry of Defence Magnetic Range Portland Breakwater Fort RAF Portland RNAS Portland (HMS Osprey) Royal Naval Hospital Verne Citadel Verne Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery Verne High Angle Battery Castles Pennsylvania Castle Portland Castle Rufus Castle Lighthouses, daymarks and NCI NCI Portland Bill Old Higher Lighthouse Old Lower Lighthouse Portland Bill Lighthouse Portland Breakwater Lighthouse Trinity House Obelisk Prisons HM Prison Portland HM Prison Weare HM Prison The Verne Gardens Chiswell Walled Garden Easton Gardens Governor's Community Garden Victoria Gardens Buildings and houses The Captain's House The Cove House Inn The George Inn Queen Anne House St George's Centre Churches All Saints Church Avalanche Memorial Church Church of Our Lady and St. Andrew Conjurer's Lodge Easton Methodist Church Southwell Methodist Chapel St Andrew's Church St George's Church St. John's Church St. Peter's Church Underhill Methodist Church United Reformed Church Memorials Portland Cenotaph Royal Naval Cemetery Industry Durdle Pier Folly Pier Folly Pier Waterworks Grove Lime Kiln King's Pier Portland stone Portland Windmills Red Crane Southwell Business Park Sureline Verne Cistern Working and disused quarries Bowers Quarry Broadcroft Quarry Coombefield Quarry King Barrow Quarry Perryfield Quarry Tout Quarry Yeolands Quarry Railway Merchant's Railway The Old Engine Shed Portland Branch Railway Sports Portland United F.C. Events Easton Massacre Great Southwell Landslip

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McCallum,_Sr.

David McCallum Sr.

["1 Life and career","2 References","3 External links"]

Scottish musician (1897–1972) David McCallum Sr.Born(1897-03-26)26 March 1897Kilsyth, Stirlingshire, ScotlandDied21 March 1972(1972-03-21) (aged 74)Arundel, Sussex, EnglandAlma materRoyal College of MusicOccupationViolinistSpouseDorothy DormanChildrenDavid McCallumIain McCallum David Fotheringham McCallum (26 March 1897 – 21 March 1972) was the Scottish leader (principal first violinist) of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Scottish National Orchestra. He was also the father of actor David McCallum and of author Iain McCallum. Life and career McCallum was born in Kilsyth, Stirlingshire, to a musical family. He studied at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music, Glasgow, and the Royal College of Music, London, where he studied under Maurice Sons, a pupil of Henryk Wieniawski and leader of the Queen's Hall Orchestra. He modelled his violin playing on Fritz Kreisler. Early in his career, he arranged music for several local silent cinemas. He also played in the cinema trio; and it was here that he met his wife, cellist Dorothy Dorman. In 1922, he broadcast as a solo violinist for the first time. Between 1932 and 1936, he led the Scottish Orchestra in Glasgow under John Barbirolli, then was asked by Sir Thomas Beecham to lead the London Philharmonic Orchestra in succession to Paul Beard, who had joined the BBC Symphony Orchestra. During World War II, McCallum led the National Symphony Orchestra and played with the London Studio Players and the BBC's Overseas Music Unit. After the war, McCallum rejoined Beecham, this time as leader of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. On the First American Tour of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in 1950, Beecham fell ill. McCallum stood in as conductor, and his stint on the conductor's podium earned positive reviews. He had several small roles in films. His hands are seen playing the violin for Stewart Granger in an uncredited role in The Magic Bow (1946). He played the blind fiddler in the film Last Holiday (1950), which starred Alec Guinness. He also appeared as himself in "Prelude to Fame". In 1967, McCallum was one of 40 musicians assembled to perform on the Beatles' track "A Day in the Life". From 1961 to 1971, he was leader of Annunzio Mantovani's orchestra. At this time, his son David McCallum Jr. was at the height of his fame, prompting Mantovani to introduce his leader to audiences with the quip, "We can afford the father but not the son!" Indeed, McCallum Sr. played on several tracks arranged and conducted by his son which featured on the Capitol Records LPs Music...A Part of Me and Music...A Bit More of Me released in 1966. McCallum Sr. died at Arundel in Sussex on 21 March 1972, five days before his 75th birthday. Guitarist Jimmy Page credits McCallum with giving him the idea of playing his guitar with a violin bow according to MTV's Led Zeppelin rockumentary. References ^ Sir Thomas Beecham ^ a b "David McCallum, Violin, Leader". hallowquest.com. 2008. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012. ^ "David McCallum Sr". IMDb. 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012. ^ a b Gilbert, Pat (April 1996). "David McCallum - Open Channel D" (PDF). Record Collector. London: Diamond Publishing. Retrieved 21 April 2012. ^ Led Zeppelin (1990). Led Zeppelin Rockumentary (Television production). MTV. Event occurs at 4:28. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2020. ^ "Jimmy Page: How I Ended Up Playing Guitar With a Violin Bow". ultimate-guitar.com. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2020. External links David McCallum Sr. at IMDb David McCallum Sr. discography at Discogs Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz

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He was also the father of actor David McCallum and of author Iain McCallum.","title":"David McCallum Sr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Malcolm"},{"link_name":"Kilsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilsyth"},{"link_name":"Stirlingshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirlingshire"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Henryk Wieniawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski"},{"link_name":"Queen's Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Hall"},{"link_name":"Fritz Kreisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler"},{"link_name":"Scottish Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"John Barbirolli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barbirolli"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Beecham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Beecham"},{"link_name":"London Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Paul Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Beard_(violinist)"},{"link_name":"BBC Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Royal Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Stewart Granger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Granger"},{"link_name":"The Magic Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Bow"},{"link_name":"Last Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Holiday_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Alec Guinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Guinness"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hallowquest.com-2"},{"link_name":"Prelude to Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_to_Fame"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"A Day in the Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Day_in_the_Life"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fanfromfla.net-4"},{"link_name":"Annunzio Mantovani's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantovani"},{"link_name":"David McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McCallum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hallowquest.com-2"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fanfromfla.net-4"},{"link_name":"Arundel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundel"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"five days before","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_effect"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Page"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"violin bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(music)"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"rockumentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockumentary"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"McCallum was born in Kilsyth, Stirlingshire, to a musical family. He studied at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music, Glasgow, and the Royal College of Music, London, where he studied under Maurice Sons, a pupil of Henryk Wieniawski and leader of the Queen's Hall Orchestra. He modelled his violin playing on Fritz Kreisler.Early in his career, he arranged music for several local silent cinemas. He also played in the cinema trio; and it was here that he met his wife, cellist Dorothy Dorman.In 1922, he broadcast as a solo violinist for the first time. Between 1932 and 1936, he led the Scottish Orchestra in Glasgow under John Barbirolli, then was asked by Sir Thomas Beecham to lead the London Philharmonic Orchestra in succession to Paul Beard, who had joined the BBC Symphony Orchestra.During World War II, McCallum led the National Symphony Orchestra and played with the London Studio Players and the BBC's Overseas Music Unit. After the war, McCallum rejoined Beecham, this time as leader of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. On the First American Tour of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in 1950, Beecham fell ill. McCallum stood in as conductor, and his stint on the conductor's podium earned positive reviews.[1]He had several small roles in films. His hands are seen playing the violin for Stewart Granger in an uncredited role in The Magic Bow (1946). He played the blind fiddler in the film Last Holiday (1950), which starred Alec Guinness.[2] He also appeared as himself in \"Prelude to Fame\".[3]In 1967, McCallum was one of 40 musicians assembled to perform on the Beatles' track \"A Day in the Life\".[4] From 1961 to 1971, he was leader of Annunzio Mantovani's orchestra. At this time, his son David McCallum Jr. was at the height of his fame, prompting Mantovani to introduce his leader to audiences with the quip, \"We can afford the father but not the son!\"[2] Indeed, McCallum Sr. played on several tracks arranged and conducted by his son which featured on the Capitol Records LPs Music...A Part of Me and Music...A Bit More of Me released in 1966.[4]McCallum Sr. died at Arundel in Sussex on 21 March 1972, five days before his 75th birthday.Guitarist Jimmy Page credits McCallum with giving him the idea of playing his guitar with a violin bow according to MTV's Led Zeppelin rockumentary.[5][6]","title":"Life and career"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Cathedral,_Debrecen

St. Anne's Cathedral, Debrecen

["1 See also","2 References"]

Coordinates: 47°31′37″N 21°37′48″E / 47.5269°N 21.6300°E / 47.5269; 21.6300Church in Debrecen, HungarySt. Anne's CathedralSzent Anna székesegyházLocationDebrecenCountry HungaryDenominationRoman Catholic Church The St. Anne's Cathedral (Hungarian: Szent Anna székesegyház) also called Debrecen Cathedral It is a Catholic religious building that since 1993 works as the cathedral of the Diocese of Debrecen-Nyíregyháza, is located in the city of Debrecen, Hungary. The baroque church was built in 1721, commissioned by Cardinal Imre Csáky, by the Milanese architect Giovanni Battista Carlone and dedicated to St. Anne in 1746. In 1811 the church tower was damaged by fire in 1834 and were built the two towers projected by Ferenc Povolny. In 1928 new entrances were added and restoration works were being renovated entrance with the creation of a wide staircase, and the three statues on the facade dedicated to St. Emeric of Hungary, St. Stephen and the Virgin and Child Jesus. See also Roman Catholicism in Hungary List of cathedrals in Hungary St. Anne Internal view References ^ "Szent Anna székesegyház, Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary". Retrieved 21 September 2016. ^ Theatrefacts. TQ Publications. 1976-01-01. ^ "Templom.hu - Templomok és harangok a történelmi Magyarországon | Debrecen, Szent Anna Székesegyház". www.templom.hu. Retrieved 2016-08-29. 47°31′37″N 21°37′48″E / 47.5269°N 21.6300°E / 47.5269; 21.6300

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Cove,_British_Columbia

Beaver Cove, British Columbia

["1 Background","2 See also","3 References"]

Coordinates: 50°32′06″N 126°51′25″W / 50.535°N 126.857°W / 50.535; -126.857 Community in British Columbia, CanadaBeaver CoveCommunityBeaver CoveCoordinates: 50°32′06″N 126°51′25″W / 50.535°N 126.857°W / 50.535; -126.857Country CanadaProvince British ColumbiaTime zonePST Beaver Cove is a small coastal community on Northern Vancouver Island, located on the cove of the same name. It is located at the mouth of the Kokish River, 18 km (11 mi) southeast of Port McNeill and 3 km (2 mi) up the inlet from Telegraph Cove. Background It is the northern terminus of the Englewood Railway, which is named via that of the Wood & English Logging Company, whose former logging camp, now abandoned, was Englewood, on the other side of Beaver Cove from today's community. Also nearby, to the northeast on the southeast shore of Beaver Cove, is the community of Kokish. See also Beaver Cove (disambiguation) References ^ BC Names entry "Beaver Cove (community)" ^ BC Names/GeoBC entry "Kokish (community)" vteCommunities on Vancouver Island Ahousat Bamberton Bamfield Black Creek Bowser Brentwood Bay Buckley Bay Campbell River Cassidy Cedar Central Saanich Chemainus Clo-oose Coal Harbour Cobble Hill Colwood Comox Coombs Courtenay Cowichan Bay Cowichan Station Crofton Cumberland Deep Bay Duncan Errington Esquimalt Fanny Bay French Creek Genoa Bay Gold River Harewood Highlands Holberg Honeymoon Bay Kildonan Koksilah Ladysmith Lake Cowichan Langford Lantzville Malahat Maple Bay Merville Mesachie Lake Metchosin Mill Bay Nanaimo Nanoose Bay Nitinat North Cowichan North Saanich Oak Bay Oceanside Oyster River Parksville Port Alberni Port Alice Port Hardy Port McNeill Port Renfrew Qualicum Beach Quatsino River Jordan Royston Saanich Saanichton Saltair Sayward Sechart Shawnigan Lake Sidney Sooke Tahsis Telegraph Cove Tofino Ucluelet Union Bay Greater Victoria Victoria View Royal Westholme Winter Harbour Woss Youbou Yuquot (Friendly Cove) Zeballos This article about a location in British Columbia, Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"Beaver Cove (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Cove_(disambiguation)"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speers,_Saskatchewan

Speers, Saskatchewan

["1 History","2 Demographics","3 See also","4 References"]

Coordinates: 52°42′35″N 107°33′29″W / 52.70972°N 107.55806°W / 52.70972; -107.55806Village in Saskatchewan, CanadaSpeers, SaskatchewanVillageSpeers, SaskatchewanShow map of SaskatchewanSpeers, SaskatchewanShow map of CanadaCoordinates: 52°25′25″N 107°19′59″W / 52.423505°N 107.332959°W / 52.423505; -107.332959CountryCanadaProvinceSaskatchewanRegionWest-CentralCensus division16Rural MunicipalityDouglasEstablished1913Incorporated (Village)1915Government • Governing bodySpeers Village Council • MayorKenneth Rebeyka • AdministratorDean Nicholson • MP, Carlton Trail—Eagle CreekKelly Block(2021) • MLA, Biggar-Sask ValleyRandy Weekes(2020)Area • Total0.68 km2 (0.26 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total72 • Density105.9/km2 (274/sq mi)Time zoneCSTPostal codeS0M 2V0Area code306HighwaysHighway 40RailwaysCanadian National Railway Speers (2021 population: 72) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Douglas No. 436 and Census Division No. 16. The village is located approximately 50 minutes southeast of the City of North Battleford on Highway 40. The community is named for Charles Wesley Speers, the colonization agent for Western Canada, who came from Eastern Canada to settle at Griswold, Manitoba, in 1884. History Speers incorporated as a village on December 24, 1915. Demographics Population history(1981–2021)YearPop.±%1981114—    1986110−3.5%199191−17.3%199684−7.7%200171−15.5%200674+4.2%201165−12.2%201660−7.7%202172+20.0%Source: Statistics Canada via Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Speers had a population of 72 living in 30 of its 37 total private dwellings, a change of 20% from its 2016 population of 60. With a land area of 0.68 km2 (0.26 sq mi), it had a population density of 105.9/km2 (274.2/sq mi) in 2021. In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Speers recorded a population of 60 living in 26 of its 34 total private dwellings, a -8.3% change from its 2011 population of 65. With a land area of 0.69 km2 (0.27 sq mi), it had a population density of 87.0/km2 (225.2/sq mi) in 2016. See also List of communities in Saskatchewan Villages of Saskatchewan References ^ Municipal Directory System ^ a b "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022. ^ National Archives, Archivia Net, Post Offices and Postmasters ^ Government of Saskatchewan, MRD Home, Municipal Directory System, archived from the original on November 21, 2008 ^ Canadian Textiles Institute. (2005), CTI Determine your provincial constituency, archived from the original on 2007-09-11 ^ Commissioner of Canada Elections, Chief Electoral Officer of Canada (2005), Elections Canada On-line ^ "Urban Municipality Incorporations". Saskatchewan Ministry of Government Relations. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2020. ^ "Saskatchewan Census Population" (PDF). Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2020. ^ "Saskatchewan Census Population". Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved May 31, 2020. ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Saskatchewan)". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2020. Places adjacent to Speers, Saskatchewan Whitkow Keatley Oscar Lake Richard Speers Hafford Maymont Fielding Radisson vteSubdivisions of SaskatchewanSubdivisions Regions Census divisions SARM divisions Municipalities Rural municipalities Communities Cities Towns Villages Resort villages Hamlets Indian reserves Ghost towns Cities Estevan Flin Flon (part) Humboldt Lloydminster (part) Martensville Meadow Lake Melfort Melville Moose Jaw North Battleford Prince Albert Regina Saskatoon Swift Current Warman Weyburn Yorkton Villages Abbey Abernethy Albertville Alida Alvena Annaheim Archerwill Arran Atwater Avonlea Aylesbury Aylsham Bangor Beatty Beechy Belle Plaine Bethune Bjorkdale Bladworth Borden Bracken Bradwell Briercrest Brock Broderick Brownlee Buchanan Buena Vista Bulyea Cadillac Calder Canwood Carievale Caronport Ceylon Chamberlain Chaplin Christopher Lake Clavet Climax Coderre Codette Coleville Conquest Consul Craven Creelman Dafoe Debden Denholm Denzil Dilke Dinsmore Disley Dodsland Dorintosh Drake Drinkwater Dubuc Duff Duval Dysart Earl Grey Ebenezer Edam Edenwold Elbow Elfros Endeavour Englefeld Ernfold Eyebrow Fairlight Fenwood Fillmore Findlater Flaxcombe Forget Fosston Fox Valley Frobisher Frontier Gainsborough Gerald Glaslyn Glen Ewen Glenavon Glenside Golden Prairie Goodeve Goodsoil Goodwater Grayson Halbrite Harris Hawarden Hazenmore Hazlet Heward Hodgeville Holdfast Hubbard Hyas Invermay Jansen Kelliher Kenaston Kendal Kennedy Kenosee Lake Killaly Kincaid Kinley Kisbey Krydor Laird Lake Lenore Lancer Landis Lang Leask Lebret Leoville Leross Liberty Limerick Lintlaw Lipton Loon Lake Loreburn Love Lucky Lake MacNutt Macoun Macrorie Major Makwa Mankota Manor Marcelin Marengo Margo Markinch Marquis Marsden Maryfield Maymont McLean McTaggart Meacham Meath Park Medstead Mendham Meota Mervin Middle Lake Milden Minton Mistatim Montmartre Mortlach Muenster Neilburg Netherhill Neudorf Neville North Portal Odessa Osage Paddockwood Pangman Paradise Hill Parkside Paynton Pelly Pennant Perdue Pierceland Pilger Pleasantdale Plenty Plunkett Prelate Prud'homme Punnichy Quill Lake Quinton Rama Rhein Richard Richmound Ridgedale Riverhurst Roche Percee Ruddell Rush Lake Sceptre Sedley Semans Senlac Shamrock Sheho Shell Lake Silton Simpson Smeaton Smiley Spalding Speers Spy Hill St. Benedict St. Gregor St. Louis Stenen Stewart Valley Stockholm Storthoaks Strongfield Success Tantallon Tessier Theodore Togo Tompkins Torquay Tramping Lake Tugaske Tuxford Val Marie Valparaiso Vanguard Vanscoy Vibank Viscount Waldeck Waldron Waseca Webb Weekes Weirdale Weldon White Fox Wilcox Windthorst Wiseton Wood Mountain Yarbo Young Zelma Zenon Park Topics Culture Economy First Nations Geography Government History Regions Tourist attractions Category  Canada portal WikiProject vteDivision No. 16, SaskatchewanCities North Battleford Towns Big River Blaine Lake Hafford Radisson Shellbrook Spiritwood Villages Borden Canwood Debden Denholm Krydor Leask Leoville Marcelin Maymont Medstead Parkside Rabbit Lake Richard Ruddell Shell Lake Speers Resort villages Big Shell Echo Bay Pebble Baye Rural municipalities Great Bend 405 Mayfield 406 Blaine Lake 434 Redberry 435 Douglas 436 North Battleford 437 Leask 464 Meeting Lake 466 Round Hill 467 Shellbrook 493 Canwood 494 Spiritwood 496 Medstead 497 Big River 555 Crown colonies North Battleford Crown Colony First Nations Ahtahkakoop Big River Lac La Ronge Lucky Man Mistawasis Nêhiyawak Muskeg Lake Pelican Lake Saulteaux Sturgeon Lake Sweetgrass Witchekan Lake Indian reserves Ahtahkakoop 104 Asimakaniseekan Askiy 102A 102B Atim Ka-mihkosit Big River 118 118A Chitek Lake 191 Gold Eagle Little Red River 106D Lucky Man Mistawasis 103 Muskeg Lake 102B 102D 102E 102F 102G Muskeg Lake Cree Nation 102 Pelican Lake 191A 191B Saulteaux 159A Sturgeon Lake 101 Sweet Grass 113-L6 Witchekan Lake 117 117D Unorganized areas Prince Albert National Park Unincorporatedcommunities See also: Municipalities in Saskatchewan Census divisions of Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Association of Rural Municipalities 52°42′35″N 107°33′29″W / 52.70972°N 107.55806°W / 52.70972; -107.55806 This article about a location in the Census Division No. 16 of Saskatchewan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty,_Kentucky

Poverty, Kentucky

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 37°34′15″N 87°19′16″W / 37.57083°N 87.32111°W / 37.57083; -87.32111Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United States Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesPoverty, KentuckyUnincorporated communityPovertyShow map of KentuckyPovertyShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 37°34′15″N 87°19′16″W / 37.57083°N 87.32111°W / 37.57083; -87.32111CountryUnited StatesStateKentuckyCountyMcLeanElevation400 ft (100 m)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)GNIS feature ID508866 Poverty is an unincorporated community located in McLean County, Kentucky, United States. Poverty was named by William Short, a local physician who strongly disliked his snobbish neighbors. The neighbors had formed a society called "the Social Circle" whose membership conferred a perceived high social status. Poverty was meant to be an insult. Poverty has been noted for its unusual place name. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Poverty, Kentucky ^ Rennick, Robert M. (2013). Kentucky Place Names. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813144016. ^ Strecker, Zoe; Finch, Jackie Sheckler (July 1, 2009). Kentucky Off the Beaten Path. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7627-5790-9. vteMunicipalities and communities of McLean County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: CalhounCities Calhoun Island Livermore Sacramento Location of McLean County, KentuckyCDP Beech Grove Unincorporatedcommunities Buel Buttonsberry Cleopatra Congleton Glenville Guffie Lemon Nuckols Poverty Rumsey Semiway Wyman Kentucky portal United States portal This McLean County, Kentucky state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives,_District_201

Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 201

["1 Representatives","2 Recent election results","3 References"]

American legislative district Pennsylvania's 201st StateHouse of RepresentativesdistrictRepresentative  Stephen KinseyD–Philadelphia The 201st Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Philadelphia County and includes the following areas: Ward 17 Ward 49 Ward 59 Representatives Representative Party Years District home Note Prior to 1969, seats were apportioned by county. Francis J. Rush Democrat 1969 – 1972 David P. Richardson Democrat 1973 – 1995 Died 18 August 1995. John L. Myers Democrat 1995 – 2013 Elected November 7, 1995 to fill vacancy. Sworn in 21 November 1995. Stephen Kinsey Democrat 2013 – present Incumbent Recent election results PA House election, 2022:Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 201 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Stephen Kinsey Unopposed Total votes 20,235 100.00 Democratic hold References Cox, Harold (2004). "Legislatures - 1776-2004". Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University. ^ "Composite Listing of House of Representatives Districts" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of State. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ Cox, Harold (November 3, 2004). "Pennsylvania House of Representatives - 1995-1996" (PDF). Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University. ^ Cox, Harold (November 3, 2004). "Pennsylvania House of Representatives - 1995-1996" (PDF). Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University. vte Pennsylvania House of RepresentativesTopics Members Speaker of the House Elections 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Districts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 This article related to the politics of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Pennsylvania-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClek,_Manavgat

Sülek, Manavgat

["1 References"]

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Turkish. (July 2012) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Turkish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated|tr|Sülek, Manavgat}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Neighbourhood in Manavgat, Antalya, TurkeySülekNeighbourhoodCountryTurkeyProvinceAntalyaDistrictManavgatPopulation (2022)1,105Time zoneTRT (UTC+3) Sülek is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Manavgat, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,105 (2022). References ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 22 May 2023. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 22 May 2023. vteNeighbourhoods of Manavgat District Ahmetler Aksaz Altınkaya Aşağıhisar Aşağıışıklar Aşağıpazarcı Aydınevler Bahçelievler Ballıbucak Belenobası Bereket Beşkonak Beydiğin Boztepe Bucakşeyhler Büklüce Burmahan Çağlayan Çakış Çaltepe Çardakköy Çavuşköy Çayyazı Çeltikçi Çenger Cevizler Çolaklı Değirmenözü Demirciler Denizkent Denizyaka Dikmen Doğançam Dolbazlar Düzağaç Emek Eski Hisar Evrenleryavşı Evrenseki Gaziler Gebece Gençler Gültepe Gündoğdu Güzelyalı Hacıali Hacıisalı Hacıobası Halitağalar Hatipler Hocalar Hocalı Ilıca Kadılar Kalemler Karabucak Karabük Karacalar Karakaya Karaöz Karavca Kasaplar Kavaklı Kırkkavak Kısalar Kızılağaç Kızıldağ Kızılot Milli Egemenlık Mimarsinan Namaras Odaönü Örenşehir Örnek Oymapınar Perakende Sağırin Salkım Evler Salur Sanayi Saraçlı Sarılar Şelale Sevinçköy Seydiler Side Sırtköy Şişeler Sorgun Sülek Taşağıl Taşkesiği Tepeköy Tilkiler Ulukapı Uzunkale Uzunlar Yalçıdibi Yavrudoğan Yayla Yaylaalan Yeniköy Yeşilbağ Yukarıhisar Yukarıışıklar Yukarıpazarcı This geographical article about a location in Antalya Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montaza,_Alexandria

Montaza

["1 Etymology","2 Montaza district","3 Montaza Park","4 See also","5 References"]

Coordinates: 31°17′N 30°01′E / 31.28°N 30.02°E / 31.28; 30.02District and park in Alexandria, Egypt Near Montaza Palace Montaza (Egyptian Arabic: المنتزه) is the name of both a district and a park in Alexandria, Egypt. The district includes the park, but the two are legally distinct. Etymology "Montaza" does mean "park", but like most words in Arabic there is an essence that is missing by literal English translation. It can only be understood with a greater awareness of the root: "nuzha" (Arabic: نزهة). This means variably - to be far, untouched, unblemished, and free. Thus "montaza" takes meanings such as promenade, walk, stroll; recreation ground; park. Montaza district The Montaza district (Arabic: حي المنتزه Ḥayy al-Muntazah) is a local government district of Alexandria Governorate on the northeastern end of the city along the coast. Besides the neighborhood-sized park of Montaza which gives it its name, Montaza district includes the neighborhoods of Soyof, El Falaky, El Mandara, Sidi Bishr, Maamora, Khurshid, Abu Qir and parts of Asafra. With a population of approximately 1.2 million, the Montaza district is the largest district of the governorate by population. The Montaza district administrative building is in Sidi Bishr, at the intersection of Masgid Sidi Bishr and Malak Hefni Streets, near the Sidi Bishr tram station. The building was damaged by fire during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011; the building had contained a police station, which, like police stations across Egypt, was a particular target for protesters. Montaza Park Bridge in the Montaza Gardens The neighborhood of Montaza is at the far northeast end of Montaza District, along the coast. Built under the monarchy, it is a favored tourist spot on account of its sizable gardens and palaces left by its royal heritage; the Egyptian government charges a nominal fee (LE 25 as of 2018). Montaza Palace, which gives the park its name, was constructed during the reign of the Khedive Abbas II, the royal family's habit of summering in the palace eventually drew wealthy Egyptians and foreigners to the same location (although foreigners in general tended to congregate at the opposite end of the city, in Agami). It is considered to be quite exclusive to be in possession of a cabin in the Montaza. It can not be bought and is usually passed down from generation to generation. There are several different "suburbs" within the Montaza, the most exclusive being Aida. Montaza also plays host to a noted clock tower and two old hotels (the Helnan Palestine and Salamlek Palace). The Sheraton Montazah is actually across the street from the park, in the neighborhood of Mandara. See also Neighborhoods in Alexandria References ^ These are according to Hans Wehr. vteDistricts & Neighborhoods in AlexandriaFirst Montaza district Sidi Bishr Miami El Soyof Second Montaza district Asafra El Maamora El Mandara Abu Qir Eastern district Bakos Bolkly Cleopatra El Saraya Shods Fleming Gianaclis Glim Kafr Abdu Louran Roshdy Saba Pasha Safar San Stefano Smouha Zezenia Sidi Gaber Sporting Stanley Tharwat Victoria Central district Camp Chezar Azarita El Atareen Mahatet El Raml Moharam Bek Shatby Al Hadrah El Ibrahimiyya Kom El Deka El Gomrok district Anfoushi Bahary El Labban El Manshiyya Western district El Qabary Karmoz Wardeyan El Agami district El Max Dekhela First Amreya district Margham Second Amreya district King Mariout 31°17′N 30°01′E / 31.28°N 30.02°E / 31.28; 30.02

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The district includes the park, but the two are legally distinct.","title":"Montaza"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Language"},{"link_name":"translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation"},{"link_name":"root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"Montaza\" does mean \"park\", but like most words in Arabic there is an essence that is missing by literal English translation. It can only be understood with a greater awareness of the root: \"nuzha\" (Arabic: نزهة). This means variably - to be far, untouched, unblemished, and free. Thus \"montaza\" takes meanings such as promenade, walk, stroll; recreation ground; park.[1]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"local government district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Alexandria Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Soyof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyof"},{"link_name":"El Mandara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mandara"},{"link_name":"Sidi Bishr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Bishr"},{"link_name":"Maamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maamora"},{"link_name":"Asafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asafra"},{"link_name":"Sidi Bishr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Bishr"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Revolution of 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011"}],"text":"The Montaza district (Arabic: حي المنتزه Ḥayy al-Muntazah) is a local government district of Alexandria Governorate on the northeastern end of the city along the coast. Besides the neighborhood-sized park of Montaza which gives it its name, Montaza district includes the neighborhoods of Soyof, El Falaky, El Mandara, Sidi Bishr, Maamora, Khurshid, Abu Qir and parts of Asafra. With a population of approximately 1.2 million, the Montaza district is the largest district of the governorate by population.The Montaza district administrative building is in Sidi Bishr, at the intersection of Masgid Sidi Bishr and Malak Hefni Streets, near the Sidi Bishr tram station. The building was damaged by fire during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011; the building had contained a police station, which, like police stations across Egypt, was a particular target for protesters.","title":"Montaza district"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MONTAZA_GARDENS_BRIDGE,_ALEXANDRIA,_EGYPT.jpg"},{"link_name":"under the monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"LE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pound"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montaza&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Montaza Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montaza_Palace"},{"link_name":"Khedive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedive"},{"link_name":"Abbas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Agami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agami"},{"link_name":"Sheraton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheraton_Hotels"}],"text":"Bridge in the Montaza GardensThe neighborhood of Montaza is at the far northeast end of Montaza District, along the coast. Built under the monarchy, it is a favored tourist spot on account of its sizable gardens and palaces left by its royal heritage; the Egyptian government charges a nominal fee (LE 25 as of 2018[update]). Montaza Palace, which gives the park its name, was constructed during the reign of the Khedive Abbas II, the royal family's habit of summering in the palace eventually drew wealthy Egyptians and foreigners to the same location (although foreigners in general tended to congregate at the opposite end of the city, in Agami). It is considered to be quite exclusive to be in possession of a cabin in the Montaza. It can not be bought and is usually passed down from generation to generation. There are several different \"suburbs\" within the Montaza, the most exclusive being Aida.Montaza also plays host to a noted clock tower and two old hotels (the Helnan Palestine and Salamlek Palace). The Sheraton Montazah is actually across the street from the park, in the neighborhood of Mandara.","title":"Montaza Park"}]

[{"image_text":"Near Montaza Palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/At_monatza_palace.jpg/220px-At_monatza_palace.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bridge in the Montaza Gardens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MONTAZA_GARDENS_BRIDGE%2C_ALEXANDRIA%2C_EGYPT.jpg/260px-MONTAZA_GARDENS_BRIDGE%2C_ALEXANDRIA%2C_EGYPT.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Neighborhoods in Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria#Neighbourhoods"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bottle,_Alabama

The Bottle, Alabama

["1 History","2 Today","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources"]

Coordinates: 32°40′34″N 85°29′11″W / 32.67611°N 85.48639°W / 32.67611; -85.48639 Unincorporated community in Alabama, United StatesThe BottleUnincorporated communityA 1924 picture of "The Bottle"The BottleShow map of AlabamaThe BottleShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 32°40′34″N 85°29′11″W / 32.67611°N 85.48639°W / 32.67611; -85.48639CountryUnited StatesStateAlabamaCountyLeeElevation761 ft (232 m)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (EDT)GNIS feature ID153675 The Bottle is a community located in the northern corporate limits of Auburn, Alabama, United States. The Bottle is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 280 and Alabama Highway 147, five miles (8.0 km) north of downtown Auburn, and adjacent to the Auburn University North Fisheries Research Complex. The Bottle is located at 32°40′34″N 85°29′11″W; its elevation is 760 feet (230 m). The Bottle is named for the bright orange wooden replica of a Nehi soda bottle which stood in the location from 1924 to 1936. It has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names. History Built in 1924, and billed as "the world's largest bottle", The Bottle (sometimes referred to as The "Nehi Inn") was built by John F. Williams, owner of the Nehi Bottling Company, in Opelika, Alabama. The Bottle stood 64 feet (20 m) tall, and measured forty-nine feet (15 m) in diameter at the base, and 16 feet (4.9 m) at the cap. The ground floor was a grocery store and service station, and the second and third floors were living quarters and storage. The neck of the Bottle had windows so as to be used as an observation tower. The "bottle cap" was the roof. Inside there was a spiral oak stairway. The Bottle became a gathering place for tourists and locals alike to swap yarns and have parties every Friday night on the balcony above the service station. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt stopped briefly at The Bottle after visiting Auburn, as did Grand Ole Opry comedian Minnie Pearl. According to a 2001 account by W. A. "Arthur" Wood, The Bottle burned at 5:00 one morning in fall 1936. However, multiple contemporary newspapers claim The Bottle burned down in 1933, 1935, or 1937. Although the structure no longer exists, a historic plaque and a photograph mark the location, and Alabama maps still list the area as "The Bottle". Today Currently, The Bottle's former location is only an empty lot. The property was put on sale in 2005. The land was purchased in early 2006 by the Hayley Redd Development Company. Gallery The Auburn Heritage Association held a historic marker dedication for "The Bottle" on April 25, 2015, at the corner of U.S. Highway 280 and Alabama Highway 147 (North College Street), which is the original location of "The Bottle". "The Bottle" (2006) See also Milk Bottle Grocery Unusual place names References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: The Bottle, Alabama ^ Duncan, Andy (2005). Alabama Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff. Globe Pequot. pp. xii. ISBN 9780762730889. ^ a b c Buckner, Brett (May 6, 2001). "The storied past of a piece of Auburn 'pop' culture". Opelika-Auburn News. ^ ebook by Jill Marci Sybalsky titled Jill Marci and Her Ancestors Maternal Side (Library Edition) ^ "The Bottle". Lee County Bulletin. July 22, 1937. ^ Thursday, April 23, 2015, The Auburn Villager by Katy Thorson interviewing Jill Sybalsky and Anne Booth "Locals to remember 'The Bottle' in dedication" Sources Logue, Mickey & Simms, Jack (1996). Auburn: A Pictorial History of the Loveliest Village, Revised. Auburn, Ala. ISBN 1-885860-08-0 vteGreater Columbus, GeorgiaCentral cities/largest cities Columbus Auburn Location of the Columbus, Georgia-Auburn, Alabama CSA and its counties:   Columbus, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area   Auburn, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area   Tuskegee, Alabama Micropolitan Statistical Area (defunct)Cities in Georgia Buena Vista Cataula Columbus Cusseta Ellerslie Fort Benning South Fortson Hamilton Hopewell Juniper Mountain Hill Mulberry Grove Ossahatchie Pine Mountain Pine Mountain Valley Rehobeth Ridgeway Shiloh Waverly Hall West Point Whitesville Cities in Alabama Beauregard Bee Hive Beulah Cusseta Fort Mitchell Glenville Gold Hill Holy Trinity Hurtsboro Ladonia LaFayette Lanett Loachapoka Marvyn Notasulga Opelika Phenix City Roxana Salem Seale Smiths Station The Bottle Valley Waverly Counties in Georgia Chattahoochee Harris Marion Muscogee Counties in Alabama Chambers Lee Russell vteMunicipalities and communities of Lee County, Alabama, United StatesCounty seat: OpelikaCities Auburn Opelika Phenix City‡ Smiths Station Map of Alabama highlighting Lee CountyTowns Loachapoka Notasulga‡ Waverly‡ Unincorporatedcommunities Beauregard Bee Hive Beulah Chewacla Gold Hill Hopewell Marvyn Roxana Salem The Bottle Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Alabama portal United States portal Unincorporated community in Alabama, United States

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The Bottle is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 280 and Alabama Highway 147, five miles (8.0 km) north of downtown Auburn, and adjacent to the Auburn University North Fisheries Research Complex.The Bottle is located at 32°40′34″N 85°29′11″W; its elevation is 760 feet (230 m).The Bottle is named for the bright orange wooden replica of a Nehi soda bottle which stood in the location from 1924 to 1936. 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Williams, owner of the Nehi Bottling Company, in Opelika, Alabama. The Bottle stood 64 feet (20 m) tall, and measured forty-nine feet (15 m) in diameter at the base, and 16 feet (4.9 m) at the cap. The ground floor was a grocery store and service station, and the second and third floors were living quarters and storage. The neck of the Bottle had windows so as to be used as an observation tower. The \"bottle cap\" was the roof. Inside there was a spiral oak stairway. The Bottle became a gathering place for tourists and locals alike to swap yarns and have parties every Friday night on the balcony above the service station.[3]President Franklin Delano Roosevelt stopped briefly at The Bottle after visiting Auburn, as did Grand Ole Opry comedian Minnie Pearl.[3]According to a 2001 account by W. A. \"Arthur\" Wood, The Bottle burned at 5:00 one morning in fall 1936.[3] However, multiple contemporary newspapers claim The Bottle burned down in 1933, 1935, or 1937.[4][5]Although the structure no longer exists, a historic plaque and a photograph mark the location, and Alabama maps still list the area as \"The Bottle\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Currently, The Bottle's former location is only an empty lot. The property was put on sale in 2005. The land was purchased in early 2006 by the Hayley Redd Development Company.","title":"Today"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:03-26-17_The_Bottle,_Alabama_(Historic_Marker).jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Bottle_Alabama_Current.jpg"}],"text":"The Auburn Heritage Association held a historic marker dedication for \"The Bottle\" on April 25, 2015, at the corner of U.S. Highway 280 and Alabama Highway 147 (North College Street), which is the original location of \"The Bottle\".[6]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"The Bottle\" (2006)","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-885860-08-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885860-08-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Columbus_Auburn_Opelika"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Columbus_Auburn_Opelika"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Columbus_Auburn_Opelika"},{"link_name":"Greater Columbus, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus%E2%80%93Auburn%E2%80%93Opelika,_GA%E2%80%93AL_CSA"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbus,_ga-auburn,_al_metro_area_map.png"},{"link_name":"Buena 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Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Ossahatchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossahatchie,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Pine Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Mountain,_Harris_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Pine Mountain Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Mountain_Valley,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Rehobeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehoboth,_Harris_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Ridgeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgeway,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Shiloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh,_Harris_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Waverly Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverly_Hall,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Whitesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitesville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Beauregard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauregard,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Bee 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Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Hurtsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurtsboro,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Ladonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladonia,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"LaFayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaFayette,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Lanett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanett,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Loachapoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loachapoka,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Marvyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvyn,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Notasulga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notasulga,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Opelika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opelika,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Phenix City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenix_City,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Roxana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxana,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Seale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seale,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Smiths Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiths_Station,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"The Bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Waverly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverly,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Chattahoochee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattahoochee_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Muscogee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lee_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lee_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lee_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Lee County, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"County seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Opelika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opelika,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Opelika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opelika,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Phenix City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenix_City,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Smiths Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiths_Station,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"Loachapoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loachapoka,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Notasulga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notasulga,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Waverly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverly,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Unincorporatedcommunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Beauregard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauregard,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Bee Hive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Hive,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Beulah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beulah,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Chewacla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewacla,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Gold Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Hill,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Hopewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell,_Lee_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Marvyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvyn,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Roxana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxana,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"The Bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Alabama portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Alabama_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"}],"text":"Logue, Mickey & Simms, Jack (1996). Auburn: A Pictorial History of the Loveliest Village, Revised. Auburn, Ala. ISBN 1-885860-08-0vteGreater Columbus, GeorgiaCentral cities/largest cities\nColumbus\nAuburn\nLocation of the Columbus, Georgia-Auburn, Alabama CSA and its counties:   Columbus, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area   Auburn, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area   Tuskegee, Alabama Micropolitan Statistical Area (defunct)Cities in Georgia\nBuena Vista\nCataula\nColumbus\nCusseta\nEllerslie\nFort Benning South\nFortson\nHamilton\nHopewell\nJuniper\nMountain Hill\nMulberry Grove\nOssahatchie\nPine Mountain\nPine Mountain Valley\nRehobeth\nRidgeway\nShiloh\nWaverly Hall\nWest Point\nWhitesville\nCities in Alabama\nBeauregard\nBee Hive\nBeulah\nCusseta\nFort Mitchell\nGlenville\nGold Hill\nHoly Trinity\nHurtsboro\nLadonia\nLaFayette\nLanett\nLoachapoka\nMarvyn\nNotasulga\nOpelika\nPhenix City\nRoxana\nSalem\nSeale\nSmiths Station\nThe Bottle\nValley\nWaverly\nCounties in Georgia\nChattahoochee\nHarris\nMarion\nMuscogee\nCounties in Alabama\nChambers\nLee\nRussellvteMunicipalities and communities of Lee County, Alabama, United StatesCounty seat: OpelikaCities\nAuburn\nOpelika\nPhenix City‡\nSmiths Station\nMap of Alabama highlighting Lee CountyTowns\nLoachapoka\nNotasulga‡\nWaverly‡\nUnincorporatedcommunities\nBeauregard\nBee Hive\nBeulah\nChewacla\nGold Hill\nHopewell\nMarvyn\nRoxana\nSalem\nThe Bottle\nFootnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties\nAlabama portal\nUnited States portalUnincorporated community in Alabama, United States","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Location of the Columbus, Georgia-Auburn, Alabama CSA and its counties:   Columbus, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area   Auburn, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area   Tuskegee, Alabama Micropolitan Statistical Area (defunct)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/Columbus%2C_ga-auburn%2C_al_metro_area_map.png/250px-Columbus%2C_ga-auburn%2C_al_metro_area_map.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Alabama highlighting Lee County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Lee_County.svg/63px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Lee_County.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Milk Bottle Grocery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_Bottle_Grocery"},{"title":"Unusual place names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_names_considered_unusual"}]

[{"reference":"Duncan, Andy (2005). Alabama Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff. Globe Pequot. pp. xii. ISBN 9780762730889.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nLRnNqcevcEC&pg=PR12","url_text":"Alabama Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762730889","url_text":"9780762730889"}]},{"reference":"Buckner, Brett (May 6, 2001). \"The storied past of a piece of Auburn 'pop' culture\". Opelika-Auburn News.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Bottle\". Lee County Bulletin. July 22, 1937.","urls":[]}]

[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Bottle,_Alabama&params=32_40_34_N_85_29_11_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"32°40′34″N 85°29′11″W / 32.67611°N 85.48639°W / 32.67611; -85.48639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Bottle,_Alabama&params=32_40_34_N_85_29_11_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"32°40′34″N 85°29′11″W / 32.67611°N 85.48639°W / 32.67611; -85.48639"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/153675","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: The Bottle, Alabama"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nLRnNqcevcEC&pg=PR12","external_links_name":"Alabama Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_La_Laguna,_Solol%C3%A1

San Juan La Laguna

["1 Local economy","2 Ethnic history","3 Local Dialects","4 Post-Civil War","5 References"]

Coordinates: 14°42′N 91°17′W / 14.700°N 91.283°W / 14.700; -91.283Municipality and town in Sololá, GuatemalaSan Juan La Laguna Xe' Kuku' Juyu'Municipality and townSan Juan La LagunaSan Juan La Lagunalocation in GuatemalaCoordinates: 14°42′N 91°17′W / 14.700°N 91.283°W / 14.700; -91.283Country GuatemalaDepartmentSololáGovernment • Typemunicipal • MayorAntonio Chavajay IxtamerArea • Total3,718 km2 (1,436 sq mi)Lowest elevation1,562 m (5,125 ft)Population (2002) • Total10,177 • Density27,372/km2 (70,890/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central Time)Postal code07017Country calling code502ClimateAw Tz'utujil women demonstrates traditional weaving techniques San Juan La Laguna (Spanish pronunciation: ) is a municipality on the southwest shore of Lago de Atitlán, Sololá, Guatemala. It consists of the village named San Juan La Laguna and three smaller aldeas (small villages) in the nearby mountain. The population is approximately 95% Tz'utujil. Agriculture is most important for the economy, with the service sector growing, especially as the number of tourists increase. The lowest elevation is the shore of Lago Atitlán at 1,562 metres (5,125 ft). The town is notably less popular among tourists and expats, as a local law prohibits outsiders from purchasing land within the municipality. Due to this, visitors to the town can enjoy a more "authentic" experience among the indigenous Tz'utujil population. Local economy San Juan La Laguna is similar to other towns along the lake, in that its population has traditionally subsisted off of the income from the fishing and agriculture industries. Before tourism came to the town around a decade ago, the women would be forced to climb the surrounding mountains to sell their textiles to other communities. Now, San Juan is home to Trama Textiles, a women's weaving co-op consisting of just over a dozen women who make textiles using the traditional Mayan art of backstrap loom weaving. As of 2020, they have partners all over the world who sell their good wholesale, casting a wide net for their products and profit. The fishing industry has taken a hit in recent years, with the lake's fish population steadily declining. This is in part due to the introduction of the non-native Black Bass 1958 in an attempt to attract more recreational fishing tourism. It has since caused disruption of the lake's natural ecosystem, causing the extinction of local bird and fish species. Most fishermen are still able to make a living by taking tourists out in their traditional boats, but worry about the future. The main crops of the area include avocado, coffee, cacao, and corn, though the town is notably lacking in land due to the expropriation of it by the government in response to the global coffee trade boom in the mid-20th century. Ethnic history San Juan La Laguna is populated by an ethnic group called the Tz'utujil, one of 21 Maya ethnic groups. The Tz'utujil speak a language of the same name, Tz'utuijil, and share the coast of Lake Atitlán with another Maya ethnic group, the Kaqchikel. According to the Popol Vuh, the Título de Sacapulas, and other sixteenth-century Chronicles, the lords of the Tz'ikinjay or "Bird-House" nation or Amaq' who founded the Tz'utujil state did not come to the region until the Late Postclassic period. At least two Kaqchikel chronicles from that, the Annals of the Cakchiquels and one of the Títulos Xpantzay and at least one K'ichee' chronicle, the Tz'utujils led by the Tz'ikinjay controlled of the entire lake until the mid-fifteenth century, when they were defeated by the Kaqchikels, while the Kaqchikels were still soldier-subalterns subject to the K'ichee' state. According to the Kaqchikel documents, the Kaqchikels were able to conquer some of the Tz'utujil territory and divided the lake and towns in half with the Tz'utujils. The K'ichee' document, on the other hand, claims that the K'ichee' took half the lake. In Pre-Columbian times, the Tz'utujil nation's capital was a town near Santiago Atitlán known both as Chiya' ("At the Water") and by the name of the ruling chinamit, "Tzikinjaay," which was conquered in 1523 by the Spanish conquistador, Pedro de Alvarado, with the help of the nearby Kaqchikel. The site of the ruins of the old capital, located atop a lake-front hill at the base of Volcán San Pedro, just west of Santiago Atitlán across a narrow inlet, has been known for centuries as Chuitinamit, "the walled-town above." Local Dialects Foreign linguists since at least Jon P. Dayley have tended to study and promote the "linguistically conservative" Tz'utujil dialect of San Juan La Laguna, especially when compared to the "phonological innovation" of the Atiteco dialect, which tends to diphthongize vowels, while every other municipal dialect retains a more original K'iche'an system of 5 long and 5 short vowels. It is noteworthy that the original Proyecto Lingüístico Francisco Marroquín team that worked to document Tzutujil in the 1970s included at least two native-speakers from San Juan, alongside at least two from Santiago Atitlán. And while the main offices of the Tz'utujil linguistic community for the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala are located in San Pedro La Laguna, the ALMG-Tz'utujil used to promote the syllable-internal pre-consonantal velar fricative /-j/ (corresponding to in the alphabet of the International Phonetic Alphabet), most common in San Juan La Laguna and the adjacent townships of Santa María Visitación, San Pablo La Laguna, and to a lesser extent, San Pedro La Laguna, as a critically distinctive characteristic of Tz'utujil, which had later been lost in Santiago and among young people in San Pedro. Despite these facts, residents of Santiago Atitlán, who make about half of the total population of Tz'utujils, sometimes claim to be the only ones who speak the pure form of the language, which they refer to as "qtz'oj'bal" or "our language." They claim that the townspeople of San Pedro La Laguna speak a dialect of Tz'utujil called "Pedrano," while the inhabitants of San Juan La Laguna speak "Juanero." While Tz'utujil is the primary indigenous language of San Juan Laguna, and that language is still spoken as a first language by a majority of the residents of the township's lakeside cabecera or head-town, a notable portion of the population of the township's three main villages, Palestina, Panyevar, and Pasajquim (Pa Saq K'iim), now speak K'ichee'. Located in the mountains west and southwest of the cabecera of San Juan, these three villages began being settled by K'ichee' colonists during the Colonial Period, while San Juan La Laguna was still known as "San Juan Atitlan." The Testamento Ajpopoljay, the only colonial titulo written in the Tz'utujil language known to have survived to the twentieth century, was authored by a Juanero named Jerónimo Mendosa in 1569 and was later presented by his descendants to the Spanish colonial government as part of San Juan's land titles in 1640, during a dispute over land invasions by K'iche' people from Santa Clara La Laguna and Santa Catarina Ixtahuacan. Given that the document has not been locatable by the Archivo General de Centroamérica since the late 1990s, it is presumed to have been stolen after the last known direct consultation with it by a scholar in the early 1990s. Although Guatemalan scholar Mario Crespo M. published an analysis of the document's contents based on a line-by-line preliminary translation of it sometime before 1968, it does not appear that he or anyone else transcribed the actual Tz'utujil text. Robert Carmack reportedly photocopied the document in the 1960s, but that copy has disappeared. Post-Civil War The Guatemalan Civil War was fought between government forces and leftist rebels, the Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA) (Spanish: Organización Revolucionario del Pueblo en Armas). Spanning 36 years between 1960 and 1996, the war devastated the male population of Guatemala, leaving the women with few options to support themselves, their children, and the elderly. This is when the women's weaving cooperations of Guatemala sprouted into existence. San Juan hosts one such co-op, Trama Textiles, which employs just over a dozen women at any given time. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Juan La Laguna. ^ a b Halperin, Eric. "Guatemala: Effect of Tourism in San Juan La Laguna". Pulitzer Center. Pulitzer Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ "Backstrap Weaving". Maya Traditions Foundation. Maya Traditions Foundation. Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ "Trama Textiles". Trama Textiles. Shopify. Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ a b "Lake Atilán". Living Maya Time. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ Dayley, Jon P. Tzutujil Grammar. University of California Publications in Linguistics, Volume 107. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, p. 3. ISBN 0-520-09962-1 ^ Carmack, Robert M. Quichean Civilization: The Ethnohistoric, Ethnographic, and Archaeological Sources. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973, pp. 66-67. ^ Archivo General de Centroamérica. AGC A1.18: Legajo 5942, Expediente 51997, fol. 10v. Appendix XIV. ^ Cardona Caravantes, Karla J. Arqueología, Etnohistoria Y Conflictos De Tierra En La Región Sur Del Lago De Atitlán, Sololá. Guatemala: Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (UVG), Asociación Patronato Vivamos Mejor, Consejo Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (CONAP), and The Nature Conservancy (TNC), December, 2002. vte Sololá Department, GuatemalaCapital Sololá Municipalities Concepción Nahualá Panajachel San Andrés Semetabaj San Antonio Palopó San José Chacayá San Juan La Laguna San Lucas Tolimán San Marcos La Laguna San Pablo La Laguna San Pedro La Laguna Santa Catarina Ixtahuacan Santa Catarina Palopó Santa Clara La Laguna Santa Cruz La Laguna Santa Lucía Utatlán Santa María Visitación Santiago Atitlán Sololá Authority control databases VIAF

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le%C3%B1adores.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weaving_cooperative.jpg"},{"link_name":"[saŋ ˈxwan la laˈɣuna]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Lago de Atitlán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_de_Atitl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Sololá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solol%C3%A1_Department"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Tz'utujil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz%27utujil_people"}],"text":"Municipality and town in Sololá, GuatemalaTz'utujil women demonstrates traditional weaving techniquesSan Juan La Laguna (Spanish pronunciation: [saŋ ˈxwan la laˈɣuna]) is a municipality on the southwest shore of Lago de Atitlán, Sololá, Guatemala. It consists of the village named San Juan La Laguna and three smaller aldeas (small villages) in the nearby mountain. The population is approximately 95% Tz'utujil. Agriculture is most important for the economy, with the service sector growing, especially as the number of tourists increase. The lowest elevation is the shore of Lago Atitlán at 1,562 metres (5,125 ft).The town is notably less popular among tourists and expats, as a local law prohibits outsiders from purchasing land within the municipality. Due to this, visitors to the town can enjoy a more \"authentic\" experience among the indigenous Tz'utujil population.","title":"San Juan La Laguna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pulitzer_Center-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Black Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Bass"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pulitzer_Center-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si-4"}],"text":"San Juan La Laguna is similar to other towns along the lake, in that its population has traditionally subsisted off of the income from the fishing and agriculture industries. Before tourism came to the town around a decade ago, the women would be forced to climb the surrounding mountains to sell their textiles to other communities.[1] Now, San Juan is home to Trama Textiles, a women's weaving co-op consisting of just over a dozen women who make textiles using the traditional Mayan art of backstrap loom weaving.[2] As of 2020, they have partners all over the world who sell their good wholesale, casting a wide net for their products and profit.[3]The fishing industry has taken a hit in recent years, with the lake's fish population steadily declining. This is in part due to the introduction of the non-native Black Bass 1958 in an attempt to attract more recreational fishing tourism. It has since caused disruption of the lake's natural ecosystem, causing the extinction of local bird and fish species.[4] Most fishermen are still able to make a living by taking tourists out in their traditional boats, but worry about the future.[1] The main crops of the area include avocado, coffee, cacao, and corn, though the town is notably lacking in land due to the expropriation of it by the government in response to the global coffee trade boom in the mid-20th century.[4]","title":"Local economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tz'utujil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz%CA%BCutujil_people"},{"link_name":"Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_peoples"},{"link_name":"Kaqchikel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaqchikel_people"},{"link_name":"Popol Vuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popol_Vuh"},{"link_name":"Título de Sacapulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%ADtulo_de_Sacapulas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amaq'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpulli"},{"link_name":"Postclassic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postclassic_period"},{"link_name":"Annals of the Cakchiquels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Cakchiquels"},{"link_name":"Títulos Xpantzay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%ADtulos_Xpantzay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"K'ichee' state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_kingdom_of_Q%CA%BCumarkaj"},{"link_name":"conquistador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conquistado&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"Volcán San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_San_Pedro"},{"link_name":"Chuitinamit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuitinamit&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"San Juan La Laguna is populated by an ethnic group called the Tz'utujil, one of 21 Maya ethnic groups. The Tz'utujil speak a language of the same name, Tz'utuijil, and share the coast of Lake Atitlán with another Maya ethnic group, the Kaqchikel. According to the Popol Vuh, the Título de Sacapulas, and other sixteenth-century Chronicles, the lords of the Tz'ikinjay or \"Bird-House\" nation or Amaq' who founded the Tz'utujil state did not come to the region until the Late Postclassic period. At least two Kaqchikel chronicles from that, the Annals of the Cakchiquels and one of the Títulos Xpantzay and at least one K'ichee' chronicle, the Tz'utujils led by the Tz'ikinjay controlled of the entire lake until the mid-fifteenth century, when they were defeated by the Kaqchikels, while the Kaqchikels were still soldier-subalterns subject to the K'ichee' state. According to the Kaqchikel documents, the Kaqchikels were able to conquer some of the Tz'utujil territory and divided the lake and towns in half with the Tz'utujils. The K'ichee' document, on the other hand, claims that the K'ichee' took half the lake.In Pre-Columbian times, the Tz'utujil nation's capital was a town near Santiago Atitlán known both as Chiya' (\"At the Water\") and by the name of the ruling chinamit, \"Tzikinjaay,\" which was conquered in 1523 by the Spanish conquistador, Pedro de Alvarado, with the help of the nearby Kaqchikel.[7] The site of the ruins of the old capital, located atop a lake-front hill at the base of Volcán San Pedro, just west of Santiago Atitlán across a narrow inlet, has been known for centuries as Chuitinamit, \"the walled-town above.\"","title":"Ethnic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon P. Dayley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jon_P._Dayley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"diphthongize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong"},{"link_name":"Proyecto Lingüístico Francisco Marroquín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLFM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Santiago Atitlán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Atitl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_de_Lenguas_Mayas_de_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"International Phonetic Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"Santa María Visitación","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Visitaci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"San Pablo La Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pablo_La_Laguna"},{"link_name":"San Pedro La Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_La_Laguna"},{"link_name":"Santiago Atitlán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Atitl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"San Pedro La Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_La_Laguna"},{"link_name":"K'ichee'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%27ichee%27&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Testamento Ajpopoljay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Testamento_Ajpopoljay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Archivo General de Centroamérica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo_General_de_Centroam%C3%A9rica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Foreign linguists since at least Jon P. Dayley have tended to study and promote the \"linguistically conservative\" Tz'utujil dialect of San Juan La Laguna, especially when compared to the \"phonological innovation\" of the Atiteco dialect,[5] which tends to diphthongize vowels, while every other municipal dialect retains a more original K'iche'an system of 5 long and 5 short vowels. It is noteworthy that the original Proyecto Lingüístico Francisco Marroquín team that worked to document Tzutujil in the 1970s included at least two native-speakers from San Juan, alongside at least two from Santiago Atitlán.\nAnd while the main offices of the Tz'utujil linguistic community for the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala are located in San Pedro La Laguna, the ALMG-Tz'utujil used to promote the syllable-internal pre-consonantal velar fricative /-j/ (corresponding to [X] in the alphabet of the International Phonetic Alphabet), most common in San Juan La Laguna and the adjacent townships of Santa María Visitación, San Pablo La Laguna, and to a lesser extent, San Pedro La Laguna, as a critically distinctive characteristic of Tz'utujil, which had later been lost in Santiago and among young people in San Pedro.Despite these facts, residents of Santiago Atitlán, who make about half of the total population of Tz'utujils, sometimes claim to be the only ones who speak the pure form of the language, which they refer to as \"qtz'oj'bal\" or \"our language.\" They claim that the townspeople of San Pedro La Laguna speak a dialect of Tz'utujil called \"Pedrano,\" while the inhabitants of San Juan La Laguna speak \"Juanero.\" [8]While Tz'utujil is the primary indigenous language of San Juan Laguna, and that language is still spoken as a first language by a majority of the residents of the township's lakeside cabecera or head-town, a notable portion of the population of the township's three main villages, Palestina, Panyevar, and Pasajquim (Pa Saq K'iim), now speak K'ichee'. Located in the mountains west and southwest of the cabecera of San Juan, these three villages began being settled by K'ichee' colonists during the Colonial Period, while San Juan La Laguna was still known as \"San Juan Atitlan.\" The Testamento Ajpopoljay, the only colonial titulo written in the Tz'utujil language known to have survived to the twentieth century, was authored by a Juanero named Jerónimo Mendosa in 1569 and was later presented by his descendants to the Spanish colonial government as part of San Juan's land titles in 1640, during a dispute over land invasions by K'iche' people from Santa Clara La Laguna and Santa Catarina Ixtahuacan.[6][7] Given that the document has not been locatable by the Archivo General de Centroamérica since the late 1990s, it is presumed to have been stolen after the last known direct consultation with it by a scholar in the early 1990s.[8] Although Guatemalan scholar Mario Crespo M. published an analysis of the document's contents based on a line-by-line preliminary translation of it sometime before 1968, it does not appear that he or anyone else transcribed the actual Tz'utujil text. Robert Carmack reportedly photocopied the document in the 1960s, but that copy has disappeared.","title":"Local Dialects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Organization_of_the_People_in_Arms"}],"text":"The Guatemalan Civil War was fought between government forces and leftist rebels, the Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA) (Spanish: Organización Revolucionario del Pueblo en Armas). Spanning 36 years between 1960 and 1996, the war devastated the male population of Guatemala, leaving the women with few options to support themselves, their children, and the elderly. This is when the women's weaving cooperations of Guatemala sprouted into existence. San Juan hosts one such co-op, Trama Textiles, which employs just over a dozen women at any given time.","title":"Post-Civil War"}]

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[{"reference":"Halperin, Eric. \"Guatemala: Effect of Tourism in San Juan La Laguna\". Pulitzer Center. Pulitzer Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/guatemala-effect-tourism-industry-san-juan-la-laguna","url_text":"\"Guatemala: Effect of Tourism in San Juan La Laguna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Backstrap Weaving\". Maya Traditions Foundation. Maya Traditions Foundation. Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mayatraditions.org/artisans/techniques/backstrap-weaving/","url_text":"\"Backstrap Weaving\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trama Textiles\". Trama Textiles. Shopify. Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tramatextiles.org/","url_text":"\"Trama Textiles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lake Atilán\". Living Maya Time. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://maya.nmai.si.edu/gallery/lake-atitlan","url_text":"\"Lake Atilán\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestone,_Colorado

Firestone, Colorado

["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Points of interest","5 Public Schools","6 Notable people","7 Notable Events","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]

Coordinates: 40°7′53″N 104°56′10″W / 40.13139°N 104.93611°W / 40.13139; -104.93611Town in Colorado, United States Statutory Town in Colorado, United StatesFirestone, ColoradoStatutory TownTown of FirestoneThe Firestone Town Hall. FlagMotto: “A Community In Motion”Location of the Town of Firestone in Weld County, Colorado.FirestoneLocation of the Town of Firestone in the United States.Coordinates: 40°7′53″N 104°56′10″W / 40.13139°N 104.93611°W / 40.13139; -104.93611Country United StatesState ColoradoCountyWeld CountyIncorporated (town)October 8, 1908Government • TypeStatutory Town • BodyFirestone Board of Trustees • MayorDrew PetersonArea • Total14.227 sq mi (36.849 km2) • Land13.568 sq mi (35.141 km2) • Water0.659 sq mi (1.708 km2)Elevation4,970 ft (1,515 m)Population (2020) • Total16,381 • Density1,207/sq mi (466/km2) • Metro328,981 (156th) • CSA3,623,560 (17th) • Front Range5,055,344Time zoneUTC−07:00 (MST) • Summer (DST)UTC−06:00 (MDT)ZIP codes80504, 80520 (PO Box)Area code(s)303, 720FIPS code08-26600GNIS feature ID0180841Websitewww.firestoneco.gov The Town of Firestone is a Statutory Town in southwestern Weld County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 16,381 at the 2020 United States Census, a 61.44% increase since the 2010 United States Census. Firestone is a part of the Greeley, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Front Range Urban Corridor. History The town was named for Jacob Firestone, a landowner. The town was incorporated in 1908. Geography Firestone is located at 40°7′53″N 104°56′10″W / 40.13139°N 104.93611°W / 40.13139; -104.93611 (40.131295, -104.935990), or about 30 miles north of Denver. At the 2020 United States Census, the town had a total area of 9,106 acres (36.849 km2) including 422 acres (1.708 km2) of water. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1910110—192021494.5%193024012.1%19402629.2%195029713.4%1960276−7.1%1970570106.5%19801,204111.2%19901,35812.8%20001,90840.5%201010,147431.8%202016,38161.4%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2010, there were 10,147 people and 3,134 households in the town. The population density was 978.5 inhabitants per square mile (377.8/km2). There were 3,499 housing units at an average density of 337.4 per square mile (130.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 87.8% White, 0.7% African American, 0.8% Native American, 1.4% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, and 3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.2% of the population. There were 621 households in 2000 out of which 44.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.8% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.0% were non-families. 13.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.07 and the average family size was 3.41. In the town, the population was spread out, with 31.7% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 34.6% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 4.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.3 males. In 2000, the median income for a household in the town was $55,313, and the median income for a family was $59,219. Males had a median income of $37,230 versus $30,147 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,428. About 4.7% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.9% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over. Points of interest Firestone has more than thirty-five parks and twelve miles of scenic trail. The Firestone/Legacy Trail runs for more than twelve miles, much of that distance along a railroad right-of-way which once serviced the coal industry. Public Schools Firestone falls within the St. Vrain Valley School District, with three elementary schools (Centennial, Prairie Ridge, and Legacy) and one middle school (Coal Ridge). Students typically attend one of the two high schools that serve the Firestone locale: Mead High School or Frederick High School. Notable people Eric Uptagrafft (born 1966), sport shooter Notable Events In April 2017, an explosion caused by an untapped gas well destroyed a home on Twilight Avenue, killing two people and seriously injuring a third. This incident prompted a state-wide discussion about fracking and drilling throughout the state. On May 24, 2018, the drilling company responsible for the blast, Anadarko Petroleum Corp., announced it had reached a settlement for an undisclosed sum with the family affected by the blast. On June 7, 2021, an EF-2 tornado started on the farmlands of Firestone. It tracked northeast for about 2 miles before heading north away from the town. Minimal damage to crops was recorded. See also Geography portalHistory portalUnited States portalColorado portal Colorado Bibliography of Colorado Index of Colorado-related articles Outline of Colorado List of counties in Colorado List of municipalities in Colorado List of places in Colorado List of statistical areas in Colorado Front Range Urban Corridor North Central Colorado Urban Area Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area Greeley, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area References ^ a b c d e "Active Colorado Municipalities". Colorado Department of Local Affairs. Retrieved October 18, 2021. ^ "Colorado Municipal Incorporations". State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives. December 1, 2004. Retrieved September 2, 2007. ^ a b c d "Decennial Census P.L. 94-171 Redistricting Data". United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "ZIP Code Lookup". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original (JavaScript/HTML) on November 4, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2007. ^ Dawson, John Frank (1954). Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin. Denver, CO: The J. Frank Dawson Publishing Co. p. 21. ^ "Firestone, Colorado". City-Data.com. Retrieved November 7, 2012. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ St. Vrain Valley School District ^ "Eric Uptagraff | Athletes | USA Shooting". Shooting.teamusa.org. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2011. ^ "Anadarko reaches settlement with families of victims, survivors of Firestone house explosion". May 23, 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Firestone, Colorado Town of Firestone website CDOT map of the Town of Firestone Surrounding communities Mead Longmont Firestone Great Plains Frederick vteMunicipalities and communities of Weld County, Colorado, United StatesCounty seat: GreeleyCities Brighton‡ Dacono Evans Fort Lupton Greeley Longmont‡ Northglenn‡ Thornton‡ Map of Colorado highlighting Weld CountyTowns Ault Berthoud‡ Eaton Erie‡ Firestone Frederick Garden City Gilcrest Grover Hudson Johnstown‡ Keenesburg Kersey La Salle Lochbuie‡ Mead Milliken Nunn Pierce Platteville Raymer Severance Windsor‡ CDPs Aristocrat Ranchettes Briggsdale Unincorporatedcommunities Auburn Avalo Carr Cornish Galeton Gill Hereford Highlandlake Ione Lucerne Prospect Valley Puritan Roggen Stoneham Wattenburg Ghost towns Buckingham Dearfield Dick Keota Masters St. Vrain Saint Vrains Serene Sligo Trading posts Fort Jackson Fort Lupton Fort Saint Vrain Fort Vasquez Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Colorado portal United States portal vteState of ColoradoDenver (capital)Topics Bibliography Index Outline Climate change Colleges Coloradans Elections Federal lands Geography Government Historic places History Images Indian reservations Law Lists Military Mountains Municipalities Museums National Forests National Parks Paleontology Prehistoric sites Prehistory Protected areas Railroads Rivers Slavery Statistical areas Symbols Timeline Tourist attractions Towns Trails Transportation Wildernesses Society Abortion Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Gun laws Homelessness LGBT rights Politics Religion Sports Cities Alamosa Arvada Aspen Aurora Black Hawk Boulder Brighton Broomfield Brush Burlington Cañon City Castle Pines Centennial Central City Cherry Hills Village Colorado Springs Commerce City Cortez Craig Cripple Creek Dacono Delta Denver Durango Edgewater Englewood Evans Federal Heights Florence Fort Collins Fort Lupton Fort Morgan Fountain Fruita Glendale Glenwood Springs Golden Grand Junction Greeley Greenwood Village Gunnison Holyoke Idaho Springs La Junta Lafayette Lakewood Lamar Las Animas Leadville Littleton Lone Tree Longmont Louisville Loveland Manitou Springs Monte Vista Montrose Northglenn Ouray Pueblo Rifle Rocky Ford Salida Sheridan Steamboat Springs Sterling Thornton Trinidad Victor Walsenburg Westminster Wheat Ridge Woodland Park Wray Yuma Counties Adams Alamosa Arapahoe Archuleta Baca Bent Boulder Broomfield Chaffee Cheyenne Clear Creek Conejos Costilla Crowley Custer Delta Denver Dolores Douglas Eagle El Paso Elbert Fremont Garfield Gilpin Grand Gunnison Hinsdale Huerfano Jackson Jefferson Kiowa Kit Carson La Plata Lake Larimer Las Animas Lincoln Logan Mesa Mineral Moffat Montezuma Montrose Morgan Otero Ouray Park Phillips Pitkin Prowers Pueblo Rio Blanco Rio Grande Routt Saguache San Juan San Miguel Sedgwick Summit Teller Washington Weld Yuma Regions Central Colorado Eastern Plains Colorado Mineral Belt Colorado Piedmont Colorado Plateau Colorado Western Slope Denver Metropolitan Area Four Corners Region Front Range Urban Corridor High Plains North Central Colorado Urban Area Northwestern Colorado San Luis Valley South-Central Colorado South Central Colorado Urban Area Southern Rocky Mountains Southwest Colorado  Colorado portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statutory Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Colorado#Statutory_town"},{"link_name":"Weld County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COMun-1"},{"link_name":"2020 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"2010 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020_Census-3"},{"link_name":"Greeley, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeley,_CO_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area"},{"link_name":"Front Range Urban Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Range_Urban_Corridor"}],"text":"Town in Colorado, United StatesStatutory Town in Colorado, United StatesThe Town of Firestone is a Statutory Town in southwestern Weld County, Colorado, United States.[1] The town population was 16,381 at the 2020 United States Census, a 61.44% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[3] Firestone is a part of the Greeley, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Front Range Urban Corridor.","title":"Firestone, Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The town was named for Jacob Firestone, a landowner.[6] The town was incorporated in 1908.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"40°7′53″N 104°56′10″W / 40.13139°N 104.93611°W / 40.13139; -104.93611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Firestone,_Colorado&params=40_7_53_N_104_56_10_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-8"},{"link_name":"2020 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020_Census-3"}],"text":"Firestone is located at 40°7′53″N 104°56′10″W / 40.13139°N 104.93611°W / 40.13139; -104.93611 (40.131295, -104.935990),[8] or about 30 miles north of Denver.At the 2020 United States Census, the town had a total area of 9,106 acres (36.849 km2) including 422 acres (1.708 km2) of water.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-9"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[9] of 2010, there were 10,147 people and 3,134 households in the town. The population density was 978.5 inhabitants per square mile (377.8/km2). There were 3,499 housing units at an average density of 337.4 per square mile (130.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 87.8% White, 0.7% African American, 0.8% Native American, 1.4% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, and 3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.2% of the population.There were 621 households in 2000 out of which 44.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.8% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.0% were non-families. 13.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.07 and the average family size was 3.41.In the town, the population was spread out, with 31.7% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 34.6% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 4.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.3 males.In 2000, the median income for a household in the town was $55,313, and the median income for a family was $59,219. Males had a median income of $37,230 versus $30,147 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,428. About 4.7% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.9% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Firestone has more than thirty-five parks and twelve miles of scenic trail. The Firestone/Legacy Trail runs for more than twelve miles, much of that distance along a railroad right-of-way which once serviced the coal industry.","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Vrain Valley School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.svvsd.org/"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Frederick High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_High_School_(Colorado)"}],"text":"Firestone falls within the St. Vrain Valley School District, with three elementary schools (Centennial, Prairie Ridge, and Legacy) and one middle school (Coal Ridge).[10] Students typically attend one of the two high schools that serve the Firestone locale: Mead High School or Frederick High School.","title":"Public Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Uptagrafft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Uptagrafft"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Eric Uptagrafft (born 1966), sport shooter[11]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twilight Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//denver.cbslocal.com/guide/timeline-firestone-explosion/"},{"link_name":"Anadarko Petroleum Corp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadarko_Petroleum"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In April 2017, an explosion caused by an untapped gas well destroyed a home on Twilight Avenue, killing two people and seriously injuring a third. This incident prompted a state-wide discussion about fracking and drilling throughout the state. On May 24, 2018, the drilling company responsible for the blast, Anadarko Petroleum Corp., announced it had reached a settlement for an undisclosed sum with the family affected by the blast.[12]On June 7, 2021, an EF-2 tornado started on the farmlands of Firestone. It tracked northeast for about 2 miles before heading north away from the town. Minimal damage to crops was recorded.","title":"Notable Events"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi,_How_Are_You_Daniel_Johnston%3F

Hi, How Are You Daniel Johnston?

["1 Background and development","2 Cast","3 Promotion and release","4 References","5 External links"]

2015 American filmHi, How Are You Daniel Johnston?Directed byGabriel SundayWritten byDaniel JohnstonDavid Lee MillerGabriel SundayProduced byLana Del ReyLarry JanssDaniel JohnstonDick JohnstonDavid Lee MillerErica SterneSarah RivkaMac MillerBarrie-James O'NeillStarringDaniel JohnstonGreg McLeodMyles McLeodSokoGabriel SundayCinematographyTimothy A. BurtonEdited bySneerGabriel SundayMusic byJesse AdamsRelease date November 7, 2015 (2015-11-07) (MAMA Art Gallery) Running time15 minutesCountryUSALanguageEnglish Hi, How Are You Daniel Johnston? is a 2015 American short documentary film about musician Daniel Johnston. The film was directed by Gabriel Sunday and executive produced by Lana Del Rey and Mac Miller. It premiered in Los Angeles at the Mama Gallery in November 2015. Background and development According to Billboard, the film took eight years to develop. The magazine described the motive of the film "to bring the audience inside the artist's schizophrenic head with that location acting as a cage-like home for his creative processes." The film was funded through a crowd-funding campaign on Kickstarter, with rapper Mac Miller and singer-songwriter Lana Del Rey both contributing funds to it. The duo were credited as executive producers for the film due to their $10,000 contributions. Del Rey would end up becoming more closely involved, recording a song for the soundtrack, a cover of Johnston's "Some Things Last a Long Time". The song was used in the soundtrack for the film. The film's title derives from Johnston's self-proclaimed "unfinished album" from 1983, Hi, How Are You. Cast Daniel Johnston as himself Greg McLeod as 1983 Jeremiah The Innocent (voice) Myles McLeod as 2015 Jeremiah The Innocent (voice) Soko as Dream Laurie Gabriel Sunday as 1983 Daniel Johnston Promotion and release The film premiered at the Mama Gallery in Los Angeles on November 7, 2015. The film premiered on the internet on November 11 and went on a film festival run in 2016, gaining the Bohemian Rhapsody Award for Sunday at the Sydney Underground Film Festival and an Honorable Mention as an Anarchy Short at the Slamdance Film Festival The film's credits cite Lana Del Rey, Larry Janss, Daniel Johnston, Dick Johnston, David Lee Miller, Mac Miller, and Barrie-James O'Neill as executive producers, with Sarah Rivka, Matt Roznovak, Tomas Seidita, Ben Speigelman, Erica Sterne, Jason Suhrke, and Gabriel Sunday as producers. References ^ Michaels, Sean (November 22, 2013). "Lana Del Rey donates $10,000 to Daniel Johnston film" – via www.theguardian.com. ^ "Hi, How Are You: A Short Film Starring Daniel Johnston". Kickstarter. ^ "When Lana Del Rey Met Daniel Johnston: Inside 'Hi, How Are You Daniel Johnston?' L.A. Premiere". Billboard. ^ Spanos, Brittany (November 10, 2015). "Hear Lana Del Rey's Aching Daniel Johnston Cover". ^ "Lana Del Rey and Mac Miller Donate $10,000 Each to Daniel Johnston Film Kickstarter". Pitchfork. ^ "Lana Del Rey, Mac Miller Donate $10,000 Each to Daniel Johnston Kickstarter Project". The Hollywood Reporter. ^ "Lana Del Rey Covers Daniel Johnston's 'Some Things Last a Long Time': Listen". Billboard. ^ Sunday, Gabriel (November 3, 2015). "Watch Hi How Are You Daniel Johnston? Online | Vimeo On Demand" – via Vimeo. External links Official Website Hi, How Are You Daniel Johnston? at IMDb vteLana Del Rey Discography Videography Live performances Songs Unreleased songs Awards and nominations Studio albums Lana Del Ray Born to Die The Paradise Edition Ultraviolence Honeymoon Lust for Life Norman Fucking Rockwell! Violet Bent Backwards over the Grass Chemtrails over the Country Club Blue Banisters Did You Know That There's a Tunnel Under Ocean Blvd Lasso Demo albums Sirens EPs Kill Kill Lana Del Rey Paradise Soundtrack albums Tropico soundtrack Concert tours Born to Die Tour Paradise Tour The Endless Summer Tour LA to the Moon Tour The Norman Fucking Rockwell! Tour 2023–2024 tour Films Ride Tropico Hi, How Are You Daniel Johnston? Norman Fucking Rockwell Books Violet Bent Backwards over the Grass Related soundtracks The Great Gatsby Maleficent Big Eyes Category vteDaniel JohnstonDiscographyAlbums Songs of Pain Don't Be Scared The What of Whom More Songs of Pain Yip/Jump Music Hi, How Are You Retired Boxer Respect Continued Story with Texas Instruments Merry Christmas It's Spooky (with Jad Fair) 1990 Artistic Vice Fun Rejected Unknown Fear Yourself Freak Brain Lost and Found Is and Always Was Beam Me Up! Space Ducks: Soundtrack EPs Big Big World Laurie Songs "Walking the Cow" Live albums Live at SXSW Frankenstein Love Why Me? Tribute albums Dead Dog's Eyeball: Songs of Daniel Johnston The Late Great Daniel Johnston: Discovered Covered Films The Devil and Daniel Johnston The Angel and Daniel Johnston: Live at the Union Chapel Hi, How Are You Daniel Johnston? Related Hi, How Are You (video game)

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[]

[{"reference":"Michaels, Sean (November 22, 2013). \"Lana Del Rey donates $10,000 to Daniel Johnston film\" – via www.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/22/lana-del-rey-donates-daniel-johnston-film","url_text":"\"Lana Del Rey donates $10,000 to Daniel Johnston film\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hi, How Are You: A Short Film Starring Daniel Johnston\". Kickstarter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/gabesunday/hi-how-are-you-a-short-film-starring-daniel-johnst","url_text":"\"Hi, How Are You: A Short Film Starring Daniel Johnston\""}]},{"reference":"\"When Lana Del Rey Met Daniel Johnston: Inside 'Hi, How Are You Daniel Johnston?' L.A. Premiere\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6754166/lana-del-rey-daniel-johnston-hi-how-are-you-daniel-johnston-short-film-premiere","url_text":"\"When Lana Del Rey Met Daniel Johnston: Inside 'Hi, How Are You Daniel Johnston?' L.A. Premiere\""}]},{"reference":"Spanos, Brittany (November 10, 2015). \"Hear Lana Del Rey's Aching Daniel Johnston Cover\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brittany_Spanos&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Spanos, Brittany"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/hear-lana-del-reys-aching-daniel-johnston-cover-40495/","url_text":"\"Hear Lana Del Rey's Aching Daniel Johnston Cover\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lana Del Rey and Mac Miller Donate $10,000 Each to Daniel Johnston Film Kickstarter\". Pitchfork.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/53104-lana-del-rey-and-mac-miller-donate-10000-each-to-daniel-johnston-film-kickstarter/","url_text":"\"Lana Del Rey and Mac Miller Donate $10,000 Each to Daniel Johnston Film Kickstarter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lana Del Rey, Mac Miller Donate $10,000 Each to Daniel Johnston Kickstarter Project\". The Hollywood Reporter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lana-del-rey-mac-miller-659608","url_text":"\"Lana Del Rey, Mac Miller Donate $10,000 Each to Daniel Johnston Kickstarter Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lana Del Rey Covers Daniel Johnston's 'Some Things Last a Long Time': Listen\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6754030/lana-del-rey-covers-daniel-johnston-some-things-last-a-long-time","url_text":"\"Lana Del Rey Covers Daniel Johnston's 'Some Things Last a Long Time': Listen\""}]},{"reference":"Sunday, Gabriel (November 3, 2015). \"Watch Hi How Are You Daniel Johnston? Online | Vimeo On Demand\" – via Vimeo.","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/ondemand/hihowareyou","url_text":"\"Watch Hi How Are You Daniel Johnston? Online | Vimeo On Demand\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/22/lana-del-rey-donates-daniel-johnston-film","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey donates $10,000 to Daniel Johnston film\""},{"Link":"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/gabesunday/hi-how-are-you-a-short-film-starring-daniel-johnst","external_links_name":"\"Hi, How Are You: A Short Film Starring Daniel Johnston\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6754166/lana-del-rey-daniel-johnston-hi-how-are-you-daniel-johnston-short-film-premiere","external_links_name":"\"When Lana Del Rey Met Daniel Johnston: Inside 'Hi, How Are You Daniel Johnston?' L.A. Premiere\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/hear-lana-del-reys-aching-daniel-johnston-cover-40495/","external_links_name":"\"Hear Lana Del Rey's Aching Daniel Johnston Cover\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/53104-lana-del-rey-and-mac-miller-donate-10000-each-to-daniel-johnston-film-kickstarter/","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey and Mac Miller Donate $10,000 Each to Daniel Johnston Film Kickstarter\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lana-del-rey-mac-miller-659608","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey, Mac Miller Donate $10,000 Each to Daniel Johnston Kickstarter Project\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6754030/lana-del-rey-covers-daniel-johnston-some-things-last-a-long-time","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey Covers Daniel Johnston's 'Some Things Last a Long Time': Listen\""},{"Link":"https://vimeo.com/ondemand/hihowareyou","external_links_name":"\"Watch Hi How Are You Daniel Johnston? Online | Vimeo On Demand\""},{"Link":"http://www.danieljohnstonfilm.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4977790/","external_links_name":"Hi, How Are You Daniel Johnston?"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Hotel,_Perth

Palace Hotel, Perth

["1 Style and heritage features","2 Cultural significance","3 History","4 1980s redevelopment","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"]

Coordinates: 31°57′16.4″S 115°51′24.4″E / 31.954556°S 115.856778°E / -31.954556; 115.856778 Heritage-listed building in Perth, Western Australia Palace HotelGeneral informationStatusPartially demolishedLocation108 St Georges TerracePerth, Western Australia 6000Coordinates31°57′16.4″S 115°51′24.4″E / 31.954556°S 115.856778°E / -31.954556; 115.856778Completed1897Design and constructionArchitect(s)Ernest Saunders PorterEdmond Neville Thomas Western Australia Heritage RegisterTypeState Registered PlaceDesignated12 May 2000Reference no.2114 Passengers crowd a stagecoach in front of the Hotel, c.1905. The Palace Hotel in Perth, Western Australia, is a landmark three-storey heritage listed building located in the city's central business district. Originally built in 1897 as a hotel during the gold rush period of Western Australia's history, it was converted to banking chambers and offices in the 1980s and now accommodates the Perth headquarters of Woods Bagot, Adapptor and Hatchd. The building is located on the most prominent intersection in the financial district of the city, at the corner of St Georges Terrace and William Street. When the hotel opened for business on 18 March 1897 it was, although slightly smaller than some of its contemporary buildings in other capital cities in Australasia, described as "... one of the most beautiful and elegant hotels in Australasia". Other praise included: "... redolent of the bourgeois luxury and splendour of the Paris of Napoleon III" and later "... in its day, as sumptuous a hostelry as any in Melbourne or Sydney." It operated as licensed premises from 1897 until 1981. Style and heritage features The building is described as being of a "Federation Free Classical" architectural style. It is three storeys high and of brick and iron construction. It was designed by architects Porter and Thomas and built by prominent mining entrepreneur and real-estate investor John De Baun at a cost of £64,000. In 1973, a public lobby group known as The Palace Guards was formed to push state planning authorities for the preservation of the building. Assisted by a Builders Labourers Federation green ban, the building was entered into the register of the National Trust of Australia in June 1973 and elevated to a permanent entry in 1980 "as a first-class example of the quality of building at the time of the gold rush". In the period leading up to and during the 1980s redevelopment, lobbying from The Palace Guards, the National Trust of Western Australia and the public at large pushed for the retention of some elements of the original building. In 1990, legislation enforcing compliance with heritage preservation orders was enacted and the site became the subject of the first heritage agreement in the State. It was recorded as a permanent entry in the state heritage register at the Heritage Council of Western Australia in May 2000. Cultural significance Due to its ornate and grand style, its prominent position within the city, and being the only building of its type and scale in St Georges Terrace, the hotel has been an important landmark in Perth for all of its life. In its early years, the hotel afforded commercial travellers a high level of opulence and comfort while visiting the city and offered a tangible reminder of the wealth and prosperity of the state during the gold-boom period. Prior to the construction of the Perth Town Hall in 1870, the site (which then housed the Freemasons' Hotel) was the pre-eminent social and political focus of the town—important decisions such as the establishment of a local police force in 1851 were made there. At the time of its transformation into banking chambers in the 1980s, considerable amounts of nostalgia and acclamation of its place in Perth were reflected in the local media. History John De Baun, real estate developer and builder of the Palace Hotel The site was first used as a lodging house when the King's Head Hotel operated there from at least 1830, owned and operated by William Dixon. In 1831 Dixon sold it to William Henry Leeder after which it was known as Leeder's Hotel, with it becoming a social centre for the town with many important dinners and celebrations conducted there. The Perth Gazette wrote in August 1833: Few, if any, of enjoyed a table such as the gentry made merry with at Leeder's Hotel on the occasion of the King’s birthday celebrations in August 1833, with nine types of meat and a choice of three desserts. Leeder's Hotel was extended in 1845, by which time it was known as the Freemasons' Tavern and housed the first Masonic Lodge in Western Australia. Following the death of Leeder in 1845, his wife transferred the management to Julian Carr, a merchant who would later become a prominent local politician and Chairman of the Perth City Council from 1861 until 1869. At this time it was known as the Freemasons' Hotel with a number of other proprietors running it in the intervening years, including the wife of future Premier Sir Walter James and George Towton, a prominent horseman and hotelier. A fire at the rear of the hotel in 1888 destroyed a number of outbuildings, adding to the premises' general dilapidation. American real estate investor and former hotelier John De Baun purchased the property from Leeder's widow for £14,000 in 1894, along with several other sites along St Georges Terrace. He engaged architects Ernest Saunders Porter and Edmond Neville Thomas to design the new Palace Hotel for the site with no expense to be spared and many of the construction materials imported. Marble for the fireplaces and mosaic floor tiles for the main entrance and bar-room floors came from Italy. It boasted having "electric light and gas laid on in every room", as well as electric bells and speaking tubes "conveniently placed everywhere" and was reputed to have the first lift in Perth as well as 10 bathrooms serving the 50 bedrooms on the first floor. De Baun also commenced construction of the nearby Melbourne Hotel in 1895 in similar style, if not quite the same degree of opulence and grandiosity. John Glowrey (a state member of parliament) leased the Palace Hotel from De Baun in 1901 and carried out the first of many additions and modifications to the building, including the addition of bedroom wings on the north and east wings. A newspaper advertisement dated 1903 boasted: ...the hotel as the finest hotel in the State, with 130 bedrooms, a number of suites of private apartments, a writing room and library, fine dining hall, a grand vestibule, electric light and electric elevator and large sample rooms. De Baun died in 1911 and ownership passed to the West Australian Trustee Executor and Agency Company Limited, although Glowrey's lease was maintained until his death in 1921. Charles Atkins (of Atkins Brothers Pty Ltd) purchased the property in 1924 for £48,000. A younger relative of the previous lessee, James Henry Glowrey, took over the lease in 1930 and major internal renovations costing £15,000 were undertaken at the same time, including enlarging the bar areas and conversion of the basement billiard room to a new bar area. External renovations were made in 1935 and 1939. In 1959 a major modernisation project commenced costing £160,000 and included installation of air conditioning, private bathrooms, and the replacement of timber verandas with cantilevered concrete verandas. Prior to this refurbishment, engraved lettering of the former name De Baun's Palace Hotel was displayed in the corbelling above the front entrance. 1980s redevelopment Palace Hotel from above showing the adjoining 108 St Georges Terrace. William Leeder Entrance to 108 St Georges Terrace off William Street, showing its connection to the Palace Hotel on the right The Commonwealth Banking Corporation purchased the property sometime around 1972 with an announcement that it planned to redevelop the site as high-rise offices. Soon after, a public campaign developed, with a group known as The Palace Guards becoming a strong lobbying force, focussing on the state government and heritage organisations and pushing for the building's preservation. The group's inaugural meeting was held on 27 March 1973 at the Hotel. J.M. Freeland, professor of architecture at the University of New South Wales wrote at the time: This is a most important building for the history of Australian architecture, being an extreme example of High Victorian architecture. There were never many hotels of its standard in Australia and to my knowledge this is the last of them. The campaign opposing the demolition culminated in a condemnation of the plan from the National Estates Committee and an appeal from the bank for the Australian Government to acquire the property. Bond Corporation ultimately purchased the property and the adjacent Terrace Arcade in 1978 and in 1980 unveiled plans (which had been pre-approved by the Perth City Council) for a modern office block and the demolition of parts of the existing building and adjoining properties. The developers had successfully sought modification of the original planning approval by the Council to allow the use of the Palace Hotel as a bank, rather than remaining as a public hotel. The development plans were summarised in the Trust News, the journal of the National Trust of Australia as: The erection of a multi-storied, multi-use tower block on the North East corner of the site; retention of the Palace Hotel structure on the South West corner; development of a covered concourse between the two structures linking William Street with St George’s Terrace. This will require: demolition of the structure housing the Terrace Arcade; demolition of the eastern accommodation wing of the hotel; dismantling and reconstruction of the northernmost portion of the William Street façade; dismantling and reconstruction of the dining-room. The tower project and restoration of the hotel were carried out as a joint venture between Bond Corporation and the R&I Bank, with the first demolition tasks commencing in August 1981. The hotel closed in June 1986 amid demolition works and construction—by August 1983 construction had completed on the tower's foundation and three levels of underground parking. The project was completed in 1988 and officially opened in August 1989 by premier Peter Dowding. The redevelopment entailed demolition of much of the interior wallspaces of the old hotel, however, the exterior façades facing the two main streets are largely intact, if slightly shortened on the William street frontage. A glass covered atrium joins the tower on the former hotel so that the tower entrances double as undercover access to the building. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palace Hotel, Perth.  Hotels portal Notes ^ The William Street portal to 108 St Georges Terrace, which adjoins the Palace Hotel, is named the "William Leeder Entrance" in honour of the proprietor of the first hotel on the site. ^ There were numerous Palace hotels in Australia in that period. In Western Australia alone they were to be found at Sandstone, Kalgoorlie, Peak Hill (Meekatharra), Wagin, Walkaway, Laverton, Southern Cross and York. Several still exist. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Register of Heritage Places, Assessment Documentation" (PDF). Heritage Council of Western Australia. Retrieved 19 April 2014. ^ a b Kimberly, W.B. (compiler) (1897). History of West Australia. A Narrative of her Past. Together With Biographies of Her Leading Men. Melbourne: F.W. Niven. pp. 191-192 ^ Seddon, George & Ravine, David (1986). A City and its Setting: Images of Perth, Western Australia. Fremantle Arts Centre Press. p. 165. ISBN 1-921361-72-7. ^ Hocking, Ian (1987). Perth—the building challenge. Perth: The Master Builders' Association of Western Australia. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0-9598935-3-9. ^ Burgmann, Verity and Meredith (1998). Green Bans, Red Union: Environmental Activism and the New South Wales Builders Labourers' Federation. p. 52. ^ "Register of Heritage Places, Other Heritage Listings" (PDF). Heritage Council of Western Australia. Retrieved 12 December 2008. ^ "Register of Heritage Places, Register Listings". Heritage Council of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2008. ^ a b c d Dunn, Frank. Palace Hotel Sunday Times 4 July 2004 ^ Farewell to a pub with no peer. Western Mail (Perth, W.A. : 1980), 10–11 May 1986, p. 22-23 ^ Palace Hotel - last fling before the Palace shuts, the end of a golden era in Perth's history. The West Australian, 7 June 1986, p.1,9 ^ "Christine Wilson and Keith Harding the last couple to celebrate their marriage at the Palace Hotel" Sunday Times (Perth, W.A.), 1 June 1986, p. 7a-b ^ Perth Gazette, 24 August 1833, in Stannage, C. T. (1979). The People of Perth: A Social History of Western Australia's Capital City, Perth. p. 65. ISBN 0-909994-86-2. ^ The Independent Journal 5 Aug 1864 ^ Glowrey's Palace Hotel tourists' guide book, J.T. Glowrey, Perth, W.A. (1904) (from National Library catalogue) ^ "Christmas edition". The Western Mail. 25 December 1903. p. 76. ^ Dunn, Frank (4 July 2004). "Palace Hotel". Sunday Times. p. 4. ^ Freeland, J. M., letter to National Trust, April 1973; in The Architect, Vol. 74, No. 1, 1974, p.20. ^ $100m R&I Tower being built on Palace Hotel site, fast becoming a commercial success story Western Mail (Perth, W.A. : 1980), 5–6 October 1985, p. 56 ^ "$100m tower on Palace Hotel site given go-ahead. Will be second tallest building in Australia at 226 metres (50 storeys)" City Focus, October 1984, p. 4. ^ a b Wainwright, Robert (4 June 1986). "Just a pretty facade". The West Australian. p. 3. ^ Trust News. Edition. 113: 2. 12 August 1981. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ a b McGeough, Paul (8 September 1984). "Reviver for Palace Project". The West Australian. p. 1. ^ Photographs of official opening by Premier Dowding on 25 August 1989. Coined Notes, Spring 1989, p. 18-19. ^ John, H. (November 1987). Bank Tower reaches new heights. Construction Industry International. Vol. 13. pp. 35–37.

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_Hotel,_Perth_c.1900-1910.jpg"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_rush"},{"link_name":"Western Australia's history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_Australia#Gold_discovered"},{"link_name":"Woods Bagot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Bagot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcwaassesment-1"},{"link_name":"St Georges Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Georges_Terrace"},{"link_name":"William Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Street,_Perth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kimberly-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Heritage-listed building in Perth, Western AustraliaPassengers crowd a stagecoach in front of the Hotel, c.1905.The Palace Hotel in Perth, Western Australia, is a landmark three-storey heritage listed building located in the city's central business district. Originally built in 1897 as a hotel during the gold rush period of Western Australia's history, it was converted to banking chambers and offices in the 1980s and now accommodates the Perth headquarters of Woods Bagot, Adapptor and Hatchd.[1] The building is located on the most prominent intersection in the financial district of the city, at the corner of St Georges Terrace and William Street.When the hotel opened for business on 18 March 1897 it was, although slightly smaller than some of its contemporary buildings in other capital cities in Australasia, described as \"... one of the most beautiful and elegant hotels in Australasia\".[2] Other praise included: \"... redolent of the bourgeois luxury and splendour of the Paris of Napoleon III\" and later \"... in its day, as sumptuous a hostelry as any in Melbourne or Sydney.\"[3] It operated as licensed premises from 1897 until 1981.","title":"Palace Hotel, Perth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federation Free Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_architecture"},{"link_name":"John De Baun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_De_Baun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcwaassesment-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuildingChallenge-4"},{"link_name":"Builders Labourers Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Builders_Labourers_Federation"},{"link_name":"green ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_ban"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Trust of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcwalistings-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcwaassesment-1"},{"link_name":"Heritage Council of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Council_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcwaregister-7"}],"text":"The building is described as being of a \"Federation Free Classical\" architectural style. It is three storeys high and of brick and iron construction. It was designed by architects Porter and Thomas and built by prominent mining entrepreneur and real-estate investor John De Baun at a cost of £64,000.[1]In 1973, a public lobby group known as The Palace Guards was formed to push state planning authorities for the preservation of the building.[4] Assisted by a Builders Labourers Federation green ban,[5] the building was entered into the register of the National Trust of Australia in June 1973 and elevated to a permanent entry in 1980 \"as a first-class example of the quality of building at the time of the gold rush\".[6]In the period leading up to and during the 1980s redevelopment, lobbying from The Palace Guards, the National Trust of Western Australia and the public at large pushed for the retention of some elements of the original building. In 1990, legislation enforcing compliance with heritage preservation orders was enacted and the site became the subject of the first heritage agreement in the State.[1] It was recorded as a permanent entry in the state heritage register at the Heritage Council of Western Australia in May 2000.[7]","title":"Style and heritage features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcwaassesment-1"},{"link_name":"Perth Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SundayTimes_4_July_2004-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Due to its ornate and grand style, its prominent position within the city, and being the only building of its type and scale in St Georges Terrace, the hotel has been an important landmark in Perth for all of its life.[1] In its early years, the hotel afforded commercial travellers a high level of opulence and comfort while visiting the city and offered a tangible reminder of the wealth and prosperity of the state during the gold-boom period.Prior to the construction of the Perth Town Hall in 1870, the site (which then housed the Freemasons' Hotel) was the pre-eminent social and political focus of the town—important decisions such as the establishment of a local police force in 1851 were made there.[8] At the time of its transformation into banking chambers in the 1980s, considerable amounts of nostalgia and acclamation of its place in Perth were reflected in the local media.[9][10][11]","title":"Cultural significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_De_Baun.jpg"},{"link_name":"John De Baun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_De_Baun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcwaassesment-1"},{"link_name":"William Henry Leeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Leeder"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Perth Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Masonic Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_Lodge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcwaassesment-1"},{"link_name":"Julian Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Carr_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Perth City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mayors_and_Lord_Mayors_of_Perth"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Walter James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_James_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"George Towton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Towton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John De Baun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_De_Baun"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SundayTimes_4_July_2004-8"},{"link_name":"St Georges Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Georges_Terrace"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SundayTimes_4_July_2004-8"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Hotel"},{"link_name":"John Glowrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glowrey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kimberly-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcwaassesment-1"},{"link_name":"billiard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_sports"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcwaassesment-1"}],"text":"John De Baun, real estate developer and builder of the Palace HotelThe site was first used as a lodging house when the King's Head Hotel operated there from at least 1830, owned and operated by William Dixon.[1] In 1831 Dixon sold it to William Henry Leeder after which it was known as Leeder's Hotel, with it becoming a social centre for the town with many important dinners and celebrations conducted there.[nb 1] The Perth Gazette wrote in August 1833:Few, if any, of [the employed classes] enjoyed a table such as the gentry made merry with at Leeder's Hotel on the occasion of the King’s birthday celebrations in August 1833, with nine types of meat and a choice of three desserts.[12]Leeder's Hotel was extended in 1845, by which time it was known as the Freemasons' Tavern and housed the first Masonic Lodge in Western Australia.[1] Following the death of Leeder in 1845, his wife transferred the management to Julian Carr, a merchant who would later become a prominent local politician and Chairman of the Perth City Council from 1861 until 1869. At this time it was known as the Freemasons' Hotel[13] with a number of other proprietors running it in the intervening years, including the wife of future Premier Sir Walter James and George Towton, a prominent horseman and hotelier.A fire at the rear of the hotel in 1888 destroyed a number of outbuildings, adding to the premises' general dilapidation. American real estate investor and former hotelier John De Baun purchased the property from Leeder's widow for £14,000[8] in 1894, along with several other sites along St Georges Terrace. He engaged architects Ernest Saunders Porter and Edmond Neville Thomas to design the new Palace Hotel[nb 2] for the site with no expense to be spared and many of the construction materials imported. Marble for the fireplaces and mosaic floor tiles for the main entrance and bar-room floors came from Italy. It boasted having \"electric light and gas laid on in every room\", as well as electric bells and speaking tubes \"conveniently placed everywhere\" and was reputed to have the first lift in Perth as well as 10 bathrooms serving the 50 bedrooms on the first floor.[8] De Baun also commenced construction of the nearby Melbourne Hotel in 1895 in similar style, if not quite the same degree of opulence and grandiosity.John Glowrey (a state member of parliament) leased the Palace Hotel from De Baun in 1901[14] and carried out the first of many additions and modifications to the building, including the addition of bedroom wings on the north and east wings. A newspaper advertisement dated 1903 boasted:...the hotel as the finest hotel in the State, with 130 bedrooms, a number of suites of private apartments, a writing room and library, fine dining hall, a grand vestibule, electric light and electric elevator and large sample rooms.[15]De Baun died in 1911 and ownership passed to the West Australian Trustee Executor and Agency Company Limited, although Glowrey's lease was maintained until his death in 1921.[2] Charles Atkins (of Atkins Brothers Pty Ltd) purchased the property in 1924 for £48,000.[1] A younger relative of the previous lessee, James Henry Glowrey, took over the lease in 1930 and major internal renovations costing £15,000 were undertaken at the same time, including enlarging the bar areas and conversion of the basement billiard room to a new bar area. External renovations were made in 1935 and 1939. In 1959 a major modernisation project commenced costing £160,000 and included installation of air conditioning, private bathrooms, and the replacement of timber verandas with cantilevered concrete verandas.[1] Prior to this refurbishment, engraved lettering of the former name De Baun's Palace Hotel was displayed in the corbelling above the front entrance.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_hotel_from_westpac.jpg"},{"link_name":"108 St Georges Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/108_St_Georges_Terrace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_Hotel_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Banking Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palace-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcwaassesment-1"},{"link_name":"University of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Australian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SundayTimes_4_July_2004-8"},{"link_name":"Bond Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bond_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Perth City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrettyFacade-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"R&I Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BankWest"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reviver-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrettyFacade-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reviver-24"},{"link_name":"Peter Dowding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dowding"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcwaassesment-1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CII-26"}],"text":"Palace Hotel from above showing the adjoining 108 St Georges Terrace.William Leeder Entrance to 108 St Georges Terrace off William Street, showing its connection to the Palace Hotel on the rightThe Commonwealth Banking Corporation purchased the property sometime around 1972 with an announcement that it planned to redevelop the site as high-rise offices.[16] Soon after, a public campaign developed, with a group known as The Palace Guards becoming a strong lobbying force, focussing on the state government and heritage organisations and pushing for the building's preservation. The group's inaugural meeting was held on 27 March 1973 at the Hotel.[1]J.M. Freeland, professor of architecture at the University of New South Wales wrote at the time:This is a most important building for the history of Australian architecture, being an extreme example of High Victorian architecture. There were never many hotels of its standard in Australia and to my knowledge this is the last of them.[17]The campaign opposing the demolition culminated in a condemnation of the plan from the National Estates Committee and an appeal from the bank for the Australian Government to acquire the property.[8] Bond Corporation ultimately purchased the property and the adjacent Terrace Arcade in 1978 and in 1980 unveiled plans (which had been pre-approved by the Perth City Council) for a modern office block and the demolition of parts of the existing building and adjoining properties.[18][19] The developers had successfully sought modification of the original planning approval by the Council to allow the use of the Palace Hotel as a bank, rather than remaining as a public hotel.[20] The development plans were summarised in the Trust News, the journal of the National Trust of Australia as:The erection of a multi-storied, multi-use tower block on the North East corner of the site; retention of the Palace Hotel structure on the South West corner; development of a covered concourse between the two structures linking William Street with St George’s Terrace. This will require: demolition of the structure housing the Terrace Arcade; demolition of the eastern accommodation wing of the hotel; dismantling and reconstruction of the northernmost portion of the William Street façade; [and] dismantling and reconstruction of the dining-room.[21]The tower project and restoration of the hotel were carried out as a joint venture between Bond Corporation and the R&I Bank, with the first demolition tasks commencing in August 1981.[22] The hotel closed in June 1986[20] amid demolition works and construction—by August 1983 construction had completed on the tower's foundation and three levels of underground parking.[22] The project was completed in 1988 and officially opened in August 1989 by premier Peter Dowding.[23]The redevelopment entailed demolition of much of the interior wallspaces of the old hotel, however, the exterior façades facing the two main streets are largely intact, if slightly shortened on the William street frontage. A glass covered atrium joins the tower on the former hotel so that the tower entrances double as undercover access to the building.[1][24]","title":"1980s redevelopment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"108 St Georges Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/108_St_Georges_Terrace"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Meekatharra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meekatharra,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Wagin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagin,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Walkaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkaway,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Laverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laverton,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Southern Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cross,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York,_Western_Australia"}],"text":"^ The William Street portal to 108 St Georges Terrace, which adjoins the Palace Hotel, is named the \"William Leeder Entrance\" in honour of the proprietor of the first hotel on the site.\n\n^ There were numerous Palace hotels in Australia in that period. In Western Australia alone they were to be found at Sandstone, Kalgoorlie, Peak Hill (Meekatharra), Wagin, Walkaway, Laverton, Southern Cross and York. Several still exist.","title":"Notes"}]

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[{"title":"Palace Hotel, Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Palace_Hotel,_Perth"},{"title":"Hotels portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hotels"}]

[{"reference":"\"Register of Heritage Places, Assessment Documentation\" (PDF). Heritage Council of Western Australia. Retrieved 19 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://register.heritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Content/PdfLoader.aspx?id=968f8136-55ee-4382-8f84-99588000d833&type=assessment","url_text":"\"Register of Heritage Places, Assessment Documentation\""}]},{"reference":"Kimberly, W.B. (compiler) (1897). History of West Australia. A Narrative of her Past. Together With Biographies of Her Leading Men. Melbourne: F.W. Niven.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_West_Australia","url_text":"History of West Australia"}]},{"reference":"Seddon, George & Ravine, David (1986). A City and its Setting: Images of Perth, Western Australia. Fremantle Arts Centre Press. p. 165. ISBN 1-921361-72-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cityitssetting00sedd","url_text":"A City and its Setting: Images of Perth, Western Australia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cityitssetting00sedd/page/165","url_text":"165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-921361-72-7","url_text":"1-921361-72-7"}]},{"reference":"Hocking, Ian (1987). Perth—the building challenge. Perth: The Master Builders' Association of Western Australia. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0-9598935-3-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9598935-3-9","url_text":"0-9598935-3-9"}]},{"reference":"Burgmann, Verity and Meredith (1998). Green Bans, Red Union: Environmental Activism and the New South Wales Builders Labourers' Federation. p. 52.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Register of Heritage Places, Other Heritage Listings\" (PDF). Heritage Council of Western Australia. Retrieved 12 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://register.heritage.wa.gov.au/PDF_Files/P-Q%20-%20A-D/Palace%20Hotel%20%28fmr%29%20%28P-AD%29.PDF","url_text":"\"Register of Heritage Places, Other Heritage Listings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Register of Heritage Places, Register Listings\". Heritage Council of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120527222940/http://register.heritage.wa.gov.au/viewplace.html?place_seq=2114&offset=5&view=regentries","url_text":"\"Register of Heritage Places, Register Listings\""},{"url":"http://register.heritage.wa.gov.au/viewplace.html?place_seq=2114&offset=5&view=regentries","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stannage, C. T. (1979). The People of Perth: A Social History of Western Australia's Capital City, Perth. p. 65. ISBN 0-909994-86-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-909994-86-2","url_text":"0-909994-86-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Christmas edition\". The Western Mail. 25 December 1903. p. 76.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Mail_(Western_Australia)","url_text":"The Western Mail"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Frank (4 July 2004). \"Palace Hotel\". Sunday Times. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(Western_Australia)","url_text":"Sunday Times"}]},{"reference":"Wainwright, Robert (4 June 1986). \"Just a pretty facade\". The West Australian. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Australian","url_text":"The West Australian"}]},{"reference":"Trust News. Edition. 113: 2. 12 August 1981.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McGeough, Paul (8 September 1984). \"Reviver for Palace Project\". The West Australian. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Australian","url_text":"The West Australian"}]},{"reference":"John, H. (November 1987). Bank Tower reaches new heights. Construction Industry International. Vol. 13. pp. 35–37.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamophila

Potamophila

["1 References"]

Genus of plants Hastings River reed Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Clade: Commelinids Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Subfamily: Oryzoideae Tribe: Oryzeae Subtribe: Zizaniinae Genus: PotamophilaR.Br. 1810, not Schrank 1821 (Phytolaccaceae) Species: P. parviflora Binomial name Potamophila parvifloraR.Br. Synonyms Oryza parviflora (R.Br.) Baill. Potamophila is a genus of Australian plants in the grass family. The only known species is Potamophila parviflora. It is endemic to New South Wales. Common names include Hastings River reed. This species is a reedlike aquatic perennial grass growing up to 1.5 meters tall. It grows in and next to rivers. It is a member of the rice tribe, Oryzeae. Among its closest relatives are the wild rice species of genus Zizania. References ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Potamophila R.Br. ^ Grassbase - The World Online Grass Flora ^ Ge, S., et al. (2002). A phylogeny of the rice tribe Oryzeae (Poaceae) based on matK sequence data. American Journal of Botany 89(12) 1967-72. ^ Guo, Y. and S. Ge. (2005). Molecular phylogeny of Oryzeae (Poaceae) based on DNA sequences from chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear genomes. American Journal of Botany 92(9) 1548-58. ^ a b Abedinia, M., et al. (1998). Distribution and phylogeny of Potamophila parviflora R.Br., a wild relative of rice from eastern Australia. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 45 399-406. ^ a b Genus Potamophila. New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney. ^ "Potamophila parviflora". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 25 January 2018. ^ Potamophila parviflora R.Br. The Atlas of Living Australia. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). ^ Henry, R. J. Plant Resources for Food, Fuel and Conservation. Earthscan. 2010. pg. 27. Taxon identifiersPotamophila Wikidata: Q15138277 Wikispecies: Potamophila APDB: 193978 APNI: 66686 BOLD: 434358 CoL: 8W2N9 EPPO: 1PMPG FoAO2: Potamophila GBIF: 3232753 GrassBase: gen00511 GRIN: 9794 iNaturalist: 577273 IPNI: 18803-1 IRMNG: 1290177 NCBI: 66033 Open Tree of Life: 939498 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:18803-1 Tropicos: 40015434 WFO: wfo-4000031025 Potamophila parviflora Wikidata: Q2034531 Wikispecies: Potamophila parviflora APNI: 66703 BOLD: 434359 CoL: 4M4KY FoAO2: Potamophila parviflora GBIF: 4153004 GrassBase: imp08660 GRIN: 412183 IPNI: 418778-1 NCBI: 66034 Open Tree of Life: 939500 Plant List: kew-438186 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:418778-1 Tropicos: 25519658 WFO: wfo-0000894796 This Poaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_814A_spy_ship

Type 814A spy ship

["1 References"]

History China NameBei-Diao (900) BuilderHudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding Laid down22 December 1983 Launched12 June 1986 Commissioned29 October 1986 In servicein active service General characteristics Class and typeType 814A spy ship Displacement2,198 t (2,163 long tons) Length94.33 m (309.5 ft) Beam11.6 m (38 ft) Draft4.04 m (13.3 ft) Propulsion2 x 6E390 medium-speed diesel engines @ 2646 kW (3600 hp) w/ 466 rpm Speed20.03 kn (23.05 mph) Range4,000 nmi (4,600 mi) @ 18 kn (21 mph) Type 814A spy ship with NATO reporting name Dadie(大谍, meaning Big Spy) is a type of Chinese spy ship in service (as of 2014) with the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). Originally, a total of four ships were planned, but eventually, only one was completed due to the availability of newer designs. PLAN originally issued a requirement of four spy ships to meet its urgent need, after the failure of the earlier cancelled Type 812. To speed up the program, PLAN suggested adopting the hull of Type 635C hydrographic survey ship. The 1st Directorate of the 708th Institute of China State Shipbuilding Corporation, which is also more commonly known as China Shipbuilding and Oceanic Engineering Design Academy (中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究) nowadays, was assigned to design the ship. However, after the design was completed, it was revealed that the design could not meet requirements issued by PLAN during design review. On March 25, 1980, PLAN issued an order to revise the design to 1500 tons, designated as Type 814. On June 30, 1980, the 708th Institute completed the revision. However, due to drastic changes made by PLAN, it was once again revealed during design review that the revised design could not efficiently meet the new requirements issued by PLAN. The designer recommended enlarging the ship by increasing the displacement by twenty percent from 1500 tons to 1800 tons. The recommendation was accepted and in February 1982 the revision was completed, and in August 1982, design was completed. The finalized design is designated as Type 814A. In August 1983, design work for construction was completed and construction began on December 22, 1983. During sea trials, various aircraft and naval warships were deployed in support of trials, including Type 033 submarines, Harbin SH-5, Harbin H-5, submarine chasers, Type 051 destroyers and Type 403 shore based radars. On-board systems such as acoustic, radar, communication, and optical systems proved satisfactory and the ship was accepted into service in the North Sea Fleet. Because the previous design was experienced excessive vibration, particular attention in design was given to reduce vibration. Type 814A is designed to withstand wind scale of 12. The name of the ship is Bei-Diao (北调, meaning North Investigate) 900. Type Pennant # Builder Laid down Launched Commissioned Status Fleet 814A Bei-Diao 900 Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding Dec 22, 1983 Jun 12, 1986 Oct 29, 1986 Active North Sea Fleet References ^ Type 814A ^ "PLANS recognition guide 2018". July 16, 2018. ^ "PLANS recognition guide 2019". February 19, 2020. ^ "PLANS recognition guide 2020". February 19, 2020. ^ "PLANS recognition guide 2015". August 7, 2015. ^ "China Shipbuilding and Oceanic Engineering Design Academy". Archived from the original on 2019-07-06. Retrieved 2014-05-16. vte Active ships of the People's Liberation Army NavySubmarinesNuclearballistic missile (SSBN) Type 096* Type 094 (Jin class) Type 092 (Xia class) Nuclear attack (SSN) Type 095* Type 093/A (Shang class) Type 091 (Han class) Conventionalballistic missile (SSB) Type 032 (Qing class) Conventionalattack (SS/SSK)Air-independent propulsionequipped (SSI/SSP) Type 039A/AG/B/C or Type 041 (Yuan class) Hunter-killer (SSK) Type 039/039G (Song class) Project 636 (Kilo II class) Project 877EKM (Kilo I class) ES5E/F and Type 035G/035ET/035B (Ming class) Medium (SS) ES5C/D and Type 035/035A (Ming class) Unclassified miscellaneous (IXSS) Chinese sailless submarine Olympics Class Principal surface combatantsAircraft carriers (CV) Chinese aircraft carrier programme Type 004* Type 003* Type 002 (Kuznetsov Mod. class) Type 001 (Kuznetsov class) Destroyers (DDG) Type 055CG (Renhai class) Type 052D (Luyang III class) Type 052C (Luyang II class) Type 052B (Luyang I class) Type 052 (Luhu class) Type 051C (Luzhou class) Type 051B (Luhai class) Project 956EM Sovremenny II class Project 956 Sovremenny I class Frigates (FFG) Type 054B* Type 054A (Jiangkai II class) Type 054 (Jiangkai I or Ma'anshan class) Type 053H3 (Jiangwei II class) Type 053H1G (Jianghu V class) Type 053H1 (Jianghu II class) Coastal warfare vesselsCorvettes (FS) Type 056FF (Jiangdao class) Submarine chasers (PCSC) Type 037-IS (Haiqing class) Type 037-I (Haijiu class) Type 062-I (Haizhui class) Type 037 (Hainan class) Project 122bis Kronshtadt class Armed merchantmen (SP) Type 113 Type 801 Type 8105 Type 8101 Type 8154 Type 792 naval trawlers Missile boats (PCM) Type 22 (Houbei class) Type 037-II (Houjian class) Type 037-IG (Houxin class) Type 021 (Houdong class) Type 021 (Huangfeng class or Soviet Osa-I class) Type 021 (Hola class) C 14 (China Cat class) Type 024 (Heku/Hegu/Houku/Hougu class) Torpedo boats (PT) Type 6625/025/026/026II/R704 (Huchuan class) Gunboats (PG) Type 062-I (Shanghai III class) Type 062 (Shanghai II class) Type 062 (Shanghai I class) Type 206 (Huludao class) Patrol boats (PB)Seagoing Type 026H Port security boat (PSB) Huangpu class Reconnaissance patrol combatant (PGR) Type 528 Type 865 Amphibious warfare vesselsLanding helicopter dock (LHD) or Landing helicopter assault (LHA) Type 076* Type 075 (Yushen class) Amphibious transport dock (LPD) Type 071 (Yuzhao class) Dock landing ship (LSD) Type 072III (Yuting I class) Type 072A (Yuting II class) Landing ship helicopter (LSH) Type 073-III (Yudeng class) Type 073A (Yunshu class) Landing ship tank (LST) Type 072 (Yukan class) Type 072-II (Yuting I class) Landing ship medium (LSM) Type 271IIIA (Yulü class) Type 073-I (Yudao class) Type 073-II (Yudao class) Type 073-IIY (Yudao class) Type 074A (Yubei class) Type 079-I (Yulian class) Type 079-II (Yulian class) Landing craft (LC)Landing craft tank (LCT) Type 068/069 (Yuch'in class) Type 067 (Yunnan class) Landing craft utility (LCU) Type 271III Type 074 (Yuhai or Wuhu-A class) Air-cushionedlanding craft (LCAC) Project 1232.2 Zubr class Type 726 (Yuyi class) Type 724 Type 722-II (Jinsha II class) Type 722-I (Jinsha I class) Type 716-II (Dagu B class) Mine warfare vessels (MCM)Minelayers (ML) Type 918 (Wolei class) Auxiliary minelayers (MMA) Type 8154 Minehunters (MH) Type 081 (Wochi class) Type 081A Type 082 (Wosao class) Type 082II (Wozang class) Minesweepers (MS) Type 010 Type 05 Minesweepingdrone (MSD) Type 529 Type 312 (Futi class) Auxiliary Minesweepers (MSA) Type 801 Type 8105 Type 8101 Type 8154 Type 792 Auxiliary vesselsAmmunitionships (AE/AEM)Ammunition ship (AE) Type 072 (Yantai class) Ammunition ship, Missile/Rocket (AEM) Yuan Wang 21 (operated by SSF) Yuan Wang 22 (operated by SSF) Buoy tenders (AGL) Type 066 Yuch'in class Type 744A Yannan class Type 911I Yunan/Yunnan class Type 944A Yanni class Cable layers (ARC) Type 911II Yunan/Yunnan class Type 991I Type 991II Youdian class Cargo ships (AK)Reefer ships (AF) Dongleng class Cargo ships (AK) Qiongsha class Retired landing ships/crafts Float-on/float-off ships (AKF) Modified Hansa Sonderberg class Donghai Island Zhen Hua 33 General storesissue ships (AKS) Type 904 Dayun class Type 904A Danyao class Type 904B Danyao II class Roll-on/roll-off ships (AKR) Bo Sea Pearl class Chang Da Long China Revival China Railway Bo Sea No.3 Container ships (AKX) Converted/militarized container ships Self-propelledlighters/barges (YF) 500 cubic meter Dongbo 22 Crane ship (AB) Beiqi 384 class Unidentified class: Nan-Qi 746 Degaussing /deperming ships (ADG) Type 911 Dazar class Type 912/912I/912III/Type 912IIIA Yanbai class Type 912IIIAH Yanci class Dive tenders (YDT) Longma class ARS/YDT Type 904I/904II Yanqian class AGE/YDT Dredgers (AGD) 8-m3 class Beijun 204 class Dongjun 417 class Dongjun 433 class Dongjun 434 class Nanjun 610 class Dredgers of unknown class/type: Bei-Jun 271, 273, 274, 277 & 278 Engineeringships Engineering ships of unknown class/type: Bei-Gong 275 & 276 Environmental research ships (AGER) Dulaji class Fleet Replenishmentship (AEFS) Type 901 Fuyu class Type 903 Fuchi I class Type 903A Fuchi II class Type 908 Fusu class Floating pile drivers (YPD) 36-m class floating pile driver Donggong 429 class Nangong 681 class General purposeresearch ships (AGE) Dubei class AGT/AGE Kandao class YFB/AGE Kantan class AGTR/AGE Type 904I & Type 904II Yanqian class YDT/AGE Type 906 Xiang Yang Hong 9 class YTT/AGE Harbor utilitycraft (YFU) Converted from various retired gunboats such as Type 53 and Type 55A Hospital ships (AH)Hospital ships (AH) Type 919 Anshen class Type 920 Anwei class Medical evacuation ships (AHP) Zhuanghe Ambulance transports (APH) Qiongsha class Ambulance craftd (YH) Ankang class Hydrographicsurvey ships (AGS) Type 55 Shantou class Type 068/069 (Yuch'in class) Type 635 A/B/C & Type 635II Yanlai class Type 636A Shupang class Type 639A Shupang class Type 646 Kanyang class Type 8101 Type 8105/Type 8154/Type 792 FT-14 AIT class Yanjiu class Icebreakers (AGB) Type 272 Museum ships PLANS Heroic Gunboat in the Toumenshan Naval Battle PLANS Liberation Minquan-class gunboat (replica) Project 183 P-6-class torpedo boat Type 021 missile boat Type 024 missile boat Type 031 ballistic submarine (SSB) Type 033 submarine (SS) Type 051 destroyer (DDG) Type 053K frigate (FFG) Type 091 submarine (SSN) Type 6607 destroyer (DDG) Oceanographicresearch ships (AGOR) Type 639A Shupang class Type 645 Zhang Jian Oceanographicsurveillance ships (AGOS) Ruili No. 10 Type 927 Dongjian class Type 988 Personneltransport (AP)Barracks ships (APB) Daguan class AXT/APT/APB Dispatch boat (YFB/YFL) Duchuan class Dufei class Dukou class Duludao class Dumujiu class Dusso class Duzhou class Nanjiao 90 class Transport ships (AP) Type 081 Red Flag class Darong class APT/AP Troopships (APT) Daguan class AXT/APB/APT Darong class AP/APT Qiongsha class Range support &target ships (AGT) Dachou class TR/TWR/AGT Dubei class AGE/AGT Type 811 Type 917 Damen class TR/TWR/AGT Decommissioned ships Repair ships (AR)Repair drydocks (ARD) 120t class Dongxiu 912 Hua Chuan No. 1 class Repair ships (AR) Type 648 Dadao class Rescue andsalvage shipsHeavy-lift ship (YHLC) Type 633 Rescue ships (ARS) Datuo class ATR/ARS Haijiu 101 class Longma class YDT/ARS Type 917 Dasan class Salvage ships (ATS) Type 922II Dalang class Type 922III Dalang II class Type 922IIIA Dalang III class Spy ships (AGI) Type 814A Dadie class Type 815 Dongdiao I class Type 815G/Type 815A Dongdiao II class Type 8105/Type 8154/Type 792 FT-14 AIT class Submarinesupport shipsSubmarinerescue ships (ASR) Type 930 Hudong class Type 946 Dazhou class Type 946A Dadong class Submarine tenders (AS) Type 925 Dajiang class Type 926 Dalao class Submersibles (X)Deep-submergencerescue vehicle (DSRV) Type 7103 DSRV LR7 Deep-submergencevehicle (DSV) Harmony class Jiaolong class Rainbowfish class Sea Pole class Struggler class OtherSubmersibles (X) Osprey-class submersible Mobile diving bell QSZ-II submersible Diver propulsionvehicles (DPV) QX-50 QY-18 QY-40 QJY-001 TankersReplenishment tanker (AOR) Hua Chuan Transport oiler (AOT) Fubai class Fujian class Fushi class Type 620 Shengli class Type 631 Fuchang class Type 637 Fuxiao class Water tanker (AWT) Fujian class Fushi class Jinyou class Nanshui 701 class Type 637 Fuxiao class Type 645 Guangzhou class Technological researchshipsSonar trials ships Kantan class AGE/AGTR Technical researchships (AGTR) Mirage Hunter Unclassified MiscellaneousSubmarine (IXSS) Chinese sailless submarine Torpedo trials craftTorpedo retrievers(TR/TWR) Dachou class AGT/TR/TWR Type 803 Type 917 Damen class AGT/TR/TWR Torpedo trials ships (YTT) Type 906 Xiang Yang Hong 9 class AGE/YTT Type 907A Tracking ship (AGM) Type 830 ATR/AGM Yuanwang class ARIS/AGM Training ships (AX)Training ship (AX) Daguan APB)/APT/AXT Type 0891A Dashi class Type 679 Daxing class Type 680 Dadu class Yanxi class ATLS/AX Training ship, sail (AXS) Type 2630 Onshore stationarytraining facilities Type 033 (Romeo class) Type 051/051Z (Luda class) Type 053H1Q (Jianghu-IV class) Type 6607 (Anshan class) Tugs (AT)Harbor tug (YT) Beituo 617 class Beituo 699 class Beituo 702 class Beituo 715 class Large harbor tug (YTB) Ducha class Duda class Duhast class Dupo class Rescue Tug (ATR) Bei-Tuo 739 class Datuo class ARS/ATR Dong-Tuo 835 class Haixiu 121 class Daozha class Type 830 AGM/ATR Sea-going Tug (ATA) Type 802 Gromovoy class Type 837 Hujiu class Type 852 Roslavl class Tugs of unknown class/type Bei-Tuo 153, 651, 704, 728, Dong-Tuo 845, 861, Nan-Tuo 142, 163, 168, 176, 187, 188 UAV mothershps (ATLS) Fighting Shark No.1 Yanxi class AGM/AVM/ATLS Unmanned surfacevehicles (USV) CASIC USVs Chinese Sea Hunter Sky Journey 1 HUST USVs JARI USV JUST USV Ostar USVs PWT USV Shanghai University USV Type 80 demolition boat VVLAI USV WSST USVs Yunzhou USVs Unmanned underwatervehicles (UUV)Autonomousunderwater vehicle (AUV) CR series Explorer series HSU-001 Intelligent Water class JUST AUVs Micro Dragon Series Orange Shark series Ostar AUVs Poseidon series Robosea AUVs Sea Clever Sea Whale series Submerged Dragon series THLMT AUVs Wukong WZODA XTDT Benthic landers CAS series Rainbowfish series Bottom crawlers Aquadrobotman series CSSC series Deepinfar series JUST series Robosea series SBSS series Sea Crab Sea Star THLMT unmanned vehicles#Underwater series VVLAI series Hybrid UUVs (Autonomous remotely-operated vehicles, ARVs) 7B8 Arctic series Hadal Hadal 1 Rainbowfish ARV Remotely operatedunderwater vehicle (ROUV) 8A4 8H4 Aquarobotman ROUV Deepinfar ROUVs Discovery Dragon Emperor Dragon Pearl Goldfish series JH-01 (Jiao-Hai 01) JTD-01 Deep Eel I JTML-02 JTMP series JTR series JUST ROUVs Max ROV Oceanxer ROUVs Ostar ROUVs PWT ROUV RECON-IV ROUV Robosea ROUVs SBSS ROUVs Sea Dragon series Sea Person (Hai-Ren/HR) series Sea Pole Sea Star 6000 Sea Submergence series SJT series ST-6000 THLMT ROUVs VVLAI ROUVs Walrus 1500 Underwater gliders Flying Wing Petrel series Sea Soar series Deepinfar Sea Wing series THLMT series Wave gliders CSSC series Hydrovo series Ostar series THLMT Black Pearl Weapon trialsships (AVM/AGM) Type 909 Wuhu-B class Type 909A Dahua class Type 910 Dahua-II class * = Under construction or procurement, CG= Classified as guided missile cruiser by NATO, FF= Classified as light frigate by PLAN

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_III:_Revenge_of_the_Sith

Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Writing","3.2 Art design","3.3 Filming","3.4 Visual effects","3.5 Deleted scenes","3.6 Music","4 Release","4.1 Marketing","4.2 Theatrical","4.3 Leaked workprint","4.4 Rating","4.5 Home media","4.6 3D re-release","5 Reception","5.1 Critical response","5.2 Other responses","5.3 Box office","5.4 Accolades","6 Themes","7 Other media","7.1 Novelization","7.2 Video game","7.3 The Clone Wars","7.4 The Bad Batch","7.5 Obi-Wan Kenobi","7.6 Backstroke of the West","8 References","8.1 Footnotes","8.2 Citations","8.3 Sources","9 External links"]

2005 film by George Lucas This article is about the film. For the video game, see Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (video game). For the soundtrack, see Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (soundtrack). For the novelization, see Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (novel). "Star Wars III" redirects here. For the third film released, see Return of the Jedi. Star Wars: Episode III –Revenge of the SithTheatrical release poster by Drew StruzanDirected byGeorge LucasWritten byGeorge LucasProduced byRick McCallumStarring Ewan McGregor Natalie Portman Hayden Christensen Ian McDiarmid Samuel L. Jackson Christopher Lee Anthony Daniels Kenny Baker Frank Oz CinematographyDavid TattersallEdited by Roger Barton Ben Burtt Music byJohn WilliamsProductioncompanyLucasfilm Ltd.Distributed by20th Century FoxRelease dates May 15, 2005 (2005-05-15) (Cannes) May 19, 2005 (2005-05-19) (United States) Running time140 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$113 millionBox office$868.4 million Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith is a 2005 American epic space opera film that is the sequel to The Phantom Menace (1999) and Attack of the Clones (2002). It is the sixth film in the Star Wars film series, the third installment in the Star Wars prequel trilogy, and third chronological chapter of the "Skywalker Saga". It is written and directed by George Lucas, who also served as executive producer. The film stars Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Hayden Christensen, Ian McDiarmid, Samuel L. Jackson, Christopher Lee, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Frank Oz. Revenge of the Sith is set three years after the onset of the Clone Wars as established in Attack of the Clones. The Jedi are spread across the galaxy in a full-scale war against the Separatists. The Jedi Council dispatches Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi on a mission to defeat General Grievous, the head of the Separatist army and Count Dooku's former apprentice, to put an end to the war. Meanwhile, after having visions of his wife Padmé Amidala dying in childbirth, Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker is tasked by the Council to spy on Palpatine, the Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic and, secretly, the Dark Lord of the Sith Darth Sidious. Sidious manipulates Anakin into turning to the dark side of the Force and becoming his apprentice, Darth Vader, with wide-ranging consequences for the galaxy. Lucas began writing the script before production of Attack of the Clones ended, citing that he wanted the end of the trilogy to have similar aspects to a romantic tragedy, thus building into Darth Vader's state at the beginning of the next film. Production of Revenge of the Sith started in June 2003, and filming took place in Australia with additional locations in Thailand, Switzerland, China, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Revenge of the Sith premiered on May 15, 2005, at the Cannes Film Festival, then released worldwide on May 19, 2005. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics, with most regarding it as the best film of the trilogy, although some criticism was reserved for Lucas's screenplay and Christensen's performance. It broke several box office records during its opening week and went on to earn $868.4 million worldwide, making it the second-highest-grossing film in the Star Wars franchise at the time. It was the highest-grossing film in the U.S. and the second-highest-grossing film worldwide in 2005. It also holds the record for the highest opening-day gross on a Thursday, making $50 million. It is also the final Star Wars film to be distributed by Fox, although it would be also acquired by Disney five years after it acquired Lucasfilm. Plot Orbiting above Coruscant, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker lead a mission to rescue Supreme Chancellor Palpatine from the cyborg Separatist commander General Grievous. After infiltrating Grievous' flagship, Obi-Wan and Anakin battle the Sith Lord Count Dooku, whom Anakin decapitates at Palpatine's insistence. Grievous escapes the damaged ship before Obi-Wan and Anakin crash-land it on Coruscant. There, Anakin reunites with his wife Padmé Amidala, who tells him that she is pregnant. Soon after, Anakin has visions of Padmé dying in childbirth. Palpatine appoints Anakin to the Jedi Council as his own personal representative. Distrusting Palpatine, the Council agrees but refuses to make Anakin a Jedi Master. They instead instruct him to spy on Palpatine, diminishing Anakin's faith in the Jedi. Meanwhile, on Utapau, Grievous relocates the Separatist leaders to the volcanic planet Mustafar. Obi-Wan travels to Utapau where he confronts and kills Grievous, while Yoda travels to the Wookiee planet of Kashyyyk to defend it from the Separatist droid attack on the Wookiees. Palpatine tempts Anakin with the dark side of the Force, promising it can save Padmé. Anakin deduces that Palpatine is the Sith Lord behind the Clone Wars and reports his treachery to Mace Windu, who confronts and subdues Palpatine, leaving the latter disfigured. Desperate to save Padmé, Anakin prevents Windu from killing Palpatine by slicing his right hand off. Palpatine then sends Windu falling to his death. Anakin pledges himself to the Sith, and Palpatine knights him as Darth Vader. Palpatine issues Order 66, which commands the clone troopers to kill their commanding Jedi generals across the galaxy, while Vader and a battalion of clone troopers kill the remaining Jedi in the Jedi Temple. Vader then travels to Mustafar to assassinate the Separatist leaders, while Palpatine declares himself Emperor before the Galactic Senate, transforming the Republic into the Galactic Empire. He denounces the Jedi as traitors. Obi-Wan and Yoda return to Coruscant and learn that Anakin has turned to the dark side. Yoda instructs Obi-Wan to confront Vader while he faces Palpatine. Obi-Wan seeks out Padmé to discover Vader's whereabouts and reveals his treachery. Padmé travels to Mustafar—unaware Obi-Wan has stowed aboard her ship—and pleads with Vader to abandon the dark side. When Obi-Wan emerges, an enraged Vader believes Padmé has betrayed him and strangles her. Obi-Wan and Vader engage in a lightsaber duel, which ends with Obi-Wan severing Vader's left arm and both legs. Vader is then burned alive by a nearby lava flow as Obi-Wan retrieves Vader's lightsaber before leaving him for dead. On Coruscant, Yoda battles Palpatine, culminating in a stalemate. Yoda flees with Senator Bail Organa and regroups with Obi-Wan and Padmé on the planetoid Polis Massa. Padmé gives birth to twins, whom she names Luke and Leia. She dies soon after, still believing there is good in Anakin. Palpatine recovers a barely alive Vader. On Coruscant, Vader's mutilated body is treated and encased in a black, armored life-support suit. When he asks about Padmé, Palpatine says Vader killed her out of rage, leaving Vader devastated. Obi-Wan and Yoda conceal the twins' birth from the Sith and retreat into exile until the Empire can be challenged. As Padmé's funeral is underway on Naboo, Palpatine and Vader supervise the construction of the Death Star. Bail takes Leia to Alderaan to raise her as his daughter. Obi-Wan delivers Luke to his step-uncle and step-aunt, Owen and Beru Lars, on Tatooine. Obi-Wan settles nearby as a recluse while watching over young Luke. Cast See also: List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members Left to right, top to bottom: Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Hayden Christensen, Ian McDiarmid, Samuel L. Jackson, and Jimmy Smits Ewan McGregor as Obi-Wan Kenobi, a Jedi Master, general of the Galactic Republic and Anakin Skywalker's best friend and mentor. Natalie Portman as Padmé Amidala, a senator of Naboo who is secretly Anakin's wife and pregnant with their children. Hayden Christensen as Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader, a Jedi Knight, hero of the Clone Wars and former Padawan of Obi-Wan and Padmé's secret husband who turns to the dark side of the Force and becomes a Sith Lord. Christensen also plays Vader in his suit. James Earl Jones reprises his role as the voice of Vader from previous Star Wars media in an uncredited cameo. Ian McDiarmid as Palpatine / Darth Sidious, the Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic who is secretly a Sith Lord, and later the Emperor of the Galactic Empire. He takes advantage of Anakin's distrust of the Jedi and fear of Padmé dying to turn him towards the dark side, becoming Vader's master. Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu, a Jedi Master and senior member of the Jedi Council. Jimmy Smits as Bail Organa, a senator from Alderaan. Christopher Lee as Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus, Sidious' Sith apprentice and the leader of the Separatists. He is decapitated by Anakin on the orders of his master. Anthony Daniels as C-3PO, Anakin and Padmé's personal protocol droid that Anakin created as a child. Kenny Baker as R2-D2, Anakin's astromech droid. Frank Oz as Yoda, a Jedi Grandmaster and the leader of the Jedi Council. Peter Mayhew, Oliver Ford Davies, Ahmed Best, and Silas Carson reprise their roles as Chewbacca, Sio Bibble, Jar Jar Binks, and Nute Gunray and Ki-Adi-Mundi, respectively, from the previous films. Joel Edgerton and Bonnie Piesse also make cameo appearances, reprising their roles as Owen and Beru Lars respectively from Attack of the Clones. Sound engineer Matthew Wood provides the voice of General Grievous, the fearsome cyborg commander of the Separatists' droid army, who had been trained in wielding a lightsaber by Count Dooku. Wood took over the role, after Gary Oldman was originally cast in the role, but had to drop out of the production due to scheduling conflicts; Oldman had completed some voice-over work. Temuera Morrison portrays Commander Cody and the rest of the clone troopers. Bruce Spence portrays Tion Medon, local administrator of Utapau. Jeremy Bulloch (who played Boba Fett in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi) appears as Captain Colton, the pilot of the CR70 corvette Tantive III. Genevieve O'Reilly portrays senator Mon Mothma, though her speaking scene was ultimately cut. Rohan Nichol portrays Captain Raymus Antilles. Wayne Pygram appears as a young Wilhuff Tarkin, and stunt coordinator Nick Gillard appears as a Jedi named Cin Drallig (his name spelled backward, without the 'k'). Editor Roger Barton's son Aidan Barton portrays Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa as infants. Director and Star Wars creator George Lucas has a cameo as Baron Papanoida, a blue-faced alien in attendance at the Coruscant opera house. Lucas' son Jett portrays Zett Jukassa, a young Jedi-in-training. One of Lucas' daughters, Amanda, appears as Terr Taneel, seen in a security hologram, while his other daughter Katie plays a blue-skinned Pantoran named Chi Eekway, visible when Palpatine arrives at the Senate after being saved by the Jedi and talking to Baron Papanoida at the opera house. Christian Simpson appeared as a stunt double for Hayden Christensen. Production Writing Lucas said he conceived the Star Wars saga's story in the form of a plot outline in 1973. However, he later clarified that, at the time of the saga's conception, he had not fully realized the details—only major plot points. The film's climactic duel has its basis in the Return of the Jedi novelization, in which Obi-Wan recounts his battle with Vader that ended with the latter falling "into a molten pit". Lucas began working on the screenplay for Episode III before the previous film, Attack of the Clones, was released, proposing to concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven battles on seven planets. In The Secret History of Star Wars, Michael Kaminski surmises that Lucas found flaws with Anakin's fall to the dark side and radically reorganized the plot. For example, instead of opening the film with a montage of Clone War battles, Lucas decided to focus on Anakin, ending the first act with him killing Count Dooku, an action that signals his turn to the dark side. A significant number of fans speculated online about the episode title for the film with rumored titles including Rise of the Empire, The Creeping Fear (which was also named as the film's title on the official website on April Fool's 2004), and Birth of the Empire. Eventually, Revenge of the Sith also became a title guessed by fans that George Lucas would indirectly confirm. The title is a reference to Revenge of the Jedi, the original title of Return of the Jedi; Lucas changed the title scant weeks before the premiere of Return of the Jedi, declaring that a true Jedi could never seek revenge. Lucas had originally planned to include even more ties to the original trilogy, and wrote early drafts of the script in which a 10-year-old Han Solo appeared on Kashyyyk, but the role was not cast or shot. He also wrote a scene in which Palpatine reveals to Anakin that he created him from midichlorians, and is thus his "father", a clear parallel to Vader's revelation to Luke in The Empire Strikes Back, but later scrapped this scene as well. Another planned scene by Lucas that was written during the early development of the film was a conversation between Master Yoda and the ghostly Qui-Gon Jinn, with Liam Neeson reprising his role as Jinn (he also hinted his possible appearance in the film). However, the scene was never filmed and Neeson was never recorded, although the scene was present in the film's novelization. After principal photography was complete in 2003, Lucas made even more changes to Anakin's character, rewriting his turn to the dark side. Lucas accomplished this through editing the principal footage and filming new scenes during pickups in London in 2004. In the previous versions, Anakin had several reasons for turning to the dark side, one of which was his sincere belief that the Jedi were plotting to take over the Republic. Although this is still intact in the finished film, by revising and refilming many scenes, Lucas emphasized Anakin's desire to save Padmé from death. Thus, in the version that made it to theaters, Anakin falls to the dark side primarily to save Padmé. Art design For the Kashyyyk environment, the art department turned to the Star Wars Holiday Special for inspiration. Over a period of months, Lucas would approve hundreds of designs that would eventually appear in the film. He would later rewrite entire scenes and action sequences to correspond to certain designs he had chosen. The designs were then shipped to the pre-visualization department to create moving CGI versions known as animatics. Ben Burtt would edit these scenes with Lucas in order to pre-visualize what the film would look like before the scenes were filmed. The pre-visualization footage featured a basic raw CGI environment with equally unprocessed character models performing a scene, typically for action sequences. Steven Spielberg was brought in as a "guest director" for the film's climax, overseeing the pre-visualization of an unused version of the Utapau chase scene and making art-design suggestions for the Order 66 assassinations as well as the Mustafar duel. The pre-visualization and art department designs were sent to the production department to begin building sets, props and costumes. Filming Although the first scene filmed was the final scene to appear in the film (shot during the filming of Attack of the Clones in 2000), the first bulk of principal photography on the film occurred from June 30, 2003, to September 17, 2003, with additional photography at Shepperton Studios in Surrey and Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire from August 2004 to January 31, 2005. The initial filming took place on sound stages at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney, although practical environments were shot as background footage later to be composited into the film. These included the limestone mountains depicting Kashyyyk, which were filmed in Phuket, Thailand. The production company was also fortunate enough to be shooting at the same time that Mount Etna erupted in Italy. Camera crews were sent to the location to shoot several angles of the volcano that were later spliced into the background of the animatics and the final film version of the planet Mustafar. While shooting key dramatic scenes, Lucas would often use an "A camera" and "B camera", or the "V technique", a process that involves shooting with two or more cameras at the same time in order to gain several angles of the same performance. Using the HD technology developed for the film, the filmmakers were able to send footage to the editors the same day it was shot, a process that would require a full 24 hours had it been shot on film. Footage featuring the planet Mustafar was given to editor Roger Barton, who was on location in Sydney cutting the climactic duel. Hayden Christensen said Lucas asked him "to bulk up and physically show the maturity that had taken place between the two films." The actor explained that he worked out with a trainer in Sydney for three months and ate "six meals a day and on every protein, weight gain supplement that man has created" to go from 160 lb (73 kg) to 185 lb (84 kg). Christensen and Ewan McGregor began rehearsing their climactic lightsaber duel long before Lucas would shoot it. They trained extensively with stunt coordinator Nick Gillard to memorize and perform their duel together. As in the previous prequel film, McGregor and Christensen performed their own lightsaber fighting scenes without the use of stunt doubles. The speed at which Vader and Obi-Wan engage in their duel is mostly the speed at which it was filmed, although there are instances where single frames were removed to increase the velocity of particular strikes. An example of this occurs as Obi-Wan strikes down on Vader after applying an armlock in the duel's first half. Revenge of the Sith was the first Star Wars film in which Anakin Skywalker and the suited Darth Vader were played by the same actor in the same film. As Christensen recounted, it was originally intended to simply have a "tall guy" in the Darth Vader costume, but, after "begging and pleading", Christensen persuaded Lucas to have the Vader costume used in the film created specifically to fit him. The new costume featured shoe lifts and a muscle suit. It also required Christensen (who is 6 feet or 1.8 metres tall) to look through the helmet's mouthpiece. In 2004, Gary Oldman was originally approached to provide the voice of General Grievous; however, complications arose during contract negotiations after Oldman learned the film was to be made outside of the Screen Actors Guild, of which he is a member. He backed out of the role rather than violate the union's rules. Matthew Wood, who voiced Grievous, disputed this story at Celebration III, held in Indianapolis. According to him, Oldman is a friend of producer Rick McCallum, and thus recorded an audition as a favor to him, but was not chosen. Wood, who was also the supervising sound editor, was in charge of the auditions and submitted his audition anonymously in the midst of 30 others, under the initials "A.S." for Alan Smithee. Days later, he received a phone call asking for the full name to the initials "A.S." Visual effects The post-production department (handled by Industrial Light & Magic) began work during filming and continued until weeks before the film was released in 2005. Special effects were created using almost all formats, including model work, CGI and practical effects. The same department later composited all such work into the filmed scenes—both processes taking nearly two years to complete. Revenge of the Sith has 2,151 shots that use special effects, a world record. The film required 910 artists and 70,441 man-hours to create 49 seconds of footage for the Mustafar duel alone. Members of Hyperspace, the Official Star Wars Fan Club, received a special look into the production. Benefits included not only special articles, but they also received access to a webcam that transmitted a new image every 20 seconds during the time it was operating in Fox Studios Australia. Many times the stars, and Lucas himself, were spotted on the webcam. Deleted scenes Lucas excised all scenes of a group of Senators, including Padmé, Bail Organa, and Mon Mothma (Genevieve O'Reilly), organizing an alliance to prevent Palpatine from usurping any more emergency powers. Though this is essentially the birth of the Rebel Alliance, the scenes were discarded to achieve more focus on Anakin's story. The scene where Yoda arrives on Dagobah to begin his self-imposed exile was also removed, but is featured as an extended scene in the DVD release, although McCallum stated he hoped Lucas would have added it to the new cut as part of a six-episode DVD box set. Bai Ling filmed minor scenes for the film playing a senator, but her role was cut during editing. She claimed this was because she appeared in a nude pictorial for the June 2005 issue of Playboy, whose appearance on newsstands coincided with the film's May release. Lucas denied this, stating that the cut had been made more than a year earlier, and that he had cut his own daughter's scenes as well. The bonus features show an additional removed scene in which Jedi Master Shaak Ti is killed by General Grievous in front of Obi-Wan and Anakin. The bonus features also show Obi-Wan and Anakin running through Grievous' ship, escaping droids through a fuel tunnel, and arguing over what R2-D2 is saying. Music Main article: Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (soundtrack) The music was composed and conducted by John Williams, who has composed and conducted the score for every episode in the Star Wars saga, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra and London Voices in February 2005. The film's soundtrack was released by Sony Pictures Classical Records on May 3, 2005, more than two weeks before the film's release. A music video titled A Hero Falls was created for the film's theme, "Battle of the Heroes", featuring footage from the film and was also available on the DVD. The soundtrack also came with a collectors' DVD hosted by McDiarmid, titled Star Wars: A Musical Journey, which features 16 music videos set to remastered selections of music from all six film scores, set chronologically through the saga. Release George Lucas in 2005. Portrait by Oliver Mark. Marketing The first trailer for Revenge of the Sith premiered in theaters on November 5, 2004, with the release of The Incredibles. It was also attached to the screenings of The Polar Express, National Treasure, Alexander, Ocean's Twelve, Meet the Fockers, Flight of the Phoenix and other films. At the same time, the trailer became available on the Internet. Just four months later, another trailer was unveiled on March 10, 2005, debuting with The O.C.'s "The Mallpisode" during the second season (Lucas himself would appear in a later episode) and in theaters with the release of Robots the next day on March 11. On March 14, it would then premiere on the official Star Wars website. Three days later on March 17, George Lucas revealed a preview of the film at the ShoWest Convention in Las Vegas, saying "It's not like the old Star Wars. This one's a little bit emotional. We like to describe it as Titanic in space. It's a tearjerker." Theatrical Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith charity premieres took place in Seattle, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington D.C., Boston, Denver, Atlanta, San Francisco, and Miami on Thursday, May 12, 2005; and on May 13, 2005, there were two additional charity premiere screenings in George Lucas's hometown of Modesto, California. The official premiere was at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival (out of competition) on May 16. Its theatrical release in most other countries took place on May 19 to coincide with the 1999 release of The Phantom Menace (the 1977 release of A New Hope and the 1983 release of Return of the Jedi were also released on the same day and month, six years apart). The global outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas claimed one week before the premiere that it may have cost the U.S. economy approximately US$627 million in lost productivity because of employees who took a day off or reported in sick. Grauman's Chinese Theatre, a traditional venue for the Star Wars films, did not show it. However, a line of people stood there for more than a month hoping to convince someone to change this. Most of them took advantage of an offer to see the film at a nearby cinema, ArcLight Cinemas (formerly the "Cinerama Dome"). On May 16, the Empire Cinema in London's Leicester Square hosted a day-long Star Wars marathon showing of all six films; an army of Imperial stormtroopers "guarded" the area, and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra gave a free concert of Star Wars music. Leaked workprint A copy of the film leaked onto peer-to-peer file sharing networks just hours after opening in theaters. The film was a time-stamped workprint, suggesting it may have come from within the industry rather than from someone who videotaped an advance screening. Eight people were later charged with copyright infringement and distributing material illegally. Documents filed by the Los Angeles District Attorney allege that a copy of the film was taken from an unnamed Californian post-production office by an employee, who later pleaded guilty to his charges. The illegal copy was passed among seven people until reaching an eighth party, who also pleaded guilty to uploading to an unnamed P2P network. Rating Revenge of the Sith is the first Star Wars film to receive a PG-13 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), officially for "sci-fi violence and some intense images", namely for the scene in which Darth Vader is set aflame by lava. Lucas had stated months before the MPAA's decision that he felt the film should receive a PG-13 rating, because of Anakin's final moments and the film's content being the darkest and most intense of all six films. Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper later opined that children would be able to handle the film as long as they had parental guidance. All previously released films in the series were rated PG. Home media Revenge of the Sith was released on DVD and VHS on October 31, 2005, in the UK and Ireland; on November 1, 2005, it was released in the United States and Canada on DVD; and on November 3, 2005, it was released in Australia. It was also released in most major territories on or near the same day. The DVD release consists of widescreen and pan and scan full-screen versions and is THX certified. This two-disc set contains one disc with the film and the other one with bonus features. The first disc features three randomized selected menus, which are Coruscant, Utapau and Mustafar. There is an Easter egg in the options menu. When the THX Optimizer is highlighted, the viewer can press 1-1-3-8. By doing this, a hip hop music video with Yoda and some clone troopers will play. The DVD includes a number of documentaries including a new full-length documentary as well as two featurettes, one which explores the prophecy of Anakin Skywalker as the Chosen One, the other looking at the film's stunts and a 15-part collection of web-documentaries from the official web site. Like the other DVD releases, included is an audio commentary track featuring Lucas, producer Rick McCallum, animation director Rob Coleman, and ILM visual effects supervisors John Knoll and Roger Guyett. Six deleted scenes were included with introductions from Lucas and McCallum. This release is notable because, due to marketing issues, it was the first Star Wars film never to be released on VHS in the United States. However, the film was released on VHS in Australia, the UK and other countries. The DVD was re-released in a prequel trilogy box set on November 4, 2008. The six Star Wars films were released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu-ray on September 16, 2011, in three different editions. On April 7, 2015, Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox, and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films. Revenge of the Sith was released through the iTunes Store, Amazon Video, Vudu, Google Play, and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 10, 2015. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment reissued Revenge of the Sith on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download on September 22, 2019. Additionally, all six films were available for 4K HDR and Dolby Atmos streaming on Disney+ upon the service's launch on November 12, 2019. This version of the film was released by Disney on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on March 31, 2020, whilst being re-released on Blu-ray and DVD. All 20th Century Fox Fanfare and logo sequences on the first six films have been restored following the completion of Disney's acquisition of that studio in 2019 having been removed for the initial digital releases, except for A New Hope, which Fox had asked to retain all rights for prior to the sale of the studio to Disney. 3D re-release On September 28, 2010, it was announced that all six films in the series were to be stereo-converted to 3D. The films would be re-released in chronological order beginning with The Phantom Menace on February 10, 2012. Revenge of the Sith was originally scheduled to be re-released in 3D on October 11, 2013. However, on January 28, 2013, Lucasfilm announced that it was postponing the 3D release of episodes II and III in order to "focus 100 percent of our efforts on Star Wars: The Force Awakens" and that further information about 3D release plans would be issued at a later date. The premiere of the 3D version was shown on April 17, 2015, at Star Wars Celebration Anaheim. Reception Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 79% based on 305 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, George Lucas brings his second Star Wars trilogy to a suitably thrilling and often poignant – if still a bit uneven – conclusion." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, the same score as the previous two films. Most critics have considered the film to be the best of the prequel trilogy. A. O. Scott of The New York Times concluded that it was "the best of the four episodes Mr. Lucas has directed", and equal to The Empire Strikes Back as "the richest and most challenging movie in the cycle". J.R. Jones, a Chicago Reader critic who disliked The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones, gave the film a positive review, saying that it had a "relatively thoughtful story". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, writing "If got bogged down in solemnity and theory in Episode II: Attack of the Clones, the Force is in a jollier mood this time, and Revenge of the Sith is a great entertainment", but he noted that "the dialogue throughout the movie is once again its weakest point". Though many critics and fans viewed Revenge of the Sith as the strongest of the three prequels, some viewers thought it was more or less on par with the previous two episodes. Much of the criticism was directed towards the dialogue, particularly the film's romantic scenes; critics claimed this demonstrated Lucas's weakness as a writer of dialogue, a subject with which Lucas openly agreed when receiving the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Film Institute. Some film critics and fans criticized Hayden Christensen's acting, calling it "wooden". A retrospective review by Time felt that Christensen's maligned performance was in part affected by the screenwriting. Other responses Some American conservatives criticized the film, claiming it had a liberal bias and was a commentary on the George W. Bush administration and Iraq War. Some websites went so far as to propose a boycott of the film. Lucas defended the film, stating that the film's storyline was written during the Vietnam War and was influenced by that conflict rather than the war in Iraq. Lucas also said "The parallels between Vietnam and what we're doing in Iraq now are unbelievable". Art critic Camille Paglia praised the film as an essential example of the modern digital art movement due to its "overwhelming operatic power and yes, seriousness", and arguing that its finale has "more inherent artistic value, emotional power, and global impact" than the work of some contemporary artists. During the late 2010s, the film amassed a cult following on social media among some young fans who were children when the film was released, using the film's dialogue to create Internet memes. Box office The film was released in 115 countries. Its worldwide gross eventually reached $849 million—making it the second-highest-grossing film of 2005, behind Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The film earned an estimated $16.91 million from 2,900 midnight screenings in North America upon its release. In total, it earned a record $50 million on its opening day, marking the record for the highest opening-day gross on a Thursday. It was surpassed the following year by Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, which earned $55.5 million on its opening day. With only the May 19 earnings, the film broke four box office records: midnight screenings gross (previously held by The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, $8 million), opening day gross (Spider-Man 2, with $40.4 million), single day gross (Shrek 2 with $44.8 million) and Thursday gross (The Matrix Reloaded with $37.5 million). Its single day and opening day gross records were later surpassed by Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest on July 7, 2006, when that movie grossed $55.5 million on its opening day, and its midnight screening gross was broken by The Dark Knight on July 18, 2008, with $18.5 million. With a total gross of $108.4 million, Revenge of the Sith would go on to hold the record for having the biggest opening weekend for any 20th Century Fox film for a decade until it was taken by Deadpool in 2016. The year prior, Minions had already surpassed Revenge of the Sith for having the largest opening weekend for a prequel. According to box office analysis sites, the film set American records for highest gross in a given number of days for each of its first 12 days of release except for the seventh and eighth, where the record is narrowly held by Spider-Man 2. Within three days, Revenge of the Sith surpassed Spider-Man for having the highest three-day gross of any film, scoring a total of $124.7 million. On its fifth day, it became the highest-grossing film of 2005, surpassing Hitch ($177.6 million). The film earned $158.5 million in its first four-day period, surpassing the previous four-day record held by The Matrix Reloaded ($134.3 million), and joining the latter film, Spider-Man, and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire as one of the only four films to make $100 million in their first three days. In eight days, it reached the $200 million mark (a record tied with Spider-Man 2) and by its 17th day, the film had passed $300 million (surpassing the record of 18 days of Shrek 2). It was eventually the third-fastest film (after Shrek 2 and Spider-Man) to reach $350 million. Revenge of the Sith earned a total of $55.2 million during its second weekend, making it the fourth-highest-grossing second weekend of all time, behind Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, Spider-Man and Shrek 2. The film then earned $70 million in just four days, becoming the seventh-highest Memorial Day weekend gross of any film, trailing only behind Shrek 2, The Lost World: Jurassic Park, The Day After Tomorrow, Bruce Almighty, Pearl Harbor and Mission: Impossible 2. The film ended its run in American theaters on October 20, 2005, finishing with a total gross of $380,270,577. It ranks 29th in all-time domestic grosses and is the highest-grossing U.S. of 2005, out-grossing second-place The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by nearly $90 million. The film sold an estimated 59,324,600 tickets in the US. It topped the domestic box office for two consecutive weekends before being overtaken by Madagascar and The Longest Yard (which were in their second weekend). International grosses that exceeded $460 million include those Australia ($27.2 million), France and Algeria ($56.9 million), Germany ($47.3 million), Italy ($11.3 million), Japan ($82.7 million), Mexico ($15.3 million), South Korea ($10.3 million), Spain ($23.8 million), and the United Kingdom and Ireland ($72.8 million). The total worldwide opening of Revenge of the Sith for each country was $254 million, combined with $304 million from its four-day weekend. It would go on to hold this record for two years before Spider-Man 3 took it in 2007. Accolades Following the release of Revenge of the Sith—the completion of the original and prequel Star Wars series—on June 9, 2005, George Lucas was presented with the 33rd American Film Institute Lifetime Achievement Award. The institute honored his "astonishing contributions to the art and technology of filmmaking, as well as the impact of the epic Star Wars series". Despite being the prequel trilogy's best reviewed and received film, it received fewer award nominations than the previous films. It became the only Star Wars film not to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects; it was nominated for Best Makeup (Dave Elsey and Nikki Gooley), losing to The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. It also won "Favorite Motion Picture" and "Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture" awards at the People's Choice Awards, "Hollywood Movie of the Year" award at the Hollywood Film Festival, Empire Awards for Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film and Scene of the Year (The birth of Vader), and the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Action. As did every film of the original trilogy, the film won the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film. Williams also won Best Music. The film was nominated for ten Saturn Awards overall, including Best Director and Best Writing for Lucas, Best Actor for Christensen, Best Actress for Natalie Portman, and Best Supporting Actor for Ian McDiarmid. Of the three Star Wars prequels, the film received the fewest Golden Raspberry Awards nominations: only one, for Christensen as Worst Supporting Actor, which he won. (The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones received seven nominations each, with one and two wins, respectively.) It is the only Star Wars prequel not to receive a Razzie nomination for Worst Picture. Christensen further won the "Best Villain" award at the MTV Movie Awards. The film also received the fewest nominations (and no wins) at the 2005 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards: Worst Screenplay for a Film Grossing More Than $100M, and Worst On-Screen Couple (Christensen and Portman). Themes See also: Star Wars sources and analogues Throughout Revenge of the Sith, Lucas refers to a wide range of films and other sources, drawing on political, military, and mythological motifs to enhance his story's impact. The most media coverage was likely given to an exchange between Anakin and Obi-Wan, leading to the aforementioned conflict: "If you're not with me, then you're my enemy", Anakin declares. Despite Lucas' insistence to the contrary, The Seattle Times concluded, "Without naming Bush or the Patriot Act, it's all unmistakable no matter what your own politics may be." McDiarmid, Lucas, and others have also called Anakin's journey to the dark side Faustian in the sense of making a "pact with the devil" for short-term gain, with the fiery volcano planet Mustafar representing hell. Midway through the film, Lucas intercuts between Anakin and Padmé by themselves, thinking about one another in the Jedi Temple and their apartment, respectively, during sunset. The sequence is without dialogue and complemented by a moody, synthesized soundtrack. Lucas' coverage of the exterior cityscapes, skylines and interior isolation in the so-called "Ruminations" sequence is similar to the cinematography and mise-en-scène of Rosemary's Baby, a film in which a husband makes a literal pact with the devil. Other media Novelization Main article: Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (novel) The film's novelization was written by Matthew Stover. It has more dialogue than the film, and certain story elements were expanded upon in the novelization including Anakin and Palpatine's relationship and Palpatine's apprenticeship to Darth Plagueis. Video game Main article: Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (video game) A video game based on the film was released on May 5, 2005, two weeks before the film. The game generally followed the film's storyline, integrating scenes from the film. However, many sections of the game featured scenes cut from the film, or entirely new scenes for the game. The style of the game was mostly lightsaber combat and fighting as Obi-Wan or Anakin. It also has a form of multiplayer mode, which includes both "VS" and "Cooperative" mode. In the first mode, two players fight with characters of their choice against each other in a lightsaber duel to the death. In the latter mode, two players team up to combat increasingly difficult waves of enemies. The Clone Wars Main article: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series) The 2008 animated film and subsequent television series fill the three-year gap between the events of Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. A number of plot threads initially developed for inclusion in Revenge of the Sith were instead incorporated into The Clone Wars. These include Boba Fett's revenge plot against Mace Windu for his father Jango's death, and the solving of the mystery behind deceased Jedi Master Sifo-Dyas which was introduced in Attack of the Clones. The final four episodes of the series take place concurrently with Revenge of the Sith. Several scenes from the film were recreated and expanded for these episodes in order to showcase the whereabouts of Anakin Skywalker's former Padawan Ahsoka Tano during the events of the film. While Ahsoka was a major character in The Clone Wars, she is not referenced in Revenge of the Sith as the character had not yet been created at the time that the film was written. The Bad Batch Main article: Star Wars: The Bad Batch Several scenes from Revenge of the Sith were recreated in the first episode Aftermath. This episode also takes place concurrently with the film and the following episodes deal with the aftermath of Order 66 and the Clone Wars. Obi-Wan Kenobi Main article: Obi-Wan Kenobi (TV series) The 2022 miniseries takes place ten years after Revenge of the Sith (and approximately nine years before A New Hope), and features flashbacks taking place prior and during the events of the film, with some of the latter via archive footage. McGregor, Christensen, Earl Jones, Edgerton, Piesse, Smits, McDiarmid, and Daniels reprise their roles from the film. Backstroke of the West In 2016, a fandub of Revenge of the Sith was released titled Star War the Third Gathers: Backstroke of the West. The script used in the fandub originated from the English subtitles of a Mandarin Chinese bootleg DVD of the film that had been purchased by an American in Shanghai. The subtitles, almost entirely filled with errors and mistranslations, stemmed from a bootlegger first having listened to the film in English, writing down what they believed to have heard and occasionally making things up, which was then converted into Mandarin and back into English via inaccurate machine translation, resulting in nonsensical Chinglish. The dub became an Internet meme and a viral video and received praise from multiple news outlets. Patrick Shanley from The Hollywood Reporter described it as "a fan-made masterpiece", while Julia Alexander from Polygon called the dub "hilarious". Derrick Rossignol from Nerdist went so far as to say that the fandub was "way better" than the original film. References Footnotes ^ As depicted in the 2008 television series Star Wars: The Clone Wars ^ As depicted in Star Wars (1977) ^ Jones himself has never confirmed his participation. When specifically asked whether he had supplied the voice, possibly from a previous recording, Jones told Newsday: "You'd have to ask Lucas about that. I don't know." ^ As depicted in The Phantom Menace. ^ Her speaking scene (A Stirring in the Senate) was featured in the bonus features of the DVD release. ^ Spielberg suggested that Anakin and Obi-Wan should be "dripping sweat" and that "their hair at some point should be smoking", which Lucas loved. ^ The scene with Obi-Wan delivering Luke to the Lars homestead was reshot on a sound-stage during the production of Episode III. ^ The PG-13 rating had not existed when the films in the original trilogy were released, having been introduced in 1984 as a result of the Lucas-produced film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. ^ Later pushed up to October 4, 2013. ^ Revenge of the Sith is set 19 years before A New Hope (19 BBY) so Obi-Wan Kenobi is 9 BBY. Citations ^ "Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith". British Board of Film Classification. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2015. ^ a b c d e f "Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith". 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Battle for Endor (1985, TV film) Captain EO (1986, short attraction) Willow (1988) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) Radioland Murders (1994) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) Strange Magic (2015) TV series created The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–96 / 1999–2001) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–14; 2020) Star Wars Detours (unaired) Books written Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker (1976, credit only) Shadow Moon (1995) Shadow Dawn (1996) Shadow Star (2000) Franchises created Star Wars (1977–present) Indiana Jones (1981–present) Willow (1988–present) American Graffiti (1973–1979) Related Bald: The Making of THX 1138 Light & Magic American Zoetrope Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Lucas Museum of Narrative Art Skywalker Ranch The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia vteLucasfilmWalt Disney StudiosProductionsFilms American Graffiti (1973) Star Wars (1977) More American Graffiti (1979) The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) Return of the Jedi (1983) Twice Upon a Time (1983) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) Latino (1985) Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985) Labyrinth (1986) Howard the Duck (1986) Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988) Willow (1988) The Land Before Time (1988) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) Radioland Murders (1994) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) Red Tails (2012) Strange Magic (2015) Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016) Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018) Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019) Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny (2023) Unproduced Star Wars: Duel of the Fates TV series Star Wars: Droids (1985–86) Ewoks (1985–86) Maniac Mansion (1990–93) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–96) Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003–05) The Clone Wars (2008–20) Rebels (2014–18) Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures (2016–17) Star Wars Forces of Destiny (2017–18) Resistance (2018–20) The Mandalorian (2019–present) Visions (2021–present) The Book of Boba Fett (2021–22) Star Wars: The Bad Batch (2021–2024) Obi-Wan Kenobi (2022) Light & Magic (2022) Andor (2022–present) Star Wars: Tales (2022–present) Willow (2022–23) Star Wars: Young Jedi Adventures (2023–present) Ahsoka (2023–present) The Acolyte (2024) Skeleton Crew (2024) Unaired Star Wars Detours TV films Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure (1984) Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985) Theme parkfilms Captain EO (1986) Star Tours (1987) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter (1995) Star Tours – The Adventures Continue (2011) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Willow American Graffiti Relatedproductions THX 1138 (1971) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation Lucasfilm Games Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas (Founder) Kathleen Kennedy (President) Howard Roffman (EVP, Franchise Management) Other StageCraft The Seventh Tower (2000−01) vteEmpire Award for Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2006) Pan's Labyrinth (2007) Stardust (2008) Wanted (2009) Star Trek (2010) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2011) Thor (2012) The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2013) The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2014) X-Men: Days of Future Past (2015) Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2016) A Monster Calls (2017) Wonder Woman (2018) vteSaturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film1970s Slaughterhouse-Five (1972) Soylent Green (1973) Rollerball (1974/75) Logan's Run (1976) Star Wars (1977) Superman (1978) Alien (1979) 1980s The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Superman II (1981) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) Return of the Jedi (1983) The Terminator (1984) Back to the Future (1985) Aliens (1986) RoboCop (1987) Alien Nation (1988) 1990s Total Recall (1989/90) Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1992) Jurassic Park (1993) Stargate (1994) 12 Monkeys (1995) Independence Day (1996) Men in Black (1997) Armageddon/Dark City (1998) The Matrix (1999) 2000s X-Men (2000) A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) Minority Report (2002) X2: X-Men United (2003) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) Children of Men (2006) Cloverfield (2007) Iron Man (2008) Avatar (2009) 2010s Inception (2010) Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011) The Avengers (2012) Gravity (2013) Interstellar (2014) Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016) Blade Runner 2049 (2017) Ready Player One (2018/19) Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019/20) 2020s Nope (2021/22) Avatar: The Way of Water (2022/23) vteTeen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Action The Matrix Reloaded (2003) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007) The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008) X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009) Sherlock Holmes (2010) Fast Five (2011) Abduction (2012) Iron Man 3 (2013) Divergent (2014) Furious 7 (2015) Deadpool (2016) Wonder Woman (2017) Avengers: Infinity War (2018) Avengers: Endgame (2019) vteYearly highest-grossing films in the United StatesFilms listed as number-one by in-year release1970s–1980s Star Wars (1977) Grease (1978) Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) Return of the Jedi (1983) Beverly Hills Cop (1984) Back to the Future (1985) Top Gun (1986) Three Men and a Baby (1987) Rain Man (1988) Batman (1989) 1990s−2000s Home Alone (1990) Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) Aladdin (1992) Jurassic Park (1993) Forrest Gump (1994) Toy Story (1995) Independence Day (1996) Titanic (1997) Saving Private Ryan (1998) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001) Spider-Man (2002) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) Shrek 2 (2004) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) Spider-Man 3 (2007) The Dark Knight (2008) Avatar (2009) 2010s−2020s Toy Story 3 (2010) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011) The Avengers (2012) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013) American Sniper (2014) Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) Rogue One (2016) Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) Black Panther (2018) Avengers: Endgame (2019) Bad Boys for Life (2020) Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) Top Gun: Maverick (2022) Barbie (2023) List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States Czech Republic Portals: Film United States Speculative fiction Science fiction Space

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Return of the Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi"},{"link_name":"epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_film"},{"link_name":"space opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera"},{"link_name":"The Phantom Menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace"},{"link_name":"Attack of the Clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"Star Wars prequel trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_prequel_trilogy"},{"link_name":"Skywalker Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywalker_Saga"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Ewan McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Natalie Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Portman"},{"link_name":"Hayden Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Christensen"},{"link_name":"Ian McDiarmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McDiarmid"},{"link_name":"Samuel L. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lee"},{"link_name":"Anthony Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Kenny Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Baker_(English_actor)"},{"link_name":"Frank Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Oz"},{"link_name":"Clone Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_Wars_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi"},{"link_name":"galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_galaxy"},{"link_name":"Obi-Wan Kenobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi"},{"link_name":"General Grievous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Grievous"},{"link_name":"Count Dooku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dooku"},{"link_name":"Padmé Amidala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padm%C3%A9_Amidala"},{"link_name":"Anakin Skywalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader"},{"link_name":"Palpatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpatine"},{"link_name":"Galactic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Sith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sith"},{"link_name":"the Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Force"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"second-highest-grossing film worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film#Highest-grossing_films"},{"link_name":"acquired by Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_21st_Century_Fox_by_Disney"}],"text":"2005 film by George LucasThis article is about the film. For the video game, see Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (video game). For the soundtrack, see Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (soundtrack). For the novelization, see Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (novel).\"Star Wars III\" redirects here. For the third film released, see Return of the Jedi.Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith is a 2005 American epic space opera film that is the sequel to The Phantom Menace (1999) and Attack of the Clones (2002). It is the sixth film in the Star Wars film series, the third installment in the Star Wars prequel trilogy, and third chronological chapter of the \"Skywalker Saga\". It is written and directed by George Lucas, who also served as executive producer. The film stars Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Hayden Christensen, Ian McDiarmid, Samuel L. Jackson, Christopher Lee, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Frank Oz.Revenge of the Sith is set three years after the onset of the Clone Wars as established in Attack of the Clones. The Jedi are spread across the galaxy in a full-scale war against the Separatists. The Jedi Council dispatches Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi on a mission to defeat General Grievous, the head of the Separatist army and Count Dooku's former apprentice, to put an end to the war. Meanwhile, after having visions of his wife Padmé Amidala dying in childbirth, Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker is tasked by the Council to spy on Palpatine, the Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic and, secretly, the Dark Lord of the Sith Darth Sidious. Sidious manipulates Anakin into turning to the dark side of the Force and becoming his apprentice, Darth Vader, with wide-ranging consequences for the galaxy.Lucas began writing the script before production of Attack of the Clones ended, citing that he wanted the end of the trilogy to have similar aspects to a romantic tragedy, thus building into Darth Vader's state at the beginning of the next film. Production of Revenge of the Sith started in June 2003, and filming took place in Australia with additional locations in Thailand, Switzerland, China, Italy, and the United Kingdom.Revenge of the Sith premiered on May 15, 2005, at the Cannes Film Festival, then released worldwide on May 19, 2005. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics, with most regarding it as the best film of the trilogy, although some criticism was reserved for Lucas's screenplay and Christensen's performance. It broke several box office records during its opening week and went on to earn $868.4 million worldwide, making it the second-highest-grossing film in the Star Wars franchise at the time. It was the highest-grossing film in the U.S. and the second-highest-grossing film worldwide in 2005. It also holds the record for the highest opening-day gross on a Thursday, making $50 million. It is also the final Star Wars film to be distributed by Fox, although it would be also acquired by Disney five years after it acquired Lucasfilm.","title":"Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coruscant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coruscant"},{"link_name":"Obi-Wan Kenobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi"},{"link_name":"Anakin Skywalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader"},{"link_name":"Palpatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpatine"},{"link_name":"General Grievous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Grievous"},{"link_name":"Sith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sith"},{"link_name":"Count Dooku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dooku"},{"link_name":"Padmé Amidala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padm%C3%A9_Amidala"},{"link_name":"Utapau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utapau"},{"link_name":"Mustafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafar"},{"link_name":"Yoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoda"},{"link_name":"Wookiee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wookiee"},{"link_name":"Kashyyyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashyyyk"},{"link_name":"the Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Force"},{"link_name":"the Clone Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_Wars_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mace Windu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Windu"},{"link_name":"Order 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_66_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"clone troopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_trooper"},{"link_name":"Galactic Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Senate"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Galactic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Empire_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"lightsaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightsaber"},{"link_name":"Bail Organa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail_Organa"},{"link_name":"planetoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet"},{"link_name":"Polis Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polis_Massa"},{"link_name":"Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Skywalker"},{"link_name":"Leia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Leia"},{"link_name":"Naboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naboo"},{"link_name":"Death Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alderaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderaan"},{"link_name":"Tatooine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatooine"}],"text":"Orbiting above Coruscant, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker lead a mission to rescue Supreme Chancellor Palpatine from the cyborg Separatist commander General Grievous. After infiltrating Grievous' flagship, Obi-Wan and Anakin battle the Sith Lord Count Dooku, whom Anakin decapitates at Palpatine's insistence. Grievous escapes the damaged ship before Obi-Wan and Anakin crash-land it on Coruscant. There, Anakin reunites with his wife Padmé Amidala, who tells him that she is pregnant. Soon after, Anakin has visions of Padmé dying in childbirth.Palpatine appoints Anakin to the Jedi Council as his own personal representative. Distrusting Palpatine, the Council agrees but refuses to make Anakin a Jedi Master. They instead instruct him to spy on Palpatine, diminishing Anakin's faith in the Jedi. Meanwhile, on Utapau, Grievous relocates the Separatist leaders to the volcanic planet Mustafar. Obi-Wan travels to Utapau where he confronts and kills Grievous, while Yoda travels to the Wookiee planet of Kashyyyk to defend it from the Separatist droid attack on the Wookiees.Palpatine tempts Anakin with the dark side of the Force, promising it can save Padmé. Anakin deduces that Palpatine is the Sith Lord behind the Clone Wars[a] and reports his treachery to Mace Windu, who confronts and subdues Palpatine, leaving the latter disfigured. Desperate to save Padmé, Anakin prevents Windu from killing Palpatine by slicing his right hand off. Palpatine then sends Windu falling to his death. Anakin pledges himself to the Sith, and Palpatine knights him as Darth Vader. Palpatine issues Order 66, which commands the clone troopers to kill their commanding Jedi generals across the galaxy, while Vader and a battalion of clone troopers kill the remaining Jedi in the Jedi Temple. Vader then travels to Mustafar to assassinate the Separatist leaders, while Palpatine declares himself Emperor before the Galactic Senate, transforming the Republic into the Galactic Empire. He denounces the Jedi as traitors.Obi-Wan and Yoda return to Coruscant and learn that Anakin has turned to the dark side. Yoda instructs Obi-Wan to confront Vader while he faces Palpatine. Obi-Wan seeks out Padmé to discover Vader's whereabouts and reveals his treachery. Padmé travels to Mustafar—unaware Obi-Wan has stowed aboard her ship—and pleads with Vader to abandon the dark side. When Obi-Wan emerges, an enraged Vader believes Padmé has betrayed him and strangles her. Obi-Wan and Vader engage in a lightsaber duel, which ends with Obi-Wan severing Vader's left arm and both legs. Vader is then burned alive by a nearby lava flow as Obi-Wan retrieves Vader's lightsaber before leaving him for dead.On Coruscant, Yoda battles Palpatine, culminating in a stalemate. Yoda flees with Senator Bail Organa and regroups with Obi-Wan and Padmé on the planetoid Polis Massa. Padmé gives birth to twins, whom she names Luke and Leia. She dies soon after, still believing there is good in Anakin. Palpatine recovers a barely alive Vader. On Coruscant, Vader's mutilated body is treated and encased in a black, armored life-support suit. When he asks about Padmé, Palpatine says Vader killed her out of rage, leaving Vader devastated.Obi-Wan and Yoda conceal the twins' birth from the Sith and retreat into exile until the Empire can be challenged. As Padmé's funeral is underway on Naboo, Palpatine and Vader supervise the construction of the Death Star.[b] Bail takes Leia to Alderaan to raise her as his daughter. Obi-Wan delivers Luke to his step-uncle and step-aunt, Owen and Beru Lars, on Tatooine. Obi-Wan settles nearby as a recluse while watching over young Luke.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Star Wars characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_characters"},{"link_name":"List of Star Wars cast members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_cast_members"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ewan_McGregor_Premiere_Down_to_love_in_Sydney_2003_(cropped).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natalie_Portman_Thor_2_cropped.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayden-cfda2010-0004_(1)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Emperor_Has_No_Robes_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_L._Jackson_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jimmy_Smits_by_Gage_Skidmore_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ewan McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Natalie Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Portman"},{"link_name":"Hayden Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Christensen"},{"link_name":"Ian McDiarmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McDiarmid"},{"link_name":"Samuel L. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Smits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Smits"},{"link_name":"Ewan McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Obi-Wan Kenobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi"},{"link_name":"Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi"},{"link_name":"Galactic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Republic_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Natalie Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Portman"},{"link_name":"Padmé Amidala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padm%C3%A9_Amidala"},{"link_name":"Naboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naboo"},{"link_name":"Hayden Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Christensen"},{"link_name":"Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader"},{"link_name":"the Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Force"},{"link_name":"Sith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sith"},{"link_name":"James Earl Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Earl_Jones"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ian McDiarmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McDiarmid"},{"link_name":"Palpatine / Darth Sidious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpatine"},{"link_name":"Galactic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Empire_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Samuel L. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Mace Windu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Windu"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Smits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Smits"},{"link_name":"Bail Organa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail_Organa"},{"link_name":"Alderaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderaan"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lee"},{"link_name":"Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dooku"},{"link_name":"Anthony Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Daniels"},{"link_name":"C-3PO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-3PO"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kenny Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Baker_(English_actor)"},{"link_name":"R2-D2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R2-D2"},{"link_name":"Frank Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Oz"},{"link_name":"Yoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoda"},{"link_name":"Peter Mayhew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mayhew"},{"link_name":"Oliver Ford Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Ford_Davies"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Best"},{"link_name":"Silas Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas_Carson"},{"link_name":"Chewbacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewbacca"},{"link_name":"Jar Jar Binks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar_Jar_Binks"},{"link_name":"Nute Gunray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nute_Gunray"},{"link_name":"Ki-Adi-Mundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki-Adi-Mundi"},{"link_name":"Joel Edgerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Edgerton"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Piesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Piesse"},{"link_name":"Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Lars"},{"link_name":"Beru Lars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beru_Lars"},{"link_name":"Matthew Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Wood_(sound_editor)"},{"link_name":"General Grievous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Grievous"},{"link_name":"cyborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg"},{"link_name":"droid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droid_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Gary Oldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Oldman"},{"link_name":"voice-over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_acting"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oldman_TP-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oldman_SR-10"},{"link_name":"Temuera Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuera_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Commander Cody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_Cody_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"clone troopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_trooper"},{"link_name":"Bruce Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Spence"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Bulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bulloch"},{"link_name":"Boba Fett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boba_Fett"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Genevieve O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevieve_O%27Reilly"},{"link_name":"Mon Mothma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_Mothma"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smits-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Reilly-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cameos-14"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rohan Nichol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohan_Nichol"},{"link_name":"Raymus Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymus_Antilles"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Wayne Pygram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Pygram"},{"link_name":"Wilhuff Tarkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Moff_Tarkin"},{"link_name":"Nick Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Gillard"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Roger Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Barton_(film_editor)"},{"link_name":"Luke Skywalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Skywalker"},{"link_name":"Leia Organa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Leia"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Amanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Lucas_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"Katie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Lucas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"stunt double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunt_double"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"See also: List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast membersLeft to right, top to bottom: Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Hayden Christensen, Ian McDiarmid, Samuel L. Jackson, and Jimmy SmitsEwan McGregor as Obi-Wan Kenobi, a Jedi Master, general of the Galactic Republic and Anakin Skywalker's best friend and mentor.\nNatalie Portman as Padmé Amidala, a senator of Naboo who is secretly Anakin's wife and pregnant with their children.\nHayden Christensen as Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader, a Jedi Knight, hero of the Clone Wars and former Padawan of Obi-Wan and Padmé's secret husband who turns to the dark side of the Force and becomes a Sith Lord. Christensen also plays Vader in his suit. James Earl Jones reprises his role as the voice of Vader from previous Star Wars media in an uncredited cameo.[3][c]\nIan McDiarmid as Palpatine / Darth Sidious, the Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic who is secretly a Sith Lord, and later the Emperor of the Galactic Empire. He takes advantage of Anakin's distrust of the Jedi and fear of Padmé dying to turn him towards the dark side, becoming Vader's master.\nSamuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu, a Jedi Master and senior member of the Jedi Council.\nJimmy Smits as Bail Organa, a senator from Alderaan.\nChristopher Lee as Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus, Sidious' Sith apprentice and the leader of the Separatists. He is decapitated by Anakin on the orders of his master.\nAnthony Daniels as C-3PO, Anakin and Padmé's personal protocol droid that Anakin created as a child.[d]\nKenny Baker as R2-D2, Anakin's astromech droid.\nFrank Oz as Yoda, a Jedi Grandmaster and the leader of the Jedi Council.Peter Mayhew, Oliver Ford Davies, Ahmed Best, and Silas Carson reprise their roles as Chewbacca, Sio Bibble, Jar Jar Binks, and Nute Gunray and Ki-Adi-Mundi, respectively, from the previous films. Joel Edgerton and Bonnie Piesse also make cameo appearances, reprising their roles as Owen and Beru Lars respectively from Attack of the Clones. Sound engineer Matthew Wood provides the voice of General Grievous, the fearsome cyborg commander of the Separatists' droid army, who had been trained in wielding a lightsaber by Count Dooku. Wood took over the role, after Gary Oldman was originally cast in the role, but had to drop out of the production due to scheduling conflicts; Oldman had completed some voice-over work.[5][6] Temuera Morrison portrays Commander Cody and the rest of the clone troopers. Bruce Spence portrays Tion Medon, local administrator of Utapau. Jeremy Bulloch (who played Boba Fett in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi) appears as Captain Colton, the pilot of the CR70 corvette Tantive III.[7] Genevieve O'Reilly portrays senator Mon Mothma, though her speaking scene was ultimately cut.[8][9][10][e] Rohan Nichol portrays Captain Raymus Antilles.[11]Wayne Pygram appears as a young Wilhuff Tarkin, and stunt coordinator Nick Gillard appears as a Jedi named Cin Drallig (his name spelled backward, without the 'k').[12] Editor Roger Barton's son Aidan Barton portrays Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa as infants.Director and Star Wars creator George Lucas has a cameo as Baron Papanoida, a blue-faced alien in attendance at the Coruscant opera house.[13] Lucas' son Jett portrays Zett Jukassa, a young Jedi-in-training. One of Lucas' daughters, Amanda, appears as Terr Taneel, seen in a security hologram, while his other daughter Katie plays a blue-skinned Pantoran named Chi Eekway, visible when Palpatine arrives at the Senate after being saved by the Jedi and talking to Baron Papanoida at the opera house.[14][15] Christian Simpson appeared as a stunt double for Hayden Christensen.[16]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVDcom-22"},{"link_name":"Return of the Jedi novelization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Attack of the Clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_of_the_Clones"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN1-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CConfidential-27"},{"link_name":"Return of the Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmpireOfDreams-28"},{"link_name":"original trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_trilogy"},{"link_name":"Han Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Solo"},{"link_name":"midichlorians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midichlorians"},{"link_name":"The Empire Strikes Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back"},{"link_name":"Yoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoda"},{"link_name":"Qui-Gon Jinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qui-Gon_Jinn"},{"link_name":"Liam Neeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Neeson"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"pickups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick-up_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"Lucas said he conceived the Star Wars saga's story in the form of a plot outline in 1973. However, he later clarified that, at the time of the saga's conception, he had not fully realized the details—only major plot points.[17] The film's climactic duel has its basis in the Return of the Jedi novelization, in which Obi-Wan recounts his battle with Vader that ended with the latter falling \"into a molten pit\".[18] Lucas began working on the screenplay for Episode III before the previous film, Attack of the Clones, was released, proposing to concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven battles on seven planets.[19] In The Secret History of Star Wars, Michael Kaminski surmises that Lucas found flaws with Anakin's fall to the dark side and radically reorganized the plot. For example, instead of opening the film with a montage of Clone War battles, Lucas decided to focus on Anakin, ending the first act with him killing Count Dooku, an action that signals his turn to the dark side.[20]A significant number of fans speculated online about the episode title for the film with rumored titles including Rise of the Empire, The Creeping Fear (which was also named as the film's title on the official website on April Fool's 2004), and Birth of the Empire.[21] Eventually, Revenge of the Sith also became a title guessed by fans that George Lucas would indirectly confirm.[22] The title is a reference to Revenge of the Jedi, the original title of Return of the Jedi; Lucas changed the title scant weeks before the premiere of Return of the Jedi, declaring that a true Jedi could never seek revenge.[23]Lucas had originally planned to include even more ties to the original trilogy, and wrote early drafts of the script in which a 10-year-old Han Solo appeared on Kashyyyk, but the role was not cast or shot. He also wrote a scene in which Palpatine reveals to Anakin that he created him from midichlorians, and is thus his \"father\", a clear parallel to Vader's revelation to Luke in The Empire Strikes Back, but later scrapped this scene as well. Another planned scene by Lucas that was written during the early development of the film was a conversation between Master Yoda and the ghostly Qui-Gon Jinn, with Liam Neeson reprising his role as Jinn (he also hinted his possible appearance in the film).[24] However, the scene was never filmed and Neeson was never recorded, although the scene was present in the film's novelization.After principal photography was complete in 2003, Lucas made even more changes to Anakin's character, rewriting his turn to the dark side. Lucas accomplished this through editing the principal footage and filming new scenes during pickups in London in 2004.[25] In the previous versions, Anakin had several reasons for turning to the dark side, one of which was his sincere belief that the Jedi were plotting to take over the Republic. Although this is still intact in the finished film, by revising and refilming many scenes, Lucas emphasized Anakin's desire to save Padmé from death. Thus, in the version that made it to theaters, Anakin falls to the dark side primarily to save Padmé.[25]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kashyyyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashyyyk"},{"link_name":"Star Wars Holiday Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Holiday_Special"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holiday-31"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"CGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"},{"link_name":"Ben Burtt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Burtt"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiel-34"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"}],"sub_title":"Art design","text":"For the Kashyyyk environment, the art department turned to the Star Wars Holiday Special for inspiration.[26] Over a period of months, Lucas would approve hundreds of designs that would eventually appear in the film. He would later rewrite entire scenes and action sequences to correspond to certain designs he had chosen.[25] The designs were then shipped to the pre-visualization department to create moving CGI versions known as animatics. Ben Burtt would edit these scenes with Lucas in order to pre-visualize what the film would look like before the scenes were filmed.[25] The pre-visualization footage featured a basic raw CGI environment with equally unprocessed character models performing a scene, typically for action sequences. Steven Spielberg was brought in as a \"guest director\" for the film's climax, overseeing the pre-visualization of an unused version of the Utapau chase scene[27] and making art-design suggestions for the Order 66 assassinations as well as the Mustafar duel.[28][29][f] The pre-visualization and art department designs were sent to the production department to begin building sets, props and costumes.[25]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suntan-36"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Shepperton Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepperton_Studios"},{"link_name":"Elstree Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"Fox Studios Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Studios_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Kashyyyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashyyyk"},{"link_name":"Phuket, Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuket_Province"},{"link_name":"Mount Etna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Etna"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"Roger Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Barton_(film_editor)"},{"link_name":"Hayden Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Christensen"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MovieWeb-39"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SciFi-40"},{"link_name":"Ewan McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_McGregor"},{"link_name":"lightsaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightsaber"},{"link_name":"Nick Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Gillard"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stunts-41"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVDcom-22"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freeman-42"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Celebration-43"},{"link_name":"Gary Oldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Oldman"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oldman-44"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Matthew Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Wood_(sound_editor)"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Rick McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_McCallum"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Alan Smithee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Smithee"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waltersinterview-48"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Although the first scene filmed was the final scene to appear in the film (shot during the filming of Attack of the Clones in 2000),[30][g] the first bulk of principal photography on the film occurred from June 30, 2003, to September 17, 2003, with additional photography at Shepperton Studios in Surrey and Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire from August 2004 to January 31, 2005.[25] The initial filming took place on sound stages at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney, although practical environments were shot as background footage later to be composited into the film. These included the limestone mountains depicting Kashyyyk, which were filmed in Phuket, Thailand. The production company was also fortunate enough to be shooting at the same time that Mount Etna erupted in Italy. Camera crews were sent to the location to shoot several angles of the volcano that were later spliced into the background of the animatics and the final film version of the planet Mustafar.[25]While shooting key dramatic scenes, Lucas would often use an \"A camera\" and \"B camera\", or the \"V technique\", a process that involves shooting with two or more cameras at the same time in order to gain several angles of the same performance.[25] Using the HD technology developed for the film, the filmmakers were able to send footage to the editors the same day it was shot, a process that would require a full 24 hours had it been shot on film.[25] Footage featuring the planet Mustafar was given to editor Roger Barton, who was on location in Sydney cutting the climactic duel.Hayden Christensen said Lucas asked him \"to bulk up and physically show the maturity that had taken place between the two films.\"[32] The actor explained that he worked out with a trainer in Sydney for three months and ate \"six meals a day and on every protein, weight gain supplement that man has created\" to go from 160 lb (73 kg) to 185 lb (84 kg).[33]Christensen and Ewan McGregor began rehearsing their climactic lightsaber duel long before Lucas would shoot it. They trained extensively with stunt coordinator Nick Gillard to memorize and perform their duel together. As in the previous prequel film, McGregor and Christensen performed their own lightsaber fighting scenes without the use of stunt doubles.[34] The speed at which Vader and Obi-Wan engage in their duel is mostly the speed at which it was filmed, although there are instances where single frames were removed to increase the velocity of particular strikes. An example of this occurs as Obi-Wan strikes down on Vader after applying an armlock in the duel's first half.[17]Revenge of the Sith was the first Star Wars film in which Anakin Skywalker and the suited Darth Vader were played by the same actor in the same film. As Christensen recounted, it was originally intended to simply have a \"tall guy\" in the Darth Vader costume, but, after \"begging and pleading\", Christensen persuaded Lucas to have the Vader costume used in the film created specifically to fit him. The new costume featured shoe lifts and a muscle suit.[35] It also required Christensen (who is 6 feet or 1.8 metres tall) to look through the helmet's mouthpiece.[36]In 2004, Gary Oldman was originally approached to provide the voice of General Grievous;[37] however, complications arose during contract negotiations after Oldman learned the film was to be made outside of the Screen Actors Guild, of which he is a member. He backed out of the role rather than violate the union's rules.[38] Matthew Wood, who voiced Grievous, disputed this story at Celebration III, held in Indianapolis. According to him, Oldman is a friend of producer Rick McCallum, and thus recorded an audition as a favor to him, but was not chosen.[39] Wood, who was also the supervising sound editor, was in charge of the auditions and submitted his audition anonymously in the midst of 30 others, under the initials \"A.S.\" for Alan Smithee.[40] Days later, he received a phone call asking for the full name to the initials \"A.S.\"[41]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Industrial Light & Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"webcam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyperspace-50"}],"sub_title":"Visual effects","text":"The post-production department (handled by Industrial Light & Magic) began work during filming and continued until weeks before the film was released in 2005. Special effects were created using almost all formats, including model work, CGI and practical effects. The same department later composited all such work into the filmed scenes—both processes taking nearly two years to complete. Revenge of the Sith has 2,151 shots that use special effects, a world record.[42]The film required 910 artists and 70,441 man-hours to create 49 seconds of footage for the Mustafar duel alone.[25] Members of Hyperspace, the Official Star Wars Fan Club, received a special look into the production. Benefits included not only special articles, but they also received access to a webcam that transmitted a new image every 20 seconds during the time it was operating in Fox Studios Australia. Many times the stars, and Lucas himself, were spotted on the webcam.[43]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mon Mothma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_Mothma"},{"link_name":"Genevieve O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevieve_O%27Reilly"},{"link_name":"Rebel Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVDcom-22"},{"link_name":"Dagobah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagobah"},{"link_name":"exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVDcom-22"},{"link_name":"Bai Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai_Ling"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaiLing-51"},{"link_name":"Shaak Ti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaak_Ti"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVDcom-22"}],"sub_title":"Deleted scenes","text":"Lucas excised all scenes of a group of Senators, including Padmé, Bail Organa, and Mon Mothma (Genevieve O'Reilly), organizing an alliance to prevent Palpatine from usurping any more emergency powers. Though this is essentially the birth of the Rebel Alliance, the scenes were discarded to achieve more focus on Anakin's story.[17] The scene where Yoda arrives on Dagobah to begin his self-imposed exile was also removed, but is featured as an extended scene in the DVD release, although McCallum stated he hoped Lucas would have added it to the new cut as part of a six-episode DVD box set.[17]Bai Ling filmed minor scenes for the film playing a senator, but her role was cut during editing. She claimed this was because she appeared in a nude pictorial for the June 2005 issue of Playboy, whose appearance on newsstands coincided with the film's May release. Lucas denied this, stating that the cut had been made more than a year earlier, and that he had cut his own daughter's scenes as well.[44] The bonus features show an additional removed scene in which Jedi Master Shaak Ti is killed by General Grievous in front of Obi-Wan and Anakin.[45] The bonus features also show Obi-Wan and Anakin running through Grievous' ship, escaping droids through a fuel tunnel, and arguing over what R2-D2 is saying.[17]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Williams"},{"link_name":"London Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Classical Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Classical_Records"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Heroes"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: A Musical Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith_(soundtrack)#Star_Wars:_A_Musical_Journey"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"The music was composed and conducted by John Williams, who has composed and conducted the score for every episode in the Star Wars saga, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra and London Voices in February 2005.[46] The film's soundtrack was released by Sony Pictures Classical Records on May 3, 2005, more than two weeks before the film's release. A music video titled A Hero Falls was created for the film's theme, \"Battle of the Heroes\", featuring footage from the film and was also available on the DVD.[47]The soundtrack also came with a collectors' DVD hosted by McDiarmid, titled Star Wars: A Musical Journey, which features 16 music videos set to remastered selections of music from all six film scores, set chronologically through the saga.[48]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oliver_Mark_-_George_Lucas,_Berlin_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oliver Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Mark"}],"text":"George Lucas in 2005. Portrait by Oliver Mark.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Incredibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredibles"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"The Polar Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Polar_Express_(film)"},{"link_name":"National Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Treasure_(film)"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Ocean's Twelve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%27s_Twelve"},{"link_name":"Meet the Fockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_the_Fockers"},{"link_name":"Flight of the Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Phoenix_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"The O.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O.C."},{"link_name":"second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O.C._(season_2)"},{"link_name":"Robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Marketing","text":"The first trailer for Revenge of the Sith premiered in theaters on November 5, 2004, with the release of The Incredibles.[49] It was also attached to the screenings of The Polar Express, National Treasure, Alexander, Ocean's Twelve, Meet the Fockers, Flight of the Phoenix and other films. At the same time, the trailer became available on the Internet.[50] Just four months later, another trailer was unveiled on March 10, 2005, debuting with The O.C.'s \"The Mallpisode\" during the second season (Lucas himself would appear in a later episode) and in theaters with the release of Robots the next day on March 11. On March 14, it would then premiere on the official Star Wars website.[51] Three days later on March 17, George Lucas revealed a preview of the film at the ShoWest Convention in Las Vegas, saying \"It's not like the old Star Wars. This one's a little bit emotional. We like to describe it as Titanic in space. It's a tearjerker.\"[52]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Modesto, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesto,_California"},{"link_name":"2005 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-61"},{"link_name":"The Phantom Menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_Menace"},{"link_name":"A New Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"Return of the Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi"},{"link_name":"Challenger, Gray & Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger,_Gray_%26_Christmas"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economy-62"},{"link_name":"Grauman's Chinese Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grauman%27s_Chinese_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"ArcLight Cinemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinerama_Dome"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Empire Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire,_Leicester_Square"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Leicester Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Square"},{"link_name":"Star Wars marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_marathon"},{"link_name":"Imperial stormtroopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormtrooper_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Royal Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Theatrical","text":"Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith charity premieres took place in Seattle, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington D.C., Boston, Denver, Atlanta, San Francisco, and Miami on Thursday, May 12, 2005;[53] and on May 13, 2005, there were two additional charity premiere screenings in George Lucas's hometown of Modesto, California. The official premiere was at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival (out of competition) on May 16.[54] Its theatrical release in most other countries took place on May 19 to coincide with the 1999 release of The Phantom Menace (the 1977 release of A New Hope and the 1983 release of Return of the Jedi were also released on the same day and month, six years apart). The global outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas claimed one week before the premiere that it may have cost the U.S. economy approximately US$627 million in lost productivity because of employees who took a day off or reported in sick.[55] Grauman's Chinese Theatre, a traditional venue for the Star Wars films, did not show it. However, a line of people stood there for more than a month hoping to convince someone to change this.[56] Most of them took advantage of an offer to see the film at a nearby cinema, ArcLight Cinemas (formerly the \"Cinerama Dome\").[57] On May 16, the Empire Cinema in London's Leicester Square hosted a day-long Star Wars marathon showing of all six films; an army of Imperial stormtroopers \"guarded\" the area, and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra gave a free concert of Star Wars music.[58]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peer-to-peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer"},{"link_name":"workprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workprint"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P2P-66"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P2P2-67"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P2P3-68"}],"sub_title":"Leaked workprint","text":"A copy of the film leaked onto peer-to-peer file sharing networks just hours after opening in theaters. The film was a time-stamped workprint, suggesting it may have come from within the industry rather than from someone who videotaped an advance screening.[59] Eight people were later charged with copyright infringement and distributing material illegally. Documents filed by the Los Angeles District Attorney allege that a copy of the film was taken from an unnamed Californian post-production office by an employee, who later pleaded guilty to his charges.[60] The illegal copy was passed among seven people until reaching an eighth party, who also pleaded guilty to uploading to an unnamed P2P network.[61]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PG-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America_film_rating_system#PG-13"},{"link_name":"Motion Picture Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-69"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Richard Roeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Roeper"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ebert-71"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-69"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Rating","text":"Revenge of the Sith is the first Star Wars film to receive a PG-13 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), officially for \"sci-fi violence and some intense images\",[62] namely for the scene in which Darth Vader is set aflame by lava. Lucas had stated months before the MPAA's decision that he felt the film should receive a PG-13 rating, because of Anakin's final moments and the film's content being the darkest and most intense of all six films.[63] Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper later opined that children would be able to handle the film as long as they had parental guidance.[64] All previously released films in the series were rated PG.[62][h]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVDrelease-73"},{"link_name":"pan and scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_and_scan"},{"link_name":"THX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THX"},{"link_name":"Coruscant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coruscant"},{"link_name":"Utapau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utapau"},{"link_name":"Mustafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafar"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Easter egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Rob Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Coleman"},{"link_name":"John Knoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knoll"},{"link_name":"Roger Guyett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Guyett"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_(division)"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"Amazon Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Video"},{"link_name":"Vudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vudu"},{"link_name":"Google Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play"},{"link_name":"Disney Movies Anywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Movies_Anywhere"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digital_download-80"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"4K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4K_resolution"},{"link_name":"HDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video"},{"link_name":"Dolby Atmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Atmos"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"4K Ultra HD Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4K_Ultra_HD_Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SkywalkerSagaBoxSet-83"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"Revenge of the Sith was released on DVD and VHS on October 31, 2005, in the UK and Ireland; on November 1, 2005, it was released in the United States and Canada on DVD; and on November 3, 2005, it was released in Australia. It was also released in most major territories on or near the same day.[65] The DVD release consists of widescreen and pan and scan full-screen versions and is THX certified. This two-disc set contains one disc with the film and the other one with bonus features. The first disc features three randomized selected menus, which are Coruscant, Utapau and Mustafar.[66] There is an Easter egg in the options menu. When the THX Optimizer is highlighted, the viewer can press 1-1-3-8. By doing this, a hip hop music video with Yoda and some clone troopers will play.[67]The DVD includes a number of documentaries including a new full-length documentary as well as two featurettes, one which explores the prophecy of Anakin Skywalker as the Chosen One, the other looking at the film's stunts and a 15-part collection of web-documentaries from the official web site. Like the other DVD releases, included is an audio commentary track featuring Lucas, producer Rick McCallum, animation director Rob Coleman, and ILM visual effects supervisors John Knoll and Roger Guyett. Six deleted scenes were included with introductions from Lucas and McCallum.This release is notable because, due to marketing issues, it was the first Star Wars film never to be released on VHS in the United States.[68] However, the film was released on VHS in Australia, the UK and other countries.[69][better source needed]The DVD was re-released in a prequel trilogy box set on November 4, 2008.[70]The six Star Wars films were released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu-ray on September 16, 2011, in three different editions.[71]On April 7, 2015, Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox, and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films. Revenge of the Sith was released through the iTunes Store, Amazon Video, Vudu, Google Play, and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 10, 2015.[72]Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment reissued Revenge of the Sith on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download on September 22, 2019.[73] Additionally, all six films were available for 4K HDR and Dolby Atmos streaming on Disney+ upon the service's launch on November 12, 2019.[74] This version of the film was released by Disney on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on March 31, 2020, whilst being re-released on Blu-ray and DVD.[75] All 20th Century Fox Fanfare and logo sequences on the first six films have been restored following the completion of Disney's acquisition of that studio in 2019 having been removed for the initial digital releases, except for A New Hope, which Fox had asked to retain all rights for prior to the sale of the studio to Disney.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-D_film"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: The Force Awakens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Force_Awakens"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Star Wars Celebration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Celebration"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"3D re-release","text":"On September 28, 2010, it was announced that all six films in the series were to be stereo-converted to 3D. The films would be re-released in chronological order beginning with The Phantom Menace on February 10, 2012. Revenge of the Sith was originally scheduled to be re-released in 3D on October 11, 2013.[76][i] However, on January 28, 2013, Lucasfilm announced that it was postponing the 3D release of episodes II and III in order to \"focus 100 percent of our efforts on Star Wars: The Force Awakens\" and that further information about 3D release plans would be issued at a later date.[78][79][80] The premiere of the 3D version was shown on April 17, 2015, at Star Wars Celebration Anaheim.[81]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yorker-94"},{"link_name":"A. O. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._O._Scott"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-aoscott-95"},{"link_name":"Chicago Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Reader"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yorker-94"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Travers-98"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Writer-99"},{"link_name":"Lifetime Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI_Life_Achievement_Award"},{"link_name":"American Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Writer-99"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Travers-98"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 79% based on 305 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"With Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, George Lucas brings his second Star Wars trilogy to a suitably thrilling and often poignant – if still a bit uneven – conclusion.\"[82] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[83] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A−\" on an A+ to F scale, the same score as the previous two films.[84]Most critics have considered the film to be the best of the prequel trilogy.[85] A. O. Scott of The New York Times concluded that it was \"the best of the four episodes Mr. Lucas has directed\", and equal to The Empire Strikes Back as \"the richest and most challenging movie in the cycle\".[86] J.R. Jones, a Chicago Reader critic who disliked The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones, gave the film a positive review, saying that it had a \"relatively thoughtful story\".[87] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, writing \"If [Lucas] got bogged down in solemnity and theory in Episode II: Attack of the Clones, the Force is in a jollier mood this time, and Revenge of the Sith is a great entertainment\", but he noted that \"the dialogue throughout the movie is once again its weakest point\".[88]Though many critics and fans viewed Revenge of the Sith as the strongest of the three prequels, some viewers thought it was more or less on par with the previous two episodes.[85] Much of the criticism was directed towards the dialogue, particularly the film's romantic scenes;[89][90] critics claimed this demonstrated Lucas's weakness as a writer of dialogue, a subject with which Lucas openly agreed when receiving the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Film Institute.[90] Some film critics and fans criticized Hayden Christensen's acting, calling it \"wooden\".[91][89][92][93] A retrospective review by Time felt that Christensen's maligned performance was in part affected by the screenwriting.[94]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"liberal bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politics-104"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politics-104"},{"link_name":"Camille Paglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Paglia"},{"link_name":"digital art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_art"},{"link_name":"contemporary artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Internet memes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"}],"sub_title":"Other responses","text":"Some American conservatives criticized the film, claiming it had a liberal bias and was a commentary on the George W. Bush administration and Iraq War. Some websites went so far as to propose a boycott of the film.[95] Lucas defended the film, stating that the film's storyline was written during the Vietnam War and was influenced by that conflict rather than the war in Iraq. Lucas also said \"The parallels between Vietnam and what we're doing in Iraq now are unbelievable\".[95]Art critic Camille Paglia praised the film as an essential example of the modern digital art movement due to its \"overwhelming operatic power and yes, seriousness\", and arguing that its finale has \"more inherent artistic value, emotional power, and global impact\" than the work of some contemporary artists.[96][97][98]During the late 2010s, the film amassed a cult following on social media among some young fans who were children when the film was released, using the film's dialogue to create Internet memes.[99]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mojo-2"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(film)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first_day-110"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Man%27s_Chest"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pirates-112"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_2"},{"link_name":"Shrek 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_2"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first_day-110"},{"link_name":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Man%27s_Chest"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pirates-112"},{"link_name":"The Dark Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Knight"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Deadpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadpool_(film)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Minions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minions_(film)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Hitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitch_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"Shrek 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mojo-2"},{"link_name":"fourth-highest-grossing second weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_second_weekends_for_films"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(film)"},{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World:_Jurassic_Park"},{"link_name":"The Day After Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Bruce Almighty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Almighty"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mission: Impossible 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_2"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mojo-2"},{"link_name":"The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mojo-2"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"The Longest Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Longest_Yard_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_3"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The film was released in 115 countries. Its worldwide gross eventually reached $849 million—making it the second-highest-grossing film of 2005,[2] behind Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.[100] The film earned an estimated $16.91 million from 2,900 midnight screenings in North America upon its release. In total, it earned a record $50 million on its opening day,[101] marking the record for the highest opening-day gross on a Thursday.[102] It was surpassed the following year by Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, which earned $55.5 million on its opening day.[103]With only the May 19 earnings, the film broke four box office records: midnight screenings gross (previously held by The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, $8 million), opening day gross (Spider-Man 2, with $40.4 million), single day gross (Shrek 2 with $44.8 million) and Thursday gross (The Matrix Reloaded with $37.5 million).[101] Its single day and opening day gross records were later surpassed by Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest on July 7, 2006, when that movie grossed $55.5 million on its opening day,[103] and its midnight screening gross was broken by The Dark Knight on July 18, 2008, with $18.5 million.[104] With a total gross of $108.4 million, Revenge of the Sith would go on to hold the record for having the biggest opening weekend for any 20th Century Fox film for a decade until it was taken by Deadpool in 2016.[105] The year prior, Minions had already surpassed Revenge of the Sith for having the largest opening weekend for a prequel.[106]According to box office analysis sites, the film set American records for highest gross in a given number of days for each of its first 12 days of release except for the seventh and eighth, where the record is narrowly held by Spider-Man 2. Within three days, Revenge of the Sith surpassed Spider-Man for having the highest three-day gross of any film, scoring a total of $124.7 million.[107] On its fifth day, it became the highest-grossing film of 2005, surpassing Hitch ($177.6 million). The film earned $158.5 million in its first four-day period, surpassing the previous four-day record held by The Matrix Reloaded ($134.3 million), and joining the latter film, Spider-Man, and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire as one of the only four films to make $100 million in their first three days. In eight days, it reached the $200 million mark (a record tied with Spider-Man 2) and by its 17th day, the film had passed $300 million (surpassing the record of 18 days of Shrek 2). It was eventually the third-fastest film (after Shrek 2 and Spider-Man) to reach $350 million.[2] Revenge of the Sith earned a total of $55.2 million during its second weekend, making it the fourth-highest-grossing second weekend of all time, behind Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, Spider-Man and Shrek 2. The film then earned $70 million in just four days, becoming the seventh-highest Memorial Day weekend gross of any film, trailing only behind Shrek 2, The Lost World: Jurassic Park, The Day After Tomorrow, Bruce Almighty, Pearl Harbor and Mission: Impossible 2.[108]The film ended its run in American theaters on October 20, 2005,[2] finishing with a total gross of $380,270,577. It ranks 29th in all-time domestic grosses and is the highest-grossing U.S. of 2005, out-grossing second-place The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by nearly $90 million.[2] The film sold an estimated 59,324,600 tickets in the US. It topped the domestic box office for two consecutive weekends before being overtaken by Madagascar and The Longest Yard (which were in their second weekend).[109]International grosses that exceeded $460 million include those Australia ($27.2 million), France and Algeria ($56.9 million), Germany ($47.3 million), Italy ($11.3 million), Japan ($82.7 million), Mexico ($15.3 million), South Korea ($10.3 million), Spain ($23.8 million), and the United Kingdom and Ireland ($72.8 million).[110] The total worldwide opening of Revenge of the Sith for each country was $254 million, combined with $304 million from its four-day weekend. It would go on to hold this record for two years before Spider-Man 3 took it in 2007.[111]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Visual Effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Visual_Effects"},{"link_name":"Best Makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Makeup_and_Hairstyling"},{"link_name":"Dave Elsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Elsey"},{"link_name":"Nikki Gooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Gooley"},{"link_name":"The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"People's Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Empire Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Award"},{"link_name":"Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Award_for_Best_Sci-Fi/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Scene of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Award_for_Scene_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Choice_Award_for_Choice_Movie_%E2%80%93_Action"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Film"},{"link_name":"Best Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Music"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Saturn Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"Best Writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Writing"},{"link_name":"Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Natalie Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Portman"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"},{"link_name":"Ian McDiarmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McDiarmid"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Golden Raspberry Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"which he won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Golden_Raspberry_Awards"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Razzies-130"},{"link_name":"one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Golden_Raspberry_Awards"},{"link_name":"two wins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Golden_Raspberry_Awards"},{"link_name":"MTV Movie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Movie_Awards"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"2005 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Stinkers_Bad_Movie_Awards"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"Following the release of Revenge of the Sith—the completion of the original and prequel Star Wars series—on June 9, 2005, George Lucas was presented with the 33rd American Film Institute Lifetime Achievement Award. The institute honored his \"astonishing contributions to the art and technology of filmmaking, as well as the impact of the epic Star Wars series\".[112]Despite being the prequel trilogy's best reviewed and received film, it received fewer award nominations than the previous films. It became the only Star Wars film not to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects; it was nominated for Best Makeup (Dave Elsey and Nikki Gooley), losing to The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.[113] It also won \"Favorite Motion Picture\" and \"Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture\" awards at the People's Choice Awards,[114] \"Hollywood Movie of the Year\" award at the Hollywood Film Festival,[115] Empire Awards for Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film and Scene of the Year (The birth of Vader),[116] and the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Action.[117]As did every film of the original trilogy, the film won the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film. Williams also won Best Music.[118] The film was nominated for ten Saturn Awards overall, including Best Director and Best Writing for Lucas, Best Actor for Christensen, Best Actress for Natalie Portman, and Best Supporting Actor for Ian McDiarmid.[119]Of the three Star Wars prequels, the film received the fewest Golden Raspberry Awards nominations: only one, for Christensen as Worst Supporting Actor,[120] which he won.[121] (The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones received seven nominations each, with one and two wins, respectively.) It is the only Star Wars prequel not to receive a Razzie nomination for Worst Picture. Christensen further won the \"Best Villain\" award at the MTV Movie Awards.[122] The film also received the fewest nominations (and no wins) at the 2005 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards: Worst Screenplay for a Film Grossing More Than $100M, and Worst On-Screen Couple (Christensen and Portman).[123]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Wars sources and analogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_sources_and_analogues"},{"link_name":"The Seattle Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times"},{"link_name":"Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Patriot Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Faustian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"synthesized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematography"},{"link_name":"mise-en-scène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mise_en_sc%C3%A8ne"},{"link_name":"Rosemary's Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_(film)"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DevilDeal-135"}],"text":"See also: Star Wars sources and analoguesThroughout Revenge of the Sith, Lucas refers to a wide range of films and other sources, drawing on political, military, and mythological motifs to enhance his story's impact. The most media coverage was likely given to an exchange between Anakin and Obi-Wan, leading to the aforementioned conflict: \"If you're not with me, then you're my enemy\", Anakin declares. Despite Lucas' insistence to the contrary, The Seattle Times concluded, \"Without naming Bush or the Patriot Act, it's all unmistakable no matter what your own politics may be.\"[124]McDiarmid, Lucas, and others have also called Anakin's journey to the dark side Faustian in the sense of making a \"pact with the devil\" for short-term gain, with the fiery volcano planet Mustafar representing hell.[125] Midway through the film, Lucas intercuts between Anakin and Padmé by themselves, thinking about one another in the Jedi Temple and their apartment, respectively, during sunset. The sequence is without dialogue and complemented by a moody, synthesized soundtrack. Lucas' coverage of the exterior cityscapes, skylines and interior isolation in the so-called \"Ruminations\" sequence is similar to the cinematography and mise-en-scène of Rosemary's Baby, a film in which a husband makes a literal pact with the devil.[126]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Stover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Stover"},{"link_name":"Darth Plagueis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Plagueis"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novel-136"}],"sub_title":"Novelization","text":"The film's novelization was written by Matthew Stover. It has more dialogue than the film, and certain story elements were expanded upon in the novelization including Anakin and Palpatine's relationship and Palpatine's apprenticeship to Darth Plagueis.[127]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"scenes cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutscene"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN2-138"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN2-138"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN2-138"}],"sub_title":"Video game","text":"A video game based on the film was released on May 5, 2005, two weeks before the film. The game generally followed the film's storyline, integrating scenes from the film. However, many sections of the game featured scenes cut from the film, or entirely new scenes for the game.[128] The style of the game was mostly lightsaber combat and fighting as Obi-Wan or Anakin.[129] It also has a form of multiplayer mode, which includes both \"VS\" and \"Cooperative\" mode.[129] In the first mode, two players fight with characters of their choice against each other in a lightsaber duel to the death. In the latter mode, two players team up to combat increasingly difficult waves of enemies.[129]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 animated film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(2008_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Boba Fett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boba_Fett"},{"link_name":"Jango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jango_Fett"},{"link_name":"Ahsoka Tano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahsoka_Tano"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"}],"sub_title":"The Clone Wars","text":"The 2008 animated film and subsequent television series fill the three-year gap between the events of Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. A number of plot threads initially developed for inclusion in Revenge of the Sith were instead incorporated into The Clone Wars. These include Boba Fett's revenge plot against Mace Windu for his father Jango's death, and the solving of the mystery behind deceased Jedi Master Sifo-Dyas which was introduced in Attack of the Clones. The final four episodes of the series take place concurrently with Revenge of the Sith. Several scenes from the film were recreated and expanded for these episodes in order to showcase the whereabouts of Anakin Skywalker's former Padawan Ahsoka Tano during the events of the film. While Ahsoka was a major character in The Clone Wars, she is not referenced in Revenge of the Sith as the character had not yet been created at the time that the film was written.[130]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Bad Batch","text":"Several scenes from Revenge of the Sith were recreated in the first episode Aftermath. This episode also takes place concurrently with the film and the following episodes deal with the aftermath of Order 66 and the Clone Wars.","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"}],"sub_title":"Obi-Wan Kenobi","text":"The 2022 miniseries takes place ten years after Revenge of the Sith (and approximately nine years before A New Hope),[j] and features flashbacks taking place prior and during the events of the film, with some of the latter via archive footage. McGregor, Christensen, Earl Jones, Edgerton, Piesse, Smits, McDiarmid, and Daniels reprise their roles from the film.[131]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fandub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandub"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"Mandarin Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"bootleg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootleg_recording"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"machine translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Chinglish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinglish"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-144"},{"link_name":"Internet meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"viral video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_video"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-144"},{"link_name":"Polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Nerdist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerdist"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"}],"sub_title":"Backstroke of the West","text":"In 2016, a fandub of Revenge of the Sith was released titled Star War [sic] the Third Gathers: Backstroke of the West. The script used in the fandub originated from the English subtitles of a Mandarin Chinese bootleg DVD of the film that had been purchased by an American in Shanghai.[132] The subtitles, almost entirely filled with errors and mistranslations, stemmed from a bootlegger first having listened to the film in English, writing down what they believed to have heard and occasionally making things up, which was then converted into Mandarin and back into English via inaccurate machine translation,[133] resulting in nonsensical Chinglish.[134]The dub became an Internet meme and a viral video and received praise from multiple news outlets. Patrick Shanley from The Hollywood Reporter described it as \"a fan-made masterpiece\",[134] while Julia Alexander from Polygon called the dub \"hilarious\".[135] Derrick Rossignol from Nerdist went so far as to say that the fandub was \"way better\" than the original film.[136]","title":"Other media"}]

[{"image_text":"George Lucas in 2005. Portrait by Oliver Mark.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Oliver_Mark_-_George_Lucas%2C_Berlin_2005.jpg/220px-Oliver_Mark_-_George_Lucas%2C_Berlin_2005.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2013_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill

March 2013 Australian Labor Party leadership spill

["1 Background","2 Result","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References"]

March 2013 Australian Labor Party Leadership spill ← 2012 21 March 2013 June 2013 →   Candidate Julia Gillard Caucus vote Unopposed Seat Lalor (VIC) Faction Left Leader before election Julia Gillard Elected Leader Julia Gillard A leadership spill in the Australian Labor Party, the party of government in the Parliament of Australia, was held on 21 March 2013. Prime Minister Julia Gillard called a ballot for the Leadership and Deputy Leadership of the Labor Party for 4.30pm, following a press conference by former Labor Leader and Regional Minister Simon Crean over persistent leadership tensions. At the caucus meeting, no alternative candidates nominated for the positions, and so Gillard and Wayne Swan were re-elected unopposed. Background Simon Crean called on Gillard to resign, and was subsequently sacked from Cabinet. Despite the 2012 leadership spill, at which Gillard easily defeated former Leader Kevin Rudd, tensions continued to be high within the Gillard government. According to Peter Hartcher, "After more than two and a half years of consistently being in a losing position in the Nielsen poll, the great bulk of Labor MPs did not believe the government could win the election that Gillard had called for 14 September." Whenever challenged by interviewers, Rudd repeatedly said that he would not challenge Gillard for the leadership again. However, he and his supporters reportedly continued to campaign privately for his return to the leadership behind the scenes. Ministers and backbenchers began to lose confidence in Gillard's leadership and political judgment following the naming of an election date over seven months early, a promotional tour of Western Sydney and her "captain's pick" which replaced long-serving Northern Territory Senator (and Rudd ally) Trish Crossin with Nova Peris, interrupting an ongoing preselection. A cabinet reshuffle was required following the unexpected departures of ministers Chris Evans and Nicola Roxon, and the New South Wales branch of the party was constantly in the news due to revelations from the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) mainly involving ex-state ministers Eddie Obeid and Ian Macdonald. During this time, the Australian Greens also withdrew from their agreement supporting the minority government. After the Western Australian state election on 9 March, two federal ministers from the state conceded that the Gillard government's troubles had impacted on the result. Former state minister Alannah MacTiernan reported a consistent message from voters at doorstops that they would not vote for federal Labor later in the year, and called for Gillard to accept that she could not win an election and to stand down. Later in March, amid criticism of Gillard's handling of media law reform proposals—called "shambolic" by a key crossbencher—Chief Whip Joel Fitzgibbon confirmed that Labor Party members were "looking at the polls and expressing concerns". On 21 March at 1pm AEDST, former Labor leader Simon Crean called for a spill of all leadership positions and announced that he would support Kevin Rudd for leader and would himself stand for the deputy leadership. He was critical of Gillard and her deputy Wayne Swan for not communicating effectively with voters. In response, Gillard sacked Crean from Cabinet and called a leadership spill for 4.30pm AEDST that afternoon. Just 10 minutes prior to the scheduled ballot, Rudd announced that he would not stand in the ballot, saying:I have said that the only circumstances under which I would consider a return to leadership would be if there was an overwhelming majority of the parliamentary party requesting such a return, drafting me to return and the position was vacant...I am here to inform you that those circumstances do not exist. Result Of the 102 members of the ALP caucus, 100 were able to vote, with Foreign Minister Bob Carr and Tasmanian MP Dick Adams unable to vote as they were overseas or heading overseas. Julia Gillard and Wayne Swan were the only nominators in the spill for the positions of Leader and Deputy Leader respectively; as a result, no vote was undertaken and they retained their positions unopposed. Aside from post-election meetings, this was the first time in the history of the Labor Party that an incumbent leader was elected unopposed at a leadership ballot. Aftermath Crean was sacked as Minister for Regional Australia, Regional Development and Local Government and Minister for the Arts prior to the ballot. After the ballot, Chief Government Whip Joel Fitzgibbon resigned, as did two other government whips Ed Husic and Janelle Saffin, who had rallied in support of Kevin Rudd. Ministers Chris Bowen, Kim Carr, and Martin Ferguson resigned the following day. Crean criticised Rudd for not nominating. Journalist Niki Savva writing the following day in The Australian that "there has never been such an inept attempt to dislodge a leader". Rudd subsequently issued a statement that he would never again return to the ALP leadership. However, he returned to the ALP leadership later the same year in another leadership spill in June. See also Australia portalPolitics portal 2010 Australian Labor Party leadership spill 2012 Australian Labor Party leadership spill June 2013 Australian Labor Party leadership spill References ^ Hartcher, Peter (22 March 2013). "And the winner is ... Abbott". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 March 2013. ^ Shepherd, Tory (18 February 2013). "Kevin Rudd's the man who won't go away for Labor". The Advertiser. Retrieved 22 March 2013. ^ a b c Wanna, John (December 2013). "Australian Political Chronicle: January–June 2013". Australian Journal of Politics and History. 59 (4): 618–621. doi:10.1111/ajph.12037. ISSN 0004-9522. ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation (11 March 2013). "WA election fallout sees MacTiernan predict 'crucifixion' of federal Labor". Radio National Breakfast (ABC). Retrieved 30 March 2016. ^ Griffiths, Emma (21 March 2013). "Wilkie deserts 'rushed' media bills". Australia: ABC News. Retrieved 22 March 2013. ^ Griffiths, Emma (20 March 2013). "Fitzgibbon confirms Labor leadership discussions". Australia: ABC News. ^ "Labor leadership crisis". Australia: ABC News. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2016. ^ "As it happened: Gillard survives as challenge fizzles". Australia: ABC News. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013. ^ Farr, Malcolm (21 March 2013). "Rudd shies away from PM challenge". News.com.au. Retrieved 21 March 2013. ^ Robertson, James (21 March 2013). "Body count: Rudd supporters quit their posts". The Sydney Morning Herald. ^ "Bowen quits ministry as Gillard ponders reshuffle". Australia: ABC News. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013. ^ "Martin Ferguson resigns from cabinet". ninemsn.com.au. AAP. 22 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013. ^ "Kim Carr resigns human services portfolio". Herald Sun. AAP. 22 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013. ^ Baxendale, Rachel (22 March 2013). "Rudd took wrong way: Crean". The Australian. Retrieved 22 March 2013. ^ Packham, Ben (22 March 2013). "I'm giving up on leadership: Kevin Rudd". The Australian. Retrieved 22 March 2013. vteAustralian Labor PartyLeaders Chris Watson Andrew Fisher Billy Hughes Frank Tudor Matthew Charlton James Scullin John Curtin Ben Chifley H. V. Evatt Arthur Calwell Gough Whitlam Bill Hayden Bob Hawke Paul Keating Kim Beazley Simon Crean Mark Latham Kim Beazley Kevin Rudd Julia Gillard Kevin Rudd Bill Shorten Anthony Albanese Deputy leaders Gregor McGregor Billy Hughes George Pearce Albert Gardiner James Scullin Arthur Blakeley Ted Theodore Frank Forde H. V. Evatt Arthur Calwell Gough Whitlam Lance Barnard Jim Cairns Frank Crean Tom Uren Lionel Bowen Paul Keating Brian Howe Kim Beazley Gareth Evans Simon Crean Jenny Macklin Julia Gillard Wayne Swan Anthony Albanese Tanya Plibersek Richard Marles Governments Watson Fisher I II III Hughes Scullin Curtin Forde Chifley Whitlam Hawke Keating Rudd I Gillard Rudd II Albanese Ministries Watson Fisher 1 2 3 Hughes Scullin Curtin 1 2 Forde Chifley 1 2 Whitlam 1 2 3 Hawke 1 2 3 4 Keating 1 2 Rudd 1 Gillard 1 2 Rudd 2 Albanese Shadow cabinets Whitlam (1967–72) Whitlam (1975–77) Hayden Hawke Beazley (1996–2001) Crean Latham Beazley (2005–06) Rudd Shorten Albanese State branches Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Party institutions National Conference National Executive Australian Young Labor Australian Fabian Society Chifley Research Centre Federal Caucus John Curtin House FactionsCurrent Labor Right Labor Left Independent Labor Historical Ferguson Left Lang Labor History History of the Australian Labor Party 1916 split 1931 split 1955 split 1975 Australian constitutional crisis Faceless men Federal Labor (NSW) Gang of Four Industrial Groups Norfolk Island Labor Party The light on the hill Tree of Knowledge Leadership votes 1901 1907 1913 1915 1916 1920 1922 1928 1931 1935 1945 1951 1954 1956 1959 1960 1966 1967 1968 1976 1977 (May) 1977 (Dec) 1982 1983 1991 (Jun) 1991 (Dec) 1996 2001 2003 (Jun) 2003 (Dec) 2005 2006 2010 2012 2013 (Mar) 2013 (Jun) 2013 (Oct) 2019 vteLeadership spills and elections in AustraliaLabor Party 1901 1907 1913 1915 1916 1920 1922 1928 1931 1935 1945 1951 1954 1956 1959 1960 1966 1967 1968 1976 1977 (May) 1977 (Dec) 1982 1983 1991 (Jun) 1991 (Dec) 1996 2001 2003 (Jun) 2003 (Dec) 2005 2006 2010 2012 2013 (Mar) 2013 (Jun) 2013 (Oct) 2019 Liberal PartyUAP 1931 1939 1941 1943 Liberal 1966 1968 1969 1971 1972 1975 1982 1983 1985 1987 1989 1990 1993 1994 1995 2007 2008 2009 2015 (Feb) 2015 (Sep) 2018 2022 National Party 1921 1939 1941 1958 1971 1984 1989 1990 1999 2005 2007 2016 2018 2020 2021 2022 Greens 2005 2012 2015 2020 See spills of: New South Wales • Victoria

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leadership spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_spill"},{"link_name":"Australian Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Julia Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillard"},{"link_name":"Regional Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Regional_Australia,_Regional_Development_and_Local_Government"},{"link_name":"Simon Crean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Crean"},{"link_name":"Wayne Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Swan"}],"text":"A leadership spill in the Australian Labor Party, the party of government in the Parliament of Australia, was held on 21 March 2013. Prime Minister Julia Gillard called a ballot for the Leadership and Deputy Leadership of the Labor Party for 4.30pm, following a press conference by former Labor Leader and Regional Minister Simon Crean over persistent leadership tensions. At the caucus meeting, no alternative candidates nominated for the positions, and so Gillard and Wayne Swan were re-elected unopposed.","title":"March 2013 Australian Labor Party leadership spill"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simon_Crean_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Simon Crean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Crean"},{"link_name":"2012 leadership spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill,_2012"},{"link_name":"Kevin Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Rudd"},{"link_name":"Gillard government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillard_government"},{"link_name":"Peter Hartcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hartcher"},{"link_name":"the election that Gillard had called for 14 September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Australian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Trish Crossin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trish_Crossin"},{"link_name":"Nova Peris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Peris"},{"link_name":"Chris Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Evans_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Nicola Roxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Roxon"},{"link_name":"Independent Commission Against Corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Obeid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Obeid"},{"link_name":"Ian Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Macdonald_(New_South_Wales_politician)"},{"link_name":"Australian Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Greens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajph594-3"},{"link_name":"Western Australian state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Western_Australian_state_election"},{"link_name":"Alannah MacTiernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alannah_MacTiernan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Joel Fitzgibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Fitzgibbon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wayne Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Swan"},{"link_name":"leadership spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_spill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajph594-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Simon Crean called on Gillard to resign, and was subsequently sacked from Cabinet.Despite the 2012 leadership spill, at which Gillard easily defeated former Leader Kevin Rudd, tensions continued to be high within the Gillard government. According to Peter Hartcher, \"After more than two and a half years of consistently being in a losing position in the Nielsen poll, the great bulk of Labor MPs did not believe the government could win the election that Gillard had called for 14 September.\"[1] Whenever challenged by interviewers, Rudd repeatedly said that he would not challenge Gillard for the leadership again. However, he and his supporters reportedly continued to campaign privately for his return to the leadership behind the scenes.[2]Ministers and backbenchers began to lose confidence in Gillard's leadership and political judgment following the naming of an election date over seven months early, a promotional tour of Western Sydney and her \"captain's pick\" which replaced long-serving Northern Territory Senator (and Rudd ally) Trish Crossin with Nova Peris, interrupting an ongoing preselection. A cabinet reshuffle was required following the unexpected departures of ministers Chris Evans and Nicola Roxon, and the New South Wales branch of the party was constantly in the news due to revelations from the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) mainly involving ex-state ministers Eddie Obeid and Ian Macdonald. During this time, the Australian Greens also withdrew from their agreement supporting the minority government.[3]After the Western Australian state election on 9 March, two federal ministers from the state conceded that the Gillard government's troubles had impacted on the result. Former state minister Alannah MacTiernan reported a consistent message from voters at doorstops that they would not vote for federal Labor later in the year, and called for Gillard to accept that she could not win an election and to stand down.[4]Later in March, amid criticism of Gillard's handling of media law reform proposals—called \"shambolic\" by a key crossbencher[5]—Chief Whip Joel Fitzgibbon confirmed that Labor Party members were \"looking at the polls and expressing concerns\".[6] On 21 March at 1pm AEDST, former Labor leader Simon Crean called for a spill of all leadership positions and announced that he would support Kevin Rudd for leader and would himself stand for the deputy leadership. He was critical of Gillard and her deputy Wayne Swan for not communicating effectively with voters. In response, Gillard sacked Crean from Cabinet and called a leadership spill for 4.30pm AEDST that afternoon.[7][3] Just 10 minutes prior to the scheduled ballot, Rudd announced that he would not stand in the ballot, saying:[8]I have said that the only circumstances under which I would consider a return to leadership would be if there was an overwhelming majority of the parliamentary party requesting such a return, drafting me to return and the position was vacant...I am here to inform you that those circumstances do not exist.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Carr"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament#Australia"},{"link_name":"Dick Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Adams_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Of the 102 members of the ALP caucus, 100 were able to vote, with Foreign Minister Bob Carr and Tasmanian MP Dick Adams unable to vote as they were overseas or heading overseas. Julia Gillard and Wayne Swan were the only nominators in the spill for the positions of Leader and Deputy Leader respectively; as a result, no vote was undertaken and they retained their positions unopposed. Aside from post-election meetings, this was the first time in the history of the Labor Party that an incumbent leader was elected unopposed at a leadership ballot.[9]","title":"Result"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ed Husic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Husic"},{"link_name":"Janelle Saffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janelle_Saffin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chris Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Bowen"},{"link_name":"Kim Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Carr"},{"link_name":"Martin Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ferguson_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FergusonQuits-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KimCarrQuits-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RuddWrong-14"},{"link_name":"Niki Savva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_Savva"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajph594-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RuddWithATripleBypass-15"},{"link_name":"another leadership spill in June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2013_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill"}],"text":"Crean was sacked as Minister for Regional Australia, Regional Development and Local Government and Minister for the Arts prior to the ballot. After the ballot, Chief Government Whip Joel Fitzgibbon resigned, as did two other government whips Ed Husic and Janelle Saffin, who had rallied in support of Kevin Rudd.[10] Ministers Chris Bowen, Kim Carr, and Martin Ferguson resigned the following day.[11][12][13] Crean criticised Rudd for not nominating.[14] Journalist Niki Savva writing the following day in The Australian that \"there has never been such an inept attempt to dislodge a leader\".[3]Rudd subsequently issued a statement that he would never again return to the ALP leadership.[15] However, he returned to the ALP leadership later the same year in another leadership spill in June.","title":"Aftermath"}]

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Retrieved 22 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/national-news/south-australia/kevin-rudds-the-man-who-wont-go-away-for-labor/story-fndo4dzn-1226580626361","url_text":"\"Kevin Rudd's the man who won't go away for Labor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"Wanna, John (December 2013). \"Australian Political Chronicle: January–June 2013\". Australian Journal of Politics and History. 59 (4): 618–621. doi:10.1111/ajph.12037. ISSN 0004-9522.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fajph.12037","url_text":"10.1111/ajph.12037"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-9522","url_text":"0004-9522"}]},{"reference":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation (11 March 2013). \"WA election fallout sees MacTiernan predict 'crucifixion' of federal Labor\". Radio National Breakfast (ABC). Retrieved 30 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/breakfast/wa-election-fallout/4564434","url_text":"\"WA election fallout sees MacTiernan predict 'crucifixion' of federal Labor\""}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, Emma (21 March 2013). \"Wilkie deserts 'rushed' media bills\". Australia: ABC News. Retrieved 22 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-03-20/wilkie-deserts-rushed-media-bills/4584538","url_text":"\"Wilkie deserts 'rushed' media bills\""}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, Emma (20 March 2013). \"Fitzgibbon confirms Labor leadership discussions\". Australia: ABC News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-03-20/fitzgibbon-confirms-labor-leadership-discussions/4584046","url_text":"\"Fitzgibbon confirms Labor leadership discussions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Labor leadership crisis\". Australia: ABC News. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-03-21/live-coverage-labor-leadership-crisis/4586250","url_text":"\"Labor leadership crisis\""}]},{"reference":"\"As it happened: Gillard survives as challenge fizzles\". Australia: ABC News. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-03-21/live-coverage-labor-leadership-crisis/4586250","url_text":"\"As it happened: Gillard survives as challenge fizzles\""}]},{"reference":"Farr, Malcolm (21 March 2013). \"Rudd shies away from PM challenge\". News.com.au. Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/national-news/rudd-shies-away-from-pm-challenge/story-fncynjr2-1226602790758","url_text":"\"Rudd shies away from PM challenge\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, James (21 March 2013). \"Body count: Rudd supporters quit their posts\". The Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/political-news/body-count-rudd-supporters-quit-their-posts-20130321-2giy3.html#ixzz2OAfPJtEe","url_text":"\"Body count: Rudd supporters quit their posts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Bowen quits ministry as Gillard ponders reshuffle\". Australia: ABC News. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-03-22/gillard-dismisses-abbotts-early-election-threat/4587856","url_text":"\"Bowen quits ministry as Gillard ponders reshuffle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martin Ferguson resigns from cabinet\". ninemsn.com.au. AAP. 22 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/2013/03/22/14/48/martin-ferguson-resigns-from-cabinet","url_text":"\"Martin Ferguson resigns from cabinet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kim Carr resigns human services portfolio\". Herald Sun. AAP. 22 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/carr-still-in-gillard-camp/story-e6frf7kf-1226603247244","url_text":"\"Kim Carr resigns human services portfolio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun","url_text":"Herald Sun"}]},{"reference":"Baxendale, Rachel (22 March 2013). \"Rudd took wrong way: Crean\". The Australian. Retrieved 22 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/in-depth/rudd-took-wrong-way-crean/story-fnhqeu0x-1226603182395","url_text":"\"Rudd took wrong way: Crean\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"}]},{"reference":"Packham, Ben (22 March 2013). \"I'm giving up on leadership: Kevin Rudd\". The Australian. Retrieved 22 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/in-depth/chris-bowen-quits-after-failed-leadership-tilt/story-fnhqeu0x-1226603128743","url_text":"\"I'm giving up on leadership: Kevin Rudd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambian_News_Agency

Zambia News Agency

["1 References","2 External links"]

Zambia News AgencyCompany typeNews agencyIndustryNews mediaFoundedZambia (1969)HeadquartersLusaka, ZambiaWebsitelink Zambia News Agency also known as ZANA was the official Zambian news agency. It was established in 1969, and had its headquarters in Lusaka and branches all over Zambia. In 2005, ZANA was merged with the Zambia Information Services (ZIS) to form the Zambia News and Information Services (ZANIS), a public relations public media organisation under the Zambian Ministry of Information, Broadcasting Services and Tourism. The Stinky of 1998 caused the economic downfall for Zambia, causing the president to fart. References ^ "About ZANIS". zanis.org.zm. ^ Fartman55 External links Official website This African newspaper-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Zambia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley

Aubrey Beardsley

["1 Early life, education, and early career","2 Work","3 Private life","4 Death","5 Media portrayals","6 Legacy","7 Gallery","8 Works","9 See also","10 Citations","11 General sources","12 External links"]

English illustrator and author (1872–1898) Aubrey BeardsleyPortrait by Frederick Hollyer, 1893BornAubrey Vincent Beardsley(1872-08-21)21 August 1872Brighton, Sussex, EnglandDied16 March 1898(1898-03-16) (aged 25)Menton, FranceResting placeCimetière du Vieux-Château, Menton, FranceEducationWestminster School of ArtKnown forIllustration, graphics/graphic artsMovementArt Nouveau, aestheticism Aubrey Vincent Beardsley (/ˈbɪərdzli/ BEERDZ-lee; 21 August 1872 – 16 March 1898) was an English illustrator and author. His black ink drawings were influenced by Japanese woodcuts, and depicted the grotesque, the decadent, and the erotic. He was a leading figure in the aesthetic movement which also included Oscar Wilde and James McNeill Whistler. Beardsley's contribution to the development of the Art Nouveau and poster styles was significant despite his early death from tuberculosis. He is one of the important Modern Style figures. Early life, education, and early career Aubrey Beardsley by Jacques-Émile Blanche, oil on canvas, 1895 (National Portrait Gallery, London) Beardsley was born in Brighton, Sussex, England, on 21 August 1872 and christened on 24 October 1872. His father, Vincent Paul Beardsley (1839–1909), was the son of a Clerkenwell jeweller; Vincent had no trade himself (partly owing to tuberculosis, from which his own father had died aged only 40), and relied on a private income from an inheritance that he received from his maternal grandfather, a property developer, when he was 21. Vincent's wife, Ellen Agnus Pitt (1846–1932), was the daughter of Surgeon-Major William Pitt of the Indian Army. The Pitts were a well-established and respected family in Brighton, and Beardsley's mother married a man of lesser social status than might have been expected. Soon after their wedding, Vincent was obliged to sell some of his property in order to settle a claim for his breach of promise of marriage from another woman, the widow of a clergyman, who claimed that he had promised to marry her. At the time of his birth, Beardsley's family, which included his sister Mabel who was one year older, were living in Ellen's familial home at 12 Buckingham Road. At the age of seven, Beardsley contracted tuberculosis. With the loss of Vincent Beardsley's fortune soon after his son's birth, the family settled in London in 1883, where Vincent would work first for the West India & Panama Telegraph Company, then irregularly as a clerk at breweries; they would spend the next 20 years in rented accommodation, battling poverty. Ellen took to presenting herself as the "victim of a mésalliance". In 1884, Aubrey appeared in public as an "infant musical phenomenon", playing at several concerts with his sister. In January 1885, he began to attend Brighton, Hove and Sussex Grammar School, where he spent the next four years. His first poems, drawings, and cartoons appeared in print in Past and Present, the school's magazine. In 1888, he obtained a post in an architect's office and afterward one in the Guardian Life and Fire Insurance Company. In 1891, under the advice of Sir Edward Burne-Jones and Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, he took up art as a profession. In 1892, he attended the classes at the Westminster School of Art, then under Professor Fred Brown. Work Beardsley traveled to Paris in 1892, where he discovered the poster art of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and the Parisian fashion for Japanese prints. His first commission was Le Morte d'Arthur by Thomas Malory (1893), illustrated for the publishing house J.M. Dent and Company. In 1894, a new translation of Lucian’s True History, with illustrations by Beardsley, William Strang, and J. B. Clark, was privately printed in an edition of 251 copies. Beardsley had six years of creative output, which can be divided into several periods, identified by the form of his signature. In the early period, his work is mostly unsigned. During 1891 and 1892, he progressed to using his initials A.V.B. In mid-1892, the period of Le Morte d'Arthur and The Bon Mots, he used a Japanese-influenced mark that became progressively more graceful, sometimes accompanied by A.B. in block capitals. The Peacock Skirt, 1893 He co-founded The Yellow Book with American writer Henry Harland, and for the first four editions, he served as art editor and produced the cover designs and many illustrations for the magazine. He was aligned with Aestheticism, the British counterpart of Decadence and Symbolism. Most of his images are done in ink and feature large dark areas contrasted with large blank ones as well as areas of fine detail contrasted with areas with none at all. The Barge, illustration to The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope, 1896 Beardsley was the most controversial artist of the Art Nouveau era, renowned for his dark and perverse images and grotesque erotica, which were the main themes of his later work. He satirized Victorian values regarding sex, that at the time highly valued respectability, and men's fear of female superiority, as the women's movement made gains in economic rights and occupational and educational opportunities by the 1880s. His illustrations were in black and white against a white background. Some of his drawings, inspired by Japanese shunga artwork, featured enormous genitalia. His most famous erotic illustrations concerned themes of history and mythology; these include his illustrations for a privately printed edition of Aristophanes' Lysistrata and his drawings for Oscar Wilde's play Salome, which eventually premiered in Paris in 1896. Other major illustration projects included an 1896 edition of The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope. The Black Cat, 1894–5 He also produced extensive illustrations for books and magazines (e.g., for a deluxe edition of Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur) and worked for magazines such as The Studio and The Savoy, of which he was a co-founder. As a co-founder of The Savoy, Beardsley was able to pursue his writing as well as illustration, and a number of his writings, including Under the Hill (a story based on the Tannhäuser legend) and "The Ballad of a Barber" appeared in the magazine. Beardsley was a caricaturist and did some political cartoons, mirroring Wilde's irreverent wit in art. Beardsley's work reflected the decadence of his era and his influence was enormous, clearly visible in the work of the French Symbolists, the Poster Art Movement of the 1890s and the work of many later-period Art Nouveau artists such as Papé and Clarke. Some alleged works of Beardsley's were published in a book titled Fifty Drawings by Aubrey Beardsley, Selected from the Collection of Mr. H.S. Nicols. These later were discovered to be forgeries, distinguishable by their almost pornographic erotic elements rather than Beardsley's subtler use of sexuality. Beardsley's work continued to cause controversy in Britain long after his death. During an exhibition of Beardsley's prints held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London in 1966, a private gallery in London was raided by the police for exhibiting copies of the same prints on display at the museum, and the owner charged under obscenity laws. Private life Aubrey Beardsley, c. 1894–1895 Beardsley was a public as well as private eccentric. He said "I have one aim—the grotesque. If I am not grotesque, I am nothing." Wilde said Beardsley had "a face like a silver hatchet, and grass green hair." Beardsley was meticulous about his attire: dove-grey suits, hats, ties, yellow gloves. He appeared at his publisher's in a morning coat and court shoes. Although Beardsley was associated with the homosexual clique that included Oscar Wilde and other aesthetes, the details of his sexuality remain in question. In his Autobiographies, W.B. Yeats, who knew him well, says that he was not homosexual. Speculation about his sexuality includes rumours of an incestuous relationship with his elder sister, Mabel, who may have become pregnant by her brother and miscarried. During his entire career, Beardsley had recurrent attacks of tuberculosis. He suffered frequent lung haemorrhage and often was unable to work or leave his home. Beardsley converted to Catholicism in March 1897. The next year, the last letter before his death was to his publisher Leonard Smithers and close friend Herbert Charles Pollitt: Postmark: March 7, 1898 | Jesus is our Lord and Judge | Dear Friend, I implore you to destroy all copies of Lysistrata and bad drawings … By all that is holy, all obscene drawings. | Aubrey Beardsley | In my death agony.Both men ignored Beardsley's wishes, and Smithers actually continued to sell reproductions as well as forgeries of Beardsley's work. Death In December 1896, Beardsley suffered a violent haemorrhage, leaving him in precarious health. By April 1897, a month after his conversion to Catholicism, his deteriorating health prompted a move to the French Riviera. There he died a year later, on 16 March 1898, of tuberculosis at the Cosmopolitan Hotel in Menton, Alpes-Maritimes, France, attended by his mother and sister. He was 25 years old. Following a requiem mass in Menton Cathedral the following day, his remains were interred in the Cimetière du Trabuquet. Media portrayals In the 1982 Playhouse drama Aubrey, written by John Selwyn Gilbert, Beardsley was portrayed by actor John Dicks. The drama concerned Beardsley's life from the time of Oscar Wilde's arrest in April 1895, which caused Beardsley to lose his position at The Yellow Book, to his death from tuberculosis in 1898. The BBC documentary Beardsley and His Work was made in 1982. Beardsley is featured on the cover of The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The 1977 horror film Death Bed: The Bed That Eats is narrated by the entombed spirit of an unnamed artist whose work and manner of death identify him as Beardsley. In March 2020, BBC Four broadcast the hour-long documentary Scandal & Beauty: Mark Gatiss on Aubrey Beardsley, presented by Mark Gatiss. The programme coincided with the Beardsley exhibition at Tate Britain. Beardsley's art is mentioned briefly in the 2011 version of the Car Seat Headrest song, Beach Life-in-Death. Legacy In 2019 the National Leather Association International established an award named after Beardsley for creators of abstract erotic art. Gallery John the Baptist and Salome, 1893–4 (published 1907) The Stomach Dance, 1893–4 The Dancers Reward, from Salomé: a tragedy in one act (1904) The Climax from the illustrations for Salomé, 1893–4 Tailpiece or Cul de Lampe, cover for Wilde's Salomé, 1893–4 How Morgan le Fay gave a Shield to Sir Tristram, 1893 Masquerade, cover design for The Yellow Book, vol. 1, 1894 Illustration for Edgar Allan Poe's The Murders in the Rue Morgue, 1894–5 The Fall of the House of Usher, 1894–5 Illustration for The Masque of the Red Death, 1894–5 Venus between Terminal Gods, 1895 Messalina and her Companion, Tate Britain, 1895 Et in Arcadia Ego, 1896 The Billet-doux, from The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope, 1896 The Cave of Spleen, from The Rape of the Lock, 1896 The driving of Cupid from the garden, preparatory drawing for the cover design of The Savoy (no. 3, July 1896) Cover of One Thousand and One Nights, 1897 Isolde, illustration in Pan magazine, 1899 Withered Spring, unknown date, National Gallery of Art Works Beardsley, Aubrey, Simon Wilson, and Linda Gertner Zatlin. 1998. Aubrey Beardsley: a centenary tribute. Tokyo: Art Life Ltd. OCLC 42742305 See also Art Nouveau Art Nouveau posters and graphic arts Harry Clarke Citations ^ Bertrand Beyern. Guide des tombes d'hommes célèbres. Paris: Le Cherche Midi, 2008. ISBN 978-2-7491-2169-7 ^ "England, Births and Christenings, 1538–1975," index, FamilySearch, accessed 4 April 2012), Aubrey Vincent Beardsley (1872). ^ Brophy 1968, p. 85 ^ a b "Beardsley, Aubrey, Artist, Part 1 – The Formative Years". Epsom & Ewell History Explorer. ^ Brophy, Brigid (1976). Beardsley and His World, Harmony Books, p. 12. ^ Aubrey Beardsley: Exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum, 1966 Catalogue of the Original Drawings, Letters, Manuscripts, Paintings, and of Books, Posters, Photographs, Documents, Etc, H.M. Stationery Office, 1966 ^ Sturgis 1998, p. 8 ^ a b Sturgis 1998, p. 3 ^ Sturgis 1998, p. 10 ^ The house numbers in Buckingham Road were later changed, and the old 12 is now 31. ^ Farren, Jen; McCain, Sandy. "Aubrey Beardsley Art, Bio, Ideas". The Art Story. Retrieved 26 July 2022. ^ Sturgis 1998, p. 11 ^ Crawford, Alan (2004). "Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent (1872–1898)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1821. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Sturgis 1998, p. 15 ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 577–578. ^ Armstrong 1901. ^ a b Souter, Nick; Souter, Tessa (2012). The Illustration Handbook: A Guide to the World's Greatest Illustrators. Oceana. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-84573-473-2. ^ “Beardsley (Aubrey Vincent)” in T. Bose, Paul Tiessen, eds., Bookman's Catalogue Vol. 1 A-L: The Norman Colbeck Collection (UBC Press, 1987), p. 41 ^ a b Harris, Bruce S., ed. (1967). The Collected Drawings of Aubrey Beardsley. Crown Publishers, Inc. ^ Eric Smith (1992). "The Art of Aubrey Beardsley". Loyola University. Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2015. ^ "A Mirror for Salome: Beardsley's The Climax". Victorian Web. 22 April 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2015. ^ "The Life of Aubrey Beardsley" (PDF). Victorian Web. Retrieved 8 May 2012. ^ Symons, Aurthus (1967). The Collected Drawings of Aubrey Beardsley. New York: Crescent Books Inc. pp. v. ^ Elizabeth Guffey, Retro: The Culture of Revival (London: Reaktion Books, 2006) p.7 ^ Kingston, Angela. Oscar Wilde as a Character in Victorian Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. ISBN 9780230600232 ^ Weintraub, Stanley (1976). Aubrey Beardsley, Imp of the Perverse. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 85. ^ Beardsley and the art of decadence by Matthew Sturgis", reviewed by Richard Edmonds in The Birmingham Post (England), 21 March 1998. At thefreelibrary.com, retrieved 5 April 2012. ^ Latham, David, ed. (2003). Haunted texts: studies in Pre-Raphaelitism in honour of William E. Fredeman. University of Toronto Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-8020-3662-9. ^ Beardsley, Aubrey (1970). The Letters of Aubrey Beardsley. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-6884-9. ^ Kooistra, Lorraine Janzen (2003). "Sartorial Obsessions: Beardsley and Masquerade". In Fredeman, William Evan; Latham, David (eds.). Haunted Texts: Studies in Pre-Raphaelitism in Honour of William E. Fredeman. University of Toronto Press. pp. 178–183. ISBN 978-0-8020-3662-9. ^ Kaczynski, Richard (2012). Perdurabo, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Life of Aleister Crowley. North Atlantic Books. pp. 37–45. ISBN 978-1-58394-576-6. ^ Sturgis 1998 ^ Crawford, Alan (2004). "Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent (1872–1898), illustrator". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1821. ^ Gilbert, John Selwyn (22 June 2008), Aubrey ^ "BBC – Beardsley and his Work". BBC. Retrieved 28 November 2018. ^ DEATH BED - The Bedlam Files ^ Scandal & Beauty: Mark Gatiss on Aubrey Beardsely - BBC Four website ^ Car Seat Headrest – Beach Life-in-Death , retrieved 4 September 2022 ^ NLA-I. Web. "Award Nominations - NLA International". www.nla-international.com. General sources Armstrong, Walter (1901). "Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co. Beardsley, Aubrey, Simon Wilson, and Linda Gertner Zatlin. 1998. Aubrey Beardsley: a centenary tribute. Tokyo: Art Life Ltd. OCLC 42742305 Beerbohm, Max. 1928. 'Aubrey Beardsley' in A Variety of Things. New York, Knopf. Benkovitz, Miriam J. 1980. Aubrey Beardsley, an Account of his Life. New York, N.Y.: Putnam. ISBN 0-399-12408-X. Brophy, Brigid (1968). Black and White: a Portrait of Aubrey Beardsley. New York, N.Y.: Stein and Day. OCLC 801979437. Calloway, Stephen. 1998. Aubrey Beardsley. New York, N.Y.: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-4009-4. Dovzhyk, Sasha. 2020. "Aubrey Beardsley in the Russian 'World of Art'". British Art Studies Issue 18. https://doi.org/10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-18/sdovzhyk Dowson, Ernest. 1897. The Pierrot of the Minute. Restored edition with Aubrey Beardsley's illustrations, CreateSpace, 2012. Bilingual illustrated edition with French translation by Philippe Baudry, CreateSpace, 2012 Fletcher, Ian. 1987. Aubrey Beardsley. Boston, MA: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-6958-7. Reade, Brian. 1967. Aubrey Beardsley. New York: Bonanza Books. Ross, Robert 1909. Aubrey Beardsley. London: John Lane. Snodgrass, Chris. 1995. Aubrey Beardsley: Dandy of the Grotesque. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509062-4. Symons, Arthur. 1898. Aubrey Beardsley. London: At the Sign of the Unicorn. Sturgis, Matthew (1998). Aubrey Beardsley: A Biography. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-255789-4. Weintraub, Stanley. 1967. Beardsley: a biography. New York, N.Y.: Braziller. Zatlin, Linda G. 1997. Beardsley, Japonisme, and the Perversion of the Victorian Ideal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-58164-8. Zatlin, Linda G. 1990. Aubrey Beardsley and Victorian Sexual Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019817506X. Zatlin, Linda G. 2007. "Aubrey Beardsley and the Shaping of Art Nouveau." Bound for the 1890s: Essays on Writing and Publishing in Honor of James G. Nelson. Ed. Jonathan Allison. Buckinghamshire: Rivendale Press. Zatlin, Linda G. "Wilde, Beardsley, and the Making of Salome." Scholars Library, 2007; originally published in The Journal of Victorian Culture 5.2 (November 2000): 341–57. Zatlin, Linda G. 2006. "Aubrey Beardsley." Encyclopedia of Europe 1789–1914. Chicago: Gale Research. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aubrey Beardsley. The Aubrey Beardsley Society The Aubrey Beardsley Library with digitised sources on the artist BBC Radio 4 Great Lives programme on Aubrey Beardsley: listen online The Aubrey Beardsley Blog with scholarly and creative contributions Works by Aubrey Beardsley at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Aubrey Beardsley at Internet Archive Works by Aubrey Beardsley at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Aubrey Beardsley at Find a Grave Works displayed at Art Renewal Center website Aubrey Beardsley Collection Archived 1 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin Aubrey Beardsley Letter from the Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections Article on Aubrey Beardsley in April 1895 edition of The Bookman (New York) vteAubrey BeardsleyArt The Climax (1893) The Peacock Skirt (1893) A Caprice (c. 1894) Literature Under the Hill (unfinished) Family Mabel Beardsley (sister) Other The Yellow Book Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists South Australia KulturNav MusicBrainz Museum of Modern Art Musée d'Orsay Victoria RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef

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The Pitts were a well-established and respected family in Brighton, and Beardsley's mother married a man of lesser social status than might have been expected. Soon after their wedding, Vincent was obliged to sell some of his property in order to settle a claim for his breach of promise of marriage from another woman, the widow of a clergyman,[8] who claimed that he had promised to marry her.[9] At the time of his birth, Beardsley's family, which included his sister Mabel who was one year older, were living in Ellen's familial home at 12 Buckingham Road.[10][8] At the age of seven, Beardsley contracted tuberculosis.[11]With the loss of Vincent Beardsley's fortune soon after his son's birth, the family settled in London in 1883, where Vincent would work first for the West India & Panama Telegraph Company, then irregularly as a clerk at breweries;[12][4] they would spend the next 20 years in rented accommodation, battling poverty. Ellen took to presenting herself as the \"victim of a mésalliance\".[13][14] In 1884, Aubrey appeared in public as an \"infant musical phenomenon\", playing at several concerts with his sister.[15] In January 1885, he began to attend Brighton, Hove and Sussex Grammar School, where he spent the next four years. His first poems, drawings, and cartoons appeared in print in Past and Present, the school's magazine. In 1888, he obtained a post in an architect's office and afterward one in the Guardian Life and Fire Insurance Company. In 1891, under the advice of Sir Edward Burne-Jones and Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, he took up art as a profession. In 1892, he attended the classes at the Westminster School of Art, then under Professor Fred Brown.[16][15]","title":"Early life, education, and early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec"},{"link_name":"Le Morte d'Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur"},{"link_name":"Thomas Malory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malory"},{"link_name":"J.M. Dent and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Dent"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Souter-17"},{"link_name":"Lucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian"},{"link_name":"William Strang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strang"},{"link_name":"J. B. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Benwell_Clark"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crown_Publishers,_Inc-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beardsley-peacockskirt.PNG"},{"link_name":"The Peacock Skirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peacock_Skirt"},{"link_name":"The Yellow Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yellow_Book"},{"link_name":"Henry Harland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Harland"},{"link_name":"Aestheticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticism"},{"link_name":"Decadence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadent_movement"},{"link_name":"Symbolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Barge_-_Aubrey_Beardsley.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Rape of the Lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Lock"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"Victorian values regarding sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_morality"},{"link_name":"women's movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_feminism#19th_century"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victorian_web-21"},{"link_name":"shunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunga_(art)"},{"link_name":"Aristophanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophanes"},{"link_name":"Lysistrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysistrata"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Salome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Rape of the Lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Lock"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Souter-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aubrey_Beardsley_-_Edgar_Poe_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Black Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Cat_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Malory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malory"},{"link_name":"Le Morte d'Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur"},{"link_name":"The Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Studio_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Savoy_(periodical)"},{"link_name":"Under the Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Hill"},{"link_name":"Tannhäuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"caricaturist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caricature"},{"link_name":"decadence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadence"},{"link_name":"Poster Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster_art"},{"link_name":"Papé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_C._Pap%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Clarke"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Beardsley traveled to Paris in 1892, where he discovered the poster art of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and the Parisian fashion for Japanese prints. His first commission was Le Morte d'Arthur by Thomas Malory (1893), illustrated for the publishing house J.M. Dent and Company.[17] In 1894, a new translation of Lucian’s True History, with illustrations by Beardsley, William Strang, and J. B. Clark, was privately printed in an edition of 251 copies.[18]Beardsley had six years of creative output, which can be divided into several periods, identified by the form of his signature. In the early period, his work is mostly unsigned. During 1891 and 1892, he progressed to using his initials A.V.B. In mid-1892, the period of Le Morte d'Arthur and The Bon Mots, he used a Japanese-influenced mark that became progressively more graceful, sometimes accompanied by A.B. in block capitals.[19]The Peacock Skirt, 1893He co-founded The Yellow Book with American writer Henry Harland, and for the first four editions, he served as art editor and produced the cover designs and many illustrations for the magazine. He was aligned with Aestheticism, the British counterpart of Decadence and Symbolism. Most of his images are done in ink and feature large dark areas contrasted with large blank ones as well as areas of fine detail contrasted with areas with none at all.The Barge, illustration to The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope, 1896Beardsley was the most controversial artist of the Art Nouveau era, renowned for his dark and perverse images and grotesque erotica, which were the main themes of his later work. He satirized Victorian values regarding sex, that at the time highly valued respectability, and men's fear of female superiority, as the women's movement made gains in economic rights and occupational and educational opportunities by the 1880s.[20][21]His illustrations were in black and white against a white background. Some of his drawings, inspired by Japanese shunga artwork, featured enormous genitalia. His most famous erotic illustrations concerned themes of history and mythology; these include his illustrations for a privately printed edition of Aristophanes' Lysistrata and his drawings for Oscar Wilde's play Salome, which eventually premiered in Paris in 1896. Other major illustration projects included an 1896 edition of The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope.[17]The Black Cat, 1894–5He also produced extensive illustrations for books and magazines (e.g., for a deluxe edition of Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur) and worked for magazines such as The Studio and The Savoy, of which he was a co-founder. As a co-founder of The Savoy, Beardsley was able to pursue his writing as well as illustration, and a number of his writings, including Under the Hill (a story based on the Tannhäuser legend) and \"The Ballad of a Barber\" appeared in the magazine.[22]Beardsley was a caricaturist and did some political cartoons, mirroring Wilde's irreverent wit in art. Beardsley's work reflected the decadence of his era and his influence was enormous, clearly visible in the work of the French Symbolists, the Poster Art Movement of the 1890s and the work of many later-period Art Nouveau artists such as Papé and Clarke. Some alleged works of Beardsley's were published in a book titled Fifty Drawings by Aubrey Beardsley, Selected from the Collection of Mr. H.S. Nicols. These later were discovered to be forgeries, distinguishable by their almost pornographic erotic elements rather than Beardsley's subtler use of sexuality.[23]Beardsley's work continued to cause controversy in Britain long after his death. During an exhibition of Beardsley's prints held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London in 1966, a private gallery in London was raided by the police for exhibiting copies of the same prints on display at the museum, and the owner charged under obscenity laws.[24]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aubrey_Beardsley_ca._1895.jpg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"morning coat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_coat"},{"link_name":"court shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_shoes"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Leonard Smithers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Smithers"},{"link_name":"Herbert Charles Pollitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Charles_Pollitt"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kooistra-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perdurabo-31"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crown_Publishers,_Inc-19"}],"text":"Aubrey Beardsley, c. 1894–1895Beardsley was a public as well as private eccentric. He said \"I have one aim—the grotesque. If I am not grotesque, I am nothing.\" Wilde said Beardsley had \"a face like a silver hatchet, and grass green hair.\"[25] Beardsley was meticulous about his attire: dove-grey suits, hats, ties, yellow gloves. He appeared at his publisher's in a morning coat and court shoes.[26]Although Beardsley was associated with the homosexual clique that included Oscar Wilde and other aesthetes, the details of his sexuality remain in question. In his Autobiographies, W.B. Yeats, who knew him well, says that he was not homosexual. Speculation about his sexuality includes rumours of an incestuous relationship with his elder sister, Mabel, who may have become pregnant by her brother and miscarried.[27][28]During his entire career, Beardsley had recurrent attacks of tuberculosis. He suffered frequent lung haemorrhage and often was unable to work or leave his home.Beardsley converted to Catholicism in March 1897. The next year, the last letter before his death was to his publisher Leonard Smithers and close friend Herbert Charles Pollitt:Postmark: March 7, 1898 | Jesus is our Lord and Judge | Dear Friend, I implore you to destroy all copies of Lysistrata and bad drawings … By all that is holy, all obscene drawings. | Aubrey Beardsley | In my death agony.[29]Both men ignored Beardsley's wishes,[30][31] and Smithers actually continued to sell reproductions as well as forgeries of Beardsley's work.[19]","title":"Private life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpes-Maritimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes"},{"link_name":"requiem mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_Mass"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In December 1896, Beardsley suffered a violent haemorrhage, leaving him in precarious health. By April 1897, a month after his conversion to Catholicism, his deteriorating health prompted a move to the French Riviera. There he died a year later, on 16 March 1898, of tuberculosis at the Cosmopolitan Hotel in Menton, Alpes-Maritimes, France, attended by his mother and sister. He was 25 years old. Following a requiem mass in Menton Cathedral the following day, his remains were interred in the Cimetière du Trabuquet.[32][33]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Selwyn Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Selwyn_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"John Dicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dicks_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-p02t77gl-35"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band_(album)"},{"link_name":"Death Bed: The Bed That Eats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Bed:_The_Bed_That_Eats"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Mark Gatiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gatiss"},{"link_name":"Tate Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Britain"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Car Seat Headrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Seat_Headrest"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"In the 1982 Playhouse drama Aubrey, written by John Selwyn Gilbert, Beardsley was portrayed by actor John Dicks. The drama concerned Beardsley's life from the time of Oscar Wilde's arrest in April 1895, which caused Beardsley to lose his position at The Yellow Book, to his death from tuberculosis in 1898.[34] The BBC documentary Beardsley and His Work was made in 1982.[35] Beardsley is featured on the cover of The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The 1977 horror film Death Bed: The Bed That Eats is narrated by the entombed spirit of an unnamed artist whose work and manner of death identify him as Beardsley.[36]In March 2020, BBC Four broadcast the hour-long documentary Scandal & Beauty: Mark Gatiss on Aubrey Beardsley, presented by Mark Gatiss. The programme coincided with the Beardsley exhibition at Tate Britain.[37]Beardsley's art is mentioned briefly in the 2011 version of the Car Seat Headrest song, Beach Life-in-Death.[38]","title":"Media portrayals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Leather Association International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Leather_Association_International"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"In 2019 the National Leather Association International established an award named after Beardsley for creators of abstract erotic art.[39]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John%2BSalome.jpg"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Salome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aubrey_Beardsley_-_The_Stomach_Dance.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salom%C3%A9-_a_tragedy_in_one_act_pg_79.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salomé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(play)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aubrey_Beardsley_-_The_Climax.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Climax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Climax_(illustration)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Der_Puderquast.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:How_Morgan_le_Fay_Cave_a_Shield_to_Sir_Tristram.jpg"},{"link_name":"Morgan le Fay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay"},{"link_name":"Sir Tristram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aubrey_Beardsley_-_Masquerade.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aubrey_Beardsley_-_Edgar_Poe_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"The Murders in the Rue Morgue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aubrey_Beardsley_-_Edgar_Poe_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Fall of the House of Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aubrey_Beardsley_-_Edgar_Poe_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Masque of the Red Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masque_of_the_Red_Death"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venus_between_terminal_gods_beardsley.jpg"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Terminal Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_(architecture)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Messalina_and_her_Companion_by_A.Beardsley_(1895,_Tate).jpg"},{"link_name":"Messalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messalina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aubrey_Beardsley_-_Et_in_Arcadia_Ego_(1896).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beardsley2.jpeg"},{"link_name":"The Rape of the Lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Lock"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RapeLock7Cave_of_Spleen.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aubrey_Beardsley_-_The_driving_of_Cupid_from_the_garden_-_preparatory_drawing_for_the_cover_design_of_%27The_Savoy%27,_no.3..._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cupid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aubrey_Beardsley,_Ali_Baba.jpg"},{"link_name":"One Thousand and One Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aubrey_Beardsley_Beardsley_-_Isolde.jpg"},{"link_name":"Isolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolde"},{"link_name":"Pan magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(magazine)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aubrey_Beardsley,_Withered_Spring,_NGA_4599.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"}],"text":"John the Baptist and Salome, 1893–4 (published 1907)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Stomach Dance, 1893–4\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Dancers Reward, from Salomé: a tragedy in one act (1904)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Climax from the illustrations for Salomé, 1893–4\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTailpiece or Cul de Lampe, cover for Wilde's Salomé, 1893–4\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHow Morgan le Fay gave a Shield to Sir Tristram, 1893\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMasquerade, cover design for The Yellow Book, vol. 1, 1894\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIllustration for Edgar Allan Poe's The Murders in the Rue Morgue, 1894–5\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Fall of the House of Usher, 1894–5\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIllustration for The Masque of the Red Death, 1894–5\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVenus between Terminal Gods, 1895\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMessalina and her Companion, Tate Britain, 1895\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEt in Arcadia Ego, 1896\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Billet-doux, from The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope, 1896\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Cave of Spleen, from The Rape of the Lock, 1896\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe driving of Cupid from the garden, preparatory drawing for the cover design of The Savoy (no. 3, July 1896)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCover of One Thousand and One Nights, 1897\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIsolde, illustration in Pan magazine, 1899\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWithered Spring, unknown date, National Gallery of Art","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"42742305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/42742305"}],"text":"Beardsley, Aubrey, Simon Wilson, and Linda Gertner Zatlin. 1998. Aubrey Beardsley: a centenary tribute. Tokyo: Art Life Ltd. OCLC 42742305","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7491-2169-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7491-2169-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Vincent Beardsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/J9ZP-C6X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Brophy 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrophy1968"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-epsomandewellhistoryexplorer_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-epsomandewellhistoryexplorer_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Beardsley, Aubrey, Artist, Part 1 – The Formative 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Fredeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hauntedtextsstud0000unse/page/178"},{"link_name":"178–183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hauntedtextsstud0000unse/page/178"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8020-3662-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3662-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-perdurabo_31-0"},{"link_name":"Perdurabo, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Life of Aleister Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_A23t1hGFwUC&pg=PA37"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58394-576-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58394-576-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Sturgis 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSturgis1998"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/1821","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F1821"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Aubrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.johncoulthart.com/feuilleton/2008/06/22/aubrey-by-john-selwyn-gilbert/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BBC-p02t77gl_35-0"},{"link_name":"\"BBC – Beardsley and his Work\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02t77gl"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"DEATH BED - The Bedlam Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//thebedlamfiles.com/film/death-bed/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Scandal & Beauty: Mark Gatiss on Aubrey Beardsely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000gx0d"},{"link_name":"BBC Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Four"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Car Seat Headrest – Beach Life-in-Death [2011]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//genius.com/Car-seat-headrest-beach-life-in-death-2011-lyrics"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"\"Award Nominations - NLA International\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nla-international.com/award-nominations.html"}],"text":"^ Bertrand Beyern. Guide des tombes d'hommes célèbres. Paris: Le Cherche Midi, 2008. ISBN 978-2-7491-2169-7\n\n^ \"England, Births and Christenings, 1538–1975,\" index, FamilySearch, accessed 4 April 2012), Aubrey Vincent Beardsley (1872).\n\n^ Brophy 1968, p. 85\n\n^ a b \"Beardsley, Aubrey, Artist, Part 1 – The Formative Years\". Epsom & Ewell History Explorer.\n\n^ Brophy, Brigid (1976). Beardsley and His World, Harmony Books, p. 12.\n\n^ Aubrey Beardsley: Exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum, 1966 [20 May – 18 September] Catalogue of the Original Drawings, Letters, Manuscripts, Paintings, and of Books, Posters, Photographs, Documents, Etc, H.M. Stationery Office, 1966\n\n^ Sturgis 1998, p. 8\n\n^ a b Sturgis 1998, p. 3\n\n^ Sturgis 1998, p. 10\n\n^ The house numbers in Buckingham Road were later changed, and the old 12 is now 31.\n\n^ Farren, Jen; McCain, Sandy. \"Aubrey Beardsley Art, Bio, Ideas\". The Art Story. Retrieved 26 July 2022.\n\n^ Sturgis 1998, p. 11\n\n^ Crawford, Alan (2004). \"Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent (1872–1898)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1821. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ Sturgis 1998, p. 15\n\n^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 577–578.\n\n^ Armstrong 1901.\n\n^ a b Souter, Nick; Souter, Tessa (2012). The Illustration Handbook: A Guide to the World's Greatest Illustrators. Oceana. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-84573-473-2.\n\n^ “Beardsley (Aubrey Vincent)” in T. Bose, Paul Tiessen, eds., Bookman's Catalogue Vol. 1 A-L: The Norman Colbeck Collection (UBC Press, 1987), p. 41\n\n^ a b Harris, Bruce S., ed. (1967). The Collected Drawings of Aubrey Beardsley. Crown Publishers, Inc.\n\n^ Eric Smith (1992). \"The Art of Aubrey Beardsley\". Loyola University. Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2015.\n\n^ \"A Mirror for Salome: Beardsley's The Climax\". Victorian Web. 22 April 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2015.\n\n^ \"The Life of Aubrey Beardsley\" (PDF). Victorian Web. Retrieved 8 May 2012.\n\n^ Symons, Aurthus (1967). The Collected Drawings of Aubrey Beardsley. New York: Crescent Books Inc. pp. v.\n\n^ Elizabeth Guffey, Retro: The Culture of Revival (London: Reaktion Books, 2006) p.7\n\n^ Kingston, Angela. Oscar Wilde as a Character in Victorian Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. ISBN 9780230600232\n\n^ Weintraub, Stanley (1976). Aubrey Beardsley, Imp of the Perverse. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 85.\n\n^ Beardsley and the art of decadence by Matthew Sturgis\", reviewed by Richard Edmonds in The Birmingham Post (England), 21 March 1998. At thefreelibrary.com, retrieved 5 April 2012.\n\n^ Latham, David, ed. (2003). Haunted texts: studies in Pre-Raphaelitism in honour of William E. Fredeman. University of Toronto Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-8020-3662-9.\n\n^ Beardsley, Aubrey (1970). The Letters of Aubrey Beardsley. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-6884-9.\n\n^ Kooistra, Lorraine Janzen (2003). \"Sartorial Obsessions: Beardsley and Masquerade\". In Fredeman, William Evan; Latham, David (eds.). Haunted Texts: Studies in Pre-Raphaelitism in Honour of William E. Fredeman. University of Toronto Press. pp. 178–183. ISBN 978-0-8020-3662-9.\n\n^ Kaczynski, Richard (2012). Perdurabo, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Life of Aleister Crowley. North Atlantic Books. pp. 37–45. ISBN 978-1-58394-576-6.\n\n^ Sturgis 1998[page needed]\n\n^ Crawford, Alan (2004). \"Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent (1872–1898), illustrator\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1821.\n\n^ Gilbert, John Selwyn (22 June 2008), Aubrey\n\n^ \"BBC – Beardsley and his Work\". BBC. Retrieved 28 November 2018.\n\n^ DEATH BED - The Bedlam Files\n\n^ Scandal & Beauty: Mark Gatiss on Aubrey Beardsely - BBC Four website\n\n^ Car Seat Headrest – Beach Life-in-Death [2011], retrieved 4 September 2022\n\n^ NLA-I. Web. \"Award Nominations - NLA International\". www.nla-international.com.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1901_supplement/Beardsley,_Aubrey_Vincent"},{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"42742305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/42742305"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-399-12408-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-12408-X"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"801979437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/801979437"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8109-4009-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-4009-4"},{"link_name":"https://doi.org/10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-18/sdovzhyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-18/sdovzhyk"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8057-6958-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-6958-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-509062-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509062-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-00-255789-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255789-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-58164-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58164-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"019817506X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/019817506X"}],"text":"Armstrong, Walter (1901). \"Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent\" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co.\nBeardsley, Aubrey, Simon Wilson, and Linda Gertner Zatlin. 1998. Aubrey Beardsley: a centenary tribute. Tokyo: Art Life Ltd. OCLC 42742305\nBeerbohm, Max. 1928. 'Aubrey Beardsley' in A Variety of Things. New York, Knopf.\nBenkovitz, Miriam J. 1980. Aubrey Beardsley, an Account of his Life. New York, N.Y.: Putnam. ISBN 0-399-12408-X.\nBrophy, Brigid (1968). Black and White: a Portrait of Aubrey Beardsley. New York, N.Y.: Stein and Day. OCLC 801979437.\nCalloway, Stephen. 1998. Aubrey Beardsley. New York, N.Y.: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-4009-4.\nDovzhyk, Sasha. 2020. \"Aubrey Beardsley in the Russian 'World of Art'\". British Art Studies Issue 18. https://doi.org/10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-18/sdovzhyk\nDowson, Ernest. 1897. The Pierrot of the Minute. Restored edition with Aubrey Beardsley's illustrations, CreateSpace, 2012. Bilingual illustrated edition with French translation by Philippe Baudry, CreateSpace, 2012\nFletcher, Ian. 1987. Aubrey Beardsley. Boston, MA: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-6958-7.\nReade, Brian. 1967. Aubrey Beardsley. New York: Bonanza Books.\nRoss, Robert 1909. Aubrey Beardsley. London: John Lane.\nSnodgrass, Chris. 1995. Aubrey Beardsley: Dandy of the Grotesque. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509062-4.\nSymons, Arthur. 1898. Aubrey Beardsley. London: At the Sign of the Unicorn.\nSturgis, Matthew (1998). Aubrey Beardsley: A Biography. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-255789-4.\nWeintraub, Stanley. 1967. Beardsley: a biography. New York, N.Y.: Braziller.\nZatlin, Linda G. 1997. Beardsley, Japonisme, and the Perversion of the Victorian Ideal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-58164-8.\nZatlin, Linda G. 1990. Aubrey Beardsley and Victorian Sexual Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019817506X.\nZatlin, Linda G. 2007. \"Aubrey Beardsley and the Shaping of Art Nouveau.\" Bound for the 1890s: Essays on Writing and Publishing in Honor of James G. Nelson. Ed. Jonathan Allison. Buckinghamshire: Rivendale Press.\nZatlin, Linda G. \"Wilde, Beardsley, and the Making of Salome.\" Scholars Library, 2007; originally published in The Journal of Victorian Culture 5.2 (November 2000): 341–57.\nZatlin, Linda G. 2006. \"Aubrey Beardsley.\" Encyclopedia of Europe 1789–1914. Chicago: Gale Research.","title":"General sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Aubrey Beardsley by Jacques-Émile Blanche, oil on canvas, 1895 (National Portrait Gallery, London)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Blanche_Beardsley.jpg/170px-Blanche_Beardsley.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Peacock Skirt, 1893","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Beardsley-peacockskirt.PNG/170px-Beardsley-peacockskirt.PNG"},{"image_text":"The Barge, illustration to The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope, 1896","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_Barge_-_Aubrey_Beardsley.jpg/170px-The_Barge_-_Aubrey_Beardsley.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Black Cat, 1894–5","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Aubrey_Beardsley_-_Edgar_Poe_2.jpg/170px-Aubrey_Beardsley_-_Edgar_Poe_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aubrey Beardsley, c. 1894–1895","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Aubrey_Beardsley_ca._1895.jpg/170px-Aubrey_Beardsley_ca._1895.jpg"}]

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Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171125050013/http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1992-3/smith-e.htm","url_text":"\"The Art of Aubrey Beardsley\""},{"url":"http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1992-3/smith-e.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Mirror for Salome: Beardsley's The Climax\". Victorian Web. 22 April 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.victorianweb.org/art/illustration/beardsley/goff12.html","url_text":"\"A Mirror for Salome: Beardsley's The Climax\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Life of Aubrey Beardsley\" (PDF). Victorian Web. Retrieved 8 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/engl204-1.3.4The-Life-of-Aubrey-Beardsley.pdf","url_text":"\"The Life of Aubrey Beardsley\""}]},{"reference":"Symons, Aurthus (1967). The Collected Drawings of Aubrey Beardsley. 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ISBN 978-0-8386-6884-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4PLp-V0e4b4C&q=Jesus+is+our+Lord+and+Judge.Dear+Friend%2CI+implore+you+to+destroy+all+copies+of+Lysistrata+and+bad+drawings&pg=PA439","url_text":"The Letters of Aubrey Beardsley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-6884-9","url_text":"978-0-8386-6884-9"}]},{"reference":"Kooistra, Lorraine Janzen (2003). \"Sartorial Obsessions: Beardsley and Masquerade\". In Fredeman, William Evan; Latham, David (eds.). Haunted Texts: Studies in Pre-Raphaelitism in Honour of William E. Fredeman. University of Toronto Press. pp. 178–183. ISBN 978-0-8020-3662-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Janzen_Kooistra","url_text":"Kooistra, Lorraine Janzen"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R81qhmUO2BoC&pg=PA182","url_text":"\"Sartorial Obsessions: Beardsley and Masquerade\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hauntedtextsstud0000unse/page/178","url_text":"Haunted Texts: Studies in Pre-Raphaelitism in Honour of William E. Fredeman"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hauntedtextsstud0000unse/page/178","url_text":"178–183"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3662-9","url_text":"978-0-8020-3662-9"}]},{"reference":"Kaczynski, Richard (2012). Perdurabo, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Life of Aleister Crowley. North Atlantic Books. pp. 37–45. ISBN 978-1-58394-576-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_A23t1hGFwUC&pg=PA37","url_text":"Perdurabo, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Life of Aleister Crowley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58394-576-6","url_text":"978-1-58394-576-6"}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Alan (2004). \"Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent (1872–1898), illustrator\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1821.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F1821","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/1821"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, John Selwyn (22 June 2008), Aubrey","urls":[{"url":"http://www.johncoulthart.com/feuilleton/2008/06/22/aubrey-by-john-selwyn-gilbert/","url_text":"Aubrey"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC – Beardsley and his Work\". BBC. Retrieved 28 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02t77gl","url_text":"\"BBC – Beardsley and his Work\""}]},{"reference":"Car Seat Headrest – Beach Life-in-Death [2011], retrieved 4 September 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/Car-seat-headrest-beach-life-in-death-2011-lyrics","url_text":"Car Seat Headrest – Beach Life-in-Death [2011]"}]},{"reference":"NLA-I. Web. \"Award Nominations - NLA International\". www.nla-international.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nla-international.com/award-nominations.html","url_text":"\"Award Nominations - NLA International\""}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Walter (1901). \"Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent\" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1901_supplement/Beardsley,_Aubrey_Vincent","url_text":"\"Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Brophy, Brigid (1968). Black and White: a Portrait of Aubrey Beardsley. New York, N.Y.: Stein and Day. OCLC 801979437.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801979437","url_text":"801979437"}]},{"reference":"Sturgis, Matthew (1998). Aubrey Beardsley: A Biography. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-255789-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255789-4","url_text":"978-0-00-255789-4"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_NES_Emulator_SE

Intelligent Systems

["1 History","2 List of games developed","2.1 Cancelled","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Japanese video game developer For the divested computer company formerly known as Intelligent Systems, see Intelligent Systems (American company). Not to be confused with Intelligent Games. Intelligent Systems Co., Ltd.LogotypeNative name株式会社インテリジェントシステムズRomanized nameKabushiki gaisha Interijento ShisutemuzuCompany typeKabushiki gaishaIndustryVideo gamesFoundedDecember 1986; 37 years ago (1986-12)FounderToru NarihiroHeadquartersMinami-ku, Kyoto, JapanNumber of locations2 (2020)Key peopleRyouichi Kitanishi(chairman)Toshiyuki Nakamura(president)ProductsFire Emblem seriesPaper Mario seriesWarioWare seriesWars seriesNumber of employees197 (2024)SubsidiariesPurejio Co., Ltd. (株式会社プレジオ)Websiteintsys.co.jp/english intsys.co.jp Intelligent Systems Co., Ltd. is a Japanese video game developer best known for developing games published by Nintendo with the Fire Emblem, Paper Mario, WarioWare, and Wars video game series. Originally, the company was headquartered at the Nintendo Kyoto Research Center in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto, but later moved to a building near Nintendo's main headquarters in October 2013. They were also responsible for the creation of various development hardware both first and 3rd party developers would use to make games for Nintendo systems, such as the IS Nitro Emulator, the official development kit for the Nintendo DS. History Intelligent Systems started when programmer Toru Narihiro was hired by Nintendo to port Famicom Disk System software to the standard ROM-cartridge format that was being used outside Japan on the NES. Similarly to the origins of HAL Laboratory, the team soon became an auxiliary program unit for Nintendo that provided system tools and hired people to program, fix, or port Nintendo-developed software. Much of the team's original work consists of minor contributions to larger games developed by Nintendo R&D1 and Nintendo EAD. Narihiro programmed his first video games, Famicom Wars and Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light, towards the end of the Famicom's life cycle, although the game design, graphic design, and music was provided by the Nintendo R&D1 team. Because of Narihiro's success, Intelligent Systems began to hire graphic designers, programmers, and musicians to extend the company from an auxiliary–tool developer to a game development group. The company continued to develop new entries in the Wars and Fire Emblem franchises. In 2000, Intelligent Systems produced Paper Mario for the Nintendo 64, which became a surprise hit, leading to five sequels. Three years later, the first entry in the WarioWare series was released on the Game Boy Advance, and it too became a successful series. Not all games developed by Intelligent Systems are published by Nintendo. Cubivore: Survival of the Fittest (which was co-developed by Intelligent Systems) was published by Atlus in North America; Intelligent Systems also developed various Dragon Quest games, which were published by Square Enix. List of games developed List of video games developed by Intelligent Systems Year Title Platform(s) Ref. 1983 Mario Bros. Nintendo Entertainment System 1984 Tennis Wild Gunman Duck Hunt Hogan's Alley Donkey Kong 3 Devil World 1985 Soccer Wrecking Crew Stack-Up Gyromite 1986 Tennis Family Computer Disk System Soccer Metroid 1988 Famicom Wars Family Computer Kaette Kita Mario Bros. Family Computer Disk System Wrecking Crew 1989 Alleyway Game Boy Baseball Yakuman Golf 1990 Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light Family Computer 1991 SimCity Super Nintendo Entertainment System Game Boy Wars Game Boy 1992 Super Scope 6 Super Nintendo Entertainment System Fire Emblem Gaiden Family Computer Mario Paint Super Nintendo Entertainment System Kaeru no Tame ni Kane wa Naru Game Boy Battle Clash Super Nintendo Entertainment System 1993 Metal Combat: Falcon's Revenge 1994 Fire Emblem: Mystery of the Emblem Super Famicom Super Metroid Super Nintendo Entertainment System 1995 Galactic Pinball Virtual Boy Panel de Pon Super Famicom 1996 Fire Emblem: Genealogy of the Holy War Tetris Attack Super Nintendo Entertainment System 1998 Super Famicom Wars Super Famicom 1999 Fire Emblem: Thracia 776 2000 Trade & Battle: Card Hero Game Boy Color Paper Mario Nintendo 64 Pokémon Puzzle Challenge Game Boy Color 2001 Advance Wars Game Boy Advance Mario Kart: Super Circuit 2002 Cubivore: Survival of the Fittest GameCube Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade Game Boy Advance 2003 Nintendo Puzzle Collection GameCube Fire Emblem: The Blazing Blade Game Boy Advance Advance Wars 2: Black Hole Rising WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Games! GameCube 2004 Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones Game Boy Advance WarioWare: Twisted! WarioWare: Touched! Nintendo DS 2005 Fire Emblem: Path of Radiance GameCube Advance Wars: Dual Strike Nintendo DS 2006 WarioWare: Smooth Moves Wii 2007 Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn Super Paper Mario Planet Puzzle League Nintendo DS Face Training Kousoku Card Battle: Card Hero 2008 Advance Wars: Days of Ruin Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon WarioWare: Snapped! Nintendo DS 2009 WarioWare D.I.Y. WarioWare D.I.Y. Showcase Wii Dragon Quest Wars Nintendo DS Eco Shooter: Plant 530 Wii Nintendo DSi Instrument Tuner Nintendo DSi Nintendo DSi Metronome Dictionary 6 in 1 with Camera Function Link 'n' Launch Spotto! 2010 Fire Emblem: New Mystery of the Emblem Nintendo DS Face Training 2011 Pushmo Nintendo 3DS Dragon Quest 25 Shūnen Kinen Famicom & Super Famicom Dragon Quest I・II・III  Wii 2012 Fire Emblem Awakening Nintendo 3DS Crashmo Paper Mario: Sticker Star 2013 Game & Wario Wii U Daigasso! Band Brothers P Nintendo 3DS 2014 Pushmo World Wii U 2015 Code Name: S.T.E.A.M. Nintendo 3DS Stretchmo Fire Emblem Fates 2016 Paper Mario: Color Splash Wii U 2017 Fire Emblem Heroes iOS, Android Fire Emblem Echoes: Shadows of Valentia Nintendo 3DS 2018 WarioWare Gold 2019 Fire Emblem: Three Houses Nintendo Switch 2020 Paper Mario: The Origami King 2021 WarioWare: Get It Together! 2023 Fire Emblem Engage WarioWare: Move It! 2024 Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door Notes ^ Japanese: 株式会社インテリジェントシステムズ, Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha Interijento Shisutemuzu ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Co-developed by Nintendo R&D1. ^ Responsible for porting the original game to the Game Boy. ^ a b Released as Game Boy Wars Advance 1+2 in Japan on 2004. ^ Co-developed by Saru Brunei. ^ a b c d e f g h Co-developed by Nintendo SPD Group No. 1. ^ Co-developed by Nintendo SDD. ^ Co-developed with Koei Tecmo. Cancelled Title System Ref(s) Dragon Hopper Virtual Boy Fire Emblem 64 Nintendo 64DD Untitled Fire Emblem game Wii Crashmo World Wii U See also OrCAD (distributed by Intelligent Systems Japan, KK) References ^ "History" (in Japanese). Intelligent Systems. Retrieved January 7, 2019. ^ "インテリジェントシステムズに就職したい！会社の概要と就職の際のポイント". game-creators.jp. September 2, 2020. ^ "Location". Intelligent Systems. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010. ^ "Fire Emblem-Studio Intelligent Systems ist in neues Gebäude umgezogen". Nintendo-Online.de (in German). Retrieved February 28, 2020. ^ "Intelligent Systems Co., Ltd. (Company)". Giant Bomb. Retrieved February 28, 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad "Intelligent Systems – Works – Games". www.intsys.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved January 28, 2019. ^ Christian Nutt (April 23, 2010). "The Elegance Of Metroid: Yoshio Sakamoto Speaks". Gamasutra. United Business Media LLC. Retrieved August 5, 2010. ^ "intsys.co.jp/company/gamesoft/index". Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. ^ Whitehead, Thomas (May 28, 2014). "Nintendo of America Confirms Pushmo World Release Details". Nintendo Life. Retrieved June 6, 2014. ^ Lehew, Alex (November 12, 2015). "Fire Emblem Fates releases February 19th; release details revealed". The Tanooki. Retrieved November 13, 2015. ^ "Nintendo Kills the Virtual Boy". GamePro. No. 101. IDG. February 1997. p. 27. ^ VincentASM (December 9, 2015). "Making of Fire Emblem 64". Serenes Forest. Retrieved December 27, 2015. ^ VincentASM. "Making of Fire Emblem: The Illusive Wii Fire Emblem". Serenes Forest. Retrieved December 27, 2015. ^ Jenni (December 28, 2016). "Crashmo World Apparently Was In Development For the Nintendo Wii U". Siliconera. Retrieved December 28, 2016. External links Official website Official website (English) vteIntelligent SystemsFire Emblem Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light Shadow Dragon Gaiden Echoes Mystery of the Emblem New Mystery Genealogy of the Holy War Thracia 776 The Binding Blade The Blazing Blade The Sacred Stones Path of Radiance Radiant Dawn Awakening Fates Heroes Three Houses Engage Paper Mario Paper Mario The Thousand-Year Door Super Paper Mario Sticker Star Color Splash The Origami King Pushmo Pushmo Crashmo Pushmo World Stretchmo Puzzle League Tetris Attack Pokémon Puzzle Challenge Nintendo Puzzle Collection Planet Puzzle League WarioWare Mega Party Games! Twisted! Touched! Smooth Moves Snapped! D.I.Y. Game & Wario Gold Get It Together! Move It! Wars Famicom Wars Game Boy Wars Super Famicom Wars Advance Wars Black Hole Rising Dual Strike Days of Ruin Other games Alleyway Battle Clash Card Hero Trade & Battle Kousoku Card Battle Code Name: S.T.E.A.M. Cubivore: Survival of the Fittest Devil World Dragon Hopper Dragon Quest Wars Duck Hunt Eco Shooter: Plant 530 Galactic Pinball Hogan's Alley Kaeru no Tame ni Kane wa Naru Mario Kart: Super Circuit Mario Paint Metal Combat: Falcon's Revenge Metroid Soccer Super Metroid Tennis Wild Gunman Wrecking Crew Yakuman Technology Super Game Boy Game Boy Player People Shouzou Kaga Yuka Tsujiyoko vteNintendo development teamsNintendoDivisions Entertainment Planning & Development (EPD) Platform Technology Development (PTD) Former Research & Development 1 Research & Development 2 Integrated Research & Development (IRD) Research & Engineering (RED) Entertainment Analysis & Development (EAD) Software Planning & Development (SPD) System Development (NSD) Subsidiaries 1-Up Studio iQue Monolith Soft NDcube Next Level Games Nintendo European Research & Development (NERD) Nintendo Pictures Nintendo Software Technology (NST) Retro Studios Shiver Entertainment Former Nintendo Network Service Database Major affiliates Bandai Namco Studios Camelot Software Planning Creatures Inc. Cygames DeNA Game Freak Genius Sonority Good-Feel Grezzo HAL Laboratory indieszero Intelligent Systems Koei Tecmo Omega Force Team Ninja PlatinumGames The Pokémon Company Former AlphaDream Artoon Angel Studios Argonaut Games A/N Software Inc. Cing DMA Design Factor 5 Hudson Soft Left Field Productions Marigul Management Ambrella Noise Param Monster Games Rare Silicon Knights Skip Ltd. syn Sophia Vanpool Portals: Japan Video games Companies Authority control databases International VIAF Artists MusicBrainz

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intelligent Systems (American company)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Systems_(American_company)"},{"link_name":"Intelligent Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Games"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"video game developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_developer"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Fire Emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Emblem"},{"link_name":"Paper Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mario"},{"link_name":"WarioWare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wario_(series)#WarioWare_series"},{"link_name":"Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_(series)"},{"link_name":"Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashiyama-ku,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"}],"text":"For the divested computer company formerly known as Intelligent Systems, see Intelligent Systems (American company).Not to be confused with Intelligent Games.Intelligent Systems Co., Ltd.[a] is a Japanese video game developer best known for developing games published by Nintendo with the Fire Emblem, Paper Mario, WarioWare, and Wars video game series. Originally, the company was headquartered at the Nintendo Kyoto Research Center in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto,[3] but later moved to a building near Nintendo's main headquarters in October 2013.[4] They were also responsible for the creation of various development hardware both first and 3rd party developers would use to make games for Nintendo systems, such as the IS Nitro Emulator, the official development kit for the Nintendo DS.","title":"Intelligent Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Famicom Disk System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famicom_Disk_System"},{"link_name":"NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NES"},{"link_name":"HAL Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Nintendo R&D1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_R%26D1"},{"link_name":"Nintendo EAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_EAD"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Famicom Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famicom_Wars"},{"link_name":"Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Emblem:_Shadow_Dragon_and_the_Blade_of_Light"},{"link_name":"Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famicom"},{"link_name":"Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_(series)"},{"link_name":"Fire Emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Emblem"},{"link_name":"Paper Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mario_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"WarioWare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WarioWare"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"Cubivore: Survival of the Fittest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubivore:_Survival_of_the_Fittest"},{"link_name":"Atlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlus"},{"link_name":"Dragon Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Quest"},{"link_name":"Square Enix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix"}],"text":"Intelligent Systems started when programmer Toru Narihiro was hired by Nintendo to port Famicom Disk System software to the standard ROM-cartridge format that was being used outside Japan on the NES. Similarly to the origins of HAL Laboratory, the team soon became an auxiliary program unit for Nintendo that provided system tools and hired people to program, fix, or port Nintendo-developed software. Much of the team's original work consists of minor contributions to larger games developed by Nintendo R&D1 and Nintendo EAD.[5]Narihiro programmed his first video games, Famicom Wars and Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light, towards the end of the Famicom's life cycle, although the game design, graphic design, and music was provided by the Nintendo R&D1 team. Because of Narihiro's success, Intelligent Systems began to hire graphic designers, programmers, and musicians to extend the company from an auxiliary–tool developer to a game development group. The company continued to develop new entries in the Wars and Fire Emblem franchises.In 2000, Intelligent Systems produced Paper Mario for the Nintendo 64, which became a surprise hit, leading to five sequels. Three years later, the first entry in the WarioWare series was released on the Game Boy Advance, and it too became a successful series.Not all games developed by Intelligent Systems are published by Nintendo. Cubivore: Survival of the Fittest (which was co-developed by Intelligent Systems) was published by Atlus in North America; Intelligent Systems also developed various Dragon Quest games, which were published by Square Enix.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rd1_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rd1_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rd1_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rd1_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rd1_7-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rd1_7-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rd1_7-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rd1_7-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rd1_7-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rd1_7-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rd1_7-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rd1_7-11"},{"link_name":"Nintendo R&D1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_R%26D1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-baseball_10-0"},{"link_name":"original game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_(1983_video_game)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wars_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wars_11-1"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Wars Advance 1+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance_Wars"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-saru_12-0"},{"link_name":"Saru Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saru_Brunei"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-spd1_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-spd1_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-spd1_13-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-spd1_13-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-spd1_13-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-spd1_13-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-spd1_13-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-spd1_13-7"},{"link_name":"Nintendo SPD Group No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_SPD_Group_No._1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sdd_15-0"},{"link_name":"Nintendo SDD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_SDD"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Koei Tecmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koei_Tecmo"}],"text":"Notes^ Japanese: 株式会社インテリジェントシステムズ, Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha Interijento Shisutemuzu\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Co-developed by Nintendo R&D1.\n\n^ Responsible for porting the original game to the Game Boy.\n\n^ a b Released as Game Boy Wars Advance 1+2 in Japan on 2004.\n\n^ Co-developed by Saru Brunei.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Co-developed by Nintendo SPD Group No. 1.\n\n^ Co-developed by Nintendo SDD.\n\n^ Co-developed with Koei Tecmo.","title":"List of games developed"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cancelled","title":"List of games developed"}]

[]

[{"title":"OrCAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OrCAD"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild!_(video)

Wild! (video)

["1 Track listing","1.1 UK release","1.2 North American release","2 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Wild!" video – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1990 video by ErasureWild!Video by ErasureReleased19902016 (re-release)Recorded11 December 1989VenueLondon Arena (London, England)Genre Synth-pop electropop pop Length90 minutes approx Label Mute Film/BMG Video Mute Film/Warner Mute Film/Lumivision/Warner DirectorGavin TaylorProducerKen ScorfieldErasure chronology Innocents(1989) Wild!(1990) Abba-esque(1992) Wild! is the third concert video release by English synth-pop duo Erasure, recorded at the London Arena on 11 December 1989 as part of the tour in support of the Wild! album and released in 1990 on VHS video. With 23 tracks and a running time of almost 90 minutes, it is the first of Erasure's live videos to feature an entire concert, except in the U.S. where a much abridged 15-track version was released. In 1992 the concert was also released in the U.S. on LaserDisc, still with only 15 tracks. In 2016 it was announced that the video will be released on DVD, exclusively as part of the From Moscow to Mars box set. The concert included 9 of the 10 songs from Wild!, as well as songs from all 3 of Erasure's previous albums, songs from the Crackers International EP and a cover version of Cerrone's "Supernature", a studio version of which featured as a B-side on the "You Surround Me" single. Track listing UK release UK VHS video: 790407 "Piano Song" "How Many Times" "You Surround Me" "Knocking on Your Door" "Brother and Sister" "Crown of Thorns" "Star" "Chains of Love" "Hideaway" "Supernature" "Who Needs Love Like That" "Stop!" "Victim of Love" "La Gloria" "Ship of Fools" "It Doesn't Have to Be" "Blue Savannah" "Sometimes" "The Hardest Part" "Oh L'amour" "Drama!" "A Little Respect" "Spiralling" North American release U.S. VHS video: 38170-3 U.S. LaserDisc: LVD-9263 "Piano Song" "You Surround Me" "Chains of Love" "Star" "Crown of Thorns" "Supernature" "Who Needs Love Like That" "Stop!" "Victim of Love" "La Gloria" "Blue Savannah" "Sometimes" "The Hardest Part" "Drama!" "A Little Respect" References ^ "Erasure Information Service :: Releases :: DVDs and Videos :: ****". www.erasureinfo.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2006. vteErasure Andy Bell Vince Clarke Studio albums Wonderland The Circus The Innocents Wild! Chorus I Say I Say I Say Erasure Cowboy Loveboat Other People's Songs Nightbird Union Street Light at the End of the World Tomorrow's World Snow Globe The Violet Flame World Be Gone The Neon Day-Glo (Based on a True Story) Live albums Acoustic Live Live at the Royal Albert Hall World Be Live Compilation albums The Two Ring Circus Pop! The First 20 Hits Hits! The Very Best of Erasure Pop! Remixed Total Pop! The First 40 Hits Pop2! The Second 20 Hits 10 Great Songs Always: The Very Best of Erasure Box sets EBX From Moscow to Mars Extended plays Crackers International Am I Right? EP Abba-esque I Love Saturday EP Rain: Plus Moon and the Sky: Plus Boy EP Storm Chaser Pop! Remixed Erasure.Club Phantom Bride EP Singles "Who Needs Love Like That" "Heavenly Action" "Oh L'amour" "Sometimes" "It Doesn't Have to Be" "Victim of Love" "The Circus" "Ship of Fools" "Chains of Love" "A Little Respect" "Stop!" "Drama!" "You Surround Me" "Blue Savannah" "Star" "Chorus" "Love to Hate You" "Am I Right?" "Breath of Life" "Take a Chance on Me" "Always" "Run to the Sun" "I Love Saturday" "Stay with Me" "Fingers & Thumbs (Cold Summer's Day)" "Rock Me Gently" "In My Arms" "Don't Say Your Love Is Killing Me" "Rain" "Freedom" "Moon & the Sky" "Solsbury Hill" "Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me)" "Breathe" "Don't Say You Love Me" "Here I Go Impossible Again" / "All This Time Still Falling Out of Love" "Boy" "I Could Fall in Love with You" "Sunday Girl" "Storm in a Teacup" "Phantom Bride" "When I Start To (Break It All Down)" "Be with You" "Fill Us with Fire" "Gaudete" "Hey Now (Think I Got a Feeling)" "Nerves of Steel" "Fallen Angel" Video releases Live at the Seaside Innocents Wild! Abba-esque Pop! The First 20 Hits Hits! the Videos The Erasure Show – Live in Cologne Live at the Royal Albert Hall Related articles Discography Yazoo Depeche Mode The Assembly

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neha_Hinge

Neha Hinge

["1 Early life","2 Femina Miss India","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]

Indian model and actress Neha HingeBorn (1985-04-30) 30 April 1985 (age 39)Dewas, Madhya Pradesh, IndiaAlma materB.E from Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Engineering, PuneOccupation(s)Actress, modelHeight168 cm (5 ft 6 in)Beauty pageant titleholderTitleFemina Miss India InternationalHair colorBlackEye colorHazelMajorcompetition(s)Miss International 2010 Websitewww.nehahinge.com Neha Hinge is an Indian actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder. She was crowned as Femina Miss India International in Femina Miss India 2010 pageant and represented India in Miss International 2010 held in Tokyo in Japan where she made it in top 5 finalists. Early life Neha was born in Nashik and spent her formative years in Dewas, Madhya Pradesh. She did her schooling from St Mary's and BCM Higher Secondary School in Dewas and later completed her Bachelor of Engineering from Dr. D.Y Patil Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pune. Neha, a qualified software engineer, quit her IT job to enter the Miss India pageant. Femina Miss India She was crowned Femina Miss India International in 2010. She also won subtitles, Miss Fresh Face, Miss Professional and Miss Bollywood Diva. She competed in Miss International 2010 and secured a spot among the top 5 contestants. She persuaded modelling later by being a part of major fashion weeks like Lakme fashion week, Blenders pride fashion tour, IIJW and many more. She has done more than 25 TV commercials for brands like Sunsilk, Pantaloons, Hero Cycles, Joyalukas, Malabar Gold, Kalyan silks to list a few. In 2017, she played a nurse in the 2017 film Tiger Zinda Hai. She made her Telugu film debut the same year in Srivalli, where she played the title role. She is well known for her role as the prime time reporter Garima Deswal in Amazon Prime web series Tandav. She had also played Malti Kumar in Zee5 film Nail Polish. Filmography Year Film Role Notes 2013 Luv U Soniyo Soniyo Bollywood debut 2015 Sagaptham Neha Tamil debut 2017 Srivalli Srivalli Telugu debut 2017 Tiger Zinda Hai Maria 2021 Tandav Garima Deswal 2021 Nail Polish Malthi Kumar A ZEE5 originals film 2021 LSD: Love, Scandal & Doctors Chitra ZEE5, ALTBalaji References ^ "Main ban gayi Miss India!". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 June 2018. ^ "Neha Hinge". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 June 2018. ^ "I would have gone back to my IT job, but show biz beckoned". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 October 2016. ^ Chowdhary, Y. Sunita (12 July 2015). "Walking a tough path: Neha Hinge". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 October 2016. ^ "Does Miss India Neha Hinge resemble Rani?". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 October 2016. ^ "PFMI Int'l '10: Neha Hinge Photos - Miss India - Beauty Pageants - Maharashtra Times Photodhamaal". Maharashtra Times. Retrieved 26 October 2016. ^ "Fijians recognised us by name". The Times of India. 18 July 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2016. ^ "Miss India Neha Hinge to make Tolly debut". The Times of India. 20 December 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2016. ^ "Love stories never go out of fashion: Neha Hinge". The Times of India. 20 August 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2016. ^ "Neha Hinge bags an impressive project with top Tollywood filmmaker". The Times of India. 23 December 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2016. ^ Neha Hinge Stills in Sagaptham ^ "Music Review: Srivalli". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 February 2017. External links Neha Hinge at IMDb Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neha Hinge. Awards and achievements Preceded byTanvi Vyas Miss International India 2010 Succeeded byAnkita Shorey vteMiss International 2010 national titleholders  Claudia Scheelen  Lílian Lopes Pereira  Andrea Suárez  Johanna Acs  Neha Hinge  Zukhriatul Hafizah  Daniella Rahme  Anaïs Veerapatren  Gabriela Palacio  Ina Ivanova  Laura Spoya  Krista Kleiner  Aideliz Hidalgo  Anja Šaranović  Cecilia Ragnarsson  Piyaporn Deejing  Katharine Brown  Elizabeth Mosquera

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel

Hôtel particulier

["1 Etymology and meaning","2 Examples","2.1 In Aix-en-Provence","2.2 In Beaucaire","2.3 In Blois","2.4 In Bordeaux","2.5 In Paris","2.6 In Rennes","2.7 In Toulouse","2.8 In Vesoul","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]

French grand town house The Hôtel de Soubise in the Paris houses part of the French National Archives. An hôtel particulier (French: ⓘ) is a grand townhouse, comparable to the British townhouse or mansion. Whereas an ordinary maison (house) was built as part of a row, sharing party walls with the houses on either side and directly fronting on a street, an hôtel particulier was often free-standing and, by the 18th century, would always be located entre cour et jardin – between the cour d'honneur (an entrance court) and the garden behind. There are hôtels particuliers in many large cities in France. Etymology and meaning The word hôtel represents the Old French "hostel" from the Latin hospitālis "pertaining to guests", from hospes, a stranger, thus a guest. The adjective particulier means "personal" or "private". The English word hotel developed a more specific meaning as a commercial building accommodating travellers; modern French also uses hôtel in this sense. For example, the Hôtel de Crillon on the Place de la Concorde was built as an hôtel particulier and is today a public hotel. In French, an hôtel de ville or mairie is a town hall and not a hotel. Other official bodies might give their name to the structure in which they maintained a seat: besides Paris, several other French cities have an Hôtel de Cluny, maintained by the abbey of Cluny. The Hôtel de Sens was built as the Paris residence of the archbishop of Sens. The Hôtel de Bourgogne in Paris was a theatre, taking its name from the former Paris residence of the Dukes of Burgundy on the site. The Hôtel de la Marine, now a museum, took its name when it was the naval ministry building. Hôtel-Dieu ("hostel of God") is the old name given to the principal hospital in French towns (and those in Quebec), such as the Hôtel-Dieu de Beaune. The Hôtel des Invalides in Paris retains its early sense of a hospital for war wounded. Examples In Aix-en-Provence Hôtel d'Arbaud-Jouques Hôtel de Boisgelin Hôtel Boyer de Fonscolombe Hôtel de Caumont Hôtel de Forbin Hôtel de Gantès Hôtel de Grimaldi-Régusse Hôtel du Poët Hôtel Silvy Hôtel de Simiane Hôtel de Valbelle Hôtel de Villeneuve d'Ansouis In Beaucaire Hôtel de Clausonnette Hôtel de Linage Hôtel de Margallier In Blois Hôtel d'Alluye In Bordeaux Palais Rohan Hôtel de Laubardemont (fr) Hôtel de Ragueneau (fr) Hôtel Copmartin Hôtel de l'Intendance (fr) Hôtel de Saige (fr) Hôtel Nairac (fr) Hôtel de Lalande Hôtel Bonnaffé (fr) Hôtel Gradis (fr) Hôtel Victoria Château Labottière (fr) Petit hôtel Labottière Hôtel Leberthon (fr) Hôtel de Poissac (fr) Hôtel de Basquiat (fr) Hôtel Saint-Marc (fr) Hôtel Fenwick (fr) Hôtel Frugès (fr) In Paris Hôtel de Soubise Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild Hôtel Lambert Hôtel Matignon Hôtel de Sens Hôtel de Rambouillet Hôtel Biron Hôtel d'Evreux Hôtel de Cluny Hôtel Carnavalet Hôtel de Salm Hôtel Grimod de La Reynière Hôtel Jacquemart-André Hôtel de Marigny Hôtel de Lauzun Hôtel de Beauvais Hôtel de Boisgelin Hôtel de Besenval In Rennes Hôtel de Blossac In Toulouse Hôtel d'Assézat Hôtel d'Astorg et de Saint-Germain Hôtel de Bagis Hôtel de Bernuy Hôtel de Boysson-Cheverry Hôtel de Brucelles Hôtel de Buet Hôtel Dahus Hôtel Dumay Hôtel de Felzins Hôtel Jean de Pins Hôtel de La Mamye Hôtel Mansencal Hôtel Thomas de Montval Hôtel d'Ulmo Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin In Vesoul Hôtel de Pétremand Gallery Hôtel de Guénégaud in Paris Hôtel Prouvost in Roubaix Hôtel de Caumont in Aix-en-Provence. Hôtel d'Assézat in Toulouse Hôtel de Saint-Aignan in Paris Hôtel Dahus in Toulouse Palais Rohan, in Bordeaux Hôtel de Lalande, in Bordeaux Hôtel de Besenval in Paris See also Housing portal List of hôtels particuliers in Paris Domus Château Mansion Single-family detached home References ^ Collins Robert French Dictionary ^ Michel Gallet, Les architectes parisiens du XVIIIe siècle, Paris; ^ Cassell's Latin Dictionary Further reading Monographs have been published on some outstanding Parisian hôtels particuliers. The classic photographic survey, now a rare book found only in large art libraries, is the series Les Vieux Hotels de Paris by J. Vacquer, published in the teens and twenties of the 20th century, which takes Paris quarter by quarter and which illustrates many hôtels particuliers that were demolished during the 20th century. Blanc, Olivier, Hôtels particuliers de Paris (1998) Caylux, Odile et al. Les Hôtels particuliers d'Arles (2000) Coquery, Natacha, L’hôtel aristocratique. Le marché du luxe à Paris au XVIIIe siècle, Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 1998 Courtin, Nicolas, L'Art d'habiter à Paris au XVIIe siècle : L'ameublement des hôtels particuliers, Paris, Faton, 2011 Cros, Philippe,Hôtels particuliers de France (2001) Gady, Alexandre, Les Hôtels particuliers de Paris, du Moyen-Âge à la Belle époque, Paris, Parigramme, 2007 Naudin, Jean-Baptiste et al., Hôtels particuliers de Paris: Visite privée (1999). Papillault, Remi Les hôtels particuliers du XVIe siècle à Toulouse (Serie Memoires des pays d'Oc) Favreau, Bertrand, Une promenade dans Bordeaux, les hôtels parlementaires, B550B, Mérignac, 2012, ISBN 978-2-95410-753-0. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hôtels particuliers. Les Vieux Hotels de Paris, Le Faubourg Saint-Germain Kenneth Franzheim II Rare Books Room, William R. Jenkins Architecture and Art Library, University of Houston Digital Library. Les Vieux Hotels de Paris, Le Faubourg Saint-Honoré Kenneth Franzheim II Rare Books Room, William R. Jenkins Architecture and Art Library, University of Houston Digital Library. Les Vieux Hotels de Paris, Le Ministère de la Marine Kenneth Franzheim II Rare Books Room, William R. Jenkins Architecture and Art Library, University of Houston Digital Library. Les Vieux Hotels de Paris, Le Quartier Saint-Paul Kenneth Franzheim II Rare Books Room, William R. Jenkins Architecture and Art Library, University of Houston Digital Library. Les Vieux Hotels de Paris, Le Temple et le Marais Kenneth Franzheim II Rare Books Room, William R. Jenkins Architecture and Art Library, University of Houston Digital Library.

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise,_Paris_31_August_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Soubise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise"},{"link_name":"French National Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_Nationales_(France)"},{"link_name":"[otɛl paʁtikylje]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-CKali-h%C3%B4tel_particulier.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-CKali-h%C3%B4tel_particulier.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-CKali-h%C3%B4tel_particulier.wav"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"townhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townhouse"},{"link_name":"British townhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townhouse_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion"},{"link_name":"party walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_wall"},{"link_name":"cour d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_d%27honneur"},{"link_name":"garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"The Hôtel de Soubise in the Paris houses part of the French National Archives.An hôtel particulier (French: [otɛl paʁtikylje] ⓘ)[1] is a grand townhouse, comparable to the British townhouse or mansion. Whereas an ordinary maison (house) was built as part of a row, sharing party walls with the houses on either side and directly fronting on a street, an hôtel particulier was often free-standing and, by the 18th century, would always be located entre cour et jardin – between the cour d'honneur (an entrance court) and the garden behind.[2] There are hôtels particuliers in many large cities in France.","title":"Hôtel particulier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French"},{"link_name":"hostel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"modern French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_French"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Crillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Crillon"},{"link_name":"Place de la Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde"},{"link_name":"town hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_hall"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Cluny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Cluny"},{"link_name":"abbey of Cluny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Cluny"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Sens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sens"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Sens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Sens"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Bourgogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Bourgogne_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de la Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_la_Marine"},{"link_name":"hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Hôtel-Dieu de Beaune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Beaune"},{"link_name":"Hôtel des Invalides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_des_Invalides"}],"text":"The word hôtel represents the Old French \"hostel\" from the Latin hospitālis \"pertaining to guests\", from hospes, a stranger, thus a guest.[3] The adjective particulier means \"personal\" or \"private\".The English word hotel developed a more specific meaning as a commercial building accommodating travellers; modern French also uses hôtel in this sense. For example, the Hôtel de Crillon on the Place de la Concorde was built as an hôtel particulier and is today a public hotel.In French, an hôtel de ville or mairie is a town hall and not a hotel. Other official bodies might give their name to the structure in which they maintained a seat: besides Paris, several other French cities have an Hôtel de Cluny, maintained by the abbey of Cluny. The Hôtel de Sens was built as the Paris residence of the archbishop of Sens. The Hôtel de Bourgogne in Paris was a theatre, taking its name from the former Paris residence of the Dukes of Burgundy on the site. The Hôtel de la Marine, now a museum, took its name when it was the naval ministry building.Hôtel-Dieu (\"hostel of God\") is the old name given to the principal hospital in French towns (and those in Quebec), such as the Hôtel-Dieu de Beaune. The Hôtel des Invalides in Paris retains its early sense of a hospital for war wounded.","title":"Etymology and meaning"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hôtel d'Arbaud-Jouques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_d%27Arbaud-Jouques"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Boisgelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Boisgelin_(Aix-en-Provence)"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Boyer de Fonscolombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Boyer_de_Fonscolombe"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Caumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Caumont"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Forbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Forbin"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Gantès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Gant%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Grimaldi-Régusse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Grimaldi-R%C3%A9gusse"},{"link_name":"Hôtel du Poët","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_du_Po%C3%ABt"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Silvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Silvy"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Simiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Simiane"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Valbelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Valbelle"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Villeneuve d'Ansouis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Villeneuve_d%27Ansouis"}],"sub_title":"In Aix-en-Provence","text":"Hôtel d'Arbaud-Jouques\nHôtel de Boisgelin\nHôtel Boyer de Fonscolombe\nHôtel de Caumont\nHôtel de Forbin\nHôtel de Gantès\nHôtel de Grimaldi-Régusse\nHôtel du Poët\nHôtel Silvy\nHôtel de Simiane\nHôtel de Valbelle\nHôtel de Villeneuve d'Ansouis","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hôtel de Clausonnette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Clausonnette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Linage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Linage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Margallier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Margallier&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"In Beaucaire","text":"Hôtel de Clausonnette\nHôtel de Linage\nHôtel de Margallier","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hôtel d'Alluye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_d%27Alluye"}],"sub_title":"In Blois","text":"Hôtel d'Alluye","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palais Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Rohan,_Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"(fr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Laubardemont"},{"link_name":"(fr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ragueneau"},{"link_name":"(fr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_l%27Intendance_(Bordeaux)"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Saige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Saige&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(fr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Saige"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Nairac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Nairac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(fr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Nairac"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Lalande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Lalande"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Bonnaffé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Bonnaff%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(fr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Bonnaff%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Gradis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Gradis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(fr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Gradis"},{"link_name":"Château Labottière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_Labotti%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(fr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Labotti%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"(fr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Leberthon"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Poissac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Poissac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(fr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Poissac"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Basquiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Basquiat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(fr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Basquiat"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Saint-Marc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Saint-Marc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(fr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Saint-Marc"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Fenwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Fenwick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(fr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Fenwick"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Frugès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Frug%C3%A8s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(fr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Frug%C3%A8s"}],"sub_title":"In Bordeaux","text":"Palais Rohan\nHôtel de Laubardemont (fr)\nHôtel de Ragueneau (fr)\nHôtel Copmartin\nHôtel de l'Intendance (fr)\nHôtel de Saige (fr)\nHôtel Nairac (fr)\nHôtel de Lalande\nHôtel Bonnaffé (fr)\nHôtel Gradis (fr)\nHôtel Victoria\nChâteau Labottière (fr)\nPetit hôtel Labottière\nHôtel Leberthon (fr)\nHôtel de Poissac (fr)\nHôtel de Basquiat (fr)\nHôtel Saint-Marc (fr)\nHôtel Fenwick (fr)\nHôtel Frugès (fr)","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hôtel de Soubise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Salomon_de_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Matignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Matignon"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Sens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sens"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Rambouillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Rambouillet"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Biron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Biron"},{"link_name":"Hôtel d'Evreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_d%27Evreux"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Cluny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Cluny"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Carnavalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Carnavalet"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Salm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Grimod de La Reynière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Grimod_de_La_Reyni%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Jacquemart-André","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart-Andr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Marigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Marigny"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Lauzun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Lauzun"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Beauvais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Beauvais"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Boisgelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Boisgelin_(Rue_de_Varenne,_Paris)"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Besenval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Besenval"}],"sub_title":"In Paris","text":"Hôtel de Soubise\nHôtel Salomon de Rothschild\nHôtel Lambert\nHôtel Matignon\nHôtel de Sens\nHôtel de Rambouillet\nHôtel Biron\nHôtel d'Evreux\nHôtel de Cluny\nHôtel Carnavalet\nHôtel de Salm\nHôtel Grimod de La Reynière\nHôtel Jacquemart-André\nHôtel de Marigny\nHôtel de Lauzun\nHôtel de Beauvais\nHôtel de Boisgelin\nHôtel de Besenval","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hôtel de Blossac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Blossac"}],"sub_title":"In Rennes","text":"Hôtel de Blossac","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hôtel d'Assézat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_d%27Ass%C3%A9zat"},{"link_name":"Hôtel d'Astorg et de Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_d%27Astorg_et_de_Saint-Germain"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Bagis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Bagis"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Bernuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Bernuy"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Boysson-Cheverry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Boysson-Cheverry"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Brucelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Brucelles"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Buet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Buet"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Dahus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Dahus"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Dumay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Dumay"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Felzins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Felzins"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Jean de Pins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Jean_de_Pins"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de La Mamye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_La_Mamye"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Mansencal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Mansencal"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Thomas de Montval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Thomas_de_Montval"},{"link_name":"Hôtel d'Ulmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_d%27Ulmo"},{"link_name":"Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_du_Vieux-Raisin"}],"sub_title":"In Toulouse","text":"Hôtel d'Assézat\nHôtel d'Astorg et de Saint-Germain\nHôtel de Bagis\nHôtel de Bernuy\nHôtel de Boysson-Cheverry\nHôtel de Brucelles\nHôtel de Buet\nHôtel Dahus\nHôtel Dumay\nHôtel de Felzins\nHôtel Jean de Pins\nHôtel de La Mamye\nHôtel Mansencal\nHôtel Thomas de Montval\nHôtel d'Ulmo\nHôtel du Vieux-Raisin","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hôtel de Pétremand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_P%C3%A9tremand&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"In Vesoul","text":"Hôtel de Pétremand","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotel-Guenegaud-rue-des-Art.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Guénégaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Gu%C3%A9n%C3%A9gaud_(rue_des_Archives)"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roubaix_hotel_-_Catteau_-_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Prouvost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Prouvost"},{"link_name":"Roubaix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roubaix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aix-H%C3%B4tel_de_Caumont-bjs180814-02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Caumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Caumont"},{"link_name":"Aix-en-Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Provence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bachelier_-_H%C3%B4tel_d%27Ass%C3%A9zat_-_Toulouse_-_La_cour_d%27honneur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hôtel d'Assézat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_d%27Ass%C3%A9zat"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1020669_Paris_III_H%C3%B4tel_de_Saint-Aignan_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_du_judaisme_rwk.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Saint-Aignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Saint-Aignan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_Dahus_Toulouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Dahus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Dahus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:026_-_H%C3%B4tel_de_ville_Place_Pey-Berland_-_Bordeaux.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palais Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Rohan,_Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_de_Lalande_-_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_d%C3%A9coratifs_et_du_design_de_Bordeaux.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Lalande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Lalande"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_chambre_du_ma%C3%AEtre_H%C3%B4tel_de_Besenval_Paris.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Besenval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Besenval"}],"text":"Hôtel de Guénégaud in Paris\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHôtel Prouvost in Roubaix\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHôtel de Caumont in Aix-en-Provence.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHôtel d'Assézat in Toulouse\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHôtel de Saint-Aignan in Paris\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHôtel Dahus in Toulouse\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPalais Rohan, in Bordeaux\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHôtel de Lalande, in Bordeaux\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHôtel de Besenval in Paris","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-95410-753-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-95410-753-0"}],"text":"Monographs have been published on some outstanding Parisian hôtels particuliers.\nThe classic photographic survey, now a rare book found only in large art libraries, is the series Les Vieux Hotels de Paris by J. Vacquer, published in the teens and twenties of the 20th century, which takes Paris quarter by quarter and which illustrates many hôtels particuliers that were demolished during the 20th century.\nBlanc, Olivier, Hôtels particuliers de Paris (1998)\nCaylux, Odile et al. Les Hôtels particuliers d'Arles (2000)\nCoquery, Natacha, L’hôtel aristocratique. Le marché du luxe à Paris au XVIIIe siècle, Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 1998\nCourtin, Nicolas, L'Art d'habiter à Paris au XVIIe siècle : L'ameublement des hôtels particuliers, Paris, Faton, 2011\nCros, Philippe,Hôtels particuliers de France (2001)\nGady, Alexandre, Les Hôtels particuliers de Paris, du Moyen-Âge à la Belle époque, Paris, Parigramme, 2007\nNaudin, Jean-Baptiste et al., Hôtels particuliers de Paris: Visite privée (1999).\nPapillault, Remi Les hôtels particuliers du XVIe siècle à Toulouse (Serie Memoires des pays d'Oc)\nFavreau, Bertrand, Une promenade dans Bordeaux, les hôtels parlementaires, B550B, Mérignac, 2012, ISBN 978-2-95410-753-0.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"The Hôtel de Soubise in the Paris houses part of the French National Archives.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise%2C_Paris_31_August_2009.jpg/280px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise%2C_Paris_31_August_2009.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Housing portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Housing"},{"title":"List of hôtels particuliers in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_h%C3%B4tels_particuliers_in_Paris"},{"title":"Domus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domus"},{"title":"Château","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"title":"Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion"},{"title":"Single-family detached home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-family_detached_home"}]

[]

[{"Link":"http://digital.lib.uh.edu/collection/frare/item/3700","external_links_name":"Les Vieux Hotels de Paris, Le Faubourg Saint-Germain"},{"Link":"http://digital.lib.uh.edu/collection/frare/item/4739","external_links_name":"Les Vieux Hotels de Paris, Le Faubourg Saint-Honoré"},{"Link":"http://digital.lib.uh.edu/collection/frare/item/5001","external_links_name":"Les Vieux Hotels de Paris, Le Ministère de la Marine"},{"Link":"http://digital.lib.uh.edu/collection/frare/item/3924","external_links_name":"Les Vieux Hotels de Paris, Le Quartier Saint-Paul"},{"Link":"http://digital.lib.uh.edu/collection/frare/item/5834","external_links_name":"Les Vieux Hotels de Paris, Le Temple et le Marais"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strawson_(British_Army_officer)

John Strawson (British Army officer)

["1 Early life","2 Army career","3 Command","4 Civilian life","5 Family","6 References"]

British Army general John StrawsonColonel of the Regiment, QRIHNickname(s)General JohnBorn(1921-01-01)1 January 1921EalingDied21 February 2014(2014-02-21) (aged 93)Salisbury, EnglandAllegiance United KingdomService/branch British ArmyYears of service1939–RankMajor generalCommands held4th Queen's Own HussarsQueen's Royal Irish Hussars39 Infantry BrigadeChief of Staff, UKLFBattles/warsBattle of GreeceOperation CrusaderOperation OverlordAwardsCBEUS Bronze StarOther workAuthor Major General John Strawson CBE (1 January 1921 – 21 February 2014) was a British Army officer, best known for his service during the Second World War in the Middle East and Italy, and afterwards in Germany and Malaya. Following the amalgamation of the 4th and 8th Hussars as The Queen's Royal Irish Hussars, he commanded the Regiment in Malaysia and Germany. For his leadership during the Borneo campaign he was awarded the O.B.E. Later he commanded at brigade level and was Chief of Staff, United Kingdom Land Forces. For this latter service he was awarded a C.B.E. He had previously been awarded the US Bronze Star for his leadership during the Italian campaign of 1944–45. In civilian life he became a prolific author, especially on military matters. Early life John Strawson was born in Ealing in 1921. His father was the headmaster of an East London secondary school whose health was ruined by four years of service on the Western Front during the Great War. He died prematurely in 1936, leaving Strawson, his brothers Galen and Peter and sister Margaret in impoverished circumstances. Unlike Peter, who successfully achieved a bursary to St John's College, Oxford, and went on to become one of the most famous philosophers of Britain, John was, by necessity, obliged to join the Civil Service, leaving to join the army at the outbreak of hostilities in 1939. Army career Strawson was commissioned into the 4th Queen's Own Hussars as a cornet in 1942 and joined the regiment at Kokini Trimithia, near Nicosia, where it was temporarily out of the line for refit. He joined the 4th Hussars at a time when most of its officers had been captured by the Germans during the ill-fated Greek campaign. The regiment had been overrun and forced to surrender with only a small number escaping. As a result, many of his brother officers were drafted in from other cavalry regiments. On returning to Egypt, the regiment was stationed at Beni Yusef camp in Cairo in the region of Mena, beside the pyramids. Despite the exigencies of war, Strawson writes fondly of being able to enjoy such pursuits as "polo, golf, tennis, squash, swimming and poodle faking". Command On promotion to lieutenant colonel, Strawson assumed command of the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars, into which his own regiment, the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, had been amalgamated. He took the QRIH through the Malayan Campaign, peacetime in Germany and a further tour in Borneo, where he was appointed OBE in recognition of his leadership. Civilian life After retiring from the Army, Strawson wrote a number of books of military history and biography, including studies of the British Army. He collaborated with General Sir John Hackett and others in writing the two fictional volumes of The Third World War (1978 & 1982). His later books include: Gentlemen in Khaki: The British Army 1890-1990 (1989), The Duke and the Emperor: Wellington and Napoleon (1994) and Churchill and Hitler: In Victory and Defeat (1997). To the end of his life he continued to attend a variety of events in support of the British Army and, in particular, of the Old Comrades Association of the Queen's Royal Hussars, where he was known to all as "General John". Family Strawson married Baroness Wilfred von Schellersheim in Eisbergen during 1960. They lived in Chitterne, Wiltshire. They had two married daughters. His elder brother was the Oxford philosopher, Sir Peter Strawson and his nephew is British philosopher and literary critic Galen John Strawson. References ^ Martell, Paul (1974). World military leaders. Bowker. p. 215. ISBN 0835207854. ^ "STRAWSON – Deaths Announcements – Telegraph Announcements". Announcements.telegraph.co.uk. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014. ^ a b "Complete Family Tree". Solms Delta. Archived from the original on 1 October 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2014. ^ Hussars, Horses and History, Strawson ISBN 184415582-X p 233 ^ Strawson, Hussars, Horses and History (ISBN 184415582-X), p. 9 ^ Strawson, p. 13 ^ Strawson, p. 18 ^ a b John Strawson Archived 29 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine at davidhigham.co.uk ^ Strawson, p. 235 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBE"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Queen's Royal Irish Hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Irish_Hussars"},{"link_name":"O.B.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.B.E."},{"link_name":"United Kingdom Land Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Land_Forces"},{"link_name":"C.B.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.B.E."},{"link_name":"Bronze Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star"}],"text":"Major General John Strawson CBE (1 January 1921 – 21 February 2014) was a British Army officer,[2] best known for his service during the Second World War in the Middle East and Italy, and afterwards in Germany and Malaya. Following the amalgamation of the 4th and 8th Hussars as The Queen's Royal Irish Hussars, he commanded the Regiment in Malaysia and Germany. For his leadership during the Borneo campaign he was awarded the O.B.E.Later he commanded at brigade level and was Chief of Staff, United Kingdom Land Forces. For this latter service he was awarded a C.B.E. He had previously been awarded the US Bronze Star for his leadership during the Italian campaign of 1944–45. In civilian life he became a prolific author, especially on military matters.","title":"John Strawson (British Army officer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Complete_Family_Tree-3"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._F._Strawson"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Civil Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"John Strawson was born in Ealing in 1921.[3] His father was the headmaster of an East London secondary school whose health was ruined by four years of service on the Western Front during the Great War. He died prematurely in 1936, leaving Strawson, his brothers Galen and Peter and sister Margaret in impoverished circumstances. Unlike Peter, who successfully achieved a bursary to St John's College, Oxford, and went on to become one of the most famous philosophers of Britain, John was, by necessity, obliged to join the Civil Service, leaving to join the army at the outbreak of hostilities in 1939.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4th Queen's Own Hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Queen%27s_Own_Hussars"},{"link_name":"cornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Nicosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicosia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Greek campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Strawson was commissioned into the 4th Queen's Own Hussars as a cornet in 1942 and joined the regiment at Kokini Trimithia, near Nicosia, where it was temporarily out of the line for refit.[5] He joined the 4th Hussars at a time when most of its officers had been captured by the Germans during the ill-fated Greek campaign.[6] The regiment had been overrun and forced to surrender with only a small number escaping. As a result, many of his brother officers were drafted in from other cavalry regiments.On returning to Egypt, the regiment was stationed at Beni Yusef camp in Cairo in the region of Mena, beside the pyramids. Despite the exigencies of war, Strawson writes fondly of being able to enjoy such pursuits as \"polo, golf, tennis, squash, swimming and poodle faking\".[7]","title":"Army career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen's Royal Irish Hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Irish_Hussars"},{"link_name":"Malayan Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-higham-8"}],"text":"On promotion to lieutenant colonel, Strawson assumed command of the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars, into which his own regiment, the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, had been amalgamated. He took the QRIH through the Malayan Campaign, peacetime in Germany and a further tour in Borneo, where he was appointed OBE in recognition of his leadership.[8]","title":"Command"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Sir John Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hackett_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"The Third World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_World_War:_The_Untold_Story"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-higham-8"},{"link_name":"Old Comrades Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment#Regimental_system"},{"link_name":"Queen's Royal Hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Hussars"}],"text":"After retiring from the Army, Strawson wrote a number of books of military history and biography, including studies of the British Army. He collaborated with General Sir John Hackett and others in writing the two fictional volumes of The Third World War (1978 & 1982). His later books include: Gentlemen in Khaki: The British Army 1890-1990 (1989), The Duke and the Emperor: Wellington and Napoleon (1994) and Churchill and Hitler: In Victory and Defeat (1997).[8]To the end of his life he continued to attend a variety of events in support of the British Army and, in particular, of the Old Comrades Association of the Queen's Royal Hussars, where he was known to all as \"General John\".","title":"Civilian life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Complete_Family_Tree-3"},{"link_name":"Chitterne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitterne"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sir Peter Strawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._F._Strawson"},{"link_name":"Galen John Strawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen_Strawson"}],"text":"Strawson married Baroness Wilfred von Schellersheim in Eisbergen during 1960.[3] They lived in Chitterne, Wiltshire.[9] They had two married daughters. His elder brother was the Oxford philosopher, Sir Peter Strawson and his nephew is British philosopher and literary critic Galen John Strawson.","title":"Family"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYRD-FM

WYRD-FM

["1 History","1.1 WSPA-FM","1.2 Beautiful music","1.3 Move to soft AC","1.4 Changes in ownership","1.5 Switch to talk radio WYRD-FM","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 35°10′11.4″N 82°17′27.4″W / 35.169833°N 82.290944°W / 35.169833; -82.290944 (WYRD-FM) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "WYRD-FM" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Radio station in Spartanburg, South Carolina WYRD-FMSpartanburg, South CarolinaUnited StatesBroadcast areaUpstate South CarolinaWestern North CarolinaFrequency98.9 MHz (HD Radio)BrandingNews Talk 98.9 WORDProgrammingFormatNews/talkSubchannelsHD2: Adult contemporary "Magic"NetworkFox News RadioAffiliationsCompass Media NetworksPremiere NetworksRadio AmericaWestwood OneOwnershipOwnerAudacy, Inc.(Audacy License, LLC, as Debtor-in-Possession)Sister stationsWFBC-FMWORDWROQWSPA-FMWTPTWYRDHistoryFirst air dateAugust 29, 1946 (1946-08-29)Former call signsWSPA-FM (1946–2023)Call sign meaningderived from sister station WYRDTechnical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID66400ClassCERP100,000 watts (analog)3,980 watts (digital)HAAT581.4 meters (1,907 ft)Transmitter coordinates35°10′11.4″N 82°17′27.4″W / 35.169833°N 82.290944°W / 35.169833; -82.290944 (WYRD-FM)Translator(s)HD2: 105.9 W290BW (Greenville)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen live (via Audacy)Websitewww.audacy.com/989wordWYRD-FM (98.9 MHz, "98.9 WORD") is a news/talk station licensed to Spartanburg, South Carolina, and covering the Upstate region, including Greenville as well as part of North Carolina. It is owned by Audacy, Inc., with studios on Garlington Road in Greenville. WYRD-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for most FM stations. The transmitter is on Hogback Mountain Road in Landrum. "98.9 WORD" carries three local programs on weekdays: The Tara Show with Tara Servatius airs in morning drive time. Straight Talk with Bill Frady is heard in late mornings and The Charlie James Show airs in late afternoons. Syndicated talk programs include The Dana Show with Dana Loesch, The Mark Levin Show, Ground Zero with Clyde Lewis, Coast to Coast AM with George Noory and America in the Morning. Most hours begin with an update from Fox News Radio. History Logo as Magic 98.9 WSPA-FM The station signed on the air on August 29, 1946. The call sign was WSPA-FM and the station largely simulcast its AM sister station, 950 WSPA. WSPA-FM was the first FM station in South Carolina. On August 1, 1961, it added the first stereo signal in the Southeastern United States. WSPA-FM became the strongest FM station in the United States with a move to Hogback Mountain, 3,200 feet (980 m) in elevation. Coupled with a 100,000-watt signal, WSPA-FM was one of the first stations to use a new system of vertical and horizontal towers. The station could be heard from Asheville, North Carolina, to Augusta, Georgia, and from Gainesville, Georgia, to Charlotte. Beautiful music By the late 1960s, WSPA-FM had a separate format from 950 AM. WSPA-FM aired a beautiful music sound including some classical music, such as "The Metropolitan Opera," 'The Classical World of Stereo" and other shows on Sundays. The station broadcast from 8 a.m. to midnight seven days a week, with light music during the day, dinner music in the evening, and "featured works" at night. As of 1976 WSPA-FM used the syndicated "FM 100" beautiful music format. It originated at FM 100 WLOO 100.3 in Chicago. Move to soft AC WSPA-FM ranked third in the Arbitron ratings and second with adults in Fall 1984, with midday numbers taking a significant jump. Though still considered beautiful music, WSPA-FM added more contemporary artists such as the Captain and Tennille, Dionne Warwick and John Denver while decreasing the instrumentals. The station was making an effort to stop being considered background music. With the switch by WZXI in the Charlotte area from beautiful music, WSPA-FM showed up in the Spring 1986 Arbitron ratings for Charlotte, the only beautiful music station serving the area. On February 19, 1991, WSPA-FM officially made the switch to soft adult contemporary or "Lite music." which according to the Spartanburg Herald-Journal was "the first format change since Harry Truman". WSPA-FM had always played easy listening music and was the area's only remaining station of that type. Though still seventh with listeners 25-54, WSPA-FM needed to reach younger listeners, and WSPA-FM was doing this with soft vocals and a few instrumentals as "Lite FM, 98.9", which was still the area's softest station. Many people liked the new sound, which included lots of 70s music, but some complained to the newspaper and to the morning show of Mike Vassy, who had worked at the station since 1968. The change improved the station's ratings from eighth in Fall 1990 to fifth in Winter 1991, and from sixth to fourth with adults. In fall 1994, Spartan Radiocasting, owner of WSPA and WSPA-FM, made a local marketing agreement with Augusta, Georgia-based Keymarket Communications. Early in 1995, WSPA-FM, described as "light-rock", was moving its studios to Greenville, along with WFBC and WORD (AM), while 950 WSPA would move in with WSPA-TV. Changes in ownership River City Broadcasting, which bought Keymarket, also purchased an option to buy the radio stations. Sinclair Broadcast Group, owner of WFBC-TV and WLOS-TV, bought River City and on July 1, 1998 bought "Light Rock 98.9", WFBC-FM, WYRD (formerly WFBC), WORD, WOLI-FM and WOLT. In December 1999, Entercom bought 41 radio stations from Sinclair. Entercom became Audacy in 2021. By 2002, WSPA-FM was "Magic 98.9, The Upstate's Best Variety", with a mainstream adult contemporary format. Switch to talk radio WYRD-FM On March 6, 2023, Audacy announced that WSPA-FM and WYRD-FM (106.3) would swap formats and call signs beginning March 28. The move was intended to put WYRD-FM's talk radio programming on the larger 98.9 signal running 100,000 watts vs. the 25,000-watt signal on 106.3 FM. The Magic format was heard on 106.3 FM until April 1, 2024 and continued to be available on HD Radio via 98.9's HD2 digital subchannel as well as WFBC-FM's HD4 subchannel. References ^ "Facility Technical Data for WYRD-FM". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. ^ "Full Power FM Digital Notification Application , Imported Letter Attachment". fcc.gov. Federal Communications Commission. May 26, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2022. ^ Radio-Locator.com/WYRD-FM ^ "The Tara Show". Retrieved December 20, 2016. ^ a b "S.C. Station to Up Its Power". The State. December 6, 1964. p. 14C – via newspapers.com. ^ "WSPA ad". The Greenville News. August 2, 1961. p. 13. Retrieved March 29, 2023 – via newspapers.com. ^ Nutt, Karen (May 9, 2001). "History of radio in Sparkle City". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. p. D1. ^ "WSPA ad". The Greenville News. November 14, 1976. p. 7F. Retrieved March 29, 2023 – via newspapers.com. ^ Harrison, Tom (February 27, 1985). "Dialing for ratings". The Greenville News. p. 1B – via newspapers.com. ^ Harrison, Tom (February 27, 1985). "Dialing for ratings". The Greenville News. p. 6B – via newspapers.com. ^ Borden, Jeff (August 12, 1986). "S.C. Stations Gain Entry into Charlotte Radio Ratings". The Charlotte Observer. p. 13A. ^ a b "Country still area favorite". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. April 27, 1991. ^ "WSPA change strands older listeners". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. April 13, 1991. ^ "Keymarket takes over WSPA radio". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. January 5, 1995. ^ Franco, Jose (August 11, 1998). "Upstate radio stations have new owner". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. p. B1. ^ "Entercom completes purchase of Sinclair". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. December 17, 1999. ^ Spangler, Todd (March 30, 2021). "Entercom Changes Name to Audacy, Kills Off Radio.com Brand". Variety. Retrieved March 29, 2023. ^ "RiverPlace Arts Festival Features". The Greenville News. April 28, 2002. p. 260 – via newspapers.com. ^ Hudson, Eileen Davis (March 17, 2003). "Market Profile: Greenville-Spartanburg, S.C.". Mediaweek. Vol. 13, no. 11. p. 18. ^ Magic 98.9 And 106.3 WORD To Swap Frequencies ^ "WSPA Greenville-Spartanburg, SC Makes Its 'La Raza' Debut". Inside Radio. April 1, 2024. Retrieved April 2, 2024. ^ "Spartanburg, SC FM Bandscan 5/25/24". Event occurs at 8:12. ^ "Spartanburg, SC FM Bandscan 5/25/24". Event occurs at 4:25. External links Official website WYRD in the FCC FM station database WYRD in Nielsen Audio's FM station database vteRadio stations in Greenville and Spartanburg, South Carolina, including the UpstateBy AM frequency 660 800 910 950 1020 1070 1230 1260 1300 1330 1360 1390 1400 1440 1490 1530 1540 By FM frequency 88.1 89.3 90.1 91.1 91.5 92.5 93.3 93.7 94.5 95.5 98.1 98.9 100.5 101.1 103.1 103.3 103.9 104.51 104.9 105.5 106.3 106.9 107.3 LPFM 95.3 95.52 95.92 101.5 Translators 89.7 94.1 96.3 98.5 99.5 107.7 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 1490 89.3-1 89.3-2 89.3-3 89.3-4 91.5-1 92.5-1 93.3-1 93.3-2 93.3-3 93.7-1 93.7-2 93.7-3 93.7-4 94.5-1 94.5-2 94.5-3 95.5-1 98.9-1 98.9-2 100.5-1 101.1-1 101.1-3 103.9-1 104.9-1 106.9-1 106.9-2 107.3-1 107.3-2 107.3-3 107.3-4 By call sign W209CM W231BA W242BX W253BG W258CB W299BO WABB WAIM WASC WBJU1 WBPB WCCP-FM WCKI WCSZ WELP WEPR WESC WESC-FM WFBC-FM HD2 HD3 HD4 WGVL WHQA WHZT WJMZ-FM HD2 HD3 HD4 WKVG HD2 HD3 WLFJ-FM HD2 HD3 HD4 WLTE WLTS WMIT WMXP-LP2 WOLI WORD WPCI WPJF WPJM WPLS-LP2 WRIX WROO WROQ WRTH-LP WSBF-FM WSHP-FM WSPA-FM WSPG WSSL-FM WTBI-FM WTPT HD2 HD3 WWOK-LP WYFG WYRD WYRD-FM HD2 Defunct WANS (1280 AM) WDAB (1580 AM) WFIS (1600 AM) Nearby regions Athens Atlanta Asheville Augusta Charlotte Columbia Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol Knoxville See also List of radio stations in South Carolina Notes 1. Part 15 station with notability. 2. Station is silent. vteNews/Talk radio stations in the state of South CarolinaStations WAIM – Anderson WBT-FM – Chester WDXY – Sumter WFRK – Quinby WGVL – Greenville WHQA – Honea Path WHYM - Lake City WJMX - Darlington WQXL – Springdale WRHI – Rock Hill WSCC-FM – Goose Creek WTKN – Murrells Inlet WTQS - Cameron WTMA – Charleston WVOC – Columbia WYRD-FM – Spartanburg Defunct: WFIS – Fountain Inn See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in South Carolina vteAudacy, Inc.AM radio stations KAMP KCBS KCSP KDKA KFH KFXX KIFM KIKK KILT KJCE KMBZ KMOX KMTT KNSS KNX KRLD KWOD KXNT KYW KYYS WAAF WAMO** WAOK WAXY WBBM WBEN WCBS WCCO WEEI WFAN WGR WHLL WILK WINS WJFK WJZ WLMZ WMC WMFS WORD WPHT WQAM WRNL WROC WRVA WSCR WSSP WTEM WTIC WVEI WWJ WWKB WWL WWWL WWWS WXYT WYRD FM radio stations KALC KALV-FM KAMX KBZT KCBS-FM KDGS KDKA-FM KEYN-FM KEZK-FM KFBZ KFRC-FM KFRG KFTK-FM KGMZ-FM KGON KHMX KHTP KILT-FM KISW KITS KJKK KKDO KKHH KKMJ-FM KKWF KLLC KLOL KLUC-FM KMBZ-FM KMLE KMNB KMVK KMXB KNDD KNRK KNSS-FM KNX-FM KOOL-FM KQKS KQMT KQRC-FM KRBQ KRBZ KRLD-FM KROQ-FM KRSK KRTH KRXQ KSEG KSFM KSON KSPF KSWD KTWV KUDL KVIL (HD2) KWFN KWJJ-FM KXFG KXQQ-FM KXSN KYCH-FM KYKY KYXY KZJK KZPT WBBM-FM WBEB WBEE-FM WBGB WBMX WBTJ WBZA WBZZ WCBS-FM WCFS-FM WCMF-FM WDAF-FM WDCH-FM† WDOK WDSY-FM WDZH WEEI-FM WEZB WFAN-FM WFBC-FM WFUN-FM WGGY WHHL WIAD WILK-FM WINS-FM WIP-FM WJFK-FM WJMH WJZ-FM WKBU WKIS WKRK-FM WKRZ WKSE WKTK WKXJ WLFP WLIF WLKK WLMG WLMZ-FM WLND WLYF WLZL WMAS-FM WMFS-FM WMHX WMJX WMMM-FM WMXJ WMYX-FM WNCX WNEW-FM WNVZ WOCL WOGL WOLX-FM WOMC WOMX-FM WPAW WPGC-FM WPHI-FM WPOW WPTE WPXY-FM WQAL WQMG WQMP WRCH WROQ WRVQ WRVR WRXL HD2 WRXR-FM WSFS WSKY-FM WSMW WSPA-FM WSTR WTDY-FM WTIC-FM WTPT WTVR-FM WUSN WUSY WVEE WVEI-FM WVKL WWBX WWDE-FM WWEI WWL-FM WWMX WXBK WXRT WXSS WXYT-FM WYCD WYRD-FM WZGC WZMX Radio Networks BetQL Network Infinity Sports Network* Sabres Hockey Network New York Yankees Radio Channel Q Digital properties Audacy Cadence13 Eventful Pineapple Street Studios Play.it See also CBS Radio List of radio stations * = Formerly CBS Sports Radio, Audacy operated as producer with distribution handled by Westwood One. ** = Audacy operates pursuant to a local marketing agreement with Martz Communications Group. † = Operated by Bloomberg L.P. pursuant to a time brokerage agreement.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"news/talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio"},{"link_name":"licensed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_license"},{"link_name":"Spartanburg, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartanburg,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Upstate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstate_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Audacy, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacy,_Inc."},{"link_name":"studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_studio"},{"link_name":"effective radiated power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_radiated_power"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"Landrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landrum,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"drive time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_time"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_syndication"},{"link_name":"The Dana Show with Dana Loesch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Loesch"},{"link_name":"The Mark Levin Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mark_Levin_Show"},{"link_name":"Coast to Coast AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM"},{"link_name":"George Noory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Noory"},{"link_name":"America in the Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_in_the_Morning"},{"link_name":"Fox News Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Radio"}],"text":"Radio station in Spartanburg, South CarolinaWYRD-FM (98.9 MHz, \"98.9 WORD\") is a news/talk station licensed to Spartanburg, South Carolina, and covering the Upstate region, including Greenville as well as part of North Carolina. It is owned by Audacy, Inc., with studios on Garlington Road in Greenville. WYRD-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for most FM stations. The transmitter is on Hogback Mountain Road in Landrum.[3]\"98.9 WORD\" carries three local programs on weekdays: The Tara Show with Tara Servatius airs in morning drive time.[4] Straight Talk with Bill Frady is heard in late mornings and The Charlie James Show airs in late afternoons. Syndicated talk programs include The Dana Show with Dana Loesch, The Mark Levin Show, Ground Zero with Clyde Lewis, Coast to Coast AM with George Noory and America in the Morning. Most hours begin with an update from Fox News Radio.","title":"WYRD-FM"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WSPA_FM_logo.png"}],"text":"Logo as Magic 98.9","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signed on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign-on"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"simulcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcast"},{"link_name":"sister station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-power-5"},{"link_name":"stereo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo"},{"link_name":"Southeastern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"vertical and horizontal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_polarization"},{"link_name":"towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers"},{"link_name":"Asheville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Augusta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Gainesville, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"}],"sub_title":"WSPA-FM","text":"The station signed on the air on August 29, 1946. The call sign was WSPA-FM and the station largely simulcast its AM sister station, 950 WSPA. WSPA-FM was the first FM station in South Carolina.[5] On August 1, 1961, it added the first stereo signal in the Southeastern United States.[6]WSPA-FM became the strongest FM station in the United States with a move to Hogback Mountain, 3,200 feet (980 m) in elevation. Coupled with a 100,000-watt signal, WSPA-FM was one of the first stations to use a new system of vertical and horizontal towers. The station could be heard from Asheville, North Carolina, to Augusta, Georgia, and from Gainesville, Georgia, to Charlotte.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beautiful music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_music"},{"link_name":"classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"The Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-power-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30th_anniversary-8"},{"link_name":"WLOO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSHE-FM"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"}],"sub_title":"Beautiful music","text":"By the late 1960s, WSPA-FM had a separate format from 950 AM. WSPA-FM aired a beautiful music sound including some classical music, such as \"The Metropolitan Opera,\" 'The Classical World of Stereo\" and other shows on Sundays.[7]The station broadcast from 8 a.m. to midnight seven days a week, with light music during the day, dinner music in the evening, and \"featured works\" at night.[5]As of 1976 WSPA-FM used the syndicated \"FM 100\" beautiful music format.[8] It originated at FM 100 WLOO 100.3 in Chicago.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arbitron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitron"},{"link_name":"Captain and Tennille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_and_Tennille"},{"link_name":"Dionne Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionne_Warwick"},{"link_name":"John Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Denver"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"WZXI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBAV-FM"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"soft adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-country-12"},{"link_name":"Spartanburg Herald-Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartanburg_Herald-Journal"},{"link_name":"Harry Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman"},{"link_name":"easy listening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_listening"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-country-12"},{"link_name":"WSPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOLI_(AM)"},{"link_name":"local marketing agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement"},{"link_name":"WFBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYRD_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WORD (AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WORD_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WSPA-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSPA-TV"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Move to soft AC","text":"WSPA-FM ranked third in the Arbitron ratings and second with adults in Fall 1984, with midday numbers taking a significant jump. Though still considered beautiful music, WSPA-FM added more contemporary artists such as the Captain and Tennille, Dionne Warwick and John Denver while decreasing the instrumentals. The station was making an effort to stop being considered background music.[9][10]With the switch by WZXI in the Charlotte area from beautiful music, WSPA-FM showed up in the Spring 1986 Arbitron ratings for Charlotte, the only beautiful music station serving the area.[11]On February 19, 1991, WSPA-FM officially made the switch to soft adult contemporary or \"Lite music.\"[12] which according to the Spartanburg Herald-Journal was \"the first format change since Harry Truman\". WSPA-FM had always played easy listening music and was the area's only remaining station of that type. Though still seventh with listeners 25-54, WSPA-FM needed to reach younger listeners, and WSPA-FM was doing this with soft vocals and a few instrumentals as \"Lite FM, 98.9\", which was still the area's softest station. Many people liked the new sound, which included lots of 70s music, but some complained to the newspaper and to the morning show of Mike Vassy, who had worked at the station since 1968.[13] The change improved the station's ratings from eighth in Fall 1990 to fifth in Winter 1991, and from sixth to fourth with adults.[12]In fall 1994, Spartan Radiocasting, owner of WSPA and WSPA-FM, made a local marketing agreement with Augusta, Georgia-based Keymarket Communications. Early in 1995, WSPA-FM, described as \"light-rock\", was moving its studios to Greenville, along with WFBC and WORD (AM), while 950 WSPA would move in with WSPA-TV.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sinclair Broadcast Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group"},{"link_name":"WFBC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMYA-TV"},{"link_name":"WLOS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLOS-TV"},{"link_name":"WFBC-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFBC-FM"},{"link_name":"WOLI-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSHP-FM"},{"link_name":"WOLT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLTS_(FM)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Entercom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entercom"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"mainstream adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Changes in ownership","text":"River City Broadcasting, which bought Keymarket, also purchased an option to buy the radio stations. Sinclair Broadcast Group, owner of WFBC-TV and WLOS-TV, bought River City and on July 1, 1998 bought \"Light Rock 98.9\", WFBC-FM, WYRD (formerly WFBC), WORD, WOLI-FM and WOLT.[15]In December 1999, Entercom bought 41 radio stations from Sinclair.[16] Entercom became Audacy in 2021.[17]By 2002, WSPA-FM was \"Magic 98.9, The Upstate's Best Variety\",[18] with a mainstream adult contemporary format.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WYRD-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSPA-FM"},{"link_name":"talk radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"digital subchannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"WFBC-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFBC-FM"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Switch to talk radio WYRD-FM","text":"On March 6, 2023, Audacy announced that WSPA-FM and WYRD-FM (106.3) would swap formats and call signs beginning March 28. The move was intended to put WYRD-FM's talk radio programming on the larger 98.9 signal running 100,000 watts vs. the 25,000-watt signal on 106.3 FM.[20]The Magic format was heard on 106.3 FM until April 1, 2024[21] and continued to be available on HD Radio via 98.9's HD2 digital subchannel[22] as well as WFBC-FM's HD4 subchannel.[23]","title":"History"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WYRD-FM\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=66400","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WYRD-FM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Full Power FM Digital Notification Application [WSPA-FM], Imported Letter Attachment\". fcc.gov. Federal Communications Commission. May 26, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/views/public/fmDraftCopy?displayType=html&appKey=33dca96728654b008eeac1b6063ebeb7&id=33dca96728654b008eeac1b6063ebeb7&goBack=N","url_text":"\"Full Power FM Digital Notification Application [WSPA-FM], Imported Letter Attachment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"The Tara Show\". Retrieved December 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.word1063.com/pages/20445186.php","url_text":"\"The Tara Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"S.C. Station to Up Its Power\". The State. December 6, 1964. p. 14C – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/749653553/?clipping_id=130023201","url_text":"\"S.C. Station to Up Its Power\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_State_(newspaper)","url_text":"The State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"WSPA ad\". The Greenville News. August 2, 1961. p. 13. Retrieved March 29, 2023 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/187490130/?clipping_id=130023001","url_text":"\"WSPA ad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greenville_News","url_text":"The Greenville News"}]},{"reference":"Nutt, Karen (May 9, 2001). \"History of radio in Sparkle City\". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. p. D1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"WSPA ad\". The Greenville News. November 14, 1976. p. 7F. Retrieved March 29, 2023 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/188673237/?terms=wspa-FM&match=1","url_text":"\"WSPA ad\""}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Tom (February 27, 1985). \"Dialing for ratings\". The Greenville News. p. 1B – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/191085706/","url_text":"\"Dialing for ratings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Tom (February 27, 1985). \"Dialing for ratings\". The Greenville News. p. 6B – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/191085734/?clipping_id=130023492","url_text":"\"Dialing for ratings\""}]},{"reference":"Borden, Jeff (August 12, 1986). \"S.C. Stations Gain Entry into Charlotte Radio Ratings\". The Charlotte Observer. p. 13A.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Charlotte_Observer","url_text":"The Charlotte Observer"}]},{"reference":"\"Country still area favorite\". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. April 27, 1991.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"WSPA change strands older listeners\". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. April 13, 1991.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartanburg_Herald-Journal","url_text":"Spartanburg Herald-Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Keymarket takes over WSPA radio\". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. January 5, 1995.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Franco, Jose (August 11, 1998). \"Upstate radio stations have new owner\". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. p. B1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Entercom completes purchase of Sinclair\". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. December 17, 1999.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Spangler, Todd (March 30, 2021). \"Entercom Changes Name to Audacy, Kills Off Radio.com Brand\". Variety. Retrieved March 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/entercom-rebrands-audacy-1234939320/","url_text":"\"Entercom Changes Name to Audacy, Kills Off Radio.com Brand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"RiverPlace Arts Festival Features\". The Greenville News. April 28, 2002. p. 260 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/195814936/?terms=%22Magic%2098.9%22&match=2","url_text":"\"RiverPlace Arts Festival Features\""}]},{"reference":"Hudson, Eileen Davis (March 17, 2003). \"Market Profile: Greenville-Spartanburg, S.C.\". Mediaweek. Vol. 13, no. 11. p. 18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediaweek_(American_magazine)","url_text":"Mediaweek"}]},{"reference":"\"WSPA Greenville-Spartanburg, SC Makes Its 'La Raza' Debut\". Inside Radio. April 1, 2024. Retrieved April 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insideradio.com/free/wspa-greenville-spartanburg-sc-makes-its-la-raza-debut/article_b56b53cc-f06a-11ee-b93e-eb61f53d250a.html","url_text":"\"WSPA Greenville-Spartanburg, SC Makes Its 'La Raza' Debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spartanburg, SC FM Bandscan 5/25/24\". Event occurs at 8:12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I7THfLLxX4","url_text":"\"Spartanburg, SC FM Bandscan 5/25/24\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spartanburg, SC FM Bandscan 5/25/24\". Event occurs at 4:25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I7THfLLxX4","url_text":"\"Spartanburg, SC FM Bandscan 5/25/24\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop!_Goes_the_Country

Pop! Goes the Country

["1 References","2 External links"]

American TV series or program Pop! Goes the CountryGenreMusical varietyStarringRalph EmeryTom T. HallJim VarneyCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionProduction locationsNashville, Tennessee, U.S.Running timeapprox. 22-26 minutesProduction companiesShow Biz, Inc.Original releaseNetworkFirst Run SyndicationReleaseSeptember 7, 1974 (1974-09-07) –January 1, 1982 (1982-01-01) Pop! Goes the Country is a weekly half-hour syndicated variety country music television series that originally aired from September 7, 1974 through 1982 for a total of 234 episodes. Originally hosted by Ralph Emery, the series was recorded at the Grand Ole Opry House and featured performances by and interviews with country music singers, both established celebrities and up and coming singers and musicians. In 1980, Tom T. Hall replaced Emery as the host. The comic actor Jim Varney joined the cast in the final season, as the show retooled as a "country music club", with Varney acting in comedy sketches featuring Tom T. Hall and the show's musical guests. The show also moved from the Opry House to Opryland USA's Gaslight Theater. It is also considered as a spin-off of The Porter Wagoner Show. The Statler Brothers sang the show's original theme song. The series' title referenced the influence pop music was having on country music at the time on artists such as Barbara Mandrell, Lynn Anderson, Dolly Parton, and Anne Murray, all of whom appeared as guests on the program, although performers with more traditional styles such as Loretta Lynn, Merle Haggard, and Mel Tillis were also featured during the show's run. As of December 2014, the show is being rebroadcast on the cable network RFD-TV. References ^ The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946-Present. Ballantine Books. 2003. p. 947. ISBN 0-345-45542-8. ^ The Internet Movie Database External links Pop! Goes the Country at IMDb Episode list at thetvdb.com

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Theatrical_Arts_of_Serbia

Museum of Theatrical Arts of Serbia

["1 History","2 Božić's House","3 See also","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 44°49′17″N 20°27′31″E / 44.82139°N 20.45861°E / 44.82139; 20.45861Art museum in Belgrade, SerbiaMuseum of Theatrical Arts of SerbiaBožić's HouseМузеј позоришне уметности СрбијеView from outsideEstablished28 November 1950; 73 years ago (1950-11-28)LocationGospodar Jevremova 19, Belgrade, SerbiaCoordinates44°49′17″N 20°27′31″E / 44.82139°N 20.45861°E / 44.82139; 20.45861Typeart museumWebsitewww.mpus.org.rs The Museum of Theatrical Arts of Serbia (Serbian Cyrillic: Музеј позоришне уметности Србије) is a museum located in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. The museum also contains a library and a historical archive. The library contains pieces of Scenography, along with historical pictures and paintings. History Museum was founded on 28 November 1950 under the decree of the Ministry for Science and Culture of Serbia. The idea of founding a Theatrical Arts museum began in 1901. Božić's House The Museum of Theatrical Arts of Serbia is placed in Božić's House, which was built in 1836, for Belgrade merchant Miloje Božić. In 1979, House was placed on Monument of Culture of Great Importance protection list, and it is protected by Republic of Serbia. See also Monument of Culture of Great Importance Tourism in Serbia External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Museum of Theatrical Arts of Serbia. Official website vte List of museums in BelgradeArt Belgrade City Museum Museum of African Art Museum of Applied Arts Museum of Contemporary Art Museum of Theatrical Arts of Serbia Zepter Museum Historical Ethnographic Museum Historical Museum of Serbia Jewish Historical Museum Military Museum Museum of Natural History Museum of Yugoslavia National Museum of Serbia Princess Ljubica's Residence Residence of Prince Miloš Memorial Manak's House Memorial Museum of Nadežda and Rastko Petrović Museum of Ivo Andrić Museum of Paja Jovanović Museum of Vuk and Dositej Spirta House Technical Aeronautical Museum Belgrade Nikola Tesla Museum Railway Museum Yugoslav Film Archive Category Commons vteStatuette of Joakim Vujić Award SFR Yugoslavia(1985–1992) National Theatre in Belgrade, Ljuba Tadić, Mija Aleksić, Mira Stupica and Bora Glišić (1985) Mira Banjac and Miroslav Belović (1986) Dušan Kovačević and Miloš Žutić (1987) Mira Trailović and Ljubomir Kovačević (1988) Ljiljana Krstić and Dejan Mijač (1989) Danilo Stojković and Jovan Ćirilov (1990) Aleksandar Popović and Ljubomir Ubavkić Pendula (1991) Branko Pleša and Branislav Jerinić (1992) FR Yugoslavia(1992–2006) Not awarded (1993) Stevo Žigon and Petar Kralj (1994) Sava Barackov, Museum of Theatrical Arts of Serbia, Serbian National Theatre, Svetlana Bojković and Dejan Penčić Poljanski (1995) Lazar Ristovski and Miloslav Buca Mirković (1996) Bora Todorović and Festival Days of Comedy in Jagodina (1997) Stevan Šalajić (1998) Ružica Sokić (1999) Olivera Marković (2000) Vida Ognjenović (2001) Mileva Žikić (2002) Belgrade Drama Theatre (2003) Serbia and Montenegro(2003–2006) Predrag Ejdus (2004) Rade Marković and Egon Savin (2005) Voki Kostić (2006) Serbia(2006–present) Biljana Srbljanović (2007) National Theatre in Niš (2008) Mirko Babić (2009) Miodrag Tabački (2010) Boro Drašković (2011) Vlastimir Đuza Stojiljković (2012) Milena Dravić (2013) Andraš Urban (2014) Dara Džokić and Faculty of Dramatic Arts (2015) Nada Jurišić (2016) Renata Ulmanski (2017) Mihailo Janketić (2018) Geroslav Zarić (2019) Milanka Berberović (2020) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic 2 Poland Other IdRef This Cultural Heritage of Serbia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four!

Four!

["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 See also","5 References"]

Not to be confused with Fore!. 1958 studio album by Hampton HawesFour!Studio album by Hampton HawesReleased1958RecordedJanuary 27, 1958GenreJazzLength53:00LabelContemporaryProducerLester KoenigHampton Hawes chronology All Night Session! Vol. 3(1956) Four!(1958) For Real!(1958) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicPenguin Guide to JazzThe Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide Four! is a 1958 album by Hampton Hawes, originally released on the Contemporary label and reissued in 1991 by Original Jazz Classics. Reception AllMusic's Scott Yanow gives the album five stars and states that "Pianist Hampton Hawes' 1950s recordings for the Contemporary label are at such a high level that they could all be given five stars. This outing with bassist Red Mitchell, drummer Shelly Manne, and guitarist Barney Kessel (who is a slight wild card) is also quite successful." The Penguin Guide to Jazz rates the album three and a half stars and states that "Hampton was always trying to broker a style which combined the strengths of old and new, and this was one of the places where the synthesis worked and showed the joins." Track listing "Yardbird Suite" (Parker) - 6:40 "There Will Never Be Another You" (Gordon, Warren) - 6:59 "Bow Jest" (Mitchell) - 6:31 "Sweet Sue" (Young, Harris) - 5:35 "Up Blues" (Hawes) - 5:09 "Like Someone in Love" (Burke, Van Heusen) - 3:21 "Love Is Just Around the Corner" (Gensler, Robin) - 5:42 "Thou Swell" (Hart, Rodgers) - 4:54 (CD reissue bonus track) "The Awful Truth" (Hawes) - 8:09 (CD reissue bonus track) Personnel Hampton Hawes - piano Barney Kessel - guitar Red Mitchell - double bass Shelly Manne - drums See also Hampton Hawes discography References ^ a b Allmusic review ^ a b Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2002). The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD (6th Ed.) Penguin Books. ISBN 9780140515213 ^ Swenson, J., ed. (1985). The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide. USA: Random House/Rolling Stone. p. 97. ISBN 0-394-72643-X. vteHampton HawesYears given are for the recording(s), not release.Albumsas leader Hampton Hawes Trio (1955) This Is Hampton Hawes (1955–56) Everybody Likes Hampton Hawes (1956) All Night Session! Vol. 1 (1956) All Night Session! Vol. 2 (1956) All Night Session! Vol. 3 (1956) Baritones and French Horns/Curtis Fuller and Hampton Haweswith French Horns (1957) Four! (1958) Bird Song (1956–58) For Real! (1958) The Sermon (1958) The Green Leaves of Summer (1964) Here and Now (1965) The Seance (1966) I'm All Smiles (1966) Universe (1972) Blues for Walls (1973) Playin' in the Yard (1973) Northern Windows (1974) As Long as There's Music (1976) Something Special (1976) Hampton Hawes at the Piano (1976) Sidemanwith others Gene Ammons and Friends at Montreux (1973) I'll Catch the Sun! (Sonny Criss, 1969) On the Road (Art Farmer, 1976) The Hunt (Dexter Gordon, 1947) Blues à la Suisse (Dexter Gordon, 1973) Kessel Plays Standards (Barney Kessel, 1955) Let's Cook! (Barney Kessel, 1957) Live in Hollywood (Warne Marsh, 1952) Mingus Three (Charles Mingus, 1957) Stratosonic Nuances (Blue Mitchell, 1975) The Early Show (Art Pepper, 1952) Surf Ride (Art Pepper, 1952) Living Legend (Art Pepper, 1976) Modern Sounds (Shorty Rogers, 1951) Shorty Rogers and His Giants (1953) Bud Shank – Shorty Rogers – Bill Perkins (1955) Sonny Rollins and the Contemporary Leaders (1958) So Doggone Good (Sonny Stitt, 1972)

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[]

[{"title":"Hampton Hawes discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Hawes#Discography"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Rousseau

Victor Rousseau

["1 Biography","2 Honours","3 Work","4 References","5 External links"]

Belgian sculptor and medallist (1865–1954) For the science fiction writer, see Victor Rousseau Emanuel. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Victor Rousseau" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Victor Rousseau (Feluy, 16 December 1865 – Forest, 17 March 1954) also known as M. Victor Rousseau, was a Belgian sculptor and medalist. Biography Rousseau was of Walloon heritage and descended from a line of stonemasons. He began carving stone at age 11, working at the site of the Law Courts of Brussels, designed by architect Joseph Poelaert. He later apprenticed under sculptor Georges Houtstont, and took classes at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. A winning competition entry for the Prix Godecharle in 1890 gave Rousseau the chance to travel in England, Italy, and two full years in France, after which he returned to the atelier of Belgian sculptor and teacher Charles van der Stappen for another two years, 1887 through 1889. Rousseau himself served as professor of sculpture at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts from 1901 through 1919, and as director from 1919 through 1922 (succeeding van der Stappen in that role) and then again from 1931 through 1935. Honours 1919 : Commander of the Order of the Crown. Work Le Hibou and Le Perroquet at the Botanical Garden of Brussels, circa 1898 monument panel to Charles Buls and the builders of the Grand-Place, with architect Victor Horta, 1899 corner relief panel at the Art Nouveau Hôtel Hannon, for architect Jules Brunfaut, Saint-Gilles, Belgium, 1903 allegorical statues for the Pont de Fragnée, Liege, circa 1904 Anglo-Belgian Memorial, Victoria Embankment, London, 1920, with British architect Sir Reginald Blomfield monumental figural group Maturity, Montagne du Parc, Brussels, 1922 bust of Albert Giraud, Josaphat Park, Schaerbeek References ^ Royal Decree of H.M. King Albert I on 14 November 1919 External links Media related to Victor Rousseau at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Artists RKD Artists ULAN Other SNAC This article about a Belgian sculptor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veljesto

Veljesto

["1 History","2 Notable members","3 References","4 External links"]

Student society in Estonia Veljesto (or EYS "Veljesto", EYS Veljesto) is an association of Estonian university students, founded 24 February 1920 at Tartu in Estonia. History The society was founded by students who left the Estonian Students' Society. Among its more famous members are August Annist, Oskar Loorits, Harri Moora, Julius Mägiste, Ants Oras and Albert Kivikas. Notable members Johannes Aavik August Annist Paul Ariste Aleksander Aspel  Pekka Erelt (:et) Karlo Funk  Tiit Hennoste Klaarika Kaldjärv Jaak Kangilaski Jaan Kangilaski (:et) Ott Kangilaski Bernard Kangro Albert Kivikas Jaan Kivistik (:et) Aavo Kokk (:et) Alfred Koort Janika Kronberg Mart Kuldkepp Marin Laak (:et) Eerik Laid  Marju Lauristin Toomas Liivamägi  Harry Liivrand Jüri Lipping (:et) Timo Maran Aksel Mark Heinrich Mark Harri Moora Julius Mägiste Pent Nurmekund Ants Oras Mart Orav  Lauri Pilter Aare Pilv Linnar Priimägi Karl Ristikivi Elmar Salumaa August Sang Mari Sarv  Fanny de Sivers Albert Soosaar (:et) Ene-Reet Soovik  Ilmar Talve Heiti Talvik Helmut Tarand Mari Tarand Tõnu Tender  Jaak Tomberg  Kadri Tüür  Voldemar Vaga Tarmo Vahter (:et) Mart Velsker  Paul Viiding References ^ Juhani Püttsepp, 'Harri Moora hoolis Tartu ülikoolist, mitte akadeemikutiitlist Tallinnas, Postimees, 3 March 2000, http://arhiiv2.postimees.ee:8080/leht/00/03/03/tartu/uudised.htm#esimene. External links Official website Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

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Hennoste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiit_Hennoste"},{"link_name":"Jaak Kangilaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaak_Kangilaski"},{"link_name":":et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaan_Kangilaski"},{"link_name":"Ott Kangilaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ott_Kangilaski"},{"link_name":"Bernard Kangro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Kangro"},{"link_name":"Albert Kivikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kivikas"},{"link_name":":et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaan_Kivistik_(filosoof)"},{"link_name":":et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aavo_Kokk"},{"link_name":"Alfred Koort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Koort"},{"link_name":"Janika Kronberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janika_Kronberg"},{"link_name":"Mart Kuldkepp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_Kuldkepp"},{"link_name":":et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Laak"},{"link_name":"Eerik Laid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eerik_Laid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerik_Laid"},{"link_name":"Marju Lauristin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marju_Lauristin"},{"link_name":"Toomas Liivamägi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toomas_Liivam%C3%A4gi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toomas_Liivam%C3%A4gi"},{"link_name":"Harry Liivrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Liivrand"},{"link_name":":et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Lipping"},{"link_name":"Timo Maran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Maran"},{"link_name":"Aksel Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksel_Mark"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Mark"},{"link_name":"Harri Moora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harri_Moora"},{"link_name":"Julius Mägiste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_M%C3%A4giste"},{"link_name":"Pent Nurmekund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pent_Nurmekund"},{"link_name":"Ants Oras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ants_Oras"},{"link_name":"Mart Orav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mart_Orav&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_Orav"},{"link_name":"Lauri Pilter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauri_Pilter"},{"link_name":"Aare Pilv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aare_Pilv"},{"link_name":"Linnar Priimägi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnar_Priim%C3%A4gi"},{"link_name":"Karl 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Talvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiti_Talvik"},{"link_name":"Helmut Tarand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Tarand"},{"link_name":"Mari Tarand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Tarand"},{"link_name":"Tõnu Tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%B5nu_Tender&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5nu_Tender"},{"link_name":"Jaak Tomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaak_Tomberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaak_Tomberg"},{"link_name":"Kadri Tüür","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadri_T%C3%BC%C3%BCr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadri_T%C3%BC%C3%BCr"},{"link_name":"Voldemar Vaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voldemar_Vaga"},{"link_name":":et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarmo_Vahter"},{"link_name":"Mart Velsker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mart_Velsker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_Velsker"},{"link_name":"Paul Viiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Viiding"}],"text":"Johannes Aavik\nAugust Annist\nPaul Ariste\nAleksander Aspel [et]\nPekka Erelt (:et)\nKarlo Funk [et]\nTiit Hennoste\nKlaarika Kaldjärv\nJaak Kangilaski\nJaan Kangilaski (:et)\nOtt Kangilaski\nBernard Kangro\nAlbert Kivikas\nJaan Kivistik (:et)\nAavo Kokk (:et)\nAlfred Koort\nJanika Kronberg\nMart Kuldkepp\nMarin Laak (:et)\nEerik Laid [et]\nMarju Lauristin\nToomas Liivamägi [et]\nHarry Liivrand\nJüri Lipping (:et)\nTimo Maran\nAksel Mark\nHeinrich Mark\nHarri Moora\nJulius Mägiste\nPent Nurmekund\nAnts Oras\nMart Orav [et]\nLauri Pilter\nAare Pilv\nLinnar Priimägi\nKarl Ristikivi\nElmar Salumaa\nAugust Sang\nMari Sarv [et]\nFanny de Sivers\nAlbert Soosaar (:et)\nEne-Reet Soovik [et]\nIlmar Talve\nHeiti Talvik\nHelmut Tarand\nMari Tarand\nTõnu Tender [et]\nJaak Tomberg [et]\nKadri Tüür [et]\nVoldemar Vaga\nTarmo Vahter (:et)\nMart Velsker [et]\nPaul Viiding","title":"Notable members"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_dysplasia

Osteochondrodysplasia

["1 Types","1.1 Achondroplasia","1.2 Pseudoachondroplasia","1.3 Osteogenesis imperfecta","1.4 Mucopolysaccharidosis","1.5 Cleidocranial dysostosis","1.6 Fibrous dysplasia","1.7 Langer–Giedion syndrome","1.8 Maffucci syndrome","1.9 Osteosclerosis","1.10 Other","2 Diagnosis","2.1 Differential diagnosis","3 Treatment","4 Management","5 Footnotes","5.1 Notes","5.2 References","6 External links"]

Group of disorders of bone and cartilage development Medical conditionOsteochondrodysplasiaOther namesSkeletal dysplasiaSpecialtyOrthopedic An osteochondrodysplasia, or skeletal dysplasia, is a disorder of the development of bone and cartilage. Osteochondrodysplasias are rare diseases. About 1 in 5,000 babies are born with some type of skeletal dysplasia. Nonetheless, if taken collectively, genetic skeletal dysplasias or osteochondrodysplasias comprise a recognizable group of genetically determined disorders with generalized skeletal affection. These disorders lead to disproportionate short stature and bone abnormalities, particularly in the arms, legs, and spine. Skeletal dysplasia can result in marked functional limitation and even mortality. Osteochondrodysplasias or skeletal dysplasia subtypes can overlap in clinical aspects, therefore plain radiography is absolutely necessary to establish an accurate diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging can provide further diagnostic insights and guide treatment strategies especially in cases of spinal involvement. As some disorders that cause skeletal dysplasia have treatments available, early diagnosis is particularly important, but may be challenging due to overlapping features and symptoms that may also be common in unaffected children. Types Achondroplasia Main article: Achondroplasia Achondroplasia is a type of autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is the most common cause of dwarfism. It is also the most common type of non-lethal osteochondrodysplasia or skeletal dysplasia. The prevalence is approximately 1 in 25,000 births. Achondroplastic dwarfs have short stature, with an average adult height of 131 cm (4 feet, 3 inches) for males and 123 cm (4 feet, 0 inches) for females. In achondroplasia the dwarfism is readily apparent at birth. likewise, craniofacial abnormalities in the form of macrocephaly and mid-face hypoplasia are present at birth. The previous clinical findings differentiate between achondroplasia and pseudoachondroplasia in which dwarfism is not recognizable at birth and craniofacial abnormalities are not considered a disease feature. Plain radiography plays an additional and important role in the differential diagnosis of achondroplasia. Pseudoachondroplasia Pseudoachondroplasia is an osteochondrodysplasia made distinctive by disproportionate short stature, hip and knee deformities, brachydactyly (short fingers) and ligamentous laxity. It affects at least 1 in 20,000 individuals. Pseudoachondroplasia is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and is caused solely by mutations in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein COMP gene. It's distinguished by a moderate to severe form of disproportionate short-limb short stature. The limb shortening is fundamentally confined to the proximal limb segments i.e., Femurs and humeri. A known presenting feature is a waddling gait, noticed at the onset of walking. A prompt diagnosis of a skeletal dysplasia in general and Pseudoachondroplasia in specific is still based upon a comprehensive clinical and radiographic correlation. A detailed radiographic examination of the axial and appendicular skeleton is invaluable for the differential diagnosis of Pseudoachondroplasia. Coxa vara (reduced neck shaft angle), broad femoral necks, short femurs and humeri, and bullet-shaped vertebrae are noticeable radiographic features. Additionally, the presence of metaphyseal broadening, cupping and dense line of ossification about the knee can simulate rachitic changes. These radiographic features are collectively known as rachitic-like changes. The presence of epiphyseal changes serves as an important differentiating feature from achondroplasia. Osteogenesis imperfecta Main article: Osteogenesis imperfecta COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The proportion of cases caused by a De novo COL1A1 or COL1A2 mutations are the cause of osteogenesis imperfecta in the vast majority of perinatally lethal osteogenesis imperfecta, and progressively deforming osteogenesis imperfecta. In classic non-deforming osteogenesis imperfecta with blue sclerae or common variable osteogenesis imperfecta with normal sclerae, nearly 60% of cases are de novo. COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta is identified by repeated fractures with trivial trauma, defective dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI), and hearing loss. The clinical features of COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta can be highly variable ranging from severe and lethal perinatal fractures to individuals with minimal tendency to repeated fractures and skeletal deformities and with a normal stature and life span. In between the clinical spectrum may include individuals with various degrees of disabling skeletal deformities and short stature. The radiographic findings of osteogenesis imperfecta include; long bone deformations such as bowing of the tibias and femurs, pencil-like deformity and tapering of bones, cortical thinning and rarefaction, pathologic fractures at various degrees of healing, bone shortening and vertebral wedging. Accordingly, COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta has been classified into four sub-types (I, II, III, and IV) built upon the diversity of the radioclinical features. Mucopolysaccharidosis Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) constitute a commonly seen group of osteochondrodysplasias. Mucopolysaccharidosis can cause a wide spectrum of clinical and radiologic manifestations ranging from mild skeletal and systemic involvement to severe life-threatening manifestations. It is caused by a contiguous gene duplication or deletion syndrome in which multiple genes are involved. All forms of MPS are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, except fir of MPS II; Hunter syndrome which is X-linked. They are caused by an abnormal function of the lysosomal enzymes, which blocks degradation of mucopolysaccharides and leads to accumulation of harmful byproducts, namely, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate. The resulting cellular malfunction can lead to a diverse array of skeletal and visceral manifestations. MPS have been subcategorized according to the type of enzyme inadequacy and glycoprotein accumulated. Cleidocranial dysostosis Main article: Cleidocranial dysostosis Cleidocranial dysostosis is a general skeletal condition named for the collarbone (cleido-) and cranium deformities which people with it often have. Common features include: Partly or completely missing collarbones. A soft spot or larger soft area in the top of the head where the fontanelle failed to close. Bones and joints are underdeveloped. The permanent teeth include supernumerary teeth. Permanent teeth not erupting Bossing (bulging) of the forehead. Hypertelorism Fibrous dysplasia Main article: Fibrous dysplasia Fibrous dysplasia causes bone thinning and growths or lesions in one or more bones of the human body. These lesions are tumor-like growths that consist of replacement of the medullary bone with fibrous tissue, causing the expansion and weakening of the areas of bone involved. Especially when involving the skull or facial bones, the lesions can cause externally visible deformities. The skull is often, but not necessarily, affected, and any other bones can be involved. Langer–Giedion syndrome Main article: Langer–Giedion syndrome Langer–Giedion syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of chromosomal material. Diagnosis is usually made at birth or in early childhood. The features associated with this condition include mild to moderate learning difficulties, short stature, unique facial features, small head and skeletal abnormalities including bony growths projecting from the surfaces of bones. Maffucci syndrome Main article: Maffucci syndrome Maffucci syndrome is a sporadic disease characterized by the presence of multiple enchondromas associated with multiple simple or cavernous soft tissue hemangiomas. Also lymphangiomas may be apparent. Patients are normal at birth and the syndrome manifests during childhood and puberty. The enchondromas affect the extremities and their distribution is asymmetrical. Osteosclerosis Main article: Osteosclerosis Osteosclerosis, an elevation in bone density, is normally detected on an X-ray as an area of whiteness and is where the bone density has significantly increased. Other Deformity type Erlenmeyer flask gives a distal femur similar to an Erlenmeyer flask. It may result from Gaucher disease. Kashin–Beck disease Melnick–Needles syndrome Ovine chondrodysplasia Familial osteodysplasia, Anderson type Diagnosis The diagnosis is mainly based upon delineating the specific clinical and radiographic pattern of skeletal involvement. However, the different types of skeletal dysplasia can overlap considerably in their clinical presentation. Molecular or genetic analysis may be required to resolve diagnostic difficulties. Differential diagnosis Juvenile idiopathic arthritis may closely resemble the clinical presentation of some osteochondrodysplasias or genetic skeletal dysplsias. In that, both conditions can present with swollen, stiff and deformed joints. Type II collagen disorders are caused by variants in the COL2A1 gene. Type II collagen disorders can result in mild disease or severe which can cause death within weeks of birth. Infants with the severe form of the disease would be born with clear indications of the disease, such as disproportionate short stature, skeletal dysplasia, distinctive eye abnormalities, cleft palate, and others. However, infants with mild disease may only experience arthritis at birth, but may progress to more severe disease later in life. Early diagnosis can be challenging. Furthermore, type II collagenopathies have significant phenotypic overlap with conditions such as MPS. Guidelines are available to ensure healthcare professional are aware of the conditions and the symptoms of disease to support efficient diagnosis. Treatment Emerging therapies for genetic skeletal dysplasias include enzyme replacement therapy, small molecule therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy. These therapies aim at preventing disease progression and thus improving quality of life. Enzyme replacement therapies are some of the mucopolysaccharidoses and Gaucher disease. Results have shown effectivity of enzyme replacement therapy. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be lifesaving for some disorders, such as with malignant infantile osteopetrosis. Even with treatments such as enzyme replacement therapy and stem cell transplantation, people with skeletal dysplasia often require orthopedic surgery and other disease management interventions. There is a lack of information available to support these patients as most physicians may only see one or two skeletal dysplasia patients in their lifetime. Guidelines are available to support best practices for managing several areas of skeletal dysplasia, such as the craniofacial aspects of skeletal dysplasia, spinal disorders, diagnosis and management of type II collagen disorders, pregnancy of people with skeletal dysplasia, peri-operative management, and foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia. Written and video resources for patients with skeletal dysplasia and caregivers are also available. Management Timely management of skeletal dysplasia is important to combat functional deterioration. Due to rarity of the individual disorders that cause skeletal dysplasia, management can be challenging if a patient does not have access to a facility that has physicians who specialize in skeletal dysplasia. Guidelines have been developed for the management different aspects of skeletal dysplasia, including best practices for managing craniofacial and spinal manifestations, diagnosis and management of type II collagen disorders, pregnancy of people with skeletal dysplasia, peri-operative management, and foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia. Footnotes Notes ^ Etymology: from Ancient Greek ὀστέο(ν) (ostéo(n)) 'bone', χόνδρο(ς) (khóndro(s)) 'cartiledge', δυσ (dus) 'badly', and -πλασίᾱ (-plasíā) 'formed'. References ^ "Medcyclopaedia - Osteochondrodysplasia". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. ^ Geister, Krista A.; Camper, Sally A. (2015-01-01). "Advances in Skeletal Dysplasia Genetics". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 16 (1): 199–227. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-045904. PMC 5507692. PMID 25939055. ^ Mortier, Geert R.; Cohn, Daniel H.; Cormier-Daire, Valerie; Hall, Christine; Krakow, Deborah; Mundlos, Stefan; Nishimura, Gen; Robertson, Stephen; Sangiorgi, Luca; Savarirayan, Ravi; Sillence, David; Superti-Furga, Andrea; Unger, Sheila; Warman, Matthew L. (2019-10-21). "Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 revision". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 179 (12): 2393–2419. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.61366. hdl:11343/286524. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 31633310. S2CID 204813822. ^ a b c d e f EL-Sobky, TA; Shawky, RM; Sakr, HM; Elsayed, SM; Elsayed, NS; Ragheb, SG; Gamal, R (15 November 2017). "A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review". J Musculoskelet Surg Res. 1 (2): 25. doi:10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17. S2CID 79825711. ^ a b c White, Klane; Bober, Michael B; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn; Mackenzie, William G; Raggio, Cathleen (2020-02-18). "Best practice guidelines for management of spinal disorders in skeletal dysplasia". dx.doi.org. doi:10.21203/rs.2.23876/v1. hdl:11343/245301. PMID 32580780. Retrieved 2023-12-13. ^ Wynn J, King TM, Gambello MJ, Waller DK, Hecht JT (2007). "Mortality in achondroplasia study: A 42-year follow up". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 143 (21): 2502–11. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31919. PMID 17879967. S2CID 25933218. ^ Briggs, MD; Wright, MJ (16 July 2015). "COMP-Related Pseudoachondroplasia". Pseudoachondroplasia. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301660. Retrieved 16 April 2018. ^ Steiner, RD; Adsit, J; Basel, D (14 February 2013). "COL1A1/2 Osteogenesis Imperfecta". COL1A1/2-Related Osteogenesis Imperfecta. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301472. Retrieved 16 April 2018. ^ "Osteogenesis Imperfecta - Children's Health Issues". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ a b "Mucopolysaccharidoses". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ "Mucopolysaccharidoses - Children's Health Issues". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ "Cleidocranial Dysplasia". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ "fibrous dysplasia of bone" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary ^ "Fibrous Dysplasia". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ Devidayal, null; Marwaha, Ram Kumar (2006-02-01). "Langer-Giedion Syndrome". Indian Pediatrics. 43 (2): 174–175. ISSN 0019-6061. PMID 16528117 – via PubMed. ^ "Maffucci Syndrome". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ "Maffucci syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ "Medcyclopaedia - Osteosclerosis". Retrieved 2007-12-23. ^ Marks, Dawn B.; Swanson, Todd; Sandra I Kim; Marc Glucksman (2007). Biochemistry and molecular biology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-8624-9. ^ Kaya Akca, U; Simsek Kiper, PO; Urel Demir, G; Sag, E; Atalay, E; Utine, GE; Alikasifoglu, M; Boduroglu, K; Bilginer, Y; Ozen, S (April 2021). "Genetic disorders with symptoms mimicking rheumatologic diseases: A single-center retrospective study" (PDF). European Journal of Medical Genetics. 64 (4): 104185. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104185. PMID 33662637. S2CID 232122235. ^ Elsebaie, H; Mansour, MA; Elsayed, SM; Mahmoud, S; El-Sobky, TA (December 2021). "Multicentric Osteolysis, Nodulosis, and Arthropathy in two unrelated children with matrix metalloproteinase 2 variants: Genetic-skeletal correlations". Bone Reports. 15: 101106. doi:10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101106. PMC 8283316. PMID 34307793. ^ a b c Savarirayan, Ravi; Bompadre, Viviana; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J.; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn E.; Mackenzie, William G.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha S.; White, Klane K. (September 2019). "Best practice guidelines regarding diagnosis and management of patients with type II collagen disorders". Genetics in Medicine. 21 (9): 2070–2080. doi:10.1038/s41436-019-0446-9. ISSN 1098-3600. PMID 30696995. ^ a b Jameson, Elisabeth; Jones, Simon; Remmington, Tracey (18 June 2019). "Enzyme replacement therapy with laronidase (Aldurazyme®) for treating mucopolysaccharidosis type I". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (4): CD009354. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009354.pub5. PMC 6581069. PMID 31211405. ^ Savarirayan, Ravi; Tofts, Louise; Irving, Melita; Wilcox, William R.; Bacino, Carlos A.; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Font, Rosendo Ullot; Harmatz, Paul; Rutsch, Frank; Bober, Michael B.; Polgreen, Lynda E.; Ginebreda, Ignacio; Mohnike, Klaus; Charrow, Joel; Hoernschemeyer, Daniel (December 2021). "Safe and persistent growth-promoting effects of vosoritide in children with achondroplasia: 2-year results from an open-label, phase 3 extension study". Genetics in Medicine. 23 (12): 2443–2447. doi:10.1038/s41436-021-01287-7. PMC 8327889. PMID 34341520. ^ a b Hashemi Taheri, Amir Pejman; Radmard, Amir Reza; Kooraki, Soheil; Behfar, Maryam; Pak, Neda; Hamidieh, Amir Ali; Ghavamzadeh, Ardeshir (September 2015). "Radiologic resolution of malignant infantile osteopetrosis skeletal changes following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Radiologic Resolution of MIOP After HSCT". Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 62 (9): 1645–1649. doi:10.1002/pbc.25524. PMID 25820806. S2CID 11287381. ^ a b El-Sobky, Tamer; El-Haddad, Alaa; Elsobky, Ezzat; Elsayed, Solaf; Sakr, Hossam (1 March 2017). "Reversal of skeletal radiographic pathology in a case of malignant infantile osteopetrosis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation". The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 48 (1): 237–243. doi:10.1016/j.ejrnm.2016.12.013. ^ Shemesh, E; Deroma, L; Bembi, B; Deegan, P; Hollak, C; Weinreb, NJ; Cox, TM (27 March 2015). "Enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapy for Gaucher disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (3): CD010324. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010324.pub2. PMC 8923052. PMID 25812601. ^ a b Savarirayan, Ravi; Tunkel, David E.; Sterni, Laura M.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn E. (2021-01-05). "Best practice guidelines in managing the craniofacial aspects of skeletal dysplasia". dx.doi.org. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-61766/v2. hdl:11343/272597. PMID 33446226. Retrieved 2023-12-13. ^ a b Savarirayan, Ravi; Rossiter, Judith P.; Hoover-Fong, Julie E.; Irving, Melita; Bompadre, Viviana; Goldberg, Michael J.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Kamps, Shawn E.; Mackenzie, William G.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha S.; White, Klane K. (December 2018). "Best practice guidelines regarding prenatal evaluation and delivery of patients with skeletal dysplasia". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 219 (6): 545–562. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.07.017. ISSN 0002-9378. PMID 30048634. ^ a b White, Klane K.; Bompadre, Viviana; Goldberg, Michael J.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie E.; Irving, Melita; Mackenzie, William G.; Kamps, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Redding, Gregory J.; Spencer, Samantha S.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Theroux, Mary C. (August 2017). "Best practices in peri-operative management of patients with skeletal dysplasias". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 173 (10): 2584–2595. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.38357. hdl:11343/293252. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 28763154. S2CID 22251966. ^ a b White, Klane K.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Goldberg, Michael J.; MacKenzie, William; Bompadre, Viviana; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Parnell, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha A.; Campbell, Jeffery W.; Rapoport, David M.; Kifle, Yemiserach; Blackledge, Marcella (2016-01-11). "Response: "Best practices in the evaluation and treatment of foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia during infancy" and "is there a correlation between sleep disordered breathing and foramen magnum stenosis in children with achondroplasia?"". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 170 (4): 1101–1103. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37546. hdl:11343/290811. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 26754314. S2CID 35361558. ^ "Publications". Skeletal Displasia Management Consortium. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023. External links ClassificationDICD-10: Q77-Q78OMIM: 184260MeSH: D010009DiseasesDB: 34854SNOMED CT: 240190009External resourcesPatient UK: Osteochondrodysplasia vteOsteochondrodysplasiasOsteodysplasia/osteodystrophyDiaphysis Camurati–Engelmann disease Metaphysis Metaphyseal dysplasia Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Epiphysis Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia Osteosclerosis Raine syndrome Osteopoikilosis Osteopetrosis Other/ungrouped FLNB Boomerang dysplasia Opsismodysplasia Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia McCune–Albright syndrome Chondrodysplasia/chondrodystrophy(including dwarfism)Osteochondroma osteochondromatosis Hereditary multiple exostoses Chondroma/enchondroma enchondromatosis Ollier disease Maffucci syndrome Growth factor receptorFGFR2: Antley–Bixler syndrome FGFR3: Achondroplasia Hypochondroplasia Thanatophoric dysplasia COL2A1 collagen disease Achondrogenesis type 2 Hypochondrogenesis SLC26A2 sulfation defect Achondrogenesis type 1B Autosomal recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Atelosteogenesis, type II Diastrophic dysplasia Chondrodysplasia punctata Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata Conradi–Hünermann syndrome Other dwarfism Fibrochondrogenesis Short rib – polydactyly syndrome Majewski's polydactyly syndrome Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis

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About 1 in 5,000 babies are born with some type of skeletal dysplasia.[2] Nonetheless, if taken collectively, genetic skeletal dysplasias or osteochondrodysplasias comprise a recognizable group of genetically determined disorders with generalized skeletal affection. These disorders lead to disproportionate short stature and bone abnormalities, particularly in the arms, legs, and spine.[3] Skeletal dysplasia can result in marked functional limitation and even mortality.Osteochondrodysplasias or skeletal dysplasia subtypes can overlap in clinical aspects, therefore plain radiography is absolutely necessary to establish an accurate diagnosis.[4] Magnetic resonance imaging can provide further diagnostic insights and guide treatment strategies especially in cases of spinal involvement. As some disorders that cause skeletal dysplasia have treatments available, early diagnosis is particularly important, but may be challenging due to overlapping features and symptoms[5] that may also be common in unaffected children.","title":"Osteochondrodysplasia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autosomal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal"},{"link_name":"dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"genetic disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder"},{"link_name":"dwarfism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17879967-7"},{"link_name":"short stature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_stature"},{"link_name":"pseudoachondroplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoachondroplasia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"}],"sub_title":"Achondroplasia","text":"Achondroplasia is a type of autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is the most common cause of dwarfism. It is also the most common type of non-lethal osteochondrodysplasia or skeletal dysplasia. The prevalence is approximately 1 in 25,000 births.[6] Achondroplastic dwarfs have short stature, with an average adult height of 131 cm (4 feet, 3 inches) for males and 123 cm (4 feet, 0 inches) for females. In achondroplasia the dwarfism is readily apparent at birth. likewise, craniofacial abnormalities in the form of macrocephaly and mid-face hypoplasia are present at birth. The previous clinical findings differentiate between achondroplasia and pseudoachondroplasia in which dwarfism is not recognizable at birth and craniofacial abnormalities are not considered a disease feature. Plain radiography plays an additional and important role in the differential diagnosis of achondroplasia.[4]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pseudoachondroplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoachondroplasia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genereviews1-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"}],"sub_title":"Pseudoachondroplasia","text":"Pseudoachondroplasia is an osteochondrodysplasia made distinctive by disproportionate short stature, hip and knee deformities, brachydactyly (short fingers) and ligamentous laxity. It affects at least 1 in 20,000 individuals. Pseudoachondroplasia is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and is caused solely by mutations in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein COMP gene.[7] It's distinguished by a moderate to severe form of disproportionate short-limb short stature. The limb shortening is fundamentally confined to the proximal limb segments i.e., Femurs and humeri. A known presenting feature is a waddling gait, noticed at the onset of walking. A prompt diagnosis of a skeletal dysplasia in general and Pseudoachondroplasia in specific is still based upon a comprehensive clinical and radiographic correlation.[4] A detailed radiographic examination of the axial and appendicular skeleton is invaluable for the differential diagnosis of Pseudoachondroplasia. Coxa vara (reduced neck shaft angle), broad femoral necks, short femurs and humeri, and bullet-shaped vertebrae are noticeable radiographic features. Additionally, the presence of metaphyseal broadening, cupping and dense line of ossification about the knee can simulate rachitic changes. These radiographic features are collectively known as rachitic-like changes. The presence of epiphyseal changes serves as an important differentiating feature from achondroplasia.[4]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"osteogenesis imperfecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteogenesis_imperfecta"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genereviews-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Osteogenesis imperfecta","text":"COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The proportion of cases caused by a De novo COL1A1 or COL1A2 mutations are the cause of osteogenesis imperfecta in the vast majority of perinatally lethal osteogenesis imperfecta, and progressively deforming osteogenesis imperfecta. In classic non-deforming osteogenesis imperfecta with blue sclerae or common variable osteogenesis imperfecta with normal sclerae, nearly 60% of cases are de novo. COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta is identified by repeated fractures with trivial trauma, defective dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI), and hearing loss. The clinical features of COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta can be highly variable ranging from severe and lethal perinatal fractures to individuals with minimal tendency to repeated fractures and skeletal deformities and with a normal stature and life span. In between the clinical spectrum may include individuals with various degrees of disabling skeletal deformities and short stature.[8] The radiographic findings of osteogenesis imperfecta include; long bone deformations such as bowing of the tibias and femurs, pencil-like deformity and tapering of bones, cortical thinning and rarefaction, pathologic fractures at various degrees of healing, bone shortening and vertebral wedging.[4] Accordingly, COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta has been classified into four sub-types (I, II, III, and IV) built upon the diversity of the radioclinical features.[9]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mucopolysaccharidoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidoses"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mucopolysaccharidoses-11"},{"link_name":"mucopolysaccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopolysaccharide"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mucopolysaccharidoses-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Mucopolysaccharidosis","text":"Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) constitute a commonly seen group of osteochondrodysplasias. Mucopolysaccharidosis can cause a wide spectrum of clinical and radiologic manifestations ranging from mild skeletal and systemic involvement to severe life-threatening manifestations. It is caused by a contiguous gene duplication or deletion syndrome in which multiple genes are involved. All forms of MPS are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, except fir of MPS II; Hunter syndrome which is X-linked.[10] They are caused by an abnormal function of the lysosomal enzymes, which blocks degradation of mucopolysaccharides and leads to accumulation of harmful byproducts, namely, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate.[10] The resulting cellular malfunction can lead to a diverse array of skeletal and visceral manifestations. MPS have been subcategorized according to the type of enzyme inadequacy and glycoprotein accumulated.[11]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collarbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collarbone"},{"link_name":"cranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cranium"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"collarbones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collarbone"},{"link_name":"fontanelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontanelle"},{"link_name":"permanent teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_teeth"},{"link_name":"supernumerary teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperdontia"},{"link_name":"forehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forehead"},{"link_name":"Hypertelorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertelorism"}],"sub_title":"Cleidocranial dysostosis","text":"Cleidocranial dysostosis is a general skeletal condition named for the collarbone (cleido-) and cranium deformities which people with it often have. Common features include:[12]Partly or completely missing collarbones.\nA soft spot or larger soft area in the top of the head where the fontanelle failed to close.\nBones and joints are underdeveloped.\nThe permanent teeth include supernumerary teeth.\nPermanent teeth not erupting\nBossing (bulging) of the forehead.\nHypertelorism","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion"},{"link_name":"tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor"},{"link_name":"medullary bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_bone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Fibrous dysplasia","text":"Fibrous dysplasia causes bone thinning[13] and growths or lesions in one or more bones of the human body.These lesions are tumor-like growths that consist of replacement of the medullary bone with fibrous tissue, causing the expansion and weakening of the areas of bone involved. Especially when involving the skull or facial bones, the lesions can cause externally visible deformities. The skull is often, but not necessarily, affected, and any other bones can be involved.[14]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genetic disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder"},{"link_name":"deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_deletion"},{"link_name":"chromosomal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"skeletal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skeleton"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Langer–Giedion syndrome","text":"Langer–Giedion syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of chromosomal material. Diagnosis is usually made at birth or in early childhood. The features associated with this condition include mild to moderate learning difficulties, short stature, unique facial features, small head and skeletal abnormalities including bony growths projecting from the surfaces of bones.[15]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enchondromas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchondroma"},{"link_name":"hemangiomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemangioma"},{"link_name":"lymphangiomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphangioma"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Maffucci syndrome","text":"Maffucci syndrome is a sporadic disease characterized by the presence of multiple enchondromas associated with multiple simple or cavernous soft tissue hemangiomas. Also lymphangiomas may be apparent.[16]Patients are normal at birth and the syndrome manifests during childhood and puberty. The enchondromas affect the extremities and their distribution is asymmetrical.[17]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-titleMedcyclopaedia_-_Osteosclerosis-19"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"}],"sub_title":"Osteosclerosis","text":"Osteosclerosis, an elevation in bone density,[18] is normally detected on an X-ray as an area of whiteness and is where the bone density has significantly increased.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"femur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femur"},{"link_name":"Erlenmeyer flask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlenmeyer_flask"},{"link_name":"Gaucher disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucher_disease"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brschemi-20"},{"link_name":"Kashin–Beck disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashin%E2%80%93Beck_disease"},{"link_name":"Melnick–Needles syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melnick%E2%80%93Needles_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Ovine chondrodysplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovine_chondrodysplasia"},{"link_name":"Familial osteodysplasia, Anderson type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_osteodysplasia,_Anderson_type"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Deformity type Erlenmeyer flask gives a distal femur similar to an Erlenmeyer flask. It may result from Gaucher disease.[19]\nKashin–Beck disease\nMelnick–Needles syndrome\nOvine chondrodysplasia\nFamilial osteodysplasia, Anderson type","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The diagnosis is mainly based upon delineating the specific clinical and radiographic pattern of skeletal involvement. However, the different types of skeletal dysplasia can overlap considerably in their clinical presentation. Molecular or genetic analysis may be required to resolve diagnostic difficulties.[citation needed]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_idiopathic_arthritis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elsebaie-22"},{"link_name":"cleft palate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate"},{"link_name":"arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"}],"sub_title":"Differential diagnosis","text":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis may closely resemble the clinical presentation of some osteochondrodysplasias or genetic skeletal dysplsias. In that, both conditions can present with swollen, stiff and deformed joints.[20][21]Type II collagen disorders are caused by variants in the COL2A1 gene. Type II collagen disorders can result in mild disease or severe which can cause death within weeks of birth. Infants with the severe form of the disease would be born with clear indications of the disease, such as disproportionate short stature, skeletal dysplasia, distinctive eye abnormalities, cleft palate, and others. However, infants with mild disease may only experience arthritis at birth, but may progress to more severe disease later in life. Early diagnosis can be challenging. Furthermore, type II collagenopathies have significant phenotypic overlap with conditions such as MPS. Guidelines are available to ensure healthcare professional are aware of the conditions and the symptoms of disease to support efficient diagnosis.[22]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jameson-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hashemi-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haddad-27"},{"link_name":"some of the mucopolysaccharidoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidoses"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jameson-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"malignant infantile osteopetrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_infantile_osteopetrosis"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hashemi-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haddad-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-32"},{"link_name":"patients with skeletal dysplasia and caregivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.skeletaldysplasia.org/patients"}],"text":"Emerging therapies for genetic skeletal dysplasias include enzyme replacement therapy,[23] small molecule therapy,[24] hematopoietic stem cell transplantation[25][26] and gene therapy. These therapies aim at preventing disease progression and thus improving quality of life. Enzyme replacement therapies are some of the mucopolysaccharidoses[23] and Gaucher disease.[27] Results have shown effectivity of enzyme replacement therapy. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be lifesaving for some disorders, such as with malignant infantile osteopetrosis.[25][26]Even with treatments such as enzyme replacement therapy and stem cell transplantation, people with skeletal dysplasia often require orthopedic surgery and other disease management interventions. There is a lack of information available to support these patients as most physicians may only see one or two skeletal dysplasia patients in their lifetime. Guidelines are available to support best practices for managing several areas of skeletal dysplasia, such as the craniofacial aspects of skeletal dysplasia,[28] spinal disorders,[5] diagnosis and management of type II collagen disorders,[22] pregnancy of people with skeletal dysplasia,[29] peri-operative management,[30] and foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia.[31] Written and video resources for patients with skeletal dysplasia and caregivers are also available.","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-32"}],"text":"Timely management of skeletal dysplasia is important to combat functional deterioration.[4] Due to rarity of the individual disorders that cause skeletal dysplasia, management can be challenging if a patient does not have access to a facility that has physicians who specialize in skeletal dysplasia. Guidelines have been developed for the management different aspects of skeletal dysplasia,[32] including best practices for managing craniofacial[28] and spinal manifestations,[5] diagnosis and management of type II collagen disorders,[22] pregnancy of people with skeletal dysplasia,[29] peri-operative management,[30] and foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia.[31]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ Etymology: from Ancient Greek ὀστέο(ν) (ostéo(n)) 'bone', χόνδρο(ς) (khóndro(s)) 'cartiledge', δυσ (dus) 'badly', and -πλασίᾱ (-plasíā) 'formed'.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Medcyclopaedia - Osteochondrodysplasia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20110526161907/http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/o/osteochondrodysplasia.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/o/osteochondrodysplasia.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Advances in Skeletal Dysplasia Genetics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5507692"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-045904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-genom-090314-045904"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5507692","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5507692"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25939055","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25939055"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 revision\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.61366"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/ajmg.a.61366","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.61366"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11343/286524","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11343%2F286524"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1552-4825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1552-4825"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"31633310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31633310"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"204813822","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204813822"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-elsobky2017_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-elsobky2017_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-elsobky2017_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-elsobky2017_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-elsobky2017_5-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-elsobky2017_5-5"},{"link_name":"\"A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4103%2Fjmsr.jmsr_28_17"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4103%2Fjmsr.jmsr_28_17"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"79825711","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:79825711"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_6-2"},{"link_name":"\"Best practice guidelines for management of spinal disorders in skeletal dysplasia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.23876/v1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.21203/rs.2.23876/v1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.21203%2Frs.2.23876%2Fv1"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11343/245301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11343%2F245301"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"32580780","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32580780"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pmid17879967_7-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/ajmg.a.31919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.31919"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17879967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17879967"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25933218","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25933218"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Genereviews1_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"COMP-Related Pseudoachondroplasia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1487/"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20301660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301660"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Genereviews_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"COL1A1/2 Osteogenesis Imperfecta\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1295/"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20301472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301472"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Osteogenesis Imperfecta - Children's Health 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\"Best practices in the evaluation and treatment of foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia during infancy\" and \"is there a correlation between sleep disordered breathing and foramen magnum stenosis in children with 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PMID 30048634.\n\n^ a b White, Klane K.; Bompadre, Viviana; Goldberg, Michael J.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie E.; Irving, Melita; Mackenzie, William G.; Kamps, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Redding, Gregory J.; Spencer, Samantha S.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Theroux, Mary C. (August 2017). \"Best practices in peri-operative management of patients with skeletal dysplasias\". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 173 (10): 2584–2595. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.38357. hdl:11343/293252. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 28763154. S2CID 22251966.\n\n^ a b White, Klane K.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Goldberg, Michael J.; MacKenzie, William; Bompadre, Viviana; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Parnell, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha A.; Campbell, Jeffery W.; Rapoport, David M.; Kifle, Yemiserach; Blackledge, Marcella (2016-01-11). \"Response: \"Best practices in the evaluation and treatment of foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia during infancy\" and \"is there a correlation between sleep disordered breathing and foramen magnum stenosis in children with achondroplasia?\"\". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 170 (4): 1101–1103. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37546. hdl:11343/290811. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 26754314. S2CID 35361558.\n\n^ \"Publications\". Skeletal Displasia Management Consortium. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.","title":"Footnotes"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Medcyclopaedia - Osteochondrodysplasia\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20110526161907/http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/o/osteochondrodysplasia.aspx","url_text":"\"Medcyclopaedia - Osteochondrodysplasia\""},{"url":"http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/o/osteochondrodysplasia.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Geister, Krista A.; Camper, Sally A. (2015-01-01). \"Advances in Skeletal Dysplasia Genetics\". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 16 (1): 199–227. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-045904. PMC 5507692. 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PMID 31211405.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6581069","url_text":"\"Enzyme replacement therapy with laronidase (Aldurazyme®) for treating mucopolysaccharidosis type I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD009354.pub5","url_text":"10.1002/14651858.CD009354.pub5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6581069","url_text":"6581069"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31211405","url_text":"31211405"}]},{"reference":"Savarirayan, Ravi; Tofts, Louise; Irving, Melita; Wilcox, William R.; Bacino, Carlos A.; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Font, Rosendo Ullot; Harmatz, Paul; Rutsch, Frank; Bober, Michael B.; Polgreen, Lynda E.; Ginebreda, Ignacio; Mohnike, Klaus; Charrow, Joel; Hoernschemeyer, Daniel (December 2021). \"Safe and persistent growth-promoting effects of vosoritide in children with achondroplasia: 2-year results from an open-label, phase 3 extension study\". 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Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 62 (9): 1645–1649. doi:10.1002/pbc.25524. PMID 25820806. S2CID 11287381.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpbc.25524","url_text":"10.1002/pbc.25524"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25820806","url_text":"25820806"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11287381","url_text":"11287381"}]},{"reference":"El-Sobky, Tamer; El-Haddad, Alaa; Elsobky, Ezzat; Elsayed, Solaf; Sakr, Hossam (1 March 2017). \"Reversal of skeletal radiographic pathology in a case of malignant infantile osteopetrosis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation\". 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American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 170 (4): 1101–1103. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37546. hdl:11343/290811. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 26754314. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vashishka

Vāsishka

["1 Rule","2 Inscriptions and statuary","2.1 Sanchi Bodhisattava","2.2 Sanchi pedestal","2.3 Ara inscription","2.4 Isapur inscription of Vasishka, Year 24","3 Coinage","4 References","5 References","6 External links"]

Kushan emperor from c.247 to c.265 VāsishkaKushan emperorCoinage of Vashishka. c. 240–250 CE.Obverse: ÞKO KÞA (Shaonanoshao Bazishko Koshano) in Greco-Bactrian script, Vasishka, nimbate, diademed, and crowned, standing facing, head left, sacrificing over an altar to left, and holding trident in left hand; filleted trident to left; "Vira" in Brahmi script to inner left at feet; "Va" in Brahmi between legs; "Chu" in Brahmi script in inner right field.Reverse: ΔXOO in Greco-Bactrian script, nimbate and diademed Ardoxsho seated facing on throne, feet holding filleted investiture garland in right hand and cradling a cornucopia in left arm; above, tamgha to left.Reign247–265 CE (18 years)Coronation247 CEPredecessorKanishka IISuccessorKanishka IIIBorn187 CEDied265 CEBurial265 CESpouseElizaIssueVasudeva II Kanishka IIINamesVashishkaHouseUnknownDynastyKushanFatherHuvishka Mathura(Isapur)SanchiAttock(Ara)class=notpageimage| Location of the epigraphic inscriptions of Vasishka. Kushan emperors30 CE–350 CE Heraios1–30 CEKujula Kadphises50–90 CEVima Takto90–113 CEVima Kadphises113–127 CEKanishka I127–151 CEHuvishka151–190 CEVasudeva I190–230 CEKanishka II230–247 CEVāsishka247–267 CEKanishka III267–270 CEVasudeva II270–300 CEMahi300–305 CEShaka305–335 CEKipunada335–350 CE vte Vāsishka (Bactrian: BAZHÞKO Bazēško; Middle Brahmi Vā-si-ṣka, Vāsiṣka; Kharosthi: 𐨬𐨗𐨿𐨱𐨅𐨮𐨿𐨐 Va-jhe-ṣka, Vajheṣka; ruled c. 247–265 CE) was a Kushan emperor, who seems to have had a short reign following Kanishka II. Rule The rule of Vāsishka in the area of Punjab is attested by inscriptions, as well as in the area of Mathura (Isapur inscription). His rule is recorded as far south as Sanchi, where one and possibly another inscription in his name have been found, dated to the year 22 (The Sanchi inscription of "Vaskushana"-i.e. Vasishka Kushana) and year 28 (The Sanchi inscription of Vasaska-i.e. Vasishka) of a Kushan era (widely thought to be the second century of the Kanishka era). This would place his reign c. 247–265. Inscriptions and statuary Vasishka appears in four known inscriptions, including a Kharoshti inscription in the Indus region. Sanchi Bodhisattava Several statues or statue fragments from the art of Mathura with the name of Vasishka have been found on the site of Sanchi. One of them is a statue of a seated Bodhisattva, dated to "Year 28 of Vasishka". The inscription reads: Sanchi Bodhisattva with inscription of Year 28 of Kushan King Vasishka. L.1 ........ sya j t r jasya Dēvaputrasya shhi Vsshkasya sa 20 8 he I di 5 as ya purv Bhaga L.2 sya jambuchhāyā-śailagṛi sya Dharmadēva vihārē pratishṭāpita Virasya dhitare Madhuriaka L.3 na deyadharma-pari A better preserved statue with similar jewellery. "Success : In the year 28 of Mahārāja Rājatirāja Devaputra Shāhi Vāsishka, in the first month of winter, on the fifth day, on this date, Madhurika, daughter of Vīra, installed (an image) of Bhagavat (Bodhisattva) sitting on the hill under the shade of the Jambu (rose-apple) tree in the Dharmadāvavihāra. By this gift.... " Sanchi pedestal Another Mathura fragment found in Sanchi is the pedestal of a statue of a standing Buddha. The inscription is inscribed with "Year 22 of Vaskushana", thought to be possibly "Vasishka Kushana". Worshippers in long tunics with belts typical of the Kushan style can be seen standing around a seated Boddhisattva. The inscription reads: Sanchi Buddha pedestal inscribed Year 22 of Vaskushana. L.1 ..... rājño Vaskushāṇasya sa 20 2 va 2 di 10 Bhagavato Sakkyameḥ pratimā pratishṭāpita Vidyamatiye pu L.2 ......mātā-pitṛiṇa sarvva-satvanā ca hita-su "In the (reign) of King Vaskushāṇa, the year 22, the 2nd month of the rainy season, on the 10th day, (this) image of the Bhagavat Sakyamuni was installed by Vidyamati for ...... and for the welfare and happiness of (her) parents and all creatures." Ara inscription Vāsishka appears in the "Ara inscription" of Kanishka III, found in the Indus region, not far south of Attock. In this inscription, he is presented as the father of Kanishka, thought to be Kanishka III, and his name appears in Kharoshthi as "Vajeshka". Isapur inscription of Vasishka, Year 24Inscription of Vasishka of the Year 24, on a Yupa Brahmanical sacrifical pillar from Isapur, near Mathura. Mathura Museum. The regnal title (bottom) reads clearly in Middle Brahmi script: Mahārājasya rājātirājāsya devaputrasya Shāhe Vvāsishkasya "Of the Great King, the King of kings, His Majesty, Shahi Vasishka" Ara inscription of the Year 41The Ara inscription of Kanishka III, in Kharoshthi, using the title Maharaja Rajatiraja Devaputra Kaisara Kanishka ("Great King, King of Kings, Son of God, Caesar, Kanishka) Isapur inscription of Vasishka, Year 24 An inscription in the name of Vasishka in pure Sanskrit in Middle Brahmi script, with his full imperial titles Mahārājasya rājātirājāsya devaputrasya Shāhe Vvāsishkasya ("Of the Great King, the King of kings, His Majesty, Shahi Vasishka") was found in Isapur (27°30′41″N 77°41′21″E / 27.5115°N 77.6893°E / 27.5115; 77.6893), near the city of Mathura, on the shaft of a "Yupa", a sacrificial Brahmanical pillar, now in the Mathura Museum. Coinage Gold Dinar of Vasishka (as Vaskushana). Oesho, probably Shiva, appears on the reverse. c. 240-250 CE The coinage of Vasishka became smaller than his predecessors, being minted on increasingly small flans, and the metal quality becoming debased. The deities appearing on the reverse of his coinage are similar to those in the coins of Huvishka and Vasudeva I. Several of Vāsishka's coins have been found together with those of the Kushano-Sasanian ruler Ardashir I Kushanshah, suggesting a level of rivalry and interaction between the two rulers. The coins of Vasishka usually have the legend in Greco-Bactrian script þAONANOþAO BAZIþKO KOþANO "King of King Bazeshko Kushano". Some coins with a slightly different name (Obverse legend þAONANOþAO BAZOΔΗO/BOZOΗO KOþANO "King of King Bazodeo the Kushan") have been attributed to "Vaskushana", generally equaled with Vasishka himself. References "Ancient Indian Inscriptions", S. R. Goyal, 2005 "From Persepolis to the Punjab: Exploring Ancient Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan", Elizabeth Errington and Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, 2007. The Crossroads of Asia: Transformation in Image and Symbol", Elizabeth Errington and Joe Cribb, 1992. References ^ CNG Coins notice ^ a b c d Rosenfield, John M. (1967). The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans. University of California Press. p. 57. ^ Konow, Sten, Kharoshṭhī Inscriptions with the Exception of Those of Aśoka, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. II, Part I. Calcutta: Government of India Central Publication Branch, p. 163 ^ a b c d Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). From the Kushans to the Western Turks. p. 203. ^ a b Mitra, Debala (2001). Sanchi. Archeological Survey of India. p. 7 Note 1. ^ a b c Kuraishi, Mohammad Hamid; Kak, Ram Chandra; Chanda, Ramaprasad; Marshall, John Hubert (1922). Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sanchi, Bhopal State. Calcutta, Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 29–32. ^ Dani, A. H.; Staff, UNESCO; Asimov, M. S.; Litvinsky, B. A.; Zhang, Guang-da; Samghabadi, R. Shabani; Bosworth, C. E. (1994). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. UNESCO. p. 253. ISBN 9789231028465. ^ "He might have begun to rule even two years earlier if he can be identified with king Vaskushana(=Vasishka Kushana?) of a Sanchi record of the year22" Shashi, Shyam Singh (1999). Encyclopaedia Indica: The Kushana Empire: government, society, and culture. Anmol Publications. p. 23. ISBN 9788170418597. ^ Marshall, Sir John (1902). Monuments Of Sanchi Vol.1. p. 386. ^ Konow, Sten (1929). Kharoshthi Inscriptions With The Exception Of Those Of Asoka. p. 163. ^ Catalogue Of The Archaeological Museum At Mathura. 1910. p. 189. ^ Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. p. 134. ISBN 9781474400312. ^ Singh, Arvind Kumar (1996). Coins of the Great Kushanas. Parimal Publications. p. 23. ^ Friedberg, Arthur L.; Friedberg, Ira S.; Friedberg, Robert (2017). Gold Coins of the World - 9th edition: From Ancient Times to the Present. An Illustrated Standard Catlaog with Valuations. Coin & Currency Institute. p. 474, coin 38–39. ISBN 9780871840097. ^ "The coins bearing the legend 'ShaonanoShao Ba-Zodeo/Bozoeo Koshano', ('PAONANOPAO BA-ZOAHO / BOZOHO KOPANO') starts at 1 o'clock have 46 been attributed to Vaskushana (Vasishka) by Gobl." in Bhavan, Bharat Kala; Sharma, Savita (1999). Gold Coins of Imperial Kushāṇas and Their Successors in Bharat Kala Bhavan. Bharat Kala Bhavan, Banaras Hindu University. p. 51. External links Online catalogue of coins of Vasishka Preceded byKanishka II Kushan Ruler Succeeded byKanishka III vteKushan EmpireEmperors, territories and chronology Territories/dates Western India Western PakistanBalochistan ParopamisadaeArachosia Bajaur Gandhara Western Punjab Eastern Punjab Mathura Pataliputra INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGDOM INDO-GREEK KINGDOM INDO-SCYTHIAN Northern Satraps 25 BCE – 10 CE Indo-Scythian dynasty of theAPRACHARAJASVijayamitra(ruled 12 BCE – 15 CE) Liaka KusulakaPatika KusulakaZeionises Kharahostes(ruled 10 BCE– 10 CE)Mujatria Strato II and Strato III Hagana 10-20CE INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOMGondophares Indravasu INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOMGondophares Rajuvula 20–30 CE UbouzanesPakores Vispavarma(ruled c. 0–20 CE) Sarpedones Bhadayasa Sodasa 30-40 CE KUSHAN EMPIREKujula Kadphises (c. 50–90) Indravarma Abdagases ... ... 40–45 CE Aspavarma Gadana ... ... 45–50 CE Sasan Sases ... ... 50–75 CE ... ... 75–100 CE Indo-Scythian dynasty of theWESTERN SATRAPSChastana Vima Takto (c. 90–113) ... ... 100–120 CE Abhiraka Vima Kadphises (c. 113–127) 120 CE BhumakaNahapana PARATARAJASYolamira Kanishka I (c. 127–151) Great Satrap Kharapallanaand Satrap Vanasparafor Kanishka I 130–230 CE Jayadaman Rudradaman I Damajadasri I Jivadaman Rudrasimha I Isvaradatta Rudrasimha I Jivadaman Rudrasena I Bagamira Arjuna Hvaramira Mirahvara Huvishka (c. 151 – c. 190) Vasudeva I (c. 190 – 230) 230–250 CE Samghadaman Damasena Damajadasri II Viradaman Yasodaman I Vijayasena Damajadasri III Rudrasena II Visvasimha Miratakhma Kozana Bhimarjuna Koziya Datarvharna Datarvharna KUSHANO-SASANIANS Ardashir I (c. 230 – 250) Ardashir II (?-245) Kanishka II (c. 230 – 247) 250–280 Peroz I, "Kushanshah" (c. 250 – 265) Hormizd I, "Kushanshah" (c. 265 – 295) Vāsishka (c. 247 – 267) Kanishka III (c. 267 – 270) 280–300 Bhratadarman Datayola II Hormizd II, "Kushanshah" (c. 295 – 300) Vasudeva II (c. 267 – 300) GUPTA EMPIRE Chandragupta I Samudragupta Chandragupta II 300–320 CE Visvasena Rudrasimha IIJivadaman Peroz II, "Kushanshah" (c. 300 – 325) Mahi (c. 300–305) Shaka (c. 305 – 335) 320–388 CE Yasodaman II Rudradaman II Rudrasena III Simhasena Rudrasena IV Varahran I (325–350) Shapur II Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" (c. 350) Kipunada (c. 335 – 350) 388–396 CE Rudrasimha III KIDARITES invasion ^ From the dated inscription on the Rukhana reliquary ^ Richard Salomon (July–September 1996). "An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 116 (3): 418–452 . JSTOR 605147. ^ Richard Salomon (1995) . "A Kharosthī Reliquary Inscription of the Time of the Apraca Prince Visnuvarma". South Asian Studies. 11 (1): 27–32. doi:10.1080/02666030.1995.9628492. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Jongeward, David; Cribb, Joe (2014). Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society by David Jongeward and Joe Cribb with Peter Donovan. p. 4.

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura"},{"link_name":"Sanchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchi"},{"link_name":"Attock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attock"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAK-2"},{"link_name":"Brahmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_vaa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_si.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kharosthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharosthi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kanishka II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka_II"}],"text":"Mathura(Isapur)SanchiAttock(Ara)class=notpageimage| Location of the epigraphic inscriptions of Vasishka.[2]Vāsishka (Bactrian: BAZHÞKO Bazēško; Middle Brahmi Vā-si-ṣka, Vāsiṣka; Kharosthi: 𐨬𐨗𐨿𐨱𐨅𐨮𐨿𐨐 Va-jhe-ṣka, Vajheṣka;[3] ruled c. 247–265 CE) was a Kushan emperor, who seems to have had a short reign following Kanishka II.","title":"Vāsishka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KR203-4"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAK-2"},{"link_name":"Sanchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchi"}],"text":"The rule of Vāsishka in the area of Punjab is attested by inscriptions,[4] as well as in the area of Mathura (Isapur inscription).[2] His rule is recorded as far south as Sanchi, where one and possibly another inscription in his name have been found, dated to the year 22 (The Sanchi inscription of \"Vaskushana\"-i.e. Vasishka Kushana) and year 28 (The Sanchi inscription of Vasaska-i.e. Vasishka) of a Kushan era (widely thought to be the second century of the Kanishka era). This would place his reign c. 247–265.","title":"Rule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KR203-4"}],"text":"Vasishka appears in four known inscriptions, including a Kharoshti inscription in the Indus region.[4]","title":"Inscriptions and statuary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"art of Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura_art"},{"link_name":"Sanchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S7-5"},{"link_name":"Bodhisattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAT29-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanchi_Bodhisattva_with_inscription_of_Year_28_of_Kushan_King_Vasishka.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MET_DP701395.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAT29-6"}],"sub_title":"Sanchi Bodhisattava","text":"Several statues or statue fragments from the art of Mathura with the name of Vasishka have been found on the site of Sanchi.[5] One of them is a statue of a seated Bodhisattva, dated to \"Year 28 of Vasishka\". The inscription reads:[6]Sanchi Bodhisattva with inscription of Year 28 of Kushan King Vasishka.\nL.1 ........ sya [rā] j[ā] t[i] r [ā] jasya Dēvaputrasya sh[ā]hi V[ā]s[ī]shkasya sa[ṁ] 20 8 he I di 5 as ya purv [āyāṁ] Bhaga[va] \nL.2 sya jambuchhāyā-śailagṛi [ha]sya Dharmadēva vihārē pratishṭāpita Virasya dhitare Madhuriaka \nL.3 [Anē]na deyadharma-pari [tyāgena] \n\nA better preserved statue with similar jewellery.\n\"Success : In the year 28 of Mahārāja Rājatirāja Devaputra Shāhi Vāsishka, in the first month of winter, on the fifth day, on this date, Madhurika, daughter of Vīra, installed (an image) of Bhagavat (Bodhisattva) sitting on the hill under the shade of the Jambu (rose-apple) tree in the Dharmadāvavihāra. \nBy this gift.... \" [6]","title":"Inscriptions and statuary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"standing Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Buddha"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S7-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAT29-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanchi_Buddha_piedestal_inscribed_Year_22_of_Vaskushana.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Sanchi pedestal","text":"Another Mathura fragment found in Sanchi is the pedestal of a statue of a standing Buddha.[5] The inscription is inscribed with \"Year 22 of Vaskushana\", thought to be possibly \"Vasishka Kushana\".[7][8] Worshippers in long tunics with belts typical of the Kushan style can be seen standing around a seated Boddhisattva.[6] The inscription reads:Sanchi Buddha pedestal inscribed Year 22 of Vaskushana.\nL.1 ..... rājño Vaskushāṇasya sa 20 2 va 2 di 10 Bhagavato Sakkyam[un]eḥ pratimā pratishṭāpita Vidyamatiye pu \nL.2 ......mātā-pitṛiṇa sarvva-satvanā ca hita-su\n\n\"In the (reign) of King Vaskushāṇa, the year 22, the 2nd month of the rainy season, on the 10th day, (this) image of the Bhagavat Sakyamuni was installed by Vidyamati for ...... and for the welfare and happiness of (her) parents and all creatures.\"[9]","title":"Inscriptions and statuary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kanishka III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka_III"},{"link_name":"Indus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus"},{"link_name":"Attock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attock"},{"link_name":"Kanishka III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka_III"},{"link_name":"Kharoshthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharoshthi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAK-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isapur_sacrificial_pillar_of_Vasishka.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isapur_pillar_inscription_of_Vasishka.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isapur_inscription_of_Vasishka_Year_24.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isapur_pillar_inscription_regnal_title_of_Vasishka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupa"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura"},{"link_name":"Mathura Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura_Museum"},{"link_name":"Brahmi script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmi_script"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_m.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_h.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_j.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_j.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_ti.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_j.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_de.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_v.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_pu.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_gujarat_ssaa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_he.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_vvaa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_si.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ara_inscription_of_the_Year_41.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ara_inscription_of_the_Year_41_(translation).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kharoshthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharoshthi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Ara inscription","text":"Vāsishka appears in the \"Ara inscription\" of Kanishka III, found in the Indus region, not far south of Attock. In this inscription, he is presented as the father of Kanishka, thought to be Kanishka III, and his name appears in Kharoshthi as \"Vajeshka\".[2]Isapur inscription of Vasishka, Year 24Inscription of Vasishka of the Year 24, on a Yupa Brahmanical sacrifical pillar from Isapur, near Mathura. Mathura Museum. The regnal title (bottom) reads clearly in Middle Brahmi script: Mahārājasya rājātirājāsya devaputrasya Shāhe Vvāsishkasya \"Of the Great King, the King of kings, His Majesty, Shahi Vasishka\"Ara inscription of the Year 41The Ara inscription of Kanishka III, in Kharoshthi, using the title Maharaja Rajatiraja Devaputra Kaisara Kanishka (\"Great King, King of Kings, Son of God, Caesar, Kanishka)[10]","title":"Inscriptions and statuary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Brahmi script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmi_script"},{"link_name":"27°30′41″N 77°41′21″E / 27.5115°N 77.6893°E / 27.5115; 77.6893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=V%C4%81sishka&params=27.5115_N_77.6893_E_"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura"},{"link_name":"Yupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupa"},{"link_name":"Mathura Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura_Museum"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAK-2"}],"sub_title":"Isapur inscription of Vasishka, Year 24","text":"An inscription in the name of Vasishka in pure Sanskrit in Middle Brahmi script, with his full imperial titles Mahārājasya rājātirājāsya devaputrasya Shāhe Vvāsishkasya (\"Of the Great King, the King of kings, His Majesty, Shahi Vasishka\") was found in Isapur (27°30′41″N 77°41′21″E / 27.5115°N 77.6893°E / 27.5115; 77.6893), near the city of Mathura, on the shaft of a \"Yupa\", a sacrificial Brahmanical pillar, now in the Mathura Museum.[11][2]","title":"Inscriptions and statuary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_Dinar_of_Vasishka_(as_Vaskushana)_Circa_CE_240-250.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oesho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesho"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KR203-4"},{"link_name":"Huvishka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huvishka"},{"link_name":"Vasudeva I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasudeva_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KR203-4"},{"link_name":"Kushano-Sasanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian"},{"link_name":"Ardashir I Kushanshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardashir_I_Kushanshah"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROS134-12"},{"link_name":"Greco-Bactrian script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_script"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Gold Dinar of Vasishka (as Vaskushana). Oesho, probably Shiva, appears on the reverse. c. 240-250 CEThe coinage of Vasishka became smaller than his predecessors, being minted on increasingly small flans, and the metal quality becoming debased.[4] The deities appearing on the reverse of his coinage are similar to those in the coins of Huvishka and Vasudeva I.[4]Several of Vāsishka's coins have been found together with those of the Kushano-Sasanian ruler Ardashir I Kushanshah, suggesting a level of rivalry and interaction between the two rulers.[12]The coins of Vasishka usually have the legend in Greco-Bactrian script þAONANOþAO BAZIþKO KOþANO \"King of King Bazeshko Kushano\".[13]Some coins with a slightly different name (Obverse legend þAONANOþAO BAZOΔΗO/BOZOΗO KOþANO \"King of King Bazodeo the Kushan\") have been attributed to \"Vaskushana\", generally equaled with Vasishka himself.[14][15]","title":"Coinage"}]

[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/177px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg/82px-Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sanchi Bodhisattva with inscription of Year 28 of Kushan King Vasishka.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sanchi_Bodhisattva_with_inscription_of_Year_28_of_Kushan_King_Vasishka.jpg/220px-Sanchi_Bodhisattva_with_inscription_of_Year_28_of_Kushan_King_Vasishka.jpg"},{"image_text":"A better preserved statue with similar jewellery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MET_DP701395.jpg/100px-MET_DP701395.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sanchi Buddha pedestal inscribed Year 22 of Vaskushana.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sanchi_Buddha_piedestal_inscribed_Year_22_of_Vaskushana.jpg/220px-Sanchi_Buddha_piedestal_inscribed_Year_22_of_Vaskushana.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gold Dinar of Vasishka (as Vaskushana). Oesho, probably Shiva, appears on the reverse. c. 240-250 CE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gold_Dinar_of_Vasishka_%28as_Vaskushana%29_Circa_CE_240-250.jpg/300px-Gold_Dinar_of_Vasishka_%28as_Vaskushana%29_Circa_CE_240-250.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Rosenfield, John M. (1967). The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans. University of California Press. p. 57.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA57","url_text":"The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans"}]},{"reference":"Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). From the Kushans to the Western Turks. p. 203.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/32671225","url_text":"From the Kushans to the Western Turks"}]},{"reference":"Mitra, Debala (2001). Sanchi. Archeological Survey of India. p. 7 Note 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sanchi00mitr/page/7","url_text":"Sanchi"}]},{"reference":"Kuraishi, Mohammad Hamid; Kak, Ram Chandra; Chanda, Ramaprasad; Marshall, John Hubert (1922). Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sanchi, Bhopal State. Calcutta, Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 29–32.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924023945110/page/n35","url_text":"Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sanchi, Bhopal State"}]},{"reference":"Dani, A. H.; Staff, UNESCO; Asimov, M. S.; Litvinsky, B. A.; Zhang, Guang-da; Samghabadi, R. Shabani; Bosworth, C. E. (1994). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. UNESCO. p. 253. ISBN 9789231028465.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&pg=PA253","url_text":"History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231028465","url_text":"9789231028465"}]},{"reference":"Shashi, Shyam Singh (1999). Encyclopaedia Indica: The Kushana Empire: government, society, and culture. Anmol Publications. p. 23. ISBN 9788170418597.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lvwvAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Indica: The Kushana Empire: government, society, and culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170418597","url_text":"9788170418597"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Sir John (1902). Monuments Of Sanchi Vol.1. p. 386.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532798/page/n409","url_text":"Monuments Of Sanchi Vol.1"}]},{"reference":"Konow, Sten (1929). Kharoshthi Inscriptions With The Exception Of Those Of Asoka. p. 163.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n361","url_text":"Kharoshthi Inscriptions With The Exception Of Those Of Asoka"}]},{"reference":"Catalogue Of The Archaeological Museum At Mathura. 1910. p. 189.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107003/page/n261","url_text":"Catalogue Of The Archaeological Museum At Mathura"}]},{"reference":"Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. p. 134. ISBN 9781474400312.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VjVYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT134","url_text":"ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474400312","url_text":"9781474400312"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Arvind Kumar (1996). Coins of the Great Kushanas. Parimal Publications. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qFQWAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Coins of the Great Kushanas"}]},{"reference":"Friedberg, Arthur L.; Friedberg, Ira S.; Friedberg, Robert (2017). Gold Coins of the World - 9th edition: From Ancient Times to the Present. An Illustrated Standard Catlaog with Valuations. Coin & Currency Institute. p. 474, coin 38–39. ISBN 9780871840097.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VHZEDgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Gold Coins of the World - 9th edition: From Ancient Times to the Present. An Illustrated Standard Catlaog with Valuations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871840097","url_text":"9780871840097"}]},{"reference":"Bhavan, Bharat Kala; Sharma, Savita (1999). Gold Coins of Imperial Kushāṇas and Their Successors in Bharat Kala Bhavan. Bharat Kala Bhavan, Banaras Hindu University. p. 51.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j1dmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Gold Coins of Imperial Kushāṇas and Their Successors in Bharat Kala Bhavan"}]},{"reference":"Richard Salomon (July–September 1996). \"An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 116 (3): 418–452 [442]. JSTOR 605147.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/605147","url_text":"605147"}]},{"reference":"Richard Salomon (1995) [Published online: 9 Aug 2010]. \"A Kharosthī Reliquary Inscription of the Time of the Apraca Prince Visnuvarma\". South Asian Studies. 11 (1): 27–32. doi:10.1080/02666030.1995.9628492.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02666030.1995.9628492","url_text":"10.1080/02666030.1995.9628492"}]},{"reference":"Jongeward, David; Cribb, Joe (2014). Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society by David Jongeward and Joe Cribb with Peter Donovan. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/11049999","url_text":"Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society by David Jongeward and Joe Cribb with Peter Donovan"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jouhikko

Jouhikko

["1 Name","2 History","3 Repertory","4 Tuning","5 Playing technique","6 Modern revival","7 Related instruments","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Literature","9.2 Notes","10 External links"]

Lyre JouhikkoA Chadwick jouhikkoRelated instruments lyreCrwthTalharpaGue Three string jouhikko made by Rauno Nieminen. The jouhikko (Finnish: ) is a traditional, two- or three-stringed bowed lyre, from Finland and Karelia. Its strings are traditionally of horsehair. The playing of this instrument died out in the early 20th century but has been revived and there are now a number of musicians playing it. Name The Jouhikko is also called jouhikannel (Finnish: ) or jouhikantele (Finnish: ), meaning a bowed kantele. In English, the usual modern designation is bowed lyre, although the earlier preferred term bowed harp is also used. There are different names for the instrument in different languages. History Perhaps the earliest definite depiction of this kind of instrument is the stone carving from Trondheim Cathedral, Norway, dating from the second quarter of the 14th century. 18th-century writers in Latin mention instruments that seem to be a jouhikko, but the first illustration comes from c. 1830 CE. Folk music collectors in the late 19th and early 20th century visited players in Finland and Karelia, and collected instruments, noted tunes, made field recordings and took photographs. Repertory The jouhikko repertory was mostly collected in the field by A. O. Väisänen from 1913 to 1931. The jouhikko was used for playing dance music, and the collected tunes are very short, and were largely improvised. The scale of the jouhikko is only 6 notes, with a constantly sounding drone. Tuning In a three-string jouhikko, the middle string, or in a two-string instrument, the lower or left hand string, is the drone string. Absolute pitch is not fixed, but in Nieminen's charts this is given the note d. The upper or right hand string, passing over the finger-hole, is fingered to give a scale, and this scale typically runs upwards from the note a 4th above the drone, or in Nieminen's charts, g a b c d e. The third or left hand string can be tuned down to a lower drone, or up to provide one of the melody notes. Playing technique The strings are stopped by touching them with the back of the fingers (the knuckles or nails), as there is no fingerboard to press the strings against. This fingering method is rather similar to the igil or the sarangi which also lack fingerboards. To touch the melody string the hand is inserted through a hole in the flat wooden board that makes up the top third of the instrument. On a 3-string instrument tuned g-d-a, the first note of the scale is played on the g string, which cannot be fingered as it lies on the far side of the drone and out of reach of the hand hole. The second note is the a string played open. The third, fourth, fifth and sixth notes of the scale are played with the backs of the four fingers, stopping the a string. Whilst it is possible to play higher notes by moving the hand further up the string all the traditional melodies are within a compass of six notes, the first six notes of either a major or minor scale. Modern revival Acoustic Electric Jouhikko by Charlie Bynum, Silver Spoon Music, NL. 2014 Modern instruments are made with horsehair, nylon, gut or even metal viola strings . Following Estonian talharpa technique, the hand hole is often made larger so that the hand can be inserted between the first and second strings, stopping the first with the insides of the fingers and the second with the outside The most prominent recent use of the jouhikko is the Finnish folk band Jouhiorkesteri, whose member Rauno Nieminen is considered to be the modern master of the instrument. Other bands using jouhikko include Finnish folk metal band Korpiklaani, and Estonian folk metal bands Raud-Ants and Metsatöll. Kvitrafn (Einar Selvik) of the Norwegian traditional/folk band Wardruna uses his own made Jouhikko on their 2009 album Runaljod – Gap Var Ginnunga. The Jouhikko sound has been recently popularized in performances by the traditional Siberian/Norse folk music of 'Nyttland' and also in the dark age trance music from Celtic duo 'Primordia'. Related instruments The jouhikko is a member of a family of bowed lyre type instruments that stretches from Russia in the east, through Scandinavia, to Britain and Ireland. Most of these regions have only very sketchy evidence about their extinct bowed lyre traditions. The four-stringed Estonian talharpa and hiiu kannel have a wider hand hole and can play a wider range and shifting drones. The Welsh crwth is the most developed of this family to survive, with six strings, a fingerboard, and a complex playing style. Extinct or obscure variants include the Shetland gue and the English crowd. Other instruments are perhaps less closely related, including the bowed zithers such as the Finnish harppu, Icelandic fiðla, and the North American Inuit tautirut. See also Music of Finland Talharpa Gue References Literature Andersson, Otto. The Bowed Harp. Translated and edited by Kathleen Schlesinger. London: New Temple Press, 1930. Andersson, Otto. The Bowed Harp of Trondheim Cathedral and Related Instruments in East and West. The Galpin Society Journal, Vol. 23, (Aug., 1970), pp. 4–34. Nieminen, Rauno. Jouhikko — The Bowed Lyre. Kansanmusiikki-instituutin julkaisuja, Vol. 61. 2007. Notes ^ "The Stringed Instrument Database". Archived from the original on 2011-02-28. Retrieved 2010-08-02. ^ a b Nieminen 2007 , p. 19 ^ Andersson 1970, p. 11 ^ Andersson 1970, p. 4 and plate 1a ^ Andersson 1930, p. 46 ^ Andersson 1930, p. 53 ^ Nieminen 2007, p. 27 ^ Nieminen 2007, p. 25 ^ Nieminen 2007, p. 40 ^ Nieminen 2007, p. 28 ^ Nieminen 2007, p. 155–156 ^ Nieminen 2007, p. 29–35 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jouhikko. Jouhiorkesteri More info on Simon Chadwick's Jouhikko with photos, audio and video demonstration Authority control databases MusicBrainz instrument

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jouhikko.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rauno Nieminen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauno_Esa_Nieminen"},{"link_name":"[ˈjou̯hikːo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish"},{"link_name":"bowed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(music)"},{"link_name":"lyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Three string jouhikko made by Rauno Nieminen.The jouhikko (Finnish: [ˈjou̯hikːo]) is a traditional, two- or three-stringed bowed lyre, from Finland and Karelia. Its strings are traditionally of horsehair. The playing of this instrument died out in the early 20th century but has been revived and there are now a number of musicians playing it.[1]","title":"Jouhikko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈjou̯hiˈkɑnːe̞l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish"},{"link_name":"[ˈjou̯hiˈkɑnt̪e̞le̞ʔ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Jouhikko#Dubious"},{"link_name":"kantele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantele"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nieminen19-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nieminen19-2"}],"text":"The Jouhikko is also called jouhikannel (Finnish: [ˈjou̯hiˈkɑnːe̞l]) or jouhikantele (Finnish: [ˈjou̯hiˈkɑnt̪e̞le̞ʔ]), meaning a bowed[dubious – discuss] kantele.[2] In English, the usual modern designation is bowed lyre, although the earlier preferred term bowed harp[3] is also used. There are different names for the instrument in different languages.[2]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trondheim Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Perhaps the earliest definite depiction of this kind of instrument is the stone carving from Trondheim Cathedral, Norway, dating from the second quarter of the 14th century.[4]18th-century writers in Latin mention instruments that seem to be a jouhikko,[5] but the first illustration comes from c. 1830 CE.[6] Folk music collectors in the late 19th and early 20th century visited players in Finland and Karelia, and collected instruments, noted tunes, made field recordings and took photographs.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. O. Väisänen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._O._V%C3%A4is%C3%A4nen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The jouhikko repertory was mostly collected in the field by A. O. Väisänen from 1913 to 1931.[7] The jouhikko was used for playing dance music, and the collected tunes are very short, and were largely improvised.[8] The scale of the jouhikko is only 6 notes, with a constantly sounding drone.","title":"Repertory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In a three-string jouhikko, the middle string, or in a two-string instrument, the lower or left hand string, is the drone string. Absolute pitch is not fixed, but in Nieminen's charts[9] this is given the note d. The upper or right hand string, passing over the finger-hole, is fingered to give a scale, and this scale typically runs upwards from the note a 4th above the drone, or in Nieminen's charts, g a b c d e. The third or left hand string can be tuned down to a lower drone, or up to provide one of the melody notes.[10]","title":"Tuning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"igil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igil"},{"link_name":"sarangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarangi"}],"text":"The strings are stopped by touching them with the back of the fingers (the knuckles or nails), as there is no fingerboard to press the strings against. This fingering method is rather similar to the igil or the sarangi which also lack fingerboards. To touch the melody string the hand is inserted through a hole in the flat wooden board that makes up the top third of the instrument.On a 3-string instrument tuned g-d-a, the first note of the scale is played on the g string, which cannot be fingered as it lies on the far side of the drone and out of reach of the hand hole. The second note is the a string played open. The third, fourth, fifth and sixth notes of the scale are played with the backs of the four fingers, stopping the a string. Whilst it is possible to play higher notes by moving the hand further up the string all the traditional melodies are within a compass of six notes, the first six notes of either a major or minor scale.","title":"Playing technique"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acoustic_electric_Jouhikko_by_Charlie_Bynum,_Silver_Spoon_Music,_NL,_2014_2014-07-10_10-46.jpg"},{"link_name":"talharpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talharpa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jouhiorkesteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jouhiorkesteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rauno Nieminen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauno_Esa_Nieminen"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"folk metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_metal"},{"link_name":"Korpiklaani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpiklaani"},{"link_name":"Raud-Ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raud-Ants"},{"link_name":"Metsatöll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metsat%C3%B6ll"},{"link_name":"Kvitrafn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvitrafn"},{"link_name":"Einar Selvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Selvik"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Wardruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardruna"},{"link_name":"trance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trance_music"}],"text":"Acoustic Electric Jouhikko by Charlie Bynum, Silver Spoon Music, NL. 2014Modern instruments are made with horsehair, nylon, gut or even metal viola strings . Following Estonian talharpa technique, the hand hole is often made larger so that the hand can be inserted between the first and second strings, stopping the first with the insides of the fingers and the second with the outside[11]The most prominent recent use of the jouhikko is the Finnish folk band Jouhiorkesteri, whose member Rauno Nieminen is considered to be the modern master of the instrument[by whom?]. Other bands using jouhikko include Finnish folk metal band Korpiklaani, and Estonian folk metal bands Raud-Ants and Metsatöll.Kvitrafn (Einar Selvik) of the Norwegian traditional/folk band Wardruna uses his own made Jouhikko on their 2009 album Runaljod – Gap Var Ginnunga.The Jouhikko sound has been recently popularized in performances by the traditional Siberian/Norse folk music of 'Nyttland' and also in the dark age trance music from Celtic duo 'Primordia'.","title":"Modern revival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"talharpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talharpa"},{"link_name":"hiiu kannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiiu_kannel"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"crwth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crwth"},{"link_name":"Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland"},{"link_name":"gue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gue"},{"link_name":"harppu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harppu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fiðla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%B0la"},{"link_name":"tautirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautirut"}],"text":"The jouhikko is a member of a family of bowed lyre type instruments that stretches from Russia in the east, through Scandinavia, to Britain and Ireland. Most of these regions have only very sketchy evidence about their extinct bowed lyre traditions. The four-stringed Estonian talharpa and hiiu kannel have a wider hand hole and can play a wider range and shifting drones.[12] The Welsh crwth is the most developed of this family to survive, with six strings, a fingerboard, and a complex playing style. Extinct or obscure variants include the Shetland gue and the English crowd. Other instruments are perhaps less closely related, including the bowed zithers such as the Finnish harppu, Icelandic fiðla, and the North American Inuit tautirut.","title":"Related instruments"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Southern_Maori_by-election

1967 Southern Maori by-election

["1 Candidates","2 Results","3 Notes","4 References"]

New Zealand by-election 1967 Southern Maori by-election ← 1966 general 11 March 1967 (1967-03-11) 1969 general → Turnout6,686 (50.47%)   Candidate Whetu Tirikatene Baden Pere Party Labour National Popular vote 4,968 1,371 Percentage 74.31 20.51 MP before election Sir Eruera Tirikatene Labour Elected MP Whetu Tirikatene Labour The Southern Māori by-election of 1967 was a by-election for the electorate of Southern Maori on 11 March 1967 during the 35th New Zealand Parliament. The by-election resulted from the death of the previous member Sir Eruera Tirikatene on 11 January 1967. The by-election was won by his daughter Whetu Tirikatene (later Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan), also of the Labour Party. Candidates Labour Tirikatene's son, Te Rino Tirikatene, who had stood unsuccessfully for the Labour Party in the 1963 election and 1966 election for Rangiora, was initially expected to succeed him as MP for Southern Maori. As Te Rino was part-Maori and entitled to choose between being on the Maori and European electoral rolls, at the time of the by-election he was registered on the European roll in Rangiora where he had to remain under the electoral act until the next general election, which made it unlikely he would be eligible as a candidate in Southern Maori. With Te Rino effectively ruled out, attention turned to Tirikatene's daughter Whetu (who was studying in Australia at the time) as the likely Labour candidate for the seat. The Labour Party eventually chose Whetu Tirikatene as its candidate. National Flight Lieutenant Mafeking Baden Powell Pere was chosen by the National Party. He was a jet pilot in the Royal New Zealand Air Force based at Wigram Aerodrome. Pere had contested the Southern Maori seat in the previous election. Social Credit The Social Credit Party selected James Hugh MacDonald, a lineman from Blenheim as its candidate. He had contested the Southern Maori seat at the 1966 election. Results The following table gives the election results: 1967 Southern Maori by-election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Whetu Tirikatene 4,968 74.31 National Baden Pere 1,371 20.51 -1.17 Social Credit James Hugh MacDonald 347 5.18 -0.85 Majority 3,597 53.80 Turnout 6,686 50.47 -12.21 Registered electors 13,248 Tirikatene was elected with a huge majority, becoming the youngest woman to have been elected to Parliament to that time. Contrary to normal trends the candidate from the incumbent party increased their vote and majority. Leader of the Opposition Norman Kirk said he was encouraged by the result due to the swing to Labour being consistent across the electorate, which covered the area of 40 general seats, many of which were marginal. It also encompassed the seats of Fendalton and Petone, both of which had pending by-elections. Notes ^ "Tirikatene's Successor". The Press. Vol. CVI, no. 31267. 13 January 1967. p. 1. ^ "Mr Tirikatene Ineligible?". The Press. Vol. CVI, no. 31268. 14 January 1967. p. 1. ^ a b Brown, Helen (19 September 2018). "Tirikatene-Sullivan, Tini Whetu Marama – Biography". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 29 February 2020. ^ "Tirikatene Again". The Evening Post. 15 February 1967. ^ "Contesting Maori Seat". The Evening Post. 13 February 1967. ^ "Three Candidates". The Evening Post. 17 February 1967. p. 15. ^ Norton 1988, pp. 400. ^ "Maori Seat Remains in Family". The Dominion. 13 March 1967. p. 1. References Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. p. 400. ISBN 0-475-11200-8. Wood, G. A. (1996) . Ministers and Members in the New Zealand Parliament (2 ed.). Dunedin: University of Otago Press. p. 113. ISBN 1 877133 00 0. vte« (1912–1938) «   By-elections in New Zealand in the two-party era (1939–1995)   » (1996–present) »26th Parliament Christchurch South, 1939 Auckland West, 1940 Waipawa, 1940 Waitemata, 1941 Bay of Plenty, 1941 Mid-Canterbury, 1942 Temuka, 1942 Hauraki, 1942 Christchurch East, 1943 Northern Maori, 1943 27th Parliament Awarua, 1944 Western Maori, 1945 Hamilton, 1945 Dunedin North, 1945 Raglan, 1946 28th Parliament Avon, 1947 Mount Albert, 1947 Westland, 1947 29th Parliament Brooklyn, 1951 30th Parliament Dunedin North, 1953 Onehunga, 1953 Onslow, 1954 Patea, 1954 31st Parliament Riccarton, 1956 Bay of Plenty, 1957 32nd Parliament Hamilton, 1959 33rd Parliament Hurunui, 1961 Waitaki, 1962 Buller, 1962 Timaru, 1962 Otahuhu, 1963 Northern Maori, 1963 Grey Lynn, 1963 34th Parliament There were no by-elections during the term of the 34th Parliament. 35th Parliament Southern Maori, 1967 Fendalton, 1967 Petone, 1967 Palmerston North, 1967 Eastern Maori, 1967 Hutt, 1968 36th Parliament Marlborough, 1970 37th Parliament Sydenham, 1974 38th Parliament Nelson, 1976 Mangere, 1977 Pahiatua, 1977 Rangitikei, 1978 39th Parliament Christchurch Central, 1979 Northern Maori, 1980 Onehunga, 1980 East Coast Bays, 1980 40th Parliament There were no by-elections during the term of the 40th Parliament. 41st Parliament Timaru, 1985 42nd Parliament There were no by-elections during the term of the 42nd Parliament. 43rd Parliament Tamaki, 1992 Wellington Central, 1992 Tauranga, 1993 44th Parliament Selwyn, 1994

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Maori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Maori_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"35th New Zealand Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_New_Zealand_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Eruera Tirikatene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruera_Tirikatene"},{"link_name":"Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whetu_Tirikatene-Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party"}],"text":"The Southern Māori by-election of 1967 was a by-election for the electorate of Southern Maori on 11 March 1967 during the 35th New Zealand Parliament. The by-election resulted from the death of the previous member Sir Eruera Tirikatene on 11 January 1967.The by-election was won by his daughter Whetu Tirikatene (later Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan), also of the Labour Party.","title":"1967 Southern Maori by-election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1963 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"1966 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"Rangiora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangiora_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Whetu Tirikatene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whetu_Tirikatene-Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNZB_Tirikatene-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Wigram Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigram_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"lineman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineworker"},{"link_name":"Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"LabourTirikatene's son, Te Rino Tirikatene, who had stood unsuccessfully for the Labour Party in the 1963 election and 1966 election for Rangiora, was initially expected to succeed him as MP for Southern Maori. As Te Rino was part-Maori and entitled to choose between being on the Maori and European electoral rolls, at the time of the by-election he was registered on the European roll in Rangiora where he had to remain under the electoral act until the next general election, which made it unlikely he would be eligible as a candidate in Southern Maori. With Te Rino effectively ruled out, attention turned to Tirikatene's daughter Whetu (who was studying in Australia at the time) as the likely Labour candidate for the seat.[1][2] The Labour Party eventually chose Whetu Tirikatene as its candidate.[3][4]NationalFlight Lieutenant Mafeking Baden Powell Pere was chosen by the National Party. He was a jet pilot in the Royal New Zealand Air Force based at Wigram Aerodrome. Pere had contested the Southern Maori seat in the previous election.[5]Social CreditThe Social Credit Party selected James Hugh MacDonald, a lineman from Blenheim as its candidate. He had contested the Southern Maori seat at the 1966 election.[6]","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNZB_Tirikatene-3"},{"link_name":"Norman Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kirk"},{"link_name":"Fendalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fendalton_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"Petone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petone_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The following table gives the election results:Tirikatene was elected with a huge majority, becoming the youngest woman to have been elected to Parliament to that time.[3] Contrary to normal trends the candidate from the incumbent party increased their vote and majority. Leader of the Opposition Norman Kirk said he was encouraged by the result due to the swing to Labour being consistent across the electorate, which covered the area of 40 general seats, many of which were marginal. It also encompassed the seats of Fendalton and Petone, both of which had pending by-elections.[8]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Tirikatene's Successor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19670113.2.10"},{"link_name":"The Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Mr Tirikatene Ineligible?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19670114.2.9"},{"link_name":"The Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNZB_Tirikatene_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNZB_Tirikatene_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Tirikatene-Sullivan, Tini Whetu Marama – Biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/6t6/tirikatene-sullivan-tini-whetu-marama"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of New Zealand Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"The Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"The Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"The Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton1988400_7-0"},{"link_name":"Norton 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNorton1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"The Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_(Wellington)"}],"text":"^ \"Tirikatene's Successor\". The Press. Vol. CVI, no. 31267. 13 January 1967. p. 1.\n\n^ \"Mr Tirikatene Ineligible?\". The Press. Vol. CVI, no. 31268. 14 January 1967. p. 1.\n\n^ a b Brown, Helen (19 September 2018). \"Tirikatene-Sullivan, Tini Whetu Marama – Biography\". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 29 February 2020.\n\n^ \"Tirikatene Again\". The Evening Post. 15 February 1967.\n\n^ \"Contesting Maori Seat\". The Evening Post. 13 February 1967.\n\n^ \"Three Candidates\". The Evening Post. 17 February 1967. p. 15.\n\n^ Norton 1988, pp. 400.\n\n^ \"Maori Seat Remains in Family\". The Dominion. 13 March 1967. p. 1.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Park_Metro_station

Kingston Park Metro station

[]

Coordinates: 55°00′52″N 1°39′58″W / 55.0144117°N 1.6661176°W / 55.0144117; -1.6661176 Tyne and Wear Metro station in Newcastle upon Tyne Kingston ParkTyne and Wear Metro stationGeneral informationLocationKingston Park, Newcastle upon TyneEnglandCoordinates55°00′52″N 1°39′58″W / 55.0144117°N 1.6661176°W / 55.0144117; -1.6661176Grid referenceNZ214689Transit authorityTyne and Wear PTEPlatforms2Tracks2ConstructionParking96 spacesBicycle facilities5 cycle podsAccessibleStep-free access to platformOther informationStation codeKSPFare zoneBHistoryOriginal companyTyne and Wear MetroKey dates15 September 1985OpenedPassengers2017/180.44 million Services Preceding station Tyne and Wear Metro Following station Fawdontowards South Hylton Green Line Bank Foottowards Airport LocationKingston ParkLocation in City of Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and WearShow map of Newcastle-upon-TyneKingston ParkLocation in Tyne and Wear, EnglandShow map of Tyne and Wear Kingston Park is a Tyne and Wear Metro station, serving the suburb of Kingston Park, Newcastle upon Tyne in Tyne and Wear, England. It joined the network on 15 September 1985. History The area surrounding Kingston Park was largely constructed during the late 1970s and early 1980s, meaning that a station did not appear as part of the original plans for the Tyne and Wear Metro network, as the area did not have the required population density. Kingston Park has two platforms, which are staggered on opposite sides of the level crossing on Brunton Lane. In October 2012, traffic enforcement cameras were installed at the level crossings at Kingston Park and Bank Foot. Similar cameras were installed at Callerton Parkway in 2008. In 2018, the station, along with others on the Airport branch, were refurbished as part of the Metro: All Change programme. The project saw improvements to accessibility, security and energy efficiency, as well as the re-branding of the station to the new black and white corporate colour scheme. The station was used by 443,907 passengers in 2017–18, making it the third-most-used station on the Airport branch, after South Gosforth (1,608,102) and Regent Centre (713,308). Facilities Step-free access is available at all stations across the Tyne and Wear Metro network, with ramped access to both platforms at Kingston Park. The station is equipped with ticket machines, waiting shelter, seating, next train information displays, timetable posters, and an emergency help point on both platforms. Ticket machines are able to accept payment with credit and debit card (including contactless payment), notes and coins. The station is also fitted with smartcard validators, which feature at all stations across the network. A pay and display car park (operated by Newcastle City Council) is available, with 96 spaces, plus four accessible spaces. There is also the provision for cycle parking, with five cycle pods available for use. Services As of April 2021, the station is served by up to five trains per hour on weekdays and Saturday, and up to four trains per hour during the evening and on Sunday. Rolling stock used: Class 599 Metrocar Accidents and incidents On 22 March 1983, prior to the opening of the station, a Tyne and Wear Metro service collided with a bus operated by the Tyne and Wear PTE on the level crossing. Two people were injured in the accident. References ^ "Tyne & Wear Metro usage figures". 2017–2018. Retrieved 21 August 2019. ^ "Safety cameras for Metro level crossings". Nexus. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2020. ^ "Cameras for Metro train crossing". BBC News. 19 April 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2014. ^ Peskett, Joe (3 October 2017). "£300k scheme to improve access at five Newcastle metro stations". Access and Mobility Professional. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020. ^ "Metro passengers feel the benefit of contactless payment". Nexus. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2020. ^ "Revamp for Metro ticket machines". BBC News. 11 December 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2020. ^ "City Metro stations get new smart ticket machines and gates". Nexus. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2020. ^ "Pop card validators at Metro stations are put through their paces". Nexus. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2020. ^ "Timetables and stations: Kingston Park". Nexus. Retrieved 24 May 2020. ^ "Timetables and stations: Kingston Park". Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive. Retrieved 30 March 2021. ^ Olver, P.M. (19 August 1985). "Report on the Collision that occurred on 22nd March 1983 at Brunton Lane Level Crossing on the Tyneside Metropolitan Railway". Department for Transport. Retrieved 24 May 2020. External links Media related to Kingston Park Metro station at Wikimedia Commons Timetable and station information for Kingston Park vteTyne and Wear MetroStationsGreen Line Airport Callerton Parkway Bank Foot Kingston Park Fawdon Wansbeck Road Regent Centre South Gosforth Ilford Road West Jesmond Jesmond Haymarket Monument Central Station Gateshead Gateshead Stadium Felling Heworth Pelaw Fellgate Brockley Whins East Boldon Seaburn Stadium of Light St Peter's Sunderland Park Lane University Millfield Pallion South Hylton Yellow Line St James Monument Manors Byker Chillingham Road Walkergate Wallsend Hadrian Road Howdon Percy Main Meadow Well North Shields Tynemouth Cullercoats Whitley Bay Monkseaton West Monkseaton Shiremoor Northumberland Park Palmersville Benton Four Lane Ends Longbenton South Gosforth Ilford Road West Jesmond Jesmond Haymarket Monument Central Station Gateshead Gateshead Stadium Felling Heworth Pelaw Hebburn Jarrow Bede Simonside Tyne Dock Chichester South Shields OperationsDepot(s) Howdon South Gosforth Operator(s) Current: Tyne and Wear PTE (1980–2010, 2017–present) Previous: Arriva UK Trains (2010–2017) Rolling stock Current: Class 599 Metrocar (1980–present) Future: Class 555 METRO (from 2024) RelatedtopicsDevelopment Proposed upgrades and development See also Karlsruhe model North Tyneside Loop Stadtbahnwagen B Tyneside Electrics Light rail transit systems Transport in Tyne and Wear Tyne and Wear PTE

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyne and Wear Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro"},{"link_name":"Kingston Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Park"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Tyne and Wear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"Tyne and Wear Metro station in Newcastle upon TyneKingston Park is a Tyne and Wear Metro station, serving the suburb of Kingston Park, Newcastle upon Tyne in Tyne and Wear, England. It joined the network on 15 September 1985.","title":"Kingston Park Metro station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyne and Wear Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro"},{"link_name":"traffic enforcement cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_enforcement_camera"},{"link_name":"Bank Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Foot_Metro_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Callerton Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callerton_Parkway_Metro_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"South Gosforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gosforth_Metro_station"},{"link_name":"Regent Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_Centre_Interchange"}],"text":"The area surrounding Kingston Park was largely constructed during the late 1970s and early 1980s, meaning that a station did not appear as part of the original plans for the Tyne and Wear Metro network, as the area did not have the required population density.Kingston Park has two platforms, which are staggered on opposite sides of the level crossing on Brunton Lane.In October 2012, traffic enforcement cameras were installed at the level crossings at Kingston Park and Bank Foot.[2] Similar cameras were installed at Callerton Parkway in 2008.[3]In 2018, the station, along with others on the Airport branch, were refurbished as part of the Metro: All Change programme. The project saw improvements to accessibility, security and energy efficiency, as well as the re-branding of the station to the new black and white corporate colour scheme.[4]The station was used by 443,907 passengers in 2017–18, making it the third-most-used station on the Airport branch, after South Gosforth (1,608,102) and Regent Centre (713,308).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contactless payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactless_payment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-8"},{"link_name":"Newcastle City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"Step-free access is available at all stations across the Tyne and Wear Metro network, with ramped access to both platforms at Kingston Park. The station is equipped with ticket machines, waiting shelter, seating, next train information displays, timetable posters, and an emergency help point on both platforms. Ticket machines are able to accept payment with credit and debit card (including contactless payment), notes and coins.[5][6] The station is also fitted with smartcard validators, which feature at all stations across the network.[7][8]A pay and display car park (operated by Newcastle City Council) is available, with 96 spaces, plus four accessible spaces. There is also the provision for cycle parking, with five cycle pods available for use.[9]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingston_Park_Metro_station&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-10"},{"link_name":"Class 599 Metrocar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Metrocar"}],"text":"As of April 2021[update], the station is served by up to five trains per hour on weekdays and Saturday, and up to four trains per hour during the evening and on Sunday.[10]Rolling stock used: Class 599 Metrocar","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyne and Wear Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro"},{"link_name":"Tyne and Wear PTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Passenger_Transport_Executive"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"On 22 March 1983, prior to the opening of the station, a Tyne and Wear Metro service collided with a bus operated by the Tyne and Wear PTE on the level crossing. Two people were injured in the accident.[11]","title":"Accidents and incidents"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Tyne & Wear Metro usage figures\". 2017–2018. Retrieved 21 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/tyne_and_wear_passenger_numbers_2","url_text":"\"Tyne & Wear Metro usage figures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Safety cameras for Metro level crossings\". Nexus. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nexus.org.uk/news/item/safety-cameras-metro-level-crossings","url_text":"\"Safety cameras for Metro level crossings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cameras for Metro train crossing\". BBC News. 19 April 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/tyne/7356343.stm","url_text":"\"Cameras for Metro train crossing\""}]},{"reference":"Peskett, Joe (3 October 2017). \"£300k scheme to improve access at five Newcastle metro stations\". Access and Mobility Professional. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201205142953/https://www.accessandmobilityprofessional.com/300k-scheme-improve-access-five-newcastle-metro-stations/","url_text":"\"£300k scheme to improve access at five Newcastle metro stations\""},{"url":"https://www.accessandmobilityprofessional.com/300k-scheme-improve-access-five-newcastle-metro-stations/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Metro passengers feel the benefit of contactless payment\". Nexus. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nexus.org.uk/news/item/metro-passengers-feel-benefit-contactless-payment","url_text":"\"Metro passengers feel the benefit of contactless payment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Revamp for Metro ticket machines\". BBC News. 11 December 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tyne-16126081","url_text":"\"Revamp for Metro ticket machines\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Metro stations get new smart ticket machines and gates\". Nexus. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nexus.org.uk/news/item/city-metro-stations-get-new-smart-ticket-machines-and-gates","url_text":"\"City Metro stations get new smart ticket machines and gates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pop card validators at Metro stations are put through their paces\". Nexus. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nexus.org.uk/news/item/pop-card-validators-metro-stations-are-put-through-their-paces","url_text":"\"Pop card validators at Metro stations are put through their paces\""}]},{"reference":"\"Timetables and stations: Kingston Park\". Nexus. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nexus.org.uk/metro/timetables-and-stations/kingston-park","url_text":"\"Timetables and stations: Kingston Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Timetables and stations: Kingston Park\". Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive. Retrieved 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nexus.org.uk/metro/timetables-and-stations/kingston-park","url_text":"\"Timetables and stations: Kingston Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Passenger_Transport_Executive","url_text":"Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive"}]},{"reference":"Olver, P.M. (19 August 1985). \"Report on the Collision that occurred on 22nd March 1983 at Brunton Lane Level Crossing on the Tyneside Metropolitan Railway\". Department for Transport. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/eventsummary.php?eventID=384","url_text":"\"Report on the Collision that occurred on 22nd March 1983 at Brunton Lane Level Crossing on the Tyneside Metropolitan Railway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Transport","url_text":"Department for Transport"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_It_with_Acting

Say It with Acting

["1 Background","2 Format","3 Sponsor and schedule","4 See also","5 References"]

US television game show aired in 1951 and 1952 Say It with ActingBud Collyer, a team captainGenreGame show (charades)Presented byBen GrauerStarringBud CollyerMaggi McNellisCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionRunning time30 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkNBC (1951)ABC (1951-1952)ReleaseJanuary 8, 1951 (1951-01-08) –February 22, 1952 (1952-02-22) Say It With Acting is an American television game show that was broadcast on NBC from January 8, 1951, until May 1951, and on ABC from August 1951 until February 22, 1952. Background The program began in January 1949 as a local show, Look Ma, I'm Acting, on WNBT-TV in New York City. It was the first TV program for which Bill Cullen was host. For each scene performed by actors, a viewer was called and asked to describe the scene in a single word, with a prize given for a correct answer. On February 20, 1949, the NBC network began to carry the show, with the new title Act It Out. It ran until August 7, 1949. Format Say It With Acting pitted two teams against each other in charades competition. Bud Collyer and Maggi McNellis were team captains each week. Ben Grauer was the host. Each four-member team consisted of actors and actresses from a current Broadway play, and the winning team returned the following week to face a new opponent. Players' pantomimes had to communicate "tough sayings, or titles of books, plays, songs—things like 'The Dreadful Dragon of Hungry Hill,' 'Neurotic You and Psychopathic Me,' or 'As fluffy as a fleecy cloud.'" Teams competed against the clock, with the team that used less time being the winner. Sponsor and schedule Brown Shoe Company's Naturalizer division sponsored Say It With Acting from 6:30 to 7 o'clock on Saturday nights on NBC. The show alternated weekly with Smilin' Ed McConnell's program. After it moved to ABC, it was broadcast on Friday nights from 7:30 to 8 o'clock, alternating weekly with Life with Linkletter. See also Television portal Pantomime Quiz References ^ a b c Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F. (2009). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946-Present. Random House Publishing Group. p. 1200. ISBN 9780307483201. Retrieved 28 March 2019. ^ Baber, David (2015). Television Game Show Hosts: Biographies of 32 Stars. McFarland. p. 52. ISBN 9781476604800. Retrieved 28 March 2019. ^ McNeil, Alex (1996). Total Television (4th ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Books USA, Inc. p. 13. ISBN 0-14-02-4916-8. ^ a b "If At First ..." (PDF). Radio and Television Mirror. 33 (4): 6. March 1950. Retrieved 28 March 2019 – via AmericanRadioHistory.Com. ^ Newton, Dwight (April 19, 1951). "Day and Night with Radio and Television". The San Francisco Examiner. California, San Francisco. p. 48. Retrieved 29 March 2019 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Smilin' Ed Moves To CBS-TV Aug. 11". Billboard. May 5, 1951. p. 8. Retrieved 28 March 2019. ^ "Network Accounts" (PDF). Television Digest. June 2, 1951. p. 6. Retrieved 28 March 2019 – via AmericanRadioHistory.Com.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_O-kyun

Gong Oh-kyun

["1 Club career","2 Managerial career","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","4.1 Club","5 References","6 External links"]

South Korean footballer In this Korean name, the family name is Gong. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Gong Oh-kyun" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gong Oh-kyun공오균 Gong Oh-kyun in 2022Personal informationDate of birth (1974-09-10) 10 September 1974 (age 49)Place of birth Gimpo, Gyeonggi, South KoreaPosition(s) ForwardSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1997–2006 Daejeon Citizen FC 291 (39)2007–2008 Gyeongnam FC 28 (5)2009 Sunshine Coast FC 20 (9)International career1996 South Korea U-23 Managerial career2015 Shenzhen (Assistant coach)2016 South Korea U-182016 South Korea U-17 (Assistant coach)2016–2017 South Korea U-20 (Assistant coach)2017–2018 South Korea U-23 (Assistant coach)2018–2019 South Korea U-20 (Assistant coach)2020–2021 Indonesia U-20 (Assistant coach)2020–2021 Indonesia (Assistant coach)2021 Seoul E-Land (Assistant coach)2022 Vietnam U-232023 Cong An Ha Noi2023 Cong An Ha Noi (youth) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Gong Oh-kyun (Korean: 공오균, Hanja: 孔五均; born 10 September 1974) is a former South Korean football player and a professional coach. He was recently the manager of Hanoi Police. Club career He played for Daejeon Citizen for 10 seasons and appeared in 291 games for this club, scored 38 goals and made 18 assists. In 2009, he also joined the Australian semi-professional club Sunshine Coast FC. Managerial career In May 2022, he was appointed as the manager of Vietnam national under-23 football team. He left the position in December 2022 to finish his FIFA Pro license. In 2023, he returned back to Vietnam to manage Hanoi Police. Personal life He has a Teaching Certificate of Physical Education, Level 2 and Asian Football Confederation Coaching License Level A (eligible to coach up to professional level) and Bachelor of Physical Education, Kwandong University (graduated in 1997), Graduate School of Public Health, Konyang University (graduated in 2006), publishing a thesis researching "Study on improvement of dietary patterns and intake status of health functional foods in adult soccer players." Career statistics Club Club performance League Cup League Cup Continental Total Season Club League Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals South Korea League KFA Cup League Cup Asia Total 1997 Daejeon Citizen K-League 17 0 ? ? 16 1 - 1998 10 1 ? ? 15 4 - 1999 22 6 ? ? 9 0 - 2000 20 2 ? ? 4 0 - 2001 21 7 ? ? 8 2 - 2002 14 1 ? ? 6 0 ? ? 2003 31 5 3 0 - ? ? 2004 22 1 4 1 10 3 - 36 5 2005 21 2 0 0 9 1 - 30 3 2006 24 1 1 1 12 1 - 37 3 2007 Gyeongnam FC 13 2 1 0 1 0 - 15 2 2008 9 3 0 0 5 3 - 14 6 Australia League Cup League Cup Oceania/Asia Total 2009 Sunshine Coast Queensland State League - Total South Korea 224 31 95 12 Total Australia Career total 224 31 95 12 References ^ Fire's Korean striker breaks silence sunshinecoastdaily.com.au External links Gong Oh-kyun – K League stats at kleague.com (in Korean) vteCong An Ha Noi FC – current squad 1 Filip 3 Tấn Sinh 4 Tấn Tài (c) 5 Văn Hậu 6 Văn Thiết 8 Júnior 9 Jeferson 11 Thành Long 12 Văn Toản 15 Xuân Thịnh 16 Tiến Dụng 17 Văn Thanh 18 Ngọc Thắng 19 Quang Hải 20 Văn Đức 21 Văn Luân 22 Văn Trung 26 Văn Phương 27 Bảo Trung 29 Trọng Long 30 Văn Cường 33 Sỹ Huy 47 Gia Hưng 68 Việt Anh 77 Ngọc Long 94 Geovane 98 Tuấn Dương Manager: Pölking This biographical article related to a South Korean association football forward is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Avant

Nicole Avant

["1 Biography","1.1 Early career","1.2 US Ambassador to the Bahamas","1.3 Post-politics activities","2 Awards","3 Personal life","4 References"]

American music industry executive and United States ambassador Nicole AvantUnited States Ambassador to The Bahamas In officeOctober 22, 2009 – November 21, 2011PresidentBarack ObamaPreceded byNed SiegelSucceeded byJohn W. Dinkelman (chargé d'affaires) Personal detailsBorn (1968-03-06) March 6, 1968 (age 56)Los Angeles County, California, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouseTed Sarandos (2009–present)RelativesClarence Avant (father)EducationCalifornia State University, Northridge (BA) Nicole A. Avant (born March 6, 1968) is an American producer and political activist. She served as the United States Ambassador to the Bahamas from 2009 to 2011. Biography Early career Nicole Avant is the daughter of Clarence and Jacqueline Avant. Her father, known as "The Black Godfather", was chairman of Motown Records. Nicole was born on her mother's 28th birthday. During her childhood, Jimmy Carter, Tom Bradley, Gray Davis, and Jerry Brown were frequent visitors to the family's estate in Hollywood. Nicole Avant graduated in 1986 from Beverly Hills High School and in 1990 from California State University, Northridge with a B.A. in communications. She started her career working for the promotion division of A&M Records in Los Angeles. In 1988, she was named vice president of Interior Music Publishing, her father's music company. In 2006, Avant helped launch the Culture Cabinet, and organized fundraising events for Harold Ford Jr. in Tennessee before becoming the Southern California finance co-chairwoman for the Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign (along with Charles Rivkin), while her father was fundraising for Hillary Clinton. US Ambassador to the Bahamas Avant was appointed United States Ambassador to the Bahamas by President Barack Obama on June 16, 2009. She was sworn in on October 22, 2009, and served until November 21, 2011. At 41, she was the first black woman and the youngest US Ambassador to the Bahamas ever. During her term, Avant was nominated for the State Department's Sue M. Cobb Award for exemplary diplomatic service. During her tenure in the Bahamas, Avant worked with local advocacy groups for people with disabilities. She hosted Eunice and Francesca Shriver to raise awareness for Special Olympics-Bahamas. She also brought Magic Johnson to the Bahamas Chamber of Commerce to advise on trade with the United States. A State Department inspector general's report on the U.S. Embassy in the Bahamas praised the Ambassador and the embassy noting that the "large and diverse law enforcement community in Mission Bahamas works well together, under the Ambassador’s leadership, to counter threats to U.S. national security." the report also noted that the Ambassador and the new deputy chief of mission, whom she had hired, were "emerging strongly from a period of dysfunctional leadership and management." The inspector general reported Avant was frequently away from the embassy often traveling to and from her home in Los Angeles. When she was in the Bahamas, she often worked from her office at the residence rather than working at the embassy. Avant "was absent from post for 276 days during a 670-day period from November 19, 2009, to September 19, 2011—an average of 12 days per month. The 276 days include ... 102 personal leave days. also traveled to the United States for 77 work days on what she identified as business, with 23 days on what appear to have been official travel orders." The report found she "had not had frequent policy-level interaction with the Department or other Washington agencies ... She relied unduly on her to attend to day-to-day contacts with the Department." The inspector general report offered praise for the service levels from the consular section, noted an "invigorated" public affairs section and reported that "she (Avant) and her staff have improved the embassy’s reputation among Bahamians. This, in turn, has fostered a close bilateral environment that is conducive to excellent law enforcement cooperation." In response, Avant said that she had inherited a dysfunctional embassy, and the new executive team she appointed had improved things. Avant resigned in November 2011 and informally worked on Barack Obama's 2012 re-election efforts, including fundraising. Post-politics activities In 2019, Avant produced the documentary The Black Godfather, centering on her father Clarence. Her husband, Ted Sarandos, is the co-chief executive officer of Netflix, who distributed the film. In January 2021, Avant was an early investor in Thirteen Lune, an e-commerce site focused on makeup, skincare, haircare and wellness products owned by people of color and ally brands. On April 28, 2023, The Jacqueline Avant Children and Family Center was opened in memory of her philanthropist mother who was fatally shot during a home invasion in 2021.  The center will serve the needs of at-risk children. On October 17, 2023, Avant released her memoir, “Think You’ll Be Happy: Moving Through Grief With Grit, Grace, and Gratitude.” Awards 2012 : 20th Annual Trumpet Awards's International Award Personal life Avant is married to Ted Sarandos, the co-CEO of Netflix. In 2010, the couple purchased a Hollywood residence for $5.4 million from Max Azria, and sold it in 2017 for $8.825 million. In 2010, the couple also purchased a beachfront house in Malibu from David Spade for $10.2 million. References ^ "California Birth Index, 1905-1995 [database on-line". Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah: Ancestry.com Operations Inc. 2005. Retrieved 6 June 2017. ^ a b Louisa Strauss (May 2019). "At Home with Nicole Avant, the Ambassador-Turned-Filmmaker Who Honors Her Father in a Netflix Documentary". Vanityfair.com. Retrieved 29 May 2019. ^ a b c Tina Daunt (20 April 2007). "A daughter follows her own heart". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 May 2019. ^ a b c d Evan Wade (8 June 2015). "Nicole Avant (1968-)". Blackpast.org. Retrieved 29 May 2019. ^ "Nicole A. Avant - People - Department History - Office of the Historian". United States Department of State. ^ Thompson, Lindsay (23 October 2009). "The Bahamas welcomes 13th US Ambassador". The Bahamas Weekly. Retrieved 24 February 2012. ^ "US Ambassador Avant finishes term in Bahamas". The Bahamas Investor. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2019. ^ Wade, Evan (June 8, 2015). "Nicole Avant (1968- ) •". blackpast.org. ^ "Ambassador Nicole Avant - a job well done". www.tribune242.com. ^ "Commemorating "EKS Day" with Special Olympics Athletes in the Bahamas | U.S. Department of State Blog". Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2012-06-27. ^ a b c "Inspection of Embassy Nassau, The Bahamas, January 2012" (PDF). United States Department of State(stateoig.com). January 2012. ^ Rogin, Josh (February 23, 2012). "Another Obama fundraiser turns out to be a bad ambassador". Foreign Policy. ^ Farnam, T.W. (March 6, 2012). "The Influence Industry: Obama gives administration jobs to some big fundraisers". The Washington Post. ^ "Report: Former US Ambassador had 'dysfunctional leadership' | Bahamas Local News". www.bahamaslocal.com. ^ Johnson, Ted (February 24, 2012). "State Department Inspector Scutinizes Music Exec's Tenure as Ambassador". ^ McKelvey, Tara (28 June 2013). "Should political fundraisers become ambassadors?". BBC News. Retrieved 2 January 2020. ^ L. Carter, Kelley (14 August 2023). "Clarence Avant was the guy who made sure Black stars got paid". Andscape. ESPN. Retrieved 18 August 2023. ^ Chikhoune, Ryma (2021-01-15). "Thirteen Lune Raises $1 Million, Invested by Sean Combs, Gwyneth Paltrow, Naomi Watts". WWD. Retrieved 2022-01-06. ^ Malkin, Marc (2023-05-01). "Nicole Avant Remembers Late Mother Jacqueline, Opens Children and Family Center in Her Name". Variety. Retrieved 2023-10-10. ^ Malkin, Marc (2023-07-12). "Nicole Avant to Release Memoir 'Think You'll Be Happy' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 2023-10-19. ^ "2012 Trumpet Awards Honorees". Archived from the original on 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2012-05-24. ^ "Obama's $500,000 Power Couple". The Hollywood Reporter. 25 April 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2019. ^ "Ted Sarandos upends Hollywood with Netflix revolution". Los Angeles Times. 25 August 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2019. ^ Times, Jimy Tallal / Special to The Malibu. "Netflix Co-CEO Ted Sarandos and Wife Nicole Avant List La Costa Beach House For $14.9 Million". Malibu Times. Retrieved 2021-08-23. ^ Mark David (12 July 2017). "Ted Sarandos and Nicole Avant Shed Former Home in Flats of Beverly Hills (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety.com. Retrieved 29 May 2019. Authority control databases SNAC

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBI-1"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"the Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"}],"text":"Nicole A. Avant (born March 6, 1968)[1] is an American producer and political activist. She served as the United States Ambassador to the Bahamas from 2009 to 2011.","title":"Nicole Avant"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Avant"},{"link_name":"Motown Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanityfair_2019/05-2"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Tom Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"Gray Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Davis"},{"link_name":"Jerry Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Brown"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes_la-xpm-2007-3"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills_High_School"},{"link_name":"California State University, Northridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_Northridge"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes_la-xpm-2007-3"},{"link_name":"Harold Ford Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Ford_Jr."},{"link_name":"Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"Charles Rivkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rivkin"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackpast_1968-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes_la-xpm-2007-3"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Nicole Avant is the daughter of Clarence and Jacqueline Avant. Her father, known as \"The Black Godfather\", was chairman of Motown Records. Nicole was born on her mother's 28th birthday.[2] During her childhood, Jimmy Carter, Tom Bradley, Gray Davis, and Jerry Brown were frequent visitors to the family's estate in Hollywood.[3]Nicole Avant graduated in 1986 from Beverly Hills High School and in 1990 from California State University, Northridge with a B.A. in communications.[citation needed] She started her career working for the promotion division of A&M Records in Los Angeles. In 1988, she was named vice president of Interior Music Publishing, her father's music company.[3]In 2006, Avant helped launch the Culture Cabinet, and organized fundraising events for Harold Ford Jr. in Tennessee before becoming the Southern California finance co-chairwoman for the Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign (along with Charles Rivkin), while her father was fundraising for Hillary Clinton.[4][3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to the Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BahamasWeekly102309-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackpast_1968-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Eunice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunice_Shriver"},{"link_name":"Francesca Shriver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesca_Shriver&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Magic Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackpast_1968-4"},{"link_name":"State Department inspector general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Inspector_General_of_the_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stateoig.gov-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stateoig.gov-11"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stateoig.gov-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackpast_1968-4"}],"sub_title":"US Ambassador to the Bahamas","text":"Avant was appointed United States Ambassador to the Bahamas by President Barack Obama on June 16, 2009. She was sworn in on October 22, 2009, and served until November 21, 2011.[5][6][7] At 41, she was the first black woman and the youngest US Ambassador to the Bahamas ever.[4] During her term, Avant was nominated for the State Department's Sue M. Cobb Award for exemplary diplomatic service.[8][9]During her tenure in the Bahamas, Avant worked with local advocacy groups for people with disabilities. She hosted Eunice and Francesca Shriver to raise awareness for Special Olympics-Bahamas.[10] She also brought Magic Johnson to the Bahamas Chamber of Commerce to advise on trade with the United States.[4]A State Department inspector general's report on the U.S. Embassy in the Bahamas praised the Ambassador and the embassy noting that the \"large and diverse law enforcement community in Mission Bahamas works well together, under the Ambassador’s leadership, to counter threats to U.S. national security.\"[11] the report also noted that the Ambassador and the new deputy chief of mission, whom she had hired, were \"emerging strongly from a\nperiod of dysfunctional leadership and management.\"[11]The inspector general reported Avant was frequently away from the embassy often traveling to and from her home in Los Angeles. When she was in the Bahamas, she often worked from her office at the residence rather than working at the embassy. Avant \"was absent from [her] post for 276 days during a 670-day period from November 19, 2009, to September 19, 2011—an average of 12 days per month. The 276 days include ... 102 personal leave days. [She] also traveled to the United States for 77 work days on what she identified as business, with 23 days on what appear to have been official travel orders.\" The report found she \"had not had frequent policy-level interaction with the [State] Department or other Washington agencies ... She relied unduly on her [deputy chief of mission] to attend to day-to-day contacts with the [State] Department.\"The inspector general report offered praise for the service levels from the consular section, noted an \"invigorated\" public affairs section and reported that \"she (Avant) and her staff have improved the embassy’s reputation among Bahamians. This, in turn, has fostered a close bilateral environment that is conducive to\nexcellent law enforcement cooperation.\"[11][12][13][14][15]In response, Avant said that she had inherited a dysfunctional embassy, and the new executive team she appointed had improved things.[16]Avant resigned in November 2011 and informally worked on Barack Obama's 2012 re-election efforts, including fundraising.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Black Godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Godfather_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanityfair_2019/05-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andscape-17"},{"link_name":"Ted Sarandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Sarandos"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Lune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Lune"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Post-politics activities","text":"In 2019, Avant produced the documentary The Black Godfather, centering on her father Clarence.[2][17] Her husband, Ted Sarandos, is the co-chief executive officer of Netflix, who distributed the film.In January 2021, Avant was an early investor in Thirteen Lune, an e-commerce site focused on makeup, skincare, haircare and wellness products owned by people of color and ally brands.[18]On April 28, 2023, The Jacqueline Avant Children and Family Center was opened in memory of her philanthropist mother who was fatally shot during a home invasion in 2021.  The center will serve the needs of at-risk children.[19] On October 17, 2023, Avant released her memoir, “Think You’ll Be Happy: Moving Through Grief With Grit, Grace, and Gratitude.” [20]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"2012 : 20th Annual Trumpet Awards's International Award[21]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ted Sarandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Sarandos"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hr-couple-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-sarandos-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Max Azria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Azria"},{"link_name":"David Spade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Spade"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Avant is married to Ted Sarandos, the co-CEO of Netflix.[22][23][24] In 2010, the couple purchased a Hollywood residence for $5.4 million from Max Azria, and sold it in 2017 for $8.825 million. In 2010, the couple also purchased a beachfront house in Malibu from David Spade for $10.2 million.[25]","title":"Personal life"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"California Birth Index, 1905-1995 [database on-line\". Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah: Ancestry.com Operations Inc. 2005. Retrieved 6 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/","url_text":"\"California Birth Index, 1905-1995 [database on-line\""}]},{"reference":"Louisa Strauss (May 2019). \"At Home with Nicole Avant, the Ambassador-Turned-Filmmaker Who Honors Her Father in a Netflix Documentary\". Vanityfair.com. Retrieved 29 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2019/05/at-home-with-nicole-avant","url_text":"\"At Home with Nicole Avant, the Ambassador-Turned-Filmmaker Who Honors Her Father in a Netflix Documentary\""}]},{"reference":"Tina Daunt (20 April 2007). \"A daughter follows her own heart\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-apr-20-et-cause20-story.html","url_text":"\"A daughter follows her own heart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Evan Wade (8 June 2015). \"Nicole Avant (1968-)\". Blackpast.org. Retrieved 29 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackpast.org/people/avant-nicole-1968/","url_text":"\"Nicole Avant (1968-)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nicole A. Avant - People - Department History - Office of the Historian\". United States Department of State.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/avant-nicole-a","url_text":"\"Nicole A. Avant - People - Department History - Office of the Historian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State","url_text":"United States Department of State"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Lindsay (23 October 2009). \"The Bahamas welcomes 13th US Ambassador\". The Bahamas Weekly. Retrieved 24 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/The_Bahamas_welcomes_13th_US_Ambassador_printer.shtml","url_text":"\"The Bahamas welcomes 13th US Ambassador\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Ambassador Avant finishes term in Bahamas\". The Bahamas Investor. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebahamasinvestor.com/2011/us-ambassador-avant-finishes-term-in-bahamas/","url_text":"\"US Ambassador Avant finishes term in Bahamas\""}]},{"reference":"Wade, Evan (June 8, 2015). \"Nicole Avant (1968- ) •\". blackpast.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/avant-nicole-1968/","url_text":"\"Nicole Avant (1968- ) •\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ambassador Nicole Avant - a job well done\". www.tribune242.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tribune242.com/news/2012/mar/29/ambassador-nicole-avant-job-well-done/","url_text":"\"Ambassador Nicole Avant - a job well done\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commemorating \"EKS Day\" with Special Olympics Athletes in the Bahamas | U.S. Department of State Blog\". Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2012-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019003615/http://blogs.state.gov/index.php/site/entry/eks_day_bahamas","url_text":"\"Commemorating \"EKS Day\" with Special Olympics Athletes in the Bahamas | U.S. Department of State Blog\""},{"url":"https://blogs.state.gov/index.php/site/entry/eks_day_bahamas","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Inspection of Embassy Nassau, The Bahamas, January 2012\" (PDF). United States Department of State(stateoig.com). January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stateoig.gov/system/files/184725.pdf","url_text":"\"Inspection of Embassy Nassau, The Bahamas, January 2012\""}]},{"reference":"Rogin, Josh (February 23, 2012). \"Another Obama fundraiser turns out to be a bad ambassador\". Foreign Policy.","urls":[{"url":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/23/another-obama-fundraiser-turns-out-to-be-a-bad-ambassador/","url_text":"\"Another Obama fundraiser turns out to be a bad ambassador\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy","url_text":"Foreign Policy"}]},{"reference":"Farnam, T.W. (March 6, 2012). \"The Influence Industry: Obama gives administration jobs to some big fundraisers\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/the-influence-industry-obama-gives-administration-jobs-to-some-big-fundraisers/2012/03/06/gIQA9y3txR_story.html","url_text":"\"The Influence Industry: Obama gives administration jobs to some big fundraisers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Report: Former US Ambassador had 'dysfunctional leadership' | Bahamas Local News\". www.bahamaslocal.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bahamaslocal.com/newsitem/43662/Report_Former_US_Ambassador_had_dysfunctional_leadership.html","url_text":"\"Report: Former US Ambassador had 'dysfunctional leadership' | Bahamas Local News\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Ted (February 24, 2012). \"State Department Inspector Scutinizes Music Exec's Tenure as Ambassador\".","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2012/biz/opinion/state-department-inspector-scutinizes-music-execs-tenure-as-ambassador-36825/","url_text":"\"State Department Inspector Scutinizes Music Exec's Tenure as Ambassador\""}]},{"reference":"McKelvey, Tara (28 June 2013). \"Should political fundraisers become ambassadors?\". BBC News. Retrieved 2 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22894459","url_text":"\"Should political fundraisers become ambassadors?\""}]},{"reference":"L. Carter, Kelley (14 August 2023). \"Clarence Avant was the guy who made sure Black stars got paid\". Andscape. ESPN. Retrieved 18 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://andscape.com/features/clarence-avant-was-the-guy-who-made-sure-black-stars-got-paid/","url_text":"\"Clarence Avant was the guy who made sure Black stars got paid\""}]},{"reference":"Chikhoune, Ryma (2021-01-15). \"Thirteen Lune Raises $1 Million, Invested by Sean Combs, Gwyneth Paltrow, Naomi Watts\". WWD. Retrieved 2022-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/thirteen-lune-raises-1-million-invested-sean-combs-gwyneth-paltrow-naomi-watts-1234696599/","url_text":"\"Thirteen Lune Raises $1 Million, Invested by Sean Combs, Gwyneth Paltrow, Naomi Watts\""}]},{"reference":"Malkin, Marc (2023-05-01). \"Nicole Avant Remembers Late Mother Jacqueline, Opens Children and Family Center in Her Name\". Variety. Retrieved 2023-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2023/scene/news/nicole-avant-jacqueline-family-center-1235599264/","url_text":"\"Nicole Avant Remembers Late Mother Jacqueline, Opens Children and Family Center in Her Name\""}]},{"reference":"Malkin, Marc (2023-07-12). \"Nicole Avant to Release Memoir 'Think You'll Be Happy' (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Retrieved 2023-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2023/music/news/nicole-avant-memoir-think-youll-be-happy-1235666042/","url_text":"\"Nicole Avant to Release Memoir 'Think You'll Be Happy' (EXCLUSIVE)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Trumpet Awards Honorees\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2012-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529025527/http://trumpetfoundation.org/trumpet-2012/2012-trumpet-awards-honorees/","url_text":"\"2012 Trumpet Awards Honorees\""},{"url":"http://trumpetfoundation.org/trumpet-2012/2012-trumpet-awards-honorees/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Obama's $500,000 Power Couple\". The Hollywood Reporter. 25 April 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/obama-ted-sarandos-netflix-nicole-avant-315830","url_text":"\"Obama's $500,000 Power Couple\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Ted Sarandos upends Hollywood with Netflix revolution\". Los Angeles Times. 25 August 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-netflix-ted-sarandos-20130825-dto-htmlstory.html","url_text":"\"Ted Sarandos upends Hollywood with Netflix revolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Times, Jimy Tallal / Special to The Malibu. \"Netflix Co-CEO Ted Sarandos and Wife Nicole Avant List La Costa Beach House For $14.9 Million\". Malibu Times. Retrieved 2021-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malibutimes.com/news/article_ec06d134-98ae-11eb-b26f-a7bb46a59c25.html","url_text":"\"Netflix Co-CEO Ted Sarandos and Wife Nicole Avant List La Costa Beach House For $14.9 Million\""}]},{"reference":"Mark David (12 July 2017). \"Ted Sarandos and Nicole Avant Shed Former Home in Flats of Beverly Hills (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety.com. Retrieved 29 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/dirt/real-estalker/ted-sarandos-nicole-avant-beverly-hills-house-1202493673/","url_text":"\"Ted Sarandos and Nicole Avant Shed Former Home in Flats of Beverly Hills (EXCLUSIVE)\""}]}]

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Avant - People - Department History - Office of the Historian\""},{"Link":"http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/The_Bahamas_welcomes_13th_US_Ambassador_printer.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The Bahamas welcomes 13th US Ambassador\""},{"Link":"http://www.thebahamasinvestor.com/2011/us-ambassador-avant-finishes-term-in-bahamas/","external_links_name":"\"US Ambassador Avant finishes term in Bahamas\""},{"Link":"https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/avant-nicole-1968/","external_links_name":"\"Nicole Avant (1968- ) •\""},{"Link":"http://www.tribune242.com/news/2012/mar/29/ambassador-nicole-avant-job-well-done/","external_links_name":"\"Ambassador Nicole Avant - a job well done\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019003615/http://blogs.state.gov/index.php/site/entry/eks_day_bahamas","external_links_name":"\"Commemorating \"EKS Day\" with Special Olympics Athletes in the Bahamas | U.S. Department of State Blog\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.state.gov/index.php/site/entry/eks_day_bahamas","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.stateoig.gov/system/files/184725.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Inspection of Embassy Nassau, The Bahamas, January 2012\""},{"Link":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/23/another-obama-fundraiser-turns-out-to-be-a-bad-ambassador/","external_links_name":"\"Another Obama fundraiser turns out to be a bad ambassador\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/the-influence-industry-obama-gives-administration-jobs-to-some-big-fundraisers/2012/03/06/gIQA9y3txR_story.html","external_links_name":"\"The Influence Industry: Obama gives administration jobs to some big fundraisers\""},{"Link":"https://www.bahamaslocal.com/newsitem/43662/Report_Former_US_Ambassador_had_dysfunctional_leadership.html","external_links_name":"\"Report: Former US Ambassador had 'dysfunctional leadership' | Bahamas Local News\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2012/biz/opinion/state-department-inspector-scutinizes-music-execs-tenure-as-ambassador-36825/","external_links_name":"\"State Department Inspector Scutinizes Music Exec's Tenure as Ambassador\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22894459","external_links_name":"\"Should political fundraisers become ambassadors?\""},{"Link":"https://andscape.com/features/clarence-avant-was-the-guy-who-made-sure-black-stars-got-paid/","external_links_name":"\"Clarence Avant was the guy who made sure Black stars got paid\""},{"Link":"https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/thirteen-lune-raises-1-million-invested-sean-combs-gwyneth-paltrow-naomi-watts-1234696599/","external_links_name":"\"Thirteen Lune Raises $1 Million, Invested by Sean Combs, Gwyneth Paltrow, Naomi Watts\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2023/scene/news/nicole-avant-jacqueline-family-center-1235599264/","external_links_name":"\"Nicole Avant Remembers Late Mother Jacqueline, Opens Children and Family Center in Her Name\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2023/music/news/nicole-avant-memoir-think-youll-be-happy-1235666042/","external_links_name":"\"Nicole Avant to Release Memoir 'Think You'll Be Happy' (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529025527/http://trumpetfoundation.org/trumpet-2012/2012-trumpet-awards-honorees/","external_links_name":"\"2012 Trumpet Awards Honorees\""},{"Link":"http://trumpetfoundation.org/trumpet-2012/2012-trumpet-awards-honorees/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/obama-ted-sarandos-netflix-nicole-avant-315830","external_links_name":"\"Obama's $500,000 Power Couple\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-netflix-ted-sarandos-20130825-dto-htmlstory.html","external_links_name":"\"Ted Sarandos upends Hollywood with Netflix revolution\""},{"Link":"https://www.malibutimes.com/news/article_ec06d134-98ae-11eb-b26f-a7bb46a59c25.html","external_links_name":"\"Netflix Co-CEO Ted Sarandos and Wife Nicole Avant List La Costa Beach House For $14.9 Million\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2017/dirt/real-estalker/ted-sarandos-nicole-avant-beverly-hills-house-1202493673/","external_links_name":"\"Ted Sarandos and Nicole Avant Shed Former Home in Flats of Beverly Hills (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68x43pb","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATV_London

Associated Television

["1 History","1.1 Formation","1.2 Broadcasting","1.3 End of franchise","2 Studios","3 Identity","3.1 Names used","3.2 Revival of brand","4 Selected programmes","5 Other ventures","5.1 ATV Music","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Former ITV service for London and the Midlands This article is about the British commercial broadcaster. For the American production and distribution company, see Associated Television International. Not to be confused with Associated-Rediffusion. ATV NetworkThe ATV region before its renaming as Central Independent Television in 1982.TypeRegion of television networkBrandingATVCountryUnited KingdomFirst air date24 September 1955; 68 years ago (1955-09-24), in London17 February 1956; 68 years ago (17 February 1956) in the MidlandsAll week in the Midlands from 29 July 1968TV transmitters Sutton Coldfield Waltham Ridge Hill The Wrekin Croydon Lichfield Membury Headquarters Alpha Tower, Birmingham London Elstree Broadcast area London (weekends, 1955 to 1968) Midlands (weekdays, 1956 to 1968; all week, 1968 to 1982) Owner Associated Communications Corporation ITC Entertainment Dissolved29 July 1968; 55 years ago (1968-07-29) (after 12 years, 309 days, London)1 January 1982; 42 years ago (1982-01-01) at 12.34 a.m. (after 25 years, 318 days, Midlands)Former names ABC (Associated Broadcasting Company) before 8 October 1955 Associated Television (1955–1966) Picture format625- and 405-lineAffiliation(s)ITVLanguageEnglishReplacedABC Weekend TV in the Midlands on weekends from 1968Replaced by Central Independent Television in the Midlands from 1982 London Weekend Television in London from 1968 SubsidiaryATV Music Publishing Associated Television was the original name of the British broadcaster ATV, part of the Independent Television (ITV) network. It provided a service to London at weekends from 1955 to 1968, to the Midlands on weekdays from 1956 to 1968, and to the Midlands all week from 1968 to 1982. It was one of the "Big Four" until 1968, and the "Big Five" after 1968, that between them produced the majority of ITV networked programmes. In 1982, ATV was restructured and rebranded as Central Independent Television, under which name it continued to provide the service for the Midlands. ATV was awarded its first franchise by the Independent Television Authority (ITA) to provide the Independent Television service at weekends for the London region. This service started on Saturday, 24 September 1955, the second ITA franchise to go on air, and was extended until Sunday, 28 July 1968. ATV was also awarded the franchise to provide the weekdays Independent Television service for the Midlands region. This service started on Friday, 17 February 1956, the third ITA franchisee to go on air, and was extended until Monday, 29 July 1968. Subsequent to the changes made by the ITA to the regional structure of the Independent Television service, ATV lost its London franchise, but was awarded the franchise to provide a seven-day service for the Midlands region which started on Tuesday, 30 July 1968 and was finally extended until 00:34 on Friday, 1 January 1982. History Further information: Timeline of ATV Formation The company was formed from the merger of the Associated Broadcasting Development Company (ABDC) under the control of Norman Collins, and the Incorporated Television Programme Company (ITC) under the control of Prince Littler and Lew Grade, two showbusiness agents. Both companies had applied for a contract to become one of the new ITV stations. ABDC won the contract but had insufficient money to operate it; ITC failed to win a contract, mainly due to a perceived conflicts of interest resulting from the business operations of Grade and Littler. By the time of the merger ABDC were well advanced with their plans whilst ITPC planned to operate as an independent producer selling their shows to the new network contractors. When financial problems hit ABDC, the Independent Television Authority, the governing body of ITV, invited Grade and Littler to join the ABDC consortium. This provided the money required and put Littler and Grade in control of the new company, sidelining Collins. The new company was originally named the Associated Broadcasting Company (ABC), but the Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC), which wished to call their station "ABC" and ran a large chain of cinemas under those initials, successfully sued for prior ownership of the name. After the Associated Broadcasting Company had been operating for three weeks the name was changed to Associated TeleVision Ltd (ATV). The logo, designed for "ABC" and tweaked for "ATV", was a "shadowed eye" inspired by the CBS logo and reputedly designed by Lew Grade on a transatlantic flight back from the US. The logo is one of the most recognisable in broadcasting. Broadcasting The two ATV regions before the franchise changes in 1968  ATV London (weekend)  ATV Midlands (weekdays) The Associated Broadcasting Company began broadcasting in its own right on Saturday 24 September 1955, after jointly presenting the network's opening night on Thursday 22 September. The name ATV was first seen in London on Saturday 8 October 1955. The company won two contracts, the weekend contract for London and the Monday–Friday contract for the Midlands. The latter service opened on 17 February 1956, with ABPC's ABC Weekend TV providing the weekend programmes. The company ran into financial difficulty due to the staggering losses of the first two years of ITV and start-up costs. The London weekday contractor Associated-Rediffusion shouldered some of ATV's losses and further funding was achieved by selling shares to the Daily Mirror newspaper. The company structure was changed several times until 1966, when ATV and ITC both became subsidiaries of the Associated Communications Corporation (ACC), formed by turning the old structure on its head. This marked the point where Lew Grade advanced from being the greatest influence over the company to taking control. ATV's main impact was in variety and light entertainment. In the contract and region changes in 1968, ATV lost the weekend franchise in London to the London Television Consortium, later renamed London Weekend Television, but its Midlands contract was renewed and extended for the full seven days. At this point the company was renamed ATV Network Limited. End of franchise During the 1970s, ATV received much criticism over its lack of local programming, particularly for the east of its region; such critics held that local shows had a Birmingham focus. In 1980, the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) decided that ATV's lack of regional programming and production (it had a major studio centre at Elstree in Hertfordshire, a legacy of its London contract, well outside its Midlands franchise) was hampering the region, so it insisted that the new applicant for the franchise be more clearly based in the region and have separate facilities for the East and West Midlands. ATV Midlands Limited, a shell company created by ACC solely for the franchise process, applied successfully for the contract. As a condition of its award, ACC was forced to sell 49% of the company, relinquish executive roles, sell the Elstree studios and rename the company to demonstrate that it was effectively a new business. ATV ceased broadcasting at 12.34am on the morning of Friday 1 January 1982 (the night of Thursday 31 December 1981), following Scottish Television's networked Hogmanay Show. The final closedown was marked by a brief tribute to ATV from original announcer Shaw Taylor before duty announcer Mike Prince signed off with the playing of the National Anthem (an organ recording made at St. Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham). The newly reformed company, Central Independent Television plc, began broadcasting with an extended promo at 9.25am that morning. Central inherited the studios at ATV Centre, Birmingham and ATV Elstree along with land that ATV Midlands had purchased for their new Nottingham studio centre. Central also maintained control of ATV's news archive and regional programmes, along with programming already in production or being shown at the time of changeover and schools programming; the rest of the ATV archive was sold by ACC. ACC later divested itself of the remainder of Central after the Australian investor Robert Holmes à Court staged a boardroom coup and forced Grade to cede control. ACC remained in control of ITC and Stoll-Moss Theatres until 1988 when The Bell Group, the owners of ITC were taken over by the Bond Corporation. Subsequently, the new owners started an asset-stripping programme at ITC. In November 1988, ITC Entertainment was bought by its management. In January 1995, PolyGram Filmed Entertainment bought ITC for $156 million, with Grade returning as chairman for life, bringing him back into control of ITC until his death in 1998. Carlton Communications spent much of the 1980s and 1990s buying up the intellectual property of the former ACC, including the rights to the ATV logo and company name, the ATV news archive (via its purchase of Central) and finally in early January 1999, the company bought ITC's television and film library from PolyGram/Seagram for £91 million, which reunited the programme library of ATV and Central Television and doubled the stock of its library division Carlton International, by giving it a total of 15,000 hours of programming. Granada plc merged with Carlton in 2004, and all of ATV's national archive programming has been taken into their ownership. The regional news archive from both ATV and Central, plus some regional programmes, are stored at the Media Archive for Central England at the University of Lincoln. Studios ATV camera at the National Media Museum, Bradford For most of its time on air, ATV's main production centre was based at Elstree, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, near London, where the majority of ATV's earlier programming was produced and distributed. The Elstree studios had been film studios since 1914, and when ATV acquired them in May 1958, the intention was to use them for ITC TV shows shot on film. One of the first productions to be filmed was The Adventures of William Tell. ATV London used a number of other converted locations for live and video-taped shows during its first decade on air, such as the Wood Green Empire, the Hackney Empire, the former Highbury Film Studios, and briefly, the New Cross Empire, but it soon became clear these were inadequate and it was decided to convert the Elstree studios from film to electronic production. The first of four studios there opened in November 1960. Playout and presentation for ATV London was based at a separate master control facility at Foley Street in Central London, which included two studios for continuity and smaller-scale programming, such as Police 5. Shortly after ATV ceased transmission in London, the Foley Street centre was also used to transmit a management-run national ITV service during the ITV technicians' strike of August 1968. ATV's Midlands studios were originally based in Aston, Birmingham, jointly owned by ATV and ABC under the banner Alpha Television. They supplied both ATV and ABC, and supplemented production from Elstree. In readiness for colour television, a large 'state of the art' television studio was built by ATV, the ATV Centre off Broad Street near the centre of Birmingham. This replaced the Aston studios, which were sold. The ATV Centre was in use until 1997 although two of the production studios had been 'mothballed' in the early 1990s as demand for production studios fell. As of June 2014, the complex has been partially demolished to be replaced by the upcoming Arena Central development, with the main studio building off Bridge Street standing derelict, pending the commencement of further demolition work. The Alpha Tower remains as a listed building. A documentary about the ATV Centre was released in 2011 by MACE (Media Archive for Central England). Entitled From ATVLand In Colour (referring to the nickname used on ATV's children's programme, Tiswas, and the building being purpose-built for colour broadcasting), the documentary features presenters, actors, announcers and behind-the-scenes staff talking about their time working there, and the programmes that were made there. Contributors include Chris Tarrant, Shaw Taylor, Jane Rossington and Bob Carolgees. In the 1981 franchise review, the IBA ordered that for ATV Midlands to keep the franchise the Elstree centre must be sold and a studio centre built in the east of the region. ATV Midlands, renamed Central Independent Television, needed an immediate start for separate East and West Midlands facilities. The new east site was at Lenton Lane, Nottingham, and the land had been bought while ATV was still in control. Planning issues delayed construction so Central purchased an independent production studio in the city (at Giltbrook) as its East Midlands newsroom. Industrial action prevented this centre from being used, with the new studios ready by the time it was resolved. In 1983 the Elstree centre was sold to the BBC for around £7 million, and is now home of the soap EastEnders. East Midlands Television Centre in Nottingham began operation in September 1983 but was officially opened by H.R.H. Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Philip, in March 1984. The studio was eventually sold in 2004 to the University of Nottingham as an independent facility and as the home of the Media Archive for Central England, where most of ATV's and Central's programmes are archived. Identity ATV's logo has always consisted of a shadowed eye, inspired supposedly by the logo of CBS. This shadowed eye with the letters ATV inside came to represent the company. The first ident featured a single eye shape, moving to reveal the shadowed eye, and animating so that each of the letters ATV animate in accompanied by one of the three musical notes on the ident score. The caption below read Associated TeleVision Ltd., the only time the station's full name was displayed in an ident. The shadowed eye however was out of proportion, attributed to the hurry to redraw the ident following the name change from ABC. Shortly after the launch of the Midlands franchise, the ident was again changed to an ident consisting of five stripes. Three of four vertical stripes contain the letters ATV, which animate in to the same musical score, with the other vertical stripe housing the logo and the stations airing times, either displaying both or those of the region being viewed in. the final stripe is horizontal, with the caption 'Presents' inside. The next ident, launched in 1959, featured the shadowed eye zooming into the screen, whilst the familiar letters animate in as in the previous versions. This was altered in 1964 to add either the region name below it, or the word 'Presents' if the programme was an outside broadcast. The company's most recognisable ident, however, is the one launched in 1969. Called Zoom 2, it was the ident that heralded colour broadcasts to the region for the first time. Starting with three lightspots of red, blue and green that grow individually and combine to form six colours above the caption 'In Colour', the three lightspots fully merge forming a single cream dot which then animates out into the ATV shadowed eye, fully formed, in yellow, while the background dissolves from light grey to dark blue. The score for the ident featured four trumpets, four trombones, timpani and vibraphone in a twelve beat fanfare for the station, by ATV's musical director Jack Parnell and arranged by Wally Stott. This ident was used from the introduction of colour in 1969 right until the ATV name ceased to be used in 1982. In addition to this, a variation was produced which only featured a white dot on a black background, growing and transforming into the white shadowed eye for programmes still being shown in black and white. Names used Company names: Associated Broadcasting Company Limited (1954–1955) Associated TeleVision Limited (1955–1964) Associated TeleVision Corporation (1964–1966) Associated Communications Corporation (1966–1982)—parent company ATV Network Limited (1966–1982) ATV Midlands Limited (1981) - This is the company that was renamed Central Independent Television from 1 January 1982, and was the licence holder for the Channel 3 Midlands region service until November 2008, when the licence was transferred to ITV Broadcasting Limited. On-air names: Associated Broadcasting Company (24 September 1955 – 2 October 1955) Associated TeleVision (8 October 1955 – 11 February 1956) ATV London (18 February 1956 – 28 July 1968) ATV Midlands (17 February 1956 – 28 July 1968 but referred to in continuity until 1981) ATV Network (29 July 1968 – 1 January 1982) (always branded on-air as simply 'ATV') Initials used: ABC (24 September 1955 – 2 October 1955) ATV (8 October 1955 – 1 January 1982) Revival of brand In 2015, ITV Broadcasting Ltd surrendered its rights to the ATV trademark and it was acquired by Associated Television Productions Ltd which has produced programming for the Made Television network of local television channels. The company, ATV Network Limited, was re-established in 2006 headed by former ATV cameraman, director and Head of Children's Drama Alan Coleman. It aims to promote and celebrate the legacy of Lew Grade's ATV, with a new logo, based on the 'litespots' of the 1970s. Noting it felt the iconic symbol was best left in the past. Selected programmes Astronauts - series 2 (1983) made by Central ATV Today Bullseye The 1st series (1981) - subsequently made by Central until 1995 and revived by Granada for Challenge in 2006 Carry On Laughing Celebrity Squares - revived by Reg Grundy Productions and Central between 1993 and 1997, and again by Fremantle in 2014 Crossroads - subsequently made by Central until ending in 1988 and revived by Carlton in 2001 Death of a Princess Disraeli Portrait of a Romantic Edward the Seventh Emergency Ward 10 Family Fortunes (1980–1981) - subsequently made by Central and Carlton until ending in 2002 and revived by Fremantle in 2006 Fire Crackers (1964–1965) General Hospital Hine (1971) It Must Be Dusty James Paul McCartney Julie on Sesame Street The Larkins Lunchbox with Noele Gordon Honey Lane Meet Peters and Lee Mill of Secrets New Faces - subsequently made by Central Pipkins Police 5 Sapphire & Steel Saturday Variety Star Soccer Sunday Night at the London Palladium The Adventures of Robin Hood The Cliff Richard Show The Golden Shot The Marty Feldman Comedy Machine The Muppet Show The Strange World of Gurney Slade Timeslip Tiswas - subsequently made by Central until ending in mid-1982 Toyah 1980 documentary Turtle's Progress Two of a Kind (1961) The majority of ITC programmes were first broadcast by ATV and distributed in the UK by them. Similarly, ATV's productions were distributed by ITC outside of the UK, with most ATV idents replaced with those for ITC. Other ventures ATV Music As a side note to ATV's television activities, the company also set up a music publishing division. This was known as ATV Music and existed initially to publish TV-related music, such as theme tunes, composed by its in-house composers. It was formed after ATV acquired a substantial share of Pye Records. This company was eventually split away from the parent company and went through numerous different owners as well as buying into other established music publishers including Northern Songs, which was the Beatles' publishing company. ATV Music eventually settled into the hands of Michael Jackson before being merged into Sony/ATV Music Publishing. See also Central Independent Television – ATV's successor in the Midlands London Weekend Television - ATV London's successor ABC Weekend TV - ATV's predecessor at weekends in the Midlands ITV (TV network) History of ITV Timeline of ATV References ^ Rogers, Jeremy. "ATV". Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. ^ Rogers, Jeremy. "ATV (Associated Television) History". Independent TeleWeb. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012. ^ Southern and Westward TV lose franchises and others to be restructured.By Kenneth Gosling. The Times, Monday, 29 December 1980; pg. 1 ^ ATV final closedown, Central start-up 1/1/82 ^ AUSTRALIA'S ACQUISITIVE RECLUSE Archived 2 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Grade is ousted in £37 m ACC takeoverBrown, MaggieThe Guardian (1959–2003); 15 January 1982; ^ IBA gives ACC go-aheadThe Guardian (1959–2003); 2 June 1982; ^ Holmes à Court announces reverse takeover at Bell. Richard Battley. The Times, Tuesday, 1 March 1988; pg. 27; ^ Bond plan to merge with Bell empire. Richard Battley. The Times, Saturday, 2 July 1988; pg. 25 ^ Bell recommends Bond Corp offer.(Reuter). The Times (London, England), Friday, 19 August 1988; pg. 25 ^ Bond's sale of ITC estimated at £60m. John Bell, City Editor. The Times, Thursday, 10 November 1988 ^ PolyGram buys ITC for $156m. The Times, Wednesday, 11 January 1995; pg. 25 ^ "Thunderbirds are going, going, gone". BBC News. 19 January 1999. Archived from the original on 17 March 2004. Retrieved 22 June 2013. ^ "Granada and Carlton agree merger". 16 October 2002. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2015. ^ History of ITV studios in London, tvstudiohistory.co.uk ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "atvlandproductions.com – atvlandproductions.com". Archived from the original on 12 November 2009. ^ BBC buys four studios at Elstree for £7m. By Kenneth Gosling. The Times, Wednesday, 12 October 1983; pg. 5; ^ "BBC - the BBC Story - BBC Buildings - Elstree Studios". Archived from the original on 17 April 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013. ^ "This is Elstree, part 2 - Studios - Transdiffusion". Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. ^ Buxton, Roddy. "A trip to Giltbrook". Studio One. Transdiffusion Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012. ^ Court Circular. The Times, Saturday,3 March 1984; pg10 ^ a b c d Meldrum, Darren. "ATV". The Ident Zone. MHP. Archived from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011. Contains images and RealMedia videos of some of ATV's idents. ^ a b c d Barnes, Steve. "ATV Idents". TVARK. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2011. Contains authentic videos of these idents. ^ a b c d Bernard, Marcus. "ATV London". TVARK. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011. Contains authentic videos of these idents. ^ a b c d "ATV Idents and Clocks". TV Room. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2011. ^ a b c d Robertson, Jason. "Zooms and other great stuff". subTV. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011. ^ ATV Network ^ ATV Alan Coleman Patron ^ ATV Network Logo ^ Doyle, Jack (7 July 2009). "Michael & McCartney, 1990s-2009". The Pop History Dig. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010. External links Look up Licence to print money in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. sub-TV (unofficial history site) Independent TeleWeb ATV history page ATV at TV Ark ATV Land - an unofficial fan site Transdiffusion's AYTEEVEE ITV regional services New service ATV London London (weekends) 24 September 1955 – 28 July 1968 Succeeded byLondon Weekend Television New service ATV Midlands Midlands (weekdays) 17 February 1956 – 1 January 1982 Succeeded byCentral Independent Television Preceded byABC Weekend TV Midlands (weekends) 29 July 1968 – 1 January 1982 vteITVChannelsCurrentITV (network) ITV1 ITV1 HD STV UTV ITV Digital Channels ITV2 ITV3 ITV4 ITVBe ITV Studios ITV Choice Storylands Hell's Kitchen TV Former CITV ITV Box Office ITV Encore ITV News Channel ITV Play ITV Select ITV Sport Channel Merit S2 STV2 The Store UTV2 UTV Ireland CompaniesCurrent ITV plc STV Group plc Former Alpha Television Carlton Communications plc Granada plc ITC Entertainment Video Collection International Pickwick Video Group The Rank Organisation General Film Distributors Carlton Screen Advertising ITV Digital Ltd Trident Television UTV Media plc Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television Divisions,brands andservicesCurrentITV Studios ITV Studios Australia 12 Yard Big Talk Productions Mammoth Screen Multistory Media Oxford Scientific Films Potato So Television Twofour World Productions Other CITV LittleBe ITV Daytime ITV Food ITV News ITN ITV Weather ITV Sport ITVX itv.com BritBox STV Player STV Studios Former Friends Reunited ITV Day ITV Digital ITV Local ITV Play ITV Schools u.tv ITV(network)franchisesandregionsNationalfranchisesBreakfast TV-am (1983–1992) GMTV (1993–2010) ITV Breakfast (2010–present) Teletext ORACLE (1974–1992) Teletext Ltd. (1993–2010) CurrentregionalfranchisesITV plc Anglia Border Central Channel TV Cymru Wales Granada London Meridian Tyne Tees UTV West Country Yorkshire STV Group STV Central STV North Formerregionalfranchises"Big 4 / 5" ABC ATV Central Granada LWT Rediffusion Thames Yorkshire Other Carlton HTV ITSWW ITV Westcountry Southern TSW TVS TWW Westward WWN/Teledu Cymru Unsuccessfulfranchise bids CPV-TV Kemsley-Winnick Television North West Television Non-franchiseregions ITV Thames Valley ITV Tyne Tees & Border TimelinesFranchisesand regions ABC Anglia ATV Border Carlton Central Channel Grampian Granada HTV West ITV in Wales LWT Meridian Scottish Southern Thames & Associated-Rediffusion TSW & Westward TV-am TVS Tyne Tees UTV Westcountry Yorkshire Other ITV (network) ITV children's TV ITV Digital Channels ITV News ITN Regional news ITV Sport Regulators ITA (1954–72) IBA (1972–90) ITC (1991–2003) Ofcom (2003–present) Other Freely Freesat Freeview History of ITV (network) Idents ITV Emergency National Service (1968) ITV Telethon Night Network ITV Nightscreen Journalists and newsreaders Programmes ITV2 Television House United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting ITV advertising operations ITV 50 Ginx TV 3SixtyMedia Quibi Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Associated Television International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Television_International"},{"link_name":"Associated-Rediffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated-Rediffusion"},{"link_name":"Independent Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands"},{"link_name":"Big Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ITV#The_Big_Four_and_Big_Five"},{"link_name":"Central Independent Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Independent_Television"},{"link_name":"Independent Television Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Authority"}],"text":"This article is about the British commercial broadcaster. For the American production and distribution company, see Associated Television International.Not to be confused with Associated-Rediffusion.Associated Television was the original name of the British broadcaster ATV, part of the Independent Television (ITV) network. It provided a service to London at weekends from 1955 to 1968, to the Midlands on weekdays from 1956 to 1968, and to the Midlands all week from 1968 to 1982. It was one of the \"Big Four\" until 1968, and the \"Big Five\" after 1968, that between them produced the majority of ITV networked programmes. In 1982, ATV was restructured and rebranded as Central Independent Television, under which name it continued to provide the service for the Midlands.ATV was awarded its first franchise by the Independent Television Authority (ITA) to provide the Independent Television service at weekends for the London region. This service started on Saturday, 24 September 1955, the second ITA franchise to go on air, and was extended until Sunday, 28 July 1968. ATV was also awarded the franchise to provide the weekdays Independent Television service for the Midlands region. This service started on Friday, 17 February 1956, the third ITA franchisee to go on air, and was extended until Monday, 29 July 1968.Subsequent to the changes made by the ITA to the regional structure of the Independent Television service, ATV lost its London franchise, but was awarded the franchise to provide a seven-day service for the Midlands region which started on Tuesday, 30 July 1968 and was finally extended until 00:34 on Friday, 1 January 1982.","title":"Associated Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_ATV"}],"text":"Further information: Timeline of ATV","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Collins"},{"link_name":"ITC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITC_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Prince Littler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Littler"},{"link_name":"Lew Grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Grade"},{"link_name":"showbusiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showbusiness"},{"link_name":"conflicts of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"Independent Television Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Authority"},{"link_name":"Associated British Picture Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_British_Picture_Corporation"},{"link_name":"chain of cinemas under those initials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Cinemas"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"The company was formed from the merger of the Associated Broadcasting Development Company (ABDC) under the control of Norman Collins, and the Incorporated Television Programme Company (ITC) under the control of Prince Littler and Lew Grade, two showbusiness agents.Both companies had applied for a contract to become one of the new ITV stations. ABDC won the contract but had insufficient money to operate it; ITC failed to win a contract, mainly due to a perceived conflicts of interest resulting from the business operations of Grade and Littler. By the time of the merger ABDC were well advanced with their plans whilst ITPC planned to operate as an independent producer selling their shows to the new network contractors.When financial problems hit ABDC, the Independent Television Authority, the governing body of ITV, invited Grade and Littler to join the ABDC consortium. This provided the money required and put Littler and Grade in control of the new company, sidelining Collins.The new company was originally named the Associated Broadcasting Company (ABC), but the Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC), which wished to call their station \"ABC\" and ran a large chain of cinemas under those initials, successfully sued for prior ownership of the name. After the Associated Broadcasting Company had been operating for three weeks the name was changed to Associated TeleVision Ltd (ATV). The logo, designed for \"ABC\" and tweaked for \"ATV\", was a \"shadowed eye\" inspired by the CBS logo and reputedly designed by Lew Grade on a transatlantic flight back from the US. The logo is one of the most recognisable in broadcasting.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATV_until_1968_coverage_map.svg"},{"link_name":"weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workweek"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Midlands"},{"link_name":"ABC Weekend TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Weekend_TV"},{"link_name":"Associated-Rediffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated-Rediffusion"},{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_show"},{"link_name":"light entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_entertainment"},{"link_name":"London Television Consortium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Weekend_Television"},{"link_name":"London Weekend Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Weekend_Television"}],"sub_title":"Broadcasting","text":"The two ATV regions before the franchise changes in 1968  ATV London (weekend)  ATV Midlands (weekdays)The Associated Broadcasting Company began broadcasting in its own right on Saturday 24 September 1955, after jointly presenting the network's opening night on Thursday 22 September. The name ATV was first seen in London on Saturday 8 October 1955. The company won two contracts, the weekend contract for London and the Monday–Friday contract for the Midlands. The latter service opened on 17 February 1956, with ABPC's ABC Weekend TV providing the weekend programmes.The company ran into financial difficulty due to the staggering losses of the first two years of ITV and start-up costs. The London weekday contractor Associated-Rediffusion shouldered some of ATV's losses and further funding was achieved by selling shares to the Daily Mirror newspaper. The company structure was changed several times until 1966, when ATV and ITC both became subsidiaries of the Associated Communications Corporation (ACC), formed by turning the old structure on its head. This marked the point where Lew Grade advanced from being the greatest influence over the company to taking control.ATV's main impact was in variety and light entertainment.In the contract and region changes in 1968, ATV lost the weekend franchise in London to the London Television Consortium, later renamed London Weekend Television, but its Midlands contract was renewed and extended for the full seven days. At this point the company was renamed ATV Network Limited.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independent Broadcasting Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority"},{"link_name":"Elstree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATV_Elstree_Studios"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)"},{"link_name":"shell company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(corporation)"},{"link_name":"Elstree studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATV_Elstree_Studios"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATV_ITW1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Scottish Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Television"},{"link_name":"Shaw Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Mike Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Prince"},{"link_name":"St. Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Chad%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Central Independent Television plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Independent_Television"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ATV Centre, Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Tower"},{"link_name":"ATV Elstree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATV_Elstree_Studios"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Robert Holmes à Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Holmes_%C3%A0_Court"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bond Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"PolyGram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolyGram"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Carlton Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Television"},{"link_name":"Central Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Central"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Granada plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_plc"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"End of franchise","text":"During the 1970s, ATV received much criticism over its lack of local programming, particularly for the east of its region; such critics held that local shows had a Birmingham focus. In 1980, the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) decided that ATV's lack of regional programming and production (it had a major studio centre at Elstree in Hertfordshire, a legacy of its London contract, well outside its Midlands franchise) was hampering the region, so it insisted that the new applicant for the franchise be more clearly based in the region and have separate facilities for the East and West Midlands.ATV Midlands Limited, a shell company created by ACC solely for the franchise process, applied successfully for the contract. As a condition of its award, ACC was forced to sell 49% of the company, relinquish executive roles, sell the Elstree studios and rename the company to demonstrate that it was effectively a new business.[2][3]ATV ceased broadcasting at 12.34am on the morning of Friday 1 January 1982 (the night of Thursday 31 December 1981), following Scottish Television's networked Hogmanay Show. The final closedown was marked by a brief tribute to ATV from original announcer Shaw Taylor before duty announcer Mike Prince signed off with the playing of the National Anthem (an organ recording made at St. Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham). The newly reformed company, Central Independent Television plc, began broadcasting with an extended promo at 9.25am that morning.[4]Central inherited the studios at ATV Centre, Birmingham and ATV Elstree along with land that ATV Midlands had purchased for their new Nottingham studio centre. Central also maintained control of ATV's news archive and regional programmes, along with programming already in production or being shown at the time of changeover and schools programming; the rest of the ATV archive was sold by ACC.ACC later divested itself of the remainder of Central after the Australian investor Robert Holmes à Court staged a boardroom coup and forced Grade to cede control.[5][6][7] ACC remained in control of ITC and Stoll-Moss Theatres until 1988 when The Bell Group, the owners of ITC were taken over by the Bond Corporation.[8][9][10] Subsequently, the new owners started an asset-stripping programme at ITC. In November 1988, ITC Entertainment was bought by its management.[11]In January 1995, PolyGram Filmed Entertainment bought ITC for $156 million,[12] with Grade returning as chairman for life, bringing him back into control of ITC until his death in 1998. Carlton Communications spent much of the 1980s and 1990s buying up the intellectual property of the former ACC, including the rights to the ATV logo and company name, the ATV news archive (via its purchase of Central) and finally in early January 1999, the company bought ITC's television and film library from PolyGram/Seagram for £91 million, which reunited the programme library of ATV and Central Television and doubled the stock of its library division Carlton International, by giving it a total of 15,000 hours of programming.[13]Granada plc merged with Carlton in 2004,[14] and all of ATV's national archive programming has been taken into their ownership. The regional news archive from both ATV and Central, plus some regional programmes, are stored at the Media Archive for Central England at the University of Lincoln.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATV_Camera_NMM.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elstree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATV_Elstree_Studios"},{"link_name":"Borehamwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borehamwood"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of William Tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_William_Tell"},{"link_name":"live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_television"},{"link_name":"Hackney Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Empire"},{"link_name":"Highbury Film Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbury_Studios"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"national ITV service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Emergency_National_Service"},{"link_name":"Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Weekend_TV"},{"link_name":"Alpha Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Television"},{"link_name":"ATV Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Tower"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Alpha Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Tower"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Media Archive for Central England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Archive_for_Central_England"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Tiswas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiswas"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Chris Tarrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tarrant"},{"link_name":"Shaw Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Jane Rossington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Rossington"},{"link_name":"Bob Carolgees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Carolgees"},{"link_name":"Central Independent Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Independent_Television"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Giltbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giltbrook"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TBS_Giltbrook-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"University of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nottingham"}],"text":"ATV camera at the National Media Museum, BradfordFor most of its time on air, ATV's main production centre was based at Elstree, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, near London, where the majority of ATV's earlier programming was produced and distributed. The Elstree studios had been film studios since 1914, and when ATV acquired them in May 1958, the intention was to use them for ITC TV shows shot on film. One of the first productions to be filmed was The Adventures of William Tell. ATV London used a number of other converted locations for live and video-taped shows during its first decade on air, such as the Wood Green Empire, the Hackney Empire, the former Highbury Film Studios, and briefly, the New Cross Empire, but it soon became clear these were inadequate and it was decided to convert the Elstree studios from film to electronic production. The first of four studios there opened in November 1960.[15]Playout and presentation for ATV London was based at a separate master control facility at Foley Street in Central London, which included two studios for continuity and smaller-scale programming, such as Police 5. Shortly after ATV ceased transmission in London, the Foley Street centre was also used to transmit a management-run national ITV service during the ITV technicians' strike of August 1968.ATV's Midlands studios were originally based in Aston, Birmingham, jointly owned by ATV and ABC under the banner Alpha Television. They supplied both ATV and ABC, and supplemented production from Elstree. In readiness for colour television, a large 'state of the art' television studio was built by ATV, the ATV Centre off Broad Street near the centre of Birmingham. This replaced the Aston studios, which were sold. The ATV Centre was in use until 1997 although two of the production studios had been 'mothballed' in the early 1990s as demand for production studios fell. As of June 2014, the complex has been partially demolished to be replaced by the upcoming Arena Central development, with the main studio building off Bridge Street standing derelict, pending the commencement of further demolition work. The Alpha Tower remains as a listed building.A documentary about the ATV Centre was released in 2011 by MACE (Media Archive for Central England).[16] Entitled From ATVLand In Colour (referring to the nickname used on ATV's children's programme, Tiswas, and the building being purpose-built for colour broadcasting), the documentary features presenters, actors, announcers and behind-the-scenes staff talking about their time working there, and the programmes that were made there.[17] Contributors include Chris Tarrant, Shaw Taylor, Jane Rossington and Bob Carolgees.In the 1981 franchise review, the IBA ordered that for ATV Midlands to keep the franchise the Elstree centre must be sold and a studio centre built in the east of the region. ATV Midlands, renamed Central Independent Television, needed an immediate start for separate East and West Midlands facilities. The new east site was at Lenton Lane, Nottingham, and the land had been bought while ATV was still in control. Planning issues delayed construction so Central purchased an independent production studio in the city (at Giltbrook) as its East Midlands newsroom. Industrial action prevented this centre from being used, with the new studios ready by the time it was resolved.In 1983 the Elstree centre was sold to the BBC for around £7 million,[18] and is now home of the soap EastEnders.[19][20]East Midlands Television Centre in Nottingham began operation in September 1983[21] but was officially opened by H.R.H. Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Philip, in March 1984.[22] The studio was eventually sold in 2004 to the University of Nottingham as an independent facility and as the home of the Media Archive for Central England, where most of ATV's and Central's programmes are archived.","title":"Studios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MHPidentzone-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVARKatvmid-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVARKatvlon-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVRoom-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subTV-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MHPidentzone-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVARKatvmid-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVARKatvlon-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVRoom-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subTV-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MHPidentzone-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVARKatvmid-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVARKatvlon-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVRoom-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subTV-27"},{"link_name":"Jack Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Parnell"},{"link_name":"Wally Stott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Stott"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MHPidentzone-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVARKatvmid-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVARKatvlon-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVRoom-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subTV-27"}],"text":"ATV's logo has always consisted of a shadowed eye, inspired supposedly by the logo of CBS. This shadowed eye with the letters ATV inside came to represent the company. The first ident featured a single eye shape, moving to reveal the shadowed eye, and animating so that each of the letters ATV animate in accompanied by one of the three musical notes on the ident score. The caption below read Associated TeleVision Ltd., the only time the station's full name was displayed in an ident. The shadowed eye however was out of proportion, attributed to the hurry to redraw the ident following the name change from ABC.[23][24][25][26][27]Shortly after the launch of the Midlands franchise, the ident was again changed to an ident consisting of five stripes. Three of four vertical stripes contain the letters ATV, which animate in to the same musical score, with the other vertical stripe housing the logo and the stations airing times, either displaying both or those of the region being viewed in. the final stripe is horizontal, with the caption 'Presents' inside.[23][24][25][26][27]The next ident, launched in 1959, featured the shadowed eye zooming into the screen, whilst the familiar letters animate in as in the previous versions. This was altered in 1964 to add either the region name below it, or the word 'Presents' if the programme was an outside broadcast.[23][24][25][26][27]The company's most recognisable ident, however, is the one launched in 1969. Called Zoom 2, it was the ident that heralded colour broadcasts to the region for the first time. Starting with three lightspots of red, blue and green that grow individually and combine to form six colours above the caption 'In Colour', the three lightspots fully merge forming a single cream dot which then animates out into the ATV shadowed eye, fully formed, in yellow, while the background dissolves from light grey to dark blue. The score for the ident featured four trumpets, four trombones, timpani and vibraphone in a twelve beat fanfare for the station, by ATV's musical director Jack Parnell and arranged by Wally Stott. This ident was used from the introduction of colour in 1969 right until the ATV name ceased to be used in 1982.[23][24][25][26][27] In addition to this, a variation was produced which only featured a white dot on a black background, growing and transforming into the white shadowed eye for programmes still being shown in black and white.","title":"Identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Independent Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Independent_Television"}],"sub_title":"Names used","text":"Company names:Associated Broadcasting Company Limited (1954–1955)\nAssociated TeleVision Limited (1955–1964)\nAssociated TeleVision Corporation (1964–1966)\nAssociated Communications Corporation (1966–1982)—parent company\nATV Network Limited (1966–1982)\nATV Midlands Limited (1981) - This is the company that was renamed Central Independent Television from 1 January 1982, and was the licence holder for the Channel 3 Midlands region service until November 2008, when the licence was transferred to ITV Broadcasting Limited.On-air names:Associated Broadcasting Company (24 September 1955 – 2 October 1955)\nAssociated TeleVision (8 October 1955 – 11 February 1956)\nATV London (18 February 1956 – 28 July 1968)\nATV Midlands (17 February 1956 – 28 July 1968 but referred to in continuity until 1981)\nATV Network (29 July 1968 – 1 January 1982) (always branded on-air as simply 'ATV')Initials used:ABC (24 September 1955 – 2 October 1955)\nATV (8 October 1955 – 1 January 1982)","title":"Identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Made Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Television_Limited"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Revival of brand","text":"In 2015, ITV Broadcasting Ltd surrendered its rights to the ATV trademark and it was acquired by Associated Television Productions Ltd which has produced programming for the Made Television network of local television channels.The company, ATV Network Limited, was re-established in 2006[28] headed by former ATV cameraman, director and Head of Children's Drama Alan Coleman.[29] It aims to promote and celebrate the legacy of Lew Grade's ATV, with a new logo, based on the 'litespots' of the 1970s.[30] Noting it felt the iconic symbol was best left in the past.","title":"Identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauts_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ATV Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATV_Today"},{"link_name":"Bullseye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullseye_(British_game_show)"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Studios"},{"link_name":"Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Carry On Laughing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_On_Laughing"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Squares"},{"link_name":"Reg Grundy Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Grundy_Productions"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_(company)"},{"link_name":"Crossroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossroads_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Death of a Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_a_Princess"},{"link_name":"Edward the Seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Seventh"},{"link_name":"Emergency Ward 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Ward_10"},{"link_name":"Family Fortunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Fortunes"},{"link_name":"Fire Crackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Crackers"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hine_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"It Must Be Dusty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Springfield#It_Must_Be_Dusty_%E2%80%93_Series_1_(1968)"},{"link_name":"James Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Paul_McCartney_(TV_programme)"},{"link_name":"Julie on Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_on_Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"The Larkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Larkins_(1958_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Honey Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_in_Honey_Lane"},{"link_name":"Peters and Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peters_and_Lee"},{"link_name":"Mill of Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_of_Secrets"},{"link_name":"New Faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Faces"},{"link_name":"Pipkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipkins"},{"link_name":"Police 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_5"},{"link_name":"Sapphire & Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire_%26_Steel"},{"link_name":"Star Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Soccer"},{"link_name":"Sunday Night at the London Palladium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Night_at_the_London_Palladium"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Golden Shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Shot"},{"link_name":"The Marty Feldman Comedy Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marty_Feldman_Comedy_Machine"},{"link_name":"The Muppet Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppet_Show"},{"link_name":"The Strange World of Gurney Slade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strange_World_of_Gurney_Slade"},{"link_name":"Timeslip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeslip"},{"link_name":"Tiswas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiswas"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Independent_Television"},{"link_name":"Turtle's Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle%27s_Progress"},{"link_name":"Two of a Kind (1961)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_of_a_Kind_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ITC programmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Television_series_by_ITC_Entertainment"}],"text":"Astronauts - series 2 (1983) made by Central\nATV Today\nBullseye The 1st series (1981) - subsequently made by Central until 1995 and revived by Granada for Challenge in 2006\nCarry On Laughing\nCelebrity Squares - revived by Reg Grundy Productions and Central between 1993 and 1997, and again by Fremantle in 2014\nCrossroads - subsequently made by Central until ending in 1988 and revived by Carlton in 2001\nDeath of a Princess\nDisraeli Portrait of a Romantic\nEdward the Seventh\nEmergency Ward 10\nFamily Fortunes (1980–1981) - subsequently made by Central and Carlton until ending in 2002 and revived by Fremantle in 2006\nFire Crackers (1964–1965)\nGeneral Hospital\nHine (1971)\nIt Must Be Dusty\nJames Paul McCartney\nJulie on Sesame Street\nThe Larkins\nLunchbox with Noele Gordon\nHoney Lane\nMeet Peters and Lee\nMill of Secrets\nNew Faces - subsequently made by Central\nPipkins\nPolice 5\nSapphire & Steel\nSaturday Variety\nStar Soccer\nSunday Night at the London Palladium\nThe Adventures of Robin Hood\nThe Cliff Richard Show\nThe Golden Shot\nThe Marty Feldman Comedy Machine\nThe Muppet Show\nThe Strange World of Gurney Slade\nTimeslip\nTiswas - subsequently made by Central until ending in mid-1982\nToyah 1980 documentary\nTurtle's Progress\nTwo of a Kind (1961)The majority of ITC programmes were first broadcast by ATV and distributed in the UK by them. Similarly, ATV's productions were distributed by ITC outside of the UK, with most ATV idents replaced with those for ITC.","title":"Selected programmes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_publisher_(popular_music)"},{"link_name":"Pye Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pye_Records"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jdoyle_pophis-31"},{"link_name":"Northern Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Songs"},{"link_name":"Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatles"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Sony/ATV Music Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing"}],"sub_title":"ATV Music","text":"As a side note to ATV's television activities, the company also set up a music publishing division. This was known as ATV Music and existed initially to publish TV-related music, such as theme tunes, composed by its in-house composers. It was formed after ATV acquired a substantial share of Pye Records.[31] This company was eventually split away from the parent company and went through numerous different owners as well as buying into other established music publishers including Northern Songs, which was the Beatles' publishing company. ATV Music eventually settled into the hands of Michael Jackson before being merged into Sony/ATV Music Publishing.","title":"Other ventures"}]

[{"image_text":"The two ATV regions before the franchise changes in 1968  ATV London (weekend)  ATV Midlands (weekdays)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ATV_until_1968_coverage_map.svg/170px-ATV_until_1968_coverage_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"ATV camera at the National Media Museum, Bradford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/ATV_Camera_NMM.jpg/220px-ATV_Camera_NMM.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Central Independent Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Independent_Television"},{"title":"London Weekend Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Weekend_Television"},{"title":"ABC Weekend TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Weekend_TV"},{"title":"ITV (TV network)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"title":"History of ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ITV"},{"title":"Timeline of ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_ATV"}]

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Retrieved 22 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/258411.stm","url_text":"\"Thunderbirds are going, going, gone\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040317063140/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/258411.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Granada and Carlton agree merger\". 16 October 2002. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2332149.stm","url_text":"\"Granada and Carlton agree merger\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081024194504/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2332149.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004040816/http://www.macearchive.org/Mace-shop/DVDs/product/from-atvland-in-colour.html","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.macearchive.org/Mace-shop/DVDs/product/from-atvland-in-colour.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"atvlandproductions.com – atvlandproductions.com\". Archived from the original on 12 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atvlandproductions.com/","url_text":"\"atvlandproductions.com – atvlandproductions.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091112200548/http://www.atvlandproductions.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - the BBC Story - BBC Buildings - Elstree Studios\". Archived from the original on 17 April 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/collections/buildings/elstree_studios.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC - the BBC Story - BBC Buildings - Elstree Studios\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130417013452/http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/collections/buildings/elstree_studios.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"This is Elstree, part 2 - Studios - Transdiffusion\". Archived from the original on 3 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transdiffusion.org/tv/studioone/this_is_elstree_2","url_text":"\"This is Elstree, part 2 - Studios - Transdiffusion\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130803100748/http://www.transdiffusion.org/tv/studioone/this_is_elstree_2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Buxton, Roddy. \"A trip to Giltbrook\". Studio One. Transdiffusion Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transdiffusion.org/tv/studioone/a_trip_to_giltb","url_text":"\"A trip to Giltbrook\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120724021718/http://www.transdiffusion.org/tv/studioone/a_trip_to_giltb","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Meldrum, Darren. \"ATV\". The Ident Zone. MHP. Archived from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.meldrum.co.uk/mhp/identzone/atv/index.html","url_text":"\"ATV\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110912161240/http://www.meldrum.co.uk/mhp/identzone/atv/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Steve. \"ATV Idents\". TVARK. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081120061843/http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/itvmidlands/atv_idents.html","url_text":"\"ATV Idents\""},{"url":"http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/itvmidlands/atv_idents.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bernard, Marcus. \"ATV London\". TVARK. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930085358/http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/itvlondon/atvlondon-main.html","url_text":"\"ATV London\""},{"url":"http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/itvlondon/atvlondon-main.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ATV Idents and Clocks\". TV Room. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130204115924/http://thetvroom.com/itv/itv-atv-01-01.html","url_text":"\"ATV Idents and Clocks\""},{"url":"http://thetvroom.com/itv/itv-atv-01-01.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Jason. \"Zooms and other great stuff\". subTV. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111003203646/http://www.sub-tv.co.uk/atvzooms.asp","url_text":"\"Zooms and other great stuff\""},{"url":"http://www.sub-tv.co.uk/atvzooms.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Doyle, Jack (7 July 2009). \"Michael & McCartney, 1990s-2009\". The Pop History Dig. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pophistorydig.com/?p=2517","url_text":"\"Michael & McCartney, 1990s-2009\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101027075804/http://www.pophistorydig.com/?p=2517","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_License_Key

Volume licensing

["1 Overview","2 Notable examples","2.1 Microsoft","2.2 Adobe","3 Unauthorized use","3.1 Leaked keys","3.2 Public KMS servers","3.3 KMS server and client emulators","4 References"]

Software licensing for multiple users or computers This article may lack focus or may be about more than one topic. In particular, it appears that the vast majority of this article is about volume licensing as it pertains to Microsoft products, and specifically Microsoft Windows. Volume licensing as a general concept may still meet WP:NOTABILITY guidelines. Please help improve this article, possibly by splitting the article and/or by introducing a disambiguation page, or discuss this issue on the talk page. (June 2023) In software licensing, volume licensing is the practice of using one license to authorize software on a large number of computers and/or for a large number of users. Customers of such licensing schemes are typically business, governmental or educational institutions, with prices for volume licensing varying depending on the type, quantity and applicable subscription-term. For example, Microsoft software available through volume-licensing programs includes Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office. Traditionally, a volume licensing key (VLK), which could be supplied to all instances of the licensed computer program, was involved in volume licensing. With the popularity of the software as a service practices, volume licensing customers only supply their software with credentials belonging to an online user account instead, which is used for other aspects of services and provisioning. Overview Traditionally, a product key has been supplied with computer programs. It acts analogously to a password: The computer programs of old ask the user to prove their entitlement; in response, the user provides this key. This key, however, must only be used once, i.e. on one computer. A volume licensing key (VLK), however, can be used on several computers. Vendors can take additional steps to ensure that their products' key are only used in the intended number. These efforts are called product activation. Volume licenses are not always transferable. For example, only some types of Microsoft volume license can be transferred, provided a formal transfer process is completed, which enables Microsoft to register the new owner. A very small number of software vendors specialize in brokering such transfers in order to allow the selling of volume licenses and keys. The most notable of these, Discount-Licensing, pioneered the sale of Microsoft volume licenses in this way. Notable examples Microsoft Product key on a certificate of authenticity for Windows Vista Home Premium Microsoft has been engaged in volume licensing since its inception, as the enterprise sector is its primary market. With the release of Windows XP in 2001, Microsoft introduced Microsoft Product Activation, a digital rights management (DRM) scheme to curb software piracy among consumers by verifying the user's entitlement to the product license. At the time, however, the volume-licensed versions of Windows XP were exempt from this measure. (See § Unauthorized use.) Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft introduced two volume licensing methods for IT professionals in charge of installing Windows in organizations, both of which are covered by Microsoft Product Activation: The first is Multiple Activation Keys (MAK), which are the same as Windows XP's volume licensing keys but require product activation. The second is Key Management Server (KMS) and its corresponding keys. Hosts activated via a KMS have to report back to a software license server once every 180 days. Licenses using these schemes can be procured via the Microsoft Software Assurance program. A large group of Microsoft customers are OEMs that assemble and sell computers, such as desktops, laptops, tablet computers and mobile device. In the devices sold by these OEMs, Windows license data is stored in the computer's BIOS in an area referred to as the "ACPI_SLIC", so that KMS can detect the use of previous Microsoft products even with the storage device removed or erased. For Windows Vista and Windows 7, the SLIC data are complementary; a volume licensing product key is still supplied with the device, which the user needs in the event of reinstalling Windows. Starting with Windows 8, however, everything needed to authorize the device is stored with SLIC data. In 2010, Microsoft introduced the Office 365 licensing program. in which Microsoft Office, Microsoft Exchange Server and Skype for Business Server products are licensed based on the software as a service (SaaS) model: In exchange for a monthly subscription fee, software, its updates, support for them, provisioning, administration, licensing and additional services are all provided through an online web-based dashboard. In this scheme, licensed apps communicate recurrently with Microsoft over the Internet; as such, a product key needs not be issued to the user. Instead the administrator needs to sign up for Microsoft account, which holds details such as licensed apps, their number, and payment methods. This account is protected by credentials such as a username and a password. Adobe Main article: Adobe Creative Cloud Introduced in 2011, Adobe Creative Cloud is a SaaS offering in which software produced by Adobe, their updates, support for them, provisioning, administration, licensing and additional services are all provided over the Internet, in exchange for a monthly subscription fee. As with the Office 365, a user account registered with Adobe is all that is required to authorize software and store payment information. Unauthorized use Microsoft has blocked several volume license keys that have been abused in service packs, starting with Windows XP Service Pack 1. Microsoft even developed a new key verification engine for Windows XP Service Pack 2 that could detect illicit keys, even those that had never been used before. Several security consultants have condemned the move by Microsoft, saying that leaving a large install base unpatched from various security holes is irresponsible because this unpatched install base can be leveraged in large scale Internet attacks, such as Trojan horses used to send spam e-mail. Others have come to Microsoft's defense, arguing that Microsoft should not have to provide support for illegal users. After much public outcry, Microsoft elected to disable the new key verification engine. Service Pack 2 only checks for the same small list of commonly used keys as Service Pack 1. Users of existing installations of Windows XP can also change their product key by following instructions from Microsoft. Leaked keys A volume license key that was commonly used to bypass product activation in early versions of Windows XP was FCKGW-RHQQ2-YXRKT-8TG6W-2B7Q8. This key was part of the first warez release of the final version of Windows XP by a group called devils0wn, 35 days before the operating system's official retail release on 28 August 2001. The key is now obsolete, as it has been blacklisted by Microsoft since August 2004, and affected computers will display a WGA notification. It was made famous partly because it featured in a popular image circulated on the Internet before the retail launch of Windows XP. In the image, the key is written on a CD-R containing the leaked operating system and held in front of a digital Microsoft sign counting down the days until the release of Windows XP. Users using these keys will receive an error message when they install the latest service pack, and such users are told to obtain a legitimate license and change their product key. Public KMS servers Any client machine with the correct KMS client setup keys can authenticate against any KMS server. KMS client keys are well known and documented publicly by Microsoft. KMS servers require a minimum of 25 clients to properly activate, but also stop counting additional licenses beyond 50, and automatically accept any client key once reaching the 25 client threshold. Businesses operating KMS servers are required to properly shield the KMS server behind firewalls so that it cannot be reached from the Internet and be used by the general public to authorize illegitimate KMS client keys. Public exposure of a KMS server can result in Microsoft revoking the server key, thereby disabling all attached clients. External KMS server access is desirable for devices on long-term leave away from the corporate network, as KMS client activation will expire after six months of not being able to contact a KMS server. For this situation, a business can make it accessible through a virtual private network (VPN) known only to the devices outside the corporate network. KMS server and client emulators An unofficial KMS server emulator exists that will activate Windows or Office even if the software was not licensed or paid for, regardless of whether or not there are 25 or more computers on the network, and regardless of whether or not a previous version of Windows was installed. There is also a program that will send KMS requests to a legitimate KMS server, in order to fool the server into thinking that there are 25 or more computers on the network. Microsoft considers both of these exploits to be a violation of the Terms and Conditions. References ^ Lowe, Doug (2008). Networking All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 205–206. ISBN 9780470333884. ^ "Microsoft Volume Licensing". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 6 June 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2010. ^ "Second-Hand Software Licences for Sale (And They're Legal)". Out-Law.com. Pinsent Masons. 9 November 2005. Retrieved 23 December 2014. ^ Top 7 Things You Should Know About Activation and Genuine Windows (PowerPoint, referred from Windows Activation | Genuine Windows 7, Vista, XP | TechNet) ^ "Windows Activation Technologies in Windows 7". Microsoft TechNet. 9 July 2010. ^ "Windows 7 Activation Can Fail Due to BIOS ACPI_SLIC table Issues". Softpedia. 3 August 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ Microsoft Help and Support: How to change the product key at the time of activation ^ bit-tech.net: Microsoft outlines Vista piracy plans, Published on 5 October 2006 by Wil Harris ^ " KMSAuto Lite – Microsoft Windows 10 Activator". Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. ^ arstechnica.com: Windows Genuine Advantage for dummies By Matt Mondok | Last updated 29 November 2006 6:19 PM ^ "More on the FCKGW-RHQQ2-YXRKT-8TG6W-2B7Q8!". HarshJ.com. 19 March 2007. Archived from the original on 21 June 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2015. ^ "TechRepublic Get IT Done: Change the Product Key on Windows XP". Articles.TechRepublic.com. ^ GVLKs for KMS and Active Directory-based activation of Office, Project & Visio, Updated: 7 January 2022 ^ KMS client activation and product keys, Updated: 7 January 2022 ^ "Microsoft Toolkit – Official KMS Solution for Microsoft Products". Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. ^ "Microsoft Campus-Agreement End-User License-Agreement". You may not use different versions of different components, such as server software and additional software, unless the license terms for the product expressly permit you to do so.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software licensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license"},{"link_name":"business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"software as a service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service"},{"link_name":"user account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_account"}],"text":"In software licensing, volume licensing is the practice of using one license to authorize software on a large number of computers and/or for a large number of users. Customers of such licensing schemes are typically business, governmental or educational institutions, with prices for volume licensing varying depending on the type, quantity and applicable subscription-term. For example, Microsoft software available through volume-licensing programs includes Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office.[1][2]Traditionally, a volume licensing key (VLK), which could be supplied to all instances of the licensed computer program, was involved in volume licensing. With the popularity of the software as a service practices, volume licensing customers only supply their software with credentials belonging to an online user account instead, which is used for other aspects of services and provisioning.","title":"Volume licensing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"product key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_key"},{"link_name":"password","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password"},{"link_name":"product activation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_activation"},{"link_name":"Discount-Licensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount-Licensing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Traditionally, a product key has been supplied with computer programs. It acts analogously to a password: The computer programs of old ask the user to prove their entitlement; in response, the user provides this key. This key, however, must only be used once, i.e. on one computer. A volume licensing key (VLK), however, can be used on several computers. Vendors can take additional steps to ensure that their products' key are only used in the intended number. These efforts are called product activation.Volume licenses are not always transferable. For example, only some types of Microsoft volume license can be transferred, provided a formal transfer process is completed, which enables Microsoft to register the new owner. A very small number of software vendors specialize in brokering such transfers in order to allow the selling of volume licenses and keys. The most notable of these, Discount-Licensing, pioneered the sale of Microsoft volume licenses in this way.[3]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proof_of_License_Certificate_of_Authenticity_for_Windows_Vista_Home_Premium_OEM.jpg"},{"link_name":"Windows Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista"},{"link_name":"Windows XP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Product Activation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Product_Activation"},{"link_name":"digital rights management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management"},{"link_name":"software piracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_piracy"},{"link_name":"§ Unauthorized use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Unauthorized_use"},{"link_name":"Windows Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista"},{"link_name":"KMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KMS_Lighthouse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"software license server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license_server"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Software Assurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Software_Assurance"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Windows 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7"},{"link_name":"Office 365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_365"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Exchange Server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server"},{"link_name":"Skype for Business Server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skype_for_Business_Server"},{"link_name":"software as a service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service"},{"link_name":"Microsoft account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_account"}],"sub_title":"Microsoft","text":"Product key on a certificate of authenticity for Windows Vista Home PremiumMicrosoft has been engaged in volume licensing since its inception, as the enterprise sector is its primary market. With the release of Windows XP in 2001, Microsoft introduced Microsoft Product Activation, a digital rights management (DRM) scheme to curb software piracy among consumers by verifying the user's entitlement to the product license. At the time, however, the volume-licensed versions of Windows XP were exempt from this measure. (See § Unauthorized use.) Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft introduced two volume licensing methods for IT professionals in charge of installing Windows in organizations, both of which are covered by Microsoft Product Activation: The first is Multiple Activation Keys (MAK), which are the same as Windows XP's volume licensing keys but require product activation. The second is Key Management Server (KMS) and its corresponding keys. Hosts activated via a KMS have to report back to a software license server once every 180 days.[4][5] Licenses using these schemes can be procured via the Microsoft Software Assurance program.A large group of Microsoft customers are OEMs that assemble and sell computers, such as desktops, laptops, tablet computers and mobile device. In the devices sold by these OEMs, Windows license data is stored in the computer's BIOS in an area referred to as the \"ACPI_SLIC\", so that KMS can detect the use of previous Microsoft products even with the storage device removed or erased.[6] For Windows Vista and Windows 7, the SLIC data are complementary; a volume licensing product key is still supplied with the device, which the user needs in the event of reinstalling Windows. Starting with Windows 8, however, everything needed to authorize the device is stored with SLIC data.In 2010, Microsoft introduced the Office 365 licensing program. in which Microsoft Office, Microsoft Exchange Server and Skype for Business Server products are licensed based on the software as a service (SaaS) model: In exchange for a monthly subscription fee, software, its updates, support for them, provisioning, administration, licensing and additional services are all provided through an online web-based dashboard. In this scheme, licensed apps communicate recurrently with Microsoft over the Internet; as such, a product key needs not be issued to the user. Instead the administrator needs to sign up for Microsoft account, which holds details such as licensed apps, their number, and payment methods. This account is protected by credentials such as a username and a password.","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Inc."}],"sub_title":"Adobe","text":"Introduced in 2011, Adobe Creative Cloud is a SaaS offering in which software produced by Adobe, their updates, support for them, provisioning, administration, licensing and additional services are all provided over the Internet, in exchange for a monthly subscription fee. As with the Office 365, a user account registered with Adobe is all that is required to authorize software and store payment information.","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security"},{"link_name":"Trojan horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)"},{"link_name":"spam e-mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_(e-mail)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Microsoft has blocked several volume license keys that have been abused in service packs, starting with Windows XP Service Pack 1. Microsoft even developed a new key verification engine for Windows XP Service Pack 2 that could detect illicit keys, even those that had never been used before. Several security consultants have condemned the move by Microsoft, saying that leaving a large install base unpatched from various security holes is irresponsible because this unpatched install base can be leveraged in large scale Internet attacks, such as Trojan horses used to send spam e-mail. Others have come to Microsoft's defense, arguing that Microsoft should not have to provide support for illegal users. After much public outcry, Microsoft elected to disable the new key verification engine. Service Pack 2 only checks for the same small list of commonly used keys as Service Pack 1. Users of existing installations of Windows XP can also change their product key by following instructions from Microsoft.[7]","title":"Unauthorized use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"product activation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_activation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"warez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warez"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"WGA notification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Genuine_Advantage"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"service pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_pack"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Leaked keys","text":"A volume license key that was commonly used to bypass product activation in early versions of Windows XP was FCKGW-RHQQ2-YXRKT-8TG6W-2B7Q8.[8] This key was part of the first warez release of the final version of Windows XP by a group called devils0wn, 35 days before the operating system's official retail release on 28 August 2001.[9] The key is now obsolete, as it has been blacklisted by Microsoft since August 2004, and affected computers will display a WGA notification.[10] It was made famous partly because it featured in a popular image circulated on the Internet before the retail launch of Windows XP. In the image, the key is written on a CD-R containing the leaked operating system and held in front of a digital Microsoft sign counting down the days until the release of Windows XP.[11]Users using these keys will receive an error message when they install the latest service pack, and such users are told to obtain a legitimate license and change their product key.[12]","title":"Unauthorized use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"virtual private network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network"}],"sub_title":"Public KMS servers","text":"Any client machine with the correct KMS client setup keys can authenticate against any KMS server. KMS client keys are well known and documented publicly by Microsoft.[13][14] KMS servers require a minimum of 25 clients to properly activate, but also stop counting additional licenses beyond 50, and automatically accept any client key once reaching the 25 client threshold.Businesses operating KMS servers are required to properly shield the KMS server behind firewalls so that it cannot be reached from the Internet and be used by the general public to authorize illegitimate KMS client keys. Public exposure of a KMS server can result in Microsoft revoking the server key, thereby disabling all attached clients.External KMS server access is desirable for devices on long-term leave away from the corporate network, as KMS client activation will expire after six months of not being able to contact a KMS server. For this situation, a business can make it accessible through a virtual private network (VPN) known only to the devices outside the corporate network.","title":"Unauthorized use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"KMS server and client emulators","text":"An unofficial KMS server emulator exists that will activate Windows or Office even if the software was not licensed or paid for, regardless of whether or not there are 25 or more computers on the network, and regardless of whether or not a previous version of Windows was installed.[15] There is also a program that will send KMS requests to a legitimate KMS server, in order to fool the server into thinking that there are 25 or more computers on the network. Microsoft considers both of these exploits to be a violation of the Terms and Conditions.[16]","title":"Unauthorized use"}]

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[{"reference":"Lowe, Doug (2008). Networking All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 205–206. ISBN 9780470333884.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470333884","url_text":"9780470333884"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Volume Licensing\". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 6 June 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100606063535/http://www.microsoft.com/licensing/existing-customers/product-activation.aspx","url_text":"\"Microsoft Volume Licensing\""},{"url":"http://www.microsoft.com/licensing/existing-customers/product-activation.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Second-Hand Software Licences for Sale (And They're Legal)\". Out-Law.com. Pinsent Masons. 9 November 2005. Retrieved 23 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.out-law.com/page-6319","url_text":"\"Second-Hand Software Licences for Sale (And They're Legal)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Windows Activation Technologies in Windows 7\". Microsoft TechNet. 9 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-gb/library/dd979803.aspx","url_text":"\"Windows Activation Technologies in Windows 7\""}]},{"reference":"\"Windows 7 Activation Can Fail Due to BIOS ACPI_SLIC table Issues\". Softpedia. 3 August 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.softpedia.com/news/Windows-7-Activation-Can-Fail-Due-to-BIOS-ACPI-SLIC-table-Issues-150415.shtml","url_text":"\"Windows 7 Activation Can Fail Due to BIOS ACPI_SLIC table Issues\""}]},{"reference":"\"[iSONEWS] KMSAuto Lite – Microsoft Windows 10 Activator\". Archived from the original on 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180622165423/https://crackshold.com/kmsauto-net-windows-activator/","url_text":"\"[iSONEWS] KMSAuto Lite – Microsoft Windows 10 Activator\""},{"url":"https://crackshold.com/kmsauto-net-windows-activator/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"More on the FCKGW-RHQQ2-YXRKT-8TG6W-2B7Q8!\". HarshJ.com. 19 March 2007. Archived from the original on 21 June 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140621130744/http://www.harshj.com/2007/03/19/more-on-the-fckgw-rhqq2-yxrkt-8tg6w-2b7q8/","url_text":"\"More on the FCKGW-RHQQ2-YXRKT-8TG6W-2B7Q8!\""},{"url":"http://www.harshj.com/2007/03/19/more-on-the-fckgw-rhqq2-yxrkt-8tg6w-2b7q8/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TechRepublic Get IT Done: Change the Product Key on Windows XP\". Articles.TechRepublic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.techrepublic.com/5100-10878_11-5034890.html","url_text":"\"TechRepublic Get IT Done: Change the Product Key on Windows XP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Toolkit – Official KMS Solution for Microsoft Products\". Archived from the original on 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://forums.mydigitallife.info/threads/28669-Microsoft-Toolkit-Official-KMS-Solution-for-Microsoft-Products","url_text":"\"Microsoft Toolkit – Official KMS Solution for Microsoft Products\""},{"url":"https://kmspico.to/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Campus-Agreement End-User License-Agreement\". You may not use different versions of different components, such as server software and additional software, unless the license terms for the product expressly permit you to do so.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.it.umass.edu/support/software/microsoft-campus-agreement-end-user-license-agreement","url_text":"\"Microsoft Campus-Agreement End-User License-Agreement\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Azimech

USS Azimech

["1 Construction","2 Service history","2.1 Supporting Tarawa operations","2.2 Providing service at Majuro and Eniwetok","2.3 Servicing Ulithi and Kossol Roads","2.4 Overhaul at the Puget Sound Navy Yard","2.5 Supporting Okinawa and Guam","3 Inactivation and decommissioning","4 Military awards and honors","5 Notes","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]

Cargo ship of the United States Navy USS Azimech (AK-124), (broadside view) underway off San Francisco, 3 November 1943. History United States NameMary Patten NamesakeMary Patten OwnerWar Shipping Administration (WSA) OperatorSudden & Christenson Inc. Orderedas a Type EC2-S-C1 hull, MCE hull 1725 BuilderPermanente Metals Corporation, Richmond, California Yard number1725 Way number3 Laid down21 July 1943 Launched11 August 1943 Sponsored byMrs. Otis A. Kent In service22 August 1943 Fatetransferred to the US Navy, 7 October 1943 United States NameAzimech NamesakeThe star Azimech Acquired7 October 1943 Commissioned29 October 1943 Decommissioned11 December 1945 Refitconverted for Naval service at Moore Drydock Co, Oakland, CA. Stricken3 January 1946 Identification Hull symbol: AK-124 Code letters: NHDV Honors andawards1 × battle stars FateSold for scrapping, 12 September 1972, removed 8 December 1972 General characteristics Class and typeCrater-class cargo ship Displacement 4,023 long tons (4,088 t) (standard) 14,550 long tons (14,780 t) (full load) Length441 ft 6 in (134.57 m) Beam56 ft 11 in (17.35 m) Draft28 ft 4 in (8.64 m) Installed power 2 × Combustion Engineering header-type boilers, 220psi 450° 2,500 shp (1,900 kW) Propulsion 1 × Joshua Hendy vertical triple-expansion reciprocating steam engine 1 × shaft Speed12.5 kn (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph) Capacity 7,800 t (7,700 long tons) DWT 444,206 cu ft (12,578.5 m3) (non-refrigerated) Complement205 Armament 1 × 5 in (127 mm)/38 caliber dual-purpose (DP) gun 1 × 3 in (76 mm)/50 caliber DP gun 2 × 40 mm (1.57 in) Bofors anti-aircraft (AA) gun mounts 6 × 20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon cannon AA gun mounts USS Azimech (AK-124) was a Crater-class cargo ship commissioned by the US Navy for service in World War II, named after the Azimech, the other name of Spica, the brightest star in constellation Virgo. She was responsible for delivering troops, goods and equipment to locations in the war zone. Construction Mary Patten was laid down on 21 July 1943, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MCE hull 1725, by the Permanente Metals Corporation, Yard No. 2,Richmond, California; launched on 11 August 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Otis A. Kent; acquired by the Navy on 7 October 1943; renamed Azimech and designated AK-124 on 11 October 1943; converted for naval service at Oakland, California, by the Moore Dry Dock Company; and commissioned on 29 October 1943. Service history After a brief shakedown, the cargo ship got underway on 11 November, for Hawaii. At Pearl Harbor, she was assigned for duty to Service Squadron 8, US Pacific Fleet. The ship discharged her cargo and then entered the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard for an overhaul of her main engines and boilers. Azimech was on keelblocks for 16 days, then began loading cargo. She set sail on 28 December, for the Gilbert Islands. Supporting Tarawa operations Azimech reached Tarawa on 8 January 1944, and began unloading her cargo. The process was hampered by frequent enemy air attacks and reefs in the lagoon which permitted the ship to unload only at high tide. Azimech made additional stops at Makin and Apamama Islands before heading back to Pearl Harbor. After a brief stop in Hawaii, Azimech continued on to the US West Coast and moored at San Pedro, California, on 6 March. Following an availability period at Terminal Island from 10 March until 9 April, she filled her holds with cargo at Oakland, California, and began the voyage back to Hawaii on 26 April. Providing service at Majuro and Eniwetok On 7 May, Azimech sailed from Pearl Harbor with a convoy bound for Majuro. They reached that naval base on 18 May, and reported to Service Squadron 10 for duty. The cargo ship lay at anchor in Majuro lagoon, issuing stores to forces ashore, until 3 June, when she got underway for Eniwetok. After serving at that atoll until 24 August, she steamed back to Hawaii; paused for one day at Pearl Harbor; and then pushed on to the US West Coast. Servicing Ulithi and Kossol Roads The ship reached San Francisco, California, on 13 September, to begin reloading operations. While taking on cargo, she also received minor repairs and alterations before heading west again on 26 September. After stops at Pearl Harbor and Eniwetok, Azimech arrived at Ulithi on 2 November. She operated there until 16 November and then steamed in company with Compel to Kossol Roads. Two days later, the ships reached their destination, and Azimech began issuing supplies. On 5 December 1944, the vessel weighed anchor and traveled back to Pearl Harbor via Ulithi and Eniwetok. Overhaul at the Puget Sound Navy Yard Following the holidays, Azimech got underway for Seattle, Washington, and entered the Puget Sound Navy Yard on 16 January 1945, for repairs. On 15 February, she began steaming for Eniwetok and reached that atoll on 11 March. Following eight days at Ulithi, she set sail for the Ryūkyūs. Supporting Okinawa and Guam Further information: Battle of Okinawa Azimech remained anchored off Kerama Retto from 18 to 29 April. On the latter day, she shifted berth to Hagushi beach, Okinawa, her base until 7 May, when she sailed for Guam. The cargo ship began loading cargo there on 24 May, and did not finish the task until 8 June. She then got underway for Ulithi and, on 10 June, anchored in that lagoon where she remained for the duration of the war. Inactivation and decommissioning On 23 August, Azimech shaped a course for the coast of southern California. Reaching San Pedro, California, on 15 September, the ship unloaded her ammunition and provisions to prepare for a yard period. She sailed again on 13 October, bound for Norfolk, Virginia. After transiting the Panama Canal on 25 October, Azimech reached Hampton Roads on 3 November. She immediately began preparations for deactivation. The cargo ship moved to Baltimore, Maryland, on 21 November for a final yard period and was decommissioned on 11 December. Her name was struck from the Navy List on 3 January 1946. The ship was subsequently laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, James River Group, Lee Hall, Virginia. Azimech was sold for $80,007 on 12 September 1972, to Isaac Varela. She was delivered 8 December 1972, and subsequently scrapped in Spain. Military awards and honors Azimech won one battle stars for her World War II service: Okinawa Gunto operation (Assault and occupation of Okinawa Gunto, 18 April to 7 May 1945) Azimech's crew was eligible for the following medals: American Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (1) World War II Victory Medal Notes Citations ^ a b c Kaiser No. 2 2010. ^ a b Navsource 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j DANFS 2015. ^ MARAD. Bibliography Online resources "Azimech". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. "Kaiser Permanente No. 2, Richmond CA". ShipbuildingHistory.com. 13 October 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2016. "USS Azimech (AK-124)". Navsource.org. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2016. "MARY PATTEN". United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved 31 December 2016. External links Photo gallery of Azimech (AK-124) at NavSource Naval History vteCrater-class cargo ships Crater Adhara Aludra Arided Carina Cassiopeia Celeno Cetus Deimos Draco Albireo Cor Caroli Eridanus Etamin Mintaka Murzim Sterope Serpens Bootes Lynx Lyra Triangulum Sculptor Ganymede Naos Caelum Hyperion Rotanin Allioth Alkes Giansar Grumium Rutilicus Alkaid Crux Alderamin Zaurak Shaula Matar Sabik Baham Menkar Azimech Lesuth Megrez Alnitah Leonis Phobos Arkab Melucta Propus Seginus Syrma Venus Ara Ascella Cheleb Pavo Situla Kenmore Livingston De Grasse Prince Georges Allegan Appanoose List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy vteMARCOM ships built by Kaiser Shipyards, Richmond Shipyards, Richmond, California during World War IICrater-class cargo shipsType EC2-S-C1 ships Crater (ex-SS John James Audubon) Adhara (ex-SS G. H. Corliss) Aludra (ex-SS Robert T. Lincoln) Arided (ex-SS Noah H. Swayne) Carina (ex-SS David Davis) Cassiopeia (ex-SS Melville W. Fuller) Celeno (ex-SS Redfield Proctor) Cetus (ex-SS George B. Cortelyou) Deimos (ex-SS Chief Ouray) Draco (ex-SS John M. Palmer) Albireo (ex-SS John G. Nicolay) Cor Caroli (ex-SS Betsy Ross) Eridanus (ex-SS Luther Burbank) Etamin (ex-SS Isaac Babbitt) Lyra (ex-SS Cyrus Hamlin) Ganymede (ex-SS James W. Nye) Hyperion (ex-SS Christopher C. Andrews) Allioth (ex-SS James Rowan) Alkes (ex-SS Increase A. Lapham) Grumium (ex-SS William G. McAdoo) Azimech (ex-SS Mary Patten) Alnitah (ex-SS John A. Logan) Leonis (ex-SS Key Pittman) Venus (ex-SS William Williams) Cheleb (ex-SS Lyman J. Gage) Prince Georges (ex-SS Richard March Hoe) Type EC2-S-C1 shipsLiberty Ships James Otis John Adams Kit Carson Zachary Taylor Anthony Wayne Timothy Pickering Stephen Hopkins Samuel Huntington William Ellery Lewis Morris John Wise George Ross James Smith George Taylor William Whipple Oliver Wolcott Francis Lewis John Morton George Read Roger Sherman Richard Stockton Matthew Thornton William Williams Eli Whitney Irvin MacDowell George B. McClellan Joseph Hooker Ambrose E. Burnside Peter J. McGuire Philip H. Sheridan David Bushnell John Fitch James Rumsey John Stevens Samuel F. B. Morse Cyrus H. McCormick James B. Francis Richard Jordan Gatling John James Audubon John F. Appleby Charles M. Hall George Westinghouse John Bartram G. H. Corliss Richard March Hoe Elihu Thomson George B. Selden Nathaniel Bowditch Charles M. Conrad John B. Floyd Joseph Holt John M. Schofield John A. Rawlins George W. McCrary Alexander Ramsey Robert T. Lincoln William C. Endicott Redfield Proctor Robert E. Peary David Gaillard Henry J. Raymond William G. McAdoo Leslie M. Shaw George B. Cortelyou Frederick Jackson Turner Joseph G. Cannon George Rogers Clark Louis Joliet Samuel de Champlain John A. Logan Pere Marquette John M. Palmer Richard Yates Nancy Hanks Edward P. Costigan Sieur Duluth Richard Henderson Benjamin Bonneville Charles Wilkes Justin S. Morrill Thomas Kearns Vitus Bering Dan Beard Jane A. Delano John R. Park James B. Hickok Hiram S. Maxim William B. Ogden David Dudley Field Charles P. Steinmetz David Starr Jordan Jacques Laramie Lucy Stone Frances E. Willard Betsy Ross Abigail Adams Elizabeth Blackwell S. Hall Young J. H. Kinkaid Alexander Baranof Sheldon Jackson Edward Rowland Sill Joaquin Miller Lew Wallace O. Henry F. Marion Crawford Joseph Rodman Drake William Dean Howells John Howard Payne Andrew Furuseth Moses Rogers William K. Vanderbilt James J. Hill John Rutledge William Cushing John Blair Robert H. Harrison John McLean Noah H. Swayne Samuel F. Miller David Davis Morrison R. Waite Melville W. Fuller Stanley Matthews David J. Brewer Pierre LaClede Frederic Remington Walter Colton J. Sterling Morton George H. Dern Key Pittman Chief Ouray George S. Boutwell Benjamin H. Bristow William Windom Charles J. Folger Charles S Fairchild John G. Carlisle Lyman J. Gage William H. Aspinwall Grenville M. Dodge Julien Dubuque Adoniram Judson John G. Nicolay Edward Bates Josiah B. Grinnell Henry H. Richardson Nathaniel Currier James Ives Thomas Corwin James Guthrie Howell Cobb Hugh McCulloch SS Matthew Lyon George D. Prentice William A. Jones Homer Lea Anson Burlingame Louis Hennepin Josiah Snelling George Washington Carver Luther Burbank George M. Pullman Wilbur Wright William Thornton Glenn Curtiss SS George Eastman Cyrus W. Field Isaac Babbitt Charles E. Duryea Benjamin Holt Oliver Evans Elisha Graves Otis Knute Rockne James J. Corbett Walter Camp Hobart Baker Christy Mathewson George Gipp Matthew B. Brady Edward A. MacDowell Joseph Smith Tecumseh John L. Sullivan Geronimo James A. Bayard Mary Cassatt Michael Pupin Cyrus Hamlin Henry Bergh John Carroll Jonathan P. Dolliver James Harlan Robert Lucas Edwin T. Meredith Maria Sanford Christopher C. Andrews Leonidas Merritt Floyd B. Olson Irving M. Scott Joseph S. Emery George Berkeley Adolph Sutro John W Mackay James W. Nye William W. Mayo John Lind Ole E. Rolvaag John T. McMillan Fremont Older Conrad Kohrs Stephen Crane William Beaumont John H. Rosseter Henry Dodge John S. Sargent Charles Robinson Increase A. Lapham Clarence King William Prouse M. H. De Young Sambridge (ex-SS John E. Wilkie) John Ross Francis G. Newlands Ambrose Bierce James Fergus William N Byers Joshua Hendy Marcus Daly John Constantine William F. Vilas Myron T. Herrick Ring Lardner Horace Wells Winfield S. Stratton James Lick Floyd Bennett David Belasco John S. Bassett Joseph A. Holmes Luther S. Kelly Charles N. McGroarty Thomas M. Cooley John Evans Samovar (ex-SS Frank D. Phinney) William H. Allen Melville E. Stone Henry V. Alvarado Sambre (ex-SS George Inness) H. G. Blasdel Thomas C. Power William Matson Brander Matthews William Keith Joseph K. Toole Jeremiah M. Daily Mary Patten Hiram Bingham William D Burnham Antoine Saugrain Stephen W Kearny James Rowan Richard Moczkowski John Reed Vachel Lindsay Michael Casey Murat Halstead Henry Wells James J. 0'Kelly Reinhold Richter William Sharon John G. North Simon Bamberger Cyrus T. Brady Samuel Brannon Chief Charlot Casper S. Yost William J. Palmer Peter Cooper Hewitt Ethan A. Hitchcock Mary Bickerdyke William W. Campbell Michael C. Kerr Harry Leon Wilson John W. Meldrum Clyde L. Seavey William A. Coulter Louis Pasteur William C. Ralston Lawrence Gianella George H. Powell Jose J Acosta Heber M. Creel Millen Griffith Otis Skinner John Sherman Henry R. Schoolcraft Joseph E Wing Harriet Monroe Frank J. Cuhel Daulton Mann John Colter Mary M. Dodge Emile Berliner Charles G. Coutant John W. Hoyt Wayne MacVeagh Samwash (ex-SS Harmon Judson) Henry M. Teller Jeremiah M. Rusk Benjamin H. Brewster Charles E. Smith Samore (ex-SS Charles Devens) Louis A. Sengteller Donald M. Dickinson Augustus Thomas George Sterling William H. Moody Henry C. Payne George Von L. Meyer James D. Phelan Otto Mears Frank Norris Francis M. Smith Frank A. Munsey Frederic A. Eilers William S. Clark Samuel W. Williston Edgar W. Nye Frank C. Emerson John W. Foster Norman Hapgood Bernardo O'Higgins Norman E. Mack Henry H. Blood John Swett Vernon L. Parrington George K. Fitch Francis A. Wardwell Kate Douglas Wiggin David Hewes Ferdinand A Silcox Sara Teasdale James King R. F. Peckham Peter Trumble Rowe Keith Vawter James G. Maguire Robert Louis Stevenson Francisco M Quinones Ferdinand Westdahl William F. Empey Alexander Majors Jan Pieterszoon Coen Augustin Daly James H. Breasted Walter Wyman John Roach Henry Adams George Coggeshall John lsaacson Silvestre Escalante George Clement Perkins Gilbert M. Hitchcock Henry White Emmet D. Boyle Alexander Woolcott E. A. Christenson Henry J. Waters William E Ritter Joe Harris Mello Franco William Allen White Stephen Hopkins Cecil G. Sellers Norman J. Colman William Sproule John L. Stoddard Frank H. Dodd Mary Walker J. Maurice Thompson Walter Williams Mary A. Livermore George Crile Ralph T. O'Neil George B. McFarland William H. Clagett Jose Pedro Varela Samuel L. Cobb Edward P. Ripley Charles J. Colden Henry T. Scott Ovid Butler Jay Cooke Terry E. Stephenson Thomas F. Hunt George E. Goodfellow Justo Arosemena Samuel Gompers Benjamin Warner Seaman A. Knapp James Rolph Antonin Dvorak Albert A. Robinson Richard B. Moore Alexander Wilson Jose C. Barbosa Alexander Mitchell J. C. Osgood Frank H. Evers James Oliver Curwood Edward G. Acheson Francis Wilson Claus Spreckles David Lubin Frank J. Sprague Jean P. Chouteau Julia L. Dumont Robert G. Cousins George B. Porter William Ford Nichols Lillian Wald George Luks William Vaughn Moody Oliver Kelley Abram S. Hewitt William Peffer Ada Rehan Uriah M Rose John W Burgess Moses G. Farer Alfred C. True William B. Leeds Francisco Morazan William D. Boyce W. B. Rodgers Carl B. Eielson Alice H. Rice Elwood Haynes Nathan S. Davis Morgan Robertson John Hope Daniel G. Reid Cornelius Vanderbilt James Devereux John H. Thomas Percy E. Foxworth Carl G. Barth Edwin C. Musick Sara Bache Hans Heg Franz Sigel Arthur A. Penn Allen Johnson George A. Pope Joseph J. Kinyoun Juan Pablo Duarte John F. Shafroth Cleveland Forbes Sidney H. Short E. A. Bryan Henry M. Stephens Willet M. Hays Edward E. Hale Charles John Seghers William J. Gray Amerigo Vespucci George Middlemas Robert D. Carey H. Weir Cook Louis Weule Jose M. Morelos Benjamin Waterhouse William Schirmer J. S. Hutchinson Edward S. Hough E. A. Burnett Wallace R. Farrington Louis Sloss Toussaint L'Ouverture Louis Sullivan Lucien Labaudt James A. Drain Thomas F. Flaherty Robert S. Abbott Benjamin Carpenter Charlotte Cushman Henry Meiggs Mariscal Sucre Boulder Victory-class cargo shipsType VC2-S-AP2 ships Boulder Victory Provo Victory Las Vegas Victory Manderson Victory Bedford Victory Mayfield Victory Newcastle Victory Bucyrus Victory Red Oak Victory Lakewood Victory Sgt. Andrew Miller (ex-SS Radcliffe Victory) Sgt. Archer T. Gammon (ex-SS Yale Victory) Sgt. Morris E. Crain (ex-SS Mills Victory) Private Joe E. Mann (ex-SS Owensboro Victory) Sgt. Truman Kimbro (ex-SS Hastings Victory) Type VC2-S-AP2 shipsVictory Ships Legion Victory Salina Victory Hastings Victory Elko Victory Durango Victory Devils Lake Victory Berkeley Victory Anchorage Victory Colorado Springs Victory Muncie Victory Elgin Victory Massillon Victory Hannibal Victory Beatrice Victory Halaula Victory Logan Victory Clearwater Victory Anniston Victory Moline Victory Medina Victory Princeton Victory Bowdoin Victory Wesleyan Victory Xavier Victory Mercer Victory Oberlin Victory Tulane Victory Wake Forest Victory Denison Victory St. John's Victory Virginia City Victory Brigham Victory Hobbs Victory El Reno Victory Lahaina Victory MacMurray Victory Northeastern Victory Fenn Victory Hobart Victory Catawba Victory Hamilton Victory Hillsdale Victory Ripon Victory Carthage Victory Newberry Victory Enid Victory San Mateo Victory Greeley Victory Berwyn Victory Battle Creek Victory Great Falls Victory Lakeland Victory Owensboro Victory Waltham Victory Burbank Victory Gretna Victory Laredo Victory Harvard Victory Yale Victory Middlebury Victory DePauw Victory Bucknell Victory Grinnell Victory Mount Holyoke Victory Duke Victory Fordham Victory Citadel Victory Berea Victory St. Lawrence Victory Central Victory Swarthmore Victory Carleton Victory Loyola Victory Purdue Victory Mills Victory Barnard Victory Radcliffe Victory Drexel Victory Alfred Victory Pan American Victory Trinity Victory Park Victory Fisk Victory Grove City Victory Hope Victory Lafayette Victory Marquette Victory Hunter Victory Augustana Victory Berry Victory Drake Victory Phillips Victory New World Victory Adelphi Victory Drury Victory Allegheny Victory Earlham Victory Asbury Victory Canton Victory Lindenwood Victory Greenville Victory-class cargo shipVC2-S-AP3 ship Haiti Victory Norwalk-class cargo shipType VC2-S-AP3 cargo ship Victoria (ex-SS Ethiopia Victory) Type VC2-S-AP3 cargo ships Australia Victory Ethiopia Victory India Victory Iraq Victory Costa Rica Victory Cuba Victory Honduras Victory Haiti Victory Guatemala Victory Nicaragua Victory Haskell-class attack transportsType VC2-S-AP5 ships Sarasota Sherburne Sibley Mifflin Talladega Tazewell Telfair Missoula Montrose Mountrail Natrona Navarro Neshoba New Kent Noble Okaloosa Okanogan Oneida Pickaway Pitt Randall Bingham General G. O. Squier-class transport shipsType C4-S-A1 ships General G. O. Squier General T. H. Bliss General J. R. Brooke General O. H. Ernst General R. L. Howze General W. M. Black General H. L. Scott General S. D. Sturgis General C. G. Morton General R. E. Callan General M. B. Stewart General A. W. Greely General C. H. Muir General H. B. Freeman General H. F. Hodges General Harry Taylor General W. F. Hase General E. T. Collins General M. L. Hersey General J. H. McRae General M. M. Patrick General W. C. Langfitt General Omar Bundy General R. M. Blatchford General LeRoy Eltinge General A. W. Brewster General D. E. Aultman General C. C. Ballou General W. G. Haan General Stuart Heintzelman Marine Adder-class transport shipType C4-S-A3 ship Marine Adder Type C4-S-A3 ships Marine Perch Marine Swallow Type C4-S-A4 ships Marine Leopard Marine Snapper LST-1-class tank landing shipsType S3-M-K2 ships LST-476 LST-477 / LST(H)-477 LST-478 LST-479 LST-480 LST-481 LST-482 / LST(H)-482 / Branch County LST-483 / Brewster County LST-484 LST-485 LST-486 / LST(H)-486 LST-487 LST-488 / LST(H)-488 / T-LST-488 Achelous-class repair shipsType S2-S2-AQ1 ships Amycus (ex-LST-489) Agenor (ex-LST-490) Tacoma-class patrol frigatesType S2-S2-AQ1 ships Tacoma Sausalito Hoquiam Pasco Albuquerque Everett Pocatello Brownsville Grand Forks Casper Pueblo Grand Island Alamosa-class cargo shipsType C1-M-AV1 ships Alamosa Alcona Amador Antrim Autauga Beaverhead Beltrami Blount Brevard Bullock Cabell Caledonia Fairfield Faribault Fentress Flagler Miscellaneous AuxiliaryType C1-M-AV1 ships Sgt. Curtis F. Shoup (ex-Spindle Eye) Type C1-M-AV1 ships Square Sinnet Gunner's Knot Mooring Knot Marlingspike Hitch Terminal Knot Spool Sinnet Reeving Eye

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crater-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater-class_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Azimech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spica"},{"link_name":"Virgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_(constellation)"}],"text":"USS Azimech (AK-124) was a Crater-class cargo ship commissioned by the US Navy for service in World War II, named after the Azimech, the other name of Spica, the brightest star in constellation Virgo. She was responsible for delivering troops, goods and equipment to locations in the war zone.","title":"USS Azimech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Commission"},{"link_name":"Permanente Metals Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanente_Metals_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Richmond, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_California"},{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"Moore Dry Dock Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_Dry_Dock_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"}],"text":"Mary Patten was laid down on 21 July 1943, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MCE hull 1725, by the Permanente Metals Corporation, Yard No. 2,Richmond, California; launched on 11 August 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Otis A. Kent; acquired by the Navy on 7 October 1943; renamed Azimech and designated AK-124 on 11 October 1943; converted for naval service at Oakland, California, by the Moore Dry Dock Company; and commissioned on 29 October 1943.[3]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shakedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_trial"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Service Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Squadron"},{"link_name":"US Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Islands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"}],"text":"After a brief shakedown, the cargo ship got underway on 11 November, for Hawaii. At Pearl Harbor, she was assigned for duty to Service Squadron 8, US Pacific Fleet. The ship discharged her cargo and then entered the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard for an overhaul of her main engines and boilers. Azimech was on keelblocks for 16 days, then began loading cargo. She set sail on 28 December, for the Gilbert Islands.[3]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tarawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarawa"},{"link_name":"reefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef"},{"link_name":"lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon"},{"link_name":"high tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tide"},{"link_name":"Makin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makin_(islands)"},{"link_name":"Apamama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apamama"},{"link_name":"US West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_West_Coast"},{"link_name":"San Pedro, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_California"},{"link_name":"Terminal Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_Island"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"}],"sub_title":"Supporting Tarawa operations","text":"Azimech reached Tarawa on 8 January 1944, and began unloading her cargo. The process was hampered by frequent enemy air attacks and reefs in the lagoon which permitted the ship to unload only at high tide. Azimech made additional stops at Makin and Apamama Islands before heading back to Pearl Harbor. After a brief stop in Hawaii, Azimech continued on to the US West Coast and moored at San Pedro, California, on 6 March. Following an availability period at Terminal Island from 10 March until 9 April, she filled her holds with cargo at Oakland, California, and began the voyage back to Hawaii on 26 April.[3]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy"},{"link_name":"Majuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuro"},{"link_name":"Service Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Eniwetok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniwetok"},{"link_name":"atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"}],"sub_title":"Providing service at Majuro and Eniwetok","text":"On 7 May, Azimech sailed from Pearl Harbor with a convoy bound for Majuro. They reached that naval base on 18 May, and reported to Service Squadron 10 for duty. The cargo ship lay at anchor in Majuro lagoon, issuing stores to forces ashore, until 3 June, when she got underway for Eniwetok. After serving at that atoll until 24 August, she steamed back to Hawaii; paused for one day at Pearl Harbor; and then pushed on to the US West Coast.[3]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"Ulithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulithi"},{"link_name":"Compel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Compel_(AM-162)"},{"link_name":"Kossol Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kossol_Roads"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"}],"sub_title":"Servicing Ulithi and Kossol Roads","text":"The ship reached San Francisco, California, on 13 September, to begin reloading operations. While taking on cargo, she also received minor repairs and alterations before heading west again on 26 September. After stops at Pearl Harbor and Eniwetok, Azimech arrived at Ulithi on 2 November. She operated there until 16 November and then steamed in company with Compel to Kossol Roads. Two days later, the ships reached their destination, and Azimech began issuing supplies. On 5 December 1944, the vessel weighed anchor and traveled back to Pearl Harbor via Ulithi and Eniwetok.[3]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Ryūkyūs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"}],"sub_title":"Overhaul at the Puget Sound Navy Yard","text":"Following the holidays, Azimech got underway for Seattle, Washington, and entered the Puget Sound Navy Yard on 16 January 1945, for repairs. On 15 February, she began steaming for Eniwetok and reached that atoll on 11 March. Following eight days at Ulithi, she set sail for the Ryūkyūs.[3]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Kerama Retto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerama_Retto"},{"link_name":"Hagushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagushi"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"}],"sub_title":"Supporting Okinawa and Guam","text":"Further information: Battle of OkinawaAzimech remained anchored off Kerama Retto from 18 to 29 April. On the latter day, she shifted berth to Hagushi beach, Okinawa, her base until 7 May, when she sailed for Guam. The cargo ship began loading cargo there on 24 May, and did not finish the task until 8 June. She then got underway for Ulithi and, on 10 June, anchored in that lagoon where she remained for the duration of the war.[3]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Pedro, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_California"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Navy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"},{"link_name":"National Defense Reserve Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Reserve_Fleet"},{"link_name":"James River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River"},{"link_name":"Lee Hall, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hall,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Isaac Varela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Varela&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMARAD-4"}],"text":"On 23 August, Azimech shaped a course for the coast of southern California. Reaching San Pedro, California, on 15 September, the ship unloaded her ammunition and provisions to prepare for a yard period. She sailed again on 13 October, bound for Norfolk, Virginia. After transiting the Panama Canal on 25 October, Azimech reached Hampton Roads on 3 November.[3]She immediately began preparations for deactivation. The cargo ship moved to Baltimore, Maryland, on 21 November for a final yard period and was decommissioned on 11 December. Her name was struck from the Navy List on 3 January 1946.[3]The ship was subsequently laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, James River Group, Lee Hall, Virginia. Azimech was sold for $80,007 on 12 September 1972, to Isaac Varela. She was delivered 8 December 1972, and subsequently scrapped in Spain.[4]","title":"Inactivation and decommissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star#Navy_warships"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavsource2014-2"},{"link_name":"American Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"World War II Victory Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal"}],"text":"Azimech won one battle stars for her World War II service:[3]Okinawa Gunto operation (Assault and occupation of Okinawa Gunto, 18 April to 7 May 1945)Azimech's crew was eligible for the following medals:[2]American Campaign Medal\nAsiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (1)\nWorld War II Victory Medal","title":"Military awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiser_No._22010_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiser_No._22010_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiser_No._22010_1-2"},{"link_name":"Kaiser No. 2 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKaiser_No._22010"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource2014_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource2014_2-1"},{"link_name":"Navsource 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNavsource2014"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-9"},{"link_name":"DANFS 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDANFS2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMARAD_4-0"},{"link_name":"MARAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMARAD"}],"text":"Citations^ a b c Kaiser No. 2 2010.\n\n^ a b Navsource 2014.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j DANFS 2015.\n\n^ MARAD.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Azimech\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/azimech.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"\"Kaiser Permanente No. 2, Richmond CA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/emergencylarge/kperm2.htm"},{"link_name":"\"USS Azimech (AK-124)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navsource.org/archives/9/13/130124.htm"},{"link_name":"\"MARY PATTEN\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vesselhistory.marad.dot.gov/sh/ShipHistory/Detail/3260"}],"text":"Online resources\n\n\"Azimech\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n\"Kaiser Permanente No. 2, Richmond CA\". ShipbuildingHistory.com. 13 October 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2016.\n\"USS Azimech (AK-124)\". Navsource.org. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2016.\n\"MARY PATTEN\". United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved 31 December 2016.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Azimech\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/azimech.html","url_text":"\"Azimech\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"}]},{"reference":"\"Kaiser Permanente No. 2, Richmond CA\". ShipbuildingHistory.com. 13 October 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/emergencylarge/kperm2.htm","url_text":"\"Kaiser Permanente No. 2, Richmond CA\""}]},{"reference":"\"USS Azimech (AK-124)\". Navsource.org. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/9/13/130124.htm","url_text":"\"USS Azimech (AK-124)\""}]},{"reference":"\"MARY PATTEN\". United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved 31 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://vesselhistory.marad.dot.gov/sh/ShipHistory/Detail/3260","url_text":"\"MARY PATTEN\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/azimech.html","external_links_name":"\"Azimech\""},{"Link":"http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/emergencylarge/kperm2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kaiser Permanente No. 2, Richmond CA\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/9/13/130124.htm","external_links_name":"\"USS Azimech (AK-124)\""},{"Link":"https://vesselhistory.marad.dot.gov/sh/ShipHistory/Detail/3260","external_links_name":"\"MARY PATTEN\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/9/13/130124.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAM!FM

SLAM! (radio station)

["1 History","2 Programming rules","3 Current DJs","4 Former DJs","5 Programs","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "SLAM!" radio station – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Radio station in NaardenSLAM!NaardenBroadcast areaNetherlandsFrequencyFM, DAB(+), Cable and InternetFM:Central Friesland: 91.0Eastern Friesland: 99.6Central Groningen: 93.7Northern Drenthe &Western Groningen: 99.6Region Emmen: 93.1Northern Overijssel: 93.6Region Markelo: 91.0Twente: 93.7Region Wieringen: 90.1Northern North Holland: 99.6Southern North Holland & Region Almere: 91.1Amsterdam: 95.3Northern South Holland: 95.2Southern South Holland: 88.4Den Haag: 88.6Rotterdam: 88.6Dordrecht: 88.8Region Apeldoorn: 97.4De Hoge Veluwe &Veluwezoom: 90.9Southwestern Gelderland: 93.8Utrecht: 93.6Region Amersfoort: 97.5Western Zeeland: 99.2Western North Brabant: 88.4Region Breda: 99.4Eastern North Brabant: 99.4Region Venlo: 89.2ProgrammingFormatPop Dance Electro (1990s-today)OwnershipOwnerMediahuis NederlandSister stations100% NL Radio Veronica SublimeHistoryFirst air date1996 / 2005 as Slam!FMFormer call signsID&T Radio (2001–2005) NEW Dance Radio (1996–2000)LinksWebcastSLAM! WebstreamSLAM! WebcamSLAM! Non-StopThe Boom RoomSLAM! JuizeSLAM! HardstyleSLAM! MixMarathonWebsitewww.slam.nl SLAM! (Sound Lifestyle And More, stylized as ►SLAM! and previously SLAM!FM) is a Dutch commercial national radio station that plays current-based rhythmic and dance hits. SLAM! has a strong commitment in breaking new dance music. The playlist and presentation serves as a combination of 538 and 3FM. The station is broadcast in the Netherlands and can be received via the either FM, Internet (worldwide) and cable. The broadcasting building and studios of SLAM! are located in Naarden, North Holland. In 2012, it was announced that SLAM! has the largest market share among the country's young people (16.8%). It is a sister station of 100% NL. In 2016, SLAM! was reported to have a 0% market share for the 65-or-more age group. Carlo de Boer, SLAM!’s General Manager, then argued that SLAM! listeners were 30 years old in average, and that this market share “distinguished” SLAM! from other radio stations. History Slam!FM logo (with slogan text) used from November 2011 to 31 August 2015 The radio station started in the mid 1990s as New Dance Radio, a cable radio station. At that time the station was received only through cable and the format consisted mainly of dance music (techno, trance, hardcore). Dutch entertainment company ID&T acquired the station in the late nineties, transforming it into Slam FM (named after one of ID&T's dance & lifestyle magazines at the time, Slam). Within a year, the name was changed into ID&T Radio, reflecting ID&T's strategy at the time to bundle all activities under one brand name, i.e. ID&T). At Koen van Tijn, Emile van Schaik and Lucas Degen. A year later the station got another new name, ID&T Radio, and Robin Albers was hired to lead the drive. ID&T Radio successfully bid for a nationwide FM frequency in Spring 2003 and changed its format to a more mainstream Top 40 genre, at least in its daytime programming schedule, whether in alternative remixing to comply with the rules on their airwave frequency-plot were imposed. Afterwards ID&T was accused and partially successfully sued by some competitors to have failed to meet its license requirements (including a playlist maximum of 7.5% chart-oriented hits and a minimum of 50% hits not older than one year). Sold late 2005, Duncan Stutterheim (ID&T) 66% of the shares of the station Lex Harding and Ruud Hendriks. On 31 January 2005 the station was called back that it had a year earlier: SLAM!FM. The station was mainly focus on young people. Thereafter was followed by several light format changes. Today there is no longer just dance and R&B, but also broadcast pop and rock. In February 2005, the name was changed to SLAM!FM again (This time with an exclamation mark in its name and logo, and written in all capitals; no further connections with the heretofore mentioned lifestyle magazine which ID&T had discontinued in the meantime). The music programming became even more commercially and mainstream focussed. On 30 June 2005 ID&T sold its remaining 33% share in SLAM!FM to 2HM Media for EUR 2.5 Million, allegedly due to irreconcilable differences regarding managing the radio station and the effective price to be paid for the initial sale of the 67% share. In October 2005, investment company 2H Media (led by former Veronica and Radio 538 director Lex Harding, broadcaster Ruud Hendriks, and Marcel Dijkhuizen) acquired 67% of SLAM!FM. During the period between Christmas and New Year 2005 SLAM!FM broadcast SLAM!500, in where "the 500 best dance hits of Netherlands are broadcast". In June 2006 Harding and Hendriks filed a lawsuit against Stutterheim, because they refused the remaining 33% of the SLAM! FM to buy shares for 2.5 million euros. They thought they had paid too much for the previous packet. The judge agreed. On 1 February 2007 SLAM!TV is launched. SLAM!TV is television for and by young people. An interactive youth TV channel with 24 hours a day, 7 days a week the most popular music videos. In addition, viewers can upload their homemade videos, photos and audio files and make them available to friends and/or any other site visitors. Soon it will be possible to offer the films for broadcast on SLAM!TV. On 20 March 2007 forbids the judge SLAM! any longer improperly with Radio 538 to compete by "re-edits" and remixes of tunes from the charts. SLAM!FM broadcasts namely on a stipulated frequency at which it is not allowed. Also counted the transmitter according to the right-hand unduly background music note when making calls as music, making it thought to be able to meet the requirement that the music must fulfill 95 percent of the airtime between 7am and 7pm. On appeal to the Tribunal herein 5 December 2007 and has ruled SLAM!FM received equal in "too much talk" but proved wrong in terms of "re-edits". However, the ruling does not affect the current music interpretation because SLAM! for some time now sends no longer own edits. The former jingles were produced by ReelWorldEurope. That package is a jingle resing to that of the US radio station jingles WKTU in 2005. This, however, have been replaced by a custom package. On 19 November 2008 it was announced that SLAM!FM was reorganizing, in part due to a decrease in ad spending during the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Shareholder 2HMedia no additional budget proposed unavailable, which SLAM!FM forced to deal effectively with staff. Of the average of 31.6 people who had full-time employment in 2007, only 20.4 remained after the reorganization. In total, 14 people left the station, including several Disc jockeys including Daniël Lippens and Timo Kamst. Several staff contracts were not renewed. On 27 April 2011 it was announced that RTL Nederland the Zerobase Lot A05 has taken over. This acquisition was in effect by 1 June 2011. On 1 January 2012, Slam!FM in the hands of Talpa Holding as a result of the deal between Talpa and RTL Group. Since then, the station part of the 538 Groep. In June 2011 SLAM!FM was bought by the 538 Groep (with his parent company RTL 2011-2012, Talpa 2012–present). On 2 November 2013 Menno de Boer left SLAM!FM, and switched to the radio station 538. This led to adoption of the 'Most Wanted' DJ Martijn La Grouw. On 6 January 2014 De Avondploeg moved to Radio 538. De Avondploeg takes on Radio 538's old timeslot Mark Labrand over. The old time slot on SLAM!FM would be taken over by Igmar Felicia on January 6 with the program "Bij Igmar". He presents this program along with Joep Schrijvers. On 31 August 2015 the name of SLAM!FM changed to SLAM! On 3 October 2016, it was announced that Talpa Media sold SLAM! and Slam!TV to Radiocorp. Programming rules For SLAM! to get the broadcasting licence it must follow a set of guidelines for programming rules. Here're some in general, between 7am and 7pm: No more than 7.5% of the tunes played is/has been on the Netherlands' pop charts; 95% of the airtime must have music played (excluding speech delivered by DJs); 50% of the tunes must have been released within 12 months; No classical and jazz music is played; At least 50% of the programming must be presented in Dutch or Frisian. In addition, there must be at least one news-related or -dedicated segment per hour, every hour between 7am and 11pm. Current DJs Audiotricz Blasterjaxx Brennan Heart Digital Punk Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike DJ Jeff Eelke Kleijn Firebeatz Floris Tausent Franky Rizardo Gijs Alkemade Giorgio Hokstam GLOWINTHEDARK Jochem Hamerling Joep Schrijvers Joost Burger Mark Knight Martijn La Grouw MC Villain Michiel Jurrjens Nicole Moudaber Oliver Heldens Olivier Weiter The Partysquad R3hab Rens Goseling Robin Leféber Sam Divine Sander van Doorn Sanne van der Meijden Sunnery James & Ryan Marcinano W&W Yellow Claw Former DJs Alex Oosterveen Armin van Buuren Bram Krikke Daniël Lippens Dave Leusink Dimitris Kops DJ Jean Dash Berlin Emile van Schaik Eric van Kleef Erwin van der Bliek Ferry Corsten Frank Dane Hardwell Headhunterz Koen van Tijn Kristel van Eijk Igmar Felicia Ivo van Breukelen Jeroen Post Jordi Warners Jurjen Gofers Lange Frans Lex Gaarthuis Lucas Degen Mark Labrand Maurice Verschuuren Menno de Boer Mental Theo Michael Blijleven Niels de Koning Nicky Romero Nicky Verhage Rob Toonen Robin Velderman Tamara Brinkman Timo Kamst Tom van der Weerd Programs Program DJ(s) Normal programs Joost = Wakker! Joost Burger SLAM! Non Stop Joost BurgerMichiel Jurrjens(DJs only for weather & traffic) Michiel! Michiel Jurrjens Jordi! Jordi Warners Club Ondersteboven Tom van der WeerdBram Krikke Harm & Kees! Harm den BestenKees Dorresteijn SLAM!40 Michiel Jurrjens Tim Bloemers Tim Bloemers Club Ondersteboven Weekoverzicht Tom van der Weerd Dimitris Kops Dimitris Kops Raoul Scharm Raoul Scharm Dance programs Friday 6am-6am SLAM! Mix Marathon Joost BurgerTom van der WeerdJordi WarnersDon DiabloSam FeldtOliver HeldensDimitri Vegas & Like MikeW&WSander van DoornNicky RomeroMike WilliamsBlasterjaxxFirebeatzR3habClaptone Saturday 7pm-6am The Boom Room Gijs Alkemade & Jochem Hamerling Spectrum Radio Joris Voorn Before.Now.After Eelke Kleijn & Olivier Weiter Gem FM Secret Cinema Exoplanets Jochem Hamerling Flow Franky Rizardo Defected In The House Defected See also List of radio stations in the Netherlands References ^ "Slam FM haalt hoogte marktaandeel jongeren ooit - Media & Entertainment". Archived from the original on 2013-06-25. Retrieved 2013-06-25. SlamFM sees increasing market shares, HetNieuws. ^ "SLAM! heeft 0% marktaandeel in 65+ - RADIONL | Nederlandstalige Radio". www.radionl.fm. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. ^ Press Release on Radiofreak, consulted on December 6 ^ Press Release on DutchMedia, accessed on November 19, 2008 ^ Press Release on RadioFreak ^ SLAMFM! krijgt nieuwe identiteit en wordt SLAM!, Adformatie.nl, August 30, 2015 ^ Jarco Kriek (October 3, 2016). "Grote wijzigingen Nederlands radiolandschap" (in Dutch). TotaalTV. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to SLAM!. SLAM!FM.nl vteRadio stations in the NetherlandsNationalPublic (NPO) NPO Radio 1 NPO Radio 2 NPO 3FM NPO Klassiek NPO Radio 5 NPO Radio 2 Soul & Jazz FunX Tweede Kamerlijn Radio Netherlands Worldwide Commercial 100% NL Radio 538 Arrow Caz Arrow Classic Rock BNR Nieuwsradio Classicnl Kink FM Q-Music Radio 10 Radio Maria Radio Veronica Sky Radio SLAM! SubLime FM RegionalPublic (NPO) NH Omroep Brabant Omroep Zeeland Omrop Fryslân Radio Gelderland Commercial Fresh FM RadioNL Waterstad FM

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The playlist and presentation serves as a combination of 538 and 3FM. The station is broadcast in the Netherlands and can be received via the either FM, Internet (worldwide) and cable. The broadcasting building and studios of SLAM! are located in Naarden, North Holland. In 2012, it was announced that SLAM! has the largest market share among the country's young people (16.8%).[1] It is a sister station of 100% NL.In 2016, SLAM! was reported to have a 0% market share for the 65-or-more age group. Carlo de Boer, SLAM!’s General Manager, then argued that SLAM! listeners were 30 years old in average, and that this market share “distinguished” SLAM! from other radio stations.[2]","title":"SLAM! (radio station)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slam_FM_logo.png"},{"link_name":"cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno"},{"link_name":"trance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trance_music"},{"link_name":"hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_house"},{"link_name":"ID&T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID%26T"},{"link_name":"Koen van Tijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koen_van_Tijn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emile van Schaik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emile_van_Schaik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lucas Degen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Degen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robin Albers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Albers"},{"link_name":"Duncan Stutterheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Stutterheim"},{"link_name":"Lex Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lex_Harding&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ruud Hendriks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruud_Hendriks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lex Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lex_Harding&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SLAM!TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slam!TV"},{"link_name":"Radio 538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_538"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"financial crisis of 2007–2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008"},{"link_name":"Disc jockeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"Daniël Lippens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dani%C3%ABl_Lippens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Timo Kamst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timo_Kamst&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"RTL Nederland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL_Nederland"},{"link_name":"Talpa Holding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpa_Media"},{"link_name":"538 Groep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/538_Groep"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Menno de Boer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menno_de_Boer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martijn La Grouw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martijn_La_Grouw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"De Avondploeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Avondploeg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Talpa Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpa_Media"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Slam!FM logo (with slogan text) used from November 2011 to 31 August 2015The radio station started in the mid 1990s as New Dance Radio, a cable radio station. At that time the station was received only through cable and the format consisted mainly of dance music (techno, trance, hardcore). Dutch entertainment company ID&T acquired the station in the late nineties, transforming it into Slam FM (named after one of ID&T's dance & lifestyle magazines at the time, Slam). Within a year, the name was changed into ID&T Radio, reflecting ID&T's strategy at the time to bundle all activities under one brand name, i.e. ID&T). At Koen van Tijn, Emile van Schaik and Lucas Degen. A year later the station got another new name, ID&T Radio, and Robin Albers was hired to lead the drive.ID&T Radio successfully bid for a nationwide FM frequency in Spring 2003 and changed its format to a more mainstream Top 40 genre, at least in its daytime programming schedule, whether in alternative remixing to comply with the rules on their airwave frequency-plot were imposed. Afterwards ID&T was accused and partially successfully sued by some competitors to have failed to meet its license requirements (including a playlist maximum of 7.5% chart-oriented hits and a minimum of 50% hits not older than one year). Sold late 2005, Duncan Stutterheim (ID&T) 66% of the shares of the station Lex Harding and Ruud Hendriks. On 31 January 2005 the station was called back that it had a year earlier: SLAM!FM. The station was mainly focus on young people.Thereafter was followed by several light format changes. Today there is no longer just dance and R&B, but also broadcast pop and rock.In February 2005, the name was changed to SLAM!FM again (This time with an exclamation mark in its name and logo, and written in all capitals; no further connections with the heretofore mentioned lifestyle magazine which ID&T had discontinued in the meantime).\nThe music programming became even more commercially and mainstream focussed.On 30 June 2005 ID&T sold its remaining 33% share in SLAM!FM to 2HM Media for EUR 2.5 Million, allegedly due to irreconcilable differences regarding managing the radio station and the effective price to be paid for the initial sale of the 67% share.In October 2005, investment company 2H Media (led by former Veronica and Radio 538 director Lex Harding, broadcaster Ruud Hendriks, and Marcel Dijkhuizen) acquired 67% of SLAM!FM.During the period between Christmas and New Year 2005 SLAM!FM broadcast SLAM!500, in where \"the 500 best dance hits of Netherlands are broadcast\".In June 2006 Harding and Hendriks filed a lawsuit against Stutterheim, because they refused the remaining 33% of the SLAM! FM to buy shares for 2.5 million euros. They thought they had paid too much for the previous packet. The judge agreed.On 1 February 2007 SLAM!TV is launched. SLAM!TV is television for and by young people. An interactive youth TV channel with 24 hours a day, 7 days a week the most popular music videos. In addition, viewers can upload their homemade videos, photos and audio files and make them available to friends and/or any other site visitors. Soon it will be possible to offer the films for broadcast on SLAM!TV.On 20 March 2007 forbids the judge SLAM! any longer improperly with Radio 538 to compete by \"re-edits\" and remixes of tunes from the charts. SLAM!FM broadcasts namely on a stipulated frequency at which it is not allowed. Also counted the transmitter according to the right-hand unduly background music note when making calls as music, making it thought to be able to meet the requirement that the music must fulfill 95 percent of the airtime between 7am and 7pm. On appeal to the Tribunal herein 5 December 2007 and has ruled SLAM!FM received equal in \"too much talk\" but proved wrong in terms of \"re-edits\". However, the ruling does not affect the current music interpretation because SLAM! for some time now sends no longer own edits.[3]The former jingles were produced by ReelWorldEurope. That package is a jingle resing to that of the US radio station jingles WKTU in 2005. This, however, have been replaced by a custom package.On 19 November 2008 it was announced that SLAM!FM was reorganizing, in part due to a decrease in ad spending during the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Shareholder 2HMedia no additional budget proposed unavailable, which SLAM!FM forced to deal effectively with staff. Of the average of 31.6 people who had full-time employment in 2007, only 20.4 remained after the reorganization. In total, 14 people left the station, including several Disc jockeys including Daniël Lippens and Timo Kamst. Several staff contracts were not renewed.[4]On 27 April 2011 it was announced that RTL Nederland the Zerobase Lot A05 has taken over. This acquisition was in effect by 1 June 2011. On 1 January 2012, Slam!FM in the hands of Talpa Holding as a result of the deal between Talpa and RTL Group. Since then, the station part of the 538 Groep.[5]In June 2011 SLAM!FM was bought by the 538 Groep (with his parent company RTL 2011-2012, Talpa 2012–present).On 2 November 2013 Menno de Boer left SLAM!FM, and switched to the radio station 538. This led to adoption of the 'Most Wanted' DJ Martijn La Grouw.On 6 January 2014 De Avondploeg moved to Radio 538. De Avondploeg takes on Radio 538's old timeslot Mark Labrand over. The old time slot on SLAM!FM would be taken over by Igmar Felicia on January 6 with the program \"Bij Igmar\". He presents this program along with Joep Schrijvers.On 31 August 2015 the name of SLAM!FM changed to SLAM![6]On 3 October 2016, it was announced that Talpa Media sold SLAM! and Slam!TV to Radiocorp.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"For SLAM! to get the broadcasting licence it must follow a set of guidelines for programming rules. Here're some in general, between 7am and 7pm:No more than 7.5% of the tunes played is/has been on the Netherlands' pop charts;\n95% of the airtime must have music played (excluding speech delivered by DJs);\n50% of the tunes must have been released within 12 months;\nNo classical and jazz music is played;\nAt least 50% of the programming must be presented in Dutch or Frisian.In addition, there must be at least one news-related or -dedicated segment per hour, every hour between 7am and 11pm.","title":"Programming rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Audiotricz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiotricz"},{"link_name":"Blasterjaxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasterjaxx"},{"link_name":"Brennan Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennan_Heart"},{"link_name":"Digital Punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_Punk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Vegas_%26_Like_Mike"},{"link_name":"DJ Jeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DJ_Jeff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eelke Kleijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eelke_Kleijn"},{"link_name":"Firebeatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebeatz"},{"link_name":"Floris Tausent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floris_Tausent&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Franky Rizardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franky_Rizardo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gijs Alkemade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gijs_Alkemade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Hokstam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Hokstam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"GLOWINTHEDARK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLOWINTHEDARK"},{"link_name":"Jochem Hamerling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jochem_Hamerling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joep Schrijvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joep_Schrijvers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joost Burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joost_Burger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mark Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Knight_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Martijn La Grouw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martijn_La_Grouw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MC Villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MC_Villain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michiel Jurrjens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michiel_Jurrjens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicole Moudaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Moudaber"},{"link_name":"Oliver Heldens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heldens"},{"link_name":"Olivier Weiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivier_Weiter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Partysquad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Partysquad"},{"link_name":"R3hab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R3hab"},{"link_name":"Rens Goseling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rens_Goseling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robin Leféber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Lef%C3%A9ber&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sam Divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Divine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sander van Doorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sander_van_Doorn"},{"link_name":"Sanne van der Meijden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanne_van_der_Meijden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sunnery James & Ryan Marcinano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunnery_James_%26_Ryan_Marcinano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"W&W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%26W"},{"link_name":"Yellow Claw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Claw_(DJs)"}],"text":"Audiotricz\nBlasterjaxx\nBrennan Heart\nDigital Punk\nDimitri Vegas & Like Mike\nDJ Jeff\nEelke Kleijn\nFirebeatz\nFloris Tausent\nFranky Rizardo\nGijs Alkemade\nGiorgio Hokstam\nGLOWINTHEDARK\nJochem Hamerling\nJoep Schrijvers\nJoost Burger\nMark Knight\nMartijn La Grouw\nMC Villain\nMichiel Jurrjens\nNicole Moudaber\nOliver Heldens\nOlivier Weiter\nThe Partysquad\nR3hab\nRens Goseling\nRobin Leféber\nSam Divine\nSander van Doorn\nSanne van der Meijden\nSunnery James & Ryan Marcinano\nW&W\nYellow Claw","title":"Current DJs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alex Oosterveen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Oosterveen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armin van Buuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_van_Buuren"},{"link_name":"Bram Krikke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram_Krikke"},{"link_name":"Daniël Lippens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dani%C3%ABl_Lippens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dave Leusink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Leusink&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dimitris Kops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimitris_Kops&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"DJ Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Jean"},{"link_name":"Dash Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Emile van Schaik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emile_van_Schaik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eric van Kleef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_van_Kleef&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erwin van der Bliek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_van_der_Bliek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ferry Corsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_Corsten"},{"link_name":"Frank Dane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dane"},{"link_name":"Hardwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwell"},{"link_name":"Headhunterz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headhunterz"},{"link_name":"Koen van Tijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koen_van_Tijn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kristel van Eijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristel_van_Eijk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Igmar Felicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igmar_Felicia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivo van Breukelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivo_van_Breukelen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeroen Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeroen_Post&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jordi Warners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordi_Warners&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jurjen Gofers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurjen_Gofers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lange Frans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lange_Frans"},{"link_name":"Lex Gaarthuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lex_Gaarthuis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lucas Degen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Degen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mark Labrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Labrand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maurice Verschuuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Verschuuren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Menno de Boer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menno_de_Boer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mental Theo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_Theo"},{"link_name":"Michael Blijleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Blijleven&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Niels de Koning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niels_de_Koning&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicky Romero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Romero"},{"link_name":"Nicky Verhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicky_Verhage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rob Toonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob_Toonen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robin Velderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Velderman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tamara Brinkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamara_Brinkman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Timo Kamst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timo_Kamst&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tom van der Weerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_van_der_Weerd&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Alex Oosterveen\nArmin van Buuren\nBram Krikke\nDaniël Lippens\nDave Leusink\nDimitris Kops\nDJ Jean\nDash Berlin\nEmile van Schaik\nEric van Kleef\nErwin van der Bliek\nFerry Corsten\nFrank Dane\nHardwell\nHeadhunterz\nKoen van Tijn\nKristel van Eijk\nIgmar Felicia\nIvo van Breukelen\nJeroen Post\nJordi Warners\nJurjen Gofers\nLange Frans\nLex Gaarthuis\nLucas Degen\nMark Labrand\nMaurice Verschuuren\nMenno de Boer\nMental Theo\nMichael Blijleven\nNiels de Koning\nNicky Romero\nNicky Verhage\nRob Toonen\nRobin Velderman\nTamara Brinkman\nTimo Kamst\nTom van der Weerd","title":"Former DJs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Programs"}]

[{"image_text":"Slam!FM logo (with slogan text) used from November 2011 to 31 August 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Slam_FM_logo.png"}]

[{"title":"List of radio stations in the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Netherlands"}]

[{"reference":"\"Slam FM haalt hoogte marktaandeel jongeren ooit - Media & Entertainment\". Archived from the original on 2013-06-25. Retrieved 2013-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130625184718/http://hetnieuws24.nl/mediaentertainment/slam-fm-haalt-hoogte-marktaandeel-jongeren-ooit/400238/","url_text":"\"Slam FM haalt hoogte marktaandeel jongeren ooit - Media & Entertainment\""},{"url":"http://hetnieuws24.nl/mediaentertainment/slam-fm-haalt-hoogte-marktaandeel-jongeren-ooit/400238/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SLAM! heeft 0% marktaandeel in 65+ - RADIONL | Nederlandstalige Radio\". www.radionl.fm. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210609/http://www.radionl.fm/shownieuws/slam-heeft-0-marktaandeel-in-65/","url_text":"\"SLAM! heeft 0% marktaandeel in 65+ - RADIONL | Nederlandstalige Radio\""},{"url":"http://www.radionl.fm/shownieuws/slam-heeft-0-marktaandeel-in-65/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jarco Kriek (October 3, 2016). \"Grote wijzigingen Nederlands radiolandschap\" (in Dutch). TotaalTV.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.totaaltv.nl/nieuws/grote-wijzigingen-nederlands-radiolandschap/","url_text":"\"Grote wijzigingen Nederlands radiolandschap\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SLAM%21%22+radio+station","external_links_name":"\"SLAM!\" radio station"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SLAM%21%22+radio+station+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SLAM%21%22+radio+station&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SLAM%21%22+radio+station+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SLAM%21%22+radio+station","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SLAM%21%22+radio+station&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://live.slam.nl/slam-live/","external_links_name":"SLAM! Webstream"},{"Link":"https://live.slam.nl/slam-webcam/","external_links_name":"SLAM! Webcam"},{"Link":"https://live.slam.nl/slam-nonstop/","external_links_name":"SLAM! Non-Stop"},{"Link":"https://live.slam.nl/slam-theboomroom/","external_links_name":"The Boom Room"},{"Link":"https://live.slam.nl/slam-juize/","external_links_name":"SLAM! Juize"},{"Link":"https://live.slam.nl/slam-hardstyle/","external_links_name":"SLAM! Hardstyle"},{"Link":"https://live.slam.nl/slam-mixmarathon/","external_links_name":"SLAM! MixMarathon"},{"Link":"http://www.slam.nl/","external_links_name":"www.slam.nl"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130625184718/http://hetnieuws24.nl/mediaentertainment/slam-fm-haalt-hoogte-marktaandeel-jongeren-ooit/400238/","external_links_name":"\"Slam FM haalt hoogte marktaandeel jongeren ooit - Media & Entertainment\""},{"Link":"http://hetnieuws24.nl/mediaentertainment/slam-fm-haalt-hoogte-marktaandeel-jongeren-ooit/400238/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210609/http://www.radionl.fm/shownieuws/slam-heeft-0-marktaandeel-in-65/","external_links_name":"\"SLAM! heeft 0% marktaandeel in 65+ - RADIONL | Nederlandstalige Radio\""},{"Link":"http://www.radionl.fm/shownieuws/slam-heeft-0-marktaandeel-in-65/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.radiofreak.nl/nieuws/6715/SlamFM-mag-doorgaan-met-format-maar-boete-was-terecht/","external_links_name":"Radiofreak"},{"Link":"http://dutchmedia.nl/blog/?p=1375","external_links_name":"DutchMedia"},{"Link":"http://www.radiofreak.nl/nieuws/10376/Commerciele-zenders-krijgen-verlenging-van-frequentie-tot-2017","external_links_name":"RadioFreak"},{"Link":"http://www.adformatie.nl/nieuws/slamfm-krijgt-nieuwe-identiteit-en-wordt-slam","external_links_name":"SLAMFM! krijgt nieuwe identiteit en wordt SLAM!"},{"Link":"http://www.totaaltv.nl/nieuws/grote-wijzigingen-nederlands-radiolandschap/","external_links_name":"\"Grote wijzigingen Nederlands radiolandschap\""},{"Link":"http://www.slamfm.nl/","external_links_name":"SLAM!FM.nl"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Science_(Mongolia)

Ministry of Education and Science (Mongolia)

["1 External links"]

Ministry of Education and Science of MongoliaМонгол Улсын Боловсрол, Шинжлэх Ухааны ЯамMinistry overviewJurisdictionGovernment of MongoliaHeadquartersBaga Toiruu-44, Government Building III, Ulaanbaatar, MongoliaEmployees86Minister responsibleLuvsantserengiin Enkh-AmgalanDeputy Minister responsibleGanbayar GanboldMinistry executiveLkhagvyn Tsedevsuren, State Secretary of Ministry of Education and ScienceParent departmentGovernment of MongoliaChild agenciesEducation Quality Assessment CenterInstitute for Educational DevelopmentEducation Quality Assessment CenterEducational Research InstituteEducation Development FundWebsitemeds.gov.mn The Ministry of Education and Science (MOEAS) (Mongolian: Боловсрол, Шинжлэх Ухааны Яам) is the central state administering body which is responsible for the creation of nationwide policies relating to education, academic activities and science. The Ministry sets standards for education levels, schedules the school year, approves secondary education textbooks, administers the national entrance exam, provides support to regional education agencies, and issues licenses to establish higher education institutions. The current minister since 29 Jan 2021 is Luvsantserengiin Enkh-Amgalan. External links Official website of Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, and Sports (in English).

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education"},{"link_name":"textbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbook"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"Luvsantserengiin Enkh-Amgalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luvsantserengiin_Enkh-Amgalan&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Ministry of Education and Science (MOEAS) (Mongolian: Боловсрол, Шинжлэх Ухааны Яам) is the central state administering body which is responsible for the creation of nationwide policies relating to education, academic activities and science. The Ministry sets standards for education levels, schedules the school year, approves secondary education textbooks, administers the national entrance exam, provides support to regional education agencies, and issues licenses to establish higher education institutions. The current minister since 29 Jan 2021 is Luvsantserengiin Enkh-Amgalan.","title":"Ministry of Education and Science (Mongolia)"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Honduran_protests

2017–2018 Honduran protests

["1 Background","2 Timeline","3 See also","4 References"]

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2018) 2017–18 Honduran protestsPart of the aftermath of the Honduran general election, 2017Police marching during the ProtestDate27 November 2017—11 December 2018Location HondurasCaused byFraud allegationsMethodsDemonstrations, riots, cacerolazos, street blockades, strike actionCasualtiesDeath(s)38Injuries20+Arrested1,675 The 2017–18 Honduran protests were occurring throughout the country since the 2017 general election. Background See also: Honduran general election, 2017 On 30 November, with approximately 94% of the votes counted, Juan Orlando Hernández's lead had climbed to 42.92% compared to 41.42% for Nasralla. On 1 December, the TSE announced that they would give no further results until the TSE had been able to review all of the 1,031 tally sheets which had not been properly filled out by the political parties. The 1,031 tally sheets represent 5.69% of the total vote. Later that same day, as the TSE was still trying to convoke 60 representatives and four supervisors for both Nasralla and Hernández for the final vote count, Hernández's cabinet announced a ten-day curfew from 6pm to 6am to try to calm the violence associated with the protests. On 2 December, the Honduran National Roundtable for Human Rights issued a press release, in which it declared that the government actions were state terrorism against civilians, it warned that the declaration of a state of exception was in order to create repression to ensure electoral fraud labeling it as illegal after reading several articles of the Honduran constitution. Timeline As of 2 December, at least 7 people had died in the protests with more than 20 injured. On the second night of the curfew, thousands of people participated in what is known as "cacerolazos", banging pots and pans in protest. As of 15 December 2017, the court had finished a recount of ballot boxes that presented irregularities but had still not declared a winner, and protests continued throughout the country, with 16 deaths and 1,675 arrests, according to Honduras' National Human Rights' Commission. The court has 30 days from the contest to do so. The TSE finally announced a winner on 17 December, giving Hernández the victory with 42.95% of the vote to Nasralla's 41.42%. The announcement sparked a new wave of protests across the country, with Mel Zelaya announcing a national strike. The country's two major cities - Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula - saw streets blockaded, their main exits blocked, and traffic between them severely reduced. Organization of American States (OAS) election monitors, in their final report, documented widespread and numerous irregularities in the conduct of the voting and ballot tabulation, and doubted the validity of the official results. OAS secretary general Luis Almagro issued a statement following the TSE's announcement saying: "Facing the impossibility of determining a winner, the only way possible so that the people of Honduras are the victors is a new call for general elections." Hernández rejected the OAS's position, and his top aide accused of OAS of seeking "to try and steal the election" for Nasralla. See also Honduran general election, 2017 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis List of protests in the 21st century 2019 Honduran protests 2015 Honduran protests Wikinews has related news: :es:Decretan estado de excepción en Honduras por los disturbios en medio de la crisis electoral Wikinews has related news: :es:Los antidisturbios de Honduras se declaran en huelga para no reprimir las protestas References ^ "Instalado el gran Diálogo Nacional" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019. ^ a b "Elecciones en Honduras: la autoridad electoral postergó la declaración del ganador en la carrera presidencial". Infobae. 1 December 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-01. ^ a b "Las 1.031 actas que decidirán al próximo presidente de Honduras en medio de protestas, violencia y denuncias de fraude" (in Spanish). BBC Mundo. 1 December 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-02. ^ "TSE pide a Nasralla y JOH nombrar representantes para escrutinio especial" (in Spanish). La Prensa. 1 December 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-02. ^ "Honduras: Toque de queda de 6:00 pm a 6.00 am por 10 días". La Prensa. 1 December 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-02. ^ Camila Parodi; Nadia Fink; Julieta Lopresto; Laura Salomé Canteros (2 December 2017). "Honduras: Mesa Nacional de Derechos Humanos denuncia asesinatos y detenciones tras protestas por fraude electoral" (in Spanish). El Ciudadano. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017. ^ "Honduras: posible fraude, muertos y mucha tensión" (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa: ABC Color. EFE. 2 December 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017. ^ "Seguidores de la Alianza de Oposición en Honduras hacen sonar cacerolas en protesta por toque de queda" (in Spanish). El Heraldo. 3 December 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-03. ^ a b Cuevas | AP, Freddy (2017-12-15). "Opposition blocks highways after Honduras presidential vote". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2017-12-16. ^ a b c Freddy Cuevas (18 December 2017). "Continúan las protestas en Honduras por resultado electoral" (in Spanish). El Nuevo Herald. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-18. ^ Agence France Presse (19 December 2017). "Las protestas se intensifican en Honduras tras la reelección del presidente en un supuesto "fraude"" (in Spanish). El Mundo. Retrieved 2017-12-19. ^ Elisabeth Malkin, Honduran President Declared Winner, but O.A.S. Calls for New Election, New York Times (December 17, 2017).

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduran_general_election,_2017"}],"text":"The 2017–18 Honduran protests were occurring throughout the country since the 2017 general election.","title":"2017–2018 Honduran protests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honduran general election, 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduran_general_election,_2017"},{"link_name":"Juan Orlando Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Orlando_Hern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-posterga-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-posterga-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1.031-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1.031-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"curfew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curfew"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toque-5"},{"link_name":"state terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_terrorism"},{"link_name":"state of exception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_exception"},{"link_name":"electoral fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_fraud"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"See also: Honduran general election, 2017On 30 November, with approximately 94% of the votes counted, Juan Orlando Hernández's lead had climbed to 42.92% compared to 41.42% for Nasralla.[2] On 1 December, the TSE announced that they would give no further results until the TSE had been able to review all of the 1,031 tally sheets which had not been properly filled out by the political parties.[2][3] The 1,031 tally sheets represent 5.69% of the total vote.[3] Later that same day, as the TSE was still trying to convoke 60 representatives and four supervisors for both Nasralla and Hernández for the final vote count,[4] Hernández's cabinet announced a ten-day curfew from 6pm to 6am to try to calm the violence associated with the protests.[5]On 2 December, the Honduran National Roundtable for Human Rights issued a press release, in which it declared that the government actions were state terrorism against civilians, it warned that the declaration of a state of exception was in order to create repression to ensure electoral fraud labeling it as illegal after reading several articles of the Honduran constitution.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-EFE-7"},{"link_name":"cacerolazos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacerolazo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highways-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highways-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-continuan-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-continuan-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-continuan-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Organization of American States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States"},{"link_name":"Luis Almagro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Almagro"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malkin-12"}],"text":"As of 2 December, at least 7 people had died in the protests with more than 20 injured.[7] On the second night of the curfew, thousands of people participated in what is known as \"cacerolazos\", banging pots and pans in protest.[8]As of 15 December 2017, the court had finished a recount of ballot boxes that presented irregularities but had still not declared a winner, and protests continued throughout the country, with 16 deaths and 1,675 arrests, according to Honduras' National Human Rights' Commission.[9] The court has 30 days from the contest to do so.[9]The TSE finally announced a winner on 17 December, giving Hernández the victory with 42.95% of the vote to Nasralla's 41.42%.[10] The announcement sparked a new wave of protests across the country, with Mel Zelaya announcing a national strike.[10] The country's two major cities - Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula - saw streets blockaded, their main exits blocked, and traffic between them severely reduced.[10][11]Organization of American States (OAS) election monitors, in their final report, documented widespread and numerous irregularities in the conduct of the voting and ballot tabulation, and doubted the validity of the official results. OAS secretary general Luis Almagro issued a statement following the TSE's announcement saying: \"Facing the impossibility of determining a winner, the only way possible so that the people of Honduras are the victors is a new call for general elections.\" Hernández rejected the OAS's position, and his top aide accused of OAS of seeking \"to try and steal the election\" for Nasralla.[12]","title":"Timeline"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium(VIII)_oxide

Iridium tetroxide

["1 References","2 External links"]

Iridium(VIII) oxide Names IUPAC name Iridium(VIII) oxide Identifiers CAS Number 474103-25-8 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image InChI InChI=1S/Ir.4OKey: WIFDYPVIKSJTTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES O=(=O)(=O)=O Properties Chemical formula IrO4 Molar mass 256.213 g·mol−1 Melting point −267.15 °C (−448.87 °F; 6.00 K) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound Iridium tetroxide (IrO4, Iridium(VIII) oxide) is a binary compound of oxygen and iridium in oxidation state +8. This compound was formed by photochemical rearrangement of in solid argon at a temperature of 6 K (−267.15 °C; −448.87 °F). At higher temperatures, the oxide is unstable. The detection of the iridium tetroxide cation IrO+4 by infrared photodissociation spectroscopy with formal oxidation state +9 has been reported, the highest currently known of any element. However no salts are known, as attempted production of an Ir(IX) salt such as IrO4SbF6 did not result in anything. References ^ Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879–7883. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733. PMID 19593837. ^ Citra, Angelo; Andrew, Lester (1999). "Reactions of Laser-Ablated Iridium Atoms with O2. Infrared Spectra and DFT Calculations for Iridium Dioxide and Peroxoiridium(VI) Dioxide in Solid Argon". J. Phys. Chem. A. 103 (21): 4182–4190. Bibcode:1999JPCA..103.4182C. doi:10.1021/jp990388o. ^ Himmel, D.; Knapp, C.; Patzschke, M.; Riedel, S. (2010). "How far can we go? Quantum-chemical investigations of oxidation state IX". ChemPhysChem. 11 (4): 865–869. doi:10.1002/cphc.200900910. PMID 20127784. ^ Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary J.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (23 October 2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786. S2CID 4463905. External links Media related to Iridium tetroxide at Wikimedia Commons vteIridium compoundsIridium(0) Ir4(CO)12 Iridium(I)Organoiridium(I) IrC8H12C5H5NP(C6H11)3PF6 IrClCO(P(C6H5)3)2 KIrI2(CO)2 Iridium(II) IrCl2 Iridium(III) IrBr3 IrCl3 IrF3 IrI3 Ir2S3 Ir(O2C5H7)3 (NH4)3IrCl6 Ir(CN)3−6 Ir2O3 Organoiridium(III) (IrClC5(CH3)5)2Cl2 Ir(C9H11)3 Iridium(IV) IrBr4 IrF4 IrCl4 IrI4 IrO2 IrS2 (NH4)2 Li2IrO3 Iridium(V) IrF5 Iridium(VI) IrF6 Sr2MgIrO6 Sr2CaIrO6 Ir(O2)O2 Iridium(VII) IrF7 Iridium(VIII/IX) IrO4 IrO4+ vteOxidesMixed oxidation states Antimony tetroxide (Sb2O4) Boron suboxide (B12O2) Carbon suboxide (C3O2) Chlorine perchlorate (Cl2O4) Chloryl perchlorate (Cl2O6) Cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co3O4) Dichlorine pentoxide (Cl2O5) Iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4) Lead(II,IV) oxide (Pb3O4) Manganese(II,III) oxide (Mn3O4) Mellitic anhydride (C12O9) Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide (Pr6O11) Silver(I,III) oxide (Ag2O2) Terbium(III,IV) oxide (Tb4O7) Tribromine octoxide (Br3O8) Triuranium octoxide (U3O8) +1 oxidation state Aluminium(I) oxide (Al2O) Copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) Caesium monoxide (Cs2O) Dicarbon monoxide (C2O) Dichlorine monoxide (Cl2O) Gallium(I) oxide (Ga2O) Iodine(I) oxide (I2O) Lithium oxide (Li2O) Mercury(I) oxide (Hg2O) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Potassium oxide (K2O) Rubidium oxide (Rb2O) Silver oxide (Ag2O) Thallium(I) oxide (Tl2O) Sodium oxide (Na2O) Water (hydrogen oxide) (H2O) +2 oxidation state Aluminium(II) oxide (AlO) Barium oxide (BaO) Berkelium monoxide (BkO) Beryllium oxide (BeO) Bromine monoxide (BrO) Cadmium oxide (CdO) Calcium oxide (CaO) Carbon monoxide (CO) Chlorine monoxide (ClO) Chromium(II) oxide (CrO) Cobalt(II) oxide (CoO) Copper(II) oxide (CuO) Dinitrogen dioxide (N2O2) Europium(II) oxide (EuO) Germanium monoxide (GeO) Iron(II) oxide (FeO) Iodine monoxide (IO) Lead(II) oxide (PbO) Magnesium oxide (MgO) Manganese(II) oxide (MnO) Mercury(II) oxide (HgO) Nickel(II) oxide (NiO) Nitric oxide (NO) Palladium(II) oxide (PdO) Phosphorus monoxide (PO) Polonium monoxide (PoO) Protactinium monoxide (PaO) Radium oxide (RaO) Silicon monoxide (SiO) Strontium oxide (SrO) Sulfur monoxide (SO) Disulfur dioxide (S2O2) Thorium monoxide (ThO) Tin(II) oxide (SnO) Titanium(II) oxide (TiO) Vanadium(II) oxide (VO) Yttrium(II) oxide (YO) Zinc oxide (ZnO) +3 oxidation state Actinium(III) oxide (Ac2O3) Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) Americium(III) oxide (Am2O3) Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) Berkelium(III) oxide (Bk2O3) Bismuth(III) oxide (Bi2O3) Boron trioxide (B2O3) Caesium sesquioxide (Cs2O3) Californium(III) oxide (Cf2O3) Cerium(III) oxide (Ce2O3) Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3) Cobalt(III) oxide (Co2O3) Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) Dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy2O3) Einsteinium(III) oxide (Es2O3) Erbium(III) oxide (Er2O3) Europium(III) oxide (Eu2O3) Gadolinium(III) oxide (Gd2O3) Gallium(III) oxide (Ga2O3) Gold(III) oxide (Au2O3) Holmium(III) oxide (Ho2O3) Indium(III) oxide (In2O3) Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) Lanthanum oxide (La2O3) Lutetium(III) oxide (Lu2O3) Manganese(III) oxide (Mn2O3) Neodymium(III) oxide (Nd2O3) Nickel(III) oxide (Ni2O3) Phosphorus trioxide (P4O6) Praseodymium(III) oxide (Pr2O3) Promethium(III) oxide (Pm2O3) Rhodium(III) oxide (Rh2O3) Samarium(III) oxide (Sm2O3) Scandium oxide (Sc2O3) Terbium(III) oxide (Tb2O3) Thallium(III) oxide (Tl2O3) Thulium(III) oxide (Tm2O3) Titanium(III) oxide (Ti2O3) Tungsten(III) oxide (W2O3) Vanadium(III) oxide (V2O3) Ytterbium(III) oxide (Yb2O3) Yttrium(III) oxide (Y2O3) +4 oxidation state Americium dioxide (AmO2) Berkelium(IV) oxide (BkO2) Bromine dioxide (BrO2) Californium dioxide (CfO2) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon trioxide (CO3) Cerium(IV) oxide (CeO2) Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) Chromium(IV) oxide (CrO2) Curium(IV) oxide (CmO2) Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) Germanium dioxide (GeO2) Iodine dioxide (IO2) Hafnium(IV) oxide (HfO2) Lead dioxide (PbO2) Manganese dioxide (MnO2) Neptunium(IV) oxide (NpO2) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Osmium dioxide (OsO2) Plutonium(IV) oxide (PuO2) Polonium dioxide (PoO2) Praseodymium(IV) oxide (PrO2) Protactinium(IV) oxide (PaO2) Rhodium(IV) oxide (RhO2) Ruthenium(IV) oxide (RuO2) Selenium dioxide (SeO2) Silicon dioxide (SiO2) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Technetium(IV) oxide (TcO2) Tellurium dioxide (TeO2) Terbium(IV) oxide (TbO2) Thorium dioxide (ThO2) Tin dioxide (SnO2) Titanium dioxide (TiO2) Tungsten(IV) oxide (WO2) Uranium dioxide (UO2) Vanadium(IV) oxide (VO2) Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) +5 oxidation state Antimony pentoxide (Sb2O5) Arsenic pentoxide (As2O5) Bismuth pentoxide (Bi2O5) Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) Protactinium(V) oxide (Pa2O5) Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) Vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5) +6 oxidation state Chromium trioxide (CrO3) Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) Polonium trioxide (PoO3) Rhenium trioxide (ReO3) Selenium trioxide (SeO3) Sulfur trioxide (SO3) Tellurium trioxide (TeO3) Tungsten trioxide (WO3) Uranium trioxide (UO3) Xenon trioxide (XeO3) +7 oxidation state Dichlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7) Manganese heptoxide (Mn2O7) Rhenium(VII) oxide (Re2O7) Technetium(VII) oxide (Tc2O7) +8 oxidation state Iridium tetroxide (IrO4) Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) Xenon tetroxide (XeO4) Hassium tetroxide (HsO4) Related Oxocarbon Suboxide Oxyanion Ozonide Peroxide Superoxide Oxypnictide Oxides are sorted by oxidation state. Category:Oxides

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"iridium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium"},{"link_name":"oxidation state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gong-1"},{"link_name":"η1-O2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxide"},{"link_name":"argon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Citra-2"},{"link_name":"infrared photodissociation spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_multiphoton_dissociation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-himmel2010-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wang2014-4"},{"link_name":"salts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"SbF6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexafluoroantimonate"}],"text":"Chemical compoundIridium tetroxide (IrO4, Iridium(VIII) oxide) is a binary compound of oxygen and iridium in oxidation state +8.[1] This compound was formed by photochemical rearrangement of [(η1-O2)IrO2] in solid argon at a temperature of 6 K (−267.15 °C; −448.87 °F). At higher temperatures, the oxide is unstable.[2] The detection of the iridium tetroxide cation IrO+4 by infrared photodissociation spectroscopy with formal oxidation state +9 has been reported, the highest currently known of any element.[3][4] However no salts are known, as attempted production of an Ir(IX) salt such as IrO4SbF6 did not result in anything.","title":"Iridium tetroxide"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Cantius

John Cantius

["1 Biography","2 Veneration","3 Feast day","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Polish priest, scholastic philosopher, physicist and theologian This article is about the saint and theologian. For the inventor, see John Kanzius. For the American inventor, see John Cantius Garand. SaintJohn CantiusSaint John CantiusConfessorBornJune 23, 1390Kęty, Oświęcim, Crown of the Kingdom of PolandDiedDecember 24, 1473(1473-12-24) (aged 83)Kraków, Crown of the Kingdom of PolandVenerated inCatholic ChurchBeatified28 March 1676, Rome by Pope Clement XCanonized1767, Rome by Pope Clement XIIIMajor shrineChurch of St. AnneKraków, PolandFeast23 December20 October (Poland, General Roman Calendar 1770–1969)Attributesin a professor's gown with his arm around shoulder of a young student whose gaze is directed towards Heaven; giving his garments to the poorPatronagePoland; Lithuania; Jagiellonian UniversityTheology careerEducationKraków AcademyTheological workMain interestsBiblical studies Tomb of Saint John Cantius.Church of St. Anne, Kraków, Poland. John Cantius (Latin: Joannes Cantius; Polish: Jan z Kęt or Jan Kanty; 23 June 1390 – 24 December 1473) was a Polish Catholic priest, scholastic philosopher, physicist and theologian. Biography John Cantius was born in Kęty, a small town near Oświęcim, Poland, to Anna and Stanisław Kanty. He attended the Kraków Academy at which he attained bachelor, and licentiate. In 1418 he became a Doctor of Philosophy. Upon graduation he spent the next three years conducting philosophy classes at the university, while preparing for the priesthood. Upon his ordination, he became rector at the school of the Canons Regular of the Most Holy Sepulcher in Miechow. While there, he was offered a professorship of Sacra Scriptura (Holy Scripture) back at his alma mater, the Kraków Academy, which would later be named the Jagiellonian University. He attained a doctorate in theology and eventually became director of the theology department. He held the professorship until his death in 1473. Cantius spent many hours copying manuscripts of the Holy Scriptures, theological tracts, and other scholarly works. In physics, he helped develop Jean Buridan's theory of impetus, which anticipated the work of Galileo and Newton. During his time in Kraków, Cantius became well known in the city for his generosity and compassion toward the poor, especially needy students at the university. He subsisted on what was strictly necessary to sustain his life, giving alms regularly to the poor. He made one pilgrimage to Jerusalem and four pilgrimages on foot to Rome. Michael Miechowita, the medieval Polish historian and Cantius's first biographer, described Cantius's extreme humility and charity; he took as his motto: Conturbare cave: non est placare suave, Infamare cave; nam revocare grave. (Beware disturbing: it's not sweetly pleasing, Beware speaking ill: for taking back words is burdensome.) He died while living in retirement at his alma mater on 24 December 1473, aged 83. His remains were interred in the Collegiate Church of St Anne, where his tomb became and remains a popular pilgrimage site. He is the patron of the diocese of Bielsko-Żywiec (since 1992), and of the students. Veneration John Cantius was beatified in Rome by Pope Clement X on 28 March 1676. He was named patron of Poland and Lithuania by Pope Clement XII in 1737. Ninety-one years after his beatification, John Cantius was canonized on 16 July 1767, by Pope Clement XIII. The Roman Breviary distinguishes him with three hymns; he is the only confessor who is not a bishop to have been given this honor in the Catholic liturgy. St. John Cantius is a popular saint in Poland. A number of churches and schools founded by Polish diaspora communities throughout North America are named in his honor, in cities as far-ranging as Cleveland, Ohio; Winnipeg, Manitoba; Detroit, Michigan; Chicago, Illinois; Rolling Prairie, Indiana, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; St. Cloud, Minnesota; Wilno, Minnesota, Philadelphia, Erie, and Windber, Pennsylvania; New York City and Buffalo, New York. "John Cantius" has been used as a first and middle name—see, for example, John Cantius Garand. Feast day When St. John Cantius's feast day was first inserted into the General Roman Calendar in 1770, it was initially assigned to 20 October, but in the calendar reform of 1969 it was moved to 23 December, the day before the anniversary of his death, which occurred on Christmas Eve 1473. Those who, as authorized by Pope Benedict XVI in Summorum Pontificum, use the 1962 Roman Missal continue to celebrate it on 20 October as a III Class Feast. See also Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius St. John Cantius Church (Chicago) St. John Cantius Church in the article on Wilno, Minnesota Saint John Cantius, patron saint archive References ^ a b c Godrycz, J. (1910). "St. John Cantius". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ^ a b c ""St. John Kanty", Catholic Faith Community of Saint John Cantius, St. Cloud, Minnesota". Archived from the original on 2016-06-29. Retrieved 2014-02-02. ^ Patron Saints Index: "Saint John Cantius" Archived 2008-10-18 at the Wayback Machine ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice 1969), p. 111 External links Media related to John Cantius at Wikimedia Commons Biography from the Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius Archived 2016-10-26 at the Wayback Machine Bull of Canonization (1767) by Pope Clement XIII Novena to Saint John Cantius Archived 2016-10-26 at the Wayback Machine Biography at The Catholic Forum Patron Saints Index: Saint John Cantius The Saints: A concise Biographical Dictionary, (ed. John Coulson), Hawthorn Books, Inc. 1960 Portal: Saints Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF National Catalonia Germany United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Kanzius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kanzius"},{"link_name":"John Cantius Garand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cantius_Garand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Anny_011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Polish Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"scholastic philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism"},{"link_name":"physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicist"},{"link_name":"theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologian"}],"text":"This article is about the saint and theologian. For the inventor, see John Kanzius. For the American inventor, see John Cantius Garand.Tomb of Saint John Cantius.Church of St. Anne, Kraków, Poland.John Cantius (Latin: Joannes Cantius; Polish: Jan z Kęt or Jan Kanty; 23 June 1390 – 24 December 1473) was a Polish Catholic priest, scholastic philosopher, physicist and theologian.","title":"John Cantius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kęty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%99ty"},{"link_name":"Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"Kraków Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_University"},{"link_name":"bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"licentiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-godrycz-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parish-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parish-2"},{"link_name":"alma mater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater"},{"link_name":"Jagiellonian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_University"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"Jean Buridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Buridan"},{"link_name":"theory of impetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_impetus"},{"link_name":"Galileo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo"},{"link_name":"Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-godrycz-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-godrycz-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parish-2"}],"text":"John Cantius was born in Kęty, a small town near Oświęcim, Poland, to Anna and Stanisław Kanty. He attended the Kraków Academy at which he attained bachelor, and licentiate.[1] In 1418 he became a Doctor of Philosophy.[2] Upon graduation he spent the next three years conducting philosophy classes at the university, while preparing for the priesthood.Upon his ordination, he became rector at the school of the Canons Regular of the Most Holy Sepulcher in Miechow.[2] While there, he was offered a professorship of Sacra Scriptura (Holy Scripture) back at his alma mater, the Kraków Academy, which would later be named the Jagiellonian University. He attained a doctorate in theology and eventually became director of the theology department. He held the professorship until his death in 1473. Cantius spent many hours copying manuscripts of the Holy Scriptures, theological tracts, and other scholarly works.In physics, he helped develop Jean Buridan's theory of impetus, which anticipated the work of Galileo and Newton.During his time in Kraków, Cantius became well known in the city for his generosity and compassion toward the poor, especially needy students at the university. He subsisted on what was strictly necessary to sustain his life, giving alms regularly to the poor. He made one pilgrimage to Jerusalem and four pilgrimages on foot to Rome.[1]Michael Miechowita, the medieval Polish historian and Cantius's first biographer, described Cantius's extreme humility and charity; he took as his motto:Conturbare cave: non est placare suave,\nInfamare cave; nam revocare grave.[1]\n(Beware disturbing: it's not sweetly pleasing,\nBeware speaking ill: for taking back words is burdensome.)He died while living in retirement at his alma mater on 24 December 1473, aged 83. His remains were interred in the Collegiate Church of St Anne, where his tomb became and remains a popular pilgrimage site.[2] He is the patron of the diocese of Bielsko-Żywiec (since 1992), and of the students.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beatified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatified"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_X"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"canonized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonized"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII"},{"link_name":"Roman Breviary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Breviary"},{"link_name":"confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessor"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Catholic liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_liturgy"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_diaspora"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"St. Cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Wilno, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilno,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Windber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windber"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"John Cantius Garand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cantius_Garand"}],"text":"John Cantius was beatified in Rome by Pope Clement X on 28 March 1676. He was named patron of Poland and Lithuania by Pope Clement XII in 1737.[3] Ninety-one years after his beatification, John Cantius was canonized on 16 July 1767, by Pope Clement XIII.The Roman Breviary distinguishes him with three hymns; he is the only confessor who is not a bishop to have been given this honor in the Catholic liturgy.St. John Cantius is a popular saint in Poland. A number of churches and schools founded by Polish diaspora communities throughout North America are named in his honor, in cities as far-ranging as Cleveland, Ohio; Winnipeg, Manitoba; Detroit, Michigan; Chicago, Illinois; Rolling Prairie, Indiana, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; St. Cloud, Minnesota; Wilno, Minnesota, Philadelphia, Erie, and Windber, Pennsylvania; New York City and Buffalo, New York.\"John Cantius\" has been used as a first and middle name—see, for example, John Cantius Garand.","title":"Veneration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feast day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day"},{"link_name":"General Roman Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar"},{"link_name":"calendar reform of 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysterii_Paschalis"},{"link_name":"Christmas Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Summorum Pontificum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum"},{"link_name":"1962 Roman Missal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Roman_Missal"}],"text":"When St. John Cantius's feast day was first inserted into the General Roman Calendar in 1770, it was initially assigned to 20 October, but in the calendar reform of 1969 it was moved to 23 December, the day before the anniversary of his death, which occurred on Christmas Eve 1473.[4] Those who, as authorized by Pope Benedict XVI in Summorum Pontificum, use the 1962 Roman Missal continue to celebrate it on 20 October as a III Class Feast.","title":"Feast day"}]

[{"image_text":"Tomb of Saint John Cantius.Church of St. Anne, Kraków, Poland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Krak%C3%B3w_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Anny_011.jpg/220px-Krak%C3%B3w_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Anny_011.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_Saint_John_Cantius"},{"title":"St. John Cantius Church (Chicago)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Cantius_Church_(Chicago)"},{"title":"Wilno, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilno,_Minnesota"},{"title":"Saint John Cantius, patron saint archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church/Patron_Archive/December_23"}]

[{"reference":"Godrycz, J. (1910). \"St. John Cantius\". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08451b.htm","url_text":"\"St. John Cantius\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"St. John Kanty\", Catholic Faith Community of Saint John Cantius, St. Cloud, Minnesota\". Archived from the original on 2016-06-29. Retrieved 2014-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160629214840/http://www.stjohncantius.org/patronsaint.html","url_text":"\"\"St. John Kanty\", Catholic Faith Community of Saint John Cantius, St. Cloud, Minnesota\""},{"url":"http://www.stjohncantius.org/patronsaint.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Hill_High_School

Camp Hill High School

["1 History","2 Extracurriculars","2.1 Athletics","3 Notable alumni","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 40°14′18″N 76°55′34″W / 40.2383°N 76.9260°W / 40.2383; -76.9260Public schoolCamp Hill High SchoolLocation100 S 24th St. Camp Hill, PAInformationSchool typePublicEstablished1907School districtCamp Hill School DistrictCEEB code390-525PrincipalMark ZieglerTeaching staff28.30 (FTE)Enrollment416 (2022–23)Student to teacher ratio14.70Color(s)Navy blue, white     Team nameLions Camp Hill High School is a coeducational public high school located in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Camp Hill School District and is the smallest public high school in Cumberland County. It is located approximately ten minutes from the city of Harrisburg. It was founded in 1907 and has an enrollment of approximately 352 students in ninth through twelfth grades. The High School shares a building with Camp Hill Middle School, although classes, teachers, and even administrators are mostly shared. History The school was built after the civil war fostering mostly orphaned boys in a 2-mile radius. Before the construction of the first building in 1907, the high school shared a building with students from nearby East Pennsboro Township. The historic structure, directly adjacent to the current high school/middle school complex, was completed in 1907, and graduated its first students in 1910. In 1953 the old school was torn down and replaced with a new three-story brick structure located at the corner of Chestnut Street and South 24th Street. The new school was substantially larger than the old 4-classroom building, with a cafeteria which doubled as a fallout shelter, a gymnasium and locker rooms, and many more classrooms. The school was expanded in 1960 with the addition of music classrooms, a woodworking shop, and a 900-seat auditorium. A new library and instructional media center were added above the main courtyard in 1977. In 2003 a new cafeteria, and building-wide air conditioning were added to the school, and the old cafeteria and the front courtyard were converted into classrooms. Extracurriculars The high school offers a variety of clubs, activities and sports. One of the most successful of these teams is the quiz bowl team, which in 2012 won third place in the small schools division of the NAQT High School National Championship tournament. Athletics The school athletic teams participate in District 3 of the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association, which governs high school sports for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The school mascot is the Lion. Camp Hill won the state championship in 1999, 2008, and 2009 for baseball, 1988 for football, and 2015 for boys cross country. The 1988 football team was the first PIAA State champs due to the tournament beginning that year. Until 2001, Football games unusually took place on Saturday mornings instead of Friday nights, due to the lack of stadium lighting at Christian Siebert Memorial Park, the home athletic field of the schools' team. Installation of stadium lighting at the field was financed by Coca-Cola, and included an agreement which involved installing vending machines at school district athletic fields and buildings. Camp Hill has had a strong scholastic wrestling program since 1958, producing two state champions, Bob Cochran in 1976 and Tim Cochran in 1981. Traditionally, there is a rivalry between Camp Hill High School and nearby Catholic school Trinity High School (Camp Hill, Pennsylvania) The two schools compete against each other in basketball, football, soccer, cross-country, track and field, baseball, softball, and tennis. These games are highly attended by fans, spectators, and other members of the community. The school has enjoyed a successful soccer program. They were District III finalists and PIAA State semifinalists in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2015. In 2016 the program enjoyed a District III and PIAA State championship. Camp Hill has a rich history in cross country. The girls team captured District III championships in 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 2017, 2018, and 2019. The boys team were District III champions in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016, tying the school record for the most consecutive team district championships in any girls or boys sport in Camp Hill history. The boys team won the PIAA State Championship in 2015. Notable alumni Park Dietz, (Class of 1966), forensic psychologist David Freed, (Class of 1988), U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Pennsylvania John Hopper, (Class of 1941), Pennsylvania State Senator from 1977 to 1992 William Daniel Phillips, (Class of 1966), winner of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics. A Bronze plaque is installed in the auditorium lobby to commemorate his award. It is tradition for students to rub the protruding nose of the plaque for good luck before taking a test or an exam (usually only physics or chemistry exams, though the marching band has begun to call this tradition their own). The nose is, as a result, very worn down in its color. James R. Shepley, (Class of 1935), journalist and president of Time Inc. from 1969 to 1980 See also Camp Hill School District References ^ a b c "Camp Hill SHS". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved June 17, 2024. ^ a b c "History of Camp Hill High School". Camp Hill School District. 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-03-23. Retrieved 2007-01-07. ^ "John D Hopper". Pennsylvania State Senate. Retrieved 9 December 2016. ^ "William D. Philips Autobiography". The Nobel Foundation. 1997. Retrieved 2007-01-13. External links Camp Hill High School vteCumberland County, Pennsylvania SchoolsMain School DistrictsBig Spring Big Spring High School Camp Hill Camp Hill High School Carlisle Area Carlisle High School Cumberland Valley Cumberland Valley High School East Pennsboro Area East Pennsboro High School Mechanicsburg Area Mechanicsburg Area Senior High School South Middleton Boiling Springs High School Other SchoolsCharter schools Commonwealth Connections Academy Charter School Private schools Bible Baptist School Faith Tabernacle School Harrisburg Academy Heritage Christian Academy Yellow Breeches Education Center Roman Catholic Diocese of Harrisburg Trinity High School Shippensburg Area (partially located in Franklin County) Shippensburg Area High School West Shore (partially located in York County) Cedar Cliff High School Red Land High School Career and Technology School (VoTech) Cumberland Perry Area Vocational Technical School 40°14′18″N 76°55′34″W / 40.2383°N 76.9260°W / 40.2383; -76.9260 Authority control databases: Geographic NCES

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coeducational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeducational"},{"link_name":"Camp Hill, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Hill,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Camp Hill School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Hill_School_District"},{"link_name":"Cumberland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg"},{"link_name":"ninth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_grade"},{"link_name":"twelfth grades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_grade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"},{"link_name":"Camp Hill Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camp_Hill_Middle_School&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Public schoolCamp Hill High School is a coeducational public high school located in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Camp Hill School District and is the smallest public high school in Cumberland County. It is located approximately ten minutes from the city of Harrisburg. It was founded in 1907 and has an enrollment of approximately 352 students in ninth through twelfth grades.[2] The High School shares a building with Camp Hill Middle School, although classes, teachers, and even administrators are mostly shared.","title":"Camp Hill High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Pennsboro Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pennsboro_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"},{"link_name":"fallout shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_shelter"},{"link_name":"gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gym"},{"link_name":"auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"}],"text":"The school was built after the civil war fostering mostly orphaned boys in a 2-mile radius.Before the construction of the first building in 1907, the high school shared a building with students from nearby East Pennsboro Township. The historic structure, directly adjacent to the current high school/middle school complex, was completed in 1907, and graduated its first students in 1910. In 1953 the old school was torn down and replaced with a new three-story brick structure located at the corner of Chestnut Street and South 24th Street.[2]The new school was substantially larger than the old 4-classroom building, with a cafeteria which doubled as a fallout shelter, a gymnasium and locker rooms, and many more classrooms. The school was expanded in 1960 with the addition of music classrooms, a woodworking shop, and a 900-seat auditorium. A new library and instructional media center were added above the main courtyard in 1977.[2] In 2003 a new cafeteria, and building-wide air conditioning were added to the school, and the old cafeteria and the front courtyard were converted into classrooms.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NAQT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAQT"}],"text":"The high school offers a variety of clubs, activities and sports. One of the most successful of these teams is the quiz bowl team, which in 2012 won third place in the small schools division of the NAQT High School National Championship tournament.","title":"Extracurriculars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Hill_School_District"},{"link_name":"scholastic wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Trinity High School (Camp Hill, Pennsylvania)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_High_School_(Camp_Hill,_Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"cross-country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball"}],"sub_title":"Athletics","text":"The school athletic teams participate in District 3 of the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association, which governs high school sports for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The school mascot is the Lion. Camp Hill won the state championship in 1999, 2008, and 2009 for baseball, 1988 for football, and 2015 for boys cross country. The 1988 football team was the first PIAA State champs due to the tournament beginning that year. Until 2001, Football games unusually took place on Saturday mornings instead of Friday nights, due to the lack of stadium lighting at Christian Siebert Memorial Park, the home athletic field of the schools' team. Installation of stadium lighting at the field was financed by Coca-Cola, and included an agreement which involved installing vending machines at school district athletic fields and buildings.Camp Hill has had a strong scholastic wrestling program since 1958, producing two state champions, Bob Cochran in 1976 and Tim Cochran in 1981.Traditionally, there is a rivalry between Camp Hill High School and nearby Catholic school Trinity High School (Camp Hill, Pennsylvania) The two schools compete against each other in basketball, football, soccer, cross-country, track and field, baseball, softball, and tennis. These games are highly attended by fans, spectators, and other members of the community.The school has enjoyed a successful soccer program. They were District III finalists and PIAA State semifinalists in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2015. In 2016 the program enjoyed a District III and PIAA State championship.Camp Hill has a rich history in cross country. The girls team captured District III championships in 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 2017, 2018, and 2019. The boys team were District III champions in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016, tying the school record for the most consecutive team district championships in any girls or boys sport in Camp Hill history. The boys team won the PIAA State Championship in 2015.","title":"Extracurriculars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Park Dietz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Dietz"},{"link_name":"David Freed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Freed_(attorney)"},{"link_name":"Middle District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"John Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopper_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"William Daniel Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"James R. Shepley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Shepley"},{"link_name":"Time Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Inc."}],"text":"Park Dietz, (Class of 1966), forensic psychologist\nDavid Freed, (Class of 1988), U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Pennsylvania\nJohn Hopper, (Class of 1941), Pennsylvania State Senator from 1977 to 1992[3]\nWilliam Daniel Phillips, (Class of 1966), winner of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics.[4] A Bronze plaque is installed in the auditorium lobby to commemorate his award. It is tradition for students to rub the protruding nose of the plaque for good luck before taking a test or an exam (usually only physics or chemistry exams, though the marching band has begun to call this tradition their own). The nose is, as a result, very worn down in its color.\nJames R. Shepley, (Class of 1935), journalist and president of Time Inc. from 1969 to 1980","title":"Notable alumni"}]

[]

[{"title":"Camp Hill School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Hill_School_District"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minami-Hikone_Station

Minami-Hikone Station

["1 Lines","2 Station layout","3 Platform","4 History","5 Passenger statistics","6 Surrounding area","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]

Coordinates: 35°14′46″N 136°14′52″E / 35.2460°N 136.2478°E / 35.2460; 136.2478Railway station in Hikone, Shiga Prefecture, Japan Minami-Hikone Station南彦根駅JR-West regional rail stationEast gate of the station, August 2007General informationLocation758 Koizumicho, Hikone-shi, Shiga-ken 522-0043JapanCoordinates35°14′46″N 136°14′52″E / 35.2460°N 136.2478°E / 35.2460; 136.2478Operated by JR WestLine(s) Biwako LineDistance9.3 km from MaibaraPlatforms2 side platformsConstructionStructure typeGround levelOther informationStation code JR-A14 WebsiteOfficial websiteHistoryOpened30 June 1981PassengersFY20195901 daily Services Preceding station JR West Following station Kawasetowards Kyoto Biwako LineLocal Hikonetowards Nagahama LocationMinami-Hikone StationLocation within Shiga PrefectureShow map of Shiga PrefectureMinami-Hikone StationMinami-Hikone Station (Japan)Show map of Japan Minami-Hikone Station (南彦根駅, Minami-Hikone-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Hikone, Shiga, Japan, operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West). Lines Minami-Hikone Station is served by the Biwako Line portion of the Tōkaidō Main Line, and is 9.3 kilometers from Maibara and 455.2 kilometers from Tokyo, Station layout The station consists of two opposed side platforms connected by an elevated station building. The station building has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office. Platform 1 ■ Biwako Line for Maibara, Nagahama and Ōgaki 2 ■ Biwako Line for Kusatsu and Kyoto History The station opened on 30 June 1981. Station numbering was introduced in March 2018 with Minami-Hikone being assigned station number JR-A14. Passenger statistics In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 5901 passengers daily (boarding passengers only). Surrounding area Hikone Regional Joint Government Building Labor Welfare Center Hikone Driving School See also List of railway stations in Japan References ^ Ishino, Tetsu; et al., eds. (1998). 停車場変遷大事典 国鉄・JR編 (in Japanese). Vol. II. Tokyo: JTB Corporation. p. 31. ISBN 4-533-02980-9. ^ "近畿エリアの12路線 のべ300駅に「駅ナンバー」を導入します！" . westjr.co.jp (in Japanese). 20 July 2016. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022. ^ "「駅ナンバー」一覧表" (PDF). westjr.co.jp (in Japanese). 20 July 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022. ^ 彦根市統計（令和2年版） 第10章 運輸および通信 (in Japanese). Japan: Hikone City. 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2021. External links Media related to Minami-Hikone Station at Wikimedia Commons JR West official home page vteStations of the Biwako Line (Tokaido Line, Hokuriku Line)Biwako Line(Hokuriku Main Line) Nagahama Tamura Sakata Maibara ABiwako Line(Tōkaidō Main Line) Maibara Hikone Minami-Hikone Kawase Inae Notogawa Azuchi Ōmi-Hachiman Shinohara Yasu Moriyama Rittō Kusatsu Minami-Kusatsu Seta Ishiyama Zeze Ōtsu Yamashina Kyōto

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[]

[{"title":"List of railway stations in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Japan"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghitorni

Ghitorni

["1 Infrastructure","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 28°36′34″N 77°08′23″E / 28.60955°N 77.13967°E / 28.60955; 77.13967 Urban in Delhi, IndiaGhitorniUrbanGhitorniLocation in IndiaCoordinates: 28°36′34″N 77°08′23″E / 28.60955°N 77.13967°E / 28.60955; 77.13967Country IndiaStateDelhiDistrictSouth WestPopulation (2011) • Total14,893Languages • OfficialHindi, EnglishGujariTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)Vehicle registrationDL 12 Ghitorni is a village in the South West district in the state of Delhi, India. It is located in southern Delhi, near the Gurgaon border and Vasant Kunj. In the 2011 census the population was 14,893. The population consists mainly of (Lohiya/Lohmod) Gurjar Community (80%) Ghitorni is also know as village of lohiya Gurjar, as well as the Brahman (10%), Baniya (5%), and others (5%) (estimated).It comes between Aya Nagar and Sultanpur . Infrastructure Ghitorni lies on the Mehrauli Gurgaon Road, Ghitorni village is well connected by metro station it is the third metro station from Qutub minar metro station towards Gurugram on the yellow line and the metro station is named "Ghitorni"; the metro station has got two main entry/exit gates either side of MG road both the gates are equipped with two lifts. Ghitorni is served by DTC bus routes 517,525, and BG which run along the Mehrauli Gurgaon Road. References ^ http://www.CITYPOPULATION.DE, copyright Thomas Brinkhoff. http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-delhi.php?cityid=0740851000 ^ Department of Delhi Transport Corporation. http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home External links Ghitorni station on Mehrauli http://chasingthemetro.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/12-01-ghitorni.jpg This article related to a location in the Indian state of Delhi is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_Significant_Units

Evolutionarily significant unit

["1 Definition","2 United States Endangered Species Act","3 Other equivalent terms","4 See also","5 References"]

Organism populations in conservation An evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) is a population of organisms that is considered distinct for purposes of conservation. Delineating ESUs is important when considering conservation action. This term can apply to any species, subspecies, geographic race, or population. Often the term "species" is used rather than ESU, even when an ESU is more technically considered a subspecies or variety rather than a biological species proper. In marine animals the term "stock" is often used as well. Definition Definitions of an ESU generally include at least one of the following criteria: Current geographic separation, Genetic differentiation at neutral markers among related ESUs caused by past restriction of gene flow, or Locally adapted phenotypic traits caused by differences in selection. Criterion 2 considers the gene flow between populations, measured by FST. A high degree of differentiation between two populations among genes that provide no adaptive advantage to either population (known as neutral markers) implies a lack of gene flow, showing that random drift has occurred in isolation from other populations. Very few migrants per generation are needed to prevent strong differentiation of neutral markers. Even a single migrant per generation may be enough for neutral markers to show gene flow between populations, making it difficult to differentiate the populations through neutral markers. Criterion 3 does not consider neutral genetic markers, instead looking at locally adapted traits of the population. Local adaptations may be present even with some gene flow from other populations, and even when there is little differentiation at neutral markers among ESUs. Reciprocal transplantation experiments are necessary to test for genetic differentiation for phenotypic traits, and differences in selection gradients across habitats. Such experiments are generally more difficult than the fixation index tests of criterion 2, and may be impossible for very rare or endangered species. For example, Cryan's buckmoth (Hemileuca maia) feeds only on the herb Menyanthes trifoliata, commonly known as buckbean, and while indistinguishable morphologically from related buckmoths, and not differentiated at the genetic markers tested, the moth is highly adapted to its host plant, having 100% survivorship on Menyanthes, while close genetic relatives all died when reared on the plant. In this case gene flow was sufficient to reduce differentiation at neutral markers, but did not prevent local host adaptation. Both criteria 2 and 3 have the problem that there is no clear dichotomy between ESU and not-ESU, as genetic differentiation between populations forms a continuum, prompting a contention for consideration of both genetic and ecological processes in identifying ESUs. Because the different approaches to designating ESUs each have their benefits, and the need and form of management prescriptions may vary across contexts, some support an "adaptive" approach to identification of ESUs, for instance suggesting consideration of facets from numerous designation methods. United States Endangered Species Act For the purposes of the Endangered Species Act a "species" is defined to include "any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate fish or wildlife which interbreeds when mature." However, the act does not define what constitutes a "distinct population segment", but this is generally considered to be synonymous with an evolutionarily significant unit, so that it must: be substantially reproductively isolated from other conspecific populations, and represent an important component in the evolutionary legacy of the biological species Other equivalent terms The equivalent term used by COSEWIC is "Wildlife Species", or for brevity just "species", which is used to refer to biological species, subspecies, varieties, or geographically or genetically distinct populations of organisms. See also FSTAT (software) References ^ Jeffrey Conner, Daniel Hartl. A Primer of Ecological Genetics. 2004, ISBN 978-0878932023 ^ John, Legge; Richard, Roush; Rob, Desalle; Alfried, Vogler; Bernie, May (February 1996). "Genetic Criteria for Establishing Evolutionarily Significant Units in Cryan's Buckmoth". Conservation Biology. 10 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10010085.x. ^ Crandall; et al. (2000). "Considering evolutionary processes in conservation biology". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 15 (7): 290–295. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01876-0. PMID 10856956. ^ Fraser; Bernatchez (2001). "Adaptive evolutionary conservation: towards a unified concept for defining conservation units". Molecular Ecology. 10 (12): 2741–2752. doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01411.x. PMID 11903888. ^ Waples, R. S. (1991). "Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and the definition of "species" under the Endangered Species Act". Mar. Fish. Rev. 53 (3): 11–22. ^ Government of Canada, COSEWIC, Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. "COSEWIC's Assessment Process and Criteria". Cosepac.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2015-04-12. Retrieved 2015-04-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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In marine animals the term \"stock\" is often used as well.","title":"Evolutionarily significant unit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conner-1"},{"link_name":"neutral markers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_monitoring#Types"},{"link_name":"past restriction of gene flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_bottleneck"},{"link_name":"phenotypic traits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"FST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_index"},{"link_name":"random drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drift"},{"link_name":"endangered species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species"},{"link_name":"Cryan's buckmoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileuca_maia"},{"link_name":"Menyanthes trifoliata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menyanthes_trifoliata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckmoth-2"},{"link_name":"host adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_adaptation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Definitions of an ESU generally include at least one of the following criteria:[1]Current geographic separation,\nGenetic differentiation at neutral markers among related ESUs caused by past restriction of gene flow, or\nLocally adapted phenotypic traits caused by differences in selection.Criterion 2 considers the gene flow between populations, measured by FST. A high degree of differentiation between two populations among genes that provide no adaptive advantage to either population (known as neutral markers) implies a lack of gene flow, showing that random drift has occurred in isolation from other populations. Very few migrants per generation are needed to prevent strong differentiation of neutral markers. Even a single migrant per generation may be enough for neutral markers to show gene flow between populations, making it difficult to differentiate the populations through neutral markers.Criterion 3 does not consider neutral genetic markers, instead looking at locally adapted traits of the population. Local adaptations may be present even with some gene flow from other populations, and even when there is little differentiation at neutral markers among ESUs. Reciprocal transplantation experiments are necessary to test for genetic differentiation for phenotypic traits, and differences in selection gradients across habitats. Such experiments are generally more difficult than the fixation index tests of criterion 2, and may be impossible for very rare or endangered species.For example, Cryan's buckmoth (Hemileuca maia) feeds only on the herb Menyanthes trifoliata, commonly known as buckbean, and while indistinguishable morphologically from related buckmoths, and not differentiated at the genetic markers tested, the moth is highly adapted to its host plant, having 100% survivorship on Menyanthes, while close genetic relatives all died when reared on the plant.[2] In this case gene flow was sufficient to reduce differentiation at neutral markers, but did not prevent local host adaptation.Both criteria 2 and 3 have the problem that there is no clear dichotomy between ESU and not-ESU, as genetic differentiation between populations forms a continuum, prompting a contention for consideration of both genetic and ecological processes in identifying ESUs.[3] Because the different approaches to designating ESUs each have their benefits, and the need and form of management prescriptions may vary across contexts, some support an \"adaptive\" approach to identification of ESUs, for instance suggesting consideration of facets from numerous designation methods.[4]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Endangered Species Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act"},{"link_name":"distinct population segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinct_population_segment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waples-5"}],"text":"For the purposes of the Endangered Species Act a \"species\" is defined to include \"any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate fish or wildlife which interbreeds when mature.\" However, the act does not define what constitutes a \"distinct population segment\", but this is generally considered to be synonymous with an evolutionarily significant unit, so that it must:be substantially reproductively isolated from other conspecific populations, and\nrepresent an important component in the evolutionary legacy of the biological species[5]","title":"United States Endangered Species Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COSEWIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_the_Status_of_Endangered_Wildlife_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The equivalent term used by COSEWIC is \"Wildlife Species\", or for brevity just \"species\", which is used to refer to biological species, subspecies, varieties, or geographically or genetically distinct populations of organisms.[6]","title":"Other equivalent terms"}]

[]

[{"title":"FSTAT (software)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.unil.ch/popgen/softwares/fstat.htm"}]

[{"reference":"John, Legge; Richard, Roush; Rob, Desalle; Alfried, Vogler; Bernie, May (February 1996). \"Genetic Criteria for Establishing Evolutionarily Significant Units in Cryan's Buckmoth\". Conservation Biology. 10 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10010085.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.1996.10010085.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10010085.x"}]},{"reference":"Crandall; et al. (2000). \"Considering evolutionary processes in conservation biology\". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 15 (7): 290–295. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01876-0. PMID 10856956.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0169-5347%2800%2901876-0","url_text":"10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01876-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10856956","url_text":"10856956"}]},{"reference":"Fraser; Bernatchez (2001). \"Adaptive evolutionary conservation: towards a unified concept for defining conservation units\". Molecular Ecology. 10 (12): 2741–2752. doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01411.x. PMID 11903888.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0962-1083.2001.01411.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01411.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11903888","url_text":"11903888"}]},{"reference":"Waples, R. S. (1991). \"Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and the definition of \"species\" under the Endangered Species Act\". Mar. Fish. Rev. 53 (3): 11–22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, COSEWIC, Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. \"COSEWIC's Assessment Process and Criteria\". Cosepac.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2015-04-12. Retrieved 2015-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150412232417/http://www.cosepac.gc.ca/eng/sct0/assessment_process_e.cfm","url_text":"\"COSEWIC's Assessment Process and Criteria\""},{"url":"http://www.cosepac.gc.ca/eng/sct0/assessment_process_e.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Kialunda

Julien Kialunda

["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Post-career","4 Honours","5 References"]

Congolese footballer (1940–1987) Julien Kialunda Kialunda with AnderlechtPersonal informationDate of birth (1940-04-24)24 April 1940Place of birth Matadi, Belgian CongoDate of death 14 September 1987(1987-09-14) (aged 47)Place of death Antwerp, BelgiumPosition(s) Central defenderYouth career1960 Daring LéopoldvilleSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1960–1965 Union Saint-Gilloise 1965–1973 Anderlecht 123 (3)1973–1980 Léopold FC International career1972 Zaire 5 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Julien Kialunda (24 April 1940 – 14 September 1987) was a Congolese footballer. He was one of the first Congolese footballers to play professionally in Europe. He represented Zaire at the 1972 African Cup of Nations. Club career Kialunda played for Union Saint-Gilloise, RSC Anderlecht and Léopold FC in Belgium. He was a four time Belgian league champion with Anderlecht. International career Kialunda represented Zaire at the 1972 African Cup of Nations in Cameroon, where he started in all of his team's five matches as Zaire finished fourth. Post-career After his retirement, Kialunda was national coach of the Zaire national team, without much success. He also owned a cafe for a while in the Brussels neighborhood of Matonge, known for its predominantly African population. In 1987, sick with AIDS, he decided to return to Belgium to be treated and die there. He died on 14 September the same year. A charity is founded in his memory, the "Julien Kialunda Foundation", that is engaged in worthy causes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is sponsored by professional players of African origin playing or having grew up in Belgium, like the brothers Mbo and Émile Mpenza, Mohammed Tchité and Anthony Vanden Borre. Honours Union Saint-Gilloise Belgian Second Division: 1963–64 Anderlecht Belgian First Division: 1965–66, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1971–72 Belgian Cup: 1971–72, 1972–73 Belgian League Cup: 1973 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup runners-up: 1969–70 References ^ a b "Julien Kialunda". www.voetbal.com. Retrieved 3 May 2018. ^ C. Onwumechili; G. Akindes (8 April 2014). Identity and Nation in African Football: Fans, Community and Clubs. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 289–. ISBN 978-1-137-35581-2. ^ a b "African Nations Cup 1972 - Final Tournament Details". RSSSF. Retrieved 3 May 2018. ^ Benoît Delhauteur (30 November 2006). "VdB, Tchité et les frères Mpenza parrains de la fondation Kialunda". www.dhnet.be. Retrieved 3 May 2018. This biographical article related to association football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_2

Rage 2

["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development","4 Reception","4.1 Sales","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]

First-person shooter video game 2019 video gameRage 2Developer(s)Avalanche Studiosid SoftwarePublisher(s)Bethesda SoftworksDirector(s)Magnus NedforsProducer(s)Susan Paula HolmanErik OlsenAnders StridProgrammer(s)Stefan DagnellFredrik EgebergAlvar JanssonArtist(s)Jeremy MillerWriter(s)Odd AhlgrenLoke WallmoComposer(s)Johan NilssonAndreas KingerEirik RølandPlatform(s)PlayStation 4WindowsXbox OneStadiaReleasePS4, Windows, Xbox OneMay 14, 2019StadiaNovember 19, 2019Genre(s)First-person shooterMode(s)Single-player Rage 2 is a 2019 first-person shooter video game developed by Avalanche Studios in conjunction with id Software and published by Bethesda Softworks. The game is the sequel to the 2011 game Rage. The game was released for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One on May 14, 2019. It received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for its combat but criticism for its story, characters, and open world gameplay. Gameplay Rage 2 is a first-person shooter. Players assume control of a ranger named Walker, who is free to explore the game's apocalyptic open world. Players are given control over some of Walker's attributes, such as their gender, skills, or attire. Walker is able to wield various firearms and tools to fight against enemies, including returning weapons such as the wingstick. Players can develop Walker's skills with Nanotrite-based powers. Through a mode called Overdrive, Walker's guns do more damage, enemies drop more energy and they get healed constantly — providing players with an aggressive way to mow down enemies. Nanotrites from the first game, which act as special powers and ability boosts, can be used to increase combat efficiency. The game features vehicular combat, including trucks, buggies and gyrocopters, with the player being able to drive any vehicle in the game's world. Plot Players assume control of Walker, the last Ranger of Vineland, who must survive in a world inhabited by dangerous mutants and crazed bandits after it was hit by the asteroid 99942 Apophis. The majority of mankind died during this apocalyptic event. While new settlements and factions emerged, a group called the Authority declared themselves the new military power. The game's prologue begins in Walker's home, Vineland, a city founded by former Ark residents and their descendants. Vineland gets stormed by the Authority's rebuilt Abadon mutant armies, and Walker's adoptive Aunt Prowley is killed by General Cross. Prowley leaves a pre-recorded holotape asking Walker to carry out Project Dagger, a mission conceived to stop General Cross. Walker is inducted as the last Ranger, a group of Ark survivors whose nanotrite-powered suits give them enhanced combat abilities. They are asked by Prowley's recording to find the three other members of Project Dagger; Loosum Hagar, Marshall, and Dr. Kvasir. Prowley's biological daughter, Lily, provides Walker with the Phoenix, an indestructible vehicle to travel the Wasteland, and promises to rebuild Vineland in the Ranger's absence. Marshall is found in the town of Gunbarrel. Walker is asked to assist him in restoring power to Gunbarrel and retrieving Gulo, a scout sent by Marshall from an hostile enemy clan named the Immortal Shrouded. The scout's last defiant act was to swallow the recorder with the bunker's location, which Walker recovers from her already-carved-out gut. They proceed to the bunker, wiping out both the Immortal Shrouded and the Authority patrol sent to dislodge them, and secures the data necessary to penetrate the Authority's security scans. Loosum Hagar is the mayor of Wellspring, a major travel hub in the Wasteland. When Walker arrives at her office, the Ranger is forced to fight off an assassination attempt against the mayor, who she suspects Wasteland tycoon Klegg Clayton of masterminding the attack. Klegg tries to kill Walker after admitting he was on a first name basis with General Cross. Fighting through Klegg's henchmen, Walker warns Loosum of the plot against Wellspring and uncovers a Xerxes MK III Authority Predator tank hidden in Klegg's catacombs beneath the town. The Ranger follows Klegg to an Authority bunker, to witness General Cross put down his unsuccessful lackey for failing to deliver Wellspring. Exploring deeper into the facility, Walker finds evidence that the Authority is building massive Abadon mutants piece by piece, calling them "Titans" and planning to unleash them on the rest of the Wasteland. Walker tears the fusion core out of a huge, half-build Titan, causing a chain reaction that destroys the facility and simultaneously securing a power source for the Xerxes III Predator tank that is necessary to complete Project Dagger. Dr. Anton Kvasir is a master of genetic manipulation tasked to create a nanotrite virus that would disable General Cross' ability to clone himself indefinitely to prolong his life. The scientist invites Walker into his sanctum, where he says he is held back from finishing his project by insufficient computing power. Walker is asked to land Eco-Pod 15, the last of a series of satellites tasked with re-seeding the Earth with life in the event that the Apophis meteor rendered the planet barren after impact. After entering EDEN Space Center, Kvasir hacks the Vault mainframe to grant Walker the status of POTUS to ensure they can access every aspect of the EDEN Project. Successful in lowering Eco-Pod 15 back to Earth, Walker slaves its processor to Kvasir's mainframe before being forced to fight off an Authority strike force. Kvasir sends Walker on a mission to retrieve a DNA sample from General Cross. Raiding an Authority base for the sample, Walker frees captives from Vineland whose DNA was used in horrific cloning and mutant experiments. Walker decapitates General Cross after defeating him in battle, though a fresh clone of the General escapes. Back at Kvasir's lab, the doctor uses Cross' severed head to produce the nanotrite virus that was his part of Project Dagger. With the three components, Walker initiates the final phase of Project Dagger by infiltrating the Authority HQ. Able to gain entry to the compound by impersonating General Cross, the Ranger is discovered by the real general. General Cross meets Walker while riding a gigantic Cyber Titan, and the two battle. Killing the Titan, Walker stabs Cross in the eye with the Nanotrite Virus, causing his DNA to be corrupted to prevent future clones from being created. However, unbeknownst to Walker due to Kvasir's manipulation, the Ranger's own nanotrites are also susceptible to the virus. Choking to death alongside the broken body of General Cross, Walker is saved by the intervention of Lily, who returns them to Hagar's Wellspring office for medical treatment. With Lily's gun to his head, Dr. Kvasir works frantically to save the Ranger. When he succeeds, the doctor begs for his life from the enraged Lily, who spares him. The game ends with Walker regaining consciousness and thanking Lily for her help, promising to continue helping the Wasteland as the Last Ranger. Development Rage 2 is a joint development between id Software and Avalanche Studios. Avalanche was selected as the collaboration partner for the project as id Software was impressed by Avalanche's work on Just Cause 3, especially its physics-based emergent gameplay. According to Tim Willits, the team hoped that the sequel could deliver on the promise made by the first game, which was limited by technology during its time of release. Willits added that Rage 2 was designed to be the player's "power fantasy", thus they ensured that they will not feel underpowered at the beginning of the game. The game features a colorful color palette so as to distinguish itself from other id Software games. Rage 2 utilizes Avalanche Studios' proprietary Apex game engine instead of id Tech, which had been used for the predecessor. The Apex engine allowed the team to create detailed indoor environments as well as broad outdoor locations, also allowing players to transition between these worlds without any loading screens. The game engine uses the Vulkan API exclusively. A sequel to Rage was hinted by Bethesda's Pete Hines, who believed that both Rage and The Evil Within had sold enough to warrant sequels. In mid-May 2018, rumors of the sequel were fueled when Walmart Canada's website updated its video game sections with several as-yet-unannounced titles, which included Rage 2. Bethesda poked fun at Walmart over social media in the following days, but this turned into more direct hints of the sequel's existence. Bethesda formally revealed Rage 2 on May 14, 2018 with a teaser trailer and a gameplay trailer the next day. The game was released on PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One on May 14, 2019. The game's Collector Edition, which includes a severed mutant head voiced by Andrew W.K., is set to be released alongside the standard edition. Players who preordered the game will have access to an exclusive mission and additional gameplay items. Willits revealed that the game will be a game as a service, and he promised that lootboxes would not be present in the game. Rage 2 was released on Steam with Denuvo digital rights management. However, the game was cracked within a day because the version on Bethesda's own store did not use Denuvo. Denuvo was subsequently removed from the Steam release. An expansion pack titled Rise of the Ghosts was released on September 26, 2019. It introduced cheats, new vehicles, a new story, and pilotable mechs to the game. The game was made available for Stadia as a launch title for the console on November 19, 2019. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(PC) 73/100(XONE) 72/100(PS4) 67/100Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid8/10Game Informer7/10GameSpot6/10GamesRadar+IGN8/10Jeuxvideo.com17/20USgamer4/5 On release, Rage 2 received "mixed or average reviews" according to the review aggregator Metacritic. Daniel Tack from Game Informer rated the game a 7/10, praising the game's shooting mechanics and music but criticized the visuals, open-world and characters. Dan Stapleton from IGN gave a rating of 8/10, comparing the game to 2016's Doom, praising the game for its gunplay and the open-world gameplay as well as the abilities and the visual style, but felt bemused about the use of microtransactions as it featured no co-op or multiplayer. Michael Higham from GameSpot gave the game a 6/10, praising the game's combat and abilities, but criticized the humor, short length, narrative, characters, gameplay and side activities. Sales Rage 2 was the best-selling retail game in the United Kingdom in its week of release, beating Days Gone, although its physical sales figures were only 25% of the original game's launch-week sales. In Japan, the PlayStation 4 version Rage 2 was also the best-selling retail game during its first week of release, selling 12,146 copies. Notes ^ Additional music by Jukka Rintamäki. References ^ Reeves, Ben (December 14, 2018). "Rethinking Wastelands: How Avalanche Brought Color And Insanity To Rage 2". Game Informer. Retrieved February 2, 2019. ^ Avalanche Studios (May 14, 2019). Rage 2 (Windows). Bethesda Softworks. Scene: Ending credits. ^ Marks, Tom (August 10, 2018). "Rage 2 Is Primarily Being Developed by Avalanche Studios, Id Working with Them on a Creative Level". IGN. Retrieved August 12, 2018. ^ Campbell, Colin (December 6, 2018). "Rage 2 launches in May 2019". Polygon. Retrieved June 1, 2022. ^ a b "Rage 2 - Welcome the Post-Post-Apocalypse!". GameGator. Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2019. ^ Fingas, Jon (May 15, 2018). "'Rage 2' brings the frenetic action of 'Doom' to an open world". Engadget. Retrieved June 13, 2018. ^ a b Trans, Edmond (June 7, 2018). "E3 2018: Rage 2 -- What We Know And Want". GameSpot. Retrieved June 13, 2018. ^ Chalk, Andy (June 13, 2018). "Rage 2 trailer shows off cars, guns, special powers, and a weird post-apocalypse". PC Gamer. Retrieved June 13, 2018. ^ Blake, Vikki (June 12, 2018). "Bethesda Confirms 'Rage 2' Will Continue 'Rage 1's' Storyline". Variety. Retrieved June 13, 2018. ^ a b Billcliffe, James (June 12, 2018). "We asked id Software studio director Tim Willits about their Avalanche partnership, open world fatigue and Rage 2 on Switch". VG 247. Retrieved June 13, 2018. ^ Singletary, Charles (May 21, 2018). "Rage 2 Uses Just Cause Series' Engine Instead of idTech". Shacknews. Retrieved June 13, 2018. ^ W1zzard (May 13, 2019). "RAGE 2 Benchmark Test & Performance Analysis". TechPowerUp.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Porter, Matt (August 9, 2016). "Bethesda Discusses Rage and The Evil Within Sequels". IGN. Retrieved June 13, 2018. ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (May 10, 2018). "Despite all their Rage, Bethesda tweet puts Walmart in a cage". Eurogamer. Retrieved May 14, 2018. ^ Plante, Chris (May 14, 2018). "Rage 2 trailer hints at silly sequel, mixing Mad Max with Borderlands". Polygon. Retrieved May 14, 2018. ^ Pereira, Chris (May 14, 2018). "Rage 2 Being Developed In Part By Just Cause Studio; Confirmed For PS4, Xbox One, PC". GameSpot. Retrieved May 14, 2018. ^ Skrebels, Joe (May 15, 2018). "Rage 2: Release Window, Gameplay Details Announced". IGN. Retrieved May 15, 2018. ^ Frank, Allegra (June 10, 2018). "Rage 2 collector's edition is no less than creepy". Polygon. Retrieved June 13, 2018. ^ Saed, Sherif (May 17, 2018). "Rage 2 is a game as a service, but don't expect loot boxes". VG 247. Retrieved June 13, 2018. ^ Grayson, Nathan (May 17, 2019). "Rage 2 Drops Denuvo DRM In Record Time". Retrieved May 20, 2019. ^ Walton, Jarred (May 17, 2019). "Rage 2 patch removes Denuvo, but performance is worse". PC Gamer. Future. Retrieved May 20, 2019. ^ "Rage 2: Rise of the Ghosts Now Available". Bethesda Softworks. ^ Orland, Kyle (November 18, 2019). "Google expands today's Stadia's launch lineup to 22 games ". Ars Technica. Retrieved December 23, 2022. ^ "Rage 2 for PC Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 13, 2019. ^ "Rage 2 for Xbox One Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 3, 2019. ^ "Rage 2 for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 3, 2019. ^ Carter, Chris (May 13, 2019). "Review: Rage 2". Destructoid. Retrieved May 13, 2019. ^ Tack, Daniel (May 13, 2019). "Rage 2 Review - A Blunted Bloodbath". Game Informer. Retrieved May 13, 2019. ^ James, Ford (May 13, 2019). "Rage 2 review". GamesRadar+. Retrieved May 13, 2019. ^ Higham, Michael (May 13, 2019). "Rage 2 Review". GameSpot. Retrieved May 13, 2019. ^ Stapleton, Dan (May 13, 2019). "Rage 2 Review". IGN. Retrieved May 13, 2019. ^ Silent_Jay (May 13, 2019). "Test du jeu Rage 2". Jeuxvideo. Retrieved May 13, 2019. ^ Williams, Mike (May 13, 2019). "Rage 2 Review". Vg247. Jeuxvideo. Retrieved May 13, 2019. ^ Tack, Daniel (May 13, 2019). "Rage 2 Review - A Blunted Bloodbath - Game Informer". Game Informer. Retrieved May 14, 2019. ^ Stapleton, Dan (May 13, 2019). "Rage 2 Review - IGN". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved May 15, 2019. ^ Higham, Michael (May 14, 2019). "Rage 2 Review - Wasted Land - GameSpot". GameSpot. Retrieved May 17, 2019. ^ Dring, Christopher (May 20, 2019). "UK Charts: Rage 2 is No.1 but fails to match original". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved May 20, 2019. ^ Romano, Sal (June 12, 2019). "Famitsu Sales: 6/3/19 – 6/9/19 ". Gematsu. Retrieved June 18, 2019. External links Official site vteid Software (games)Main franchises Commander Keen Doom Quake Wolfenstein Other games Shadow Knights Hovertank 3D Dangerous Dave Rescue Rover Tiles of the Dragon Catacomb 3-D Orcs & Elves Rage Mutant Bash TV Rage 2 Games published Heretic Hexen: Beyond Heretic Hexen II PeopleCurrent Kevin Cloud Robert Duffy Former John Carmack John Romero Adrian Carmack Tom Hall Mark Rein Sandy Petersen Dave Taylor American McGee Tim Willits Mike Wilson Michael Abrash Jennell Jaquays Paul Steed Graeme Devine Todd Hollenshead Timothee Besset Katherine Anna Kang Matthew Costello Publishers Softdisk Apogee Software FormGen GT Interactive Activision ZeniMax Media Technology Adaptive tile refresh id Tech Doom engine Quake engine Quake II engine id Tech 3 id Tech 4 id Tech 5 id Tech 6 id Tech 7 Related QuakeCon Masters of Doom vteAvalanche Studios GroupJust Cause series Just Cause Just Cause 2 Just Cause 3 Just Cause 4 Other games theHunter Renegade Ops Mad Max Rage 2 Generation Zero Second Extinction Related companies Bethesda Softworks Eidos Interactive id Software Nordisk Film Sega Square Enix Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Avalanche Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_Studios"},{"link_name":"id Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id_Software"},{"link_name":"Bethesda Softworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda_Softworks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"2019 video gameRage 2 is a 2019 first-person shooter video game developed by Avalanche Studios in conjunction with id Software and published by Bethesda Softworks.[3] The game is the sequel to the 2011 game Rage. The game was released for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One on May 14, 2019.[4] It received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for its combat but criticism for its story, characters, and open world gameplay.","title":"Rage 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"apocalyptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptic_fiction"},{"link_name":"open world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_world"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"vehicular combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicular_combat_game"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preorder-8"}],"text":"Rage 2 is a first-person shooter. Players assume control of a ranger named Walker, who is free to explore the game's apocalyptic open world. Players are given control over some of Walker's attributes, such as their gender, skills, or attire. Walker is able to wield various firearms and tools to fight against enemies, including returning weapons such as the wingstick. Players can develop Walker's skills with Nanotrite-based powers. Through a mode called Overdrive, Walker's guns do more damage, enemies drop more energy and they get healed constantly — providing players with an aggressive way to mow down enemies.[5][6] Nanotrites from the first game, which act as special powers and ability boosts, can be used to increase combat efficiency. The game features vehicular combat, including trucks, buggies and gyrocopters, with the player being able to drive any vehicle in the game's world.[7]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"99942 Apophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99942_Apophis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"POTUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Players assume control of Walker, the last Ranger of Vineland, who must survive in a world inhabited by dangerous mutants and crazed bandits after it was hit by the asteroid 99942 Apophis.[8] The majority of mankind died during this apocalyptic event. While new settlements and factions emerged, a group called the Authority declared themselves the new military power. The game's prologue begins in Walker's home, Vineland, a city founded by former Ark residents and their descendants. Vineland gets stormed by the Authority's rebuilt Abadon mutant armies, and Walker's adoptive Aunt Prowley is killed by General Cross. Prowley leaves a pre-recorded holotape asking Walker to carry out Project Dagger, a mission conceived to stop General Cross. Walker is inducted as the last Ranger, a group of Ark survivors whose nanotrite-powered suits give them enhanced combat abilities. They are asked by Prowley's recording to find the three other members of Project Dagger; Loosum Hagar, Marshall, and Dr. Kvasir. Prowley's biological daughter, Lily, provides Walker with the Phoenix, an indestructible vehicle to travel the Wasteland, and promises to rebuild Vineland in the Ranger's absence.Marshall is found in the town of Gunbarrel. Walker is asked to assist him in restoring power to Gunbarrel and retrieving Gulo, a scout sent by Marshall from an hostile enemy clan named the Immortal Shrouded. The scout's last defiant act was to swallow the recorder with the bunker's location, which Walker recovers from her already-carved-out gut. They proceed to the bunker, wiping out both the Immortal Shrouded and the Authority patrol sent to dislodge them, and secures the data necessary to penetrate the Authority's security scans.Loosum Hagar is the mayor of Wellspring, a major travel hub in the Wasteland. When Walker arrives at her office, the Ranger is forced to fight off an assassination attempt against the mayor, who she suspects Wasteland tycoon Klegg Clayton of masterminding the attack. Klegg tries to kill Walker after admitting he was on a first name basis with General Cross. Fighting through Klegg's henchmen, Walker warns Loosum of the plot against Wellspring and uncovers a Xerxes MK III Authority Predator tank hidden in Klegg's catacombs beneath the town. The Ranger follows Klegg to an Authority bunker, to witness General Cross put down his unsuccessful lackey for failing to deliver Wellspring. Exploring deeper into the facility, Walker finds evidence that the Authority is building massive Abadon mutants piece by piece, calling them \"Titans\" and planning to unleash them on the rest of the Wasteland. Walker tears the fusion core out of a huge, half-build Titan, causing a chain reaction that destroys the facility and simultaneously securing a power source for the Xerxes III Predator tank that is necessary to complete Project Dagger.Dr. Anton Kvasir is a master of genetic manipulation tasked to create a nanotrite virus that would disable General Cross' ability to clone himself indefinitely to prolong his life. The scientist invites Walker into his sanctum, where he says he is held back from finishing his project by insufficient computing power. Walker is asked to land Eco-Pod 15, the last of a series of satellites tasked with re-seeding the Earth with life in the event that the Apophis meteor rendered the planet barren after impact. After entering EDEN Space Center, Kvasir hacks the Vault mainframe to grant Walker the status of POTUS to ensure they can access every aspect of the EDEN Project. Successful in lowering Eco-Pod 15 back to Earth, Walker slaves its processor to Kvasir's mainframe before being forced to fight off an Authority strike force. Kvasir sends Walker on a mission to retrieve a DNA sample from General Cross. Raiding an Authority base for the sample, Walker frees captives from Vineland whose DNA was used in horrific cloning and mutant experiments. Walker decapitates General Cross after defeating him in battle, though a fresh clone of the General escapes. Back at Kvasir's lab, the doctor uses Cross' severed head to produce the nanotrite virus that was his part of Project Dagger.With the three components, Walker initiates the final phase of Project Dagger by infiltrating the Authority HQ. Able to gain entry to the compound by impersonating General Cross, the Ranger is discovered by the real general. General Cross meets Walker while riding a gigantic Cyber Titan, and the two battle. Killing the Titan, Walker stabs Cross in the eye with the Nanotrite Virus, causing his DNA to be corrupted to prevent future clones from being created. However, unbeknownst to Walker due to Kvasir's manipulation, the Ranger's own nanotrites are also susceptible to the virus. Choking to death alongside the broken body of General Cross, Walker is saved by the intervention of Lily, who returns them to Hagar's Wellspring office for medical treatment. With Lily's gun to his head, Dr. Kvasir works frantically to save the Ranger. When he succeeds, the doctor begs for his life from the enraged Lily, who spares him. The game ends with Walker regaining consciousness and thanking Lily for her help, promising to continue helping the Wasteland as the Last Ranger.[9]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"id Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id_Software"},{"link_name":"Avalanche Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_Studios"},{"link_name":"Just Cause 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Cause_3"},{"link_name":"Tim Willits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Willits"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willits_interview-11"},{"link_name":"game engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_engine"},{"link_name":"id Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id_Tech"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willits_interview-11"},{"link_name":"Vulkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan_(API)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"The Evil Within","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_Within"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Andrew W.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_W.K."},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preorder-8"},{"link_name":"game as a service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_as_a_service"},{"link_name":"lootboxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lootbox"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"Denuvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denuvo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Stadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Stadia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Rage 2 is a joint development between id Software and Avalanche Studios. Avalanche was selected as the collaboration partner for the project as id Software was impressed by Avalanche's work on Just Cause 3, especially its physics-based emergent gameplay. According to Tim Willits, the team hoped that the sequel could deliver on the promise made by the first game, which was limited by technology during its time of release. Willits added that Rage 2 was designed to be the player's \"power fantasy\", thus they ensured that they will not feel underpowered at the beginning of the game. The game features a colorful color palette so as to distinguish itself from other id Software games.[10] Rage 2 utilizes Avalanche Studios' proprietary Apex game engine instead of id Tech, which had been used for the predecessor.[11] The Apex engine allowed the team to create detailed indoor environments as well as broad outdoor locations, also allowing players to transition between these worlds without any loading screens.[5][10] The game engine uses the Vulkan API exclusively.[12]A sequel to Rage was hinted by Bethesda's Pete Hines, who believed that both Rage and The Evil Within had sold enough to warrant sequels.[13] In mid-May 2018, rumors of the sequel were fueled when Walmart Canada's website updated its video game sections with several as-yet-unannounced titles, which included Rage 2. Bethesda poked fun at Walmart over social media in the following days, but this turned into more direct hints of the sequel's existence.[14] Bethesda formally revealed Rage 2 on May 14, 2018 with a teaser trailer and a gameplay trailer the next day.[15] The game was released on PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One on May 14, 2019.[16][17] The game's Collector Edition, which includes a severed mutant head voiced by Andrew W.K., is set to be released alongside the standard edition.[18] Players who preordered the game will have access to an exclusive mission and additional gameplay items.[7] Willits revealed that the game will be a game as a service, and he promised that lootboxes would not be present in the game.[19] Rage 2 was released on Steam with Denuvo digital rights management. However, the game was cracked within a day because the version on Bethesda's own store did not use Denuvo. Denuvo was subsequently removed from the Steam release.[20][21]An expansion pack titled Rise of the Ghosts was released on September 26, 2019. It introduced cheats, new vehicles, a new story, and pilotable mechs to the game.[22] The game was made available for Stadia as a launch title for the console on November 19, 2019.[23]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Jeuxvideo.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuxvideo.com"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"USgamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USgamer"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_Rage2-35"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_(2016_video_game)"},{"link_name":"microtransactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtransaction"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(PC) 73/100[24](XONE) 72/100[25](PS4) 67/100[26]Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid8/10[27]Game Informer7/10[28]GameSpot6/10[30]GamesRadar+[29]IGN8/10[31]Jeuxvideo.com17/20[32]USgamer4/5[33]On release, Rage 2 received \"mixed or average reviews\" according to the review aggregator Metacritic.Daniel Tack from Game Informer rated the game a 7/10, praising the game's shooting mechanics and music but criticized the visuals, open-world and characters.[34] Dan Stapleton from IGN gave a rating of 8/10, comparing the game to 2016's Doom, praising the game for its gunplay and the open-world gameplay as well as the abilities and the visual style, but felt bemused about the use of microtransactions as it featured no co-op or multiplayer.[35] Michael Higham from GameSpot gave the game a 6/10, praising the game's combat and abilities, but criticized the humor, short length, narrative, characters, gameplay and side activities.[36]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Days Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_Gone"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Sales","text":"Rage 2 was the best-selling retail game in the United Kingdom in its week of release, beating Days Gone, although its physical sales figures were only 25% of the original game's launch-week sales.[37] In Japan, the PlayStation 4 version Rage 2 was also the best-selling retail game during its first week of release, selling 12,146 copies.[38]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"^ Additional music by Jukka Rintamäki.[2]","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Reeves, Ben (December 14, 2018). \"Rethinking Wastelands: How Avalanche Brought Color And Insanity To Rage 2\". Game Informer. Retrieved February 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/2018/12/14/rethinking-wastelands-how-avalanche-brought-color-and-insanity-to-rage-2","url_text":"\"Rethinking Wastelands: How Avalanche Brought Color And Insanity To Rage 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"}]},{"reference":"Avalanche Studios (May 14, 2019). Rage 2 (Windows). Bethesda Softworks. Scene: Ending credits.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_Studios","url_text":"Avalanche Studios"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda_Softworks","url_text":"Bethesda Softworks"}]},{"reference":"Marks, Tom (August 10, 2018). \"Rage 2 Is Primarily Being Developed by Avalanche Studios, Id Working with Them on a Creative Level\". IGN. Retrieved August 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2018/08/11/rage-2-is-primarily-being-developed-by-avalanche-studios-id-working-with-them-on-a-creative-level","url_text":"\"Rage 2 Is Primarily Being Developed by Avalanche Studios, Id Working with Them on a Creative Level\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Colin (December 6, 2018). \"Rage 2 launches in May 2019\". Polygon. Retrieved June 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/game-awards-tga/2018/12/6/18127579/rage-2-trailer-release-date-playstation-4-xbox-one-windows-pc-tga-2018","url_text":"\"Rage 2 launches in May 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rage 2 - Welcome the Post-Post-Apocalypse!\". GameGator. Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190124204808/https://gamegator.net/news/article/rage-2-post-post-apocalypse","url_text":"\"Rage 2 - Welcome the Post-Post-Apocalypse!\""},{"url":"https://gamegator.net/news/article/rage-2-post-post-apocalypse","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fingas, Jon (May 15, 2018). \"'Rage 2' brings the frenetic action of 'Doom' to an open world\". Engadget. Retrieved June 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2018/05/15/rage-2-gameplay-reveal/","url_text":"\"'Rage 2' brings the frenetic action of 'Doom' to an open world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget","url_text":"Engadget"}]},{"reference":"Trans, Edmond (June 7, 2018). \"E3 2018: Rage 2 -- What We Know And Want\". GameSpot. Retrieved June 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2018-rage-2-what-we-know-and-want/1100-6459136/","url_text":"\"E3 2018: Rage 2 -- What We Know And Want\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Chalk, Andy (June 13, 2018). \"Rage 2 trailer shows off cars, guns, special powers, and a weird post-apocalypse\". PC Gamer. Retrieved June 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcgamer.com/rage-2-trailer-shows-off-cars-guns-special-powers-and-a-weird-post-apocalypse/","url_text":"\"Rage 2 trailer shows off cars, guns, special powers, and a weird post-apocalypse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"}]},{"reference":"Blake, Vikki (June 12, 2018). \"Bethesda Confirms 'Rage 2' Will Continue 'Rage 1's' Storyline\". Variety. 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Confirmed For PS4, Xbox One, PC\""},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2018/05/15/rage-2-release-window-gameplay-details-announced","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2: Release Window, Gameplay Details Announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/e3/2018/6/10/17447490/rage-2-collectors-edition-set-release-date","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2 collector's edition is no less than creepy\""},{"Link":"https://www.vg247.com/2018/05/17/rage-2-no-loot-boxes-but-live-service/","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2 is a game as a service, but don't expect loot boxes\""},{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/rage-2-drops-denuvo-drm-in-record-time-1834854493","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2 Drops Denuvo DRM In Record Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcgamer.com/rage-2-patch-removes-denuvo-but-performance-is-worse/","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2 patch removes Denuvo, but performance is worse\""},{"Link":"https://bethesda.net/en/article/3AwowQ5sWLVhcUhWWw3NtE/rage-2-rise-of-the-ghosts-now-available","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2: Rise of the Ghosts Now Available\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/11/only-12-games-will-be-available-on-google-stadia-in-time-for-nov-19-launch/","external_links_name":"\"Google expands today's Stadia's launch lineup to 22 games [Updated]\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/rage-2/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2 for PC Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/rage-2/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2 for Xbox One Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/rage-2/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2 for PlayStation 4 Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.destructoid.com/review-rage-2-552045.phtml","external_links_name":"\"Review: Rage 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.gameinformer.com/review/rage-2/a-blunted-bloodbath","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2 Review - A Blunted Bloodbath\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamesradar.com/rage-2-review/","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2 review\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/rage-2-review-walker-wasteland-ranger/1900-6417138/","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2 Review\""},{"Link":"https://uk.ign.com/articles/2019/05/13/rage-2-review","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2 Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.jeuxvideo.com/test/1042349/rage-2-le-fast-fps-survolte-en-monde-ouvert-tant-attendu.htm","external_links_name":"\"Test du jeu Rage 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.usgamer.net/articles/rage-2-review","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2 Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.gameinformer.com/review/rage-2/a-blunted-bloodbath","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2 Review - A Blunted Bloodbath - Game Informer\""},{"Link":"https://au.ign.com/articles/2019/05/13/rage-2-review","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2 Review - IGN\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/rage-2-review-wasted-land/1900-6417138/","external_links_name":"\"Rage 2 Review - Wasted Land - GameSpot\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2019-05-20-uk-charts-rage-2-is-no-1-but-fails-to-match-original","external_links_name":"\"UK Charts: Rage 2 is No.1 but fails to match original\""},{"Link":"https://gematsu.com/2019/06/famitsu-sales-6-3-19-6-9-19","external_links_name":"\"Famitsu Sales: 6/3/19 – 6/9/19 [Update]\""},{"Link":"https://bethesda.net/en/game/rage2/","external_links_name":"Official site"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_North_Superleague

2011–12 North Superleague

["1 Member clubs for the 2011–12 season","1.1 Managerial changes","2 Table","3 Results","4 Superleague play-off","5 References","6 External links"]

Football league seasonPMAC Group SuperleagueSeason2011–12ChampionsHermesRelegatedSunnybankForres ThistleMatches played182Goals scored757 (4.16 per match)Biggest home winCulter 7–0 Forres Thistle24 March 2012Biggest away winLewis United 1–9 Culter1 May 2012Highest scoringLewis United 4–6 Banchory St. Ternan3 March 2012Lewis United 1–9 Culter1 May 2012Longest winning runHermes (18)15 October 2011 – 8 May 2012Longest unbeaten runHermes (19)15 October 2011 – season endLongest winless runSunnybank (21)20 August 2011 – 31 March 2012Longest losing runSunnybank (14)22 October 2011 – 31 March 2012← 2010–11 2012–13 → The 2011–12 North Superleague was the eleventh staging of the North Superleague, the highest tier of league competition in the North Region of the Scottish Junior Football Association. The season began on 6 August 2011. The winners of this competition gain direct entry to round one of the 2012–13 Scottish Cup. Hermes secured the title on 2 May 2012, becoming North Superleague champions for the first time. The North Region management committee decreed in May 2012 that two of the clubs eligible for promotion, Inverness City and Deveronside, did not fulfil ground requirements for Superleague membership, and there would therefore only be one relegation place this season as opposed to the normal two. This decision was overturned on appeal by the SJFA and Deveronside will be allowed to contest a play-off with Forres Thistle to decide the final promotion/relegation spot, subject to ground improvements being carried out before the date of the tie. Member clubs for the 2011–12 season Culter are the reigning champions. North Division One winners Inverness City were ineligible for promotion to the Superleague on ground criteria. Division One runners-up Forres Thistle replace the relegated Fraserburgh United. A play-off was arranged between 13th placed Longside and Glentanar who finished 3rd in Division One to decide the final promotion/relegation spot. This was won by Longside who retain their place in the Superleague. Club Location Ground Manager Finishing position 2010–11 Banchory St. Ternan Crathes Milton Park Sandy Carrol 6th Banks O' Dee Aberdeen Spain Park Doug Will & Kevin Will 4th Culter Peterculter Crombie Park Gary Thow & Andy Gibson Champions Dyce Juniors Dyce Ian Mair Park Andy Milne 5th Ellon United Ellon The Meadows Craig Stewart 11th Forres Thistle Forres Logie Park Kevin Walker North Division One, 2nd Hall Russell United Bridge of Don Denmore Park John Carroll 2nd Hermes Bridge of Don Lochside Park Neil Dawson & Steve Mearns 3rd Lewis United Aberdeen Aberdeen Sports Village Ian Davidson & Darren Paul 8th Longside Longside Davidson Park Nat Porter 13th Maud Maud Maud Pleasure Park Allan Hale & Gary Mann 9th Stonehaven Stonehaven Glenury Park Doug Baxter 10th FC Stoneywood Aberdeen Polo Park Graeme Laird & Phil Leslie 12th Sunnybank Aberdeen Heathryfold Park Allan Smith 7th Managerial changes Club Outgoing manager Manner of departure Date of vacancy Position in table Incoming manager Date of appointment Maud Ian Bruce Sacked 9 May 2012 12th Allan Hale & Gary Mann 15 May 2012 Table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Hermes (C) 26 24 1 1 79 16 +63 73 Qualification for 2012–13 Scottish Cup 2 Stonehaven 26 19 2 5 69 33 +36 59 3 Dyce Juniors 26 16 5 5 63 43 +20 53 4 Culter 26 16 4 6 92 43 +49 52 5 Banks O' Dee 26 14 5 7 55 30 +25 47 6 FC Stoneywood 26 14 1 11 63 47 +16 43 7 Banchory St. Ternan 26 12 2 12 62 64 −2 38 8 Ellon United 26 12 1 13 45 55 −10 37 9 Longside 26 11 2 13 50 67 −17 35 10 Hall Russell United 26 9 5 12 40 46 −6 32 11 Lewis United 26 6 1 19 40 80 −40 19 12 Maud 26 5 3 18 41 76 −35 18 13 Forres Thistle (R) 26 5 1 20 21 70 −49 16 Qualification for Superleague play-off 14 Sunnybank (R) 26 1 3 22 37 87 −50 6 Relegation to North Division One Updated to match(es) played on 31 May 2012. Source: North Region JFARules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) Relegated Results Home \ Away BST BOD CUL DYC ELL FORR HRU HER LEWI LONG MAU SHV STWD SUNN Banchory St. Ternan 1–1 1–2 3–1 1–3 3–0 4–0 3–2 2–2 1–3 0–1 1–3 5–3 2–0 Banks O' Dee 6–2 0–4 1–3 1–2 2–0 2–0 0–1 3–1 1–2 2–0 5–3 3–2 5–1 Culter 4–1 1–1 3–1 7–1 7–0 2–3 1–2 3–2 5–0 5–1 2–3 2–4 7–1 Dyce Juniors 6–2 0–0 3–3 2–0 3–2 1–1 0–3 4–3 5–4 4–2 1–1 2–0 1–1 Ellon United 2–3 1–1 1–5 2–3 2–0 3–2 0–3 3–2 4–2 5–3 1–2 0–1 3–2 Forres Thistle 1–3 0–5 1–2 0–2 1–2 2–2 0–7 0–3 0–5 3–2 0–3 1–3 2–1 Hall Russell United 3–2 0–0 0–2 1–2 4–1 1–2 0–3 2–3 3–0 2–1 0–2 3–1 6–3 Hermes 5–0 1–0 1–1 3–0 1–0 3–1 3–1 3–1 6–1 7–1 4–0 4–3 2–0 Lewis United 4–6 0–3 1–9 1–4 0–3 1–0 0–2 0–1 5–2 4–2 0–6 1–2 1–3 Longside 2–3 1–4 3–3 0–4 0–2 1–0 1–0 1–4 1–0 3–0 2–2 1–3 5–4 Maud 1–4 1–2 1–5 1–3 2–0 1–0 2–2 0–2 5–1 1–2 2–4 3–3 4–1 Stonehaven 3–2 2–1 5–2 3–2 2–0 0–1 3–0 1–2 5–0 4–2 3–0 1–0 2–0 FC Stoneywood 4–3 0–2 3–1 1–3 4–2 5–2 0–1 1–2 5–0 2–4 5–0 1–0 5–1 Sunnybank 2–4 1–4 3–4 2–3 1–2 1–2 1–1 0–4 1–4 1–2 4–4 2–6 0–2 Updated to match(es) played on 31 May 2012. Source: North Region JFALegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Superleague play-off 4 August 201214:30 Forres Thistle1 – 7Deveronside Simpson Park, Keith References ^ Alexander Fiddes (2 May 2012). "Hermes clinch Superleague title". Hermes FC. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012. ^ Richard Easton (14 May 2012). "NRJFA Statement". NRJFA. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2012. ^ Richard Easton (27 May 2012). "Deveronside denied promotion". NRJFA. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012. ^ Richard Easton (14 June 2012). "Inverness City and Deveronside win appeals". NRJFA. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2012. ^ Richard Easton (14 June 2012). "Superleague Play-off Details confirmed". NRJFA. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2012. ^ Richard Easton (15 May 2012). "Hale, hale, Alan's the Mann for Maud!". North Region SJFA. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012. External links North Region JFA vteSJFA North RegionPremier Division Bridge of Don Thistle Buchanhaven Hearts Colony Park Culter Dyce East End Ellon United Fraserburgh United Hermes Maud Nairn St Ninian Newmachar United Rothie Rovers Stonehaven Stoneywood Parkvale Sunnybank Championship Banchory St Ternan Banks o' Dee Juniors Burghead Thistle Cruden Bay Deveronside Dufftown Forres Thistle Glentanar Hall Russell United Islavale Longside Lossiemouth United New Elgin Whitehills Seasons 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Defunct divisions Division One Division Two Former clubs Aberdeen Lads Club Aberdeen University Bishopmill United Buckie Rovers Fochabers Formartine United Inverness City Lewis United Lossiemouth United Montrose Roselea Portgordon Victoria RAF Lossiemouth Spey Valley United Strathspey Thistle Turriff United vte2011–12 in Scottish football « 2010–11 2012–13 » Domestic leagues Premier League Football League First Division Second Division Third Division Highland League East of Scotland League SJFA West Premier SJFA East Superleague SJFA North Superleague Scottish Premier Under-19 League Women's Premier League 2011 2012 Domestic cups Scottish Cup Final League Cup Final Challenge Cup Final Junior Cup Youth Cup Final Women's Cup 2011 2012 Women's League Cup 2011 2012 European competitions Champions League Europa League Related to national team Results 2012 Euro qualifying (UEFA Group I) Club seasonsPremier League Aberdeen Celtic Dundee United Dunfermline Athletic Heart of Midlothian Hibernian Inverness Caledonian Thistle Kilmarnock Motherwell Rangers St Johnstone St. Mirren First Division Ayr United Dundee Falkirk Greenock Morton Hamilton Academical Livingston Partick Thistle Queen of the South Raith Rovers Ross County Second Division Airdrie United Albion Rovers Arbroath Brechin City Cowdenbeath Dumbarton East Fife Forfar Athletic Stenhousemuir Stirling Albion Third Division Alloa Athletic Annan Athletic Berwick Rangers Clyde East Stirlingshire Elgin City Montrose Peterhead Queen's Park Stranraer List of Scottish football transfers summer 2011 List of Scottish football transfers winter 2011–12

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Superleague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_North_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"North Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association,_North_Region"},{"link_name":"Scottish Junior Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"2012–13 Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"North Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association,_North_Region"},{"link_name":"Inverness City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Deveronside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deveronside_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"SJFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Forres Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forres_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The 2011–12 North Superleague was the eleventh staging of the North Superleague, the highest tier of league competition in the North Region of the Scottish Junior Football Association. The season began on 6 August 2011. The winners of this competition gain direct entry to round one of the 2012–13 Scottish Cup.Hermes secured the title on 2 May 2012, becoming North Superleague champions for the first time.[1]The North Region management committee decreed in May 2012 that two of the clubs eligible for promotion, Inverness City and Deveronside, did not fulfil ground requirements for Superleague membership, and there would therefore only be one relegation place this season as opposed to the normal two.[2][3] This decision was overturned on appeal by the SJFA and Deveronside will be allowed to contest a play-off with Forres Thistle to decide the final promotion/relegation spot, subject to ground improvements being carried out before the date of the tie.[4][5]","title":"2011–12 North Superleague"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Culter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culter_F.C."},{"link_name":"Inverness City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Forres Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forres_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Fraserburgh United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraserburgh_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Longside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longside_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glentanar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glentanar_F.C."}],"text":"Culter are the reigning champions. North Division One winners Inverness City were ineligible for promotion to the Superleague on ground criteria. Division One runners-up Forres Thistle replace the relegated Fraserburgh United. A play-off was arranged between 13th placed Longside and Glentanar who finished 3rd in Division One to decide the final promotion/relegation spot. This was won by Longside who retain their place in the Superleague.","title":"Member clubs for the 2011–12 season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Managerial changes","title":"Member clubs for the 2011–12 season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Region JFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//northregionjfa.pitchero.com/tables.php"}],"text":"Updated to match(es) played on 31 May 2012. Source: North Region JFARules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) Relegated","title":"Table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banchory_St._Ternan_F.C."},{"link_name":"BOD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banks_O%27_Dee_F.C."},{"link_name":"CUL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culter_F.C."},{"link_name":"DYC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyce_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"ELL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellon_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"FORR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forres_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"HRU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_Russell_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"HER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_F.C."},{"link_name":"LEWI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"LONG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longside_F.C."},{"link_name":"MAU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_F.C."},{"link_name":"SHV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehaven_F.C."},{"link_name":"STWD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Stoneywood"},{"link_name":"SUNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnybank_F.C."},{"link_name":"Banchory St. Ternan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banchory_St._Ternan_F.C."},{"link_name":"Banks O' Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banks_O%27_Dee_F.C."},{"link_name":"Culter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culter_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dyce Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyce_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ellon United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellon_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Forres Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forres_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hall Russell United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_Russell_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lewis United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Longside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longside_F.C."},{"link_name":"Maud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stonehaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehaven_F.C."},{"link_name":"FC Stoneywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Stoneywood"},{"link_name":"Sunnybank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnybank_F.C."},{"link_name":"North Region JFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//northregionjfa.pitchero.com/results.php"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nBST\n\nBOD\n\nCUL\n\nDYC\n\nELL\n\nFORR\n\nHRU\n\nHER\n\nLEWI\n\nLONG\n\nMAU\n\nSHV\n\nSTWD\n\nSUNN\n\n\nBanchory St. Ternan\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–3\n\n3–0\n\n4–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n1–3\n\n5–3\n\n2–0\n\n\nBanks O' Dee\n\n6–2\n\n\n\n0–4\n\n1–3\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n5–3\n\n3–2\n\n5–1\n\n\nCulter\n\n4–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n7–1\n\n7–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–2\n\n3–2\n\n5–0\n\n5–1\n\n2–3\n\n2–4\n\n7–1\n\n\nDyce Juniors\n\n6–2\n\n0–0\n\n3–3\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n4–3\n\n5–4\n\n4–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nEllon United\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–5\n\n2–3\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n0–3\n\n3–2\n\n4–2\n\n5–3\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n3–2\n\n\nForres Thistle\n\n1–3\n\n0–5\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n2–2\n\n0–7\n\n0–3\n\n0–5\n\n3–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–3\n\n2–1\n\n\nHall Russell United\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n4–1\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n0–3\n\n2–3\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n3–1\n\n6–3\n\n\nHermes\n\n5–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n6–1\n\n7–1\n\n4–0\n\n4–3\n\n2–0\n\n\nLewis United\n\n4–6\n\n0–3\n\n1–9\n\n1–4\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n5–2\n\n4–2\n\n0–6\n\n1–2\n\n1–3\n\n\nLongside\n\n2–3\n\n1–4\n\n3–3\n\n0–4\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–4\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n3–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–3\n\n5–4\n\n\nMaud\n\n1–4\n\n1–2\n\n1–5\n\n1–3\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–2\n\n5–1\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n2–4\n\n3–3\n\n4–1\n\n\nStonehaven\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n5–2\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–2\n\n5–0\n\n4–2\n\n3–0\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nFC Stoneywood\n\n4–3\n\n0–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–3\n\n4–2\n\n5–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n5–0\n\n2–4\n\n5–0\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n5–1\n\n\nSunnybank\n\n2–4\n\n1–4\n\n3–4\n\n2–3\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–4\n\n1–4\n\n1–2\n\n4–4\n\n2–6\n\n0–2\n\n\n\nUpdated to match(es) played on 31 May 2012. Source: North Region JFALegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forres Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forres_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Deveronside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deveronside_F.C."},{"link_name":"Simpson Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islavale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith,_Moray"}],"text":"4 August 201214:30\nForres Thistle1 – 7Deveronside\n\n\n\nSimpson Park, Keith","title":"Superleague play-off"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurehead_(object)

Figurehead (object)

["1 History","1.1 Decline in use","2 Images","3 See also","4 References","5 External links","6 Further reading"]

Decoration at prow of ship Figurehead on a model of the French ship Océan A figurehead is a carved wooden decoration found at the bow of ships, generally of a design related to the name or role of a ship. They were predominant between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries, and modern ships' badges fulfil a similar role. History A ship with oars bears the feirce lioness that appears as a figurehead on two Ancient Egyptian ships in a circa. 1200 BC depiction of the victory over the invading Sea Peoples in a battle at the Nile River delta Early ships often had some form of bow ornamentation (e.g. the eyes painted on the bows of Greek and Phoenician galleys, the Roman practice of putting carvings of their deities on the bows of their galleys, and the Viking ships of ca. A.D. 800–1100). The menacing appearance of toothy and bug-eyed figureheads on Viking ships were considered a form of apotropaic magic, serving the function of warding off evil spirits. The Ancient Egyptians placed figures of holy birds on the prow. A wall relief at Medinet Habu depicting Ramses III defeating the Sea Peoples in the Battle of the Nile Delta circa 1200 BC depicts Ancient Egiptian ships with a fierce lioness figurehead carved on the bow of two of the ships. Likely this depicted their warrior goddess, Sekhmet, who was seen as their protector. The Phoenicians used horses representing speed. The Ancient Greeks used the heads of boars to symbolise acute vision and ferocity while Roman boats often mounted a carving of a centurion representing valour in battle. In northern Europe, serpents, bulls, dolphins, and dragons were customary and by the thirteenth century, the swan was used representing grace and mobility. In Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands, it was once believed that spirits or faeries called Kaboutermannekes (gnomes, little men, faeries) dwelt in the figureheads. The spirit guarded the ship from sickness, rocks, storms, and dangerous winds. If the ship sank, the Kaboutermannekes guided the sailors' souls to the Land of the Dead. To sink without a Kaboutermanneke condemned the sailor's soul to haunt the sea forever, so Dutch sailors believed. A similar belief was found in early Scandinavia. The ceremonial barge used during the annual Phaung Daw U Pagoda festival in Myanmar uses a figurehead at right of a karaweik, a mythical bird. In pre-colonial Burma, during the Konbaung dynasty, figureheads were used to distinguish several types of royal barges allocated to different members of the royal court; each barge had a specific mythical figurehead at the front. A general practice of figureheads was introduced in Europe with the galleons of the sixteenth century, as the figurehead as such could not come to be until ships had a stemhead structure on which to place it. During the period from the seventeenth to the eighteenth centuries the carved subjects of figureheads varied from representations of saints to patriotic emblems such as the unicorns or lions popular on British ships. When the ship was named after a royal or naval personage the head and bust of the individual might be shown. As with the stern ornamentation, the purpose of the figurehead was often to indicate the name of the ship in a non-literate society (albeit in a sometimes very convoluted manner); and always, in the case of naval ships, to demonstrate the wealth and might of the owner. At the height of the Baroque period, some ships boasted gigantic figureheads, weighing several tons and sometimes twinned on both sides of the bowsprit. A large figurehead, being carved from massive wood and perched on the very foremost tip of the hull, adversely affected the sailing qualities of the ship. This, and cost considerations, led to figureheads being made dramatically smaller during the eighteenth century, and in some cases they were abolished altogether around 1800. After the Napoleonic wars they made something of a comeback, but were then often in the form of a small waist-up bust rather than the oversized full figures previously used. The clipper ships of the 1850s and 1860s customarily had full figureheads, but these were relatively small and light. During their final stage of common use figureheads ranged in length from about 18 inches (46 cm) to 9 feet (2.7 m). Decline in use This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The figurehead of the Greek brig Aris, c. 1807. National Historical Museum, Athens The figurehead of HMS Warrior. Other than HMS Rodney, HMS Warrior and her sister ship HMS Black Prince were the last British battleships to carry the feature. The eagle figurehead of the German liner Imperator, 1912 The figurehead of USS Lancaster carved by John Haley Bellamy, and on display at the Mariners' Museum and Park in Newport News, Virginia Figureheads as such died out with the military sailing ship. In addition the vogue for ram bows meant that there was no obvious place to mount one on battleships. An exception was HMS Rodney which was the last British battleship to carry a figurehead. Smaller ships of the Royal Navy continued to carry them. The last example may well have been the sloop HMS Cadmus launched in 1903. Her sister ship Espiegle was the last to sport a figurehead until her breaking up in 1923. Early steamships sometimes had gilt scroll-work and coats-of-arms at their |bows. This practice lasted up until about World War I. The 1910 German liner SS Imperator originally sported a large bronze figurehead of an eagle (the Imperial German symbol) standing on a globe. The few extra feet of length added by the figurehead made Imperator the longest ship in the world at the time of her launch. It is still common practise for warships to carry ships' badges, large plaques mounted on the superstructure with a unique design relating to the ship's name or role. For example, Type 42 destroyers of the Royal Navy, which are named after British cities, carry badges depicting the coat of arms of their namesake. On smaller vessels, a billethead might be substituted. This was a smaller, nonfigural carving, most often a curl of foliage. Images Figurehead Hall at Marinmuseum, in Karlskrona, Sweden The bow and the figurehead of La Recouvrance in Brest Figurehead of the SS Great Britain in Bristol Figurehead of the Seute Deern  HMS Unicorn in Dundee. Close-up view of the unicorn sculpture. BAP Unión. Close-up view of the Inca Yupanqui sculpture. The figurehead of British clipper ship Cutty Sark (1869) depicted the legendary witch from which she was named , and included a horse's tail as told in the legend. Gibraltar in 1896 See also Acrostolium Hood ornament Winged victory References ^ British Museum, Viking Ship's Figurehead, found in East Flanders ^ "Ship's figureheads". Research. Royal Naval Museum Library. 2000. Retrieved 2013-08-16. ^ Stackpole, Edouard A. (1964). Figureheads & ship carvings at Mystic Seaport. Marine Historical Association. Retrieved 2012-11-14. ^ Pages 132-133 Volume IV, Micropaedia Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th Edition ^ Page 132 Volume IV, Micropaedia Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th Edition ^ a b c Lambert, Andrew (1987). Warrior Restoring the World's First Ironclad. Conway maritime press. p. 152. ISBN 0-85177-411-3. ^ Preston, Antony; Major, John (2007). Send a Gunboat The Victorian Navy and Supremacy at Sea, 1854–1904. Conway Maritime. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-85177-923-2. ^ "Terminology from the Age of Sail: Billethead". ^ "Billethead from Ship "Favorite"". National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 2012-11-14. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Figurehead (category) The Figurehead Archive Telegraph Gallery (17 images) History Trust of South Australia Figureheads The Mariners' Museum Figurehead Collection Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1937), "Ships' figureheads", Shipping Wonders of the World, pp. 776–780 Figureheads from the Vestfold Museums's (Norwegian) collections on DigitalMuseum Further reading Pulvertaft, David (2011). Figureheads of the Royal Navy. Foreword by Admiral the Lord Boyce. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-101-4. vteParts of a sailing ship Aftercastle Afterdeck Anchor Anchor windlass Apparent wind indicator Beakhead Bilge Bilgeboard Bitts Boom brake Bow Bowsprit Cable Capstan Cathead Carpenter's walk Centreboard Chains Cockpit Companionway Crow's nest Daggerboard Deck Figurehead Forecastle Frame Gangway Gunwale Head Hull Jackline Jibboom Keel Keel (Canting) Kelson Leeboard Mast Orlop deck Outrigger Poop deck Port Porthole Prow Quarter gallery Quarterdeck Rib Rudder Ship's wheel Skeg Stem Starboard Stern Sternpost Strake Taffrail Tiller Top Transom Whipstaff Winch Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_1790_Model_Musem_Paris_mp3h9289.jpg"},{"link_name":"Océan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Oc%C3%A9an_(1790)"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)"},{"link_name":"ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship"},{"link_name":"ships' badges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships%27_badges"}],"text":"Figurehead on a model of the French ship OcéanA figurehead is a carved wooden decoration found at the bow of ships, generally of a design related to the name or role of a ship. They were predominant between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries, and modern ships' badges fulfil a similar role.","title":"Figurehead (object)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sea Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples"},{"link_name":"at the Nile River delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"galleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley"},{"link_name":"their deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Viking ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_ship"},{"link_name":"apotropaic magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotropaic_magic"},{"link_name":"evil spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Nile Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta"},{"link_name":"Sekhmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhmet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kaboutermannekes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klabautermann"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phaung_Daw_U-Festival-28-Royal_Barque-gje.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phaung Daw U Pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hpaung_Daw_U_Pagoda"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"karaweik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaweik"},{"link_name":"Konbaung dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty"},{"link_name":"royal barges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_barge"},{"link_name":"galleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleon"},{"link_name":"stemhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_(ship)#Stemhead"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stackpole1964-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_wars"},{"link_name":"clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A ship with oars bears the feirce lioness that appears as a figurehead on two Ancient Egyptian ships in a circa. 1200 BC depiction of the victory over the invading Sea Peoples in a battle at the Nile River deltaEarly ships often had some form of bow ornamentation (e.g. the eyes painted on the bows of Greek and Phoenician galleys, the Roman practice of putting carvings of their deities on the bows of their galleys, and the Viking ships of ca. A.D. 800–1100). The menacing appearance of toothy and bug-eyed figureheads on Viking ships were considered a form of apotropaic magic, serving the function of warding off evil spirits.[1]The Ancient Egyptians placed figures of holy birds on the prow. A wall relief at Medinet Habu depicting Ramses III defeating the Sea Peoples in the Battle of the Nile Delta circa 1200 BC depicts Ancient Egiptian ships with a fierce lioness figurehead carved on the bow of two of the ships. Likely this depicted their warrior goddess, Sekhmet, who was seen as their protector. The Phoenicians used horses representing speed. The Ancient Greeks used the heads of boars to symbolise acute vision and ferocity while Roman boats often mounted a carving of a centurion representing valour in battle. In northern Europe, serpents, bulls, dolphins, and dragons were customary and by the thirteenth century, the swan was used representing grace and mobility.[2]In Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands, it was once believed that spirits or faeries called Kaboutermannekes (gnomes, little men, faeries) dwelt in the figureheads. The spirit guarded the ship from sickness, rocks, storms, and dangerous winds. If the ship sank, the Kaboutermannekes guided the sailors' souls to the Land of the Dead. To sink without a Kaboutermanneke condemned the sailor's soul to haunt the sea forever, so Dutch sailors believed. A similar belief was found in early Scandinavia.[citation needed]The ceremonial barge used during the annual Phaung Daw U Pagoda festival in Myanmar uses a figurehead at right of a karaweik, a mythical bird.In pre-colonial Burma, during the Konbaung dynasty, figureheads were used to distinguish several types of royal barges allocated to different members of the royal court; each barge had a specific mythical figurehead at the front.A general practice of figureheads was introduced in Europe with the galleons of the sixteenth century, as the figurehead as such could not come to be until ships had a stemhead structure on which to place it.[3] During the period from the seventeenth to the eighteenth centuries the carved subjects of figureheads varied from representations of saints to patriotic emblems such as the unicorns or lions popular on British ships. When the ship was named after a royal or naval personage the head and bust of the individual might be shown.[4]As with the stern ornamentation, the purpose of the figurehead was often to indicate the name of the ship in a non-literate society (albeit in a sometimes very convoluted manner); and always, in the case of naval ships, to demonstrate the wealth and might of the owner. At the height of the Baroque period, some ships boasted gigantic figureheads, weighing several tons and sometimes twinned on both sides of the bowsprit.[citation needed]A large figurehead, being carved from massive wood and perched on the very foremost tip of the hull, adversely affected the sailing qualities of the ship. This, and cost considerations, led to figureheads being made dramatically smaller during the eighteenth century, and in some cases they were abolished altogether around 1800. After the Napoleonic wars they made something of a comeback, but were then often in the form of a small waist-up bust rather than the oversized full figures previously used. The clipper ships of the 1850s and 1860s customarily had full figureheads, but these were relatively small and light. During their final stage of common use figureheads ranged in length from about 18 inches (46 cm) to 9 feet (2.7 m).[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figerhead_Aris_Tsamadou.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greek brig Aris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_brig_Aris"},{"link_name":"National Historical Museum, Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historical_Museum,_Athens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warrior_figure_de_proue.JPG"},{"link_name":"HMS Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1860)"},{"link_name":"HMS Black Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Black_Prince_(1861)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambert149-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Imperator_World_War_I_SP-4080.jpg"},{"link_name":"Imperator, 1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Imperator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marineers_Museum_Eagle.jpg"},{"link_name":"figurehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lancaster_Eagle"},{"link_name":"USS Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lancaster_(1858)"},{"link_name":"John Haley Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Haley_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Mariners' Museum and Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariners%27_Museum_and_Park"},{"link_name":"Newport News, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"ram bows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_ram"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambert149-6"},{"link_name":"HMS Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Rodney_(1884)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambert149-6"},{"link_name":"HMS Cadmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cadmus_(1903)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sag120-7"},{"link_name":"Espiegle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Espiegle_(1900)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"SS Imperator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Imperator"},{"link_name":"ships' badges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships%27_badges"},{"link_name":"Type 42 destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_42_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Decline in use","text":"The figurehead of the Greek brig Aris, c. 1807. National Historical Museum, AthensThe figurehead of HMS Warrior. Other than HMS Rodney, HMS Warrior and her sister ship HMS Black Prince were the last British battleships to carry the feature.[6]The eagle figurehead of the German liner Imperator, 1912The figurehead of USS Lancaster carved by John Haley Bellamy, and on display at the Mariners' Museum and Park in Newport News, VirginiaFigureheads as such died out with the military sailing ship. In addition the vogue for ram bows meant that there was no obvious place to mount one on battleships.[6] An exception was HMS Rodney which was the last British battleship to carry a figurehead.[6] Smaller ships of the Royal Navy continued to carry them. The last example may well have been the sloop HMS Cadmus launched in 1903.[7] Her sister ship Espiegle was the last to sport a figurehead until her breaking up in 1923.\nEarly steamships sometimes had gilt scroll-work and coats-of-arms at their |bows. This practice lasted up until about World War I. The 1910 German liner SS Imperator originally sported a large bronze figurehead of an eagle (the Imperial German symbol) standing on a globe. The few extra feet of length added by the figurehead made Imperator the longest ship in the world at the time of her launch.It is still common practise for warships to carry ships' badges, large plaques mounted on the superstructure with a unique design relating to the ship's name or role. For example, Type 42 destroyers of the Royal Navy, which are named after British cities, carry badges depicting the coat of arms of their namesake.On smaller vessels, a billethead might be substituted. This was a smaller, nonfigural carving, most often a curl of foliage.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galjonshallen_Marinmuseum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marinmuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinmuseum"},{"link_name":"Karlskrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlskrona"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recouvrance_proue_face.jpg"},{"link_name":"La Recouvrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Recouvrance_(schooner)"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SS_Great_Britain_figurehead,_port_side.jpg"},{"link_name":"SS Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seute_deern_figurehead.JPG"},{"link_name":"Seute Deern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seute_Deern_(1919)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seute_Deern_(Schiff,_1919)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Unicorn_close_up_(cropped_version).jpg"},{"link_name":"HMS Unicorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Unicorn_(1824)"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee"},{"link_name":"unicorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicorn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afirmado_del_Pabell%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Buque_a_Escuela_a_Vela_%E2%80%9CUni%C3%B3n%E2%80%9D_(24032770123).jpg"},{"link_name":"BAP Unión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAP_Uni%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Inca Yupanqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topa_Inca_Yupanqui"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cutty_Sark_26-06-2012_(7471605234).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cutty Sark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutty_Sark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_%27Gibraltar%27,_now_of_the_Flying_Squadron,_fitting_out_at_Portsmouth_(1896)_-_The_Navy_and_Army_Illustrated_1896_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Gibraltar_(1892)"}],"text":"Figurehead Hall at Marinmuseum, in Karlskrona, SwedenThe bow and the figurehead of La Recouvrance in Brest\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFigurehead of the SS Great Britain in Bristol\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFigurehead of the Seute Deern [de]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHMS Unicorn in Dundee. Close-up view of the unicorn sculpture.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBAP Unión. Close-up view of the Inca Yupanqui sculpture.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe figurehead of British clipper ship Cutty Sark (1869) depicted the legendary witch from which she was named , and included a horse's tail as told in the legend.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGibraltar in 1896","title":"Images"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84832-101-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-101-4"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sailing_ship_elements"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sailing_ship_elements"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sailing_ship_elements"},{"link_name":"sailing ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_ship"},{"link_name":"Aftercastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftercastle"},{"link_name":"Afterdeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterdeck"},{"link_name":"Anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor"},{"link_name":"Anchor windlass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_windlass"},{"link_name":"Apparent wind indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_wind_indicator"},{"link_name":"Beakhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakhead"},{"link_name":"Bilge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilge"},{"link_name":"Bilgeboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgeboard"},{"link_name":"Bitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitts"},{"link_name":"Boom brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_brake"},{"link_name":"Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Bowsprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowsprit"},{"link_name":"Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_cable"},{"link_name":"Capstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capstan_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"Cathead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathead"},{"link_name":"Carpenter's walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter%27s_walk"},{"link_name":"Centreboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centreboard"},{"link_name":"Chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chains_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"Cockpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"Companionway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companionway"},{"link_name":"Crow's nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow%27s_nest"},{"link_name":"Daggerboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daggerboard"},{"link_name":"Deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Figurehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Forecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecastle"},{"link_name":"Frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"Gangway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangway_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"Gunwale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunwale"},{"link_name":"Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"Jackline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackline"},{"link_name":"Jibboom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibboom"},{"link_name":"Keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"Keel (Canting)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canting_keel"},{"link_name":"Kelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelson"},{"link_name":"Leeboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeboard"},{"link_name":"Mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"Orlop deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlop_deck"},{"link_name":"Outrigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrigger"},{"link_name":"Poop deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poop_deck"},{"link_name":"Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_and_starboard"},{"link_name":"Porthole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthole"},{"link_name":"Prow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)#Prow"},{"link_name":"Quarter gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_gallery"},{"link_name":"Quarterdeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterdeck"},{"link_name":"Rib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"Rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"Ship's wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_wheel"},{"link_name":"Skeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeg"},{"link_name":"Stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Starboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_and_starboard"},{"link_name":"Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern"},{"link_name":"Sternpost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternpost"},{"link_name":"Strake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strake"},{"link_name":"Taffrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taffrail"},{"link_name":"Tiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiller"},{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_(sailing_ship)"},{"link_name":"Transom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transom_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"Whipstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipstaff"},{"link_name":"Winch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winch"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729329#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4228467-3"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531234905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85048174"}],"text":"Pulvertaft, David (2011). Figureheads of the Royal Navy. Foreword by Admiral the Lord Boyce. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-101-4.vteParts of a sailing ship\nAftercastle\nAfterdeck\nAnchor\nAnchor windlass\nApparent wind indicator\nBeakhead\nBilge\nBilgeboard\nBitts\nBoom brake\nBow\nBowsprit\n Cable\nCapstan\nCathead\nCarpenter's walk\nCentreboard\nChains\nCockpit\nCompanionway\nCrow's nest\nDaggerboard\nDeck\nFigurehead\nForecastle\nFrame\nGangway\nGunwale\nHead\nHull\nJackline\nJibboom\nKeel\nKeel (Canting)\nKelson\nLeeboard\nMast\nOrlop deck\nOutrigger\nPoop deck\nPort\nPorthole\nProw\nQuarter gallery\nQuarterdeck\nRib\nRudder\nShip's wheel\nSkeg\nStem\nStarboard\nStern\nSternpost\nStrake\nTaffrail\nTiller\nTop\nTransom\nWhipstaff\nWinchAuthority control databases: National \nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Figurehead on a model of the French ship Océan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ocean_1790_Model_Musem_Paris_mp3h9289.jpg/320px-Ocean_1790_Model_Musem_Paris_mp3h9289.jpg"},{"image_text":"A ship with oars bears the feirce lioness that appears as a figurehead on two Ancient Egyptian ships in a circa. 1200 BC depiction of the victory over the invading Sea Peoples in a battle at the Nile River delta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg/320px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"The ceremonial barge used during the annual Phaung Daw U Pagoda festival in Myanmar uses a figurehead at right of a karaweik, a mythical bird.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Phaung_Daw_U-Festival-28-Royal_Barque-gje.jpg/260px-Phaung_Daw_U-Festival-28-Royal_Barque-gje.jpg"},{"image_text":"The figurehead of the Greek brig Aris, c. 1807. National Historical Museum, Athens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Figerhead_Aris_Tsamadou.jpg/260px-Figerhead_Aris_Tsamadou.jpg"},{"image_text":"The figurehead of HMS Warrior. Other than HMS Rodney, HMS Warrior and her sister ship HMS Black Prince were the last British battleships to carry the feature.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Warrior_figure_de_proue.JPG/220px-Warrior_figure_de_proue.JPG"},{"image_text":"The eagle figurehead of the German liner Imperator, 1912","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/USS_Imperator_World_War_I_SP-4080.jpg/220px-USS_Imperator_World_War_I_SP-4080.jpg"},{"image_text":"The figurehead of USS Lancaster carved by John Haley Bellamy, and on display at the Mariners' Museum and Park in Newport News, Virginia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Marineers_Museum_Eagle.jpg/220px-Marineers_Museum_Eagle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Figurehead Hall at Marinmuseum, in Karlskrona, Sweden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Galjonshallen_Marinmuseum.jpg/220px-Galjonshallen_Marinmuseum.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Acrostolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrostolium"},{"title":"Hood ornament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_ornament"},{"title":"Winged victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)"}]

[{"reference":"\"Ship's figureheads\". Research. Royal Naval Museum Library. 2000. Retrieved 2013-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_Figureheads.htm","url_text":"\"Ship's figureheads\""}]},{"reference":"Stackpole, Edouard A. (1964). Figureheads & ship carvings at Mystic Seaport. Marine Historical Association. Retrieved 2012-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoNrAAAAIAAJ&q=figureheads","url_text":"Figureheads & ship carvings at Mystic Seaport"}]},{"reference":"Lambert, Andrew (1987). Warrior Restoring the World's First Ironclad. Conway maritime press. p. 152. ISBN 0-85177-411-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lambert","url_text":"Lambert, Andrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-411-3","url_text":"0-85177-411-3"}]},{"reference":"Preston, Antony; Major, John (2007). Send a Gunboat The Victorian Navy and Supremacy at Sea, 1854–1904. Conway Maritime. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-85177-923-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Preston_(naval_historian)","url_text":"Preston, Antony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-923-2","url_text":"978-0-85177-923-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Terminology from the Age of Sail: Billethead\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ageofsail.net/aoshipwd.asp?sletter=billethead;iword=1","url_text":"\"Terminology from the Age of Sail: Billethead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billethead from Ship \"Favorite\"\". National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 2012-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/iadwood/iadwood-20275.html","url_text":"\"Billethead from Ship \"Favorite\"\""}]},{"reference":"Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1937), \"Ships' figureheads\", Shipping Wonders of the World, pp. 776–780","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shippingwondersoftheworld.com/figureheads.html","url_text":"\"Ships' figureheads\""}]},{"reference":"Pulvertaft, David (2011). Figureheads of the Royal Navy. Foreword by Admiral the Lord Boyce. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-101-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-101-4","url_text":"978-1-84832-101-4"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houdini_Museum

Houdini Museum

["1 History","2 Other Houdini museums","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 41°25′57″N 75°39′47″W / 41.43259°N 75.66304°W / 41.43259; -75.66304Biographical museum in Pennsylvania The Houdini MuseumLocation1433 N. Main Avenue, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United StatesCoordinates41°25′57″N 75°39′47″W / 41.43259°N 75.66304°W / 41.43259; -75.66304Opened1988SloganThe Only Building in the World Dedicated to HoudiniWebsiteHoudini.org The Houdini Museum is located at Scranton, Pennsylvania. Harry Houdini appeared in Scranton and did several special challenges there. His brother, Hardeen, also appeared in Scranton and in its sister city, Wilkes-Barre. The longest engagement of Houdini's career was in this area of northeast Pennsylvania when he spent two full seasons with the Welsh Brothers Circus. Documents and letters attesting to this are on display in the museum's renovated 125-year-old building and on its website. Houdini performed at Sylvester Z. Poli's theater for in Scranton, which was part of the Keith-Albee-Orpheum circuit at the time. This would later become the RKO Pictures circuit. The Houdini Tour, show, and museum attraction is a popular Scranton attraction. The museum features memorabilia, artifacts, mannequins and films of Houdini. The Houdini Tour includes a magic show. A tour and show takes about two and a half to three hours. The live show at the museum includes two nationally known magicians, Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brooks. History The Houdini Museum was created by Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brooks (aka John Bravo and Ray Carter). The exhibits include items from their personal collections as well as artifacts given to Brooks by his father, who saw Houdini perform. Elements of the collection were on display for 15 years at the Magic Towne House in New York City, from the 1970s to the 1980s, before the move to Scranton, Pennsylvania. Also on display at the New York location was the Society of American Magicians replica of Houdini's bust at Houdini's grave site, an item that the Society could not store. They were placed there for safe keeping. On September 27, 2011, The Houdini Museum along with "Houdini Commandos" (Dorothy Dietrich, Dick Brooks, and Steve Moore) replaced the statuary Houdini bust that was destroyed by vandals and missing at the grave for 36 years with the permission of the administration of the cemetery and Houdini family members. This project was funded by the not-for-profit Houdini Museum at a cost of about $10,000. With the urging of The Houdini Museum, The Society of American Magicians now contributes yearly to the upkeep of the Houdini grave site. Maintenance is also performed and financed by Scranton's Houdini Museum, the administrators of the cemetery, and volunteers and donors. Other Houdini museums American Museum of Magic David Copperfield's International Museum and Library of the Conjuring Arts, which is closed to the public The History Museum at the Castle (Appleton, Wisconsin) Houdini Museum of New York At Fantasma Magic The House of Houdini University of Texas Library houses Houdini ephemera and a large collection of Houdini letters and manuscripts. See also List of magic museums References ^ Houdini Film-Museum Tour & Magic Show ^ "Scranton, PA - Harry Houdini Museum". RoadsideAmerica.com. Retrieved December 22, 2016. ^ Efthimiades, Michael (August 23, 1996). Pocono Weekend. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. pp. 10 and 11. {{cite book}}: |newspaper= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Malerie Yolen-Cohen (20 April 2015). "Ten Offbeat Reasons To Make Scranton, PA Your Next Mini-Escape". Huffington Post. Retrieved Jun 18, 2015. ^ Pivovarnick, John (January 2000). "Ehrich Weiss AKA Houdini". Focus Magazine. Pennsylvania: 20 to 30. ^ “Houdini Returns (Of Course.)”, New York Times published on October 24, 2011 by David W. Dunlap ^ Compeer (December 13, 2016). "House of Houdini Opens in Hungary". The Magic Compass. Society of American Magicians. Retrieved January 23, 2017. External links Houdini Museum website vteMagic organizations Academy of Magical Arts American Museum of Magic Australian Society of Magicians Brotherhood of Auckland Magicians College of Magic Conjuring Arts Research Center Fédération Française des Artistes Prestidigitateurs Fédération Internationale des Sociétés Magiques International Brotherhood of Magicians List of magic museums The Magic Circle Magicians Association of Korea Magicians Guild of America Magischer Zirkel der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik Red de Magos Solidarios Society of American Magicians Swedish Magic Circle Society vteMagic and illusionGeneral Assistants Clubs Conventions Exposure Stores Genres Bizarre Card (techniques) Cardistry (history) Children's Close-up magic Coin Escapology Gospel Mathemagic Mental Platform Séance Stage Street Tricks and techniques Levitation Equivocation Misdirection Sleight of hand Pepper's ghost Guidebooks The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584) Modern Magic (1876) The Expert at the Card Table (1902) Tarbell Course (1928–) Thirteen Steps to Mentalism (1961) Mark Wilson's Complete Course In Magic (1975) Conjuring (1992) Periodicals Abracadabra Genii Hugard's Magic Monthly The Jinx The Linking Ring Magic Magigram Mahatma Smoke & Mirrors The Sphinx Lists Conjuring terms Films about magicians Magicians Museums Publications Timeline Tricks Related Indian magicians Midnight ghost show

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scranton, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Harry Houdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini"},{"link_name":"Hardeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeen"},{"link_name":"Wilkes-Barre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Z. Poli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Z._Poli"},{"link_name":"Keith-Albee-Orpheum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith-Albee-Orpheum"},{"link_name":"RKO Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYC-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSA-4"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Dietrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Dietrich"},{"link_name":"Dick Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Brooks_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Focus_Magazine-5"}],"text":"Biographical museum in PennsylvaniaThe Houdini Museum is located at Scranton, Pennsylvania. Harry Houdini appeared in Scranton and did several special challenges there. His brother, Hardeen, also appeared in Scranton and in its sister city, Wilkes-Barre. The longest engagement of Houdini's career was in this area of northeast Pennsylvania when he spent two full seasons with the Welsh Brothers Circus. Documents and letters attesting to this are on display in the museum's renovated 125-year-old building and on its website.[1] Houdini performed at Sylvester Z. Poli's theater for in Scranton, which was part of the Keith-Albee-Orpheum circuit at the time. This would later become the RKO Pictures circuit.The Houdini Tour, show, and museum attraction is a popular Scranton attraction.[2] The museum features memorabilia, artifacts, mannequins and films of Houdini. The Houdini Tour includes a magic show.[3] A tour and show takes about two and a half to three hours.[4]The live show at the museum includes two nationally known magicians, Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brooks.[5]","title":"Houdini Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dorothy Dietrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Dietrich"},{"link_name":"Dick Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Brooks_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"John Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bravo"},{"link_name":"Magic Towne House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Towne_House"},{"link_name":"Society of American Magicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_American_Magicians"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Houdini Museum was created by Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brooks (aka John Bravo and Ray Carter). The exhibits include items from their personal collections as well as artifacts given to Brooks by his father, who saw Houdini perform. Elements of the collection were on display for 15 years at the Magic Towne House in New York City, from the 1970s to the 1980s, before the move to Scranton, Pennsylvania.Also on display at the New York location was the Society of American Magicians replica of Houdini's bust at Houdini's grave site, an item that the Society could not store. They were placed there for safe keeping. On September 27, 2011, The Houdini Museum along with \"Houdini Commandos\"[6] (Dorothy Dietrich, Dick Brooks, and Steve Moore) replaced the statuary Houdini bust that was destroyed by vandals and missing at the grave for 36 years with the permission of the administration of the cemetery and Houdini family members. This project was funded by the not-for-profit Houdini Museum at a cost of about $10,000. With the urging of The Houdini Museum, The Society of American Magicians now contributes yearly to the upkeep of the Houdini grave site. Maintenance is also performed and financed by Scranton's Houdini Museum, the administrators of the cemetery, and volunteers and donors.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Museum of Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Magic"},{"link_name":"David Copperfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Copperfield_(illusionist)"},{"link_name":"International Museum and Library of the Conjuring Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Museum_and_Library_of_the_Conjuring_Arts"},{"link_name":"The History Museum at the Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Museum_at_the_Castle"},{"link_name":"Appleton, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Houdini Museum of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houdini_Museum_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Fantasma Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasma_Magic"},{"link_name":"The House of Houdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_Houdini"},{"link_name":"University of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAM-7"}],"text":"American Museum of Magic\nDavid Copperfield's International Museum and Library of the Conjuring Arts, which is closed to the public\nThe History Museum at the Castle (Appleton, Wisconsin)\nHoudini Museum of New York At Fantasma Magic\nThe House of Houdini\nUniversity of Texas Library houses Houdini ephemera and a large collection of Houdini letters and manuscripts.[7]","title":"Other Houdini museums"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of magic museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_magic_museums"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibelius_(film)

Sibelius (film)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]

2003 Finnish biographical film This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sibelius" film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) SibeliusOriginal Finnish film posterDirected byTimo KoivusaloWritten byTimo KoivusaloProduced byTimo KoivusaloStarringMartti Suosalo,Heikki Nousiainen,Miina Turunen,Seela SellaDistributed byArtista-FilmiRelease date 2003 (2003) Running time120 minutesLanguageFinnish Sibelius is a 2003 Finnish film biography of Jean Sibelius directed and written by Timo Koivusalo. It is the first full-length feature film about the famous composer. The film was released on 12 September 2003, but before that it was shown for the first time at the Sibelius Festival in Lahti on 4 September 2003. When it was released widely, it was the second most watched domestic film of 2003. Plot While Johan Julius Christian ("Jean") Sibelius is still a child, his father Christian dies; the family is facing a financial disaster and must sell their property. Young Sibelius finds a new father figure in Uncle Pehr. At the beginning of his musical studies with Martin Wegelius, Sibelius adopts the name of his uncle Jean. Plagued with insecurity, he continues to study law and, on the advice of his professor, returns to the music that is close to his heart while not interested in the law. Sibelius meets Aino, daughter of his artistic sponsor Elisabeth Järnefelt and his future wife; Sibelius also comes into contact with composers such as Robert Kajanus and Ferruccio Busoni. Aino is impressed by the works of her writer friend Juhani Aho. During a one-year scholarship in Berlin, organized by Wegelius in 1889, he has to face the critical needs of his teacher Albert Becker. Sibelius deepens his friendship with the writer Adolf Paul. During his stay in Berlin, Uncle Pehr dies. After returning from Berlin, Sibelius declares his love to Aino. Shortly after the engagement he begins a study visit to Vienna, where he establishes important social contacts. There, however, his plans to pursue a career as a violinist fail. Sibelius is plagued with jealousy when it is discovered that Juhani Aho has expressed his love for Aino in a novel. When Sibelius returns to Finland, he and Aino get married. Sibelius celebrates his first success with his symphonic poem Kullervo. Soon the first daughter Eva is born. When Russian Tsar Alexander III died in 1894, Sibelius' friends worry about how Russian rule in Finland will develop under the new Tsar Nicholas II. The Sibelius family grows with the birth of more daughters; Sibelius, however, focuses entirely on composition, which leads to an upheaval of the marriage. Shortly afterwards Sibelius's mother Maria dies. Sibelius and Kajanus challenge the escalation of Russian censorship with a performance of Sibelius Finland's patriotic symphonic poem. On the other hand, Sibelius soon faces the loss of his daughter Kirsti, who dies of typhus. During a stay of the Sibelius family in Rapallo, Italy, one of the surviving daughters falls ill, but recovers to the family's great relief. Sibelius composes his second symphony in Rapallo, the premiere of which will be a great success. In building their home, Ainola, on Lake Tuusulanjärvi, the Sibelius couple face financial problems. Sibelius's sick sister has to go to the sanatorium; Sibelius himself suffers from ringing in his ears and the consequences of his drinking habit; after an operation for a tumor, Sibelius stops smoking and drinking. After composing the King Christian Suite, Sibelius writes the Jääkärimarssi for the troops fighting against Russia during the October Revolution. As a result of the riots, the Red Army searches for weapons in his home. Due to the composition of the Jääkärimarssi, Sibelius has to flee with his family. In old age, Sibelius burns his plans for an eighth symphony. Cast Martti Suosalo as younger Jean Sibelius Heikki Nousiainen as old Jean Sibelius Miina Turunen as younger Aino Sibelius Seela Sella as old Aino Sibelius Vesa Vierikko as Robert Kajanus Raimo Grönberg as Martin Wegelius Jarmo Mäkinen as Akseli Gallen-Kallela Tapani Kalliomäki as Armas Järnefelt Kunto Ojansivu as Adolf Paul Rea Mauranen as Maria Sibelius Petri Lairikko as Axel Carpelan Kirsi Tarvainen as Linda Sibelius Christian Sandström as Christian Sibelius Erkki Ruokokoski as Pehr-uncle Olavi Niemelä as George Becker Risto Kaskilahti as Sigurd Wettenhovi-Aspa Hannu Kivioja as Ferruccio Busoni Ritva Jalonen as Pauline Lucca Paavo Liski as Konni Zilliacus Susanna Palin as Saimi Järnefelt Eija Nousiainen as Elisabeth Järnefelt Konsta Hannonen as Juhani Aho Kari Hietalahti as Eino Leino Lars Svedberg as Santeri Levas Eveliina Puhakka as Sibelius daughter Johanna Puhakka as Sibelius daughter Pauliina Puhakka as Sibelius daughter Aliisa Kuivasto as Sibelius daughter Veera Välimäki as Sibelius daughter References ^ a b "Sibelius". Elonet (in Finnish). Retrieved 1 May 2023. ^ "Katsotuimmat elokuvat 2003". Filmikamari.fi (in Finnish). 20 October 2004. Retrieved 1 May 2023. External links Sibelius at IMDb

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It is the first full-length feature film about the famous composer.[1]The film was released on 12 September 2003, but before that it was shown for the first time at the Sibelius Festival in Lahti on 4 September 2003.[1] When it was released widely, it was the second most watched domestic film of 2003.[2]","title":"Sibelius (film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"While Johan Julius Christian (\"Jean\") Sibelius is still a child, his father Christian dies; the family is facing a financial disaster and must sell their property. Young Sibelius finds a new father figure in Uncle Pehr.At the beginning of his musical studies with Martin Wegelius, Sibelius adopts the name of his uncle Jean. Plagued with insecurity, he continues to study law and, on the advice of his professor, returns to the music that is close to his heart while not interested in the law.Sibelius meets Aino, daughter of his artistic sponsor Elisabeth Järnefelt and his future wife; Sibelius also comes into contact with composers such as Robert Kajanus and Ferruccio Busoni. Aino is impressed by the works of her writer friend Juhani Aho. During a one-year scholarship in Berlin, organized by Wegelius in 1889, he has to face the critical needs of his teacher Albert Becker. Sibelius deepens his friendship with the writer Adolf Paul. During his stay in Berlin, Uncle Pehr dies.After returning from Berlin, Sibelius declares his love to Aino. Shortly after the engagement he begins a study visit to Vienna, where he establishes important social contacts. There, however, his plans to pursue a career as a violinist fail. Sibelius is plagued with jealousy when it is discovered that Juhani Aho has expressed his love for Aino in a novel.When Sibelius returns to Finland, he and Aino get married. Sibelius celebrates his first success with his symphonic poem Kullervo. Soon the first daughter Eva is born. When Russian Tsar Alexander III died in 1894, Sibelius' friends worry about how Russian rule in Finland will develop under the new Tsar Nicholas II.The Sibelius family grows with the birth of more daughters; Sibelius, however, focuses entirely on composition, which leads to an upheaval of the marriage. Shortly afterwards Sibelius's mother Maria dies. Sibelius and Kajanus challenge the escalation of Russian censorship with a performance of Sibelius Finland's patriotic symphonic poem.On the other hand, Sibelius soon faces the loss of his daughter Kirsti, who dies of typhus. During a stay of the Sibelius family in Rapallo, Italy, one of the surviving daughters falls ill, but recovers to the family's great relief. Sibelius composes his second symphony in Rapallo, the premiere of which will be a great success.In building their home, Ainola, on Lake Tuusulanjärvi, the Sibelius couple face financial problems. Sibelius's sick sister has to go to the sanatorium; Sibelius himself suffers from ringing in his ears and the consequences of his drinking habit; after an operation for a tumor, Sibelius stops smoking and drinking.After composing the King Christian Suite, Sibelius writes the Jääkärimarssi for the troops fighting against Russia during the October Revolution. As a result of the riots, the Red Army searches for weapons in his home. Due to the composition of the Jääkärimarssi, Sibelius has to flee with his family.In old age, Sibelius burns his plans for an eighth symphony.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martti Suosalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Suosalo"},{"link_name":"Jean Sibelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius"},{"link_name":"Heikki Nousiainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heikki_Nousiainen"},{"link_name":"Miina Turunen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miina_Turunen"},{"link_name":"Aino Sibelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aino_Sibelius"},{"link_name":"Seela Sella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seela_Sella"},{"link_name":"Vesa Vierikko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesa_Vierikko"},{"link_name":"Robert Kajanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kajanus"},{"link_name":"Raimo Grönberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimo_Gr%C3%B6nberg"},{"link_name":"Martin Wegelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Wegelius"},{"link_name":"Jarmo Mäkinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmo_M%C3%A4kinen"},{"link_name":"Akseli Gallen-Kallela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela"},{"link_name":"Tapani Kalliomäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapani_Kalliom%C3%A4ki"},{"link_name":"Armas Järnefelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armas_J%C3%A4rnefelt"},{"link_name":"Kunto Ojansivu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunto_Ojansivu"},{"link_name":"Adolf Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Paul"},{"link_name":"Rea Mauranen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rea_Mauranen"},{"link_name":"Petri Lairikko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petri_Lairikko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Axel Carpelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axel_Carpelan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kirsi Tarvainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirsi_Tarvainen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian Sandström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Sandstr%C3%B6m&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian Sibelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Sibelius"},{"link_name":"Erkki Ruokokoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erkki_Ruokokoski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olavi Niemelä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olavi_Niemel%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Becker_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Risto Kaskilahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Kaskilahti"},{"link_name":"Sigurd Wettenhovi-Aspa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd_Wettenhovi-Aspa"},{"link_name":"Hannu Kivioja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannu_Kivioja"},{"link_name":"Ferruccio Busoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni"},{"link_name":"Ritva Jalonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ritva_Jalonen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pauline Lucca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Lucca"},{"link_name":"Paavo Liski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paavo_Liski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Konni Zilliacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konni_Zilliacus"},{"link_name":"Susanna Palin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susanna_Palin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saimi Järnefelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saimi_J%C3%A4rnefelt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eija Nousiainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eija_Nousiainen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Järnefelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_J%C3%A4rnefelt"},{"link_name":"Konsta Hannonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konsta_Hannonen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juhani Aho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhani_Aho"},{"link_name":"Kari Hietalahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Hietalahti"},{"link_name":"Eino Leino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eino_Leino"},{"link_name":"Lars Svedberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lars_Svedberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Santeri Levas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santeri_Levas"},{"link_name":"Eveliina Puhakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eveliina_Puhakka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johanna Puhakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johanna_Puhakka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pauliina Puhakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pauliina_Puhakka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aliisa Kuivasto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aliisa_Kuivasto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Veera Välimäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veera_V%C3%A4lim%C3%A4ki&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Martti Suosalo as younger Jean Sibelius\nHeikki Nousiainen as old Jean Sibelius\nMiina Turunen as younger Aino Sibelius\nSeela Sella as old Aino Sibelius\nVesa Vierikko as Robert Kajanus\nRaimo Grönberg as Martin Wegelius\nJarmo Mäkinen as Akseli Gallen-Kallela\nTapani Kalliomäki as Armas Järnefelt\nKunto Ojansivu as Adolf Paul\nRea Mauranen as Maria Sibelius\nPetri Lairikko as Axel Carpelan\nKirsi Tarvainen as Linda Sibelius\nChristian Sandström as Christian Sibelius\nErkki Ruokokoski as Pehr-uncle\nOlavi Niemelä as George Becker\nRisto Kaskilahti as Sigurd Wettenhovi-Aspa\nHannu Kivioja as Ferruccio Busoni\nRitva Jalonen as Pauline Lucca\nPaavo Liski as Konni Zilliacus\nSusanna Palin as Saimi Järnefelt\nEija Nousiainen as Elisabeth Järnefelt\nKonsta Hannonen as Juhani Aho\nKari Hietalahti as Eino Leino\nLars Svedberg as Santeri Levas\nEveliina Puhakka as Sibelius daughter\nJohanna Puhakka as Sibelius daughter\nPauliina Puhakka as Sibelius daughter\nAliisa Kuivasto as Sibelius daughter\nVeera Välimäki as Sibelius daughter","title":"Cast"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rafah_(1949)

Battle of Rafah (1949)

["1 Background","2 Battle","3 Aftermath","4 Notes","5 References"]

Coordinates: 31°13′33.12″N 34°13′2.76″E / 31.2258667°N 34.2174333°E / 31.2258667; 34.2174333Military engagement between Israel and Egypt Battle of RafahPart of the 1948 Arab–Israeli WarDate3 January – 8 January 1949LocationRafah, Palestine31°17′19″N 34°15′07″E / 31.28861°N 34.25194°E / 31.28861; 34.25194Result Inconclusive 1949 Armistice AgreementsBelligerents  Israel EgyptCommanders and leaders David Ben-Gurion David Elazar Yigal Allon Farouk I Ibrahim Abdel HadyBattle of Rafahclass=notpageimage| Location within Mandatory Palestine vte1948 Arab–Israeli War (southern front) Kfar Darom Nirim Yad Mordechai Negba Pleshet Nitzanim An-Far Be'erot Yitzhak Death to the Invader GYS Avak Yoav Beit Hanoun Separation Corridor Beersheba Naval battles Shmone Lot Assaf Horev Hill 86 Bir Thamila 'Auja Sinai Rafah Uvda The Battle of Rafah was a military engagement between the Israel Defense Forces and the Egyptian Army in the final stage of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. It was fought on January 3–8, 1949, just south of Rafah, today in the Gaza Strip. The battle was initiated by Israel as part of Operation Horev, on the backdrop of the Sinai battles just before. The Israelis were hoping to encircle all Egyptian forces in Palestine and drive them back to Egypt. The Golani and Harel brigades were allocated for the attack, with the 8th Brigade serving as the operational reserve and the Negev Brigade staging diversions. While the Israelis had great trouble to advance in their individual assaults, eventually a battalion-sized force managed to take a position on the road from Rafah to the Sinai Peninsula, effectively surrounding the Egyptian expeditionary force. However, by this time the Egyptians agreed to negotiate armistice and the Israeli political echelon therefore ordered all troops back. The battle of Rafah was the last major combat operation in the war and was followed by the armistice agreements with Egypt. Background The Egyptian regular army invaded Israel on May 15, 1948, following Israel's Declaration of Independence the day before. The main Egyptian column moved up the coastal plain in the following days, stopping at Isdud and establishing its headquarters in Majdal. After the creation of the Beit Hanoun wedge and other Israeli offensives in Operation Yoav, the Egyptian staff withdrew to Gaza and most of their forces concentrated in what is today the Gaza Strip. On December 22, 1948, the Israelis launched Operation Horev, with the objective of expelling all Egyptian forces from Palestine. The Israeli Southern Command, under Yigal Allon, planned to encircle the Egyptians from the Sinai Peninsula, without the knowledge of the General Staff. Due to international pressure however, Allon's forces retreated from the Sinai and prepared instead to encircle the Egyptians by capturing the positions south of Rafah. The Arab village Rafah was located on the border of Palestine and Egypt. To the south, there was a sand dune, followed by the coastal road and railway, followed by another sand dune, containing a Bedouin cemetery at the top (about 100 m above sea level). In the plateau between the dunes, the British built a large military base on both sides of the border in World War II. Battle The Israel plan—the second stage of Operation Horev—was to take a number of position south of Rafah, just south of Rafah's military case. The Golani Brigade would attack from the east and take Hill 102 and the cemetery position, while the Harel Brigade would strike from the south and capture the junction on the Gaza–al-Arish road. The Negev and 8th brigades were also meat to assist in the operation as diversionary and reserve forces, respectively. The Egyptian forces in the area consisted of a reinforced brigade with 25 pounders and 20 M22 Locust tanks. Golani forces from the 12th Battalion left kibbutz Nirim at 18:00 on January 3. A company was allocated to take each Hill 102 and the cemetery position. A special emphasis was placed on the transport of munitions and reinforcements, following the earlier debacle at the Battle of Hill 86. The attack on Hill 102 failed, as did two subsequent attacks. As the Golani forces approached the hill on the first attack, they were hit by friendly fire from the Israeli artillery, which also caused the Egyptians to notice them and fire their own artillery. The Golani company then retreated. The second assault, this time involving armored units, was repelled by the Egyptians who had reinforced the position with anti-tank weapons in the meantime. The cemetery position had been captured by Israeli forces at 00:30 on January 4. The forces achieved complete surprise and were only discovered about 50 m away from the inner defensive perimeter, which they were able to penetrate and overwhelm the Egyptians in a matter of minutes, taking prisoners. The Egyptians counterattacked against the cemetery position several times, but could not dislodge the Golani forces. The first counterattack included 9 tanks, the remnants of the M22 Locust battalion that fought in Operation Assaf and on Hill 86. Five tanks were destroyed by Golani, and the Egyptians retreated. In the second counterattack (at 11:00), the Israelis destroyed four additional tanks. The third counterattack was mostly made up of infantry and armored vehicles with flamethrowers. By this time, most of Golani's weapons were either destroyed or jammed. After a PIAT hit one of the Egyptian armored vehicles, the latter retreated. At least 150 Egyptian soldiers were killed in their counterattacks. On January 5, Golani moved west and took another position closer to the junction, which was still in Egyptian hands. Israeli ships and aircraft bombarded the Egyptian forces, inflicting a large number of casualties, mostly civilian; the Egyptians sought to block a mass flight to mainland Egypt, which would hurt morale among the population there. In the meantime, Harel forces moved up the 'Auja–Rafah road and by 14:00 on January 4 had taken a number of outlying positions in the Sinai Peninsula just across the border. At 11:00 on January 5, they attacked the junction's southern position, but failed to take it. The brigade's 5th Battalion attacked at night and managed to take over both positions overlooking the junction by 02:00 on January 6. However, the Egyptians counterattacked during a sandstorm and retook the junction, surprising the Israelis, who retreated with 10 missing. An 8th Brigade reserve was brought from Gvulot, which conducted an assault on the western position of the junction in the afternoon, but the attack was unsuccessful. On the night of January 6–7, the 4th Battalion (Harel), under David Elazar, captured an area further west and dug in, effectively surrounding the remaining Egyptian forces in Palestine, as envisioned by the Israeli command. An Egyptian supply convoy and a counterattack were stopped in this area on January 7. The Egyptians lost 8 tanks and armored vehicles in the counterattack. At the night of January 7–8, Israeli forces bombed the coastal railway to stop any possibility of supply for the encircled Egyptians. One mine they laid destroyed an Egyptian train carrying hundreds of wounded to al-Arish. The final and decisive attack was planned for January 8, but the sandstorm caused the Israelis to set it off for another 24 hours. By this time, the Egyptian political echelon had agreed to negotiate armistice with the Israelis, on the condition that Israel withdraws its forces. The Southern Command chief Yigal Allon was against accepting the terms, but on January 7 Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion agreed. The ceasefire was officially declared on January 7 at 14:00, although final skirmishes were fought into the night. In light of that, the Israeli forces in the Harel Brigade's position (including reinforcements from the 8th Brigade) withdrew on January 9–10. Aftermath The battle surrounding Rafah signified the end of major combat engagements in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The battle paved the way for the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and Egypt, and the front lines at the end of the battle roughly corresponded to the armistice boundaries, except the cemetery position and the Beit Hanoun wedge, which were handed over to Egypt. Notes ^ Wallach (1978), p. 29 ^ Lorch (1998), p. 623 ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wallach (1978), p. 65 ^ a b Morris (2008), p. 368 ^ a b Lorch (1998), p. 624 ^ a b Lorch (1998), p. 625 ^ Lorch (1998), p. 627 ^ a b c d Morris (2008), p. 369 ^ Lorch (1998), p. 628 References Lorch, Netanel (1998). History of the War of Independence (in Hebrew). Modan Publishing. Morris, Benny (2008). 1948: The First Arab–Israeli War. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15112-1. Wallach, Jehuda, ed. (1978). "Security". Carta's Atlas of Israel (in Hebrew). Vol. First Years 1948–1961. Carta Jerusalem. 31°13′33.12″N 34°13′2.76″E / 31.2258667°N 34.2174333°E / 31.2258667; 34.2174333

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War_south"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War_south"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War_south"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"Kfar Darom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Kfar_Darom"},{"link_name":"Nirim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nirim"},{"link_name":"Yad Mordechai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yad_Mordechai"},{"link_name":"Negba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Negba"},{"link_name":"Pleshet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pleshet"},{"link_name":"Nitzanim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nitzanim"},{"link_name":"An-Far","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_An-Far"},{"link_name":"Be'erot Yitzhak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Be%27erot_Yitzhak"},{"link_name":"Death to the Invader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Death_to_the_Invader"},{"link_name":"GYS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_GYS"},{"link_name":"Avak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Avak"},{"link_name":"Yoav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Yoav"},{"link_name":"Beit Hanoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Hanoun_wedge"},{"link_name":"Separation Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_the_Separation_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Beersheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1948)"},{"link_name":"Naval battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_naval_campaign_in_Operation_Yoav"},{"link_name":"Shmone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shmone"},{"link_name":"Lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lot"},{"link_name":"Assaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Assaf"},{"link_name":"Horev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Horev"},{"link_name":"Hill 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_86"},{"link_name":"Bir Thamila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Bir_%27Asluj"},{"link_name":"'Auja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%27Auja"},{"link_name":"Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_the_Sinai_(1948)"},{"link_name":"Rafah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Uvda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uvda"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Army"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"Rafah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafah"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Operation Horev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Horev"},{"link_name":"Sinai battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_the_Sinai_(1948)"},{"link_name":"Golani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golani_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Harel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harel_Brigade"},{"link_name":"8th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Armored_Brigade_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Negev Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev_Brigade"},{"link_name":"armistice agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements"}],"text":"Military engagement between Israel and Egyptvte1948 Arab–Israeli War (southern front)\nKfar Darom\nNirim\nYad Mordechai\nNegba\nPleshet\nNitzanim\nAn-Far\nBe'erot Yitzhak\nDeath to the Invader\nGYS\nAvak\nYoav\nBeit Hanoun\nSeparation Corridor\nBeersheba\nNaval battles\nShmone\nLot\nAssaf\nHorev\nHill 86\nBir Thamila\n'Auja\nSinai\nRafah\nUvdaThe Battle of Rafah was a military engagement between the Israel Defense Forces and the Egyptian Army in the final stage of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. It was fought on January 3–8, 1949, just south of Rafah, today in the Gaza Strip. The battle was initiated by Israel as part of Operation Horev, on the backdrop of the Sinai battles just before. The Israelis were hoping to encircle all Egyptian forces in Palestine and drive them back to Egypt.The Golani and Harel brigades were allocated for the attack, with the 8th Brigade serving as the operational reserve and the Negev Brigade staging diversions. While the Israelis had great trouble to advance in their individual assaults, eventually a battalion-sized force managed to take a position on the road from Rafah to the Sinai Peninsula, effectively surrounding the Egyptian expeditionary force. However, by this time the Egyptians agreed to negotiate armistice and the Israeli political echelon therefore ordered all troops back. The battle of Rafah was the last major combat operation in the war and was followed by the armistice agreements with Egypt.","title":"Battle of Rafah (1949)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Isdud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isdud"},{"link_name":"Majdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkelon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carta29-1"},{"link_name":"Beit Hanoun wedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Hanoun_wedge"},{"link_name":"Operation Yoav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Yoav"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Southern Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Command_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Yigal Allon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yigal_Allon"},{"link_name":"Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Staff_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Rafah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lorch623-2"}],"text":"The Egyptian regular army invaded Israel on May 15, 1948, following Israel's Declaration of Independence the day before. The main Egyptian column moved up the coastal plain in the following days, stopping at Isdud and establishing its headquarters in Majdal.[1] After the creation of the Beit Hanoun wedge and other Israeli offensives in Operation Yoav, the Egyptian staff withdrew to Gaza and most of their forces concentrated in what is today the Gaza Strip.On December 22, 1948, the Israelis launched Operation Horev, with the objective of expelling all Egyptian forces from Palestine. The Israeli Southern Command, under Yigal Allon, planned to encircle the Egyptians from the Sinai Peninsula, without the knowledge of the General Staff. Due to international pressure however, Allon's forces retreated from the Sinai and prepared instead to encircle the Egyptians by capturing the positions south of Rafah.The Arab village Rafah was located on the border of Palestine and Egypt. To the south, there was a sand dune, followed by the coastal road and railway, followed by another sand dune, containing a Bedouin cemetery at the top (about 100 m above sea level). In the plateau between the dunes, the British built a large military base on both sides of the border in World War II.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golani Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golani_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Harel Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harel_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Negev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev_Brigade"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Armored_Brigade_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carta65-3"},{"link_name":"25 pounders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25_pounder"},{"link_name":"M22 Locust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M22_Locust"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris368-4"},{"link_name":"Nirim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirim"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carta65-3"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hill 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_86"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lorch624-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carta65-3"},{"link_name":"friendly fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lorch624-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carta65-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lorch625-6"},{"link_name":"M22 Locust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M22_Locust"},{"link_name":"Operation Assaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Assaf"},{"link_name":"PIAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIAT"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lorch625-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carta65-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris368-4"},{"link_name":"'Auja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auja_al-Hafir"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carta65-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lorch627-7"},{"link_name":"Gvulot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvulot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carta65-3"},{"link_name":"David Elazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Elazar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carta65-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris369-8"},{"link_name":"coastal railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_railway_line,_Israel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carta65-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris369-8"},{"link_name":"David Ben-Gurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris369-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lorch628-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carta65-3"}],"text":"The Israel plan—the second stage of Operation Horev—was to take a number of position south of Rafah, just south of Rafah's military case. The Golani Brigade would attack from the east and take Hill 102 and the cemetery position, while the Harel Brigade would strike from the south and capture the junction on the Gaza–al-Arish road. The Negev and 8th brigades were also meat to assist in the operation as diversionary and reserve forces, respectively.[3] The Egyptian forces in the area consisted of a reinforced brigade with 25 pounders and 20 M22 Locust tanks.[4]Golani forces from the 12th Battalion left kibbutz Nirim at 18:00 on January 3. A company was allocated to take each Hill 102 and the cemetery position.[3] A special emphasis was placed on the transport of munitions and reinforcements, following the earlier debacle at the Battle of Hill 86.[5] The attack on Hill 102 failed, as did two subsequent attacks.[3] As the Golani forces approached the hill on the first attack, they were hit by friendly fire from the Israeli artillery, which also caused the Egyptians to notice them and fire their own artillery. The Golani company then retreated. The second assault, this time involving armored units, was repelled by the Egyptians who had reinforced the position with anti-tank weapons in the meantime.[5]The cemetery position had been captured by Israeli forces at 00:30 on January 4.[3] The forces achieved complete surprise and were only discovered about 50 m away from the inner defensive perimeter, which they were able to penetrate and overwhelm the Egyptians in a matter of minutes, taking prisoners.[6] The Egyptians counterattacked against the cemetery position several times, but could not dislodge the Golani forces. The first counterattack included 9 tanks, the remnants of the M22 Locust battalion that fought in Operation Assaf and on Hill 86. Five tanks were destroyed by Golani, and the Egyptians retreated. In the second counterattack (at 11:00), the Israelis destroyed four additional tanks. The third counterattack was mostly made up of infantry and armored vehicles with flamethrowers. By this time, most of Golani's weapons were either destroyed or jammed. After a PIAT hit one of the Egyptian armored vehicles, the latter retreated. At least 150 Egyptian soldiers were killed in their counterattacks.[6]On January 5, Golani moved west and took another position closer to the junction, which was still in Egyptian hands.[3] Israeli ships and aircraft bombarded the Egyptian forces, inflicting a large number of casualties, mostly civilian; the Egyptians sought to block a mass flight to mainland Egypt, which would hurt morale among the population there.[4]In the meantime, Harel forces moved up the 'Auja–Rafah road and by 14:00 on January 4 had taken a number of outlying positions in the Sinai Peninsula just across the border. At 11:00 on January 5, they attacked the junction's southern position, but failed to take it. The brigade's 5th Battalion attacked at night and managed to take over both positions overlooking the junction by 02:00 on January 6.[3] However, the Egyptians counterattacked during a sandstorm and retook the junction, surprising the Israelis, who retreated with 10 missing.[7] An 8th Brigade reserve was brought from Gvulot, which conducted an assault on the western position of the junction in the afternoon, but the attack was unsuccessful.[3]On the night of January 6–7, the 4th Battalion (Harel), under David Elazar, captured an area further west and dug in, effectively surrounding the remaining Egyptian forces in Palestine, as envisioned by the Israeli command. An Egyptian supply convoy and a counterattack were stopped in this area on January 7.[3] The Egyptians lost 8 tanks and armored vehicles in the counterattack.[8] At the night of January 7–8, Israeli forces bombed the coastal railway to stop any possibility of supply for the encircled Egyptians.[3] One mine they laid destroyed an Egyptian train carrying hundreds of wounded to al-Arish.[8]The final and decisive attack was planned for January 8, but the sandstorm caused the Israelis to set it off for another 24 hours. By this time, the Egyptian political echelon had agreed to negotiate armistice with the Israelis, on the condition that Israel withdraws its forces. The Southern Command chief Yigal Allon was against accepting the terms, but on January 7 Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion agreed.[8] The ceasefire was officially declared on January 7 at 14:00, although final skirmishes were fought into the night.[9] In light of that, the Israeli forces in the Harel Brigade's position (including reinforcements from the 8th Brigade) withdrew on January 9–10.[3]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris369-8"},{"link_name":"1949 Armistice Agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements"},{"link_name":"Beit Hanoun wedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Hanoun_wedge"}],"text":"The battle surrounding Rafah signified the end of major combat engagements in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.[8] The battle paved the way for the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and Egypt, and the front lines at the end of the battle roughly corresponded to the armistice boundaries, except the cemetery position and the Beit Hanoun wedge, which were handed over to Egypt.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-carta29_1-0"},{"link_name":"Wallach (1978)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refWallach"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lorch623_2-0"},{"link_name":"Lorch (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refLorch"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-carta65_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-carta65_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-carta65_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-carta65_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-carta65_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-carta65_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-carta65_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-carta65_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-carta65_3-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-carta65_3-9"},{"link_name":"Wallach (1978)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refWallach"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-morris368_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-morris368_4-1"},{"link_name":"Morris (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refMorris08"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lorch624_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lorch624_5-1"},{"link_name":"Lorch (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refLorch"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lorch625_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lorch625_6-1"},{"link_name":"Lorch (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refLorch"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lorch627_7-0"},{"link_name":"Lorch (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refLorch"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-morris369_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-morris369_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-morris369_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-morris369_8-3"},{"link_name":"Morris (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refMorris08"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lorch628_9-0"},{"link_name":"Lorch (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refLorch"}],"text":"^ Wallach (1978), p. 29\n\n^ Lorch (1998), p. 623\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Wallach (1978), p. 65\n\n^ a b Morris (2008), p. 368\n\n^ a b Lorch (1998), p. 624\n\n^ a b Lorch (1998), p. 625\n\n^ Lorch (1998), p. 627\n\n^ a b c d Morris (2008), p. 369\n\n^ Lorch (1998), p. 628","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Lorch, Netanel (1998). History of the War of Independence (in Hebrew). Modan Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morris, Benny (2008). 1948: The First Arab–Israeli War. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15112-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Morris","url_text":"Morris, Benny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15112-1","url_text":"978-0-300-15112-1"}]},{"reference":"Wallach, Jehuda, ed. (1978). \"Security\". Carta's Atlas of Israel (in Hebrew). Vol. First Years 1948–1961. Carta Jerusalem.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehuda_L._Wallach","url_text":"Wallach, Jehuda"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-928

German submarine U-928

["1 Design","2 Service history","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 56°06′N 10°05′W / 56.100°N 10.083°W / 56.100; -10.083German World War II submarine U-570 Type VIIC submarine that was captured by the British in 1941. This U-boat is almost identical to U-928. History Nazi Germany NameU-928 Ordered25 August 1941 BuilderNeptun Werft AG, Rostock Yard number515 Laid down5 January 1943 Launched15 April 1944 Commissioned11 July 1944 FateSurrendered on 9 May 1945; sunk as part of Operation Deadlight on 16 December 1945 General characteristics Class and typeType VIIC submarine Displacement 769 tonnes (757 long tons) surfaced 871 t (857 long tons) submerged Length 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in) o/a 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in) pressure hull Beam 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in) o/a 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) pressure hull Height9.60 m (31 ft 6 in) Draught4.74 m (15 ft 7 in) Installed power 2,800–3,200 PS (2,100–2,400 kW; 2,800–3,200 bhp) (diesels) 750 PS (550 kW; 740 shp) (electric) Propulsion 2 shafts 2 × diesel engines 2 × electric motors Speed 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) surfaced 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged Range 8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged Test depth 220 m (720 ft) Crush depth: 250–295 m (820–968 ft) Complement4 officers, 44–52 enlisted Armament 5 × 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four bow, one stern) 14 × torpedoes or 26 TMA mines 1 × 8.8 cm (3.46 in) deck gun (220 rounds) 1 × 3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42 AA gun 2 × twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns Service record Part of: 4th U-boat Flotilla 11 July 1944 – 8 May 1945 Identification codes: M 38 859Commanders: Oblt.z.S. / Kptlt. Hellmut Stähler 11 July 1944 – 9 May 1945 Operations: NoneVictories: None German submarine U-928 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She was ordered on 25 August 1941, and was laid down on 5 January 1943 at Neptun Werft AG, Rostock, as yard number 515. She was launched on 15 April 1944 and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Hellmut Stähler on 11 July 1944. Design German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-928 had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two SSW GU 343/38-8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft). The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-928 was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes or 26 TMA mines, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one 3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42 and two twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between 44 — 52 men. Service history On 9 May 1945, U-928 surrendered at Bergen, Norway. She was later transferred to Lisahally, Northern Ireland on 30 May 1945. Of the 156 U-boats that eventually surrendered to the Allied forces at the end of the war, U-928 was one of 116 selected to take part in Operation Deadlight. U-928 was towed out on 16 December 1945, and sunk. The wreck is located at 56°06′N 10°05′W / 56.100°N 10.083°W / 56.100; -10.083. References ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Hellmut Stähler". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ a b c Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-928". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ a b c d Gröner 1991, pp. 43–46. Bibliography Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6. Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2. Gröner, Eric; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). German Warships 1815-1945: U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4. External links Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type VIIC boat U-928". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. vteGerman Type VII submarinesType VIIA U-27 U-28 U-29 U-30 U-31 U-32 U-33 U-34 U-35 U-36 Type VIIB U-45 U-46 U-47 U-48 U-49 U-50 U-51 U-52 U-53 U-54 U-55 U-73 U-74 U-75 U-76 U-83 U-84 U-85 U-86 U-87 U-99 U-100 U-101 U-102 Type VIIC U-69 U-70 U-71 U-72 U-77 U-78 U-79 U-80 U-81 U-82 U-88 U-89 U-90 U-91 U-92 U-93 U-94 U-95 U-96 U-97 U-98 U-132 U-133 U-134 U-135 U-136 U-201 U-202 U-203 U-204 U-205 U-206 U-207 U-208 U-209 U-210 U-211 U-212 U-221 U-222 U-223 U-224 U-225 U-226 U-227 U-228 U-229 U-230 U-231 U-232 U-235 U-236 U-237 U-238 U-239 U-240 U-241 U-242 U-243 U-244 U-245 U-246 U-247 U-248 U-249 U-250 U-251 U-252 U-253 U-254 U-255 U-256 U-257 U-258 U-259 U-260 U-261 U-262 U-263 U-264 U-265 U-266 U-267 U-268 U-269 U-270 U-271 U-272 U-273 U-274 U-275 U-276 U-277 U-278 U-279 U-280 U-281 U-282 U-283 U-284 U-285 U-286 U-287 U-288 U-289 U-290 U-291 U-301 U-302 U-303 U-304 U-305 U-306 U-307 U-308 U-309 U-310 U-311 U-312 U-313 U-314 U-315 U-316 U-331 U-332 U-333 U-334 U-335 U-336 U-337 U-338 U-339 U-340 U-341 U-342 U-343 U-344 U-345 U-346 U-347 U-348 U-349 U-350 U-351 U-352 U-353 U-354 U-355 U-356 U-357 U-358 U-359 U-360 U-361 U-362 U-363 U-364 U-365 U-366 U-367 U-368 U-369 U-370 U-371 U-372 U-373 U-374 U-375 U-376 U-377 U-378 U-379 U-380 U-381 U-382 U-383 U-384 U-385 U-386 U-387 U-388 U-389 U-390 U-391 U-392 U-393 U-394 U-396 U-397 U-398 U-399 U-400 U-401 U-402 U-403 U-404 U-405 U-406 U-407 U-408 U-409 U-410 U-411 U-412 U-413 U-414 U-415 U-416 U-417 U-418 U-419 U-420 U-421 U-422 U-423 U-424 U-425 U-426 U-427 U-428 U-429 U-430 U-431 U-432 U-433 U-434 U-435 U-436 U-437 U-438 U-439 U-440 U-441 U-442 U-443 U-444 U-445 U-446 U-447 U-448 U-449 U-450 U-451 U-452 U-453 U-454 U-455 U-456 U-457 U-458 U-465 U-466 U-467 U-468 U-469 U-470 U-471 U-472 U-473 U-475 U-476 U-477 U-478 U-479 U-480 U-481 U-482 U-483 U-484 U-485 U-486 U-551 U-552 U-553 U-554 U-555 U-556 U-557 U-558 U-559 U-560 U-561 U-562 U-563 U-564 U-565 U-566 U-567 U-568 U-569 U-570 U-571 U-572 U-573 U-574 U-575 U-576 U-577 U-578 U-579 U-580 U-581 U-582 U-583 U-584 U-585 U-586 U-587 U-588 U-589 U-590 U-591 U-592 U-593 U-594 U-595 U-596 U-597 U-598 U-599 U-600 U-601 U-602 U-603 U-604 U-605 U-606 U-607 U-608 U-609 U-610 U-611 U-612 U-613 U-614 U-615 U-616 U-617 U-618 U-619 U-620 U-621 U-622 U-623 U-624 U-625 U-626 U-627 U-628 U-629 U-630 U-631 U-632 U-633 U-634 U-635 U-636 U-637 U-638 U-639 U-640 U-641 U-642 U-643 U-644 U-645 U-646 U-647 U-648 U-649 U-650 U-651 U-652 U-653 U-654 U-655 U-656 U-657 U-658 U-659 U-660 U-661 U-662 U-663 U-664 U-665 U-666 U-667 U-668 U-669 U-670 U-671 U-672 U-673 U-674 U-675 U-676 U-677 U-678 U-679 U-680 U-681 U-682 U-683 U-701 U-702 U-703 U-704 U-705 U-706 U-707 U-708 U-709 U-710 U-711 U-712 U-713 U-714 U-715 U-716 U-717 U-718 U-719 U-720 U-721 U-722 U-731 U-732 U-733 U-734 U-735 U-736 U-737 U-738 U-739 U-740 U-741 U-742 U-743 U-744 U-745 U-746 U-747 U-748 U-749 U-750 U-751 U-752 U-753 U-754 U-755 U-756 U-757 U-758 U-759 U-760 U-761 U-762 U-763 U-764 U-765 U-766 U-767 U-768 U-771 U-772 U-773 U-774 U-775 U-776 U-777 U-778 U-779 U-821 U-822 U-825 U-826 U-901 U-903 U-904 U-905 U-907 U-921 U-922 U-923 U-924 U-925 U-926 U-927 U-928 U-951 U-952 U-953 U-954 U-955 U-956 U-957 U-958 U-959 U-960 U-961 U-962 U-963 U-964 U-965 U-966 U-967 U-968 U-969 U-970 U-971 U-972 U-973 U-974 U-975 U-976 U-977 U-978 U-979 U-980 U-981 U-982 U-983 U-984 U-985 U-986 U-987 U-988 U-989 U-990 U-991 U-992 U-993 U-994 U-1051 U-1052 U-1053 U-1054 U-1055 U-1056 U-1057 U-1058 U-1101 U-1102 U-1131 U-1132 U-1161 U-1162 U-1191 U-1192 U-1193 U-1194 U-1195 U-1196 U-1197 U-1198 U-1199 U-1200 U-1201 U-1202 U-1203 U-1204 U-1205 U-1206 U-1207 U-1208 U-1209 U-1210 Type VIIC/41 U-292 U-293 U-294 U-295 U-296 U-297 U-298 U-299 U-300 U-317 U-318 U-319 U-320 U-321 U-322 U-323 U-324 U-325 U-326 U-327 U-328 U-691 U-827 U-828 U-929 U-930 U-995 U-997 U-998 U-999 U-1000 U-1001 U-1002 U-1003 U-1004 U-1005 U-1006 U-1007 U-1008 U-1009 U-1010 U-1011 U-1013 U-1014 U-1015 U-1016 U-1017 U-1018 U-1019 U-1020 U-1021 U-1022 U-1023 U-1024 U-1025 U-1063 U-1064 U-1065 U-1103 U-1104 U-1105 U-1106 U-1107 U-1108 U-1109 U-1110 U-1163 U-1164 U-1165 U-1166 U-1167 U-1168 U-1169 U-1170 U-1171 U-1172 U-1271 U-1272 U-1273 U-1274 U-1275 U-1276 U-1277 U-1278 U-1279 U-1301 U-1302 U-1303 U-1304 U-1305 U-1306 U-1307 U-1308 Type VIID U-213 U-214 U-215 U-216 U-217 U-218 Type VIIF U-1059 U-1060 U-1061 U-1062 Preceded by: Type II Followed by: Type IX List of U-boats of Germany vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in December 1945Shipwrecks 1 Dec: USS Bellona, U-826, U-1004, U-1061, U-1104 3 Dec: U-994 4 Dec: U-218, U-299, U-539, U-777 5 Dec: U-1005 7 Dec: U-245, U-907, U-1019 8 Dec: U-485, U-773, U-775, U-1203, U-1271, U-1272 9 Dec: U-532, U-1052, U-1307 11 Dec: U-716, U-978, U-991, U-1163 13 Dec: Empire Tigaven, HMS N 86, U-255, U-293, U-295, U-760, U-997, U-1002 16 Dec: U-483, U-739, U-928, U-992, U-1009, U-1301 17 Dec: U-368, U-779, U-956, U-1198, U-1230 20 Dec: U-291 21 Dec: U-149, U-150, U-155, U-318, U-427, U-637, U-720, U-806, U-1102, U-1110 22 Dec: U-143, U-145, U-1194, U-2354 23 Dec: Duncan L. Clinch 27 Dec: Empire Tigawa, U-313 28 Dec: U-680 29 Dec: USS Minivet, U-390, U-930, U-1022, U-1233 30 Dec: Lambridge, U-1103, U-1165 31 Dec: U-294, U-363, U-668, U-802, U-861, U-874, U-875, U-883, U-2341 Unknown date: USS Industry Other incidents 11 Dec: I-201 1944 1945 1946 November 1945 January 1946

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Type VIIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_VII_U-boat"},{"link_name":"U-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"Neptun Werft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_Werft"},{"link_name":"Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostock"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Oberleutnant zur See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberleutnant_zur_See"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-2"}],"text":"German World War II submarineGerman submarine U-928 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.She was ordered on 25 August 1941, and was laid down on 5 January 1943 at Neptun Werft AG, Rostock, as yard number 515. She was launched on 15 April 1944 and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Hellmut Stähler on 11 July 1944.[2]","title":"German submarine U-928"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Type VIIC submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine#Type_VIIC"},{"link_name":"Type VIIB submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine#Type_VIIB"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199143%E2%80%9346-3"},{"link_name":"pressure hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_hull"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draught_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Germaniawerft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniawerft"},{"link_name":"supercharged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharged"},{"link_name":"diesel engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"SSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens-Schuckert"},{"link_name":"double-acting electric motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor%E2%80%93generator"},{"link_name":"propellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199143%E2%80%9346-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199143%E2%80%9346-3"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mines"},{"link_name":"8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8.8_cm_SK_C/35_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.7_cm_Flak_18/36/37/43"},{"link_name":"2 cm (0.79 in) C/30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_cm_FlaK_30"},{"link_name":"complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199143%E2%80%9346-3"}],"text":"German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-928 had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged.[3] She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two SSW GU 343/38-8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).[3]The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph).[3] When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-928 was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes or 26 TMA mines, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one 3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42 and two twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between 44 — 52 men.[3]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bergen, Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen,_Norway"},{"link_name":"Lisahally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisahally"},{"link_name":"Operation Deadlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deadlight"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-2"},{"link_name":"56°06′N 10°05′W / 56.100°N 10.083°W / 56.100; -10.083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=German_submarine_U-928&params=56_06_N_10_05_W_"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-2"}],"text":"On 9 May 1945, U-928 surrendered at Bergen, Norway. She was later transferred to Lisahally, Northern Ireland on 30 May 1945. Of the 156 U-boats that eventually surrendered to the Allied forces at the end of the war, U-928 was one of 116 selected to take part in Operation Deadlight. U-928 was towed out on 16 December 1945, and sunk.[2]The wreck is located at 56°06′N 10°05′W / 56.100°N 10.083°W / 56.100; -10.083.[2]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55750-186-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-186-6"},{"link_name":"Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/Der_U_Boot_Krieg_1939_1945_Deutsche_U_Bo/vXKwAAAAIAAJ?hl=en"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8132-0514-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8132-0514-2"},{"link_name":"German Warships 1815-1945: U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/German_Warships_1815_1945/Udg-0AEACAAJ?hl=en"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-593-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-593-4"}],"text":"Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.\nBusch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 [German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945] (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.\nGröner, Eric; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). German Warships 1815-1945: U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Building_of_the_Peabody-Williams_School

Peabody Building of the Peabody-Williams School

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 37°13′23″N 77°24′25″W / 37.22306°N 77.40694°W / 37.22306; -77.40694United States historic placePeabody Building of the Peabody-Williams SchoolU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesVirginia Landmarks Register Peabody Building of the Peabody-Williams School, Jones St. Petersburg, next to new Peabody Middle SchoolShow map of VirginiaShow map of the United StatesLocationJones St., Petersburg, VirginiaCoordinates37°13′23″N 77°24′25″W / 37.22306°N 77.40694°W / 37.22306; -77.40694Arealess than one acreBuilt1920ArchitectCharles M. RobinsonNRHP reference No.00000891 VLR No.123-5019Significant datesAdded to NRHPAugust 2, 2000Designated VLRJune 14, 2000 Peabody Building of the Peabody-Williams School is an American historic school building located in Petersburg, Virginia. The structure opened in 1920 as a public high school for African American students in Petersburg's segregated public school system. The building was designed by noted Virginia architect Charles M. Robinson. It is a two-story, red brick building that was originally part of a campus that included a junior high school and an elementary school. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000, but is now closed. A new middle school was built adjacent to it, and remains in use. References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved 19 March 2013. ^ Ashley M. Neville (March 2000). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Peabody Building of the Peabody-Williams School" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources. and Accompanying photo vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in VirginiaListsby county Accomack Albemarle Alleghany Amelia Amherst Appomattox Arlington Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt Brunswick Buchanan Buckingham Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dickenson Dinwiddie Essex Fairfax Fauquier Floyd Fluvanna Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Greensville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle Of Wight James City King and Queen King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mathews Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nelson New Kent Northampton Northumberland Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward Prince George Prince William Pulaski Rappahannock Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton Spotsylvania Stafford Surry Sussex Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland Wise Wythe York Listsby city Alexandria Bristol Buena Vista Charlottesville Chesapeake Colonial Heights Covington Danville Emporia Fairfax Falls Church Franklin Fredericksburg Galax Hampton Harrisonburg Hopewell Lexington Lynchburg Manassas Manassas Park Martinsville Newport News Norfolk Norton Petersburg Poquoson (no listings) Portsmouth Radford Richmond Roanoke Salem Staunton Suffolk Virginia Beach Waynesboro Williamsburg Winchester Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property This article about a property in Petersburg, Virginia on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_del_Mar

Torre del Mar

["1 History","2 Places of special interest","2.1 Torre del Mar train station","2.2 Farmhouse Casa de la Viña (House of the Vineyard)","2.3 Boat Club","2.4 The Old Castle of Torre del Mar","2.5 Entrance to the Hermitage of Las Angustias","2.6 Home of the Virgin of La Victoria","2.7 House of Larios, Torre del Mar","2.8 Villa Mercedes","2.9 lighthouse on the promenade","2.10 Toré Tore Avenue Lighthouse","2.11 The sugar factory of Torre del Mar (The sugar refinery)","2.12 Saint Andrew’s Parish Church","2.13 La Casa Recreo (recreational house, Tourist Office)","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 36°45′N 4°05′W / 36.750°N 4.083°W / 36.750; -4.083Locality on the southern coast of Spain This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Torre del Mar" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Torre del Mar is a locality on the southern coast of Spain, part of the municipality of Vélez-Málaga, Axarquía, located in the province of Málaga. It is a popular summer tourist resort for Spanish people. History There is archaeological evidence of a 7th-century Phoenician necropolis located in the farmhouse of Casa de la Viña; there was also once a Punic-Roman city called Maenoba or Menoba (Cerro del Mar), at the mouth of the river Velez, which was a production and distribution centre for the famous Roman garum. Despite this, we can consider Torre del Mar a relatively new settlement, founded at the start of the 16th century, a settlement protected by a small castle from the Nasrid dynasty, known as Alcozaiba Tower. This was renamed "Torre de la Mar" (tower of the sea) in 1487 when it was taken by the Catholic Monarchs. At this time it was ceded to Ruiz López de Toledo who refused the offering and donated it to the city of Velez-Málaga, this was later confirmed in the year 1571 when King Charles I confirmed the permanent concession of the castle to Velez-Málaga. During the 16th and 17th centuries, a deep re-modelling of the Islamic defence site was undertaken. However, it wasn’t until 1730 that important reformation of the castle was undertaken to adapt it for artillery, with the aim of relieving, as much as possible, the effects of the attacks from the British naval fleet. It was in this latter century, in 1704, that the waters of this coast witnessed a bloody naval conflict (the Battle of Velez-Málaga) between Franco-Spanish and Anglo-Dutch fleets as part of the Spanish War of Succession. This battle was settled without a clear winner, despite the numerous casualties suffered on both sides. Throughout the 18th century, a gradual urban development was started, with the building of houses in the areas surrounding the castle. These were grouped around the farmstead of the Casa de la Viña, where a small neighbourhood was built. As well as the building of new houses, in 1748, the hermitage of Our Lady of las Angustias was erected. The basic pillars of the economy of Torre del Mar was agriculture, fishing, and trade, this last one was facilitated by the enormous inlet, although the lack of port structures greatly limited activity since the goods had to be transported by barge. Despite the great efforts made by the council of Velez in this area, these efforts were fruitless due to a lack of money and the determined opposition of the city of Malaga where they tried to favour the sale of their own products. What is true is that Torre del Mar became the port of the Axarquia region and the majority of its agricultural produce (wines, raisins, oil, almonds, dried figs, citrus fruit etc.) was exported to the major ports in the north of Europe. The 19th century saw a decline in commercial growth due to the lack of necessary infrastructure, at the time of increased exploitation of sugar cane. The preindustrial activity in this area started in 1796, the year in which José García Navarrete asked for authorisation to build a sugar mill. Afterwards, Ramón de la Sagra, philosopher and business owner, propelled the creation of the Sociedad Azucarera Peninsular (Peninsular Sugar Society) in 1845, with the objective of starting the industrialisation of the sector, and in 1846 he built a modern sugar factory in the old mill of Torre del Mar. However, this has to be sold to the Larios family due to financing issues. The Larios family ran the Factory Nuestra Señora del Carmen in Torre del Mar for 134 years, while holding great economic and political power throughout the whole county. From 1988, sugarcane production began to decrease drastically and in 1991 Torre del Mar had its last harvest. In the mid-19th century, Torre del Mar had a council, although this was for a brief period of 4–6 years (1842-1848), this is recorded in Pascual Madoz’s "Geographical, Statistical, Historical Dictionary of Spain and its overseas possessions". In those times the region had 739 people living in 174 houses. There were many stores, a large place for salting products alongside a salt store, a primary school, a church dedicated to the calling of Saint Andrew the Apostle, a hermitage dedicated to Our Lady of Las Angustias (to which the entrance has recently been recovered), a cemetery as well as a number of wells and mills. In those days Mar, Emmedio and San Andrés streets already existed. The Malaga-Almeria road was built around the year 1869; this determined the urban structure of Torre del Mar which was moved closer to the sea. In the first decade of the 20th century the railway station was built (the current bus station) and at the end of 1908 the train arrived for the first time, unfortunately this stopped running in 1968. Between 1864 and 1889, Torre del Mar had a lighthouse at the mouth of the river Velez, but this was destroyed for a while. Later, in 1930 another lighthouse was built in what is now Toré Toré Avenue; this lighthouse has a range of 12 miles. It had to be closed due to the urban boom, and another was built right next to the beach, but this was only used for a very short time as in 1976 a new lighthouse was built, right next to the previous one and measuring 25 metres in height. In the first years of the 20th century, we see the beginnings of what will be the new economic direction of Torre del Mar. It is at that time that some spas were opened with the intention, cautiously at first, of attracting some of the emerging tourists. However, it wasn’t until the second half of that century that this phenomenon, now a mass activity, altered the physiognomy completely by making the number of inhabitants and built-up areas grow. This has encouraged a very high tourist population which suffers strong oscillations depending on the season. Tourism also caused a change in customs and ways of thinking as contact with tourists meant the Spanish population began to share the nonconformist and liberal mentality of Europe at this time, causing the rupture of the out-of-date, traditionalist, Spanish culture. Places of special interest Torre del Mar train station This compact train station from 1904 has a rectangular body and a single hall with two floors and two side sections running along the sides of the main building. It has an eclectic decoration, using neo-mudejar style brickwork for the edges of the doors, openings and corners. It also has overhanging eaves and gabled roofs with green glass tiles. The lower, central section has two doors on each side of the lower floor and openings over each door. The side sections are only one story high and have similar entrances. The building served as the railway station for the suburban line from Malaga to Velez-Málaga. Farmhouse Casa de la Viña (House of the Vineyard) This hundred-year-old house stands at the foot of the mount Monte de la Viña in the original town centre of Torre del Mar, right next to the millenary channel of the fort house. The inhabitants abandoned this place to move to the vicinity of the old castle, which was out of service in the mid-19th century. The building is built around a central, quadrangular patio, which is communicated with the rooms and stores, the latter being situated in the east and south of the building. There is a three-floored pavilion on the north façade with a four-sided sloped roof. On the west side is the long, main facade which has two heights with uniform spaces and barred windows. Boat Club The building was designed by Francisco Estrada Romero, influenced by the organic architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. It is small-scale with two floors and two different areas: One social and one for boats. The floor is arranged around three circles of differing sizes and a number of rectangles. Of the many different elements the glass tower in the shape of an inverted cone stands out, its function was to control the races and auxiliary lights. The building is an example of the modern movement from the second half of the 20th century, and manifests the unique uses of a maritime town such as Torre del Mar. The Old Castle of Torre del Mar The Castillo de Torre del Mar This is the castle-fort which is the original centre of what is now Torre del Mar. This coastal bastion was once small in size and its purpose was to watch the coast and protect the boats that docked in the natural port. Over time the fortification got further from the sea due to the progression of the ground. In 1730, an important reformation was carried out shaping it into what nowadays we know as the castle of Torre del Mar. In this reformation, they added a second front made up of two small curtains joined to the artillery battery which occupied the centre, and on the ends, two towers which already existed in the old space. The castle also boasted the military building and stores, its second great function being the storage of agricultural products from all over the county, (such as raisins, wine and citrus fruit) ready for export. The castle of Torre del Mar is an emblematic icon forming part of the current history of the town. Entrance to the Hermitage of Las Angustias All that is left of the hermitage is the entrance, which was erected by Pedro González, founder of the brotherhood, in the early second half of the 18th century. It later disappeared at the end of the 19th century, and the space has been occupied by houses since then. The classic baroque entrance is made of stone slabs from Cerro del Peñón. The structure is marked by two pillars composed of the base, shaft and capital. While being restored, a bare-brick lintel was added as well as a small alcove. The hermitage occupied the full length of the houses that now stand and was entered from the side. The entrance is both an historical and artistic element, and is testimony to the old hermitage in this place. Home of the Virgin of La Victoria This home was constructed by the Larios family, possibly around the year 1907. This building was once called 'The building of Ave Maria' and was dedicated to charity. Later, in 1936, it was given over for use as schools and given the name 'Home of the Virgin of La Victoria'. The building is reminiscent of types of hospitals at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. The main body is rectangular, where the door is found with steps leading to the main floor. It is made up of two floors and a semi-basement which lifts the building up. Behind the main body six parallel pavilions extend, joined together and to the main body by a corridor, with the centre free for a patio with vegetation, at the end of which is a small chapel. The whole place has large windows and large dimensions bringing light to the rooms. The building forms part of the contemporary history of Torre del Mar, and as such, the collective memory of the inhabitants. House of Larios, Torre del Mar The house of Larios dates from 1888 and also forms part of the sugar factory complex. It was used to house the offices of the personnel and the Factory engineer’s house. In the 70’s and 80’s, the building was used by the sugar cooperative. This building is simple and functional, in a regional style with mudejar influences, it is characteristic of the end of the 19th century, and is very similar to the factory building. The building has two floors with two pavilions joined by a transverse nave. In these pavilions you can observe the overhangs with wooden, neo-mudejar footings and glazed tiles. Of particular note is its great height and large bays which were decorated with bare brick in the same style as the corners of the building which nowadays are covered but can be seen from outside. There is a small entrance porch with two iron poles and decoration, on either side is a set of tiles from Seville dating from the nineteenth century. These tiles make up the image of the Immaculate Conception, in the style of a small altar which comes from one of the villas of Paseo Larios street, which has since been knocked down. Villa Mercedes Located in Paseo Larios street, this is the only regionalist house in this area from the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. Previously this street boasted a number of this kind of house, each enclosed by walls. This building has two floors and an attic in the regionalist, neo-mudejar style. It is made up of different sections with a tower rising on the left side, in the style of the 16th century towers. At the front there is a porch with two Tuscan columns with sculpted cyma, it also has a particularly interesting stucco border with a relief showing motifs of plants. The façade is decorated by the main balcony and windows with decorative forged iron barring. The tower is three storeys tall with twin bay windows. The roofs are edged with beams or corbels. This is an excellent example of a second home of a landowner from the industrial era towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. lighthouse on the promenade The lighthouse was built around the 1950s due to the distancing of the coast from the previous lighthouse. The building is industrial in style and has a square base supporting a rectangular prism with a number of windows opening to the outside of the lighthouse. It is topped by an entablature or moulding where the catadioptric system was kept. The lighthouse was built with polygonal stone slabs and the corners and windows were also edged with stone blocks. The inside is organised with an axis with a spiral staircase to go up to the top. Next to the tower is a small building which was used to house the electrical generator. This was a single-story rectangular building with a wooden, gabled roof and an inset window on one side. The corners and windows are edged with bare brick. It represents the fishing activity of a place which is closely linked to the sea. Toré Tore Avenue Lighthouse This was built in 1930, as you can see on the weather vane. The building is industrial in style and has a square base supporting a rectangular prism with a number of windows opening to the outside of the lighthouse, currently the lower windows are covered. It is topped by an entablature or moulding where the catadioptric system is kept. The lighthouse was built with polygonal stone slabs and the corners and windows were also edged with stone blocks. The inside is organised with an axis with a spiral staircase to go up to the top. Next to the tower is a small building which was used to house the electrical generator. This was a single-story rectangular building with a wooden, gabled roof and an inset window on one side. The corners and windows are edged with bare brick. The sugar factory of Torre del Mar (The sugar refinery) The sugar factory It was around 1796, when José García Navarrete started producing sugar in Torre del Mar, yet it wasn’t until 1846, under Ramón de la Sagra, that the new Factory was built in the Cuban, industrial style using steam machinery. Consequently, due to an economic fiasco, it would be handed over to the Larios family under the name 'Factory of Nuestra Señora del Carmen'. The factory was used commercially until 1991, which saw the final production season. It was a fundamental element in the socioeconomic development of our town for generations. The building ended up being converted into an indisputable icon which is emblematic of the industrial patrimony of the coast of Malaga. In 1993, the factory’s central building was restored to preserve it, this is the part that currently can be visited and is eminently for cultural use. Near this part are two original fireplaces which were part of the factory. There is also restored evaporation machinery and replica steam machinery used to obtain sugar. Saint Andrew’s Parish Church Due to the urban development and population increase of Torre del Mar at the end of the 1960s, the town outgrew the old neo-mudejar church, so the drastic decision to build a new temple was made. The new building was in the modernist style, in the shape of a basilica, the layout and decoration was as prescribed by the second Vatican council predominantly reflecting simplicity, austerity and good feeling. The interior is completely diaphanous with no columns or pillars obstructing the view of the single altar, this was possible due to the new possibilities of concrete. Traditional decoration and ornaments are considered obstacles to 'correct' worship, which led the Church to minimalism, in which the figures of Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary should be focal and clear. The impressive size of the crucified Christ is a work of the master of religious painting, Francisco Buiza Fernández. La Casa Recreo (recreational house, Tourist Office) This is an ancestral home dating from the 19th century; it was a point of reference in the style of urbanisation in Torre del Mar. Nowadays, it is reformed and it sits between two infill buildings in the shape of a 'T' with a garden area in the front. The building has two floors and an original gallery has been preserved which was found in good condition prior to the reformation works. Currently, on the lower ground, the exhibition and help-desk are located. This leaves the upper floor for the department offices for tourism. As for the central part of the building, a glass covered patio was planned, around which the different departments are distributed. The standout features are the large wooden windows. There are views from the upper floor, looking out directly over the promenade and the sea. The building is clearly reminiscent of the kind of architecture of housing which is closely linked to areas of leisure for the bourgeoisie of the era, who enjoyed the rooms on the weekends and in summer for entertainment and relaxation. References External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Torre del Mar. Official website Torre del Mar 36°45′N 4°05′W / 36.750°N 4.083°W / 36.750; -4.083 Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States

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Despite this, we can consider Torre del Mar a relatively new settlement, founded at the start of the 16th century, a settlement protected by a small castle from the Nasrid dynasty, known as Alcozaiba Tower. This was renamed \"Torre de la Mar\" (tower of the sea) in 1487 when it was taken by the Catholic Monarchs. At this time it was ceded to Ruiz López de Toledo who refused the offering and donated it to the city of Velez-Málaga, this was later confirmed in the year 1571 when King Charles I confirmed the permanent concession of the castle to Velez-Málaga.During the 16th and 17th centuries, a deep re-modelling of the Islamic defence site was undertaken. However, it wasn’t until 1730 that important reformation of the castle was undertaken to adapt it for artillery, with the aim of relieving, as much as possible, the effects of the attacks from the British naval fleet. It was in this latter century, in 1704, that the waters of this coast witnessed a bloody naval conflict (the Battle of Velez-Málaga) between Franco-Spanish and Anglo-Dutch fleets as part of the Spanish War of Succession. This battle was settled without a clear winner, despite the numerous casualties suffered on both sides.Throughout the 18th century, a gradual urban development was started, with the building of houses in the areas surrounding the castle. These were grouped around the farmstead of the Casa de la Viña, where a small neighbourhood was built. As well as the building of new houses, in 1748, the hermitage of Our Lady of las Angustias was erected.The basic pillars of the economy of Torre del Mar was agriculture, fishing, and trade, this last one was facilitated by the enormous inlet, although the lack of port structures greatly limited activity since the goods had to be transported by barge. Despite the great efforts made by the council of Velez in this area, these efforts were fruitless due to a lack of money and the determined opposition of the city of Malaga where they tried to favour the sale of their own products. What is true is that Torre del Mar became the port of the Axarquia region and the majority of its agricultural produce (wines, raisins, oil, almonds, dried figs, citrus fruit etc.) was exported to the major ports in the north of Europe.The 19th century saw a decline in commercial growth due to the lack of necessary infrastructure, at the time of increased exploitation of sugar cane. The preindustrial activity in this area started in 1796, the year in which José García Navarrete asked for authorisation to build a sugar mill. Afterwards, Ramón de la Sagra, philosopher and business owner, propelled the creation of the Sociedad Azucarera Peninsular (Peninsular Sugar Society) in 1845, with the objective of starting the industrialisation of the sector, and in 1846 he built a modern sugar factory in the old mill of Torre del Mar. However, this has to be sold to the Larios family due to financing issues.The Larios family ran the Factory Nuestra Señora del Carmen in Torre del Mar for 134 years, while holding great economic and political power throughout the whole county. From 1988, sugarcane production began to decrease drastically and in 1991 Torre del Mar had its last harvest.In the mid-19th century, Torre del Mar had a council, although this was for a brief period of 4–6 years (1842-1848), this is recorded in Pascual Madoz’s \"Geographical, Statistical, Historical Dictionary of Spain and its overseas possessions\". In those times the region had 739 people living in 174 houses. There were many stores, a large place for salting products alongside a salt store, a primary school, a church dedicated to the calling of Saint Andrew the Apostle, a hermitage dedicated to Our Lady of Las Angustias (to which the entrance has recently been recovered), a cemetery as well as a number of wells and mills. In those days Mar, Emmedio and San Andrés streets already existed.The Malaga-Almeria road was built around the year 1869; this determined the urban structure of Torre del Mar which was moved closer to the sea. In the first decade of the 20th century the railway station was built (the current bus station) and at the end of 1908 the train arrived for the first time, unfortunately this stopped running in 1968.Between 1864 and 1889, Torre del Mar had a lighthouse at the mouth of the river Velez, but this was destroyed for a while. Later, in 1930 another lighthouse was built in what is now Toré Toré Avenue; this lighthouse has a range of 12 miles. It had to be closed due to the urban boom, and another was built right next to the beach, but this was only used for a very short time as in 1976 a new lighthouse was built, right next to the previous one and measuring 25 metres in height.In the first years of the 20th century, we see the beginnings of what will be the new economic direction of Torre del Mar. It is at that time that some spas were opened with the intention, cautiously at first, of attracting some of the emerging tourists. However, it wasn’t until the second half of that century that this phenomenon, now a mass activity, altered the physiognomy completely by making the number of inhabitants and built-up areas grow. This has encouraged a very high tourist population which suffers strong oscillations depending on the season. Tourism also caused a change in customs and ways of thinking as contact with tourists meant the Spanish population began to share the nonconformist and liberal mentality of Europe at this time, causing the rupture of the out-of-date, traditionalist, Spanish culture.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Places of special interest"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Torre del Mar train station","text":"This compact train station from 1904 has a rectangular body and a single hall with two floors and two side sections running along the sides of the main building. It has an eclectic decoration, using neo-mudejar style brickwork for the edges of the doors, openings and corners. It also has overhanging eaves and gabled roofs with green glass tiles. The lower, central section has two doors on each side of the lower floor and openings over each door. The side sections are only one story high and have similar entrances. The building served as the railway station for the suburban line from Malaga to Velez-Málaga.","title":"Places of special interest"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Farmhouse Casa de la Viña (House of the Vineyard)","text":"This hundred-year-old house stands at the foot of the mount Monte de la Viña in the original town centre of Torre del Mar, right next to the millenary channel of the fort house. The inhabitants abandoned this place to move to the vicinity of the old castle, which was out of service in the mid-19th century.The building is built around a central, quadrangular patio, which is communicated with the rooms and stores, the latter being situated in the east and south of the building. There is a three-floored pavilion on the north façade with a four-sided sloped roof. On the west side is the long, main facade which has two heights with uniform spaces and barred windows.","title":"Places of special interest"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Boat Club","text":"The building was designed by Francisco Estrada Romero, influenced by the organic architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. It is small-scale with two floors and two different areas: One social and one for boats. The floor is arranged around three circles of differing sizes and a number of rectangles. Of the many different elements the glass tower in the shape of an inverted cone stands out, its function was to control the races and auxiliary lights.The building is an example of the modern movement from the second half of the 20th century, and manifests the unique uses of a maritime town such as Torre del Mar.","title":"Places of special interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castillo_de_Torre_del_Mar.jpg"}],"sub_title":"The Old Castle of Torre del Mar","text":"The Castillo de Torre del MarThis is the castle-fort which is the original centre of what is now Torre del Mar. This coastal bastion was once small in size and its purpose was to watch the coast and protect the boats that docked in the natural port. Over time the fortification got further from the sea due to the progression of the ground. In 1730, an important reformation was carried out shaping it into what nowadays we know as the castle of Torre del Mar. In this reformation, they added a second front made up of two small curtains joined to the artillery battery which occupied the centre, and on the ends, two towers which already existed in the old space.The castle also boasted the military building and stores, its second great function being the storage of agricultural products from all over the county, (such as raisins, wine and citrus fruit) ready for export. The castle of Torre del Mar is an emblematic icon forming part of the current history of the town.","title":"Places of special interest"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Entrance to the Hermitage of Las Angustias","text":"All that is left of the hermitage is the entrance, which was erected by Pedro González, founder of the brotherhood, in the early second half of the 18th century. It later disappeared at the end of the 19th century, and the space has been occupied by houses since then. The classic baroque entrance is made of stone slabs from Cerro del Peñón. The structure is marked by two pillars composed of the base, shaft and capital. While being restored, a bare-brick lintel was added as well as a small alcove. The hermitage occupied the full length of the houses that now stand and was entered from the side. The entrance is both an historical and artistic element, and is testimony to the old hermitage in this place.","title":"Places of special interest"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Home of the Virgin of La Victoria","text":"This home was constructed by the Larios family, possibly around the year 1907. This building was once called 'The building of Ave Maria' and was dedicated to charity. Later, in 1936, it was given over for use as schools and given the name 'Home of the Virgin of La Victoria'. The building is reminiscent of types of hospitals at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. The main body is rectangular, where the door is found with steps leading to the main floor. It is made up of two floors and a semi-basement which lifts the building up. Behind the main body six parallel pavilions extend, joined together and to the main body by a corridor, with the centre free for a patio with vegetation, at the end of which is a small chapel. The whole place has large windows and large dimensions bringing light to the rooms. The building forms part of the contemporary history of Torre del Mar, and as such, the collective memory of the inhabitants.","title":"Places of special interest"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"House of Larios, Torre del Mar","text":"The house of Larios dates from 1888 and also forms part of the sugar factory complex. It was used to house the offices of the personnel and the Factory engineer’s house. In the 70’s and 80’s, the building was used by the sugar cooperative. This building is simple and functional, in a regional style with mudejar influences, it is characteristic of the end of the 19th century, and is very similar to the factory building. The building has two floors with two pavilions joined by a transverse nave. In these pavilions you can observe the overhangs with wooden, neo-mudejar footings and glazed tiles. Of particular note is its great height and large bays which were decorated with bare brick in the same style as the corners of the building which nowadays are covered but can be seen from outside. There is a small entrance porch with two iron poles and decoration, on either side is a set of tiles from Seville dating from the nineteenth century. These tiles make up the image of the Immaculate Conception, in the style of a small altar which comes from one of the villas of Paseo Larios street, which has since been knocked down.","title":"Places of special interest"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Villa Mercedes","text":"Located in Paseo Larios street, this is the only regionalist house in this area from the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. Previously this street boasted a number of this kind of house, each enclosed by walls. This building has two floors and an attic in the regionalist, neo-mudejar style. It is made up of different sections with a tower rising on the left side, in the style of the 16th century towers. At the front there is a porch with two Tuscan columns with sculpted cyma, it also has a particularly interesting stucco border with a relief showing motifs of plants. The façade is decorated by the main balcony and windows with decorative forged iron barring. The tower is three storeys tall with twin bay windows. The roofs are edged with beams or corbels. This is an excellent example of a second home of a landowner from the industrial era towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.","title":"Places of special interest"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"lighthouse on the promenade","text":"The lighthouse was built around the 1950s due to the distancing of the coast from the previous lighthouse. The building is industrial in style and has a square base supporting a rectangular prism with a number of windows opening to the outside of the lighthouse. It is topped by an entablature or moulding where the catadioptric system was kept. The lighthouse was built with polygonal stone slabs and the corners and windows were also edged with stone blocks. The inside is organised with an axis with a spiral staircase to go up to the top. Next to the tower is a small building which was used to house the electrical generator. This was a single-story rectangular building with a wooden, gabled roof and an inset window on one side. The corners and windows are edged with bare brick. It represents the fishing activity of a place which is closely linked to the sea.","title":"Places of special interest"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Toré Tore Avenue Lighthouse","text":"This was built in 1930, as you can see on the weather vane. The building is industrial in style and has a square base supporting a rectangular prism with a number of windows opening to the outside of the lighthouse, currently the lower windows are covered. It is topped by an entablature or moulding where the catadioptric system is kept. The lighthouse was built with polygonal stone slabs and the corners and windows were also edged with stone blocks. The inside is organised with an axis with a spiral staircase to go up to the top. Next to the tower is a small building which was used to house the electrical generator. This was a single-story rectangular building with a wooden, gabled roof and an inset window on one side. The corners and windows are edged with bare brick.","title":"Places of special interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antiguo_ingenio_azucarero,_Torre_del_Mar_02.JPG"}],"sub_title":"The sugar factory of Torre del Mar (The sugar refinery)","text":"The sugar factoryIt was around 1796, when José García Navarrete started producing sugar in Torre del Mar, yet it wasn’t until 1846, under Ramón de la Sagra, that the new Factory was built in the Cuban, industrial style using steam machinery. Consequently, due to an economic fiasco, it would be handed over to the Larios family under the name 'Factory of Nuestra Señora del Carmen'. The factory was used commercially until 1991, which saw the final production season. It was a fundamental element in the socioeconomic development of our town for generations. The building ended up being converted into an indisputable icon which is emblematic of the industrial patrimony of the coast of Malaga.In 1993, the factory’s central building was restored to preserve it, this is the part that currently can be visited and is eminently for cultural use. Near this part are two original fireplaces which were part of the factory. There is also restored evaporation machinery and replica steam machinery used to obtain sugar.","title":"Places of special interest"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Saint Andrew’s Parish Church","text":"Due to the urban development and population increase of Torre del Mar at the end of the 1960s, the town outgrew the old neo-mudejar church, so the drastic decision to build a new temple was made.The new building was in the modernist style, in the shape of a basilica, the layout and decoration was as prescribed by the second Vatican council predominantly reflecting simplicity, austerity and good feeling. The interior is completely diaphanous with no columns or pillars obstructing the view of the single altar, this was possible due to the new possibilities of concrete.Traditional decoration and ornaments are considered obstacles to 'correct' worship, which led the Church to minimalism, in which the figures of Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary should be focal and clear. The impressive size of the crucified Christ is a work of the master of religious painting, Francisco Buiza Fernández.","title":"Places of special interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"La Casa Recreo (recreational house, Tourist Office)","text":"This is an ancestral home dating from the 19th century; it was a point of reference in the style of urbanisation in Torre del Mar. Nowadays, it is reformed and it sits between two infill buildings in the shape of a 'T' with a garden area in the front. The building has two floors and an original gallery has been preserved which was found in good condition prior to the reformation works.Currently, on the lower ground, the exhibition and help-desk are located. This leaves the upper floor for the department offices for tourism. As for the central part of the building, a glass covered patio was planned, around which the different departments are distributed. The standout[original research?] features are the large wooden windows.There are views from the upper floor, looking out directly over the promenade and the sea. The building is clearly[citation needed] reminiscent of the kind of architecture of housing which is closely linked to areas of leisure for the bourgeoisie of the era, who enjoyed the rooms on the weekends and in summer for entertainment and relaxation.[citation needed]","title":"Places of special interest"}]

[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Torre_del_Mar_2009-08-14c.jpg/220px-Torre_del_Mar_2009-08-14c.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Castillo de Torre del Mar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Castillo_de_Torre_del_Mar.jpg/220px-Castillo_de_Torre_del_Mar.jpg"},{"image_text":"The sugar factory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Antiguo_ingenio_azucarero%2C_Torre_del_Mar_02.JPG/220px-Antiguo_ingenio_azucarero%2C_Torre_del_Mar_02.JPG"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_William_Carr

Donald William Carr

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 References"]

Donald William Carr (1866 - 1952) was an English medical missionary affiliated with the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in Persia. He founded and designed a men's and women's hospital, the Isa Bin Maryam Hospital , in Julfa, Isfahan, Iran, and the Shiraz Christian Missionary Hospital. Early life and education Donald William Carr was born on April 16, 1866 in Derbyshire, England to Edmund Carr and Emma Anne Stileman. His brother, Edmund Stileman Carr, was also a medical missionary. He married Agnes Mary Nevill, a nurse, on August 11, 1891. He had three children. He was educated at the Trinity College of Cambridge for his BA and London Hospital for his medical training. Career Carr was accepted as a missionary with the Church Missionary Society on October 3, 1893. He traveled to Persia Medical Mission in Julfa on April 19, 1894. He worked closely with Mary Bird and Emmeline Stuart throughout his career while opening regional dispensaries. Carr took over medical operations of the local clinic in Julfa, transforming it from three wards accommodating six men and seven women, in conjunction with the Church Missionary Society, to a functioning hospital. The transformation included the newfound use of clean linen and hospital garments, as well as a high standard of antisepsis in the hospital. The hospital's capacity expanded beyond the original clinic capacity. As many as 500 to 600 patients passed through the hospital during the year of 1900. He returned to England on sick leave in 1898 but returned to service in 1901. The new modern hospital in Isfahan officially opened in 1902 under Carr on land donated by a local businessman Amin al-Sharia. The hospital also offered medical education and was authorized by the government to issue certificates in "medical proficiency". The government provided the first public funding to the hospital in 1914. In 1922, after much resistance from locals, he was finally able to move to Shiraz and start the first CMS clinic in the region. He worked with Dr. Emmeline Stuart and Alice Verinder, a British nurse. The clinic was initially just a building in a garden, but in 1924, after a land donation from Hajj Muhammad Husayn Namazi, a maternity hospital was built. The operation eventually evolved into a large general hospital with financial assistance from the Indo-European Telegraph Company, as part of a deal on the terms that the CMS would take care of the IETC's own employees. The expanded facilities included separate male and female wards, a midwifery department, and an outpatient department. Eventually, it also engaged in medical education as a teaching hospital and was allowed by the Iranian government to hand out medical licensing certificates. References ^ Ebrahimi, Sara (2023). Emotion, Mission, Architecture. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-8657-6. ^ a b c Speziale, Fabrizio, ed. (2012). Hospitals in Iran and India, 1500-1950s. Brill. ISBN 9789004228290. ^ "Isa Ibn Maryam Specialized Hospital". Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 8 January 2024. ^ a b c d e f "1804-1894, Register of Missionaries - Church Missionary Society Periodicals - Adam Matthew Digital". www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-12-05. ^ Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Waterfield, Robin E. (1974). "Christians in Persia: Assyrians, Armenians, Roman Catholics, and Protestants". The American Historical Review. 79 (4): 1225. doi:10.2307/1869677. ISSN 0002-8762. ^ "BĪMĀRESTĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 8 January 2024. ^ a b Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "BĪMĀRESTĀN". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2023-12-05.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Taxation_and_Revenue_Department

New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department

["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]

New Mexico Taxation and Revenue DepartmentDepartment overviewTypeTaxation & Revenue ServicesJurisdictionState of New MexicoHeadquarters1100 South St. Francis DriveSanta Fe, New Mexico 87504-1028Employees803Annual budgetUS$90,078,526.00Department executiveStephanie Schardin Clarke, Cabinet SecretaryChild agenciesThe Office of the SecretaryAdministrative Services DivisionThe Office of Internal OversightLegal Services BureauInformation Technology DivisionAudit & Compliance DivisionRevenue Processing DivisionMotor Vehicle DivisionProperty Tax DivisionTax Fraud Investigations DivisionWebsitehttp://tax.newmexico.gov/ The New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department is the state agency responsible for collecting and distributing governmental revenue in New Mexico and administering the state's motor vehicle code. The Taxation and Revenue Department collects taxes within the state and also distributes revenue to support schools and state and local government operations. The Taxation and Revenue Department is also responsible for the regulation of motor vehicles. See also Government of New Mexico New Mexico Motor Vehicle Division References ^ State of New Mexico. "Budget and Expenditures - Taxation and Revenue Department". Retrieved 3 April 2013. ^ New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department (2013). "About Us". Retrieved 2 April 2013. External links New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department New Mexico Motor Vehicle Division vteNew Mexico Cabinet Agencies Aging and Long-Term Services Agriculture Children, Youth and Families Corrections Cultural Affairs Economic Development Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Engineer Environment Finance and Administration General Services Health Higher Education Homeland Security and Emergency Management Human Services Indian Affairs Information Technology Military Affairs Personnel Public Defender Public Education Public Safety Regulation and Licensing Taxation and Revenue Tourism Transportation Veteran Services Worker's Compensation Workforce Solutions Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_of_Oxfordshire

High Sheriff of Oxfordshire

["1 List of High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire","1.1 12th century","1.2 13th century","1.3 1248–1566","1.4 16th century","1.5 17th century","1.6 18th century","1.7 19th century","1.8 20th century","1.9 21st century","2 References"]

The High Sheriff of Oxfordshire, in common with other counties, was originally the King's representative on taxation upholding the law in Saxon times. The word Sheriff evolved from 'shire-reeve'. The title of High Sheriff is therefore much older than the other crown appointment, the Lord Lieutenant of Oxfordshire, which came about after 1545. Between 1248 and 1566 Berkshire and Oxfordshire formed a joint shrievalty (apart from a brief period in 1258/9). See High Sheriff of Berkshire. List of High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008) 1066–1068: Saewold 1066–1086: Edwin 1087: Svain 12th century 1100-1135: William 1100-1135: Peter c. 1130: Restold 1131: Robert D'Oyly c. 1142–?: William de Chesney 1135–1154: Henry de Oxford 1155–1159: Henry D'Oyly, 4th Baron Hocknorton 1160: Manasser Arsick and Henry D'Oyly, 4th Baron Hocknorton 1161–1162: Manasser Arsick 1163: Thomas Basset 1164–1169: Adam de Catmore 1170–1174: Alard Banastre 1175–1178: Robert de Tureville 1179–1181: (first half): Geoffrey Hose 1181: (second half)–1184 (first half): Robert de Whitfield 1184: (second half)–1186 (first half): Alanus de Furnell 1186: (second half)–1190: Robert de la Mare 1187–1194: (first half): William Briwere 1194: (second half)–1196: Henry D'Oyly, 5th Baron Hocknorton 1197–1199: Hugh de Neville 13th century 1200–1201 (first half): Gilbert Basset 1201 (second half)–1202 (first half): William Briwere 1202 (second half)–1214 (first quarter): Thomas Basset 1214 (last three-quarters): Ralph de Normanville 1215–1223: Falkes de Breauté 1223 (last three-quarters)–1224 (first half): Richard de Ripariis (Rivers) 1224–1268: Sir Gilbert de Kirkby, also Sheriff for Northamptonshire at same time 1224 (second half), 1225 (first quarter): Walter Foliot 1225 (last three-quarters)–1231: Godfrey of Crowcombe 1232: John de Hulecote (first three-quarters) 1232 (last quarter)–1233: Engelard de Cigogné 1233 (last quarter)–1235 (first half): John Le Brunn (or John Brunus) 1235 (second half)–1238 (first half): John de Tiwe 1238 (third quarter): Richard Suhard 1238 (last quarter): Paul Peyure 1239: John de Plessitis 1240–1244 (first quarter): William Hay 1244 (last three-quarters)–1247 (first half): Alanus de Farnham 1247 (second half)–1248: Guy fitz Robert 1248–1566 See High Sheriff of Berkshire 16th century 1567: Richard Fines 1568: Humphrey Ashfield 1569: Richard Taverner of Wood Eaton 1570: Thomas Gibbons 1571: Richard Wenman of Thame Park and Witney 1572: John Danvers 1573: Henry Rainford 1574: William Babington 1575: Michael Molyns of Mackney and Clapcot, Berkshire 1576: Robert D'Oyly of Merton and John Coop 1577: William Hawtrey 1578: Richard Corbet 1579: Edmund Bray 1580: Richard Huddleston of Thame Park 1581: Thomas Denton 1582: Sir Anthony Cope, 1st Baronet of Hanwell 1583: Richard Fiennes of Broughton Castle 1584: Owen Oglethorpe of Newington 1585–1586: John D'Oyly of Merton and Chislehampton 1587: Michael Blount of Mapledurham 1588: John Danvers 1589: William Clarke 1590: William Spencer of Yarnton 1591: Sir Anthony Cope, 1st Baronet of Hanwell 1592: Robert Chamblayn 1593: Francis Stonard of Blount's Court, Stonor Park 1594: Ralph Fiennes 1595: Owen Oglethorpe of Newington 1596: William Frere of Water Eaton 1597: George Broome 1598: Michael Blount of Mappledurham 1599: Francis Curson 17th century 1600: William Greene 1601: William Pope 1602: Richard Farmer 1603: Sir Anthony Cope, 1st Baronet 1604: Sir George Tipping 1605: James Harington of Merton 1606: Sir Thomas Temple 1607: Roland Lacy 1608: Henry Sambourne 1609: Michael Dormer 1610: Benedict Winchcombe 1611: Thomas Moyle 1612: William Clerke 1613: Henry Lee 1614: Edward Dunch 1615: Thomas Read 1616: Sir Thomas Spencer, 1st Baronet of Yarnton 1617: John Curson 1618: Edward Fenner 1619: Sir William Cope of Hardwick, near Banbury 1620: Sir Richard Baker of Middle Aston 1621: Francis Stonor 1622: Rowland Lacy 1623: William Aishcombe 1624: Walter Dunch 1625: Richard Blount of Mapledurham 1626: Richard Lovelace, 1st Baron Lovelace of Hurley, Berkshire and Cope Doyley 1627: Richard Wenman, 1st Viscount Wenman of Thame Park 1628: Robert Dormer 1629: William Cobb 1630: John Lacy 1631: John Harbourne 1632: Thomas Coghill 1633: Sir John Meller of Little Bredy, Dorset and Aldermanbury, London 1634: Peter Wentworth 1635: Sir Francis Norris 1636: William Walter of Sarsden 1637: Sir Thomas Penyston, 1st Baronet of Cornwell 1638: John Doyley of Chislehampton 1639: Ralph Warcoppe of Henley 1640: Richard Libbe 1641: Thomas Tipping 1642: Sir Thomas Chamberlayne, 1st Baronet (died in office and replaced by Sir Robert Jenkinson) 1643: Sir Robert Jenkinson of Walcot (Charlbury) 1644: Sir William Walter, Bt, of Sarsden 1645: Edward Clerke (Parliamentary) 1645: David Walter (Royalist) 1646: William Cope of Hanwell Castle 1647: George Chamberlain of Bishops Land, Wardington replaced by Nicholas Herman. 1648: Nicholas Herman 1649: Robert Jenkinson of Walcot (son of Sir Robert Jenkinson, HS 1643) 1650: William Boswell 1651: Robert Loggins of Idbury 1652: John Kent of Stoke Talmage 1653: Charnwell Pettie 1654: John Cartwright of Aynhoe Park 1655: William Draper of Nether Worton 1656: Francis Martin of Ewelme 1656: Sir William Walter, 1st Baronet 1657: William Draper of Nether Worton 1658: Unton Croke of Marston 1659: William Gore of Southleigh 1660: Robert Vesey of Chimney 1661: Thomas Cobb of Adderbury 1662: John Taverner of Soundess, (Nettlebed) 1663: Sir George Croke of Waterstock, FRS 1664 12 November 1665: Thomas Wheate, of Glympton Park 7 November 1666: William Dormer, of Ascot 6 November 1667: Edmund Dunch 6 November 1668: Sir William Glynne, of Ambrosden, Bicester 11 November 1669: Sir Samuel Jones 4 November 1670: John Cartwright, of Aynhoe Park 9 November 1671: Henry Hall, of Harding 11 November 1672: John Lenthall, of Burford Priory 12 November 1673: William Draper, of Nether Worton (accounts rendered for the year by Humphrey Wickham) 5 November 1674: William Wright 1674 Sir Thomas Curson, 1st Baronet of Water Perry 15 November 1675: Sir Edmund Fettiplace, 2nd Baronet 10 November 1676: John Gower 15 November 1677: John Parsons, of Nether Worton 14 November 1678: Ralph Holt, jnr of Stoke Lyne 13 November 1679: Sir James Perrott, jnr 4 November 1680: Edmund Gregory, of Cuxham 1681: Robert Mayot of Fawler 1682: John Wickham of Garsington 1683: Robert Dashwood of Northbrook, Kirtlington 1684: Sir John D'Oyley of Chiselhampton 1685: Sir Edward Reade, Bt of Shipton Court 1686: Sir Rowland Lacy of Pudlicot 1687: Sir Henry Browne of Kiddington, Kt 1688: Sir William Glynne of Bicester, Bt replaced by Sir William Walter, 2nd Bt 1689: William Blake of Coggs 1690: Simon Whorwood A'Dean of Chalgrave 1691: Thomas Rowney, Jr. of Oxford 1692: Thomas Crispe of Dornford 1693: Sir Sebastian Smythe of Cuddesdon 1694: James Jennings of Shiplake 1695: William Newell of Adwell 1696: Sir Thomas Wheate, 1st Baronet of Glympton Park 1697: Robert Barber of Adderbury 1698: William Hinde 1699: Borlase Warren replaced by Thomas Cartwright of Aynhoe Park 18th century 1700: Sir James Reade, Bt of Shipton Court 1701: Sir John Thornycroft, 1st Baronet of Milcombe 1702: Francis Keck of Great Tew 1703: Thomas Whorwood 1704: Humphrey Smith of Kidlington 1705: Carlton Stone of Brightwell 1706: Sir William Glynne of Bicester 1707: Borlase Warren of Stratton Audley 1708: Goddard Carter 1709: John Lenthall (1 December) then William Lenthall (18 December) 1710: Sir William Osbaldeston of Chadlington, Bt 1711: Charles Holt of Stoke Lyne 1712: Richard Lybbe of Hardwick 1713: Sir Charles Fettiplace, Bt of Swinbrook (died in office and replaced by Sir Lorenzo Fettiplace, Bt) 1714: James Norreys of Weston on the Green 1715: Charles Crisp of Dornford 1716: William Tipping of Draycot 1717: John Travell of Swerford 1718: Thomas Whorwood 1719: Francis Nourse of Woodeaton 1720: Daniel Blake of Coggs 1721: John Dew of Bampton 1722: Benjamin Sweet 1723: John Blewitt of Salford 1724: Allan Horde of Cote 1725: James Croke of Studley 1726: John Saunders 1727: Richard Wickham of Garsington 1728: Edward Barber of Adderbury 1730: Thomas Greenwood of Chastleton 1731: Henry Smith of Caversham 1732: Sir Edward Turner, 1st Baronet of Ambrosden 1733: Francis Heywood the younger of Forest Hill 1734: Sebastian Smythe of Cuddesdon 1735: Sir Edward Cobb, Bt of Adderbury 1736: Samuel Greenhill of Swyncombe 1737: John Clerke of North Weston 1738: Sir James Dashwood, 2nd Baronet of Kirtlington Park 1739: Philip Powys of Hardwick 1740: John Duncombe of Watlington 1741: John Nourse of Woodeaton 1742: Joseph Taylor of Sandford 1743: Rowland Lacy of Pudlicot 1744: Thomas Whorwood of Holton 1745: John Raine of Badgmore 1746: Thomas Horde of Coate 1747: Edward Metcalf of Drayton 1748: John Pollard of Finmore 1749: John Coker of Bicester 1750: Francis Gierke of North Weston 1751: No sheriff appointed (change of calendar) 1752: Francis Page of Middle Aston and Acton Hall, Worcs. 1753: Thomas Horde, of Coate 1754: Thomas Blackall, of Hazeley 1755: Sir William Burnaby, 1st Baronet of Broughton 1756: Charles Peers of Chislehampton 1757: Sir Francis Knollys, 1st Baronet of Thame 1758: Robert Fettyplace of Pudlicott 1759: Anthony Hodges of Harpsden 1760: Samuel Trotman of Bucknell 1761: Charles Price of Rotherfield 1762: William Vanderstegen of Cane End 1763: Edward Horn of Pyrton 1764: Abel Dottin of Newnham Murren 1765: Arthur Annesley of Bletchingdon 1766: Thomas Rollinson of Chadlington 1767: William Ledwell of Cowley 1768: Stukeley Bayntun of Chadlington 1769: Fiennes Trotman of Shelswell Park 1770: Francis Wastie of Cowley 1771: William Draper of Nether Worton 1772: Thomas Willats of Caversham 1773: John Bush of Burcot 1774: William Nedham of Howbery Park 1775: Henry Barber of Adderbury 1776: Oldfield Bowles of North Aston 1777: John Weyland of Woodeaton 1778: Charles Burrell Massingberd of Braisiers 1779: Edward Witts of Swerford Park 1780: Robert Langford of Ensham 1781: Richard Paul Joddrell of Lewknor 1782: William Phillips of Culham 1783: Sir Gregory Page-Turner, 3rd Baronet of Ambrosden 1784: Arthur Annesley of Bletchington Park 1785: John Lenthall the Younger, of Burford Priory 1786: Joseph Grote of Badgemore 1787: Charles Marsack of Caversham Park 1788: Thomas Jemmet of Little Milton 1789: John Blackall, jnr, of Haseley 1790: David Fell of Cavesham 1791: James Peter Auriol of Woodcot 1792: Thomas Willats of Caversham 1793: John Caillaud of Aston Rowant 1794: Samuel Gardiner of Coombe Lodge, Whitchurch 1795: Strickland Freeman of Fawley Court 1796: William Lowndes Stone of Brightwell 1797: James Jones of Adwell 1798: John Atkyns-Wright of Oxford 1799: George Stratton of Great Tew 19th century 5 February 1800: Richard Williams, of Nathrop 11 February 1801: George Clarke, of Chesterton 3 February 1802: Thomas Toovey, of Nettlebed 3 February 1803: James Taylor, of Sandford 1 February 1804: John Langston, of Sarsden House 6 February 1805: Elisha Biscoe, of Holton Park 1 February 1806: George Frederick Stratton, of Great Tew Park 4 February 1807: William Hodges, of Bolney Court 3 February 1808: Hon. Thomas Parker, of Eynsham Hall 6 February 1809: John Harrison, of Shelswell 31 January 1810: William Henry Ashhurst, of Waterstock 8 February 1811: Sir John Chandos Reade, 7th Baronet, of Shipstone 24 January 1812: Francis Sackville Lloyd Wheate, of Glympton Park 10 February 1813: William Wilson, of Nether Worton 4 February 1814: James King, of Neithrop 13 February 1815: Edward Francis Coulston, of Filkins 1816: John Phillips of Culham 1817: James Carey Willington of Coggs initially selected but died and replaced by Joseph Henley of Water Perry 1818: Philip Lybbe Powys (grandson of Philip, HS 1740) 1819: James Langston of Sarsden House 1820: Thomas Fraser of Woodcot House 1821: Charles Peers, of Chiselhampton 1822: John Blackall, of Great Haseley 1823: Daniel Stuart of Wykham Park 1824: Stanlake Batson of Mixbury 1825: Sir Francis Desanges, Kt of Aston Rowant 1826: William Peere Williams-Freeman of Henley-upon-Thames 1827: Joseph Wilson of Nether Worton 1828: Charles Cottrell Dormer of Rousham 1829: Thomas Cobb of Calthorpe House 1830: Richard Weyland, of Woodeaton 1831: Sir Henry Lambert, 5th Baronet, of Aston 1832: Michael Henry Blount of Mapledurham 1833: Sir George Dashwood, 4th Baronet, of Kirtlington Park 1834: William Francis Lowndes-Stone, of Brightwell House 1835: John Fane, of Wormsley 1836: Thomas Stonor, of Stonor 1837: Philip Thomas Herbert Wykeham, of Tythrop House 1838: William Peere Williams-Freeman, of Fawley Court 1839: John Harrison Slater Harrison, of Shelswell 1840: Hugh Hamersley, of Great Haseley House 1841: John Loveday, of Williamscote 1842: John Shawe Phillips, of Culham House 1843: William Henry Vanderstegen, of Cane End House 1844: Walter Strickland, of Cokethorpe Park 1845: John Sidney North, of Wroxton Abbey 1846: Mortimer Ricardo, of Kiddington 1847: Henry Baskerville, of Crowsley Park, Henley-on-Thames 1848: Matthew Piers Watt Boulton, of Great Tew 1849: Samuel Weare Gardiner, of Coombe Lodge, Whitchurch 1850: Henry Hall, of Barton 1851: John Brown, of Kingston Blount 1852: John Henry Ashhurst, of Waterstock 1853: James Morrell Jr., of Oxford 1854: John William Fane, of Wormsley 1855: Benjamin John Whippy, of Lee Place, Charlbury 1856: William Evetts, of Tackley Park 1857: Charles Dillon, 14th Viscount Dillon, of Dytchley 1858: Henry Lomax Gaskell, of Kiddington Hall 1859: George Gammie, of Shotover House 1860: John Fowden Hodges, of Bolney Court 1861: Henry Birch Reynardson, of Adwell 1862: Edward Mackenzie, of Fawley Court 1863: Thomas Taylor, of Aston House 1864: George Glen, of Stratton Audley Park 1865: William Melliar Foster-Melliar, of North Aston 1866: Sir Henry William Dashwood, of Kirtlington Park, Baronet 1867: Alexander William Hall of Duns Tew 1868: William Earle Biscoe, of Holton Park 1869: James Mason of Eynsham Hall 1870: John Weyland of Woodeaton 1871: Sir Algernon William Peyton, 4th Bt. of Swifts House, Stoke Lyne near Bicester 1872: Charles Sartoris of Wilcote House 1873: William Dalziel Mackenzie, of Gillotts 1874: Arthur, Viscount Valentia, of Bletchingdon Park 1875: Edward William Vernon Harcourt, of Nuneham Park 1876: Holford Cotton Risley, of Deddington 1877: Arthur Henry Clerke Brown, of Kingston Blount 1878: Albert Brassey, of Heythrop Park 1879: William Fanning, of Bozedown, Whitchurch 1880: Lieutenant – Colonel James Miller, of Shotover House 1881: Major – General Sir Thomas Peyton, of Swift's House, 5th Baronet 1882: Edward Slater Harrison, of Shelswell Park 1883: William Henry Fox, of Bradwell Grove 1884: Wenman Aubrey Wykeham-Musgrove, of Thame Park 1885: George Herbert Morrell, of Headington Hill Hall 1886: Sir Francis George Stapleton, of Grey's Court, 8th Baronet 1887: Philip James Digby Wykeham,of Tythrop House 1888: John Darell Blount, of Mapledurham House 1889: William Mewburn, of Wykham Park 1890: John Foster, of Combe Park 1891: William Henry Ashhurst, of Waterstock 1892: Cecil D'Aguilar Samuda, of Shipton Court 1893: Charles Twysden Hoare, of Bignell, Bicester 1894: Alexander Casper Fraser, of Mongewell 1895: Richard Ovey, of Badgemore, Henley-on-Thames 1896: Sir Algernon Francis Peyton, of Swift's House, Bicester, 6th Baronet 1897: Aubrey Harcourt, of Nuneham Park 1898: Lieutenant – Colonel George Gosling, of Stratton Audley Park 1899:John Frederick Starkey, of Borticote House, 20th century 1900: Robert Hichens Camden Harrison, of Shiplake Court 1901: Henry Clerke Brown, of Kingston Blount 1902: Captain Charles Walter Cottrell-Dormer, of Rousham Park 1903: Sir George John Egerton Dashwood, Bt., of Kirtlington Park 1904: James Walker Larnach, of Adderbury House 1905: Leonard Noble, of Harpsden Court 1906: George Talfourd Inman, of Highmoor Hall 1907: Leigh Hoskyns, of Cotefield 1908: Vernon James Watney, of Cornbury Park 1909: Robert Fleming, of Joyce Grove, Nettlebed 1910: William Frederick Pepper, of Shipton Court 1911: Sir Paul Augustine Makins, Bt. of Chilterns End, Henley-on-Thames 1912: Edward Ferguson Chance, of Sandford Park 1913: William John Birch Reynardson, of Adwell House, Tetsworth 1914: John Norman Hardcastle, of Broughton Hall 1915: John Wormald, of Springs, North Stoke 1916: Colonel James Hoole, of The Manor House, Headington, Oxford 1917: Arthur Henry Renshaw, of Watlington Park 1918: Frederick Gelderd-Somervell, of Haseley Manor 1919: George Merrick Fowler, of Horspath Manor, Oxford 1920: Edmund Charles Sawyer of Little Milton Manor. Died in office and replaced in October 1920 by Brigadier-General Alfred Douglas Miller of Shotover House, Wheatley 1921: Ernest Samuelson, of Bodicote Grange, Banbury 1922: Stephen Montagu Burrows, CIE, of 9, Norham Gardens, Oxford 1923: Francis Durrant Hunt, of The Lodge, Stanton Harcourt 1924: George Boscawen Randolph, of Steeple Aston 1925: Charles Vincent Sale, of Aston Rowant House 1926: John Graeme Thomson, of Shipton Court, Shipton-under-Wychwood 1927: Lieut.-Col. Richard Lockhart Ovey, of Hernes, Henley-on-Thames 1928: Capt. Sir Algernon Thomas Peyton, 7th Bt., of Swifts House, Stoke Lyne, near Bicester 1929: Lieut.-Col. Cecil Francis Heyworth-Savage, of Bradwell Grove, Burford, Oxford 1930: James Herbert Morrell, of Headington Hill, Oxford 1931: Major Arthur Henry Dillon, of Barton Lodge, Steeple Aston, Oxford 1932: Lieut.-Col. Sir Francis Kennedy McClean, of Huntercombe Place, Henley-on-Thames 1933: Major George Edward Gosling, of Stratton Audley Park, Bicester 1934: Lieut.-Col. Mervyn Edward George Rhys Wingfield, of Barrington Park, Burford 1935: Capt. Bertram Thomas Carlyle Ogilvy Freeman-Mitford, (later 3rd Baron Redesdale) of Westwell, Burford 1936: Major George Cecil Whitaker, of Britwell House, Watlington replaced by Lieut-Col. Arthur Montagu Colvile of Weald Manor, Bampton 1937: Oliver Vernon Watney, of Cornbury Park, Charlbury 1938: Major Percy Henry Guy Feilden, of Cokethorpe, Witney 1939: Lieut.-Col Henry Everard Du Cane Norris, of Cross Hill, Adderbury, Banbury 1940: Frederick Edward Withington, of Fringford Lodge, Bicester 1941: Major George Cecil Whitaker, of Britwell House, Watlington, Oxford 1942: Bertram Edward Dunbar Kilburn, of Ledwell House, Sandford St. Martin, Oxford 1943: Sir Sothern Holland, of Westwell Manor, Burford, Oxfordshire 1944: Henry Mark Beaufoy, of Hill House, Steeple Aston 1945: Randal Smith, 2nd Baron Bicester, of Tusmore Park, Bicester 1946: Ellis Haldane Chinnery, of Fringford House, Bicester 1947: Captain Thomas Miller, of Icknield House, Goring-on-Thames 1948: Sir William Goodenough, 1st Baronet, of Filkins Hall, Lechlade, Gloucs. 1949: Captain Duncan Mackinnon, of Swinbrook House, Burford 1950: Brevet-Colonel Morys Lancelot Lloyd-Mostyn, of Old Rectory, Hethe, Bicester 1951: Michael Henry Mason, of Scott's House, Eynsham Park, Witney 1952: Lieut-Colonel Robert Peter Fleming,, of Merrimoles House, Nettlebed, Henley-on-Thames 1953: Doctor Arthur Quinton Wells, of Shipton Manor, Kidlington, Oxford 1954: Major Harold George Morrell, of King's End House, Bicester 1955: Major Alexander Alfred Miller, of Shotover House, Wheatley 1956: Colonel Hugh John Cochrane Ducat-Hamersley, of Pyrton Manor, Watlington 1957: Brevet Colonel John Thomson, of Woodperry, Stanton St. John, Oxford 1958: Lieut-Colonel Henry Thomas Birch Reynardson, of Adwell House, Tetsworth, 1959: Lieut-Colonel Aubrey Vere Spencer, of Wheatfield- Park, Tetsworth 1960: Colonel Herbert William James Morrell, of Carphill, Sandford St. Martin 1961: Hugh David Hamilton Wills, , of Sandford Park, Sandford St. Martin, Oxford 1962: John Heyworth, of Bradwell Grove, Burford 1963: Lieut.-Colonel Anthony Donnithorne Taylor, of North Aston Manor, Oxford 1964: John Barkley Schuster, of Manor Farm, Nether Worton, Middle Barton 1965: Richard Alan Budgett, of Portway House, Kirtlington 1966: Lieut.-Colonel John Edward Stanes Chamberlayne, of The Elm, Chipping Norton 1967: Captain Charles Raymond Radclyffe, of Lew, Oxford 1968: Major Robert Arnold Paul Butler, of Lower Farm, Ramsden, Oxford 1969: Major Benjamin George Barnett, of Swifts House, near Bicester 1970: Henry Miles Gosling, of Stratton Audley Park, Bicester 1971: Major-General Sir Randle Guy Feilden, of Old Manor House, Minster Lovell 1972: Major John Francis Ballard, of Over Worton House, Middle Barton 1973: Major Peter Henry Parker, of The Hays, Ramsden 1974: William Robert Ashley Birch Reynardson, of Adwell House, Tetsworth 1975: John Ernest Harley Collins, of Tusmore Park, Bicester 1976: Major Alastair Giles Mann, of Wheatfield House, Tetsworth, Oxford 1977: John Coppleston Luther Fane, of Wormsley Park, Watlington 1978: William Archibald Ottley Juxon Bell, of Cottisford House, near Bicester 1979: The Hon. Charles Evelyn Cecil, of Wilcote House, Charlbury 1980: Robin Fleming, of Church Farm, Steeple Barton 1981: Colonel Thomas Armitage Hall, of Chiselhampton House, Stadhampton 1982: Ian Weston Smith, of The Old Rectory, Hinton Waldrist, Faringdon 1983: Sir Mark Annesley Norman, of Wilcote Manor, Charlbury 1984: Isabella Juliet Hutchinson, of Sarsden Glebe, Churchill. 1985: Alan Tyser, of West Hanney House, Wantage 1986: Charles John Swallow, of Manor Barn House, Wendlebury, Bicester 1987: Frederick Roger Goodenough, of Broadwell Manor, Lechlade, Gloucs. 1988: Hugo Laurence Joseph Brunner, of 26 Norham Road, Oxford 1989: Charles George Archibald Parker, of The White House, Nuffield 1990: Crispin Gascoigne, of The Manor House, Stanton Harcourt, Oxford 1991: Julian Blackwell, of Osse Field, Appleton, near Abingdon. 1992: John Joseph Eyston, of Mapledurham House, near Reading, Berkshire 1993: Sir David Black 1994: David Peter Mason, of Scott's House, Eynsham Park, Witney 1995: John Stuart Bridgeman, of Eastgate House, Hornton, Banbury 1996: Malcolm Ralph Cochrane, of Grove Farmhouse, Shipton-under-Wychwood, Chipping Norton 1997: Wendy, Lady French, The Old Vicarage, Ipsden 1998: Richard Ovey, Hernes, Rotherfield Greys 1999: Andrew James Feilden, The Old Manor House, Minster Lovell, near Witney 21st century 2000: Richard Hubert Lethbridge, The Dower House, Westhall Hill, Fulbrook, Burford 2001: Lady McLintock, The Manor House, Westhall Hill, Fulbrook, Burford 2002: Brigadier John Nigel Ballard Mogg, Brightwell Park, Brightwell Baldwin 2003: Anthony Flinders Spink, The Mill House, Woolstone, Uffington 2004: Anne Kelaart, Manor Farm, Nettlebed 2005: Ian Michael Laing 2006: Peter Christopher Bickmore 2007: Thomas Christopher Loyd 2008: Ian Peter Inshaw 2009: Charles Richard Dick of Appleton, Abingdon 2010: Marie-Jane Barnett of Towersay 2011: Penelope O. Glen of Forest Hill 2012: William Alden of Iffley 2013: Graham Upton of Headington 2014: Tony Stratton of The Ridings, Oxford 2015: Thomas Henry Birch Reynardson 2016: Sarah Jane Taylor of Rycote Park, near Thame 2017: Jane Elizabeth Cranston of Abingdon 2018: Richard Venables of Islip 2019: Lady Jay of Ewelme, Wallingford 2020: Amanda Ponsonby of Churchill, near Chipping Norton 2021: Imam Monawar Hussain, of Cowley 2022: Mark George Beard, of Buckland 2023: Sally Patricia Scott 2024: James Macnamara References ^ "The Medieval English Sheriff in 1300" Google Books ^ Crouch, David (2000). The Reign of King Stephen: *1135–1154. New York: Longman. pp. 326–327. ISBN 0-582-22657-0. ^ Young, Charles R. (1996). The Making of the Neville Family in England 1155-1400. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-85115-668-1. ^ "MAGNA CARTA AND TWO SHERIFFS OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE". Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. 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The history of the worthies of England, Volume 3 By Thomas Fuller Early High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire vteHigh sheriffs in the United KingdomEnglandCurrent Bedfordshire Berkshire Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire City of London Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Hull Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire Merseyside Norfolk North Yorkshire Northamptonshire Northumberland Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire Former Avon Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire Berkshire and Oxfordshire Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely Cleveland Cumberland Hallamshire Hereford and Worcester Humberside Huntingdon and Peterborough Leicestershire and Warwickshire County of London Middlesex Norfolk and Suffolk Notts, Derbys and the Royal Forests Sussex Westmorland Yorkshire Ireland(pre-partition)County Carlow Cavan Clare Cork Donegal Dublin Galway Kerry Kildare Kilkenny King's County Leitrim Limerick Longford Louth Mayo Meath Monaghan Queen's County Roscommon Sligo Tipperary Waterford Westmeath Wexford Wicklow City and town Carrickfergus Cork Drogheda Dublin Galway Kilkenny Limerick Waterford Northern IrelandCounty Antrim Armagh Down Fermanagh Londonderry Tyrone City Belfast Londonderry WalesCurrent Clwyd Dyfed Gwent Gwynedd Mid Glamorgan Powys South Glamorgan West Glamorgan Former Anglesey Brecknockshire Caernarvonshire Cardiganshire Carmarthenshire Denbighshire Flintshire Glamorgan Merionethshire Monmouthshire Montgomeryshire Pembrokeshire Radnorshire

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Berkshire"}],"text":"The title of High Sheriff is therefore much older than the other crown appointment, the Lord Lieutenant of Oxfordshire, which came about after 1545. Between 1248 and 1566 Berkshire and Oxfordshire formed a joint shrievalty (apart from a brief period in 1258/9). See High Sheriff of Berkshire.","title":"High Sheriff of Oxfordshire"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1066–1068: Saewold\n1066–1086: Edwin\n1087: Svain","title":"List of High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Robert D'Oyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D%27Oyly"},{"link_name":"William de Chesney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Chesney"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crouch326-2"},{"link_name":"Henry de Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_de_Oxford&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Basset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Basset_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Alard Banastre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alard_Banastre"},{"link_name":"William Briwere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brewer_(justice)"},{"link_name":"Hugh de Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Neville"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"12th century","text":"1100-1135: William\n1100-1135: Peter\nc. 1130: Restold[1]\n1131: Robert D'Oyly\nc. 1142–?: William de Chesney[2]\n1135–1154: Henry de Oxford\n1155–1159: Henry D'Oyly, 4th Baron Hocknorton\n1160: Manasser Arsick and Henry D'Oyly, 4th Baron Hocknorton\n1161–1162: Manasser Arsick\n1163: Thomas Basset\n1164–1169: Adam de Catmore\n1170–1174: Alard Banastre\n1175–1178: Robert de Tureville\n1179–1181: (first half): Geoffrey Hose\n1181: (second half)–1184 (first half): Robert de Whitfield\n1184: (second half)–1186 (first half): Alanus de Furnell\n1186: (second half)–1190: Robert de la Mare\n1187–1194: (first half): William Briwere\n1194: (second half)–1196: Henry D'Oyly, 5th Baron Hocknorton\n1197–1199: Hugh de Neville[3]","title":"List of High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Briwere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brewer_(justice)"},{"link_name":"Falkes de Breauté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkes_de_Breaut%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Sir Gilbert de Kirkby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Gilbert_de_Kirkby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Engelard de Cigogné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelard_de_Cigogn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John de Plessitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_du_Plessis,_7th_Earl_of_Warwick"}],"sub_title":"13th century","text":"1200–1201 (first half): Gilbert Basset\n1201 (second half)–1202 (first half): William Briwere\n1202 (second half)–1214 (first quarter): Thomas Basset\n1214 (last three-quarters): Ralph de Normanville\n1215–1223: Falkes de Breauté\n1223 (last three-quarters)–1224 (first half): Richard de Ripariis (Rivers)\n1224–1268: Sir Gilbert de Kirkby, also Sheriff for Northamptonshire at same time\n1224 (second half), 1225 (first quarter): Walter Foliot\n1225 (last three-quarters)–1231: Godfrey of Crowcombe\n1232: John de Hulecote (first three-quarters)\n1232 (last quarter)–1233: Engelard de Cigogné[4]\n1233 (last quarter)–1235 (first half): John Le Brunn (or John Brunus)\n1235 (second half)–1238 (first half): John de Tiwe\n1238 (third quarter): Richard Suhard\n1238 (last quarter): Paul Peyure\n1239: John de Plessitis\n1240–1244 (first quarter): William Hay\n1244 (last three-quarters)–1247 (first half): Alanus de Farnham\n1247 (second half)–1248: Guy fitz Robert","title":"List of High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Berkshire"}],"sub_title":"1248–1566","text":"See High Sheriff of Berkshire","title":"List of High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Taverner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Taverner"},{"link_name":"Richard Wenman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wenman_(MP_for_Northampton)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thame Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thame_Park"},{"link_name":"Michael Molyns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Molyns_(died_1615)"},{"link_name":"Richard Huddleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Huddleston_(MP)"},{"link_name":"Thame Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thame_Park"},{"link_name":"Sir Anthony Cope, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Cope,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Richard Fiennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Fiennes,_7th_Baron_Saye_and_Sele"},{"link_name":"Broughton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughton_Castle"},{"link_name":"Owen Oglethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owen_Oglethorpe_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John D'Oyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Doyley_(died_1623)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Blount"},{"link_name":"Mapledurham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapledurham"},{"link_name":"William Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Spencer_(MP_for_Ripon)"},{"link_name":"Sir Anthony Cope, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Cope,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Francis Stonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Stonard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ralph Fiennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Fiennes,_7th_Baron_Saye_and_Sele"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Owen Oglethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owen_Oglethorpe_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Frere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Frere_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Blount"}],"sub_title":"16th century","text":"1567: Richard Fines\n1568: Humphrey Ashfield\n1569: Richard Taverner of Wood Eaton\n1570: Thomas Gibbons\n1571: Richard Wenman of Thame Park and Witney\n1572: John Danvers\n1573: Henry Rainford\n1574: William Babington\n1575: Michael Molyns of Mackney and Clapcot, Berkshire\n1576: Robert D'Oyly of Merton and John Coop\n1577: William Hawtrey\n1578: Richard Corbet\n1579: Edmund Bray\n1580: Richard Huddleston of Thame Park\n1581: Thomas Denton\n1582: Sir Anthony Cope, 1st Baronet of Hanwell\n1583: Richard Fiennes of Broughton Castle\n1584: Owen Oglethorpe of Newington\n1585–1586: John D'Oyly of Merton and Chislehampton\n1587: Michael Blount of Mapledurham\n1588: John Danvers\n1589: William Clarke\n1590: William Spencer of Yarnton\n1591: Sir Anthony Cope, 1st Baronet of Hanwell\n1592: Robert Chamblayn\n1593: Francis Stonard of Blount's Court, Stonor Park\n1594: Ralph Fiennes[citation needed]\n1595: Owen Oglethorpe of Newington\n1596: William Frere of Water Eaton\n1597: George Broome\n1598: Michael Blount of Mappledurham\n1599: Francis Curson","title":"List of High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pope,_1st_Earl_of_Downe"},{"link_name":"Sir Anthony Cope, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Cope,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"James Harington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Harington,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Temple,_1st_Baronet,_of_Stowe"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Spencer, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Spencer,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Yarnton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarnton"},{"link_name":"Sir William Cope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Cope,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Baker_(chronicler)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Richard Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Blount_(MP_for_Chipping_Wycombe)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard Lovelace, 1st Baron Lovelace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lovelace,_1st_Baron_Lovelace"},{"link_name":"Richard Wenman, 1st Viscount Wenman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wenman,_1st_Viscount_Wenman"},{"link_name":"Thame Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thame_Park"},{"link_name":"Sir John Meller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Meller"},{"link_name":"Peter Wentworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wentworth_(Parliamentarian)"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Norreys_(1609%E2%80%931669)"},{"link_name":"William Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Walter,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sarsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarsden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Penyston, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Penyston,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"John Doyley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doyley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Chamberlayne, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Chamberlayne,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Sir William Walter, Bt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Walter,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"David Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Walter_(17th_century)"},{"link_name":"Hanwell Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanwell_Castle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Aynhoe Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynhoe_Park"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Sir William Walter, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Walter,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"William Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Draper_(MP)"},{"link_name":"Nether Worton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nether_Worton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Unton Croke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unton_Croke_(died_1694)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Sir George Croke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Croke_(FRS)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Glympton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glympton_Park"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Edmund Dunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Dunch_(Roundhead)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sir William Glynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Glynne,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sir Samuel Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Jones_(MP)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Aynhoe Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynhoe_Park"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"John Lenthall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lenthall_(Roundhead)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Curson, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curson_baronets"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Edmund Fettiplace, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fettiplace_baronets"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Robert Dashwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Dashwood,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Sir John D'Oyley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Oyly_baronets#D'Oyly_baronets,_of_Chislehampton_(1666)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Reade, Bt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Reade,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Thomas Rowney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rowney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"James Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jennings_(MP)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Wheate, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Wheate,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Glympton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glympton_Park"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cartwright_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Aynhoe Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynhoe_Park"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"}],"sub_title":"17th century","text":"1600: William Greene\n1601: William Pope\n1602: Richard Farmer\n1603: Sir Anthony Cope, 1st Baronet\n1604: Sir George Tipping\n1605: James Harington of Merton\n1606: Sir Thomas Temple\n1607: Roland Lacy\n1608: Henry Sambourne\n1609: Michael Dormer\n1610: Benedict Winchcombe\n1611: Thomas Moyle\n1612: William Clerke\n1613: Henry Lee\n1614: Edward Dunch\n1615: Thomas Read\n1616: Sir Thomas Spencer, 1st Baronet of Yarnton\n1617: John Curson\n1618: Edward Fenner\n1619: Sir William Cope of Hardwick, near Banbury\n1620: Sir Richard Baker of Middle Aston\n1621: Francis Stonor[citation needed]\n1622: Rowland Lacy\n1623: William Aishcombe\n1624: Walter Dunch\n1625: Richard Blount of Mapledurham\n1626: Richard Lovelace, 1st Baron Lovelace of Hurley, Berkshire and Cope Doyley\n1627: Richard Wenman, 1st Viscount Wenman of Thame Park\n1628: Robert Dormer\n1629: William Cobb\n1630: John Lacy\n1631: John Harbourne\n1632: Thomas Coghill\n1633: Sir John Meller of Little Bredy, Dorset and Aldermanbury, London\n1634: Peter Wentworth\n1635: Sir Francis Norris\n1636: William Walter of Sarsden[5]\n1637: Sir Thomas Penyston, 1st Baronet of Cornwell[5]\n1638: John Doyley of Chislehampton[5]\n1639: Ralph Warcoppe of Henley[5]\n1640: Richard Libbe[5]\n1641: Thomas Tipping[5]\n1642: Sir Thomas Chamberlayne, 1st Baronet[5] (died in office and replaced by Sir Robert Jenkinson)\n1643: Sir Robert Jenkinson of Walcot (Charlbury)[5]\n1644: Sir William Walter, Bt, of Sarsden[5]\n1645: Edward Clerke[5] (Parliamentary)\n1645: David Walter (Royalist)\n1646: William Cope of Hanwell Castle[6]\n1647: George Chamberlain of Bishops Land, Wardington[5][7] replaced by Nicholas Herman.\n1648: Nicholas Herman[5]\n1649: Robert Jenkinson of Walcot[5] (son of Sir Robert Jenkinson, HS 1643)\n1650: William Boswell[8]\n1651: Robert Loggins of Idbury[9]\n1652: John Kent of Stoke Talmage[10]\n1653: Charnwell Pettie[11]\n1654: John Cartwright of Aynhoe Park[12]\n1655: William Draper of Nether Worton[5]\n1656: Francis Martin of Ewelme[5]\n1656: Sir William Walter, 1st Baronet[5]\n1657: William Draper of Nether Worton[5]\n1658: Unton Croke of Marston[13]\n1659: William Gore of Southleigh[5]\n1660: Robert Vesey of Chimney[5]\n1661: Thomas Cobb of Adderbury[5]\n1662: John Taverner of Soundess, (Nettlebed)[5]\n1663: Sir George Croke of Waterstock, FRS[5]\n1664\n12 November 1665: Thomas Wheate, of Glympton Park[14]\n7 November 1666: William Dormer,[15] of Ascot\n6 November 1667: Edmund Dunch[16]\n6 November 1668: Sir William Glynne,[17] of Ambrosden, Bicester\n11 November 1669: Sir Samuel Jones[18]\n4 November 1670: John Cartwright,[19] of Aynhoe Park\n9 November 1671: Henry Hall, of Harding[20]\n11 November 1672: John Lenthall,[21] of Burford Priory\n12 November 1673: William Draper,[22] of Nether Worton (accounts rendered for the year by Humphrey Wickham)\n5 November 1674: William Wright[23]\n1674 Sir Thomas Curson, 1st Baronet of Water Perry[5]\n15 November 1675: Sir Edmund Fettiplace, 2nd Baronet[24]\n10 November 1676: John Gower[25]\n15 November 1677: John Parsons, of Nether Worton[26]\n14 November 1678: Ralph Holt,[27] jnr of Stoke Lyne[28]\n13 November 1679: Sir James Perrott, jnr[29][5]\n4 November 1680: Edmund Gregory,[30] of Cuxham[5]\n1681: Robert Mayot of Fawler[5]\n1682: John Wickham of Garsington[5]\n1683: Robert Dashwood of Northbrook, Kirtlington[31]\n1684: Sir John D'Oyley of Chiselhampton[32]\n1685: Sir Edward Reade, Bt of Shipton Court[33]\n1686: Sir Rowland Lacy of Pudlicot[5]\n1687: Sir Henry Browne of Kiddington, Kt[5]\n1688: Sir William Glynne of Bicester, Bt[5][34] replaced by Sir William Walter, 2nd Bt[35]\n1689: William Blake of Coggs[5]\n1690: Simon Whorwood A'Dean of Chalgrave[5]\n1691: Thomas Rowney, Jr. of Oxford[5]\n1692: Thomas Crispe of Dornford[5]\n1693: Sir Sebastian Smythe of Cuddesdon[5]\n1694: James Jennings of Shiplake[36]\n1695: William Newell of Adwell[5]\n1696: Sir Thomas Wheate, 1st Baronet of Glympton Park[5]\n1697: Robert Barber of Adderbury[5]\n1698: William Hinde[5]\n1699: Borlase Warren replaced by Thomas Cartwright of Aynhoe Park[5]","title":"List of High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Sir John Thornycroft, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Thornycroft,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Milcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milcombe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Sir William Glynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Glynne,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Borlase Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borlase_Warren"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Charles Crisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Crisp_(MP)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Turner, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Turner,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Sir James Dashwood, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Dashwood,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Kirtlington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtlington"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Thomas Whorwood of Holton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Whorwood_of_Holton"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Francis Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Page_(died_1803)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Sir William Burnaby, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Burnaby,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Knollys, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knollys_baronets"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"John Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bush_(High_Sheriff)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"William Nedham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nedham_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"Howbery Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howbery_Park"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-72"},{"link_name":"Sir Gregory Page-Turner, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Gregory_Page-Turner,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Arthur Annesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Annesley_(1760%E2%80%931841)"},{"link_name":"Bletchington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchington"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-72"},{"link_name":"Burford Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burford_Priory"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Charles Marsack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Marsack"},{"link_name":"Caversham Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caversham_Park"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-72"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-72"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-72"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"Fawley Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawley_Court"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-5"},{"link_name":"John Atkyns-Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Atkyns-Wright&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"18th century","text":"1700: Sir James Reade, Bt of Shipton Court[5]\n1701: Sir John Thornycroft, 1st Baronet of Milcombe[5]\n1702: Francis Keck of Great Tew[5]\n1703: Thomas Whorwood[5]\n1704: Humphrey Smith of Kidlington[5]\n1705: Carlton Stone of Brightwell[5]\n1706: Sir William Glynne of Bicester[37]\n1707: Borlase Warren of Stratton Audley[38]\n1708: Goddard Carter[5]\n1709: John Lenthall (1 December) then William Lenthall (18 December)[5]\n1710: Sir William Osbaldeston of Chadlington, Bt[5]\n1711: Charles Holt of Stoke Lyne[5]\n1712: Richard Lybbe of Hardwick[5]\n1713: Sir Charles Fettiplace, Bt of Swinbrook[39] (died in office and replaced by Sir Lorenzo Fettiplace, Bt)[5]\n1714: James Norreys of Weston on the Green[5]\n1715: Charles Crisp of Dornford[5]\n1716: William Tipping of Draycot[5]\n1717: John Travell of Swerford[5]\n1718: Thomas Whorwood[40]\n1719: Francis Nourse of Woodeaton[5]\n1720: Daniel Blake of Coggs[5]\n1721: John Dew of Bampton[5]\n1722: Benjamin Sweet[5]\n1723: John Blewitt of Salford[41]\n1724: Allan Horde of Cote[5]\n1725: James Croke of Studley[42]\n1726: John Saunders[43]\n1727: Richard Wickham of Garsington[5]\n1728: Edward Barber of Adderbury[44]\n1730: Thomas Greenwood of Chastleton[45]\n1731: Henry Smith of Caversham[5]\n1732: Sir Edward Turner, 1st Baronet of Ambrosden[46]\n1733: Francis Heywood the younger of Forest Hill[5]\n1734: Sebastian Smythe of Cuddesdon[5]\n1735: Sir Edward Cobb, Bt of Adderbury\n1736: Samuel Greenhill of Swyncombe[47]\n1737: John Clerke of North Weston[48]\n1738: Sir James Dashwood, 2nd Baronet of Kirtlington Park[5]\n1739: Philip Powys of Hardwick[49]\n1740: John Duncombe of Watlington[50]\n1741: John Nourse of Woodeaton[51]\n1742: Joseph Taylor of Sandford[52]\n1743: Rowland Lacy of Pudlicot[53]\n1744: Thomas Whorwood of Holton[54]\n1745: John Raine of Badgmore[55]\n1746: Thomas Horde of Coate[56]\n1747: Edward Metcalf of Drayton[5]\n1748: John Pollard of Finmore[57]\n1749: John Coker of Bicester[5]\n1750: Francis Gierke of North Weston[5]\n1751: No sheriff appointed (change of calendar)\n1752: Francis Page of Middle Aston and Acton Hall, Worcs.[58]\n1753: Thomas Horde, of Coate[59]\n1754: Thomas Blackall, of Hazeley[60]\n1755: Sir William Burnaby, 1st Baronet of Broughton[61]\n1756: Charles Peers of Chislehampton[5]\n1757: Sir Francis Knollys, 1st Baronet of Thame[62]\n1758: Robert Fettyplace of Pudlicott[63]\n1759: Anthony Hodges of Harpsden[64]\n1760: Samuel Trotman of Bucknell[65]\n1761: Charles Price of Rotherfield[5]\n1762: William Vanderstegen of Cane End[5]\n1763: Edward Horn of Pyrton[5]\n1764: Abel Dottin of Newnham Murren[66][67]\n1765: Arthur Annesley of Bletchingdon[5]\n1766: Thomas Rollinson of Chadlington[5]\n1767: William Ledwell of Cowley[68]\n1768: Stukeley Bayntun of Chadlington[5]\n1769: Fiennes Trotman of Shelswell Park[5]\n1770: Francis Wastie of Cowley[5]\n1771: William Draper of Nether Worton[5]\n1772: Thomas Willats of Caversham[5]\n1773: John Bush of Burcot[5]\n1774: William Nedham of Howbery Park[5]\n1775: Henry Barber of Adderbury[5]\n1776: Oldfield Bowles of North Aston[5]\n1777: John Weyland of Woodeaton[69]\n1778: Charles Burrell Massingberd of Braisiers[5]\n1779: Edward Witts of Swerford Park[70]\n1780: Robert Langford of Ensham[5]\n1781: Richard Paul Joddrell of Lewknor[71]\n1782: William Phillips of Culham[72]\n1783: Sir Gregory Page-Turner, 3rd Baronet of Ambrosden[5]\n1784: Arthur Annesley of Bletchington Park[72]\n1785: John Lenthall the Younger, of Burford Priory[73]\n1786: Joseph Grote of Badgemore[74]\n1787: Charles Marsack of Caversham Park[75]\n1788: Thomas Jemmet of Little Milton[72]\n1789: John Blackall, jnr, of Haseley[76]\n1790: David Fell of Cavesham[72]\n1791: James Peter Auriol of Woodcot[77]\n1792: Thomas Willats of Caversham[72]\n1793: John Caillaud of Aston Rowant[78]\n1794: Samuel Gardiner of Coombe Lodge, Whitchurch[5]\n1795: Strickland Freeman of Fawley Court[5]\n1796: William Lowndes Stone of Brightwell[5]\n1797: James Jones of Adwell[5]\n1798: John Atkyns-Wright of Oxford[79]\n1799: George Stratton of Great Tew[80]","title":"List of High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Chesterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterton,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Nettlebed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettlebed"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"John Langston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Langston_(MP)"},{"link_name":"Sarsden House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarsden_House"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Holton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holton,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"George Frederick Stratton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frederick_Stratton"},{"link_name":"Great Tew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Tew"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Thomas Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Macclesfield"},{"link_name":"Eynsham Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eynsham_Hall"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Shelswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelswell"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"William Henry Ashhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Ashurst_(MP_for_Oxfordshire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Waterstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstock"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Sir John Chandos Reade, 7th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reade_baronets"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Glympton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glympton_Park"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Neithrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neithrop"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Filkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filkins"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NA-99"},{"link_name":"James Langston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Langston"},{"link_name":"Sarsden House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarsden_House"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NA-99"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Richard Weyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Weyland"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Lambert, 5th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_baronets"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Sir George Dashwood, 4th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashwood_baronets"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"John Fane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fane_(1775%E2%80%931850)"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stonor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stonor,_3rd_Baron_Camoys"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Matthew Piers Watt Boulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Piers_Watt_Boulton"},{"link_name":"Great Tew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Tew"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"John William Fane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fane_(1804%E2%80%931875)"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Charles Dillon, 14th Viscount Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dillon,_14th_Viscount_Dillon"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Shotover House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotover_Park"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Alexander William Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_William_Hall"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Sir Algernon William Peyton, 4th Bt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_baronets"},{"link_name":"Stoke Lyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Lyne"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Arthur, Viscount Valentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Annesley,_11th_Viscount_Valentia"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Edward William Vernon Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Vernon_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Albert Brassey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Brassey"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Badgemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badgemore"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"5 February 1800: Richard Williams, of Nathrop[81]\n11 February 1801: George Clarke, of Chesterton[82]\n3 February 1802: Thomas Toovey, of Nettlebed[83]\n3 February 1803: James Taylor, of Sandford[84]\n1 February 1804: John Langston, of Sarsden House[85]\n6 February 1805: Elisha Biscoe, of Holton Park[86]\n1 February 1806: George Frederick Stratton, of Great Tew Park[87]\n4 February 1807: William Hodges, of Bolney Court[88]\n3 February 1808: Hon. Thomas Parker, of Eynsham Hall[89]\n6 February 1809: John Harrison, of Shelswell[90]\n31 January 1810: William Henry Ashhurst, of Waterstock[91]\n8 February 1811: Sir John Chandos Reade, 7th Baronet, of Shipstone[92]\n24 January 1812: Francis Sackville Lloyd Wheate, of Glympton Park[93]\n10 February 1813: William Wilson, of Nether Worton[94]\n4 February 1814: James King, of Neithrop[95]\n13 February 1815: Edward Francis Coulston, of Filkins[96]\n1816: John Phillips of Culham[97]\n1817: James Carey Willington of Coggs initially selected but died and replaced by Joseph Henley of Water Perry[98]\n1818: Philip Lybbe Powys (grandson of Philip, HS 1740)[99]\n1819: James Langston of Sarsden House[100]\n1820: Thomas Fraser of Woodcot House[99]\n1821: Charles Peers, of Chiselhampton[101]\n1822: John Blackall, of Great Haseley[102]\n1823: Daniel Stuart of Wykham Park[103]\n1824: Stanlake Batson of Mixbury[104][105]\n1825: Sir Francis Desanges, Kt of Aston Rowant[106]\n1826: William Peere Williams-Freeman of Henley-upon-Thames[107]\n1827: Joseph Wilson of Nether Worton[108]\n1828: Charles Cottrell Dormer of Rousham\n1829: Thomas Cobb of Calthorpe House[109]\n1830: Richard Weyland, of Woodeaton[110]\n1831: Sir Henry Lambert, 5th Baronet, of Aston[111]\n1832: Michael Henry Blount of Mapledurham[112]\n1833: Sir George Dashwood, 4th Baronet, of Kirtlington Park[113]\n1834: William Francis Lowndes-Stone, of Brightwell House[114]\n1835: John Fane, of Wormsley[115]\n1836: Thomas Stonor, of Stonor[116]\n1837: Philip Thomas Herbert Wykeham, of Tythrop House[117]\n1838: William Peere Williams-Freeman, of Fawley Court[118]\n1839: John Harrison Slater Harrison, of Shelswell[119]\n1840: Hugh Hamersley, of Great Haseley House[120]\n1841: John Loveday, of Williamscote[121]\n1842: John Shawe Phillips, of Culham House[122]\n1843: William Henry Vanderstegen, of Cane End House[123]\n1844: Walter Strickland, of Cokethorpe Park[124]\n1845: John Sidney North, of Wroxton Abbey[125]\n1846: Mortimer Ricardo, of Kiddington[126]\n1847: Henry Baskerville, of Crowsley Park, Henley-on-Thames[127]\n1848: Matthew Piers Watt Boulton, of Great Tew[128]\n1849: Samuel Weare Gardiner, of Coombe Lodge, Whitchurch[129]\n1850: Henry Hall, of Barton[130]\n1851: John Brown, of Kingston Blount[131]\n1852: John Henry Ashhurst, of Waterstock[132][133]\n1853: James Morrell Jr., of Oxford[134]\n1854: John William Fane, of Wormsley[135]\n1855: Benjamin John Whippy, of Lee Place, Charlbury[136]\n1856: William Evetts, of Tackley Park[137]\n1857: Charles Dillon, 14th Viscount Dillon, of Dytchley[138]\n1858: Henry Lomax Gaskell, of Kiddington Hall[139]\n1859: George Gammie, of Shotover House[140]\n1860: John Fowden Hodges, of Bolney Court[141]\n1861: Henry Birch Reynardson, of Adwell[142]\n1862: Edward Mackenzie, of Fawley Court[143]\n1863: Thomas Taylor, of Aston House[144]\n1864: George Glen, of Stratton Audley Park[145]\n1865: William Melliar Foster-Melliar, of North Aston[146]\n1866: Sir Henry William Dashwood, of Kirtlington Park, Baronet[147]\n1867: Alexander William Hall of Duns Tew[148]\n1868: William Earle Biscoe, of Holton Park[149]\n1869: James Mason of Eynsham Hall[150]\n1870: John Weyland of Woodeaton[151]\n1871: Sir Algernon William Peyton, 4th Bt. of Swifts House, Stoke Lyne near Bicester[152]\n1872: Charles Sartoris of Wilcote House[153]\n1873: William Dalziel Mackenzie, of Gillotts[154]\n1874: Arthur, Viscount Valentia, of Bletchingdon Park[155]\n1875: Edward William Vernon Harcourt, of Nuneham Park[156]\n1876: Holford Cotton Risley, of Deddington[157]\n1877: Arthur Henry Clerke Brown, of Kingston Blount[158]\n1878: Albert Brassey, of Heythrop Park[159]\n1879: William Fanning, of Bozedown, Whitchurch[160]\n1880: Lieutenant – Colonel James Miller, of Shotover House[161]\n1881: Major – General Sir Thomas Peyton, of Swift's House, 5th Baronet[162]\n1882: Edward Slater Harrison, of Shelswell Park[163]\n1883: William Henry Fox, of Bradwell Grove[164]\n1884: Wenman Aubrey Wykeham-Musgrove, of Thame Park[165]\n1885: George Herbert Morrell, of Headington Hill Hall[166]\n1886: Sir Francis George Stapleton, of Grey's Court, 8th Baronet[167]\n1887: Philip James Digby Wykeham,of Tythrop House[168]\n1888: John Darell Blount, of Mapledurham House[169]\n1889: William Mewburn, of Wykham Park[170]\n1890: John Foster, of Combe Park[171]\n1891: William Henry Ashhurst, of Waterstock[172]\n1892: Cecil D'Aguilar Samuda, of Shipton Court[173]\n1893: Charles Twysden Hoare, of Bignell, Bicester[174]\n1894: Alexander Casper Fraser, of Mongewell[175]\n1895: Richard Ovey, of Badgemore, Henley-on-Thames[176]\n1896: Sir Algernon Francis Peyton, of Swift's House, Bicester, 6th Baronet[177]\n1897: Aubrey Harcourt, of Nuneham Park[178]\n1898: Lieutenant – Colonel George Gosling, of Stratton Audley Park[179]\n1899:John Frederick Starkey, of Borticote House,[180]","title":"List of High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Rousham Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rousham_House"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Sir George John Egerton Dashwood, Bt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Dashwood,_6th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Kirtlington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtlington_Park"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Robert Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fleming_(financier)"},{"link_name":"Joyce Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Grove"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Sir Paul Augustine Makins, Bt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makins_baronets"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Alfred Douglas Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Douglas_Miller"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"Stephen Montagu Burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Montagu_Burrows"},{"link_name":"CIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"Capt. Sir Algernon Thomas Peyton, 7th Bt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_baronets"},{"link_name":"Stoke Lyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Lyne"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"Lieut.-Col. Sir Francis Kennedy McClean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_McClean"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"Baron Redesdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Redesdale"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Sir Sothern Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_baronets"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"Randal Smith, 2nd Baron Bicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_Smith,_2nd_Baron_Bicester"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"Sir William Goodenough, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Goodenough,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"Major-General Sir Randle Guy Feilden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randle_Guy_Feilden"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"The Hon. Charles Evelyn Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Rockley"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"Sir Mark Annesley Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_baronets"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"Hugo Laurence Joseph Brunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Brunner"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"Sir David Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_baronets"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"},{"link_name":"Wendy, Lady French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wendy,_Lady_French&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"1900: Robert Hichens Camden Harrison, of Shiplake Court[181]\n1901: Henry Clerke Brown, of Kingston Blount[182]\n1902: Captain Charles Walter Cottrell-Dormer, of Rousham Park[183]\n1903: Sir George John Egerton Dashwood, Bt., of Kirtlington Park[184]\n1904: James Walker Larnach, of Adderbury House[185]\n1905: Leonard Noble, of Harpsden Court[186]\n1906: George Talfourd Inman, of Highmoor Hall[187]\n1907: Leigh Hoskyns, of Cotefield[188]\n1908: Vernon James Watney, of Cornbury Park[189]\n1909: Robert Fleming, of Joyce Grove, Nettlebed[190]\n1910: William Frederick Pepper, of Shipton Court[191]\n1911: Sir Paul Augustine Makins, Bt. of Chilterns End, Henley-on-Thames[192]\n1912: Edward Ferguson Chance, of Sandford Park[193]\n1913: William John Birch Reynardson, of Adwell House, Tetsworth[194]\n1914: John Norman Hardcastle, of Broughton Hall[195]\n1915: John Wormald, of Springs, North Stoke[196]\n1916: Colonel James Hoole, of The Manor House, Headington, Oxford[197]\n1917: Arthur Henry Renshaw, of Watlington Park[198]\n1918: Frederick Gelderd-Somervell, of Haseley Manor[199]\n1919: George Merrick Fowler, of Horspath Manor, Oxford[200]\n1920: Edmund Charles Sawyer of Little Milton Manor.[201] Died in office and replaced in October 1920 by Brigadier-General Alfred Douglas Miller of Shotover House, Wheatley[202]\n1921: Ernest Samuelson, of Bodicote Grange, Banbury[203]\n1922: Stephen Montagu Burrows, CIE, of 9, Norham Gardens, Oxford[204]\n1923: Francis Durrant Hunt, of The Lodge, Stanton Harcourt[205]\n1924: George Boscawen Randolph, of Steeple Aston[206]\n1925: Charles Vincent Sale, of Aston Rowant House[207]\n1926: John Graeme Thomson, of Shipton Court, Shipton-under-Wychwood[208]\n1927: Lieut.-Col. Richard Lockhart Ovey, of Hernes, Henley-on-Thames[209]\n1928: Capt. Sir Algernon Thomas Peyton, 7th Bt., of Swifts House, Stoke Lyne, near Bicester[210]\n1929: Lieut.-Col. Cecil Francis Heyworth-Savage, of Bradwell Grove, Burford, Oxford[211]\n1930: James Herbert Morrell, of Headington Hill, Oxford[212]\n1931: Major Arthur Henry Dillon, of Barton Lodge, Steeple Aston, Oxford[213]\n1932: Lieut.-Col. Sir Francis Kennedy McClean, of Huntercombe Place, Henley-on-Thames[214]\n1933: Major George Edward Gosling, of Stratton Audley Park, Bicester[215]\n1934: Lieut.-Col. Mervyn Edward George Rhys Wingfield, of Barrington Park, Burford[216]\n1935: Capt. Bertram Thomas Carlyle Ogilvy Freeman-Mitford, (later 3rd Baron Redesdale) of Westwell, Burford[217]\n1936: Major George Cecil Whitaker, of Britwell House, Watlington[218] replaced by Lieut-Col. Arthur Montagu Colvile of Weald Manor, Bampton[219]\n1937: Oliver Vernon Watney, of Cornbury Park, Charlbury[220]\n1938: Major Percy Henry Guy Feilden, of Cokethorpe, Witney[221]\n1939: Lieut.-Col Henry Everard Du Cane Norris, of Cross Hill, Adderbury, Banbury[222]\n1940: Frederick Edward Withington, of Fringford Lodge, Bicester[223]\n1941: Major George Cecil Whitaker, of Britwell House, Watlington, Oxford[224]\n1942: Bertram Edward Dunbar Kilburn, of Ledwell House, Sandford St. Martin, Oxford[225]\n1943: Sir Sothern Holland, of Westwell Manor, Burford, Oxfordshire[226]\n1944: Henry Mark Beaufoy, of Hill House, Steeple Aston[227]\n1945: Randal Smith, 2nd Baron Bicester, of Tusmore Park, Bicester[228]\n1946: Ellis Haldane Chinnery, of Fringford House, Bicester[229]\n1947: Captain Thomas Miller, of Icknield House, Goring-on-Thames[230]\n1948: Sir William Goodenough, 1st Baronet, of Filkins Hall, Lechlade, Gloucs.[231]\n1949: Captain Duncan Mackinnon, of Swinbrook House, Burford[232]\n1950: Brevet-Colonel Morys Lancelot Lloyd-Mostyn, of Old Rectory, Hethe, Bicester[233]\n1951: Michael Henry Mason, of Scott's House, Eynsham Park, Witney[234]\n1952: Lieut-Colonel Robert Peter Fleming,, of Merrimoles House, Nettlebed, Henley-on-Thames[235]\n1953: Doctor Arthur Quinton Wells, of Shipton Manor, Kidlington, Oxford[236]\n1954: Major Harold George Morrell, of King's End House, Bicester[237]\n1955: Major Alexander Alfred Miller, of Shotover House, Wheatley[238]\n1956: Colonel Hugh John Cochrane Ducat-Hamersley, of Pyrton Manor, Watlington[239]\n1957: Brevet Colonel John Thomson, of Woodperry, Stanton St. John, Oxford[240]\n1958: Lieut-Colonel Henry Thomas Birch Reynardson, of Adwell House, Tetsworth,[241]\n1959: Lieut-Colonel Aubrey Vere Spencer, of Wheatfield- Park, Tetsworth[242]\n1960: Colonel Herbert William James Morrell, of Carphill, Sandford St. Martin[243]\n1961: Hugh David Hamilton Wills, , of Sandford Park, Sandford St. Martin, Oxford[244]\n1962: John Heyworth, of Bradwell Grove, Burford[245]\n1963: Lieut.-Colonel Anthony Donnithorne Taylor, of North Aston Manor, Oxford[246]\n1964: John Barkley Schuster, of Manor Farm, Nether Worton, Middle Barton[247]\n1965: Richard Alan Budgett, of Portway House, Kirtlington[248]\n1966: Lieut.-Colonel John Edward Stanes Chamberlayne, of The Elm, Chipping Norton[249]\n1967: Captain Charles Raymond Radclyffe, of Lew, Oxford[250]\n1968: Major Robert Arnold Paul Butler, of Lower Farm, Ramsden, Oxford[251]\n1969: Major Benjamin George Barnett, of Swifts House, near Bicester[252]\n1970: Henry Miles Gosling, of Stratton Audley Park, Bicester[253]\n1971: Major-General Sir Randle Guy Feilden, of Old Manor House, Minster Lovell[254]\n1972: Major John Francis Ballard, of Over Worton House, Middle Barton[255]\n1973: Major Peter Henry Parker, of The Hays, Ramsden[256]\n1974: William Robert Ashley Birch Reynardson, of Adwell House, Tetsworth[257]\n1975: John Ernest Harley Collins, of Tusmore Park, Bicester[258]\n1976: Major Alastair Giles Mann, of Wheatfield House, Tetsworth, Oxford[259]\n1977: John Coppleston Luther Fane, of Wormsley Park, Watlington[260]\n1978: William Archibald Ottley Juxon Bell, of Cottisford House, near Bicester[261]\n1979: The Hon. Charles Evelyn Cecil, of Wilcote House, Charlbury[262]\n1980: Robin Fleming, of Church Farm, Steeple Barton[263]\n1981: Colonel Thomas Armitage Hall, of Chiselhampton House, Stadhampton[264]\n1982: Ian Weston Smith, of The Old Rectory, Hinton Waldrist, Faringdon[265]\n1983: Sir Mark Annesley Norman, of Wilcote Manor, Charlbury[266]\n1984: Isabella Juliet Hutchinson, of Sarsden Glebe, Churchill.[267]\n1985: Alan Tyser, of West Hanney House, Wantage[268]\n1986: Charles John Swallow, of Manor Barn House, Wendlebury, Bicester[269]\n1987: Frederick Roger Goodenough, of Broadwell Manor, Lechlade, Gloucs.[270]\n1988: Hugo Laurence Joseph Brunner, of 26 Norham Road, Oxford[271]\n1989: Charles George Archibald Parker, of The White House, Nuffield[272]\n1990: Crispin Gascoigne, of The Manor House, Stanton Harcourt, Oxford[273]\n1991: Julian Blackwell, of Osse Field, Appleton, near Abingdon.[274]\n1992: John Joseph Eyston, of Mapledurham House, near Reading, Berkshire[275]\n1993: Sir David Black[276]\n1994: David Peter Mason, of Scott's House, Eynsham Park, Witney[277]\n1995: John Stuart Bridgeman, of Eastgate House, Hornton, Banbury[278]\n1996: Malcolm Ralph Cochrane, of Grove Farmhouse, Shipton-under-Wychwood, Chipping Norton[279]\n1997: Wendy, Lady French, The Old Vicarage, Ipsden[280]\n1998: Richard Ovey, Hernes, Rotherfield Greys\n1999: Andrew James Feilden, The Old Manor House, Minster Lovell, near Witney","title":"List of High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"Graham Upton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Upton"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"link_name":"Rycote Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rycote_House"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"Abingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"},{"link_name":"Islip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islip,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"Ewelme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewelme"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-292"},{"link_name":"Cowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowley,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"Buckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckland,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"2000: Richard Hubert Lethbridge, The Dower House, Westhall Hill, Fulbrook, Burford\n2001: Lady McLintock, The Manor House, Westhall Hill, Fulbrook, Burford\n2002: Brigadier John Nigel Ballard Mogg, Brightwell Park, Brightwell Baldwin\n2003: Anthony Flinders Spink, The Mill House, Woolstone, Uffington\n2004: Anne Kelaart, Manor Farm, Nettlebed\n2005: Ian Michael Laing\n2006: Peter Christopher Bickmore\n2007: Thomas Christopher Loyd\n2008: Ian Peter Inshaw\n2009: Charles Richard Dick of Appleton, Abingdon[281]\n2010: Marie-Jane Barnett of Towersay[282]\n2011: Penelope O. Glen of Forest Hill[283]\n2012: William Alden of Iffley[284]\n2013: Graham Upton of Headington[285]\n2014: Tony Stratton of The Ridings, Oxford[286]\n2015: Thomas Henry Birch Reynardson[287]\n2016: Sarah Jane Taylor of Rycote Park, near Thame[288]\n2017: Jane Elizabeth Cranston of Abingdon[289]\n2018: Richard Venables of Islip[290]\n2019: Lady Jay of Ewelme, Wallingford[291]\n2020: Amanda Ponsonby of Churchill, near Chipping Norton[292]\n2021: Imam Monawar Hussain, of Cowley[293]\n2022: Mark George Beard, of Buckland[294]\n2023: Sally Patricia Scott[295]\n2024: James Macnamara","title":"List of High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Crouch, David (2000). The Reign of King Stephen: *1135–1154. New York: Longman. pp. 326–327. ISBN 0-582-22657-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-22657-0","url_text":"0-582-22657-0"}]},{"reference":"Young, Charles R. (1996). The Making of the Neville Family in England 1155-1400. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-85115-668-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-668-1","url_text":"0-85115-668-1"}]},{"reference":"\"MAGNA CARTA AND TWO SHERIFFS OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE\". Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613232705/http://www.gadarg.org.uk/essays/e012.htm","url_text":"\"MAGNA CARTA AND TWO SHERIFFS OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE\""},{"url":"http://www.gadarg.org.uk/essays/e012.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lords lieutenant and high sheriffs of Oxfordshire, 1086-1868. Oxford. 1868. Retrieved 22 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/lordslieutenanth00dave/lordslieutenanth00dave_djvu.txt","url_text":"Lords lieutenant and high sheriffs of Oxfordshire, 1086-1868"}]},{"reference":"\"Journal of the House of Lords: volume 8: 1645-1647\". British History Online. Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=34153","url_text":"\"Journal of the House of Lords: volume 8: 1645-1647\""}]},{"reference":"\"House of Commons Journal\". British History Online. Retrieved 10 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=25229","url_text":"\"House of Commons Journal\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Boswell, Mayor of Oxford\". Oxford History. Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/mayors/1603_1714/boswell_william_1622.html","url_text":"\"William Boswell, Mayor of Oxford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Journal of the House of Commons: volume 7: 1651-1660\". British History Online. Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=23890","url_text":"\"Journal of the House of Commons: volume 7: 1651-1660\""}]},{"reference":"Journals of the House of Commons, Volume 7. House of Commons. 1652. p. 214.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"House of Commons Journal Volume 7–10\". British History Online. Retrieved 27 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=24307","url_text":"\"House of Commons Journal Volume 7–10\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, John. A genealogical and heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain., Volume 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Headington history: Famous people of Marston\". Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.headington.org.uk/history/marston_history/famous_people/croke_unton.htm","url_text":"\"Headington history: Famous people of Marston\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1\". The Oxford Gazette. 7 November 1665. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Gazette","url_text":"The Oxford Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 102\". The London Gazette. 5 November 1666. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/102/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 102\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 206\". The London Gazette. 4 November 1667. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/206/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 206\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 311\". The London Gazette. 9 November 1668. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/311/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 311\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 416\". The London Gazette. 8 November 1669. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/416/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 416\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 519\". The London Gazette. 3 November 1670. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/519/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 519\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 624\". The London Gazette. 6 November 1671. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/624/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 624\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 728\". The London Gazette. 7 November 1672. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/728/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 728\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 833\". The London Gazette. 10 November 1673. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/833/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 833\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 935\". The London Gazette. 5 November 1674. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/935/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 935\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1042\". The London Gazette. 15 November 1675. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1042/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 1042\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1146\". The London Gazette. 9 November 1676. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1146/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1146\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1252\". The London Gazette. 15 November 1677. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1252/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1252\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1355\". The London Gazette. 11 November 1678. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1355/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 1355\""}]},{"reference":"\"A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 6\". British History Online. Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63751","url_text":"\"A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 6\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1460\". The London Gazette. 13 November 1679. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1460/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1460\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1562\". The London Gazette. 4 November 1680. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1562/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1562\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1877\". The London Gazette. 12 November 1683. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1877/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1877\""}]},{"reference":"\"DOYLEY, Sir John, 1st Bt. (1640-1709), of Chiselhampton, Oxon\". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 27 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/doyley-sir-john-1640-1709","url_text":"\"DOYLEY, Sir John, 1st Bt. (1640-1709), of Chiselhampton, Oxon\""}]},{"reference":"\"A History of the County of Berkshire: Volume 4\". British History Online. Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=62741","url_text":"\"A History of the County of Berkshire: Volume 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 2397\". The London Gazette. 8 November 1688. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2397/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 2397\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 2398\". The London Gazette. 12 November 1688. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2398/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 2398\""}]},{"reference":"\"JENNINGS, James (1670-1739), of Shiplake, Oxon. and Lacey's Court, Abingdon, Berks\". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/jennings-james-1670-1739","url_text":"\"JENNINGS, James (1670-1739), of Shiplake, Oxon. and Lacey's Court, Abingdon, Berks\""}]},{"reference":"\"GLYNNE, Sir William, 2nd Bt. (1663-1721), of Bicester and Ambrosden, Oxon., and Hawarden, Flints\". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 27 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/glynne-sir-william-1663-1721","url_text":"\"GLYNNE, Sir William, 2nd Bt. (1663-1721), of Bicester and Ambrosden, Oxon., and Hawarden, Flints\""}]},{"reference":"\"WARREN, Borlase (1677-1747), of Stapleford, Notts\". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/warren-borlase-1677-1747","url_text":"\"WARREN, Borlase (1677-1747), of Stapleford, Notts\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 5178\". The London Gazette. 1 December 1713. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/5178/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 5178\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 5705\". The London Gazette. 20 December 1718. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/5705/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 5705\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 6231\". The London Gazette. 4 January 1723. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6231/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 6231\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 6442\". The London Gazette. 11 January 1725. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6442/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 6442\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 6533\". The London Gazette. 26 November 1726. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6533/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 6533\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 6736\". The London Gazette. 17 December 1728. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6736/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 6736\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 6943\". The London Gazette. 12 December 1730. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6943/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 6943\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 7578\". The London Gazette. 18 January 1736. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/7578/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 7578\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 7666\". The London Gazette. 10 January 1737. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/7666/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 7666\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 7870\". The London Gazette. 25 December 1739. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/7870/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 7870\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8080\". The London Gazette. 29 December 1741. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8080/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 8080\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8180\". The London Gazette. 14 December 1742. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8180/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 8180\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8290\". The London Gazette. 3 January 1743. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8290/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 8290\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8396\". The London Gazette. 8 January 1744. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8396/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 8396\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8502\". The London Gazette. 14 January 1745. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8502/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 8502\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8606\". The London Gazette. 13 January 1746. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8606/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 8606\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8614\". The London Gazette. 10 January 1748. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8614/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 8614\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"PAGE, Francis (1726-1803), of Middle Aston, Oxon. and Acton Hall, Worcs\". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 3 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/page-francis-1726-1803","url_text":"\"PAGE, Francis (1726-1803), of Middle Aston, Oxon. and Acton Hall, Worcs\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 9240\". The London Gazette. 6 February 1753. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/9240/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 9240\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 9342\". The London Gazette. 29 January 1754. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/9342/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 9342\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 9446\". The London Gazette. 28 January 1755. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/9446/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 9446\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 9658\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1757. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/9658/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 9658\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 9760\". The London Gazette. 24 January 1758. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/9760/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 9760\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"The Magazine of Magazines: Compiled from Original Pieces, with ..., Volumes 2-3. p. 117.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 6\". British History Online. Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63726","url_text":"\"A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 6\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, John. A genealogical and heraldic history of the commoners of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 361.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 10390\". The London Gazette. 7 February 1764. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10390/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 10390\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 10702\". The London Gazette. 10 February 1767. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10702/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 10702\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"WEYLAND, John (1774-1854), of Woodrising Hall, Norf\". History of Parliament online. Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/weyland-john-1774-1854","url_text":"\"WEYLAND, John (1774-1854), of Woodrising Hall, Norf\""}]},{"reference":"Dodsley, Robert (1758). The Annual Register.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annualregister159unkngoog","url_text":"The Annual Register"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 12619\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1785. p. 73.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12619/page/73","url_text":"\"No. 12619\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 12725\". The London Gazette. 11 February 1786. p. 65.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12725/page/65","url_text":"\"No. 12725\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 12829\". The London Gazette. 10 February 1787. p. 69.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12829/page/69","url_text":"\"No. 12829\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 13092\". The London Gazette. 28 April 1789. p. 333.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13092/page/333","url_text":"\"No. 13092\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 13279\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1791. p. 71.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13279/page/71","url_text":"\"No. 13279\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"The Lady's magazine: or, Entertaining companion for the fair sex\". XXIV. 1793.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Historical Chronicle. Vol. LXVIII. 1798.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Gentleman's Magazine, Volume 85. p. 162.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 15228\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1800. p. 114.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15228/page/114","url_text":"\"No. 15228\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15336\". The London Gazette. 10 February 1801. p. 173.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15336/page/173","url_text":"\"No. 15336\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15450\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1802. p. 113.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15450/page/113","url_text":"\"No. 15450\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15555\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1803. p. 137.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15555/page/137","url_text":"\"No. 15555\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15671\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1804. p. 145.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15671/page/145","url_text":"\"No. 15671\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15778\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1805. p. 175.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15778/page/175","url_text":"\"No. 15778\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15886\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1806. p. 145.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15886/page/145","url_text":"\"No. 15886\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15998\". The London Gazette. 7 February 1807. p. 156.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15998/page/156","url_text":"\"No. 15998\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16115\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1808. p. 173.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16115/page/173","url_text":"\"No. 16115\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16226\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1809. p. 165.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16226/page/165","url_text":"\"No. 16226\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16338\". The London Gazette. 30 January 1810. p. 149.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16338/page/149","url_text":"\"No. 16338\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16451\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1811. p. 226.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16451/page/226","url_text":"\"No. 16451\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16565\". The London Gazette. 21 January 1812. p. 142.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16565/page/142","url_text":"\"No. 16565\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16702\". The London Gazette. 9 February 1813. p. 301.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16702/page/301","url_text":"\"No. 16702\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16852\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1814. p. 278.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16852/page/278","url_text":"\"No. 16852\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16984\". The London Gazette. 14 February 1815. p. 257.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16984/page/257","url_text":"\"No. 16984\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Burke, Edmund (1818). Dodsley's Annual Register, 1817. Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OKwvAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA150","url_text":"Dodsley's Annual Register, 1817"}]},{"reference":"\"Access to Archives\". The National Archives. Retrieved 3 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=160-bor2&cid=19-5-17#19-5-17","url_text":"\"Access to Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"LANGSTON, James Haughton (?1797-1863), of Sarsden House, Chipping Norton, Oxon. and 143 Piccadilly, Mdx\". History of Parliament. Retrieved 10 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/langston-james-1797-1863","url_text":"\"LANGSTON, James Haughton (?1797-1863), of Sarsden House, Chipping Norton, Oxon. and 143 Piccadilly, Mdx\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 17788\". The London Gazette. 6 February 1821. pp. 328–328.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17788/page/328","url_text":"\"No. 17788\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 17677\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1822. pp. 217–217.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17677/page/217","url_text":"\"No. 17677\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"The New monthly magazine. 1823. p. 134.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 17998\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1824. p. 193.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17998/page/193","url_text":"\"No. 17998\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18554\". The London Gazette. 27 February 1929. p. 373.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18554/page/373","url_text":"\"No. 18554\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18652\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1830. pp. 257–258.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18652/page/257","url_text":"\"No. 18652\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18772\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1831. pp. 194–195.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18772/page/194","url_text":"\"No. 18772\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18900\". The London Gazette. 6 February 1832. pp. 254–255.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18900/page/254","url_text":"\"No. 18900\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19019\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1833. p. 246.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19019/page/246","url_text":"\"No. 19019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19125\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1834. p. 206.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19125/page/206","url_text":"\"No. 19125\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19238\". The London Gazette. 9 February 1835. pp. 235–236.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19238/page/235","url_text":"\"No. 19238\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19353\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1836. pp. 223–224.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19353/page/223","url_text":"\"No. 19353\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19462\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1837. p. 232.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19462/page/232","url_text":"\"No. 19462\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19586\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1838. p. 232.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19586/page/232","url_text":"\"No. 19586\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19704\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1839. p. 214.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19704/page/214","url_text":"\"No. 19704\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19819\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1840. p. 198.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19819/page/198","url_text":"\"No. 19819\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19948\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1841. p. 304.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19948/page/304","url_text":"\"No. 19948\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20067\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1842. p. 285.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20067/page/285","url_text":"\"No. 20067\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20192\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1843. p. 371.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20192/page/371","url_text":"\"No. 20192\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20311\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1844. p. 348.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20311/page/348","url_text":"\"No. 20311\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20439\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1845. p. 316.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20439/page/316","url_text":"\"No. 20439\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20566\". The London Gazette. 30 January 1846. p. 362.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20566/page/362","url_text":"\"No. 20566\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20698\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1847. p. 410.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20698/page/410","url_text":"\"No. 20698\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20825\". The London Gazette. 11 February 1848. p. 542.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20825/page/542","url_text":"\"No. 20825\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20944\". The London Gazette. 13 February 1849. p. 431.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20944/page/431","url_text":"\"No. 20944\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21065\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1850. p. 313.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21065/page/313","url_text":"\"No. 21065\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21181\". The London Gazette. 11 February 1851. p. 363.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21181/page/363","url_text":"\"No. 21181\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21287\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1852. p. 289.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21287/page/289","url_text":"\"No. 21287\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21290\". The London Gazette. 13 February 1852. p. 407.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21290/page/407","url_text":"\"No. 21290\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21409\". The London Gazette. 8 February 1853. p. 329.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21409/page/329","url_text":"\"No. 21409\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21517\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1854. p. 265.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21517/page/265","url_text":"\"No. 21517\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21660\". The London Gazette. 9 February 1855. p. 470.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21660/page/470","url_text":"\"No. 21660\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21844\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1856. p. 361.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21844/page/361","url_text":"\"No. 21844\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21964\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1857. p. 379.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21964/page/379","url_text":"\"No. 21964\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22091\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1858. p. 539.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22091/page/539","url_text":"\"No. 22091\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22226\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1859. p. 454.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22226/page/454","url_text":"\"No. 22226\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22348\". The London Gazette. 23 January 1860. p. 213.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22348/page/213","url_text":"\"No. 22348\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22477\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1861. p. 434.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22477/page/434","url_text":"\"No. 22477\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22596\". The London Gazette. 7 February 1862. p. 433.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22596/page/433","url_text":"\"No. 22596\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22704\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1863. p. 573.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22704/page/573","url_text":"\"No. 22704\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22815\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1864. p. 525.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22815/page/525","url_text":"\"No. 22815\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22936\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1865. p. 559.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22936/page/559","url_text":"\"No. 22936\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23066\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1866. p. 637.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23066/page/637","url_text":"\"No. 23066\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23215\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1867. p. 611.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23215/page/611","url_text":"\"No. 23215\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23348\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1868. p. 453.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23348/page/453","url_text":"\"No. 23348\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23465\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1869. p. 583.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23465/page/583","url_text":"\"No. 23465\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23584\". The London Gazette. 7 February 1870. p. 721.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23584/page/721","url_text":"\"No. 23584\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23704\". The London Gazette. 8 February 1871. p. 473.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23704/page/473","url_text":"\"No. 23704\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23825\". The London Gazette. 6 February 1872. p. 403.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23825/page/403","url_text":"\"No. 23825\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23945\". The London Gazette. 6 February 1873. p. 513.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23945/page/513","url_text":"\"No. 23945\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24061\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1874. p. 481.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24061/page/481","url_text":"\"No. 24061\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24177\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1875. p. 449.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24177/page/449","url_text":"\"No. 24177\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24293\". The London Gazette. 12 February 1876. p. 637.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24293/page/637","url_text":"\"No. 24293\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24416\". The London Gazette. 7 February 1877. p. 607.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24416/page/607","url_text":"\"No. 24416\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24554\". The London Gazette. 22 February 1878. p. 378.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24554/page/378","url_text":"\"No. 24554\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24683\". The London Gazette. 22 February 1879. p. 927.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24683/page/927","url_text":"\"No. 24683\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24817\". The London Gazette. 26 February 1880. p. 1697.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24817/page/1697","url_text":"\"No. 24817\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24945\". The London Gazette. 2 March 1881. p. 979.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24945/page/979","url_text":"\"No. 24945\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25076\". The London Gazette. 27 February 1882. p. 823.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25076/page/823","url_text":"\"No. 25076\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25208\". The London Gazette. 3 March 1883. p. 1231.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25208/page/1231","url_text":"\"No. 25208\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25325\". The London Gazette. 4 March 1884. p. 1117.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25325/page/1117","url_text":"\"No. 25325\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25447\". The London Gazette. 6 March 1885. p. 970.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25447/page/970","url_text":"\"No. 25447\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25566\". The London Gazette. 9 March 1886. p. 1136.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25566/page/1136","url_text":"\"No. 25566\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25680\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1887. p. 1222.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25680/page/1222","url_text":"\"No. 25680\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25798\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1888. p. 1696.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25798/page/1696","url_text":"\"No. 25798\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25922\". The London Gazette. 9 April 1889. p. 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25922/page/2009","url_text":"\"No. 25922\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26036\". The London Gazette. 25 March 1890. p. 1781.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26036/page/1781","url_text":"\"No. 26036\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26146\". The London Gazette. 24 March 1891. p. 1653.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26146/page/1653","url_text":"\"No. 26146\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26269\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1892. p. 1589.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26269/page/1589","url_text":"\"No. 26269\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26383\". The London Gazette. 17 March 1893. p. 1677.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26383/page/1677","url_text":"\"No. 26383\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26494\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1894. p. 1518.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26494/page/1518","url_text":"\"No. 26494\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26606\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1895. p. 1455.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26606/page/1455","url_text":"\"No. 26606\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26720\". The London Gazette. 10 March 1896. p. 1596.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26720/page/1596","url_text":"\"No. 26720\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26828\". The London Gazette. 2 March 1897. p. 1238.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26828/page/1238","url_text":"\"No. 26828\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26945\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1898. p. 1414.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26945/page/1414","url_text":"\"No. 26945\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27061\". The London Gazette. 10 March 1899. p. 1660.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27061/page/1660","url_text":"\"No. 27061\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27171\". The London Gazette. 6 March 1900. p. 1520.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27171/page/1520","url_text":"\"No. 27171\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27293\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1901. p. 1760.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27293/page/1760","url_text":"\"No. 27293\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27414\". The London Gazette. 7 March 1902. p. 1625.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27414/page/1625","url_text":"\"No. 27414\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27534\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1903. p. 1672.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27534/page/1672","url_text":"\"No. 27534\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27655\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1904. p. 1537.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27655/page/1537","url_text":"\"No. 27655\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27777\". The London Gazette. 21 March 1905. p. 2179.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27777/page/2179","url_text":"\"No. 27777\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27890\". The London Gazette. 27 February 1906. p. 1433.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27890/page/1433","url_text":"\"No. 27890\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28000\". The London Gazette. 1 March 1907. p. 1463.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28000/page/1463","url_text":"\"No. 28000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28115\". The London Gazette. 3 March 1908. p. 1480.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28115/page/1480","url_text":"\"No. 28115\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28229\". The London Gazette. 2 March 1909. p. 1655.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28229/page/1655","url_text":"\"No. 28229\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28346\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1910. p. 1680.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28346/page/1680","url_text":"\"No. 28346\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28473\". The London Gazette. 7 March 1911. p. 1952.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28473/page/1952","url_text":"\"No. 28473\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28586\". The London Gazette. 1 March 1912. p. 1557.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28586/page/1557","url_text":"\"No. 28586\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28701\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1913. p. 2058.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28701/page/2058","url_text":"\"No. 28701\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28811\". The London Gazette. 10 March 1914. p. 2159.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28811/page/2159","url_text":"\"No. 28811\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29086\". The London Gazette. 2 March 1915. p. 2089.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29086/page/2089","url_text":"\"No. 29086\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29492\". The London Gazette. 29 February 1916. p. 2236.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29492/page/2236","url_text":"\"No. 29492\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29982\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1917. p. 2509.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29982/page/2509","url_text":"\"No. 29982\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30557\". The London Gazette. 5 March 1918. p. 2781.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30557/page/2781","url_text":"\"No. 30557\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 31230\". The London Gazette. 14 March 1919. p. 3477.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31230/page/3477","url_text":"\"No. 31230\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 31821\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1920. p. 3178.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31821/page/3178","url_text":"\"No. 31821\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32086\". The London Gazette. 15 October 1920. p. 9986.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32086/page/9986","url_text":"\"No. 32086\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32254\". The London Gazette. 11 March 1921. p. 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32254/page/1995","url_text":"\"No. 32254\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32642\". The London Gazette. 17 March 1922. p. 2231.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32642/page/2231","url_text":"\"No. 32642\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32805\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1923. p. 1990.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32805/page/1990","url_text":"\"No. 32805\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32920\". The London Gazette. 21 March 1924. p. 2415.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32920/page/2415","url_text":"\"No. 32920\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33030\". The London Gazette. 17 March 1925. p. 1875.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33030/page/1875","url_text":"\"No. 33030\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33143\". The London Gazette. 19 March 1926. p. 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33143/page/2012","url_text":"\"No. 33143\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33259\". The London Gazette. 22 March 1927. p. 1876.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33259/page/1876","url_text":"\"No. 33259\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33369\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1928. p. 2127.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33369/page/2127","url_text":"\"No. 33369\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33479\". The London Gazette. 22 March 1929. p. 1966.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33479/page/1966","url_text":"\"No. 33479\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33592\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1930. p. 1958.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33592/page/1958","url_text":"\"No. 33592\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33700\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1931. p. 1878.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33700/page/1878","url_text":"\"No. 33700\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33809\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1932. p. 1854.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33809/page/1854","url_text":"\"No. 33809\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33922\". The London Gazette. 17 March 1933. p. 1856.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33922/page/1856","url_text":"\"No. 33922\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34035\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1934. p. 1940.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34035/page/1940","url_text":"\"No. 34035\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34135\". The London Gazette. 22 February 1935. p. 1266.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34135/page/1266","url_text":"\"No. 34135\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34261\". The London Gazette. 3 March 1936. p. 1380.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34261/page/1380","url_text":"\"No. 34261\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34267\". The London Gazette. 24 March 1936. p. 1897.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34267/page/1897","url_text":"\"No. 34267\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34381\". The London Gazette. 19 March 1937. p. 1820.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34381/page/1820","url_text":"\"No. 34381\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34494\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1938. p. 1838.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34494/page/1838","url_text":"\"No. 34494\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34606\". The London Gazette. 10 March 1939. p. 1633.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34606/page/1633","url_text":"\"No. 34606\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34807\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1940. p. 1381.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34807/page/1381","url_text":"\"No. 34807\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35119\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1941. p. 1802.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35119/page/1802","url_text":"\"No. 35119\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35508\". The London Gazette. 31 March 1942. p. 1453.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35508/page/1453","url_text":"\"No. 35508\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35938\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1943. p. 1200.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35938/page/1200","url_text":"\"No. 35938\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 36444\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1944. p. 1449.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36444/page/1449","url_text":"\"No. 36444\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 36998\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1945. p. 1602.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36998/page/1602","url_text":"\"No. 36998\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37509\". The London Gazette. 22 March 1946. p. 1493.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37509/page/1493","url_text":"\"No. 37509\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37905\". The London Gazette. 14 March 1947. p. 1214.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37905/page/1214","url_text":"\"No. 37905\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38235\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1948. p. 1811.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38235/page/1811","url_text":"\"No. 38235\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38556\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1949. p. 1202.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38556/page/1202","url_text":"\"No. 38556\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38878\". The London Gazette. 4 April 1950. p. 1666.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38878/page/1666","url_text":"\"No. 38878\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39175\". The London Gazette. 16 March 1951. p. 1428.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39175/page/1428","url_text":"\"No. 39175\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39489\". The London Gazette. 11 March 1952. p. 1400.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39489/page/1400","url_text":"\"No. 39489\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39798\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1953. p. 1442.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39798/page/1442","url_text":"\"No. 39798\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 40115\". The London Gazette. 2 March 1954. p. 1315.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40115/page/1315","url_text":"\"No. 40115\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 40433\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1955. p. 1609.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40433/page/1609","url_text":"\"No. 40433\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 40738\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1956. p. 1731.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40738/page/1731","url_text":"\"No. 40738\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41024\". The London Gazette. 15 March 1957. p. 1651.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41024/page/1651","url_text":"\"No. 41024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41340\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1958. p. 1779.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41340/page/1779","url_text":"\"No. 41340\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41656\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1959. p. 1725.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41656/page/1725","url_text":"\"No. 41656\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41986\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1960. p. 2025.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41986/page/2025","url_text":"\"No. 41986\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 42314\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1961. p. 2346.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42314/page/2346","url_text":"\"No. 42314\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 42623\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 March 1962. p. 2144.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42623/supplement/2144","url_text":"\"No. 42623\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 42955\". The London Gazette. 29 March 1963. p. 2824.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42955/page/2824","url_text":"\"No. 42955\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 43286\". The London Gazette. 31 March 1964. p. 2849.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43286/page/2849","url_text":"\"No. 43286\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 43610\". The London Gazette. 26 March 1965. p. 3049.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43610/page/3049","url_text":"\"No. 43610\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 43921\". The London Gazette. 11 March 1966. p. 2704.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43921/page/2704","url_text":"\"No. 43921\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 44276\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1967. p. 3382.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44276/page/3382","url_text":"\"No. 44276\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 44540\". The London Gazette. 5 March 1968. p. 2668.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44540/page/2668","url_text":"\"No. 44540\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 44811\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1969. p. 3011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44811/page/3011","url_text":"\"No. 44811\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 45070\". The London Gazette. 31 March 1970. p. 3646.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45070/page/3646","url_text":"\"No. 45070\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 45321\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1971. p. 2158.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45321/page/2158","url_text":"\"No. 45321\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 45630\". The London Gazette. 24 March 1972. p. 3654.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45630/page/3654","url_text":"\"No. 45630\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 45941\". The London Gazette. 30 March 1973. p. 4154.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45941/page/4154","url_text":"\"No. 45941\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 46249\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1974. p. 4007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46249/page/4007","url_text":"\"No. 46249\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 46524\". The London Gazette. 21 March 1975. p. 3844.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46524/page/3844","url_text":"\"No. 46524\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 46857\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1976. p. 4337.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46857/page/4337","url_text":"\"No. 46857\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 47171\". The London Gazette. 11 March 1977. p. 3436.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/47171/page/3436","url_text":"\"No. 47171\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 47497\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1978. p. 3664.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/47497/page/3664","url_text":"\"No. 47497\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 47795\". The London Gazette. 16 March 1979. p. 3548.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/47795/page/3548","url_text":"\"No. 47795\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 48134\". The London Gazette. 21 March 1980. p. 4412.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/48134/page/4412","url_text":"\"No. 48134\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 48563\". The London Gazette. 24 March 1981. p. 4216.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/48563/page/4216","url_text":"\"No. 48563\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 48919\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1982. p. 3495.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/48919/page/3495","url_text":"\"No. 48919\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 49294\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1983. p. 3830.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49294/page/3830","url_text":"\"No. 49294\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 49677\". The London Gazette. 16 March 1984. p. 3868.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49677/page/3868","url_text":"\"No. 49677\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 50071\". The London Gazette. 22 March 1985. p. 4108.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/50071/page/4108","url_text":"\"No. 50071\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 50472\". The London Gazette. 27 March 1986. p. 4374.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/50472/page/4374","url_text":"\"No. 50472\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 50865\". The London Gazette. 19 March 1987. p. 3691.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/50865/page/3691","url_text":"\"No. 50865\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 51281\". The London Gazette. 24 March 1988. p. 3545.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/51281/page/3545","url_text":"\"No. 51281\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 51678\". The London Gazette. 17 March 1989. p. 3358.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/51678/page/3358","url_text":"\"No. 51678\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 52081\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1990. p. 3678.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52081/page/3678","url_text":"\"No. 52081\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 52484\". The London Gazette. 25 March 1991. p. 4710.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52484/page/4710","url_text":"\"No. 52484\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 52868\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1992. p. 5026.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52868/page/5026","url_text":"\"No. 52868\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 53247\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1993. p. 4679.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53247/page/4679","url_text":"\"No. 53247\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 53618\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1994. p. 4244.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53618/page/4244","url_text":"\"No. 53618\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 53985\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1995. p. 4274.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53985/page/4274","url_text":"\"No. 53985\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 54345\". The London Gazette. 14 March 1996. p. 3831.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/54345/page/3831","url_text":"\"No. 54345\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 54715\". The London Gazette. 25 March 1997. p. 3621.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/54715/page/3621","url_text":"\"No. 54715\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 59011\". The London Gazette. 19 March 2009. p. 4924.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/59011/page/4924","url_text":"\"No. 59011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 59364\". The London Gazette. 18 March 2010. p. 4707.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/59364/page/4707","url_text":"\"No. 59364\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 59729\". The London Gazette. 17 March 2011. p. 4995.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/59729/page/4995","url_text":"\"No. 59729\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 60087\". The London Gazette. 15 March 2012. p. 5223.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60087/page/5223","url_text":"\"No. 60087\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 60447\". The London Gazette. 14 March 2013. p. 5101.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60447/page/5101","url_text":"\"No. 60447\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 60799\". The London Gazette. 6 March 2014. p. 4635.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60799/page/4635","url_text":"\"No. 60799\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 61177\". The London Gazette. 23 March 2015. p. 5242.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61177/page/5242","url_text":"\"No. 61177\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 61759\". The London Gazette. 17 March 2016. p. 5942.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61759/page/5942","url_text":"\"No. 61759\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 61868\". The London Gazette. 10 March 2017. p. 5262.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61868/page/5262","url_text":"\"No. 61868\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 62229\". The London Gazette. 15 March 2018. p. 4814.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62229/page/4814","url_text":"\"No. 62229\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 62586\". The London Gazette. 15 March 2019. p. 4643.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62586/page/4643","url_text":"\"No. 62586\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 62943\". The London Gazette. 13 March 2020. p. 5162.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62943/page/5162","url_text":"\"No. 62943\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 63174\". The London Gazette. 13 November 2020. p. 19396.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63174/page/19396","url_text":"\"No. 63174\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 63644\". The London Gazette. 17 March 2022. p. 5082.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63644/page/5082","url_text":"\"No. 63644\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 63990\". The London Gazette. 10 March 2023. p. 4634.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63990/page/4634","url_text":"\"No. 63990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Berg

George Berg

["1 Biography","2 Medal of Honor citation","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

George Francis BergBorn(1868-12-02)December 2, 1868Mount Erie, IllinoisDiedNovember 27, 1945(1945-11-27) (aged 76)Place of burialMount Pleasant Cemetery South Portland, MaineAllegiance United States of AmericaService/branchUnited States ArmyRankMaster SergeantUnit17th Infantry RegimentBattles/warsSpanish–American WarAwardsMedal of Honor George Francis Berg (December 2, 1868 - November 27, 1945) was an American soldier serving in the United States Army during the Spanish–American War who received the Medal of Honor for bravery. Biography Berg was born December 2, 1868, in Mount Erie, Illinois. After entering the army, he was sent to fight with Company C, 17th U.S. Infantry in the Spanish–American War. He died November 27, 1945, and is buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery South Portland, Maine. Medal of Honor citation Rank and organization: Private, Company C, 17th U.S. Infantry. Place and date: At El Caney, Cuba, 1 July 1898. Entered service at: ______. Birth: Wayne County, Ill. Date of issue: Unknown. Citation: Gallantly assisted in the rescue of the wounded from in front of the lines and while under heavy fire of the enemy. See also Biography portal List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Spanish–American War References ^ a b "BERG, GEORGE". Medal of Honor recipients, War With Spain. United States Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010. ^ Congressional Medal of Honor Society External links "George Berg". Claim to Fame: Medal of Honor recipients. Find a Grave. Retrieved June 12, 2010. "George Berg". Hall of Valor. Military Times. Retrieved June 12, 2010. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_(Pakistani_Army_officer)

Abdul Hamid Khan (general)

["1 Early career","2 1965 War with India","3 Career in the Yahya Government","4 Awards and decorations","4.1 Foreign Decorations","5 References","6 External links"]

"General Abdul Hamid Khan" redirects here. For other people named Abdul Hamid Khan, see Abdul Hamid Khan (disambiguation). Pakistani general This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) GeneralAbdul Hamid KhanHQA   SPk   SQANative nameعبد الحمید خانBorn29 April 1917Mandalay, British Burma (Now, Mandalay, Myanmar)Died1984 (aged 66–67)Lahore, Punjab, PakistanAllegiance British India (1939-47) Pakistan (1947-71)Service/branch British Indian Army Pakistan ArmyYears of service1939 – 1971Rank GeneralService numberPA-95Unit10th Baluch RegimentCommands held6th bn Baluch Regiment 3rd bn Baluch Regiment 11th Infantry Division, Lahore I Corps, Kharian Chief of Staff of the ArmyBattles/warsWorld War IIIndo-Pakistani War of 1965 Battle of Kasur Indo-Pakistani War of 1971Awards Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam Sitara-e-Pakistan Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam Order of the Crown General Abdul Hamid Khan HQA SPk SQA (Urdu: عبد الحمید خان) was a senior officer in the Pakistan Army. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, he led the Pakistan 11th Division to victory in the Battle of Kasur. He served as the Chief of Staff (COS)of the Pakistan Army under President Yahya Khan and led the army during the Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani War in 1971. He is accused of inflicting genocide during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Early career Abdul Hamid Khan was born 29 April 1917. He attended the Indian Military Academy, Dehra Dun. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant on the Special List 15 July 1939 and was initially attached to the Somerset Light Infantry for experience from 11 August 1939. His date of commission was later antedated to 28 August 1938 and he was promoted lieutenant 28 November 1940. He was admitted to the British Indian Army 27 August 1940. He was appointed acting captain then temporary captain on 23 December 1940. He had been posted to 3rd battalion 10th Baluch Regiment by October 1942. He saw action in Italy towards the end of the war. He was promoted war substantive captain and temporary major 3 February 1944. He was briefly an acting lieutenant-colonel 15 August to 18 October 1945. He had attended a wartime staff course. During the Partition of India, he opted for Pakistan and joined the newly created Pakistan Army, in 1947 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and became commanding officer of 6th battalion, Baluch Regiment, he commanded from April 1948 to November 1948. Later he was appointed commanding officer of 3rd battalion, Baluch Regiment, he served in this post from November 1948 to December 1949. 1965 War with India During the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War, then Major General Abdul Hamid Khan served as the General Officer Commanding (GOC) of 11th Infantry Division at Kasur. This division in addition to 10th Infantry Division under Major General Sarfaraz Khan repelled the Indian thrust at Lahore on 6 September 1965. Following victory at the Battle of Kasur, his division pushed the Indians back to the border and captured the district of Khemkaran in Indian Punjab, though further advances were checked. He then was able to repel multiple counter-attacks by the Indian Army in an effort to retake Khemkaran. Career in the Yahya Government After the Indo-Pak war of 1965, Abdul Hamid Khan was promoted to lieutenant general and served as the commander of I Corps, then based in Kharian (it is currently based in Mangla). After martial law was imposed by General Yahya Khan on 25 March 1969, Lt Gen Hamid Khan was made the Chief of Staff (COS) of the Pakistan Army and Deputy Martial Law Administrator (DMLA) of the country. During that time he briefly held the cabinet portfolio of Home Affairs for four months. He was promoted to full general in August 1969 and was appointed as the chief of staff of the Army or in other sense the de facto commander-in-chief of the army in place of Yahya as he was the president. He is accused of war crimes during the 1971 Bangladesh liberation war. Awards and decorations Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam (Crescent of the Great Leader) (SQA) Sitara-e-Pakistan (Star of Pakistan) (SPk) Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam (Star of the Great Leader) (SQA) Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War (War Star 1965) Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War (War Medal 1965) Pakistan Tamgha (Pakistan Medal) 1947 Tamgha-e-Jamhuria (Republic Commemoration Medal) 1956 Order of the Crown (Pahlavi Iran) India General Service Medal (1936) North West Frontier 1937–39 Clasp 1939-1945 Star Africa Star (with Rosette) Italy Star Defence Medal War Medal 1939-1945 Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (1953) Foreign Decorations Foreign Awards  UK 1939-1945 Star Africa Star Italy Star Defence Medal War Medal 1939-1945 Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal  Imperial Iran Order of the Crown References ^ a b c d The Half Yearly Indian Army List April 1946 ^ Riza, Maj Gen Shaukat. (1990). The Pakistan Army 1966-71. Rawalpindi: Services Book Club 1990. ^ July 1940 Indian Army List ^ October 1942 Indian Army List Most Secret edition ^ Riza, Maj Gen Shaukat. The Pakistan Army 1947-49 Rawalpindi: Services Book Club 1989 ^ Riza, Maj Gen Shaukat. (1984). The Pakistan Army: War 1965. Rawalpindi: Services Book Club 1990. ^ Rikhye, Ravi (24 February 2002). "The Battle of Assal Uttar: Pakistan and India 1965". Pakistan Orbat. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. ^ "Changes in the Army High Command" Archived 2008-11-22 at the Wayback Machine "British High Commission", 5 May 1966 ^ Pakistan : Martial Law "Who's Who" Archived 2008-09-23 at the Wayback Machine The American Papers - Secret and Confidential India.Pakistan.Bangladesh Documents 1965-1973, March 26, 1969 External links Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report Political offices Preceded byAfzal Rahman Khan Interior Minister of Pakistan 1969 Succeeded bySardar Abdur Rashid Khan vteChiefs of the Staff of the Pakistan ArmyCommander-in-Chief(1947-1972) Messervy Gracey A. Khan M. Khan Y. Khan G. Khan Chiefs of Army Staff(1972-present) T. Khan Zia-ul-Haq Beg Janjua Kakar Karamat Musharraf Kayani Sharif Bajwa Munir Vice Chief of Army Staff A.H. Khan S. Khan Arif Beg M.Y. Khan Hayat Kayani Related Malacca Cane

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For other people named Abdul Hamid Khan, see Abdul Hamid Khan (disambiguation).Pakistani generalGeneral Abdul Hamid Khan HQA SPk SQA (Urdu: عبد الحمید خان) was a senior officer in the Pakistan Army. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, he led the Pakistan 11th Division to victory in the Battle of Kasur. He served as the Chief of Staff (COS)of the Pakistan Army under President Yahya Khan and led the army during the Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani War in 1971. 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He was commissioned as a second lieutenant on the Special List 15 July 1939 and was initially attached to the Somerset Light Infantry for experience from 11 August 1939.[3] His date of commission was later antedated to 28 August 1938 and he was promoted lieutenant 28 November 1940. He was admitted to the British Indian Army 27 August 1940. He was appointed acting captain then temporary captain on 23 December 1940.[1] He had been posted to 3rd battalion 10th Baluch Regiment by October 1942. He saw action in Italy towards the end of the war.[4]He was promoted war substantive captain and temporary major 3 February 1944. He was briefly an acting lieutenant-colonel 15 August to 18 October 1945. He had attended a wartime staff course.[1]During the Partition of India, he opted for Pakistan and joined the newly created Pakistan Army, in 1947 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and became commanding officer of 6th battalion, Baluch Regiment, he commanded from April 1948 to November 1948. 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He was promoted to full general in August 1969 and was appointed as the chief of staff of the Army or in other sense the de facto commander-in-chief of the army in place of Yahya as he was the president. He is accused of war crimes during the 1971 Bangladesh liberation war.","title":"Career in the Yahya Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Foreign Decorations","title":"Awards and decorations"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Breimyr

Henrik Breimyr

["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Career statistics","4 References","5 External links"]

Norwegian footballer (born 1993) Henrik BreimyrPersonal informationFull name Henrik Malde BreimyrDate of birth (1993-07-20) 20 July 1993 (age 30)Place of birth Stavanger, NorwayHeight 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in)Position(s) Central midfielderTeam informationCurrent team EgersundNumber 4Youth career2007–2009 Reading2009–2011 Aldershot TownSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2011–2012 Aldershot Town 0 (0)2011 → Eastleigh (loan) 9 (1)2012 → Viking (loan) 2 (0)2012 → Bryne (loan) 13 (2)2013–2015 Bryne 81 (4)2015–2016 Start 15 (0)2016 Sandnes Ulf 3 (1)2017–2018 Hødd 58 (4)2019 Tromsdalen 24 (1)2020– Egersund 1 (0)International career2011–2013 Norway U18 4 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 6 October 2019 Henrik Malde Breimyr (born 20 July 1993) is a Norwegian footballer, playing for Egersund. Breimyr plays as a central defender. Club career Henrik played schoolboy football for Fulham and Reading. He was released by Reading in the summer of 2009 and joined Aldershot Town's academy. He has also played for the club's reserves. After impressive appearances for Aldershot's youth and reserve teams, Henrik was given a trial by Chelsea's academy in February 2011, playing against the academy sides of Portsmouth, Birmingham and Milton Keynes Dons. Breimyr was runner-up in the 2011 League Two Apprentice of the Year, and signed a professional contract with Aldershot in April 2011 that tied him to the club until 2013. In February 2012, Breimyr joined the Norwegian side Viking on a one-year-long loan deal. He made his debut in Tippeligaen against Haugesund on 28 April 2012, when he replaced Christian Landu Landu as a substitute in the 55th minute. Breimyr spent most of the first half of the season playing at Viking's reserve team in the Third Division, and the loan-deal was terminated on 3 August 2012 by mutual consent. Instead Breimyr was loaned out to First Division side Bryne on 22 August 2012. Breimyr left IL Hødd at the end of the 2018 season. International career Towards the end of the 2011–12 season, Breimyr was called up to the Norway under-18 squad for the Slovakia Cup. He played in all four of Norway's games, including the loss to Denmark under-18s in the final of the tournament. From there on he has been a regular in the national team squad and currently has a total of seven under-18 caps and four under-19 caps. He made his debut for the under-21 side on 6 February 2013 against Turkey. Career statistics As of 14 July 2020 Season Club Division League Cup Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2012 Viking Tippeligaen 1 0 2 0 3 0 2012 Bryne Adeccoligaen 13 2 0 0 13 2 2013 29 1 3 0 32 1 2014 1. divisjon 27 1 1 0 28 1 2015 OBOS-ligaen 15 2 3 0 18 2 2015 Start Tippeligaen 12 0 0 0 12 0 2016 0 0 1 0 1 0 2016 Sandnes Ulf OBOS-ligaen 3 1 0 0 3 1 2017 Hødd PostNord-ligaen 26 0 2 0 28 0 2018 14 3 4 0 18 3 2019 Tromsdalen OBOS-ligaen 24 1 2 0 26 1 2020 Egersund PostNord-ligaen 1 0 0 0 1 0 Career Total 165 11 18 0 183 11 References ^ Henrik Malde Breimyr - Norges Fotballforbund, fotball.no ^ "YOUTH REPORT: CHELSEA 3 PORTSMOUTH 0". Chelsea FC. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2014. ^ "YOUTH REPORT: CHELSEA 3 MK DONS 1". Chelsea FC. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2014. ^ "Breimyr klar for Viking". viking-fk.no (in Norwegian). Viking. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2014. ^ "Slik var Viking – Haugesund". viking-fk.no (in Norwegian). Viking FK. 28 April 2012. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012. ^ "Breimyr er ferdig i Viking". rogalandsavis.no (in Norwegian). Rogalands Avis. 3 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2012. ^ "Jakobsen og Breimyr til Bryne". aftenbladet.no (in Norwegian). Stavanger Aftenblad. 22 August 2012. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012. ^ Overganger i 2.divisjon vinter 2019, sportshjornet.com, 9 January 2019 ^ "Aldershot Town FC – Henrik Breimyr". Theshots.co.uk. 20 July 1993. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2014. ^ "Henrik Breimyr". altomfotball.no (in Norwegian). TV 2. Retrieved 17 March 2013. External links Henrik Breimyr at Soccerway

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalia_Crane

Nathalia Crane

["1 Bibliography","1.1 Poetry","1.2 Novels","1.3 Other","2 References","3 External links"]

American poet This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nathalia Crane" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nathalia Clara Ruth CraneCrane in a publicity photo c. 1925Born(1913-08-11)August 11, 1913Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.DiedOctober 22, 1998(1998-10-22) (aged 85)OccupationAuthor, professorLanguageEnglishNationalityAmericanGenreFantasy, poetrySpouseVete George Black Peter O'Reilly Nathalia Clara Ruth Crane (11 August 1913 – 22 October 1998) was an American poet and novelist who became famous as a child prodigy after the publication of her first book of poetry, The Janitor's Boy, written at age 10 and published two years later. Her poetry was first published in The New York Sun when she was only 9 years old, the paper unaware that she was a child. She was elected into the British Society of Authors, Playwrights, and Composers in 1925, written up in The American Mercury and later became a professor of English at San Diego State University. After the publication of her second volume of poetry, Lava Lane, poet Edwin Markham implied that the publications were probably a hoax, stating "It seems impossible to me that a girl so immature could have written these poems. They are beyond the powers of a girl of twelve. The sophisticated viewpoint of sex, ...knowledge of history and archeology found in these pages place them beyond the reach of any juvenile mind." Crane was dubbed "The Brooklyn Bard" by the time she was 13 and became part of the Louis Untermeyer poetry circle during her late teens, with Untermeyer contributing an introduction to her 1936 volume Swear by the Night & Other Poems. He was an early promoter of her work, stating, "some of the critics explained the work by insisting that the child was some sort of medium, an instrument unaware of what was played upon it; others, considering the book a hoax, scorned the fact that any child could have written verses so smooth in execution and so remarkable in spiritual overtones" and that "the appeal of such lines is not that they have been written by a child but by a poet." Bibliography Photograph from The Janitor's Boy: And Other Poems (1924) Poetry n.d., The Pamphlet Pacts. New York: Simon & Schuster. OCLC 15723289 1924, The Janitor's Boy: And Other Poems. New York: Thomas Seltzer. OCLC 593572 1925, Lava Lane, and Other Poems. New York: Thomas Seltzer. OCLC 40861749 1926, The Singing Crow. New York: A. & C. Boni. OCLC 26194523 1928, Venus Invisible: And Other Poems. New York: Coward-McCann. OCLC 1487072 1930, Pocahontas. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc. OCLC 1395035 1936, Swear by the Night. New York: Random House. OCLC 330949866 1939, with Leonard Feeney, The Ark and the Alphabet: An Animal Collection. New York: The Macmillan Company. OCLC 1394769 1941, In the Last Lodging of Simplicity.... Richmond Hill, NY: Monastine Press. OCLC 9989633 1942, The Death of Poetry: A Dramatic Poem in Two Parts. New York: The Monastine Press. OCLC 4772185 1969, The Campus Drum Beat. El Cajon, CA: Cal-West. OCLC 12183657 Novels 1926, The Sunken Garden. New York: Thomas Seltzer. OCLC 3373060 1929, An Alien from Heaven. New York: Coward-McCann. OCLC 4068669 Other 1925, with Frances E. Friedman, Nathalia Crane Song Book. New York: Thomas Seltzer. OCLC 4380011 1926, Nathalia Crane. New York: Simon & Schuster. References ^ "Nathalia Clara Ruth Crane (1913-1998)". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 10 July 2013. ^ "Nathalia Crane child poet 1925". Life in the 1920s. 1920-30.com. Retrieved 10 July 2009. ^ See Johnson, Nunnally, "Nathalia From Brooklyn," in The American Mercury September 1926, at pp. 52-59. ^ a b Salmonson, Jessica Amanda. "Girl writers: Nathalia Crane, Vivienne Dayrell, & Daisy Ashford". The Weird Review. Violet Books. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Nathalia Crane. Works by Nathalia Crane at Project Gutenberg Works by Nathalia Crane at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) "Miscellany: Markham v. prodigy". Time Magazine. Time Inc. 25 November 1925. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Netherlands Other SNAC 2

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Her poetry was first published in The New York Sun when she was only 9 years old, the paper unaware that she was a child. She was elected into the British Society of Authors, Playwrights, and Composers in 1925,[2] written up in The American Mercury[3] and later became a professor of English at San Diego State University.[4]After the publication of her second volume of poetry, Lava Lane, poet Edwin Markham implied that the publications were probably a hoax, stating \"It seems impossible to me that a girl so immature could have written these poems. They are beyond the powers of a girl of twelve. The sophisticated viewpoint of sex, ...knowledge of history and archeology found in these pages place them beyond the reach of any juvenile mind.\" [citation needed]Crane was dubbed \"The Brooklyn Bard\" by the time she was 13 and became part of the Louis Untermeyer poetry circle during her late teens, with Untermeyer contributing an introduction to her 1936 volume Swear by the Night & Other Poems.[4] He was an early promoter of her work, stating, \"some of the critics explained the work by insisting that the child was some sort of medium, an instrument unaware of what was played upon it; others, considering the book a hoax, scorned the fact that any child could have written verses so smooth in execution and so remarkable in spiritual overtones\" and that \"the appeal of such lines is not that they have been written by a child but by a poet.\"[citation needed]","title":"Nathalia Crane"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nathalia_Clara_Ruth_Crane_1924.jpg"}],"text":"Photograph from The Janitor's Boy: And Other Poems (1924)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Pamphlet Pacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HgvGGwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"15723289","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/15723289"},{"link_name":"The Janitor's Boy: And Other Poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lsY0AAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"593572","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/593572"},{"link_name":"Lava Lane, and Other Poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2ktAAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"40861749","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/40861749"},{"link_name":"The Singing Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qFBJAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"26194523","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/26194523"},{"link_name":"Venus Invisible: And Other Poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=U2Y_AAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"1487072","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1487072"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=SLhrAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"1395035","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1395035"},{"link_name":"Swear by the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CLwiSwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"330949866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/330949866"},{"link_name":"Leonard Feeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Feeney"},{"link_name":"The Ark and the Alphabet: An Animal Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NPIpAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"1394769","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1394769"},{"link_name":"In the Last Lodging of Simplicity...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=991NtwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"9989633","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/9989633"},{"link_name":"The Death of Poetry: A Dramatic Poem in Two Parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=d7IVHQAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"4772185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4772185"},{"link_name":"The Campus Drum Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LUUIHAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"12183657","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/12183657"}],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"n.d., The Pamphlet Pacts. New York: Simon & Schuster. OCLC 15723289\n1924, The Janitor's Boy: And Other Poems. New York: Thomas Seltzer. OCLC 593572\n1925, Lava Lane, and Other Poems. New York: Thomas Seltzer. OCLC 40861749\n1926, The Singing Crow. New York: A. & C. Boni. OCLC 26194523\n1928, Venus Invisible: And Other Poems. New York: Coward-McCann. OCLC 1487072\n1930, Pocahontas. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc. OCLC 1395035\n1936, Swear by the Night. New York: Random House. OCLC 330949866\n1939, with Leonard Feeney, The Ark and the Alphabet: An Animal Collection. New York: The Macmillan Company. OCLC 1394769\n1941, In the Last Lodging of Simplicity.... Richmond Hill, NY: Monastine Press. OCLC 9989633\n1942, The Death of Poetry: A Dramatic Poem in Two Parts. New York: The Monastine Press. OCLC 4772185\n1969, The Campus Drum Beat. El Cajon, CA: Cal-West. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ruways

Al-Ruways

["1 History","1.1 Middle Ages","1.2 Ottoman era","1.3 British Mandate era","1.4 Israeli rule","2 See also","3 Notes","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 32°51′50″N 35°10′41″E / 32.86389°N 35.17806°E / 32.86389; 35.17806 Place in Acre, Mandatory PalestineAl-Ruways الرويسal-RuweisEtymology: "The little hilltop", or "headland" 1870s map 1940s map modern map 1940s with modern overlay map A series of historical maps of the area around Al-Ruways (click the buttons)Al-RuwaysLocation within Mandatory PalestineCoordinates: 32°51′50″N 35°10′41″E / 32.86389°N 35.17806°E / 32.86389; 35.17806Palestine grid167/252Geopolitical entityMandatory PalestineSubdistrictAcreDate of depopulationJuly 15–16, 1948Area • Total1,163 dunams (1.163 km2 or 287 acres)Population (1945) • Total330Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces Al-Ruways (Arabic: الرويس), was a Palestinian Arab village on a rocky hill located 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) southeast of Acre and south of the village of al-Damun. Its population in 1945 was 330. Al-Ruways was depopulated following its capture by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. History Middle Ages Al-Ruways stood on the site of the Crusader town of Careblier, which was also referred to by the Crusaders as Roeis. In 1220, Beatrix de Courtenay and her husband Count Otto von Botenlauben, Henneberg, sold their land, including Roeis’, to the Teutonic Knights. However, they appeared not to have sole ownership, as in 1253 John Aleman, Lord of Caesarea, sold several villages, including Roeis, to the Knights Hospitaller. In 1266, a Crusader vanguard returning from a raid in Tiberias to Acre was ambushed at Roeis by Mamluk forces based in Safad. In 1283 it was mentioned as part of the domain of the Crusaders in the hudna (truce) between the Acre-based Crusaders and the Mamluk sultan al-Mansur Qalawun. Based on tradition, the people of the village professed to have blood relations with Husam ad-Din Abu al-Hija. Hussam ad-Din was a high-ranking officer in the Ayyubid army of Sultan Saladin. Ottoman era French explorer Victor Guérin visited al-Ruways in 1875, and noted that the village contained "150 people at most, whose homes are located on a hill, amid gardens filled with fig, pomegranate and olive trees, and here and there are palm trees". In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described al-Ruways as being situated on open ground with olive groves to the north of the village. Its population of 400 was entirely Muslim. A population list from about 1887 showed that Ruweis had about 190 inhabitants; all Muslims. British Mandate era Under the British Mandate of Palestine in the early twentieth century, al-Ruways was one of the smallest villages in the District of Acre. In the 1922 census Al-Ruways had a population of 154; all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 217, still all Muslim, in a total of 44 houses. and consisting of two quarters. The village had a mosque. Its children attended school in nearby al-Damun. The inhabitants' drinking water came from domestic wells, and they primarily grew wheat, corn, sesame, watermelons, and olives. In the 1945 statistics the population of al-Ruways was 330 Muslims, who owned 1,163 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey. 222 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 844 used for cereals, while built-up areas consisted of 15 dunams. Israeli rule On 18 July 1948, two days after Nazareth was occupied by Israel's Seventh Armored Brigade in Operation Dekel, some units advanced into the Western Galilee and captured a number of Arab villages, one of which was al-Ruways. The inhabitants fled after bombardment and the fall of major towns in the vicinity, namely Shefa-'Amr and Nazareth. Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. According to Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, "the site is deserted. The debris of old wells and cement roofs is strewn of over the site, which is otherwise covered by a forest of eucalyptus trees and cactus." By 1992 there were no villages on al-Ruways land, but the surrounding area was cultivated by residents of kibbutz Yas'ur. See also Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel Ein Hod Notes ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 115. ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 4 ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 41. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xvii, village #91. Also gives the cause of depopulation. ^ a b Khalidi, 1992, p. 28. ^ Frankel, 1988, p. 264. ^ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 43- 44, No. 53; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 248, No. 934; cited in Frankel, 1988, p. 264. ^ Delaville Le Roulx, 1883, p. 184; cited in Clermont-Ganneau, 1888, pp. 309 -310; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 319, No. 1210. ^ Bronstein, 2005, p. 46. ^ From al-Qalqashandi´s version of the hudna, referred in Barag, 1979, p. 207. ^ Benvenisti, 2000, p. 195. ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 431 ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 271. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 28 ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 176 ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p.37. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 102. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 81. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 131. ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 29 ^ Morris, 2004, pp. 421-423. Bibliography Al-Maqrizi (1845). Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe (in French and Latin). Vol. 2. Translator: Étienne Marc Quatremère. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. (pp. 179-185, 224-235.) Barag, Dan (1979). "A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem". Israel Exploration Journal. 29 (3/4): 197–217. JSTOR 27925726. Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine. Benvenisti, M. (2000). Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948. University of California Press. Archived from the original on 2006-09-04. Retrieved 2008-12-19. Bronstein, Judith (2005). The Hospitallers and the Holy Land: Financing the Latin East, 1187-1274. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-131-0. Clermont-Ganneau, C.S. (1888). Recueil d'archéologie orientale (in French). Vol. 1. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Conder, C.R. (1890). "Norman Palestine". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 22: 29–37. doi:10.1179/peq.1890.22.1.29. (p. 35) Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4. (p. 663) Delaville Le Roulx, Joseph (1883). Les archives, la bibliothèque et le trésor de l'Ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem à Malte (in French and Latin). Paris: E. Leroux. Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine. Frankel, Rafael (1988). "Topographical notes on the territory of Acre in the Crusader period". Israel Exploration Journal. 38 (4): 249–272. JSTOR 27926125. Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. Archived from the original on 2018-12-08. Retrieved 2008-12-19. Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5. Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00967-7. Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Röhricht, R. (1893). (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI) (in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana. Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191. Strehlke, Ernst, ed. (1869). Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum. Berlin: Weidmanns. External links al-Ruways Palestine Remembered al-Ruways, Zochrot Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5: IAA, Wikimedia commons al-Ruways from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Centre Al-Rweis photos from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh vtePalestinian Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus by subdistrictAcre Amqa Arab al-Samniyya al-Bassa al-Birwa al-Damun Dayr al-Qassi al-Ghabisiyya Iqrit Iribbin Jiddin al-Kabri Kafr 'Inan Kuwaykat al-Manshiyya al-Mansura Mi'ar al-Nabi Rubin al-Nahr al-Ruways Suhmata al-Sumayriyya Suruh al-Tall Tarbikha Umm al-Faraj az-Zeeb Beisan Arab al-'Arida Arab al-Bawati Arab al-Safa al-Ashrafiyya al-Bira Beisan Danna Farwana al-Fatur al-Ghazzawiyya al-Hamidiyya al-Hamra Jabbul Kafra Kawkab al-Hawa al-Khunayzir Masil al-Jizl al-Murassas Qumya al-Sakhina al-Samiriyya Sirin Tall al-Shawk al-Taqa al-Tira Umm 'Ajra Umm Sabuna Yubla Zab'a al-Zawiya Beersheba al-Imara al-Jammama al-Khalasa Auja al-Hafir Gaza Arab Suqrir Barbara Barqa al-Batani al-Gharbi al-Batani al-Sharqi Bayt 'Affa Bayt Daras Bayt Jirja Bayt Tima Bil'in Burayr Dayr Sunayd Dimra al-Faluja Hamama Hatta Hiribya Huj Hulayqat Ibdis Iraq al-Manshiyya Iraq Suwaydan Isdud al-Jaladiyya al-Jiyya Julis al-Jura Jusayr Karatiyya Kawfakha Kawkaba al-Khisas al-Masmiyya al-Kabira al-Masmiyya al-Saghira al-Muharraqa Najd Ni'ilya Qastina al-Sawafir al-Gharbiyya al-Sawafir al-Shamaliyya al-Sawafir al-Sharqiyya Simsim Summil Tall al-Turmus Yasur Haifa Abu Shusha Abu Zurayq Arab al-Fuqara Arab al-Nufay'at Arab Zahrat al-Dumayri 'Atlit Ayn Ghazal Ayn Hawd Balad al-Sheikh Barrat Qisarya Burayka al-Burj al-Butaymat Daliyat al-Rawha' al-Dumun al-Ghubayya al-Fawqa al-Ghubayya al-Tahta Hawsha Ijzim Jaba' al-Jalama Kabara al-Kafrayn Kafr Lam al-Kasayir Khubbayza Lid al-Manara al-Mansi al-Mansura al-Mazar Naghnaghiya Qannir Qira Qisarya Qumbaza al-Rihaniyya Sabbarin al-Sarafand al-Sarkas Sa'sa' al-Sawamir al-Shuna al-Sindiyana al-Tantura al-Tira Umm ash Shauf Umm az-Zinat Wa'arat al-Sarris Wadi Ara Yajur Hebron 'Ajjur Barqusya Bayt Jibrin Bayt Nattif al-Dawayima Deir al-Dubban Dayr Nakhkhas Kudna Mughallis al-Qubayba Ra'na Tell es-Safi Umm Burj az-Zakariyya Zayta Zikrin Jaffa al-'Abbasiyya Abu Kabir Abu Kishk Bayt Dajan Biyar 'Adas Fajja al-Haram Ijlil al-Qibliyya Ijlil al-Shamaliyya al-Jammasin al-Gharbi al-Jammasin al-Sharqi Jarisha Kafr 'Ana al-Khayriyya al-Mas'udiyya al-Mirr al-Muwaylih Rantiya al-Safiriyya Salama Saqiya al-Sawalima al-Shaykh Muwannis Yazur Jenin al-Jawfa al-Mazar Ayn al-Mansi Lajjun Nuris Zir'in Jerusalem Allar Aqqur Artuf Bayt 'Itab Bayt Mahsir Bayt Naqquba Bayt Thul Bayt Umm al-Mays al-Burayj Dayr Aban Dayr 'Amr Dayr al-Hawa Dayr Rafat Dayr al-Shaykh Deir Yassin Ayn Karim Ishwa Islin Ism Allah Jarash al-Jura Kasla al-Lawz Lifta al-Maliha Nitaf al-Qabu Qalunya al-Qastal Ras Abu 'Ammar Sar'a Saris Sataf Sheikh Badr Suba Sufla al-Tannur al-'Umur al-Walaja Nazareth al-Mujaydil Indur Ma'alul Saffuriyya Ramle Abu al-Fadl Abu Shusha Ajanjul Aqir Barfiliya al-Barriyya Bashshit Bayt Far Bayt Jiz Bayt Nabala Bayt Shanna Bayt Susin Bir Ma'in Bir Salim al-Burj al-Buwayra Daniyal Dayr Abu Salama Dayr Ayyub Dayr Muhaysin Dayr Tarif al-Duhayriyya al-Haditha Idnibba Innaba Jilya Jimzu Kharruba al-Khayma Khulda al-Kunayyisa al-Latrun Lydda al-Maghar Majdal Yaba al-Mansura al-Mukhayzin al-Muzayri'a al-Na'ani al-Nabi Rubin Qatra Qazaza al-Qubab al-Qubayba Qula Ramla Sajad Salbit Sarafand al-Amar Sarafand al-Kharab Saydun Shahma Shilta al-Tina al-Tira Umm Kalkha Wadi Hunayn Yibna Zakariyya Zarnuqa Safad Abil al-Qamh al-'Abisiyya 'Akbara Alma Ammuqa Arab al-Shamalina Arab al-Zubayd Ayn al-Zaytun Baysamun Biriyya al-Butayha al-Buwayziyya Dallata al-Dawwara Dayshum al-Dirbashiyya al-Dirdara Fara al-Farradiyya Fir'im Ghabbatiyya Ghuraba al-Hamra' Harrawi Hunin al-Husayniyya Jahula al-Ja'una Jubb Yusuf Kafr Bir'im al-Khalisa Khan al-Duwayr Karraza al-Khisas Khiyam al-Walid Kirad al-Baqqara Kirad al-Ghannama Lazzaza Madahil Al-Malkiyya Mallaha al-Manshiyya al-Mansura Mansurat al-Khayt Marus Meiron al-Muftakhira Mughr al-Khayt al-Muntar al-Nabi Yusha' al-Na'ima Qabba'a Qadas Qaddita Qaytiyya al-Qudayriyya al-Ras al-Ahmar Sabalan Safsaf Saliha al-Salihiyya al-Sammu'i al-Sanbariyya Sa'sa' al-Shawka al-Tahta al-Shuna Taytaba Tulayl al-'Ulmaniyya al-'Urayfiyya al-Wayziyya Yarda, Safad al-Zahiriyya al-Tahta al-Zanghariyya Zawiya al-Zuq al-Fawqani al-Zuq al-Tahtani Tiberias Awlam al-Dalhamiyya Ghuwayr Abu Shusha Hadatha al-Hamma Hittin Kafr Sabt Lubya Ma'dhar al-Majdal al-Manara al-Manshiyya al-Mansura Nasir al-Din Nimrin al-Nuqayb Samakh al-Samakiyya al-Samra al-Shajara al-Tabigha al-'Ubaydiyya Wadi Hamam al-Wa'ra al-Sawda' Yaquq Tulkarm Bayt Lid Bayyarat Hannun Fardisya Ghabat Kafr Sur al-Jalama Kafr Saba al-Majdal al-Manshiyya Miska Qaqun Raml Zayta Tabsur Umm Khalid Wadi al-Hawarith Wadi Qabbani al-Zabadida Zalafa

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel"},{"link_name":"al-Damun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Damun"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab-Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_War"}],"text":"Place in Acre, Mandatory PalestineAl-Ruways (Arabic: الرويس), was a Palestinian Arab village on a rocky hill located 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) southeast of Acre and south of the village of al-Damun. Its population in 1945 was 330. Al-Ruways was depopulated following its capture by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.","title":"Al-Ruways"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalidi-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Beatrix de Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix_de_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"Otto von Botenlauben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Botenlauben"},{"link_name":"Henneberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Henneberg"},{"link_name":"Teutonic Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Knights"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"John Aleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aleman"},{"link_name":"Lord of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"Knights Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tiberias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberias"},{"link_name":"Mamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"Safad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safad"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"hudna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudna"},{"link_name":"al-Mansur Qalawun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Qalawun"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Husam ad-Din Abu al-Hija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukab_Abu_al-Hija"},{"link_name":"Ayyubid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Middle Ages","text":"Al-Ruways stood on the site of the Crusader town of Careblier,[5] which was also referred to by the Crusaders as Roeis.[6] In 1220, Beatrix de Courtenay and her husband Count Otto von Botenlauben, Henneberg, sold their land, including Roeis’, to the Teutonic Knights.[7] However, they appeared not to have sole ownership, as in 1253 John Aleman, Lord of Caesarea, sold several villages, including Roeis, to the Knights Hospitaller.[8] In 1266, a Crusader vanguard returning from a raid in Tiberias to Acre was ambushed at Roeis by Mamluk forces based in Safad.[9] In 1283 it was mentioned as part of the domain of the Crusaders in the hudna (truce) between the Acre-based Crusaders and the Mamluk sultan al-Mansur Qalawun.[10]Based on tradition, the people of the village professed to have blood relations with Husam ad-Din Abu al-Hija. Hussam ad-Din was a high-ranking officer in the Ayyubid army of Sultan Saladin.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor Guérin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"PEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund"},{"link_name":"Survey of Western Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWP271-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman era","text":"French explorer Victor Guérin visited al-Ruways in 1875, and noted that the village contained \"150 people at most, whose homes are located on a hill, amid gardens filled with fig, pomegranate and olive trees, and here and there are palm trees\".[12]In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described al-Ruways as being situated on open ground with olive groves to the north of the village. Its population of 400 was entirely Muslim.[13]A population list from about 1887 showed that Ruweis had about 190 inhabitants; all Muslims.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Mandate of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"District of Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"1922 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_census_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1922-15"},{"link_name":"1931 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_census_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1931-16"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"al-Damun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Damun"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalidi-5"},{"link_name":"1945 statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Statistics,_1945"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1945p4-2"},{"link_name":"dunams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hadawi41-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"British Mandate era","text":"Under the British Mandate of Palestine in the early twentieth century, al-Ruways was one of the smallest villages in the District of Acre. In the 1922 census Al-Ruways had a population of 154; all Muslims,[15] increasing in the 1931 census to 217, still all Muslim, in a total of 44 houses.[16] and consisting of two quarters.The village had a mosque. Its children attended school in nearby al-Damun. The inhabitants' drinking water came from domestic wells, and they primarily grew wheat, corn, sesame, watermelons, and olives.[5]In the 1945 statistics the population of al-Ruways was 330 Muslims,[2] who owned 1,163 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey.[3] 222 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 844 used for cereals,[17] while built-up areas consisted of 15 dunams.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Seventh Armored Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Armored_Brigade_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Operation Dekel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dekel"},{"link_name":"Shefa-'Amr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalidi29-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"State of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Walid Khalidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Khalidi"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalidi29-19"},{"link_name":"kibbutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbutz"},{"link_name":"Yas'ur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yas%27ur"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalidi29-19"}],"sub_title":"Israeli rule","text":"On 18 July 1948, two days after Nazareth was occupied by Israel's Seventh Armored Brigade in Operation Dekel, some units advanced into the Western Galilee and captured a number of Arab villages, one of which was al-Ruways. The inhabitants fled after bombardment and the fall of major towns in the vicinity, namely Shefa-'Amr and Nazareth.[19][20] Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. According to Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, \"the site is deserted. The debris of old wells and cement roofs is strewn of over the site, which is otherwise covered by a forest of eucalyptus trees and cactus.\"[19] By 1992 there were no villages on al-Ruways land, but the surrounding area was cultivated by residents of kibbutz Yas'ur.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/115/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1945p4_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1945p4_2-1"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p04.jpg"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hadawi41_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hadawi41_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hadawi41_3-2"},{"link_name":"41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Acre/Page-041.jpg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"xvii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR17"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Khalidi_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Khalidi_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n59/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n254/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/lesarchiveslabib00dela#page/184/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"309","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/RecueilDarcheologieOrientaletome1/Recueil_d_archologie_orientale-8#page/n332/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"319","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n325/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vVFpbui2E8QC&pg=PA46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"al-Qalqashandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Qalqashandi"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sacredlandscapeb00benvrich/page/n224"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n444/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SWP271_13-0"},{"link_name":"271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/271/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n201/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Census1922_15-0"},{"link_name":"37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n39/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Census1931_16-0"},{"link_name":"102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Acre/Page-081.jpg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Acre/Page-131.jpg"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Khalidi29_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Khalidi29_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Khalidi29_19-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"421","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA421"}],"text":"^ Palmer, 1881, p. 115.\n\n^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 4\n\n^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 41.\n\n^ Morris, 2004, p. xvii, village #91. Also gives the cause of depopulation.\n\n^ a b Khalidi, 1992, p. 28.\n\n^ Frankel, 1988, p. 264.\n\n^ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 43- 44, No. 53; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 248, No. 934; cited in Frankel, 1988, p. 264.\n\n^ Delaville Le Roulx, 1883, p. 184; cited in Clermont-Ganneau, 1888, pp. 309 -310; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 319, No. 1210.\n\n^ Bronstein, 2005, p. 46.\n\n^ From al-Qalqashandi´s version of the hudna, referred in Barag, 1979, p. 207.\n\n^ Benvenisti, 2000, p. 195.\n\n^ Guérin, 1880, p. 431\n\n^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 271. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 28\n\n^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 176\n\n^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p.37.\n\n^ Mills, 1932, p. 102.\n\n^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 81.\n\n^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 131.\n\n^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 29\n\n^ Morris, 2004, pp. 421-423.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Maqrizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqrizi"},{"link_name":"Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_M7oWAAAAQAAJ"},{"link_name":"Étienne Marc Quatremère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marc_Quatrem%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/bub_gb_M7oWAAAAQAAJ#page/n189/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"224","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/bub_gb_M7oWAAAAQAAJ#page/n234/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"Israel Exploration 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Latin East, 1187-1274","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vVFpbui2E8QC&q=Careblier&pg=PA152"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84383-131-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-131-0"},{"link_name":"Clermont-Ganneau, C.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Simon_Clermont-Ganneau"},{"link_name":"Recueil d'archéologie orientale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/RecueilDarcheologieOrientaletome1"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Conder, C.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Reignier_Conder"},{"link_name":"Kitchener, H.H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener"},{"link_name":"The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft"},{"link_name":"Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund"},{"link_name":"Conder, C.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Reignier_Conder"},{"link_name":"\"Norman Palestine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/quarterlystateme21pale"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1179/peq.1890.22.1.29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1179%2Fpeq.1890.22.1.29"},{"link_name":"35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme21pale#page/35/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"Dauphin, C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_Dauphin"},{"link_name":"La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et 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Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog"},{"link_name":"Hadawi, S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Hadawi"},{"link_name":"Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181208215837/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html"},{"link_name":"Khalidi, W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Khalidi"},{"link_name":"All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Washington D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C."},{"link_name":"Institute for Palestine Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Palestine_Studies"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88728-224-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88728-224-5"},{"link_name":"Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas"},{"link_name":"Morris, B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Morris"},{"link_name":"The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-00967-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00967-7"},{"link_name":"Palmer, E.H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Henry_Palmer"},{"link_name":"The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft"},{"link_name":"Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund"},{"link_name":"Röhricht, R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_R%C3%B6hricht"},{"link_name":"(RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog"},{"link_name":"Schumacher, G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Schumacher"},{"link_name":"\"Population list of the Liwa of Akka\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale"},{"link_name":"Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/tabulaeordinist00stregoog"}],"text":"Al-Maqrizi (1845). Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe (in French and Latin). Vol. 2. Translator: Étienne Marc Quatremère. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. (pp. 179-185, 224-235.)\nBarag, Dan (1979). \"A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem\". Israel Exploration Journal. 29 (3/4): 197–217. JSTOR 27925726.\nBarron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.\nBenvenisti, M. (2000). Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948. University of California Press. Archived from the original on 2006-09-04. Retrieved 2008-12-19.\nBronstein, Judith (2005). The Hospitallers and the Holy Land: Financing the Latin East, 1187-1274. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-131-0.\nClermont-Ganneau, C.S. (1888). Recueil d'archéologie orientale (in French). Vol. 1. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nConder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nConder, C.R. (1890). \"Norman Palestine\". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 22: 29–37. doi:10.1179/peq.1890.22.1.29. (p. 35)\nDauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4. (p. 663)\nDelaville Le Roulx, Joseph (1883). Les archives, la bibliothèque et le trésor de l'Ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem à Malte (in French and Latin). Paris: E. Leroux.\nDepartment of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.\nFrankel, Rafael (1988). \"Topographical notes on the territory of Acre in the Crusader period\". Israel Exploration Journal. 38 (4): 249–272. JSTOR 27926125.\nGuérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.\nHadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. Archived from the original on 2018-12-08. Retrieved 2008-12-19.\nKhalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.\nMills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.\nMorris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00967-7.\nPalmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nRöhricht, R. (1893). (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI) (in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana.\nSchumacher, G. (1888). \"Population list of the Liwa of Akka\". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.\nStrehlke, Ernst, ed. (1869). Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum. Berlin: Weidmanns.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

[{"title":"Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depopulated_Palestinian_locations_in_Israel"},{"title":"Ein Hod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein_Hod"}]

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JSTOR 27925726.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Journal","url_text":"Israel Exploration Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27925726","url_text":"27925726"}]},{"reference":"Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922","url_text":"Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922"}]},{"reference":"Benvenisti, M. (2000). Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948. University of California Press. Archived from the original on 2006-09-04. Retrieved 2008-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meron_Benvenisti","url_text":"Benvenisti, M."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060904163907/http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/8205/8205.ch05.html","url_text":"Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/8205/8205.ch05.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bronstein, Judith (2005). The Hospitallers and the Holy Land: Financing the Latin East, 1187-1274. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-131-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vVFpbui2E8QC&q=Careblier&pg=PA152","url_text":"The Hospitallers and the Holy Land: Financing the Latin East, 1187-1274"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-131-0","url_text":"978-1-84383-131-0"}]},{"reference":"Clermont-Ganneau, C.S. (1888). Recueil d'archéologie orientale (in French). Vol. 1. Paris.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Simon_Clermont-Ganneau","url_text":"Clermont-Ganneau, C.S."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/RecueilDarcheologieOrientaletome1","url_text":"Recueil d'archéologie orientale"}]},{"reference":"Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Reignier_Conder","url_text":"Conder, C.R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener","url_text":"Kitchener, H.H."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft","url_text":"The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund","url_text":"Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund"}]},{"reference":"Conder, C.R. (1890). \"Norman Palestine\". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 22: 29–37. doi:10.1179/peq.1890.22.1.29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Reignier_Conder","url_text":"Conder, C.R."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme21pale","url_text":"\"Norman Palestine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fpeq.1890.22.1.29","url_text":"10.1179/peq.1890.22.1.29"}]},{"reference":"Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. 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Government of Palestine.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390","url_text":"Village Statistics, April, 1945"}]},{"reference":"Frankel, Rafael (1988). \"Topographical notes on the territory of Acre in the Crusader period\". Israel Exploration Journal. 38 (4): 249–272. JSTOR 27926125.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926125","url_text":"27926125"}]},{"reference":"Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin","url_text":"Guérin, V."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog","url_text":"Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine"}]},{"reference":"Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. Archived from the original on 2018-12-08. Retrieved 2008-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Hadawi","url_text":"Hadawi, S."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181208215837/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html","url_text":"Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine"},{"url":"http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Khalidi","url_text":"Khalidi, W."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C.","url_text":"Washington D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Palestine_Studies","url_text":"Institute for Palestine Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88728-224-5","url_text":"0-88728-224-5"}]},{"reference":"Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas","url_text":"Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas"}]},{"reference":"Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00967-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Morris","url_text":"Morris, B."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C","url_text":"The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00967-7","url_text":"0-521-00967-7"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Henry_Palmer","url_text":"Palmer, E.H."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft","url_text":"The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund","url_text":"Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund"}]},{"reference":"Röhricht, R. (1893). (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI) (in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_R%C3%B6hricht","url_text":"Röhricht, R."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog","url_text":"(RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI)"}]},{"reference":"Schumacher, G. (1888). \"Population list of the Liwa of Akka\". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Schumacher","url_text":"Schumacher, G."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale","url_text":"\"Population list of the Liwa of Akka\""}]},{"reference":"Strehlke, Ernst, ed. (1869). Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum. Berlin: Weidmanns.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tabulaeordinist00stregoog","url_text":"Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Meyer

Jennifer Meyer

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]

American jewelry designer (born 1977) Jennifer MeyerMeyer at the premiere of Spider-Man 3 in 2007Born (1977-04-23) April 23, 1977 (age 47)Los Angeles, California, U.S.OccupationJewelry designerYears active1999–presentHeight1.63 m (5 ft 4 in)Spouse Tobey Maguire ​ ​(m. 2007; sep. 2016)​Children2ParentsRonald Meyer (father)Ellen Mayer (mother)Websitejennifermeyer.com Jennifer Meyer (born April 23, 1977) is an American jewelry designer. Early life Meyer was born to a Jewish family in Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of Ronald Meyer, who was the vice-chairman of NBC Universal until August 18, 2020, and was previously the president and CEO of Universal Studios. Her mother is Ronald Meyer's first wife, Ellen. Her stepfather is Rabbi David Baron (head of the Temple Shalom for the Arts), and her stepmother is Kelly Chapman Meyer. She got her start making jewelry alongside her grandmother, Edith Meyer, who began teaching Jennifer how to make enamel jewelry when she was six years old. In 1999, having finished her child and family psychology studies at Syracuse University, she returned to Los Angeles. In Los Angeles she worked at Ralph Lauren and began designing jewelry pieces. Career Meyer returned to her jewelry making roots and created her eponymous jewelry line in 2003. In 2004 when she designed her trademark leaf-shaped 18-karat gold charm, which to her represents "turn over a new leaf". Her jewelry made its national debut when a Hollywood stylist picked out one of Meyer's leaf pendants for Jennifer Aniston to wear in The Break-Up in 2006. The exposure led to Meyer founding her own company, Jennifer Meyer Jewelry, and her line of rings, charms, pendants, and necklaces is distributed through such luxury stores as Barneys New York and Net-a-Porter.com. She was named 2007 Jeweler of the Year in the Us Magazine "Hot Hollywood Style" issue. Her heart-shaped locket adorns the neck of Mary Jane Watson (Kirsten Dunst) as a gift from her boyfriend, Peter Parker (Tobey Maguire), in Spider-Man 3. In 2012, Jennifer Meyer Jewelry received an award from the CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund, and in 2013 Meyer was nominated for the CFDA Swarovski Award for Accessories Design. In 2015, she designed the wedding ring for Jennifer Aniston's marriage to Justin Theroux, and the company commemorated their ten-year anniversary collaborating with Barneys on a twelve-piece ready-to-wear Fall collection, Barneys New York XO Jennifer Meyer. In 2017 she was named on Hollywood's Top 20 Red Carpet Designers of 2017. In 2018 Meyer opened her first brick-and-mortar boutique as part of the Caruso Palisades Project and launched e-commerce on her website. In 2018, in response to the devastating Woolsey Fire in Malibu, Meyer donated 25% of one week of Jennifer Meyer Jewelry's online and in-store sales to Baby2Baby, a charity working to help families impacted by the California fires. Personal life Meyer met actor Tobey Maguire in 2003, while he was shooting Seabiscuit at Universal Studios, and they became engaged in April 2006. Their daughter was born November 10, 2006. Meyer and Maguire married on September 3, 2007, in Kona, Hawaii. Their second child, a son, was born on May 8, 2009. In October 2016, Maguire and Meyer announced their separation. They officially separated in 2016. On October 30, 2020, Meyer filed for divorce. References ^ a b c Bloom, Nate (November 24, 2009). "Interfaith Celebrities: 2012". InterfaithFamily. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Maguire has been married to Jennifer Meyer, 30, who is Jewish, since 2007... Jennifer Meyer is his daughter with his ex-wife, Ellen Meyer. Ellen is now married to Rabbi David Baron, the chief rabbi of the star-laden Temple Shalom for the Arts in Los Angeles ^ Army Archerd (July 21, 1998). "Banderas ponders 'Zorro' sequel". Variety. Retrieved January 10, 2022. ^ Nordyke, Kimberly (August 30, 2012). "Environmental Media Awards to Honor Elon Musk, Kelly Chapman Meyer (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 17 February 2017. ^ a b Jennifer Meyer Sparkles Archived 2009-01-24 at the Wayback Machine, published July 12, 2006; retrieved May 1, 2007. ^ a b c "Jewelry Designer Jennifer Meyer on How the Jennifer Aniston Effect Changed Her Life Overnight". thriveglobal.com. 22 July 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-30. ^ Sunshine Girl Archived 2007-01-25 at the Wayback Machine, published Fall 2006; retrieved May 1, 2007. ^ "The Hot Hollywood Style Special", publication date May 7, 2007. ^ The Secrets of Spider-Man 3 Archived 2007-06-04 at the Wayback Machine, Premiere Magazine, January/February 2007 issue, retrieved May 1, 2007. ^ CFDA. "CFDA". ^ "The 2012 CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund Awards". Vogue. 13 November 2012. ^ CFDA. "CFDA". ^ "Rodarte Fetes Jennifer Meyer's CFDA Nomination". Vogue. 13 May 2013. ^ Boone, John (August 20, 2015). "Let's All Swoon Over Jennifer Aniston's Wedding Ring!". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved 17 February 2017. ^ Medina, Marcy (November 2, 2015). "Jennifer Meyer Links With Barneys for First RTW Capsule". Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved 17 February 2017. ^ "Hollywood's Top 20 Red Carpet Designers of 2017". The Hollywood Reporter. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 2020-01-30. ^ Medina, Marcy (2017-09-11). "Jennifer Meyer to Open First Store at Palisades Village by Caruso". WWD. Retrieved 2020-01-30. ^ "Jennifer Meyer". Jennifer Meyer. Retrieved 2018-11-16. ^ Tobey Maguire, Jennifer Meyer Have A Girl, People Magazine, published November 11, 2006; retrieved January 10, 2022 ^ "Tobey Maguire Marries Jennifer Meyer in Hawaii". PEOPLE.com. September 4, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2022. ^ "It's a Boy for Tobey Maguire!". PEOPLE.com. May 8, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2022. ^ a b Loinaz, Alexis L. "Tobey Maguire and Wife Jennifer Meyer Split After 9 Years of Marriage". People. Retrieved 3 December 2016. ^ "Jennifer Meyer Files for Divorce from Tobey Maguire". extratv.com. 30 October 2020. External links Jennifer Meyer Jewelry official site

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jewelry designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelry_designer"}],"text":"Jennifer Meyer (born April 23, 1977) is an American jewelry designer.","title":"Jennifer Meyer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IF-1"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Ronald Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Meyer"},{"link_name":"NBC Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Universal"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IF-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IF-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kelly Chapman Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelly_Chapman_Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAToday3-4"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Meyer was born to a Jewish family[1] in Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of Ronald Meyer, who was the vice-chairman of NBC Universal until August 18, 2020, and was previously the president and CEO of Universal Studios.[1] Her mother is Ronald Meyer's first wife, Ellen.[1] Her stepfather is Rabbi David Baron (head of the Temple Shalom for the Arts),[2] and her stepmother is Kelly Chapman Meyer.[3] She got her start making jewelry alongside her grandmother, Edith Meyer, who began teaching Jennifer how to make enamel jewelry when she was six years old.[4]In 1999, having finished her child and family psychology studies at Syracuse University, she returned to Los Angeles. In Los Angeles she worked at Ralph Lauren and began designing jewelry pieces.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JCK1-6"},{"link_name":"The Break-Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Break-Up"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Barneys New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barneys_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAToday3-4"},{"link_name":"Us Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Us2-7"},{"link_name":"Mary Jane Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jane_Watson_(Sam_Raimi_film_series)"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Dunst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst"},{"link_name":"Peter Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Parker_(Sam_Raimi_film_series)"},{"link_name":"Tobey Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobey_Maguire"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Premiere1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Red Carpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Carpet"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Woolsey Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolsey_Fire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Meyer returned to her jewelry making roots and created her eponymous jewelry line in 2003. In 2004 when she designed her trademark leaf-shaped 18-karat gold charm, which to her represents \"turn[ing] over a new leaf\".[6] Her jewelry made its national debut when a Hollywood stylist picked out one of Meyer's leaf pendants for Jennifer Aniston to wear in The Break-Up in 2006.[5]The exposure led to Meyer founding her own company, Jennifer Meyer Jewelry, and her line of rings, charms, pendants, and necklaces is distributed through such luxury stores as Barneys New York and Net-a-Porter.com.[4] She was named 2007 Jeweler of the Year in the Us Magazine \"Hot Hollywood Style\" issue.[7] Her heart-shaped locket adorns the neck of Mary Jane Watson (Kirsten Dunst) as a gift from her boyfriend, Peter Parker (Tobey Maguire), in Spider-Man 3.[8] In 2012, Jennifer Meyer Jewelry received an award from the CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund,[9][10] and in 2013 Meyer was nominated for the CFDA Swarovski Award for Accessories Design.[11][12] In 2015, she designed the wedding ring for Jennifer Aniston's marriage to Justin Theroux, and the company commemorated their ten-year anniversary collaborating with Barneys on a twelve-piece ready-to-wear Fall collection, Barneys New York XO Jennifer Meyer.[13][14]In 2017 she was named on Hollywood's Top 20 Red Carpet Designers of 2017.[15]\nIn 2018 Meyer opened her first brick-and-mortar boutique as part of the Caruso Palisades Project and launched e-commerce on her website.[16][5]\nIn 2018, in response to the devastating Woolsey Fire in Malibu, Meyer donated 25% of one week of Jennifer Meyer Jewelry's online and in-store sales to Baby2Baby, a charity working to help families impacted by the California fires.[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tobey Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobey_Maguire"},{"link_name":"Seabiscuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabiscuit_(film)"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People2-18"},{"link_name":"Kona, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kona,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_magazine-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_magazine-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Meyer met actor Tobey Maguire in 2003, while he was shooting Seabiscuit at Universal Studios, and they became engaged in April 2006. Their daughter was born November 10, 2006.[18] Meyer and Maguire married on September 3, 2007, in Kona, Hawaii.[19] Their second child, a son, was born on May 8, 2009.[20] In October 2016, Maguire and Meyer announced their separation.[21] They officially separated in 2016.[21] On October 30, 2020, Meyer filed for divorce.[22]","title":"Personal life"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Bloom, Nate (November 24, 2009). \"Interfaith Celebrities: 2012\". InterfaithFamily. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Maguire has been married to Jennifer Meyer, 30, who is Jewish, since 2007... Jennifer Meyer is his daughter with his ex-wife, Ellen Meyer. Ellen is now married to Rabbi David Baron, the chief rabbi of the star-laden Temple Shalom for the Arts in Los Angeles","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Bloom","url_text":"Bloom, Nate"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612155742/https://www.interfaithfamily.com/arts_and_entertainment/popular_culture/interfaith_celebrities_2012/","url_text":"\"Interfaith Celebrities: 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterfaithFamily","url_text":"InterfaithFamily"},{"url":"https://www.interfaithfamily.com/arts_and_entertainment/popular_culture/interfaith_celebrities_2012/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Army Archerd (July 21, 1998). \"Banderas ponders 'Zorro' sequel\". 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Vogue. 13 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vogue.com/969946/rodarte-fetes-jennifer-meyers-cfda-swarovski-nomination/","url_text":"\"Rodarte Fetes Jennifer Meyer's CFDA Nomination\""}]},{"reference":"Boone, John (August 20, 2015). \"Let's All Swoon Over Jennifer Aniston's Wedding Ring!\". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved 17 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etonline.com/news/170348_here_jennifer_aniston_wedding_ring/","url_text":"\"Let's All Swoon Over Jennifer Aniston's Wedding Ring!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight","url_text":"Entertainment Tonight"}]},{"reference":"Medina, Marcy (November 2, 2015). \"Jennifer Meyer Links With Barneys for First RTW Capsule\". Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved 17 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/jennifer-meyer-barneys-rtw-capsule-10271830/","url_text":"\"Jennifer Meyer Links With Barneys for First RTW Capsule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily","url_text":"Women's Wear Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"Hollywood's Top 20 Red Carpet Designers of 2017\". The Hollywood Reporter. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 2020-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/hollywoods-20-best-red-carpet-fashion-designers-2017-1040645","url_text":"\"Hollywood's Top 20 Red Carpet Designers of 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Medina, Marcy (2017-09-11). \"Jennifer Meyer to Open First Store at Palisades Village by Caruso\". WWD. Retrieved 2020-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/jennifer-meyer-first-store-at-palisades-village-by-caruso-10976578/","url_text":"\"Jennifer Meyer to Open First Store at Palisades Village by Caruso\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jennifer Meyer\". Jennifer Meyer. Retrieved 2018-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://jennifermeyer.com/","url_text":"\"Jennifer Meyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tobey Maguire Marries Jennifer Meyer in Hawaii\". PEOPLE.com. September 4, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/celebrity/tobey-maguire-marries-jennifer-meyer-in-hawaii/","url_text":"\"Tobey Maguire Marries Jennifer Meyer in Hawaii\""}]},{"reference":"\"It's a Boy for Tobey Maguire!\". PEOPLE.com. May 8, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/parents/its-a-boy-for-tobey-maguire/","url_text":"\"It's a Boy for Tobey Maguire!\""}]},{"reference":"Loinaz, Alexis L. \"Tobey Maguire and Wife Jennifer Meyer Split After 9 Years of Marriage\". People. Retrieved 3 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://people.com/movies/tobey-maguire-wife-jennifer-meyer-split/","url_text":"\"Tobey Maguire and Wife Jennifer Meyer Split After 9 Years of Marriage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jennifer Meyer Files for Divorce from Tobey Maguire\". extratv.com. 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://extratv.com/2020/10/30/jennifer-meyer-files-for-divorce-from-tobey-maguire/","url_text":"\"Jennifer Meyer Files for Divorce from Tobey Maguire\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_MacKinnon

Jacque MacKinnon

["1 Early years","2 Professional career","3 Personal life","4 See also","5 References"]

American football player (1938–1975) American football player Jacque MacKinnonNo. 85, 38, 37Position:Fullback, tight endPersonal informationBorn:(1938-11-10)November 10, 1938Dover, New Jersey, U.S.Died:March 6, 1975(1975-03-06) (aged 36)San Diego, California, U.S.Career informationHigh school:Dover (NJ)College:ColgateNFL draft:1961 / Round: 20 / Pick: 280AFL draft:1962 / Round: 33 / Pick: 264Career history San Diego Chargers (1961–1969) Oakland Raiders (1970) Southern California Sun (1974) Career highlights and awards AFL champion (1963) Second-team All-AFL (1968) 2× AFL All-Star (1966, 1968) Los Angeles Chargers Hall of Fame Career NFL statisticsGames played:118Rushing attempts–yards:86–381Receptions–yards:112–2109Touchdowns:22Player stats at PFR Jacque Harold MacKinnon (November 10, 1938 – March 6, 1975) was an American professional football player who was a tight end, playing most of his career in the American Football League (AFL) with the San Diego Chargers. He also was a member of the Oakland Raiders in the National Football League (NFL) and the Southern California Sun in the World Football League (WFL). He played college football at Colgate University. Early years Born and raised in Dover, New Jersey, MacKinnon attended Dover High School. He was a running back in football, a sprinter in track and a center in basketball. He accepted a football scholarship from Colgate University, where he was a standout at halfback. Professional career MacKinnon was selected by the San Diego Chargers in the 33rd round (264th overall) of the 1962 AFL Draft and the Philadelphia Eagles in the 20th round (280th overall) of the 1961 NFL draft. As the last player selected in the 1961 NFL draft, he was designated Mr. Irrelevant, however, he is the only such player ever to be eventually selected as an All-Star. He opted to sign with the San Diego Chargers of the American Football League to play as a fullback. In 1966, he was moved to tight end to take advantage of his blocking and receiver skills. Head coach, Sid Gillman, employed MacKinnon with Dave Kocourek in the first "twin tight-end" formations seen in professional football. He was on the Chargers' 1963 AFL Championship team in their victory over the Boston Patriots. He was an AFL All-Star in 1966 and 1968. In 1968, he averaged 19.6 yards per reception, posting 33 receptions for 646 yards and 6 touchdowns. On April 29, 1970, he was traded to the Green Bay Packers in exchange for a future draft pick, but he refused to report and instead opted to retire. On September 15, 1970, he signed as a free agent with the Oakland Raiders, at the time part of the National Football League. In 1974, he signed with the Southern California Sun in the World Football League to play tight end. In 1976, he was a part of the initial four former players (along with Emil Karas, Frank Buncom, Bob Laraba), that were inducted posthumously into the San Diego Chargers Hall of Fame. Personal life MacKinnon was out of football when he died in 1975. After fleeing the scene of a car accident and apparently drunk, MacKinnon jumped over a tall fence, not knowing about the construction site on the other side. MacKinnon fell some 30 feet and died of injuries caused by the fall. See also List of American Football League players List of NCAA major college yearly punt and kickoff return leaders References ^ Jacque MacKinnon Stats, Pro-Football-Reference.com. Accessed March 14, 2018. ^ "Charger Deal". Retrieved March 5, 2019.(subscription required) ^ "Elsewhere". Retrieved March 5, 2019.(subscription required) ^ "Raiders' Fancy Double Shuffle". Retrieved March 5, 2019.(subscription required) ^ Archer, Todd (October 12, 2003). "What NFL Teams Do To Honor Their Past". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved March 5, 2019.(subscription required) ^ "Ex-Pro MacKinnon Dead After Falling". The Milwaukee Sentinel. March 7, 1975. Retrieved August 20, 2011. ^ Dickey, Fred (December 9, 2013). "Tackling Topics with Former Chargers Great". Archived from the original on January 4, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019. Preceded byBill Gorman Mr. Irrelevant 1961 Succeeded byMike Snodgrass vteMr. Irrelevant selections 1976: Kelvin Kirk 1977: Jim Kelleher 1978: Lee Washburn 1979: Mike Almond 1980: Tyrone McGriff 1981: Phil Nelson 1982: Tim Washington 1983: John Tuggle 1984: Randy Essington 1985: Donald Chumley 1986: Mike Travis 1987: Norman Jefferson 1988: Jeff Beathard 1989: Everett Ross 1990: Demetrius Davis 1991: Larry Wanke 1992: Matt Elliott 1993: Daron Alcorn 1994: Marty Moore 1995: Michael Reed 1996: Sam Manuel 1997: Ronnie McAda 1998: Cam Quayle 1999: Jim Finn 2000: Mike Green 2001: Tevita Ofahengaue 2002: Ahmad Miller 2003: Ryan Hoag 2004: Andre Sommersell 2005: Andy Stokes 2006: Kevin McMahan 2007: Ramzee Robinson 2008: David Vobora 2009: Ryan Succop 2010: Tim Toone 2011: Cheta Ozougwu 2012: Chandler Harnish 2013: Justice Cunningham 2014: Lonnie Ballentine 2015: Gerald Christian 2016: Kalan Reed 2017: Chad Kelly 2018: Trey Quinn 2019: Caleb Wilson 2020: Tae Crowder 2021: Grant Stuard 2022: Brock Purdy 2023: Desjuan Johnson 2024: Jaylen Key vtePhiladelphia Eagles 1961 NFL draft selections Art Baker Bo Strange Jim Wright Don Oakes Dan Ficca Ben Balme Irv Cross Jim Beaver Wayne Fontes Luther Hayes L. E. Hicks Billy Majors Don Jonas Willie Fleming Bobby Richards G. W. Clapp Larry Lavery Nick Maravich Dick Wilson Jacque MacKinnon vteSan Diego Chargers 1962 AFL draft selections Bob Ferguson Lance Alworth Dick Hudson John Hadl Bob Bill Mack Burton Bob Mitinger John Cornett Roy Winston Frank Buncom Wendell Harris Bobby Jackson Jerry Robinson Tom Minter Dan Sullivan Sonny Bishop Ralph Smith George Andrie Chuck Bryant Jim Bates Fred Moore George Gross Frank Gardner Dennis Biodrowski Mike Lind Ron Herman Jesse Williams Jim Thibert Dick Farris Homer Jones Sam Gruneisen Mike Woulfe Mel Rideout Ben Wilson Paul Dudley John Denvir Doug Elmore Wayne Frazier Jacque MacKinnon Phil Lohmann vteSan Diego Chargers 1963 AFL champions 18 Tobin Rote 19 Lance Alworth 20 Gerry McDougall 21 John Hadl 22 Keith Lincoln 23 Paul Lowe 24 Keith Kinderman 25 Dick Westmoreland 27 Charlie McNeil 29 Jerry Robinson 36 Dick Harris 38 Jacque MacKinnon 39 George Blair 40 Bobby Jackson 43 Gary Glick 47 Bud Whitehead 50 Chuck Allen 52 Don Rogers 55 Frank Buncom 56 Emil Karas 57 Bobby Lane 60 Sam DeLuca 61 Ernie Park 64 Pat Shea 65 Sam Gruneisen 74 Ron Mix 75 Ernie Wright 76 Henry Schmidt 77 Ernie Ladd 78 Walt Sweeney 79 George Gross 82 Bob Mitinger 83 Dave Kocourek 84 Paul Maguire 85 Bob Petrich 86 Earl Faison 88 Don Norton 89 Reggie Carolan Head coach Sid Gillman Coaches Walt Hackett Joe Madro Chuck Noll Bones Taylor vteLos Angeles Chargers Hall of Fame Chuck Allen Lance Alworth Bobby Beathard Rolf Benirschke Darren Bennett Frank Buncom Gill Byrd Wes Chandler Don Coryell Fred Dean Speedy Duncan Earl Faison Dan Fouts Gary Garrison Sid Gillman John Hadl Barron Hilton Stan Humphries Gary "Big Hands" Johnson Charlie Joiner Emil Karas Louie Kelcher Ernie Ladd Bob Laraba Keith Lincoln Paul Lowe Don Macek Jacque MacKinnon Ron Mix Leslie O'Neal George Pernicano Bobby Ross Junior Seau Walt Sweeney LaDainian Tomlinson Russ Washington Ed White Doug Wilkerson Kellen Winslow

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He also was a member of the Oakland Raiders in the National Football League (NFL) and the Southern California Sun in the World Football League (WFL). 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As the last player selected in the 1961 NFL draft, he was designated Mr. Irrelevant, however, he is the only such player ever to be eventually selected as an All-Star.He opted to sign with the San Diego Chargers of the American Football League to play as a fullback. In 1966, he was moved to tight end to take advantage of his blocking and receiver skills. Head coach, Sid Gillman, employed MacKinnon with Dave Kocourek in the first \"twin tight-end\" formations seen in professional football. He was on the Chargers' 1963 AFL Championship team in their victory over the Boston Patriots. He was an AFL All-Star in 1966 and 1968. In 1968, he averaged 19.6 yards per reception, posting 33 receptions for 646 yards and 6 touchdowns.On April 29, 1970, he was traded to the Green Bay Packers in exchange for a future draft pick, but he refused to report and instead opted to retire.[2][3]On September 15, 1970, he signed as a free agent with the Oakland Raiders, at the time part of the National Football League.[4] In 1974, he signed with the Southern California Sun in the World Football League to play tight end.In 1976, he was a part of the initial four former players (along with Emil Karas, Frank Buncom, Bob Laraba), that were inducted posthumously into the San Diego Chargers Hall of Fame.[5]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"MacKinnon was out of football when he died in 1975. After fleeing the scene of a car accident and apparently drunk, MacKinnon jumped over a tall fence, not knowing about the construction site on the other side. MacKinnon fell some 30 feet and died of injuries caused by the fall.[6][7]","title":"Personal life"}]

[]

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[{"reference":"\"Charger Deal\". Retrieved March 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/464498911/","url_text":"\"Charger Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elsewhere\". Retrieved March 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/318429578/","url_text":"\"Elsewhere\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raiders' Fancy Double Shuffle\". Retrieved March 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/460351992/","url_text":"\"Raiders' Fancy Double Shuffle\""}]},{"reference":"Archer, Todd (October 12, 2003). \"What NFL Teams Do To Honor Their Past\". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved March 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FE261B696C1CA01&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"What NFL Teams Do To Honor Their Past\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Pro MacKinnon Dead After Falling\". The Milwaukee Sentinel. March 7, 1975. Retrieved August 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OcwVAAAAIBAJ&pg=4887,1094430","url_text":"\"Ex-Pro MacKinnon Dead After Falling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Milwaukee_Sentinel","url_text":"The Milwaukee Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Dickey, Fred (December 9, 2013). \"Tackling Topics with Former Chargers Great\". Archived from the original on January 4, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freddickey.net/ronmix.htm","url_text":"\"Tackling Topics with Former Chargers Great\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190104215650/http://www.freddickey.net/ronmix.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_Communication_and_Transportation

Secretariat of Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation (Mexico)

["1 Historical nomenclature","2 Secretaries of Communications and Transport","3 Agencies of the SCT","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Government agency in Mexico This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Secretariat of Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation" Mexico – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Secretariat of Infrastructure, Communications and TransportationSecretaría de Infraestructura, Comunicaciones y TransportesOfficial seal and emblemAgency overviewFormedApril 1, 1967Preceding agencySecretariat of Communications and Public WorksJurisdictionFederal government of MexicoHeadquartersAv. Xola y Universidad S/N, Col Narvarte, Deleg. Benito Juárez. Ciudad de MéxicoEmployees800 (2006)Annual budgetUS$387 million (2019)Agency executiveJorge Nuño Lara, SecretaryWebsitewww.gob.mx/sct The Secretariat of Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation (Secretaría de Infraestructura, Comunicaciones y Transportes, SICT) of Mexico is the national federal entity that regulates commercial road traffic and broadcasting. Its headquarters are in the Torre Libertad on Reforma in Mexico City but some aspects of the department still function at the old headquarters located at the intersection of Eje Central and Eje 4 Sur (Xola). The building is decorated with murals created by arranging small colored stones on the building's outer walls. Historical nomenclature Secretariat of Communications and Transportation building Former Secretariat building, Calle Tacuba The forerunner of the modern-day SCT was created in 1891 under President Porfirio Díaz and was known as the Secretariat of Communications (Secretaría de Comunicaciones); its first incumbent as secretary was Manuel González Cosío. In 1920 it was renamed to the Secretariat of Communications and Public Works (Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Obras Públicas; "SCOP"). In 1959, it changed names to Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, and finally, in 2019, it added Infrastructure to its name, to encompass and highlight one of its sub-organs, the Subsecretaría de Infraestructura.. Secretaries of Communications and Transport The SCT is headed by the Secretary of Communications and Transport, a member of the federal executive cabinet. Under the 1917 Constitution, this position has been held by the following individuals: Pascual Ortiz Rubio, 1920-1924 Juan Andrew Almazán, 1930-1931 Guillermo Ortiz, 1994 Pedro Cerisola, 2000-2006 Close up of the mural of the tower portion of the headquarters used in the 1970s. Under President Venustiano Carranza (1917–1920) 1917–1920: Manuel Rodríguez Gutiérrez Under President Adolfo de la Huerta (1920) 1920: Pascual Ortiz Rubio Under President Álvaro Obregón (1920–1924) 1920–1921: Pascual Ortiz Rubio 1921–1924: Amado Aguirre Under President Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–1928) 1924–1925: Adalberto Tejeda 1925–1926: Eduardo Ortiz 1926–1928: Ramón Ross Under President Emilio Portes Gil (1928–1930) 1928–1930: Javier Sánchez Mejorada Under President Pascual Ortiz Rubio (1930–1932) 1930–1931: Juan Andrew Almazán 1931–1932: Gustavo P. Serrano 1932: Miguel M. Acosta Guajardo Under President Abelardo L. Rodríguez (1932–1934) 1932–1934: Miguel M. Acosta Guajardo Under President Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (1934–1940) 1934–1935: Rodolfo Elías Calles 1935–1939: Francisco J. Múgica 1939–1940: Melquiades Angulo Under President Manuel Ávila Camacho (1940–1946) 1940–1941: Jesús de la Garza 1941–1945: Maximino Ávila Camacho 1945–1946: Pedro Martínez Tornel Under President Miguel Alemán (1946–1952) 1946–1952: Agustín García López Under President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1952–1958) 1952–1955: Carlos Lazo 1955–1958: Walter Cross Buchanan Under President Adolfo López Mateos (1958–1964) 1958–1964: Walter Cross Buchanan Under President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1964–1970) 1964–1970: José Antonio Padilla Segura Under President Luis Echeverría Álvarez (1970–1976) 1970–1976: Eugenio Méndez Docurro Under President José López Portillo (1976–1982) 1976–1982: Emilio Mújica Montoya Under President Miguel de la Madrid (1982–1988) 1982–1984: Rodolfo Félix Valdés 1984–1988: Daniel Díaz Díaz Under President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988–1994) 1988–1992: Andrés Caso Lombardo 1992–1994: Emilio Gamboa Patrón Under President Ernesto Zedillo (1994–2000) 1994: Guillermo Ortiz Martínez 1994–2000: Carlos Ruiz Sacristán Under President Vicente Fox (2000–2006) 2000–2006: Pedro Cerisola y Weber Under President Felipe Calderón (2006–2012) 2006–2009: Luis Téllez 2009–2011: Juan Molinar Horcasitas 2011–2012: Dionisio Pérez-Jácome Friscione Under President Enrique Peña Nieto (2012–2018) 2012–2018: Gerardo Ruiz Esparza Under President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (2018–present) 2018–2020: Javier Jiménez Espriú 2020–2022: Jorge Arganis Díaz Leal 2022–present: Jorge Nuño Lara Agencies of the SCT The Direction General of Civil Aeronautics is the agency under the SCT that regulates aviation. The Rail Transportation Regulatory Agency (ARTF) is the agency under the SCT that regulates railroads." See also Mexico portalTransportation portalAviation portal Palace of the Secretariat of Communications and Public Works, former Secretariat building in downtown Mexico City References ^ "Este fue el gabinete de Felipe Calderón". www.capitalmexico.com.mx (in Spanish). Capital México. Feb 6, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2020. ^ "GUIDELINES FOR ENTRANCE TO MEXICO OF FOREIGN AIRCRAFT PERFORMING NON-COMMERCIAL PRIVATE AIR TRANSPORT. Archived 2012-03-13 at the Wayback Machine" Secretariat of Communications and Transportation. August 11, 2003. Retrieved on January 26, 2011. External links Ministry of Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation (in Spanish) Ministry of Communications and Transportation (Archive) vteDepartments of the Government of Mexico Agriculture and Rural Development Agrarian, Land, and Urban Development Civil Service Communications and Transportation Culture Economy Energy Environment and Natural Resources Finance and Public Credit Foreign Affairs Health Interior National Defense Navy Labor and Social Welfare Public Education Security and Civilian Protection Tourism Welfare Attorney General vteTelecommunicationsHistory Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Data compression audio DCT image video Digital media Internet video online video platform social media streaming Drums Edholm's law Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Information Age Information revolution Internet Mass media Mobile phone Smartphone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepaid mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Phryctoria Semiconductor device MOSFET transistor Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter (teletype) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television digital streaming Undersea telegraph line Videotelephony Whistled language Wireless revolution Pioneers Nasir Ahmed Edwin Howard Armstrong Mohamed M. Atalla John Logie Baird Paul Baran John Bardeen Alexander Graham Bell Emile Berliner Tim Berners-Lee Francis Blake (telephone) Jagadish Chandra Bose Charles Bourseul Walter Houser Brattain Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Yogen Dalal Daniel Davis Jr. Donald Davies Amos Dolbear Thomas Edison Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Oliver Heaviside Robert Hooke Erna Schneider Hoover Harold Hopkins Gardiner Greene Hubbard Internet pioneers Bob Kahn Dawon Kahng Charles K. Kao Narinder Singh Kapany Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Robert Metcalfe Antonio Meucci Samuel Morse Jun-ichi Nishizawa Charles Grafton Page Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Tivadar Puskás Johann Philipp Reis Claude Shannon Almon Brown Strowger Henry Sutton Charles Sumner Tainter Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Thomas A. Watson Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmissionmedia Coaxial cable Fiber-optic communication optical fiber Free-space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves wireless Transmission line telecommunication circuit Network topologyand switching Bandwidth Links Nodes terminal Network switching circuit packet Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space-division Frequency-division Time-division Polarization-division Orbital angular-momentum Code-division Concepts Communication protocol Computer network Data transmission Store and forward Telecommunications equipment Types of network Cellular network Ethernet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN Public Switched Telephone Radio Television Telex UUCP WAN Wireless network Notable networks ARPANET BITNET CYCLADES FidoNet Internet Internet2 JANET NPL network Toasternet Usenet Locations Africa Americas North South Antarctica Asia Europe Oceania (Global telecommunications regulation bodies) Telecommunication portal Category Outline Commons Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Spain United States Poland Portugal Academics CiNii Other IdRef

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The building is decorated with murals created by arranging small colored stones on the building's outer walls.","title":"Secretariat of Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation (Mexico)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SCTbuildingMexicoCity.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MUNAL.jpg"},{"link_name":"Former Secretariat building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Secretariat_of_Communications_and_Public_Works"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Porfirio Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz"}],"text":"Secretariat of Communications and Transportation buildingFormer Secretariat building, Calle TacubaThe forerunner of the modern-day SCT was created in 1891 under President Porfirio Díaz and was known as the Secretariat of Communications (Secretaría de Comunicaciones); its first incumbent as secretary was Manuel González Cosío. In 1920 it was renamed to the Secretariat of Communications and Public Works (Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Obras Públicas; \"SCOP\"). In 1959, it changed names to Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, and finally, in 2019, it added Infrastructure to its name, to encompass and highlight one of its sub-organs, the Subsecretaría de Infraestructura..","title":"Historical nomenclature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"federal executive cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"1917 Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juan_Andrew_Almaz%C3%A1n.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guillermo_Ortiz.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pedro_Cerisola_y_Weber.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SCTbuildingTower.JPG"},{"link_name":"Venustiano Carranza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza"},{"link_name":"Adolfo de la Huerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_de_la_Huerta"},{"link_name":"Pascual Ortiz Rubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio"},{"link_name":"Álvaro Obregón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Pascual Ortiz Rubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio"},{"link_name":"Amado Aguirre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amado_Aguirre_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Plutarco Elías Calles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles"},{"link_name":"Emilio Portes Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Portes_Gil"},{"link_name":"Pascual Ortiz Rubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio"},{"link_name":"Juan Andrew Almazán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Andrew_Almaz%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Abelardo L. Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelardo_L._Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Lázaro Cárdenas del Río","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas_del_R%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"Manuel Ávila Camacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_%C3%81vila_Camacho"},{"link_name":"Maximino Ávila Camacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximino_%C3%81vila_Camacho"},{"link_name":"Miguel Alemán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Ruiz Cortines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Ruiz_Cortines"},{"link_name":"Adolfo López Mateos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Díaz Ordaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz"},{"link_name":"Luis Echeverría Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa_%C3%81lvarez"},{"link_name":"Eugenio Méndez Docurro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_M%C3%A9ndez_Docurro"},{"link_name":"José López Portillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo"},{"link_name":"Miguel de la Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Rodolfo Félix Valdés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_F%C3%A9lix_Vald%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Carlos Salinas de Gortari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari"},{"link_name":"Ernesto Zedillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Ortiz Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Ortiz_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"Vicente Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Fox"},{"link_name":"Pedro Cerisola y Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Cerisola_y_Weber"},{"link_name":"Felipe Calderón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calderon_cabinet-1"},{"link_name":"Luis Téllez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_T%C3%A9llez"},{"link_name":"Juan Molinar Horcasitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Molinar_Horcasitas"},{"link_name":"Dionisio Pérez-Jácome Friscione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisio_P%C3%A9rez-J%C3%A1come_Friscione"},{"link_name":"Enrique Peña Nieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto"},{"link_name":"Gerardo Ruiz Esparza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Ruiz_Esparza"},{"link_name":"Andrés Manuel López Obrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador"},{"link_name":"Javier Jiménez Espriú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Jim%C3%A9nez_Espri%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Jorge Arganis Díaz Leal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Arganis_D%C3%ADaz_Leal"},{"link_name":"Jorge Nuño Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Nu%C3%B1o_Lara"}],"text":"The SCT is headed by the Secretary of Communications and Transport, a member of the federal executive cabinet. Under the 1917 Constitution, this position has been held by the following individuals:Pascual Ortiz Rubio, 1920-1924Juan Andrew Almazán, 1930-1931Guillermo Ortiz, 1994Pedro Cerisola, 2000-2006Close up of the mural of the tower portion of the headquarters used in the 1970s.Under President Venustiano Carranza (1917–1920)\n1917–1920: Manuel Rodríguez Gutiérrez\nUnder President Adolfo de la Huerta (1920)\n1920: Pascual Ortiz Rubio\nUnder President Álvaro Obregón (1920–1924)\n1920–1921: Pascual Ortiz Rubio\n1921–1924: Amado Aguirre\nUnder President Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–1928)\n1924–1925: Adalberto Tejeda\n1925–1926: Eduardo Ortiz\n1926–1928: Ramón Ross\nUnder President Emilio Portes Gil (1928–1930)\n1928–1930: Javier Sánchez Mejorada\nUnder President Pascual Ortiz Rubio (1930–1932)\n1930–1931: Juan Andrew Almazán\n1931–1932: Gustavo P. Serrano\n1932: Miguel M. Acosta Guajardo\nUnder President Abelardo L. Rodríguez (1932–1934)\n1932–1934: Miguel M. Acosta Guajardo\nUnder President Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (1934–1940)\n1934–1935: Rodolfo Elías Calles\n1935–1939: Francisco J. Múgica\n1939–1940: Melquiades Angulo\nUnder President Manuel Ávila Camacho (1940–1946)\n1940–1941: Jesús de la Garza\n1941–1945: Maximino Ávila Camacho\n1945–1946: Pedro Martínez Tornel\nUnder President Miguel Alemán (1946–1952)\n1946–1952: Agustín García López\nUnder President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1952–1958)\n1952–1955: Carlos Lazo\n1955–1958: Walter Cross Buchanan\nUnder President Adolfo López Mateos (1958–1964)\n1958–1964: Walter Cross Buchanan\nUnder President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1964–1970)\n1964–1970: José Antonio Padilla Segura\nUnder President Luis Echeverría Álvarez (1970–1976)\n1970–1976: Eugenio Méndez Docurro\nUnder President José López Portillo (1976–1982)\n1976–1982: Emilio Mújica Montoya\nUnder President Miguel de la Madrid (1982–1988)\n1982–1984: Rodolfo Félix Valdés\n1984–1988: Daniel Díaz Díaz\nUnder President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988–1994)\n1988–1992: Andrés Caso Lombardo\n1992–1994: Emilio Gamboa Patrón\nUnder President Ernesto Zedillo (1994–2000)\n1994: Guillermo Ortiz Martínez\n1994–2000: Carlos Ruiz Sacristán\nUnder President Vicente Fox (2000–2006)\n2000–2006: Pedro Cerisola y Weber\nUnder President Felipe Calderón (2006–2012)[1]\n2006–2009: Luis Téllez\n2009–2011: Juan Molinar Horcasitas\n2011–2012: Dionisio Pérez-Jácome Friscione\nUnder President Enrique Peña Nieto (2012–2018)\n2012–2018: Gerardo Ruiz Esparza\nUnder President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (2018–present)\n2018–2020: Javier Jiménez Espriú\n2020–2022: Jorge Arganis Díaz Leal\n2022–present: Jorge Nuño Lara","title":"Secretaries of Communications and Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Direction General of Civil Aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Civil_Aeronautics_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rail Transportation Regulatory Agency (ARTF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_Transportation_Regulatory_Agency_(ARTF)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Direction General of Civil Aeronautics is the agency under the SCT that regulates aviation.[2]The Rail Transportation Regulatory Agency (ARTF) is the agency under the SCT that regulates railroads.\"","title":"Agencies of the SCT"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKRK-FM

WKRK-FM

["1 History","1.1 1940s–50s","1.2 1960s–70s","1.3 1980s–90s","1.4 2000s","1.5 92.3 The Fan","2 Current programming","2.1 Regular schedule","2.2 Play-by-play","3 References","4 External links"]

Sports radio station in Cleveland Heights, Ohio For the Detroit radio station which identified as WKRK-FM from 1997 to 2007, see WXYT-FM. WKRK-FMCleveland Heights, OhioUnited StatesBroadcast areaGreater ClevelandNortheast OhioFrequency92.3 MHz (HD Radio)BrandingSports Radio 92.3 The FanProgrammingFormatSports radioSubchannelsHD2: Infinity Sports NetworkHD3: Cleveland BrownsAffiliationsCleveland Browns Radio NetworkInfinity Sports NetworkMotor Racing NetworkWestwood OneOwnershipOwnerAudacy, Inc.(Audacy License, LLC, as Debtor-in-Possession)Sister stationsWDOKWNCXWQALHistoryFirst air dateDecember 19, 1947(76 years ago) (1947-12-19)Former call signsWSRS-FM (1947–1959)WJMO-FM (1959–1960)WCUY (1960–1971)WLYT (1971–1983)WRQC (1983–1990)WJMO-FM (1990–1994)WZJM (1994–2001)WXTM (2001–2006)WXRK (2006–2007)WKRI (2007)Former frequencies95.3 MHz (1947–59)Call sign meaningformer "K-Rock" brandingTechnical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID74473ClassBERP40,000 watts (horizontal)36,000 watts (vertical)HAAT167 meters (548 ft)Transmitter coordinates41°26′32″N 81°29′28″W / 41.44222°N 81.49111°W / 41.44222; -81.49111LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen live (via Audacy)Websitewww.audacy.com/923thefan WKRK-FM (92.3 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Cleveland Heights, Ohio, known as "Sports Radio 92.3 The Fan" and carrying a sports format. Owned by Audacy, Inc., WKRK-FM serves Greater Cleveland and surrounding Northeast Ohio as a co-flagship for the Cleveland Browns Radio Network and an affiliate of Infinity Sports Network. WKRK-FM's studios are located at the Halle Building in Downtown Cleveland and the station transmitter resides in the Cleveland suburb of Warrensville Heights. In addition to a standard analog transmission, WKRK-FM broadcasts over three HD Radio channels and is available online via Audacy. History 1940s–50s Founded by Sam R. Sague, the station debuted on December 19, 1947, on 95.3 MHz as WSRS-FM and simulcast sister station WSRS (1490 AM), also licensed to Cleveland Heights. WSRS AM/FM billed itself as the "Community Information Voice of Cleveland". On February 1, 1959, Friendly Broadcasting of Columbus assumed control of WSRS 1490 AM and 95.3 FM from Sam R. Sague, switching call letters, licenses, studios and facilities. The AM and FM stations took on separate identities: WJMO took over the former WSRS offices at 2156 Lee Road in Cleveland Heights, and WSRS-FM became WJMO-FM, later WCUY. The 1540 and 106.5 frequencies were sold off to Tuschman Broadcasting Company, with the AM station becoming WABQ while the FM station instead signed on as WABQ-FM. 1960s–70s WCUY maintained an eclectic mix of beautiful music, jazz and ethnic fare independent of the AM station – a rarity at the time. WJMO adopted a rhythm-and-blues format, focusing primarily on the African-American community, which it still does to this day. WCUY vacated 95.3 and moved to 92.3 MHz in the early 1960s, while WDGO in Cleveland signed on the 95.5 frequency and WLKR-FM in Norwalk on the 95.3 frequency. The station's music format turned to all jazz in the mid-1960s. Voices at WCUY's microphones in the mid-1960s until the station dropped jazz in 1971 included: Jim Quinn, Chris Columbi, who also wrote about jazz for The Cleveland Plain Dealer, Ray Allen (who also served as Program Director), Dave Smith, Gary Stark, Mark Kaufman, Len Anthony, Phil Fink, David Mark, and Joanie Layne. In 1971, WCUY changed calls to WLYT, standing for "We Love You Truly," and chosen through a station contest. WLYT first held a gold-based oldies format, but then bounced about between AOR (as "92 Rock"), automated Top 40, and then disco (as "Disco 92") With Chris Michaels-Manning who went to WZAK and John J. Muddcliff who went to M105 known as the "MUD". WLYT was beset by a poor signal, a limited budget, constant staff turnover, and low ratings during this period. 1980s–90s WLYT changed its call letters to WRQC in spring 1983, and switched to pop/new wave music as "Cleveland's New 92 ROCK", using consultant Rick Carroll of future sister station KROQ-FM in Los Angeles. At the time, Daniel "Dancin' Danny" Wright was the morning drive host. Partly due to a fallout with Carroll, and low ratings against AOR/CHR powerhouse WMMS, WRQC gradually migrated to CHR under new Program Director Kris Earl Phillips (who later departed for a career in the computer software industry, and was succeeded by OM/PD Scott Howitt), with the shift completed that August. The line-up included various morning hosts over time after Dancin' Danny moved over to WGCL (to do afternoons), Jan McKay (Jan Wrezinski/News Director), Linda Jackson (Linda Stepan) middays, Scott Howitt (Program Director) doing afternoon drive, former WBZZ/Pittsburgh air personality Tom "Jack" Daniels" in evenings, Mike Gallagher in nights, Johnny Sharp in late nights, Skip O'Brien, Lew Roberts, Jim Shea, Scott James (Harry Legg) and "Rowdy Ron" Higgins on weekends. The CHR format remained in place throughout the remainder of the decade, though it would be rebranded a few times, first as 92Q in early 1985, All-Hit 92Q in 1986 (under the guidance of the late Rick Sklar, former WABC/New York program director turned consultant), and later as Hot 92 in 1989, with the station leaning toward urban. United Broadcasting changed WRQC's call sign to WJMO-FM on January 22, 1990, matching the calls of WJMO, marking the second time around with these call letters. The station was re-branded "Jammin 92", and in 1995, "Jammin 92.3", and kept the contemporary hits format, except this time around, they shifted towards a Dance-leaning direction, a move that would pay off ratings-wise for the station, all under the direction of its then PD, Keith Clark. Slogans over the years included "Cleveland's New Dance Music Station", "The Party Pig", "Big Fun-Giant Jams", and "Cleveland's New #1 Hit Music Station." Starting in 1993, Jammin 92's evening hours were modeled after MTV, featuring equal doses of alternative rock, hip-hop, and pop music. The show was called "92 Channel X." In 1992, as Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ownership rules were relaxed, United Broadcasting sold WJMO and WJMO-FM to Zebra Communications, owned by three key figures from local urban contemporary station WZAK: Owner Xenophon Zapis, program director Lynn Tolliver, and on-air personality Bobby (Otis) Rush. Although Tolliver and Rush were both African Americans, Zapis, a Greek, was a key party in the new ownership. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) contested the sale. The sale was approved by the FCC in 1993, and WJMO became the first radio station with significant African American ownership in the Cleveland area. On February 25, 1994, as a result of the legal battles, the SCLC gained significant control of WJMO, which was seen as the less desirable station. The SCLC kept the WJMO call letters for their AM station, and WJMO-FM became WZJM, a combination of WZAK and WJMO. WZJM's format evolved into Rhythmic CHR and it became one of the highest rated stations in Cleveland during the late 1990s with air personalities Joe "Mama" in the Morning, Big Dave, Don "Action" Jackson, LeeAnn Sommers, Howard Perl, Dean Rufus, Scott Free, Bobby Blaze and Chuck Booms. The station was listed as a Top 40/CHR reporter in music reporting trades like Billboard Radio Monitor (now defunct), because of WZJM's inclusion of mainstream pop/rock product into its playlist, and at the same time keep from overlapping WZAK when it came to playing R&B/Hip-Hop product and targeting the African American audience. Logo as 92.3 The Beat From 1998 to 2001, WZJM suffered through multiple ownership changes and different formats. This started when WZJM, WJMO and WZAK were purchased by Chancellor Media in January 1999, along with WDOK, WQAL, and WRMR (850 AM) in a $275 million deal. It was, at the time, the largest radio deal in Cleveland broadcasting history. On July 13, 1999, Chancellor Media merged with Capstar Broadcasting, owners of WKNR (1220 AM), becoming AMFM Inc., becoming, at that time, the nation's largest radio station owner with 465 stations. When AMFM merged with Clear Channel Communications in August 2000, Clear Channel was forced to sell off WZJM along with the other Cleveland AMFM properties to comply with market ownership restrictions. WZJM, WDOK and WQAL were sold to Infinity Broadcasting, later becoming CBS Radio in 2005. On the air, WZJM abruptly dropped its contemporary hits format at 5:00 pm on April 19, 1999. In its place was the AMFM-branded "Jammin' Oldies" format as "92.3 The Beat". While "Jammin' Oldies" was popular in the short term in other markets across the country, WZJM's attempt was not successful in comparison. As WZJM was sold to Infinity, speculation grew about a potential format change, particularly when all but two of the station's disk jockeys were let go in early 2001. 2000s On May 25, 2001 (Memorial Day weekend), WZJM flipped to active rock as "92.3 Xtreme Radio" with the call letters WXTM (adopted on June 7, 2001). While the rock format helped fill the gap after WENZ flipped from modern rock to urban in 1999, WXTM's "Xtreme" format and on-air presentation were originally quite different from the old WENZ, and was, in fact, a nationally programmed format developed by Infinity Broadcasting. WXTM was the Cleveland affiliate for New York-based shock jocks Opie and Anthony from July 2001 until their firing by CBS Radio in August 2002. Rover's Morning Glory, hosted by Shane "Rover" French, debuted on WXTM on March 24, 2003 (and received its title just days beforehand). It would become the first radio show in modern history to have even been syndicated out of Cleveland, when WMAD in Madison, Wisconsin and WAZU in Columbus, Ohio both picked up the show. In 2005, the "Xtreme" label was shed in favor of "923X", and former WENZ disk jockeys re-emerged on WXTM during several "Smells Like the End" reunion weekends. The playlist was slowly expanded as the station became a full-fledged alternative rock station. Rover made national headlines when he was selected by CBS Radio to be one of four shows to replace Howard Stern (the other three being Adam Carolla, The Junkies and David Lee Roth) with CBS Radio's "Free FM" experiment. Rover had his show's flagship relocated to Chicago on sister station WCKG in order to accommodate this switch, but continued to air in Cleveland. On January 1, 2006, WXTM's sister station WXRK in New York (now WINS-FM) changed its callsign to WFNY-FM to reflect its new format. CBS Radio then moved the WXRK call letters to WXTM. The new WXRK of Cleveland was suddenly set on "random play," essentially a wide-sweeping commercial modern rock playlist without any dee-jays. On-air promos hinted of "92.3: It just Rocks," before the station officially became "92.3 K-Rock" that January 17. K-Rock has been a brand utilized by CBS Radio on several of their rock stations, most notably KROQ in Los Angeles. Incidentally, KROQ was also the station that what was then WRQC tried to emulate back in the 1980s. Opie and Anthony rejoined the station's lineup on April 26, 2006, when they were hired back to replace David Lee Roth on CBS Radio stations in select markets in morning drive. However, WXRK – and not local Roth affiliate WNCX – picked up the Free FM-based portion of the show, on tape delay from 3:00 pm to 6:00 pm. WCKG would cancel Rover, due to extremely low ratings, on July 31, 2006, and Rover's show returned to WXRK's studios as its flagship. Also that day, K-Rock launched its HD2 station "K2", on the station's secondary HD signal. "K2" featured bands like Godsmack, Slipknot, Static-X, Disturbed, and other harder-edged acts. On November 14, 2006, K-Rock began an online stream, accessible at its official site, krockcleveland.com. Meanwhile, the former WXRK in New York changed formats on May 25, 2007, from hot talk back over to alternative rock under the "92.3 K-Rock" name, and as a result, would reacquire the WXRK call letters. The Cleveland station retained the format and name, but on May 31, took a new callsign of WKRI. The station gained its tenth set of call letters that October 3 when they obtained the WKRK-FM calls from the Detroit station now known as WXYT-FM. Logo as Radio 92.3 Rover's Morning Glory would be abruptly canceled from WKRK-FM on February 15, 2008, after a new contract between Rover and CBS Radio could not be reached. Rover ended up signing a deal with WMMS; as a result, WKRK-FM moved Opie and Anthony to morning drive and started to lean the active rock route by adding artists such as Mötley Crüe, Ozzy Osbourne, and Guns N' Roses onto the rotation to better compete with WMMS. WKRK-FM ultimately suffered a significant decline in ratings. On December 1, 2008, WKRK-FM dropped the K-Rock branding and switched to "Radio 92.3", while retaining the modern rock format. All DJs were dropped or reassigned to off-air roles, and Opie and Anthony were dropped from morning drive. As "Radio 92.3", WKRK-FM continued to serve as the home of Inner Sanctum, a weekly showcase featuring Cleveland's local music talent. Inner Sanctum aired its final show on WKRK-FM on August 28, 2011. 92.3 The Fan WKRK-FM dropped both the "Radio 92.3" brand and alternative rock format from its primary broadcast feed (analog/HD1) on August 29, 2011, at 6 am; the final song to air before the format flip was "Second Chance" by Shinedown. The station has since aired a sports radio format over the primary feed as "Sports Radio 92.3 The Fan". Both the "Radio 92.3" brand and format continued on the HD2 digital subchannel until January 2, 2013, when the feed switched over to CBS Sports Radio. In March 2013, WKRK-FM announced that it would begin broadcasting "a 24-hour dedicated Browns HD multicast" on a new HD3 digital subchannel at an unspecified date. The HD3 subchannel eventually signed on during the summer of 2013. Morning co-host Chuck Booms, who had been with the station since the sports format launch in August 2011, was let go in May 2015. Regarding the future of the WKRK-FM morning show, program director Andy Roth stated his intent to hire a replacement "soon" - and eventually moved evening host Ken Carman full-time to mornings. In January 2016, Kevin Kiley made headlines after publicly criticizing the Buffalo Bills for hiring a female assistant coach. In an interview during the February 11 evening sportscast on Cleveland TV station WUAB, Kiley had said he was being censored by CBS Radio over his comments, and announced he would be resigning from WKRK. On April 6, 2016, WOIO reported that former morning show producer J.G. Spooner had been arrested and charged with money laundering via the website GoFundMe; Cleveland Scene speculated that Spooner exited the station due to the arrest. On February 2, 2017, Spooner was sentenced to thirty months in prison. On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on the 17th. Entercom rebranded as Audacy on March 30, 2021. Current programming Regular schedule The bulk of the weekday lineup features local hosts, including Ken Carman and Anthony Lima in morning drive; Andy Baskin and Jeff Phelps middays; Nick Wilson and former Ohio State and NFL safety Dustin Fox in afternoon drive; and Jonathan Peterlin evenings. Infinity Sports Network programming airs overnights weekdays, and the bulk of the day on weekends. Play-by-play WKRK-FM is a co-flagship station for the Cleveland Browns, sharing coverage with sister station WNCX, as well as cross-town rival WKNR, and also serves as the Cleveland affiliate for Westwood One's national coverage of the NFL and NCAA football and basketball, as well as NASCAR coverage from the Motor Racing Network (MRN). During Browns season, WKRK-FM is the exclusive flagship home of the Browns Radio Network postgame show and Cleveland Browns Weekly with Nathan Zegura on Saturday mornings. Along with WKNR, 92.3 The Fan also airs a Wednesday night preview show and a Thursday night coach's show from the Browns Radio Network. References ^ "Facility Technical Data for WKRK-FM". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. ^ "not found". Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015. ^ a b "1961-61 Broadcasting Yearbook (page 279)" (PDF). AmericanRadioHistory.com. David Gleason on the Web. 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2011. ^ "Station Guide: WSRS-FM". Cleveland Broadcast Radio Archives. Mike Olszewski & SofTrends, Inc. 2002. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2010. ^ "1959 Broadcasting Yearbook" (PDF). AmericanRadioHistory.com. David Gleason on the Web. 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2010. ^ "1960 Broadcasting Yearbook" (PDF). AmericanRadioHistory.com. David Gleason on the Web. 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2010. ^ Frank, Michelle (November 1969). "Cool! Calm! Contented! Calamity!". 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Retrieved January 27, 2024. ^ "RR-2001-06-01" (PDF). americanradiohistory.com. Retrieved January 27, 2024. ^ FMQB (2007). "K-Rock Returns To 92.3 FM In NYC". FMQBs. Archived from the original on May 26, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2007. ^ Washington, Julie (February 21, 2008). "DJ Rover Leaving WKRK for WMMS". Cleveland.com. Cleveland Live, Inc. Retrieved July 30, 2012. ^ "Radio 92.3 FM Cleveland: WKRK". Radio 92.3 official website. CBS Radio, Inc. 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2009. ^ Washington, Julie (December 4, 2008). "WKRK FM 92.3 Switches to Automated Format". Cleveland.com. Cleveland Live, Inc. Retrieved July 30, 2012. ^ "Shows: Inner Sanctum". Radio 92.3 official website: Inner Sanctum. CBS Radio, Inc. 2010. Archived from the original on April 2, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2010. ^ "About – Inner Sanctum". Inner Sanctum – Cleveland's Music Showcase. WordPress.com. 2010. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2010. ^ "92.3 The Fan Debuts - Format Change Archive". formatchange.com. August 29, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2018. ^ "CBS Flipping Modern Rock WKRK/Cleveland To FM Sports". FMQB.com. Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report, Inc. and Mediaspan Online Services. August 4, 2011. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2011. ^ Yarborough, Chuck (September 2, 2011). "WKRK FM/92.3 The Fan Replaces Rock with Sports Talk". Cleveland.com. Cleveland Live LLC. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2012. ^ "Radio 923". ^ Venta, Lance (March 28, 2013). "Cleveland Browns Move To CBS/Good Karma Trio". RadioInsight.com. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved May 1, 2013. ^ McIntyre, Michael K. (May 7, 2015). "Chuck Booms is fired from 92.3 The Fan". Cleveland.com. Plain Dealer Publishing Co. and Northeast Ohio Media Group. Retrieved May 12, 2015. ^ Zarrella, Tony (February 12, 2016). "Video: Kevin Kiley resigns from 92.3". cleveland19.com. Retrieved April 6, 2018. ^ Team, Cleveland 19 Digital (April 6, 2016). "Cleveland media personality charged with money laundering". cleveland19.com. Retrieved April 6, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Grzegorek, Vince. "Former 92.3 The Fan Producer J.G. Spooner Pleads Guilty to Money Laundering, Theft Charges. Spooner was replaced with long time Ken Carman Show Evening Producer & Fill in Rock Jock of 98.5 WNCX Kenny Kidd in Late May of 2016". clevescene.com. Retrieved April 6, 2018. ^ Shaffer, Cory (February 2, 2017). "'Heartless con man' J.G. Spooner sentenced to prison for GoFundMe, rent, bad check scams". cleveland.com. Retrieved May 18, 2019. ^ "CBS Radio To Merge With Entercom - RadioInsight". radioinsight.com. February 2, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2018. ^ "Entercom Receives FCC Approval for Merger with CBS Radio". Entercom. November 9, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2017. ^ Venta, Lance (November 17, 2017). "Entercom Completes CBS Radio Merger". Radio Insight. Retrieved November 17, 2017. ^ "Radio Giant Entercom Rebrands as Audacy Amid Streaming Push". The Hollywood Reporter. March 30, 2021. ^ "Shows: 92.3 The Fan". Audacy.com. Retrieved May 23, 2021. ^ "92.3 The Fan Schedule". cleveland.cbslocal.com. CBS Local Media, a division of CBS Radio Inc. 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011. ^ a b "92.3 The Fan « CBS Cleveland". Cleveland.cbslocal.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2014. ^ "2014 TALKERS Heavy Hundred of Sports Talk". Talkers.Com. Retrieved August 18, 2014. ^ "Fox Sports Ohio". foxsportsohio.com. Retrieved January 27, 2024. "Aeros Split Series with Thunder, 6-3". OurSportsCentral.com. OurSports Central. May 6, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2012. ^ "CBS Sports Radio Finalizes Lineup As Launch of Nationwide Network Approaches". CBS Radio. December 6, 2012. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2014. ^ "92.3 The Fan Named Flagship Station of the Gladiators in 2012". ClevelandGladiators.com. Cleveland Gladiators. March 7, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2012. ^ "CBS Radio to flip WKRK-FM to The Fan". rbr.com. August 4, 2011. Retrieved September 8, 2011. ^ "92.3 The Fan Schedule « CBS Cleveland". Cleveland.cbslocal.com. Retrieved August 18, 2014. ^ "CBS Creates the Largest Major Market Sports Radio Network in the Nation". CBSRadio.com (Press release). CBS Radio, Inc. June 21, 2012. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2012. ^ "Damon Amendolara To Host Weekday Overnight Show On CBS Sports Radio". CBS Radio. November 16, 2012. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2014. ^ "Browns Enter Into Groundbreaking Radio Partnership With ESPN 850 WKNR And CBS Radio's 92.3 The Fan And 98.5 WNCX". CBS Cleveland. March 28, 2013. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. ^ "The Haslam Era: The Cleveland Browns Will Have a New Broadcasting Home in 2013". Buckeye State Sports. Retrieved August 18, 2014. ^ "Dial Global Changes Name To Westwoodone; Revives Iconic Audio Brand - Westwood One Radio Networks". Westwoodone.com. September 4, 2013. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2014. ^ "Jeff Phelps To Call Browns Preseason Games; Team Announces Radio Network Programming". cbslocal.com. August 6, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2018. Wikimedia Commons has media related to WKRK-FM. External links Official website WKRK in the FCC FM station database WKRK in Nielsen Audio's FM station database vteRadio stations in the Cleveland, Ohio metropolitan areaBy AM frequency 850 930 10002 11001 1220 1260 1300 1320 1330 1350 1380 1420 1460 1490 By FM frequency 88.3 WBWC WHWN 88.7 89.3 89.7 90.3 91.1 91.5 WKHR WOBC-FM 92.3 93.1 95.5 96.5 98.5 99.5 100.7 102.1 103.3 104.1 104.9 105.7 106.5 107.3 107.9 LPFM 93.7 95.9 Translators 89.1 92.7 94.5 96.9 98.9 99.1 100.3 101.1 101.5 102.5 103.7 105.3 106.1 106.9 107.7 NOAA Weather Radiofrequency 162.5 162.55 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 89.7-1 89.7-2 89.7-3 89.7-4 90.3-1 90.3-2 90.3-3 92.3-1 92.3-2 92.3-3 93.1-1 93.1-2 93.1-3 96.5-1 96.5-2 98.5-1 98.5-2 99.5-1 100.7-1 100.7-2 102.1-1 104.1-1 104.1-2 104.9-1 104.9-2 104.9-3 104.9-4 105.7-1 105.7-2 106.5-1 106.5-2 107.3-1 107.9-1 107.9-2 By call sign KHB59 W206CH W224CD W233CG W245CY W255CW W256BT W262DM W266CJ W268CO W273DG W279BT W287DQ W291BV W295DE W299CJ WABQ WAKS HD2 WARF WBWC WCCD2 WCCR WCLV HD2 HD3 WCPN HD2 HD3 HD4 WCRF-FM WCSB WDLW WDOK WENZ HD2 WEOL WERE WFHM-FM WGAR-FM HD2 WHK WHKW WHLK HD2 WHWN WINT WJCU WJMO WKHR WKNR WKRK-FM HD2 HD3 WKSU HD2 HD3 HD4 WMJI HD2 WMMS HD2 WNCX HD2 WNG698 WNWV WOBC-FM WOBL WOVU-LP WQAL HD2 WRUW-FM WSAV-LP WTAM1 WZAK HD2 HD3 Defunct KDPM oWOW Radio WATJ (Chardon) WBOE WDBK WJTB (North Ridgeville) WWGK WWIZ (Lorain) Radio stations in Northeast Ohio Akron Ashtabula Canton Cleveland Youngstown Other nearby regions Mid-Ohio Vacationland Toledo See also List of mass media in Cleveland List of radio stations in Ohio Notes 1. Clear-channel stations with extended nighttime coverage. 2. Station is silent. vteSports radio stations in the state of Ohio Ashtabula WFUN Cincinnati WCKY WSAI Cleveland WARF WKNR WKRK-FM Columbus WBNS WBNS-FM WMNI Dayton WING WONE Fostoria WFOB Lima WWSR Mansfield/Mid-Ohio WNCO WRGM Marietta/St. Marys WV WJAW Massillon/Canton WTIG Middleport/Pomeroy WMPO Portsmouth WNXT Toledo WCWA WQQO-HD2 Wellston WYPC Youngstown WBBW WNIO See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in Ohio See also ESPN Radio Fox Sports Radio CBS Sports Radio NBC Sports Radio Sports Byline USA SportsMap Radio vteAudacy, Inc.AM radio stations KAMP KCBS KCSP KDKA KFH KFXX KIFM KIKK KILT KJCE KMBZ KMOX KMTT KNSS KNX KRLD KWOD KXNT KYW KYYS WAAF WAMO** WAOK WAXY WBBM WBEN WCBS WCCO WEEI WFAN WGR WHLL WILK WINS WJFK WJZ WLMZ WMC WMFS WORD WPHT WQAM WRNL WROC WRVA WSCR WSSP WTEM WTIC WVEI WWJ WWKB WWL WWWL WWWS WXYT WYRD FM radio stations KALC KALV-FM KAMX KBZT KCBS-FM KDGS KDKA-FM KEYN-FM KEZK-FM KFBZ KFRC-FM KFRG KFTK-FM KGMZ-FM KGON KHMX KHTP KILT-FM KISW KITS KJKK KKDO KKHH KKMJ-FM KKWF KLLC KLOL KLUC-FM KMBZ-FM KMLE KMNB KMVK KMXB KNDD KNRK KNSS-FM KNX-FM KOOL-FM KQKS KQMT KQRC-FM KRBQ KRBZ KRLD-FM KROQ-FM KRSK KRTH KRXQ KSEG KSFM KSON KSPF KSWD KTWV KUDL KVIL (HD2) KWFN KWJJ-FM KXFG KXQQ-FM KXSN KYCH-FM KYKY KYXY KZJK KZPT WBBM-FM WBEB WBEE-FM WBGB WBMX WBTJ WBZA WBZZ WCBS-FM WCFS-FM WCMF-FM WDAF-FM WDCH-FM† WDOK WDSY-FM WDZH WEEI-FM WEZB WFAN-FM WFBC-FM WFUN-FM WGGY WHHL WIAD WILK-FM WINS-FM WIP-FM WJFK-FM WJMH WJZ-FM WKBU WKIS WKRK-FM WKRZ WKSE WKTK WKXJ WLFP WLIF WLKK WLMG WLMZ-FM WLND WLYF WLZL WMAS-FM WMFS-FM WMHX WMJX WMMM-FM WMXJ WMYX-FM WNCX WNEW-FM WNVZ WOCL WOGL WOLX-FM WOMC WOMX-FM WPAW WPGC-FM WPHI-FM WPOW WPTE WPXY-FM WQAL WQMG WQMP WRCH WROQ WRVQ WRVR WRXL HD2 WRXR-FM WSFS WSKY-FM WSMW WSPA-FM WSTR WTDY-FM WTIC-FM WTPT WTVR-FM WUSN WUSY WVEE WVEI-FM WVKL WWBX WWDE-FM WWEI WWL-FM WWMX WXBK WXRT WXSS WXYT-FM WYCD WYRD-FM WZGC WZMX Radio Networks BetQL Network Infinity Sports Network* Sabres Hockey Network New York Yankees Radio Channel Q Digital properties Audacy Cadence13 Eventful Pineapple Street Studios Play.it See also CBS Radio List of radio stations * = Formerly CBS Sports Radio, Audacy operated as producer with distribution handled by Westwood One. ** = Audacy operates pursuant to a local marketing agreement with Martz Communications Group. † = Operated by Bloomberg L.P. pursuant to a time brokerage agreement.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WXYT-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXYT-FM"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Heights, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Heights,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_radio"},{"link_name":"Audacy, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacy,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Greater Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Northeast Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Ohio"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"affiliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_affiliate"},{"link_name":"Infinity Sports Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"Halle Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_Building"},{"link_name":"Downtown Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Warrensville Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrensville_Heights,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"analog transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_transmission"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Audacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacy"}],"text":"For the Detroit radio station which identified as WKRK-FM from 1997 to 2007, see WXYT-FM.WKRK-FM (92.3 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Cleveland Heights, Ohio, known as \"Sports Radio 92.3 The Fan\" and carrying a sports format. Owned by Audacy, Inc., WKRK-FM serves Greater Cleveland and surrounding Northeast Ohio as a co-flagship for the Cleveland Browns Radio Network and an affiliate of Infinity Sports Network.WKRK-FM's studios are located at the Halle Building in Downtown Cleveland and the station transmitter resides in the Cleveland suburb of Warrensville Heights. In addition to a standard analog transmission, WKRK-FM broadcasts over three HD Radio channels[2] and is available online via Audacy.","title":"WKRK-FM"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WSRS (1490 AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WERE"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broadcasting_'61-'62-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSRS-FM_Callsign-4"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broadcasting_'59-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broadcasting_'60-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broadcasting_'61-'62-3"},{"link_name":"WABQ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHLK"}],"sub_title":"1940s–50s","text":"Founded by Sam R. Sague, the station debuted on December 19, 1947, on 95.3 MHz as WSRS-FM and simulcast sister station WSRS (1490 AM), also licensed to Cleveland Heights.[3] WSRS AM/FM billed itself as the \"Community Information Voice of Cleveland\".[4] On February 1, 1959, Friendly Broadcasting of Columbus assumed control of WSRS 1490 AM and 95.3 FM from Sam R. Sague, switching call letters, licenses, studios and facilities.[5][6] The AM and FM stations took on separate identities: WJMO took over the former WSRS offices at 2156 Lee Road in Cleveland Heights, and WSRS-FM became WJMO-FM, later WCUY.[3] The 1540 and 106.5 frequencies were sold off to Tuschman Broadcasting Company, with the AM station becoming WABQ while the FM station instead signed on as WABQ-FM.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beautiful music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_music"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_music"},{"link_name":"WJMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJMO"},{"link_name":"WDGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFHM#WDGO-FM"},{"link_name":"WLKR-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLKR-FM"},{"link_name":"Jim Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Quinn"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broadcasting_'71-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broadcasting_'72-9"},{"link_name":"oldies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies"},{"link_name":"AOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album-oriented_rock"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"}],"sub_title":"1960s–70s","text":"WCUY maintained an eclectic mix of beautiful music, jazz and ethnic fare independent of the AM station – a rarity at the time. WJMO adopted a rhythm-and-blues format, focusing primarily on the African-American community, which it still does to this day. WCUY vacated 95.3 and moved to 92.3 MHz in the early 1960s, while WDGO in Cleveland signed on the 95.5 frequency and WLKR-FM in Norwalk on the 95.3 frequency. The station's music format turned to all jazz in the mid-1960s. Voices at WCUY's microphones in the mid-1960s until the station dropped jazz in 1971 included: Jim Quinn,[7] Chris Columbi, who also wrote about jazz for The Cleveland Plain Dealer, Ray Allen (who also served as Program Director), Dave Smith, Gary Stark, Mark Kaufman, Len Anthony, Phil Fink, David Mark, and Joanie Layne.[citation needed]In 1971, WCUY changed calls to WLYT,[8][9] standing for \"We Love You Truly,\" and chosen through a station contest. WLYT first held a gold-based oldies format, but then bounced about between AOR (as \"92 Rock\"), automated Top 40, and then disco (as \"Disco 92\") With Chris Michaels-Manning who went to WZAK and John J. Muddcliff who went to M105 known as the \"MUD\". WLYT was beset by a poor signal, a limited budget, constant staff turnover, and low ratings during this period.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"new wave music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"Rick Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Carroll"},{"link_name":"KROQ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KROQ-FM"},{"link_name":"WMMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMMS"},{"link_name":"CHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"WGCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNCX"},{"link_name":"WBZZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDKA-FM"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"contemporary hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"urban contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary"},{"link_name":"WZAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZAK"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Southern Christian Leadership Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic CHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_Contemporary"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Billboard Radio Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Radio_Monitor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:92.3_The_Beat_logo.png"},{"link_name":"WDOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDOK"},{"link_name":"WQAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQAL"},{"link_name":"WRMR (850 AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKNR#WRMR_(850_AM)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"WKNR (1220 AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHKW"},{"link_name":"Clear Channel Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications"},{"link_name":"Infinity Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"CBS Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"contemporary hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"\"Jammin' Oldies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_oldies"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"1980s–90s","text":"WLYT changed its call letters to WRQC in spring 1983,[10] and switched to pop/new wave music as \"Cleveland's New 92 ROCK\", using consultant Rick Carroll of future sister station KROQ-FM in Los Angeles. At the time, Daniel \"Dancin' Danny\" Wright was the morning drive host. Partly due to a fallout with Carroll, and low ratings against AOR/CHR powerhouse WMMS, WRQC gradually migrated to CHR under new Program Director Kris Earl Phillips (who later departed for a career in the computer software industry, and was succeeded by OM/PD Scott Howitt), with the shift completed that August. The line-up included various morning hosts over time after Dancin' Danny moved over to WGCL (to do afternoons), Jan McKay (Jan Wrezinski/News Director), Linda Jackson (Linda Stepan) middays, Scott Howitt (Program Director) doing afternoon drive, former WBZZ/Pittsburgh air personality Tom \"Jack\" Daniels\" in evenings, Mike Gallagher in nights, Johnny Sharp in late nights, Skip O'Brien, Lew Roberts, Jim Shea, Scott James (Harry Legg) and \"Rowdy Ron\" Higgins on weekends. The CHR format remained in place throughout the remainder of the decade, though it would be rebranded a few times, first as 92Q in early 1985, All-Hit 92Q in 1986 (under the guidance of the late Rick Sklar, former WABC/New York program director turned consultant), and later as Hot 92 in 1989, with the station leaning toward urban.United Broadcasting changed WRQC's call sign to WJMO-FM on January 22, 1990, matching the calls of WJMO, marking the second time around with these call letters.[11] The station was re-branded \"Jammin 92\", and in 1995, \"Jammin 92.3\", and kept the contemporary hits format, except this time around, they shifted towards a Dance-leaning direction, a move that would pay off ratings-wise for the station, all under the direction of its then PD, Keith Clark.[12] Slogans over the years included \"Cleveland's New Dance Music Station\", \"The Party Pig\", \"Big Fun-Giant Jams\", and \"Cleveland's New #1 Hit Music Station.\"Starting in 1993, Jammin 92's evening hours were modeled after MTV, featuring equal doses of alternative rock, hip-hop, and pop music. The show was called \"92 Channel X.\" In 1992, as Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ownership rules were relaxed, United Broadcasting sold WJMO and WJMO-FM to Zebra Communications, owned by three key figures from local urban contemporary station WZAK: Owner Xenophon Zapis, program director Lynn Tolliver, and on-air personality Bobby (Otis) Rush. Although Tolliver and Rush were both African Americans, Zapis, a Greek, was a key party in the new ownership. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) contested the sale.The sale was approved by the FCC in 1993,[13] and WJMO became the first radio station with significant African American ownership in the Cleveland area. On February 25, 1994, as a result of the legal battles, the SCLC gained significant control of WJMO, which was seen as the less desirable station.[14]The SCLC kept the WJMO call letters for their AM station, and WJMO-FM became WZJM, a combination of WZAK and WJMO. WZJM's format evolved into Rhythmic CHR and it became one of the highest rated stations in Cleveland during the late 1990s with air personalities Joe \"Mama\" in the Morning, Big Dave, Don \"Action\" Jackson, LeeAnn Sommers,[15] Howard Perl,[16] Dean Rufus,[17] Scott Free, Bobby Blaze and Chuck Booms. The station was listed as a Top 40/CHR reporter in music reporting trades like Billboard Radio Monitor (now defunct), because of WZJM's inclusion of mainstream pop/rock product into its playlist, and at the same time keep from overlapping WZAK when it came to playing R&B/Hip-Hop product and targeting the African American audience.Logo as 92.3 The BeatFrom 1998 to 2001, WZJM suffered through multiple ownership changes and different formats. This started when WZJM, WJMO and WZAK were purchased by Chancellor Media in January 1999, along with WDOK, WQAL, and WRMR (850 AM) in a $275 million deal.[18] It was, at the time, the largest radio deal in Cleveland broadcasting history. On July 13, 1999, Chancellor Media merged with Capstar Broadcasting, owners of WKNR (1220 AM), becoming AMFM Inc., becoming, at that time, the nation's largest radio station owner with 465 stations. When AMFM merged with Clear Channel Communications in August 2000, Clear Channel was forced to sell off WZJM along with the other Cleveland AMFM properties to comply with market ownership restrictions. WZJM, WDOK and WQAL were sold to Infinity Broadcasting, later becoming CBS Radio in 2005.[19]On the air, WZJM abruptly dropped its contemporary hits format at 5:00 pm on April 19, 1999. In its place was the AMFM-branded \"Jammin' Oldies\" format as \"92.3 The Beat\".[20] While \"Jammin' Oldies\" was popular in the short term in other markets across the country, WZJM's attempt was not successful in comparison. As WZJM was sold to Infinity, speculation grew about a potential format change, particularly when all but two of the station's disk jockeys were let go in early 2001.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"active rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_rock"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"WENZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WENZ"},{"link_name":"modern rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_rock"},{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_music"},{"link_name":"Infinity Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNEW-FM"},{"link_name":"Opie and Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opie_and_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Rover's Morning Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover%27s_Morning_Glory"},{"link_name":"WMAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAD"},{"link_name":"Madison, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"WAZU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJYD"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Howard Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Stern"},{"link_name":"Adam Carolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Carolla"},{"link_name":"The Junkies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Junkies"},{"link_name":"David Lee Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lee_Roth"},{"link_name":"Free FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_FM"},{"link_name":"WCKG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCFS-FM"},{"link_name":"WINS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WINS-FM"},{"link_name":"WFNY-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WINS-FM#WFNY-FM_(2006%E2%80%932007)"},{"link_name":"its new format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_FM"},{"link_name":"CBS Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio"},{"link_name":"modern rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_rock"},{"link_name":"K-Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Rock_(radio)"},{"link_name":"KROQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KROQ-FM"},{"link_name":"Opie and Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opie_and_Anthony"},{"link_name":"WNCX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNCX"},{"link_name":"Godsmack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godsmack"},{"link_name":"Slipknot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipknot_(band)"},{"link_name":"Static-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static-X"},{"link_name":"Disturbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbed_(band)"},{"link_name":"hot talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_talk"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_rock"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewFormat-22"},{"link_name":"WXYT-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXYT-FM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radio_92.3_logo.png"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"active rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_rock"},{"link_name":"Mötley Crüe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe"},{"link_name":"Ozzy Osbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne"},{"link_name":"Guns N' Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses"},{"link_name":"WMMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMMS"},{"link_name":"modern rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_rock"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio_92.3_official_site-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inner_Sanctum_1-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inner_Sanctum_2-27"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"On May 25, 2001 (Memorial Day weekend), WZJM flipped to active rock as \"92.3 Xtreme Radio\" with the call letters WXTM (adopted on June 7, 2001).[21] While the rock format helped fill the gap after WENZ flipped from modern rock to urban in 1999, WXTM's \"Xtreme\" format and on-air presentation were originally quite different from the old WENZ, and was, in fact, a nationally programmed format developed by Infinity Broadcasting. WXTM was the Cleveland affiliate for New York-based shock jocks Opie and Anthony from July 2001 until their firing by CBS Radio in August 2002. Rover's Morning Glory, hosted by Shane \"Rover\" French, debuted on WXTM on March 24, 2003 (and received its title just days beforehand). It would become the first radio show in modern history to have even been syndicated out of Cleveland, when WMAD in Madison, Wisconsin and WAZU in Columbus, Ohio both picked up the show.In 2005, the \"Xtreme\" label was shed in favor of \"923X\", and former WENZ disk jockeys re-emerged on WXTM during several \"Smells Like the End\" reunion weekends. The playlist was slowly expanded as the station became a full-fledged alternative rock station. Rover made national headlines when he was selected by CBS Radio to be one of four shows to replace Howard Stern (the other three being Adam Carolla, The Junkies and David Lee Roth) with CBS Radio's \"Free FM\" experiment. Rover had his show's flagship relocated to Chicago on sister station WCKG in order to accommodate this switch, but continued to air in Cleveland.On January 1, 2006, WXTM's sister station WXRK in New York (now WINS-FM) changed its callsign to WFNY-FM to reflect its new format. CBS Radio then moved the WXRK call letters to WXTM. The new WXRK of Cleveland was suddenly set on \"random play,\" essentially a wide-sweeping commercial modern rock playlist without any dee-jays. On-air promos hinted of \"92.3: It just Rocks,\" before the station officially became \"92.3 K-Rock\" that January 17. K-Rock has been a brand utilized by CBS Radio on several of their rock stations, most notably KROQ in Los Angeles. Incidentally, KROQ was also the station that what was then WRQC tried to emulate back in the 1980s.Opie and Anthony rejoined the station's lineup on April 26, 2006, when they were hired back to replace David Lee Roth on CBS Radio stations in select markets in morning drive. However, WXRK – and not local Roth affiliate WNCX – picked up the Free FM-based portion of the show, on tape delay from 3:00 pm to 6:00 pm. WCKG would cancel Rover, due to extremely low ratings, on July 31, 2006, and Rover's show returned to WXRK's studios as its flagship. Also that day, K-Rock launched its HD2 station \"K2\", on the station's secondary HD signal. \"K2\" featured bands like Godsmack, Slipknot, Static-X, Disturbed, and other harder-edged acts. On November 14, 2006, K-Rock began an online stream, accessible at its official site, krockcleveland.com. Meanwhile, the former WXRK in New York changed formats on May 25, 2007, from hot talk back over to alternative rock under the \"92.3 K-Rock\" name, and as a result, would reacquire the WXRK call letters.[22] The Cleveland station retained the format and name, but on May 31, took a new callsign of WKRI. The station gained its tenth set of call letters that October 3 when they obtained the WKRK-FM calls from the Detroit station now known as WXYT-FM.Logo as Radio 92.3Rover's Morning Glory would be abruptly canceled from WKRK-FM on February 15, 2008, after a new contract between Rover and CBS Radio could not be reached. Rover ended up signing a deal with WMMS;[23] as a result, WKRK-FM moved Opie and Anthony to morning drive and started to lean the active rock route by adding artists such as Mötley Crüe, Ozzy Osbourne, and Guns N' Roses onto the rotation to better compete with WMMS. WKRK-FM ultimately suffered a significant decline in ratings.On December 1, 2008, WKRK-FM dropped the K-Rock branding and switched to \"Radio 92.3\", while retaining the modern rock format.[24] All DJs were dropped or reassigned to off-air roles, and Opie and Anthony were dropped from morning drive.[25] As \"Radio 92.3\", WKRK-FM continued to serve as the home of Inner Sanctum, a weekly showcase featuring Cleveland's local music talent. Inner Sanctum aired its final show on WKRK-FM on August 28, 2011.[26][27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chance_(Shinedown_song)"},{"link_name":"Shinedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinedown"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"sports radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_radio"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"digital subchannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"CBS Sports Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports_Radio"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"digital subchannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"WUAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUAB"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"WOIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOIO"},{"link_name":"money laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering"},{"link_name":"GoFundMe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoFundMe"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Scene"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Entercom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entercom"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Audacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacy,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"92.3 The Fan","text":"WKRK-FM dropped both the \"Radio 92.3\" brand and alternative rock format from its primary broadcast feed (analog/HD1) on August 29, 2011, at 6 am; the final song to air before the format flip was \"Second Chance\" by Shinedown.[28] The station has since aired a sports radio format over the primary feed as \"Sports Radio 92.3 The Fan\".[29][30] Both the \"Radio 92.3\" brand and format continued on the HD2 digital subchannel until January 2, 2013, when the feed switched over to CBS Sports Radio.[31] In March 2013, WKRK-FM announced that it would begin broadcasting \"a 24-hour dedicated Browns HD multicast\" on a new HD3 digital subchannel at an unspecified date.[32] The HD3 subchannel eventually signed on during the summer of 2013.Morning co-host Chuck Booms, who had been with the station since the sports format launch in August 2011, was let go in May 2015. Regarding the future of the WKRK-FM morning show, program director Andy Roth stated his intent to hire a replacement \"soon\" - and eventually moved evening host Ken Carman full-time to mornings.[33]In January 2016, Kevin Kiley made headlines after publicly criticizing the Buffalo Bills for hiring a female assistant coach. In an interview during the February 11 evening sportscast on Cleveland TV station WUAB, Kiley had said he was being censored by CBS Radio over his comments, and announced he would be resigning from WKRK.[34] On April 6, 2016, WOIO reported that former morning show producer J.G. Spooner had been arrested and charged with money laundering via the website GoFundMe; Cleveland Scene speculated that Spooner exited the station due to the arrest.[35][36] On February 2, 2017, Spooner was sentenced to thirty months in prison.[37]On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom.[38] The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on the 17th.[39][40] Entercom rebranded as Audacy on March 30, 2021.[41]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Phelps"},{"link_name":"Ohio State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"Dustin Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Fox"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Infinity Sports Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fan_Schedule-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WKRK-FM_schedule-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weekdays-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Regular schedule","text":"The bulk of the weekday lineup features local hosts, including Ken Carman and Anthony Lima in morning drive; Andy Baskin and Jeff Phelps middays; Nick Wilson and former Ohio State and NFL safety Dustin Fox in afternoon drive; and Jonathan Peterlin evenings.[42]Infinity Sports Network programming airs overnights weekdays, and the bulk of the day on weekends.[43][44][45][46][47]","title":"Current programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flagship station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"WNCX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNCX"},{"link_name":"WKNR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKNR"},{"link_name":"Westwood One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One_(current)"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_Westwood_One"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Motor Racing Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Racing_Network"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WKRK-FM_schedule-44"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Play-by-play","text":"WKRK-FM is a co-flagship station for the Cleveland Browns, sharing coverage with sister station WNCX, as well as cross-town rival WKNR, and also serves as the Cleveland affiliate for Westwood One's national coverage of the NFL and NCAA football and basketball, as well as NASCAR coverage from the Motor Racing Network (MRN).[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]During Browns season, WKRK-FM is the exclusive flagship home of the Browns Radio Network postgame show and Cleveland Browns Weekly with Nathan Zegura on Saturday mornings. Along with WKNR, 92.3 The Fan also airs a Wednesday night preview show and a Thursday night coach's show from the Browns Radio Network.[44][56]","title":"Current programming"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADla_Am%C3%A1lka

Víla Amálka

["1 Episodes","2 References"]

Ice sculpture of vila Amalka, 2016 Víla Amálka (Amalka the Fairy) is a Czechoslovak animated television series created in 1973 and first aired in 1975. It was, and still regularly is, aired as part of Večerníček, a long-running evening programme aimed at children. The author was Václav Čtvrtek. The film was drawn and directed by Václav Bedřich , with narration by Jiří Hrzán . A total of 13 episodes of about 8 minutes each were produced. In 2013, Amalka the Fairy started gaining popularity in Japan, with the episodes having been dubbed into Japanese. A toy range featuring characters from the show has also been released. Episodes Jak nechala stát myslivce Mušku v lese Jak potkala beránka Kudrnu Jak našla kámen mutáček Jak seděla v zelené kleci Jak se udělala ptáčkem Jak zatančila králi Jak obrátila potok Jak jí vodník Kebule málem řekl sedm Jak přetancovala obra Hrompáce Jak pomáhala ježkovi s horkou tlapkou Jak vyléčila ty dva, Hrompáce a Ohniváče Jak potkala oříškového panáčka Jak odešla spát až do jara References ^ a b Říkání o víle AmálceŘíkání o víle Amálce, all 13 episodes can be viewed. ^ "Japonské děti milují vílu Amálku". Czech Television (in Czech). ČT24. 6 May 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2014. ^ アマールカ (Amalka) official web site This animated television series–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_polycarpa

Euphorbia polycarpa

["1 Uses","2 References","3 External links"]

Species of flowering plant Euphorbia polycarpa Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Euphorbiaceae Genus: Euphorbia Species: E. polycarpa Binomial name Euphorbia polycarpaBenth. Synonyms Chamaesyce polycarpa Euphorbia polycarpa (formerly Chamaesyce polycarpa) is a species of spurge known by the common name smallseed sandmat. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, especially the deserts and other dry, sandy areas. This is a perennial herb producing stems that trail along the ground to form a clump or mat, sometimes growing somewhat upright. The leaves are each under a centimeter long. They are round or oval-shaped and have triangular stipules at the bases. What looks like a single flower is actually an inflorescence of many staminate (male) flowers united around a single central pistillate (female) flower. Bracts surrounding the flower unit are white and petal-like. The fruit is a thin spherical capsule less than 2 millimeters wide layered over a seed. "Chamae" derives from the Greek meaning "on the ground", referring to its spreading low lying growth near the ground, and "Syke" is from Greek for "fig". Uses Among the Zuni people, a warm gruel made with the plant and white cornmeal and taken to promote milk flow. References ^ "Definition of CHAMAESYCE". ^ "Definition of HUMBLE". ^ Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #30 (p. 51) External links Wikispecies has information related to Euphorbia polycarpa. Jepson Manual Treatment USDA Plants Profile Photo gallery Taxon identifiersEuphorbia polycarpa Wikidata: Q5226042 Wikispecies: Euphorbia polycarpa Calflora: 13197 CoL: 6GZY9 EoL: 1144136 FNA: 250101602 GBIF: 3066816 GRIN: 456148 iNaturalist: 58144 IPNI: 101865-2 IRMNG: 10952111 ITIS: 28122 NCBI: 1046500 Open Tree of Life: 72822 Plant List: kew-81583 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:101865-2 Tropicos: 12802138 WFO: wfo-0000964090 This Euphorbia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Medicinal plants-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avialans

Avialae

["1 Definition","1.1 Differentiation from Aves","2 Evolution","3 See also","4 References"]

Clade including all birds and their ancestors It has been suggested that Avebrevicauda be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since May 2024. It has been suggested that Pygostylia be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since May 2024. It has been suggested that Ornithothoraces be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since May 2024. AvialansTemporal range: Middle Jurassic–Present, 150.8–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Earliest 165 Ma if Anchiornithidae are members Fossil specimen of Jeholornis prima Collage of four extant birds. Clockwise from top-left: Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti), common ostrich (Struthio camelus), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Saurischia Clade: Theropoda Clade: Pennaraptora Clade: Paraves Clade: AvialaeGauthier, 1986 Subgroups †Alcmonavis †Balaur †Cretaaviculus †Dalianraptor †Elopteryx †Fukuipteryx †Gargantuavis †Hesperonychus? †Overoraptor? †Rahonavis? †Yandangornis? †Archaeopterygidae? †Anchiornithidae? †Scansoriopterygidae? Euavialae †Jeholornithidae Avebrevicauda Pygostylia †Omnivoropterygiformes Avialae ("bird wings") is a clade containing the only living dinosaurs, the birds, and their closest relatives. It is usually defined as all theropod dinosaurs more closely related to birds (Aves) than to deinonychosaurs, though alternative definitions are occasionally used (see below). Archaeopteryx lithographica, from the late Jurassic Period Solnhofen Formation of Germany, is usually considered the earliest known avialan which may have had the capability of powered flight, a minority of studies have suggested that it might have been a deinonychosaur instead. Several older (but non flight-capable) possible avialans are known from the late Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of China, dated to about 160 million years ago. Definition Most researchers define Avialae as branch-based clade, though definitions vary. Many authors have used a definition similar to "all theropods closer to birds than to Deinonychus." A nearly identical definition, "the theropod group that includes all taxa closer to Passer than to Dromaeosaurus", was used by Agnolín and Novas (2013) for their clade Averaptora, operating under the assumption that troodontids and birds were more closely related to each other than to dromaeosaurs. They also redefine Avialae as the smallest clade containing Archaeopteryx and modern birds. Additionally, beginning in the late 2000s and early 2010s, several groups of researchers began adding the genus Troodon as an additional specifier in the definition of Avialae. Troodon had long been considered a close relative of the dromaeosaurids in the larger group Deinonychosauria, though some contemporary studies found it and other troodontids more closely related to modern birds, and so it has been specifically excluded from Avialae in more recent studies. Avialae is also occasionally defined as an apomorphy-based clade (that is, one based on derived characteristics that were not present among lineage predecessors). Jacques Gauthier, who named Avialae in 1986, re-defined it in 2001 as all dinosaurs that possessed feathered wings used in flapping flight, and the birds that descended from them. Differentiation from Aves Gauthier and de Queiroz (page 34) identified four conflicting ways of defining the term "Aves", which is a problem since the same biological name is being used four different ways. They proposed a solution, number 4 below, which is to reserve the term Aves only for the crown group, the last common ancestor of all living birds and all of its descendants. Other definitions of Aves found in literature were reassigned to other clade names. Aves can mean all reptiles closer to birds than to crocodiles (alternatively Avemetatarsalia ) Aves can mean those advanced archosaurs with feathers (alternatively Avifilopluma) Aves can mean those feathered dinosaurs that can fly (alternately Avialae) Aves can mean the last common ancestor of all the currently living birds and all of its descendants (a "crown group"). (alternatively Neornithes) Under the fourth definition Archaeopteryx is an avialan, and not a member of Aves. Gauthier's proposals have been adopted by many researchers in the field of paleontology and bird evolution, though the exact definitions applied have been inconsistent. Avialae, initially proposed to replace the traditional fossil content of Aves, is sometimes used synonymously with the vernacular term "bird" by these researchers. Evolution See also: Origin of birds and List of fossil bird genera Avialae †Anchiornis †Archaeopteryx †Rahonavis †Jixiangornis †Jeholornis Avebrevicauda †Sapeornis †Confuciusornis †Chongmingia Ornithothoraces Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Wang et al., 2016. The earliest known avialans come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi and Aurornis xui. Xiaotingia zhengi used to be considered a member, but was later classified within the clade Dromaeosauridae. The well-known Archaeopteryx dates from slightly later Jurassic rocks (about 155 million years old) from Germany. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds, but were later lost during bird evolution. These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life, and long feathers or "hind wings" covering the hind limbs and feet, which may have been used in aerial maneuvering. It is also thought that early avialans were either cranially akinetic or had otherwise limited cranial kinesis. Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period. Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopteryx and Shenzhouraptor, retained the long bony tails of their ancestors, the tails of more advanced avialans were shortened with the advent of the pygostyle bone in the group Pygostylia. In the late Cretaceous, around 95 million years ago, the ancestor of all modern birds also evolved a better sense of smell. The following cladogram is based on the analysis by Hartman et al. (2019), which found flight likely evolved five separate times among paravian dinosaurs, two of those among Avialae (in Scansoriopterygids and other avialans). Archaeopteryx and "anchiornithids" were placed in Deinonychosauria, Avialae's sister group. Paraves †Deinonychosauria †Archaeopterygidae †Unenlagiidae †Dromaeosauridae †Troodontidae Avialae †Scansoriopterygidae †Yandangornis †Bauxitornis †Balaur †Shenzhouraptor †Jixiangornis †Zhongornis †Sapeornis †Confuciusornithidae †Changchengornis †Chongmingia †Jinguofortis †Zhongjianornis Ornithothoraces In a study conducted in 2020, Archaeopteryx was recovered as an avialan. See also Dinosaurs portal Bird flight Feathered dinosaur References ^ Schweigert, G. (2007). "Ammonite biostratigraphy as a tool for dating Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones from South Germany – first results and open questions" (PDF). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 245 (1): 117–125. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0117. S2CID 140597349. ^ Zhang, H.; Wang, M.; Liu, X. (2008). "Constraints on the upper boundary age of the Tiaojishan Formation volcanic rocks in West Liaoning-North Hebei by LA-ICP-MS dating". Chinese Science Bulletin. 53 (22): 3574–3584. 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A.; Cookson, M. J.; Rowe, T. B. (2004). "The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx" (PDF). Nature. 430 (7000): 666–669. Bibcode:2004Natur.430..666A. doi:10.1038/nature02706. PMID 15295597. S2CID 4391019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-02-09. Supplementary info ^ a b Hartman, Scott; Mortimer, Mickey; Wahl, William R.; Lomax, Dean R.; Lippincott, Jessica; Lovelace, David M. (2019-07-10). "A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight". PeerJ. 7: e7247. doi:10.7717/peerj.7247. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6626525. PMID 31333906. ^ Hu, D.; Hou, L.; Zhang, L. & Xu, X. (2009). "A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus". Nature. 461 (7264): 640–643. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..640H. doi:10.1038/nature08322. PMID 19794491. S2CID 205218015. ^ Liu Y.-Q.; Kuang H.-W.; Jiang X.-J.; Peng N.; Xu H.; Sun H.-Y. (2012). "Timing of the earliest known feathered dinosaurs and transitional pterosaurs older than the Jehol Biota". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 323–325: 1–12. Bibcode:2012PPP...323....1L. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.017. ^ Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.) (2004). The Dinosauria, Second Edition. University of California Press., 861 pp. ^ Senter, P (2007). "A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 5 (4): 429–463. Bibcode:2007JSPal...5..429S. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002143. S2CID 83726237. ^ Federico L. Agnolín & Fernando E. Novas (2013). Avian ancestors. A review of the phylogenetic relationships of the theropods Unenlagiidae, Microraptoria, Anchiornis and Scansoriopterygidae. SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences. pp. 1–96. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5637-3. ISBN 978-94-007-5636-6. S2CID 199493087. ^ a b c Pascal Godefroit; Andrea Cau; Hu Dong-Yu; François Escuillié; Wu Wenhao; Gareth Dyke (2013). "A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds". Nature. 498 (7454): 359–62. Bibcode:2013Natur.498..359G. doi:10.1038/nature12168. PMID 23719374. S2CID 4364892. ^ Gauthier, J. (1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds." In: K. Padian, ed. The origin of birds and the evolution of flight. San Francisco: California, Acad.Sci. pp.1–55. (Mem.Calif.Acad.Sci.8.) ^ a b Gauthier, J., and de Queiroz, K. (2001). "Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name Aves." Pp. 7-41 in New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom (J. A. Gauthier and L. F. Gall, eds.). Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. ^ Wang, M.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, Z. (2016). "A new basal bird from China with implications for morphological diversity in early birds". Scientific Reports. 6: 19700. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619700W. doi:10.1038/srep19700. PMC 4726217. PMID 26806355. ^ Zheng, X.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, X.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Wei, G.; Wang, S.; Xu, X. (2013). "Hind Wings in Basal Birds and the Evolution of Leg Feathers". Science. 339 (6125): 1309–1312. Bibcode:2013Sci...339.1309Z. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1031.5732. doi:10.1126/science.1228753. PMID 23493711. S2CID 206544531. ^ Wang, M.; Stidham, T.A.; Li, Z.; Xu, X.; Zhou, Z. (2021). "Cretaceous bird with dinosaur skull sheds light on avian cranial evolution". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 3890. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.3890W. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24147-z. PMC 8222284. PMID 34162868. ^ Hu, H.; Sansalone, G.; Wroe, S.; McDonald, P.G.; O'Connor, J.K.; Li, Z.; Xu, X; Zhou, Z. (2019). "Evolution of the vomer and its implications for cranial kinesis in Paraves". PNAS. 116 (39): 19571–19578. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11619571H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1907754116. PMC 6765239. PMID 31501339. ^ a b Chiappe, Luis M. (2007). Glorified Dinosaurs: The Origin and Early Evolution of Birds. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-413-4. ^ Agency France-Presse (13 April 2011). "Birds survived dino extinction with keen senses". Cosmos Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2012. ^ Cau, Andrea (2020-02-25). "The body plan of Halszkaraptor escuilliei (Dinosauria, Theropoda) is not a transitional form along the evolution of dromaeosaurid hypercarnivory". PeerJ. 8: e8672. doi:10.7717/peerj.8672. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7047864. PMID 32140312. vteManiraptora Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Theropoda Clade: Maniraptoriformes Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia Theropoda see Theropoda Maniraptora see below↓ ManiraptoraManiraptora †Elopteryx? †Fukuivenator? †Kakuru? †Migmanychion †Yaverlandia? †Alvarezsauroidea Achillesaurus Aorun? Bannykus Bonapartenykus Haplocheirus Patagonykus Shishugounykus Tugulusaurus? Xiyunykus Alvarezsauridae Achillesaurus? Alnashetri Alvarezsaurus Bonapartenykus? Bradycneme Heptasteornis Patagonykus? Parvicursorinae Dzharaonyx Jaculinykus Khulsanurus Kol? Nemegtonykus Ondogurvel Parvicursor Qiupanykus Trierarchuncus Ceratonykini Albinykus Ceratonykus Xixianykus Mononykini Albertonykus Linhenykus Mononykus Shuvuuia †Therizinosauria Eshanosaurus? Falcarius Fukuivenator? Jianchangosaurus Lingyuanosaurus Therizinosauroidea Alxasaurus Beipiaosaurus Enigmosaurus Martharaptor Suzhousaurus Therizinosauridae Erliansaurus Erlikosaurus Nanshiungosaurus Neimongosaurus Nothronychus Paralitherizinosaurus Segnosaurus Therizinosaurus Pennaraptora†Oviraptorosauria see Oviraptorosauria Paraves see below↓ ParavesParaves †Imperobator †Palaeopteryx? †Pneumatoraptor †Rahonavis †Scansoriopterygidae? Ambopteryx Epidexipteryx Scansoriopteryx Yi †Anchiornithidae Anchiornis Aurornis Caihong Eosinopteryx Fujianvenator Liaoningvenator? Ostromia Pedopenna Serikornis Xiaotingia Yixianosaurus †Archaeopterygidae Alcmonavis? Archaeopteryx Wellnhoferia Anchiornithidae? †Dromaeosauridae see Dromaeosauridae †Troodontidae see Troodontidae Avialae †Alcmonavis †Balaur? †Cretaaviculus? †Fukuipteryx †Overoraptor †Rahonavis? †Yandangornis †Zhongornis †Anchiornithidae? †Archaeopterygidae? †Scansoriopterygidae? †Jeholornithiformes Dalianraptor? Jeholornis Jixiangornis? Kompsornis Neimengornis Pygostylia †"Proornis" †Omnivoropterygidae? Omnivoropteryx Sapeornis †Confuciusornithidae Changchengornis Confuciusornis Eoconfuciusornis Yangavis †Jinguofortisidae Chongmingia Cratonavis Jinguofortis Ornithothoraces†Enantiornithes see Enantiornithes Euornithes see below↓ EuornithesEuornithes †Archaeorhynchus †Bellulornis †Brevidentavis †Changmaornis †Changzuiornis †Chaoyangia †Dingavis †Eogranivora †Gansus †Gargantuavis? †Hollanda †Horezmavis †Iteravis †Jianchangornis †Jiuquanornis †Juehuaornis †Kaririavis †Khinganornis †Meemannavis †Platanavis †Vorona †Wyleyia? †Xinghaiornis †Yumenornis †Zhongjianornis †Schizoouridae Mengciusornis Schizooura †Patagopterygiformes Alamitornis Kuszholia? Patagopteryx †Ambiortiformes Ambiortus Apsaravis? Palintropus? †Hongshanornithidae Archaeornithura Hongshanornis Longicrusavis Parahongshanornis Tianyuornis †Songlingornithidae Hollanda? Piscivoravis? Songlingornis Yanornis? Yixianornis? †Yanornithidae Abitusavis Similiyanornis Yanornis Ornithurae †Antarcticavis? †Apatornis †Cerebavis †Gallornis †Guildavis †Iaceornis †Kookne †Limenavis †Tingmiatornis †Ichthyornithes Ichthyornis Janavis †Hesperornithes Baptornis Brodavis Chupkaornis Enaliornis Judinornis Pasquiaornis Potamornis Hesperornithidae Asiahesperornis Canadaga Fumicollis Hesperornis Parahesperornis †Vegaviidae Australornis? Maaqwi Neogaeornis? Polarornis Vegavis †Cimolopterygidae Ceramornis Cimolopteryx Lamarqueavis? Aves / Neornithes see below↓ Aves / NeornithesPalaeognathae see Palaeognathae Neognathae Neoaves GalloanseraeAnserimorphae see Anserimorphae Pangalliformes see Pangalliformes Incertae sedis †Asteriornis †Perplexicervix †Qinornis? †Dromornithidae Barawertornis Dromornis Genyornis Ilbandornis †Gastornithiformes Brontornis? Gastornis Dromornithidae? †Pelagornithidae Aequornis Caspiodontornis Cyphornis Dasornis Gigantornis Laornis? Lutetodontopteris Macrodontopteryx Manu? Odontopteryx Odontoptila Osteodontornis Palaeochenoides Pelagornis Proceriavis? Protodontopteryx Protopelicanus? Pseudodontornis Tympanonesiotes See also: Archaeornithes Carinatae Deinonychosauria Odontognathae Odontornithes Sauriurae Unenlagiidae Category Taxon identifiersAvialae Wikidata: Q782930 Wikispecies: Avialae Paleobiology Database: 53211

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"theropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropod"},{"link_name":"deinonychosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinonychosauria"},{"link_name":"Archaeopteryx lithographica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx_lithographica"},{"link_name":"Jurassic Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Period"},{"link_name":"Solnhofen Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solnhofen_Formation"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alonso-6"},{"link_name":"deinonychosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinonychosaur"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Tiaojishan Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiaojishan_Formation"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hu_et_al.2009-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daohugouage2012-9"}],"text":"Avialae (\"bird wings\") is a clade containing the only living dinosaurs, the birds, and their closest relatives. It is usually defined as all theropod dinosaurs more closely related to birds (Aves) than to deinonychosaurs, though alternative definitions are occasionally used (see below).Archaeopteryx lithographica, from the late Jurassic Period Solnhofen Formation of Germany, is usually considered the earliest known avialan which may have had the capability of powered flight,[6] a minority of studies have suggested that it might have been a deinonychosaur instead.[7] Several older (but non flight-capable) possible avialans are known from the late Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of China, dated to about 160 million years ago.[8][9]","title":"Avialae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropod"},{"link_name":"Deinonychus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinonychus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weishampel2004-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senter2007-11"},{"link_name":"Passer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passer"},{"link_name":"Dromaeosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromaeosaurus"},{"link_name":"Averaptora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averaptora"},{"link_name":"troodontids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troodontid"},{"link_name":"Archaeopteryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avianancestry-12"},{"link_name":"Troodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troodon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature-13"},{"link_name":"apomorphy-based clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature#Phylogenetic_definitions"},{"link_name":"Jacques Gauthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Gauthier"},{"link_name":"wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing"},{"link_name":"flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_flight"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gauthier1986-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gauthier&dequeiroz2001-15"}],"text":"Most researchers define Avialae as branch-based clade, though definitions vary. Many authors have used a definition similar to \"all theropods closer to birds than to Deinonychus.\"[10][11] A nearly identical definition, \"the theropod group that includes all taxa closer to Passer than to Dromaeosaurus\", was used by Agnolín and Novas (2013) for their clade Averaptora, operating under the assumption that troodontids and birds were more closely related to each other than to dromaeosaurs. They also redefine Avialae as the smallest clade containing Archaeopteryx and modern birds.[12]Additionally, beginning in the late 2000s and early 2010s, several groups of researchers began adding the genus Troodon as an additional specifier in the definition of Avialae. Troodon had long been considered a close relative of the dromaeosaurids in the larger group Deinonychosauria, though some contemporary studies found it and other troodontids more closely related to modern birds, and so it has been specifically excluded from Avialae in more recent studies.[13]Avialae is also occasionally defined as an apomorphy-based clade (that is, one based on derived characteristics that were not present among lineage predecessors). Jacques Gauthier, who named Avialae in 1986, re-defined it in 2001 as all dinosaurs that possessed feathered wings used in flapping flight, and the birds that descended from them.[14][15]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gauthier&dequeiroz2001-15"},{"link_name":"crown group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_group"},{"link_name":"crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile"},{"link_name":"Avemetatarsalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avemetatarsalia"},{"link_name":"archosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archosaur"},{"link_name":"Avifilopluma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avifilopluma"},{"link_name":"feathered dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathered_dinosaur"},{"link_name":"Neornithes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neornithes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature-13"}],"sub_title":"Differentiation from Aves","text":"Gauthier and de Queiroz[15] (page 34) identified four conflicting ways of defining the term \"Aves\", which is a problem since the same biological name is being used four different ways. They proposed a solution, number 4 below, which is to reserve the term Aves only for the crown group, the last common ancestor of all living birds and all of its descendants. Other definitions of Aves found in literature were reassigned to other clade names.Aves can mean all reptiles closer to birds than to crocodiles (alternatively Avemetatarsalia [=Panaves])\nAves can mean those advanced archosaurs with feathers (alternatively Avifilopluma)\nAves can mean those feathered dinosaurs that can fly (alternately Avialae)\nAves can mean the last common ancestor of all the currently living birds and all of its descendants (a \"crown group\"). (alternatively Neornithes)Under the fourth definition Archaeopteryx is an avialan, and not a member of Aves. Gauthier's proposals have been adopted by many researchers in the field of paleontology and bird evolution, though the exact definitions applied have been inconsistent. Avialae, initially proposed to replace the traditional fossil content of Aves, is sometimes used synonymously with the vernacular term \"bird\" by these researchers.[13]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Origin of birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_birds"},{"link_name":"List of fossil bird genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossil_bird_genera"},{"link_name":"Tiaojishan Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiaojishan_Formation"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Oxfordian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordian_(stage)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature-13"},{"link_name":"Anchiornis huxleyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchiornis_huxleyi"},{"link_name":"Aurornis xui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurornis_xui"},{"link_name":"Xiaotingia zhengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaotingia_zhengi"},{"link_name":"Dromaeosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromaeosauridae"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zhengetal2013-17"},{"link_name":"cranial kinesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_kinesis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wang2021-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hu2019-19"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous_Period"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chiappe2007-20"},{"link_name":"primitive characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplesiomorphy"},{"link_name":"Shenzhouraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeholornis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chiappe2007-20"},{"link_name":"pygostyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygostyle"},{"link_name":"Pygostylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygostylia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Paraves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraves"},{"link_name":"Deinonychosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinonychosauria"},{"link_name":"Archaeopterygidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopterygidae"},{"link_name":"Unenlagiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unenlagiidae"},{"link_name":"Dromaeosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromaeosauridae"},{"link_name":"Troodontidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troodontidae"},{"link_name":"Scansoriopterygidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scansoriopterygidae"},{"link_name":"Yandangornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yandangornis"},{"link_name":"Bauxitornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxitornis"},{"link_name":"Balaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaur_bondoc"},{"link_name":"Shenzhouraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeholornis"},{"link_name":"Jixiangornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jixiangornis"},{"link_name":"Zhongornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongornis"},{"link_name":"Sapeornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapeornis"},{"link_name":"Confuciusornithidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuciusornithidae"},{"link_name":"Changchengornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changchengornis"},{"link_name":"Chongmingia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongmingia"},{"link_name":"Jinguofortis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinguofortis"},{"link_name":"Zhongjianornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongjianornis"},{"link_name":"Ornithothoraces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithothoraces"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cau2020-22"}],"text":"See also: Origin of birds and List of fossil bird generaThe earliest known avialans come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago.[13] The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi and Aurornis xui. Xiaotingia zhengi used to be considered a member, but was later classified within the clade Dromaeosauridae. The well-known Archaeopteryx dates from slightly later Jurassic rocks (about 155 million years old) from Germany. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds, but were later lost during bird evolution. These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life, and long feathers or \"hind wings\" covering the hind limbs and feet, which may have been used in aerial maneuvering.[17] It is also thought that early avialans were either cranially akinetic or had otherwise limited cranial kinesis.[18][19]Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period.[20] Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopteryx and Shenzhouraptor, retained the long bony tails of their ancestors,[20] the tails of more advanced avialans were shortened with the advent of the pygostyle bone in the group Pygostylia. In the late Cretaceous, around 95 million years ago, the ancestor of all modern birds also evolved a better sense of smell.[21]The following cladogram is based on the analysis by Hartman et al. (2019), which found flight likely evolved five separate times among paravian dinosaurs, two of those among Avialae (in Scansoriopterygids and other avialans). Archaeopteryx and \"anchiornithids\" were placed in Deinonychosauria, Avialae's sister group.[7]Paraves\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Deinonychosauria\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Archaeopterygidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Unenlagiidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Dromaeosauridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Troodontidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAvialae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Scansoriopterygidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Yandangornis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Bauxitornis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Balaur\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Shenzhouraptor\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Jixiangornis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Zhongornis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Sapeornis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Confuciusornithidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Changchengornis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Chongmingia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Jinguofortis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Zhongjianornis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOrnithothoracesIn a study conducted in 2020, Archaeopteryx was recovered as an avialan.[22]","title":"Evolution"}]

[]

[{"title":"Dinosaurs portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dinosaurs"},{"title":"Bird flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_flight"},{"title":"Feathered dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathered_dinosaur"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Shouzhen

Ma Shouzhen

["1 Biography","2 Romance with Wang Zhideng","3 Artistic work","3.1 Painting","3.2 Theater","3.3 Poetry","3.4 Patronage","4 Legacy","5 List of Works","6 Gallery","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]

Chinese artist, poet (1548–1604) In this Chinese name, the family name is Ma. Ma Shouzhen馬守真Bornc. 1548Nanjing, ChinaDied1604Other namesMa Xianglan, YuejiaoOccupation(s)Yiji, artist, poet Ma Shouzhen (Chinese: 馬守真; c. 1548–1604), also known by her courtesy name Ma Xianglan (Chinese: 馬湘蘭, meaning "Orchid of the Xiang River") and pen name Yuejiao ("Lunar Beauty"), was a Chinese courtesan and artist born in Nanjing during the late Ming dynasty (1550–1644). She was a renowned painter, poet, and composer. She received the name Xianglan because her most favored paintings were of orchids. Biography Ma was born in Nanjing. Not much information about her early life is known. At the age of 15, Ma Shouzhen formally assumed the position of Yiji. Her first known painting is also from this year. Before this, she may have received education from a proprietor who owned her during her childhood. Ma lived in the entertainment district along the Qinhuai River, where she was one of the Eight Beauties of Qinhuai. As a matriarch in Yiji society, she encouraged the education and training of Yijis in the arts. In order to maintain her reputation as an elite Yiji, she only allowed educated men or young student lords within her residence. She was known as a knight-errant, as she gave many gifts to young men and was cavalier with her money. During the late Ming dynasty, elite Yijis challenged the gender stereotypes of Confucian values. In contrast to the women of the gentry, who were often discouraged from cultivating talent lest it undermine their virtue as wives and mothers, Yijis were educated in painting, poetry, and music. In addition, they owned property and participated in the public scene. Ma's first patron, Pen Niang, was a student of Wen Zhengming. After his death when she was eighteen, she took on the new patron Wang Zhideng, a poet, and developed a talent for writing poetry. As Yiji matriarch, she befriended many poets and intellects such as Peng Nian (1505–1566), Zhou Tianqiu (1514–1595), Xu Wei (1521–1593), Xue Mingyi (late 16th century), and Wang Zhideng (1535–1612). The poets would write poems inspired by her or for her, describing Ma as beautiful with a warm and welcoming personality. During their visits, Ma Shouzhen joined them in making paintings, poems, and plays. She also hosted parties on her multi-leveled house-boat with the literati as her guests. Ma died peacefully in her residence in Nanjing in 1604. As a courtesan who had desired to enter a gentry family, Ma was often ridiculed, continuing after her death. Romance with Wang Zhideng Ma Shouzhen and Wang Zhideng were sexual and business partners. They shared a loving relationship with one another, and there are instances in which the two openly expressed their affection for each other. Wang wrote an account of their meeting. He recounted that they met when Ma was sued by a young literatus for bad treatment. The court clerk went to arrest her as Wang was visiting, and made a deal for her freedom for his calligraphy. Ma fell in love and proposed to Wang, but he refused, reporting he did not want to take advantage of the situation. Ma and Wang wrote letters to each other, and Ma often sent gifts to Wang Zhideng and to his wife. Ma and Wang collaborated in several paintings and poem. One of their famous collaborations was Narcissus and Rock, which consists of two images and a poem. When Ma published her poems in 1591, Wang included a preface for them. Ma and Wang's relationship may have been the basis for the 1597 opera Bailianqun (White Silk Skirt), which ridiculed a sexually active older couple. The play was quickly banned due to being immoral, but the book gained popularity. However, some modern scholars believe that Ma and Wang were not actually the inspiration for the play. On one occasion, Ma took her house-boat to Suzhou. Wang recollected that this was in celebration for his 70th birthday (though scholar Zhao Mi notes this as unlikely due to the commercial requirements of a theatrical tour). Not long after this, Ma fell ill. Though her letters to Wang begging him to visit her survive, it is unknown if he did so. Wang wrote twelve eulogies of Ma after her death as well as a biography, Maji zhuan (Biography of Courtesan Ma). Artistic work Painting Ma Shouzhen fashioned herself as a talented painter in the Wen circle and Wu School. Clients came from as far as Thailand to purchase her work. As a painter, Ma Shouzhen is well known for landscapes, orchids, and bamboo imagery combined with calligraphy. Her brush work is delicate, and the images have either colors lightly applied or monochromatic ink. Her preferred painting formats include fan, hand-scrolls, and hanging scrolls. Ma was known for using the double outline technique, in which the edges of her leaves and blossoms are outlined with thin lines. This approach can be traced to Zhao Mengjian, who influenced Ma's work. Her paintings of bamboo were in the style of Guan Daosheng. The only paintings by Ma Shouzhen that survive today are her ink landscapes, orchids, and bamboo. Since she was a social person, many of her paintings may have been given away at parties. Because of her fame, Ma's paintings were often copied. Theater Along with painting, Ma was skilled in writing poetry and composing dramas, however, some of her dramas have been lost over time. Ma was involved in the theater as a performer, troupe owner, and playwright. She was the only female troupe owner in late Ming theatre. She is the only recorded courtesan to run a troupe as a stable business in ming qing theater. This work included presenting onstage, tutoring performers, and touring with her troupe, which was known for northern plays. Ma also was the author of at least one play, Sansheng ji (Story of Three Lives). The play is an adaptation of A Southern Song (1127-1279), a play about a student betraying his courtesan lover. As courtesan theatre was infrequently highlighted in Ming theatre, some male dramatists believed The Story of three Lives had been ghostwritten. The play is about love and betrayal in three lives. In the first, Wang Kui betrays courtesan Guiying, who had supported his study, by marrying another after. In the second life, the courtesan Su Qing (Guiying) abandons student Feng Kui (Wang Kui). In their third life, they repay their debt of love and marry. Poetry Ma published her first collection of poetry in 1591, with an introduction by Wang Zhideng. Patronage Ma also served as a patron of the arts. She funded Liang Chenyu's Hongxian nü (Lady Hongxian) in return for Liang writing poems for her. Legacy Ma's life was recorded by Wang Zhideng. Within fifty years of her death, Qian Qianyi documented Wang's version of Ma's life in his poetry. Wang Duanshu (b. 1621) praised Ma in a collection of female poets. In 1994, a crater on Venus was named after Ma. List of Works Orchid and Bamboo, (fan) ink on golden paper, in the Palace Museum Collection Orchid, Bamboo, and Rock, (fan) ink on golden paper, in the Palace Museum Collection Orchid, Bamboo, and Rock, (hand-scroll) ink on golden paper, in the Palace Museum Collection Orchid and Rock, (hanging scroll) ink on paper, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art Online Collection Hanging scroll with bamboo and orchids on a rock, ink on paper, in the Rijksmuseum Collection Gallery Ma Shouzhen, Orchid and Rock, 1572, Metropolitan Museum of Art Ma Shouzhen, Orchid, 1604, Yale University Art Gallery Ma Shouzhen, Orchid and Bamboo, Minneapolis Institute of Art References ^ a b c d e f g h i j Merlin, Monica (2011). "The Nanjing Yiji Ma Shouzhen (1548–1604): Gender, Space and Painting in the Late Ming Pleasure Quarter". Gender & History. 23 (3): 630–652. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01660.x. S2CID 141846753. ^ a b c d e f g h i Laing, Ellen Johnston (1998). "Ma Shouzhen". In Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D.; Wiles, Sue; Ho, Clara Wing-chung (eds.). Biographical dictionary of Chinese women. University of Hong Kong Libraries publications. Armonk, N.Y: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-0043-1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tseng, Yuho (1993). "Women Painters of the Ming Dynasty". Artibus Asiae. 53 (1/2): 249–261. doi:10.2307/3250517. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3250517. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Zhao, Mi (2017). "Ma Xianglan and Wang Zhideng Onstage and Offstage: Rethinking the Romance of a Courtesan Theatre in Ming-Qing China". Asian Theatre Journal. 34 (1): 122–151. doi:10.1353/atj.2017.0007. ISSN 1527-2109. ^ a b "Past Auction: Ma Shouzhen and Wang Zhideng". Artnet. Artnet Worldwide Corporation. Retrieved 25 February 2016. ^ Bénézit, Emmanuel; Rawlings, Kandice; Kember, Pamela; Johnson, Richard, eds. (2012). "Ma Shouzhen or Ma Shou-chen ; style names: Xianglan , Yuejiao". Benezit dictionary of Asian artists. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-992302-1. ^ "Attributed to Ma Shouzhen | Orchid and rock | China | Ming dynasty (1368–1644)". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 11 April 2024. ^ "Planetary Names". planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov. Retrieved 11 April 2024. ^ "Ma Shouzhen Orchid and Bamboo". The Palace Museum Collection. The Palace Museum. Archived from the original on 6 December 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2016. ^ "Ma Shouzhen Orchid, Bamboo, and Rock". The Palace Museum Collection. The Palace Museum. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016. ^ "Ma Shouzhen Orchid, Bamboo, and Rock". The Palace Museum Collection. The Palace Museum. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016. ^ "Ma Shouzhen". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 27 February 2016. ^ "Hangrol met bamboe en orchideeën op een rots, Ma Shouzhen, ca. 1548 - ca. 1604". Rijksmuseum (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 April 2024. Further reading Weidner, Marsha; et al. (1988). Views from Jade Terrace: Chinese Women Artists 1300-1912. Indianapolis and New York: Indianapolis Museum of Art and Rizzoli. pp. 72-81. External links Palace Museum Collection Art Net Metropolitan Museum of Art Collection vteEight Beauties of Qinhuai Ma Xianglan Bian Yujing Li Xiangjun Liu Rushi Dong Xiaowan Gu Hengbo Kou Baimen Chen Yuanyuan vteProstitution in ChinaRegions Prostitution in Hong Kong Prostitution in Macau Prostitution in Tibet Prostitutes Ah Toy Ching Shih Du Zhu Lin Hei'er Courtesans Bai Mudan Empress Dowager Bian Chen Yuanyuan Dong Xiaowan Eight Beauties of Qinhuai Gu Mei Hongfu Li Shishi Li Xiangjun Li Ye Liu Rushi Ma Shouzhen Sai Jinhua Su Xiaoxiao Wang Wei Xue Susu Xue Tao Yu Xuanji Other Gai Shanxi and Her Sisters Sex trafficking in China Sing-song girls Yiji Authority control databases International VIAF Artists ULAN

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"courtesy name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_name"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Xiang River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_River"},{"link_name":"Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Ma.Ma Shouzhen (Chinese: 馬守真; c. 1548–1604), also known by her courtesy name Ma Xianglan (Chinese: 馬湘蘭, meaning \"Orchid of the Xiang River\") and pen name Yuejiao (\"Lunar Beauty\"), was a Chinese courtesan and artist born in Nanjing during the late Ming dynasty (1550–1644). She was a renowned painter, poet, and composer. She received the name Xianglan because her most favored paintings were of orchids.","title":"Ma Shouzhen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nanjing-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Yiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiji"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ming-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nanjing-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ming-3"},{"link_name":"Qinhuai River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinhuai_River"},{"link_name":"Eight Beauties of Qinhuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Beauties_of_Qinhuai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nanjing-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Yiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiji"},{"link_name":"Yiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiji"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ming-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nanjing-1"},{"link_name":"Wen Zhengming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Zhengming"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Peng Nian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peng_Nian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhou Tianqiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Tianqiu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xu Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Wei"},{"link_name":"Xue Mingyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xue_Mingyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wang Zhideng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wang_Zhideng&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ming-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ming-3"},{"link_name":"literati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholar-official"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nanjing-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nanjing-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Ma was born in Nanjing.[1] Not much information about her early life is known.[2] At the age of 15, Ma Shouzhen formally assumed the position of Yiji.[3] Her first known painting is also from this year.[1] Before this, she may have received education from a proprietor who owned her during her childhood.[3]Ma lived in the entertainment district along the Qinhuai River, where she was one of the Eight Beauties of Qinhuai.[1][2] As a matriarch in Yiji society, she encouraged the education and training of Yijis in the arts. In order to maintain her reputation as an elite Yiji, she only allowed educated men or young student lords within her residence.[3] She was known as a knight-errant, as she gave many gifts to young men and was cavalier with her money.[2]During the late Ming dynasty, elite Yijis challenged the gender stereotypes of Confucian values. In contrast to the women of the gentry, who were often discouraged from cultivating talent lest it undermine their virtue as wives and mothers, Yijis were educated in painting, poetry, and music. In addition, they owned property and participated in the public scene.[1]Ma's first patron, Pen Niang, was a student of Wen Zhengming. After his death when she was eighteen, she took on the new patron Wang Zhideng, a poet, and developed a talent for writing poetry.[4]As Yiji matriarch, she befriended many poets and intellects such as Peng Nian (1505–1566), Zhou Tianqiu (1514–1595), Xu Wei (1521–1593), Xue Mingyi (late 16th century), and Wang Zhideng (1535–1612).[3] The poets would write poems inspired by her or for her, describing Ma as beautiful with a warm and welcoming personality.[3] During their visits, Ma Shouzhen joined them in making paintings, poems, and plays. She also hosted parties on her multi-leveled house-boat with the literati as her guests.[1]Ma died peacefully in her residence in Nanjing in 1604.[1][2] As a courtesan who had desired to enter a gentry family, Ma was often ridiculed, continuing after her death.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nanjing-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Suzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ming-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nanjing-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nanjing-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Ma Shouzhen and Wang Zhideng were sexual and business partners.[4] They shared a loving relationship with one another, and there are instances in which the two openly expressed their affection for each other.[5]Wang wrote an account of their meeting. He recounted that they met when Ma was sued by a young literatus for bad treatment. The court clerk went to arrest her as Wang was visiting, and made a deal for her freedom for his calligraphy. Ma fell in love and proposed to Wang, but he refused, reporting he did not want to take advantage of the situation.[4]Ma and Wang wrote letters to each other, and Ma often sent gifts to Wang Zhideng and to his wife.[4]Ma and Wang collaborated in several paintings and poem. One of their famous collaborations was Narcissus and Rock, which consists of two images and a poem.[5] When Ma published her poems in 1591, Wang included a preface for them.[1]Ma and Wang's relationship may have been the basis for the 1597 opera Bailianqun (White Silk Skirt), which ridiculed a sexually active older couple.[4][2] The play was quickly banned due to being immoral, but the book gained popularity.[4] However, some modern scholars believe that Ma and Wang were not actually the inspiration for the play.[2]On one occasion, Ma took her house-boat to Suzhou. Wang recollected that this was in celebration for his 70th birthday (though scholar Zhao Mi notes this as unlikely due to the commercial requirements of a theatrical tour).[3][4] Not long after this, Ma fell ill.[1][4][2] Though her letters to Wang begging him to visit her survive, it is unknown if he did so.[4] Wang wrote twelve eulogies of Ma after her death as well as a biography, Maji zhuan (Biography of Courtesan Ma).[1][4][2]","title":"Romance with Wang Zhideng"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Artistic work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wu School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ming-3"},{"link_name":"Zhao Mengjian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Mengjian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nanjing-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Guan Daosheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Daosheng"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ming-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Painting","text":"Ma Shouzhen fashioned herself as a talented painter in the Wen circle and Wu School. Clients came from as far as Thailand to purchase her work. [4] As a painter, Ma Shouzhen is well known for landscapes, orchids, and bamboo imagery combined with calligraphy. Her brush work is delicate, and the images have either colors lightly applied or monochromatic ink. Her preferred painting formats include fan, hand-scrolls, and hanging scrolls.[3] Ma was known for using the double outline technique, in which the edges of her leaves and blossoms are outlined with thin lines. This approach can be traced to Zhao Mengjian, who influenced Ma's work.[1][2] Her paintings of bamboo were in the style of Guan Daosheng.[6] The only paintings by Ma Shouzhen that survive today are her ink landscapes, orchids, and bamboo. Since she was a social person, many of her paintings may have been given away at parties.[3]Because of her fame, Ma's paintings were often copied.[7]","title":"Artistic work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ming-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"sub_title":"Theater","text":"Along with painting, Ma was skilled in writing poetry and composing dramas, however, some of her dramas have been lost over time.[3] Ma was involved in the theater as a performer, troupe owner, and playwright. She was the only female troupe owner in late Ming theatre. She is the only recorded courtesan to run a troupe as a stable business in ming qing theater. This work included presenting onstage, tutoring performers, and touring with her troupe, which was known for northern plays.[4]Ma also was the author of at least one play, Sansheng ji (Story of Three Lives). The play is an adaptation of A Southern Song (1127-1279), a play about a student betraying his courtesan lover. As courtesan theatre was infrequently highlighted in Ming theatre, some male dramatists believed The Story of three Lives had been ghostwritten. The play is about love and betrayal in three lives. In the first, Wang Kui betrays courtesan Guiying, who had supported his study, by marrying another after. In the second life, the courtesan Su Qing (Guiying) abandons student Feng Kui (Wang Kui). In their third life, they repay their debt of love and marry.[4]","title":"Artistic work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"Ma published her first collection of poetry in 1591, with an introduction by Wang Zhideng.[4]","title":"Artistic work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"sub_title":"Patronage","text":"Ma also served as a patron of the arts. She funded Liang Chenyu's Hongxian nü (Lady Hongxian) in return for Liang writing poems for her.[4]","title":"Artistic work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qian Qianyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qian_Qianyi"},{"link_name":"Wang Duanshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wang_Duanshu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Ma's life was recorded by Wang Zhideng. Within fifty years of her death, Qian Qianyi documented Wang's version of Ma's life in his poetry. Wang Duanshu (b. 1621) praised Ma in a collection of female poets.[4]In 1994, a crater on Venus was named after Ma.[8]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Orchid and Bamboo, (fan) ink on golden paper, in the Palace Museum Collection[9]\nOrchid, Bamboo, and Rock, (fan) ink on golden paper, in the Palace Museum Collection[10]\nOrchid, Bamboo, and Rock, (hand-scroll) ink on golden paper, in the Palace Museum Collection[11]\nOrchid and Rock, (hanging scroll) ink on paper, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art Online Collection[12]\nHanging scroll with bamboo and orchids on a rock, ink on paper, in the Rijksmuseum Collection[13]","title":"List of Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%98%8E_%E5%82%B3%E9%A6%AC%E5%AE%88%E7%9C%9F_%E8%98%AD%E7%9F%B3%E5%9C%96_%E8%BB%B8-Orchid_and_Rock_MET_DT8794.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ma_Shouzhen_-_Orchid_-_1989.9.1_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ma_Shouzhen_-_Orchid_and_Bamboo_-_2004.51.6_-_Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art.jpg"}],"text":"Ma Shouzhen, Orchid and Rock, 1572, Metropolitan Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMa Shouzhen, Orchid, 1604, Yale University Art Gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMa Shouzhen, Orchid and Bamboo, Minneapolis Institute of Art","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Views from Jade Terrace: Chinese Women Artists 1300-1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/viewsfromjadeter00weid"},{"link_name":"72-81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/viewsfromjadeter00weid/page/72"}],"text":"Weidner, Marsha; et al. (1988). Views from Jade Terrace: Chinese Women Artists 1300-1912. Indianapolis and New York: Indianapolis Museum of Art and Rizzoli. pp. 72-81.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Merlin, Monica (2011). \"The Nanjing Yiji Ma Shouzhen (1548–1604): Gender, Space and Painting in the Late Ming Pleasure Quarter\". Gender & History. 23 (3): 630–652. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01660.x. S2CID 141846753.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiji","url_text":"Yiji"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0424.2011.01660.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01660.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141846753","url_text":"141846753"}]},{"reference":"Tseng, Yuho (1993). \"Women Painters of the Ming Dynasty\". Artibus Asiae. 53 (1/2): 249–261. doi:10.2307/3250517. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3250517.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3250517","url_text":"10.2307/3250517"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3648","url_text":"0004-3648"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250517","url_text":"3250517"}]},{"reference":"Zhao, Mi (2017). \"Ma Xianglan and Wang Zhideng Onstage and Offstage: Rethinking the Romance of a Courtesan Theatre in Ming-Qing China\". Asian Theatre Journal. 34 (1): 122–151. doi:10.1353/atj.2017.0007. ISSN 1527-2109.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/648182","url_text":"\"Ma Xianglan and Wang Zhideng Onstage and Offstage: Rethinking the Romance of a Courtesan Theatre in Ming-Qing China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fatj.2017.0007","url_text":"10.1353/atj.2017.0007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1527-2109","url_text":"1527-2109"}]},{"reference":"\"Past Auction: Ma Shouzhen and Wang Zhideng\". Artnet. Artnet Worldwide Corporation. Retrieved 25 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artnet.com/artists/ma-shouzhen-and-wang-zhideng/narcissus-and-rock-3-works-XvR0-uxkBAimC40Su2a-1Q2","url_text":"\"Past Auction: Ma Shouzhen and Wang Zhideng\""}]},{"reference":"Bénézit, Emmanuel; Rawlings, Kandice; Kember, Pamela; Johnson, Richard, eds. (2012). \"Ma Shouzhen or Ma Shou-chen ; style names: Xianglan , Yuejiao\". Benezit dictionary of Asian artists. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-992302-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992302-1","url_text":"978-0-19-992302-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Attributed to Ma Shouzhen | Orchid and rock | China | Ming dynasty (1368–1644)\". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 11 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/48932","url_text":"\"Attributed to Ma Shouzhen | Orchid and rock | China | Ming dynasty (1368–1644)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Planetary Names\". planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov. Retrieved 11 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3545","url_text":"\"Planetary Names\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ma Shouzhen Orchid and Bamboo\". The Palace Museum Collection. The Palace Museum. Archived from the original on 6 December 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151206045600/http://www.dpm.org.cn/www_oldweb/English/E/e9/04-01.htm","url_text":"\"Ma Shouzhen Orchid and Bamboo\""},{"url":"http://www.dpm.org.cn/www_oldweb/English/E/e9/04-01.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ma Shouzhen Orchid, Bamboo, and Rock\". The Palace Museum Collection. The Palace Museum. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160315175711/http://www.dpm.org.cn/www_oldweb/English/E/e9/04-02.htm","url_text":"\"Ma Shouzhen Orchid, Bamboo, and Rock\""},{"url":"http://www.dpm.org.cn/www_oldweb/English/E/e9/04-02.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ma Shouzhen Orchid, Bamboo, and Rock\". The Palace Museum Collection. The Palace Museum. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160315181328/http://www.dpm.org.cn/www_oldweb/English/E/e9/04-03.htm","url_text":"\"Ma Shouzhen Orchid, Bamboo, and Rock\""},{"url":"http://www.dpm.org.cn/www_oldweb/English/E/e9/04-03.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ma Shouzhen\". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 27 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/48932","url_text":"\"Ma Shouzhen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hangrol met bamboe en orchideeën op een rots, Ma Shouzhen, ca. 1548 - ca. 1604\". Rijksmuseum (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/collectie/AK-RAK-1990-8","url_text":"\"Hangrol met bamboe en orchideeën op een rots, Ma Shouzhen, ca. 1548 - ca. 1604\""}]},{"reference":"Weidner, Marsha; et al. (1988). Views from Jade Terrace: Chinese Women Artists 1300-1912. Indianapolis and New York: Indianapolis Museum of Art and Rizzoli. pp. 72-81.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/viewsfromjadeter00weid","url_text":"Views from Jade Terrace: Chinese Women Artists 1300-1912"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/viewsfromjadeter00weid/page/72","url_text":"72-81"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Warriors

Liverpool Warriors

["1 Year-by-year","2 External links"]

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Liverpool Warriors" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Liverpool Warriors are an American soccer club based in the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex affiliated with Liverpool F.C. They previously fielded a team in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL). They played their games at various high school stadiums including 2,000 capacity John Clark Field in Plano, Texas. They discontinued fielding a NPSL team in 2017, but continue as a youth development program. Photo taken from Liverpool Warriors vs Fort Worth Vaqueros during the 2015 NPSL season. Year-by-year Year Division League Regular Season Playoffs Open Cup 2013 4 NPSL 2nd, South Central Did not qualify Did not qualify 2014 4 NPSL 4th, South Central Did not qualify Did not qualify 2015 4 NPSL 8th, South Central Did not qualify Did not qualify 2016 4 NPSL 5th, South Central South Central semifinals Did not qualify External links Liverpool Warriors official website Liverpool Warriors on Facebook vteNational Premier Soccer LeagueEastRegionKeystone East Atlantic City FC FC Monmouth FC Motown Jackson Lions FC Philadelphia Union Development Squad WC Predators Keystone West Electric City Shock SC First State FC Hershey FC Pennsylvania Classics AC Philadelphia Ukrainians Nationals SC West Chester United SC Mid-Atlantic Alexandria Reds Alexandria Rough Diamonds Annapolis Blues FC DMV Elite FC FC Frederick Grove United Virginia Beach City FC Virginia Dream FC North Atlantic Hartford City FC Kingston Stockade FC New Jersey United AC New York Shockers Syracuse FC Valeo FC SouthRegionGulf Coast Sunshine Jacksonville Armada U-23 Miami Dutch Lions FC Naples United FC New Orleans Jesters Pensacola FC Tallahassee SC Lone Star Austin United FC CF10 Houston FC Denton Diablos FC FC Brownsville Fort Worth Vaqueros FC Laredo Heat SC Lubbock Matadors SC West Texas FC Southeast 865 Alliance Apotheos FC Appalachian FC Bristol Rhythm AFC Charlottetowne Hops FC Greenville United Hickory FC Port City FC MidwestRegionGateway Des Moines United FC Ehtar Belleville FC Gio's Lions SC Chicago Kansas City Sol Club Atletico Saint Louis Sunflower State FC FC Milwaukee Torrent Wisconsin Conquerors FC Great Lakes Akron City FC Cleveland SC Erie Commodores FC Flower City Union Michigan Rangers FC Niagara 1812 Southern Indiana Guardians FC Steel City FC Heartland Arkansas Wolves FC Demize NPSL OKC 1889 FC Tulsa Athletic North Dakota Fusion FC Duluth FC Joy St. Louis Park Minnesota Blizzard FC Minnesota Twin Stars FC Sioux Falls Thunder FC Siouxland United FC WestRegionGolden Gate California Odyssey SC El Farolito SC Napa Valley 1839 FC Oakland SC Oakland Stompers Sacramento Gold FC San Ramon FC Southwest FC Arizona FCAZ Tucson Glendale Lions FC Las Vegas Knights FC Las Vegas Legends Lions United FC Other topics Historical membership Records and statistics vte Sports teams based in TexasBaseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express Sugar Land Space Cowboys TL Amarillo Sod Poodles Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions LMB Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos AA Cleburne Railroaders PL Alpine Cowboys Austin Weirdos Pecos Bills Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans UFL Arlington Renegades Houston Roughnecks San Antonio Brahmas AFL West Texas Desert Hawks IFL Frisco Fighters San Antonio Gunslingers WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Wranglers Corpus Christi IceRays El Paso Rhinos Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Austin Ice Bats El Paso Rhinos Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr. Brahmas Texas RoadRunners Soccer MLS Austin FC FC Dallas Houston Dynamo FC NWSL Houston Dash USLS Dallas Trinity FC USLC El Paso Locomotive FC San Antonio FC MLSNP Austin FC II Houston Dynamo 2 North Texas SC USL1 Texoma FC (2025) USL2 AC Houston Sur AHFC Royals Corpus Christi FC Hill Country Lobos Houston FC Twin City Toucans FC USL PDL Austin Lightning Austin Aztex U23 NPSL Austin United FC FC Brownsville Coyotes FC Dallas City FC Denton Diablos FC Fort Worth Vaqueros FC Laredo Heat Midland-Odessa Sockers FC SISL/USISL Austin Lone Stars LSSA Austin Thunder MASL Dallas Sidekicks Mesquite Outlaws MASL2 Amarillo Bombers RGV Barracudas FC UWS FC Austin Elite San Antonio Athenians SC WPSL Austin Rise FC Houston Aces USL W-2 Austin Lady Lone Stars Lacrosse NLL Panther City Lacrosse Club Australian rulesfootball USAFL Austin Crows Dallas Dingoes Houston Lonestars Roller derby WFTDA Alamo City Rollergirls Assassination City Roller Derby Cowboy Capital Rollergirls Dallas Derby Devils Houston Roller Derby Spindletop Roller Girls Texas Rollergirls West Texas Roller Derby Rugby union MLR Houston SaberCats Dallas Jackals TGU Alamo City Rugby Football Club Austin Blacks Austin Huns Corpus Christi Rugby Football Club Dallas Griffins Dallas Harlequins R.F.C. Dallas RFC Softball WPF Texas Smoke Cricket MLC Texas Super Kings MiLC Dallas Mustangs Lone Star Athletics Houston Hurricanes (cricket) Ultimate UFA Austin Sol Dallas Legion Houston Havoc Esports Multi-sport Team Envy Complexity OWL Dallas Fuel Houston Outlaws CDL OpTic Texas NBA 2K League Mavs Gaming College athletics(NCAA Division I) Abilene Christian Baylor Dallas Baptist (baseball only) Houston Houston Christian Incarnate Word Lamar North Texas Prairie View A&M Rice Sam Houston SMU Stephen F. Austin Tarleton State TCU Texas Texas A&M Texas A&M–Commerce Texas A&M–Corpus Christi Texas Southern Texas State Texas Tech UT Arlington UTEP UTSA UT Rio Grande Valley vte Soccer in the United States U.S. Soccer Federation USASA USCS State Soccer Associations League system History First game College Hall of Fame Awards Clubs International competition Champions Venues (stadiums by capacity soccer-specific stadium) Women's Men'sNational teams Senior (results players) U23 U20 U18 U17 U15 Beach soccer Futsal indoor soccer Paralympic Outdoor leaguesProfessional MLS History Playoffs MLS Cup USL Championship USLC Final USL League One NISA MLS Next Pro Amateur USL League Two NISA Nation NPSL CSL EPSL EPLWA GCPL MWPL OVPL SFSFL UPSL USLPA Defunct AFA (1884–1924) American Cup (1885–1924) ALPF (1894) APSL (2015–2018) NAFL (1895–1898) AAFA Cup (1912–13) ASL (1921–1933) ASL (1933–1983) NASFL (1946–47) USA (1967) NPSL (1967) NASL (1968–1984) USL (1984–85) LSSA (1987–1992) ASL (1988–89) WSA (1989) USL 2nd (1990–2010) APSL (1990–1996) A-League (1996–2004) USL 1st (2005–2009) D2 Pro (2010) PLA (2015–2017) NASL (2011–2017) Indoor leaguesCurrent MASL MASL2 MASL3 MLIS NISL PASL WISL Defunct NASL (1975–76, 1979–1984) MISL (1978–1992) NPSL (1984–2001) CISL (1993–1997) EISL (1997–98) WISL (1998–2001) MISL (2001–2008) AISL (2003–2008) XSL (2008–09) MISL (2008–2014) Futsal leagues MLF PFL Club competitions U.S. Open Cup USL Cup National Amateur Cup Hank Steinbrecher Cup U.S. Open (indoor) Women'sNational teams Senior (players) U23 U20 U19 U18 U17 Futsal Deaf Outdoor leaguesProfessional NWSL NWSL Challenge Cup NWSL Shield Playoffs USL Super League (beginning play in 2024) Amateur USL W League WPSL UWS OVPL Indoor leagues NISL PASL Futsal leagues MLF International competitions SheBelieves Cup Tournament of Nations Club competitions Women's Open Women's Amateur Defunct leagues W-League (1995–2015) WUSA (2001–2003) WPS (2009–2011) WPSL Elite (2012) YouthLeagues AYSO NFHS USYSA Super Y League MLS Next USL Academy Competitions US Youth Soccer National Championships By city Houston Los Angeles New York City Seattle St. Louis Other topics Most expensive American soccer transfers Broadcast rights Soccer America Category This article about a soccer club from Texas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Liaozi

Wei Liaozi

["1 History and authorship","2 Content","3 References"]

One of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China Wei LiaoziFirst page of the Wei Liaozi, from a 3rd-century-BC editionTraditional Chinese尉繚子Simplified Chinese尉缭子Literal meaningMaster Wei LiaoTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinWèi Liáo zǐIPAMiddle ChineseMiddle Chinese/ʔʉiH leu t͡sɨX/Old ChineseZhengzhang/*quds rewʔ ʔslɯʔ/ Chinese military texts Seven Military Classics The Art of War Wuzi The Methods of the Sima Six Secret Teachings Wei Liaozi Three Strategies of Huang Shigong Questions and Replies Other texts Sun Bin's Art of War Thirty-Six Stratagems Wujing Zongyao Huolongjing Jixiao Xinshu Wubei Zhi vte The Wei Liaozi (Chinese: 尉繚子) is a text on military strategy, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China. It was written during the Warring States period. History and authorship The work is purportedly named after Wei Liao, who is said to have either been a student of Lord Shang or an important advisor during the Qin dynasty. However, there is little evidence to support either view. The only textual reference to Wei Liao outside of the Wei Liaozi is in the Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), where he is cast as an advisor to Qin Shi Huang, the youthful king of the state of Qin. Since the Wei Liaozi contains almost no actual strategy, it is thought that Wei Liao was a theoretician. Questions of authorship are further clouded by the fact that two different works of the same name appear to have been known during the Han dynasty. The work assumed its present form around the end of the fourth century BC. A new version of the Wei Liaozi was discovered in 1972 at a Han dynasty tomb in Linyi. It is more philosophical in tone than the received text, but differs significantly in only a few places. Content The Wei Liaozi frequently advocates both a civil and military approach to affairs. According to the text, agriculture and people are the two greatest resources of the state, and both should be nurtured and provided for. Although the Wei Liaozi does not specifically mention Confucianism, the text advocates a government based on humanistic values, in line with that school of thought. The ruler should be the paragon of virtue in the state. However, heterodoxy and other values not conducive to the state should be punished using draconian measures. References ^ Sawyer, Ralph D.; Mei Mei-chün Sawyer (1993). The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China. Westview Press. ISBN 0813312280. ^ Van de Ven, Hans J. (2000). Warfare in Chinese History. Brill. p. 7. ISBN 9004117741. ^ "Zi" (子; "Tzu" in Wade-Giles transliteration) was used as a suffix for the family name of a respectable man in ancient Chinese culture. It is a rough equivalent to "Sir" and is commonly translated into English as "Master". ^ Sawyer (1993) pp. 229–232 ^ Sawyer (1993) pp. 232–238 vteChinese classics and Confucian textsFour Books Great Learning Doctrine of the Mean Analects Mencius Five Classics Classic of Poetry Book of Documents Book of Rites I Ching Spring and Autumn Annals Thirteen Classics Classic of Poetry Book of Documents Rites of Zhou Etiquette and Ceremonial Book of Rites I Ching Commentary of Zuo Commentary of Gongyang Commentary of Guliang Analects Erya Classic of Filial Piety Mencius San Bai Qian Three Character Classic Hundred Family Surnames Thousand Character Classic Seven Military Classics The Art of War The Methods of the Sima Six Secret Teachings Wei Liaozi Wu Zi Three Strategies of Huang Shigong Questions and Replies between Tang Taizong and Li Weigong Mathematics The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art Others Bai Hu Tong Biographies of Exemplary Women Classic of Music Four Books for Women Lessons for Women School Sayings of Confucius The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars Xunzi

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Absentee

The Absentee

["1 Plot summary","2 References","3 External links"]

1812 novel by Maria Edgeworth For topics with a similar name, see Absentee (disambiguation). The Absentee AuthorMaria EdgeworthLanguageEnglishGenreNovelPublication date1812Publication placeIrelandPages320 (Penguin classics, paperback)ISBN978-0140436457 The Absentee is a novel by Maria Edgeworth, published in 1812 in Tales of Fashionable Life, that expresses the systemic evils of the absentee landlord class of Anglo-Irish and the desperate condition of the Irish peasantry. There are many turns of plot and much information about Ireland as well as Irish dialect and details of shallow London fashionable life, and the egregious results of the propertied classes treating their Irish lands as a resource to be exploited rather than as a relationship among classes and with the land. In this respect, it addresses similar themes to her first novel, Castle Rackrent. Plot summary Just before coming of age, Lord Colambre, the sensitive hero of the novel, finds that his mother Lady Clonbrony's attempts to buy her way into the high society of London are only ridiculed, while his father, Lord Clonbrony, is in serious debt as a result of his wife's lifestyle and his own lack of responsibility. The moneylender Mordecai who threatens foreclose on him is represented with a Jew-hatred typical of the period. Colambre's mother wishes him to marry an heiress, Miss Broadhurst, who is a friend of Grace Nugent. However, Colambre has already fallen in love with his cousin, Grace Nugent, who lives with the family as a companion to Lady Clonbrony. Worried that his mother will pressure him into a marriage with someone he does not love, Colambre decides to leave the London social scene and visit his ancestral home in County Wicklow in Ireland. Upon arriving in Dublin, Colambre becomes good friends with Sir James Brooke, who is a good influence on Colambre and warns him against the schemes of some new arrivals on the Dublin social scene: Lady Dashfort and her widowed daughter, Lady Isobel. It is generally known that Lady Dashfort is looking to ensnare a new, rich Irish peer for her equally unscrupulous daughter, and by any means necessary. Despite a pointed warning from Sir James, Colambre falls under the influence of the persuasive Lady Dashfort, who wishes to secure him as the next husband for Lady Isobel. Chance intelligence from a former maid in the Clonbrony household reveals to Lady Dashfort that Lord Colambre is, in fact, in love with his cousin, Grace Nugent. To discourage the match, Lady Dashfort slyly lets slip that Grace was born out of wedlock, and is therefore illegitimate. This is confirmed by letter by his mother, who while a social climber and generally frivolous, is very loving to Grace and has never told her about her parentage. Colambre is heartbroken and feels he can never love a woman with such a heritage. He visits his family estate and discovers that his father's agents are oppressing the local peasantry and probably cheating his father as well. He reveals himself to the agents, and there is a race back to London, Colambre trying to stop his father from signing documents that would ruin some of the good peasants, (and would swindle Clonbrony and Colambre), the agents trying to get the papers signed. Colambre makes it back just in time to stop his father from ruin, and he then assists his father in paying off his debts, on condition that the Clonbrony family returns to live in Ireland. The final section concerns Colambre's love for Grace and how it is discovered that she is both legitimate and an heiress. References ^ Nash, Julie (2006). New Essays on Maria Edgeworth. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 175–192. ISBN 978-0-7546-5175-8. ^ Nash, Julie (30 November 2017). Servants and Paternalism in the Works of Maria Edgeworth and Elizabeth Gaskell. Routledge. pp. 90–92. ISBN 978-1-351-12598-7. OCLC 317744536. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Absentee The Absentee at Project Gutenberg The Absentee public domain audiobook at LibriVox vteMaria EdgeworthNon-fiction Practical Education (1798) Stories The Parent's Assistant (1796) "The Purple Jar" (1796) Novels Castle Rackrent (1800) Belinda (1801) Leonora (1806) The Absentee (1812) Patronage (1814) Harrington (1817) Ormond (1817) Helen (1834) Related Edgeworthstown Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (nephew) Richard Lovell Edgeworth (father) Honora Sneyd (step-mother)

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosic

Cellulose

["1 History","2 Structure and properties","3 Processing","3.1 Biosynthesis","3.2 Breakdown (cellulolysis)","3.3 Breakdown (thermolysis)","4 Hemicellulose","5 Regenerated cellulose","6 Cellulose esters and ethers","7 Commercial applications","7.1 Aspirational","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]

Polymer of glucose and structural component of cell wall of plants and green algae Cellulose Identifiers CAS Number 9004-34-6 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL2109009 N ChemSpider None ECHA InfoCard 100.029.692 EC Number 232-674-9 E number E460 (thickeners, ...) KEGG C00760 PubChem CID 14055602 UNII SMD1X3XO9M Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID3050492 Properties Chemical formula (C12H20O10)n Molar mass 162.1406 g/mol per glucose unit Appearance white powder Density 1.5 g/cm3 Melting point 260–270 °C; 500–518 °F; 533–543 K Decomposes Solubility in water none Thermochemistry Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH⦵298) −963,000 kJ/mol Std enthalpy ofcombustion (ΔcH⦵298) −2828,000 kJ/mol Hazards NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 1 1 0 NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible) TWA 15 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) REL (Recommended) TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) IDLH (Immediate danger) N.D. Related compounds Related compounds Starch Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5)n, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units. Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many forms of algae and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteria secrete it to form biofilms. Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. The cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40–50%, and that of dried hemp is approximately 57%. Cellulose is mainly used to produce paperboard and paper. Smaller quantities are converted into a wide variety of derivative products such as cellophane and rayon. Conversion of cellulose from energy crops into biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol is under development as a renewable fuel source. Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from wood pulp and cotton. Cellulose is also greatly affected by direct interaction with several organic liquids. Some animals, particularly ruminants and termites, can digest cellulose with the help of symbiotic micro-organisms that live in their guts, such as Trichonympha. In human nutrition, cellulose is a non-digestible constituent of insoluble dietary fiber, acting as a hydrophilic bulking agent for feces and potentially aiding in defecation. History Cellulose was discovered in 1838 by the French chemist Anselme Payen, who isolated it from plant matter and determined its chemical formula. Cellulose was used to produce the first successful thermoplastic polymer, celluloid, by Hyatt Manufacturing Company in 1870. Production of rayon ("artificial silk") from cellulose began in the 1890s and cellophane was invented in 1912. Hermann Staudinger determined the polymer structure of cellulose in 1920. The compound was first chemically synthesized (without the use of any biologically derived enzymes) in 1992, by Kobayashi and Shoda. The arrangement of cellulose and other polysaccharides in a plant cell wall Structure and properties Cellulose under a microscope. Cellulose has no taste, is odorless, is hydrophilic with the contact angle of 20–30 degrees, is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, is chiral and is biodegradable. It was shown to melt at 467 °C in pulse tests made by Dauenhauer et al. (2016). It can be broken down chemically into its glucose units by treating it with concentrated mineral acids at high temperature. Cellulose is derived from D-glucose units, which condense through β(1→4)-glycosidic bonds. This linkage motif contrasts with that for α(1→4)-glycosidic bonds present in starch and glycogen. Cellulose is a straight chain polymer. Unlike starch, no coiling or branching occurs and the molecule adopts an extended and rather stiff rod-like conformation, aided by the equatorial conformation of the glucose residues. The multiple hydroxyl groups on the glucose from one chain form hydrogen bonds with oxygen atoms on the same or on a neighbor chain, holding the chains firmly together side-by-side and forming microfibrils with high tensile strength. This confers tensile strength in cell walls where cellulose microfibrils are meshed into a polysaccharide matrix. The high tensile strength of plant stems and of the tree wood also arises from the arrangement of cellulose fibers intimately distributed into the lignin matrix. The mechanical role of cellulose fibers in the wood matrix responsible for its strong structural resistance, can somewhat be compared to that of the reinforcement bars in concrete, lignin playing here the role of the hardened cement paste acting as the "glue" in between the cellulose fibers. Mechanical properties of cellulose in primary plant cell wall are correlated with growth and expansion of plant cells. Live fluorescence microscopy techniques are promising in investigation of the role of cellulose in growing plant cells. A triple strand of cellulose showing the hydrogen bonds (cyan lines) between glucose strands Cotton fibres represent the purest natural form of cellulose, containing more than 90% of this polysaccharide. Compared to starch, cellulose is also much more crystalline. Whereas starch undergoes a crystalline to amorphous transition when heated beyond 60–70 °C in water (as in cooking), cellulose requires a temperature of 320 °C and pressure of 25 MPa to become amorphous in water. Several types of cellulose are known. These forms are distinguished according to the location of hydrogen bonds between and within strands. Natural cellulose is cellulose I, with structures Iα and Iβ. Cellulose produced by bacteria and algae is enriched in Iα while cellulose of higher plants consists mainly of Iβ. Cellulose in regenerated cellulose fibers is cellulose II. The conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II is irreversible, suggesting that cellulose I is metastable and cellulose II is stable. With various chemical treatments it is possible to produce the structures cellulose III and cellulose IV. Many properties of cellulose depend on its chain length or degree of polymerization, the number of glucose units that make up one polymer molecule. Cellulose from wood pulp has typical chain lengths between 300 and 1700 units; cotton and other plant fibers as well as bacterial cellulose have chain lengths ranging from 800 to 10,000 units. Molecules with very small chain length resulting from the breakdown of cellulose are known as cellodextrins; in contrast to long-chain cellulose, cellodextrins are typically soluble in water and organic solvents. The chemical formula of cellulose is (C6H10O5)n where n is the degree of polymerization and represents the number of glucose groups. Plant-derived cellulose is usually found in a mixture with hemicellulose, lignin, pectin and other substances, while bacterial cellulose is quite pure, has a much higher water content and higher tensile strength due to higher chain lengths.: 3384  Cellulose consists of fibrils with crystalline and amorphous regions. These cellulose fibrils may be individualized by mechanical treatment of cellulose pulp, often assisted by chemical oxidation or enzymatic treatment, yielding semi-flexible cellulose nanofibrils generally 200 nm to 1 μm in length depending on the treatment intensity. Cellulose pulp may also be treated with strong acid to hydrolyze the amorphous fibril regions, thereby producing short rigid cellulose nanocrystals a few 100 nm in length. These nanocelluloses are of high technological interest due to their self-assembly into cholesteric liquid crystals, production of hydrogels or aerogels, use in nanocomposites with superior thermal and mechanical properties, and use as Pickering stabilizers for emulsions. Processing Biosynthesis In plants cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by rosette terminal complexes (RTCs). The RTCs are hexameric protein structures, approximately 25 nm in diameter, that contain the cellulose synthase enzymes that synthesise the individual cellulose chains. Each RTC floats in the cell's plasma membrane and "spins" a microfibril into the cell wall. RTCs contain at least three different cellulose synthases, encoded by CesA (Ces is short for "cellulose synthase") genes, in an unknown stoichiometry. Separate sets of CesA genes are involved in primary and secondary cell wall biosynthesis. There are known to be about seven subfamilies in the plant CesA superfamily, some of which include the more cryptic, tentatively-named Csl (cellulose synthase-like) enzymes. These cellulose syntheses use UDP-glucose to form the β(1→4)-linked cellulose. Bacterial cellulose is produced using the same family of proteins, although the gene is called BcsA for "bacterial cellulose synthase" or CelA for "cellulose" in many instances. In fact, plants acquired CesA from the endosymbiosis event that produced the chloroplast. All cellulose synthases known belongs to glucosyltransferase family 2 (GT2). Cellulose synthesis requires chain initiation and elongation, and the two processes are separate. Cellulose synthase (CesA) initiates cellulose polymerization using a steroid primer, sitosterol-beta-glucoside, and UDP-glucose. It then utilizes UDP-D-glucose precursors to elongate the growing cellulose chain. A cellulase may function to cleave the primer from the mature chain. Cellulose is also synthesised by tunicate animals, particularly in the tests of ascidians (where the cellulose was historically termed "tunicine" (tunicin)). Breakdown (cellulolysis) Cellulolysis is the process of breaking down cellulose into smaller polysaccharides called cellodextrins or completely into glucose units; this is a hydrolysis reaction. Because cellulose molecules bind strongly to each other, cellulolysis is relatively difficult compared to the breakdown of other polysaccharides. However, this process can be significantly intensified in a proper solvent, e.g. in an ionic liquid. Most mammals have limited ability to digest dietary fiber such as cellulose. Some ruminants like cows and sheep contain certain symbiotic anaerobic bacteria (such as Cellulomonas and Ruminococcus spp.) in the flora of the rumen, and these bacteria produce enzymes called cellulases that hydrolyze cellulose. The breakdown products are then used by the bacteria for proliferation. The bacterial mass is later digested by the ruminant in its digestive system (stomach and small intestine). Horses use cellulose in their diet by fermentation in their hindgut. Some termites contain in their hindguts certain flagellate protozoa producing such enzymes, whereas others contain bacteria or may produce cellulase. The enzymes used to cleave the glycosidic linkage in cellulose are glycoside hydrolases including endo-acting cellulases and exo-acting glucosidases. Such enzymes are usually secreted as part of multienzyme complexes that may include dockerins and carbohydrate-binding modules. Breakdown (thermolysis) See also: Wood ash § Composition At temperatures above 350 °C, cellulose undergoes thermolysis (also called 'pyrolysis'), decomposing into solid char, vapors, aerosols, and gases such as carbon dioxide. Maximum yield of vapors which condense to a liquid called bio-oil is obtained at 500 °C. Semi-crystalline cellulose polymers react at pyrolysis temperatures (350–600 °C) in a few seconds; this transformation has been shown to occur via a solid-to-liquid-to-vapor transition, with the liquid (called intermediate liquid cellulose or molten cellulose) existing for only a fraction of a second. Glycosidic bond cleavage produces short cellulose chains of two-to-seven monomers comprising the melt. Vapor bubbling of intermediate liquid cellulose produces aerosols, which consist of short chain anhydro-oligomers derived from the melt. Continuing decomposition of molten cellulose produces volatile compounds including levoglucosan, furans, pyrans, light oxygenates, and gases via primary reactions. Within thick cellulose samples, volatile compounds such as levoglucosan undergo 'secondary reactions' to volatile products including pyrans and light oxygenates such as glycolaldehyde. Hemicellulose Main article: Hemicellulose Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides related to cellulose that comprises about 20% of the biomass of land plants. In contrast to cellulose, hemicelluloses are derived from several sugars in addition to glucose, especially xylose but also including mannose, galactose, rhamnose, and arabinose. Hemicelluloses consist of shorter chains – between 500 and 3000 sugar units. Furthermore, hemicelluloses are branched, whereas cellulose is unbranched. Regenerated cellulose Cellulose is soluble in several kinds of media, several of which are the basis of commercial technologies. These dissolution processes are reversible and are used in the production of regenerated celluloses (such as viscose and cellophane) from dissolving pulp. The most important solubilizing agent is carbon disulfide in the presence of alkali. Other agents include Schweizer's reagent, N-methylmorpholine N-oxide, and lithium chloride in dimethylacetamide. In general, these agents modify the cellulose, rendering it soluble. The agents are then removed concomitant with the formation of fibers. Cellulose is also soluble in many kinds of ionic liquids. The history of regenerated cellulose is often cited as beginning with George Audemars, who first manufactured regenerated nitrocellulose fibers in 1855. Although these fibers were soft and strong -resembling silk- they had the drawback of being highly flammable. Hilaire de Chardonnet perfected production of nitrocellulose fibers, but manufacturing of these fibers by his process was relatively uneconomical. In 1890, L.H. Despeissis invented the cuprammonium process – which uses a cuprammonium solution to solubilize cellulose – a method still used today for production of artificial silk. In 1891, it was discovered that treatment of cellulose with alkali and carbon disulfide generated a soluble cellulose derivative known as viscose. This process, patented by the founders of the Viscose Development Company, is the most widely used method for manufacturing regenerated cellulose products. Courtaulds purchased the patents for this process in 1904, leading to significant growth of viscose fiber production. By 1931, expiration of patents for the viscose process led to its adoption worldwide. Global production of regenerated cellulose fiber peaked in 1973 at 3,856,000 tons. Regenerated cellulose can be used to manufacture a wide variety of products. While the first application of regenerated cellulose was as a clothing textile, this class of materials is also used in the production of disposable medical devices as well as fabrication of artificial membranes. Cellulose esters and ethers The hydroxyl groups (−OH) of cellulose can be partially or fully reacted with various reagents to afford derivatives with useful properties like mainly cellulose esters and cellulose ethers (−OR). In principle, although not always in current industrial practice, cellulosic polymers are renewable resources. Ester derivatives include: Cellulose ester Reagent Example Reagent Group R Organic esters Organic acids Cellulose acetate Acetic acid and acetic anhydride H or −(C=O)CH3 Cellulose triacetate Acetic acid and acetic anhydride −(C=O)CH3 Cellulose propionate Propionic acid H or −(C=O)CH2CH3 Cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) Acetic acid and propanoic acid H or −(C=O)CH3 or −(C=O)CH2CH3 Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) Acetic acid and butyric acid H or −(C=O)CH3 or −(C=O)CH2CH2CH3 Inorganic esters Inorganic acids Nitrocellulose (cellulose nitrate) Nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent H or −NO2 Cellulose sulfate Sulfuric acid or another powerful sulfating agent H or −SO3H Cellulose acetate and cellulose triacetate are film- and fiber-forming materials that find a variety of uses. Nitrocellulose was initially used as an explosive and was an early film forming material. When plasticized with camphor, nitrocellulose gives celluloid. Cellulose Ether derivatives include: Cellulose ethers Reagent Example Reagent Group R = H or Water solubility Application E number Alkyl Halogenoalkanes Methylcellulose Chloromethane −CH3 Cold/Hot water-soluble E461 Ethylcellulose (EC) Chloroethane −CH2CH3 Water-insoluble A commercial thermoplastic used in coatings, inks, binders, and controlled-release drug tablets E462 Ethyl methyl cellulose Chloromethane and chloroethane −CH3 or −CH2CH3 E465 Hydroxyalkyl Epoxides Hydroxyethyl cellulose Ethylene oxide −CH2CH2OH Cold/hot water-soluble Gelling and thickening agent Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) Propylene oxide −CH2CH(OH)CH3 Cold water-soluble filming properties, coating properties, pharmaceuticals, cultural heritage restoration, electronic applications, cosmetic sector E463 Hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose Chloromethane and ethylene oxide −CH3 or −CH2CH2OH Cold water-soluble Production of cellulose films Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) Chloromethane and propylene oxide −CH3 or −CH2CH(OH)CH3 Cold water-soluble Viscosity modifier, gelling, foaming and binding agent E464 Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose Chloroethane and ethylene oxide −CH2CH3 or −CH2CH2OH E467 Carboxyalkyl Halogenated carboxylic acids Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) Chloroacetic acid −CH2COOH Cold/Hot water-soluble Often used as its sodium salt, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) E466 The sodium carboxymethyl cellulose can be cross-linked to give the croscarmellose sodium (E468) for use as a disintegrant in pharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, by the covalent attachment of thiol groups to cellulose ethers such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose mucoadhesive and permeation enhancing properties can be introduced. Thiolated cellulose derivatives (see thiomers) exhibit also high binding properties for metal ions. Commercial applications A strand of cellulose (conformation Iα), showing the hydrogen bonds (dashed) within and between cellulose molecules. See also: dissolving pulp and pulp (paper) Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from wood pulp and from cotton. Paper products: Cellulose is the major constituent of paper, paperboard, and card stock. Electrical insulation paper: Cellulose is used in diverse forms as insulation in transformers, cables, and other electrical equipment. Fibers: Cellulose is the main ingredient of textiles. Cotton and synthetics (nylons) each have about 40% market by volume. Other plant fibers (jute, sisal, hemp) represent about 20% of the market. Rayon, cellophane and other "regenerated cellulose fibers" are a small portion (5%). Consumables: Microcrystalline cellulose (E460i) and powdered cellulose (E460ii) are used as inactive fillers in drug tablets and a wide range of soluble cellulose derivatives, E numbers E461 to E469, are used as emulsifiers, thickeners and stabilizers in processed foods. Cellulose powder is, for example, used in processed cheese to prevent caking inside the package. Cellulose occurs naturally in some foods and is an additive in manufactured foods, contributing an indigestible component used for texture and bulk, potentially aiding in defecation. Building material: Hydroxyl bonding of cellulose in water produces a sprayable, moldable material as an alternative to the use of plastics and resins. The recyclable material can be made water- and fire-resistant. It provides sufficient strength for use as a building material. Cellulose insulation made from recycled paper is becoming popular as an environmentally preferable material for building insulation. It can be treated with boric acid as a fire retardant. Miscellaneous: Cellulose can be converted into cellophane, a thin transparent film. It is the base material for the celluloid that was used for photographic and movie films until the mid-1930s. Cellulose is used to make water-soluble adhesives and binders such as methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose which are used in wallpaper paste. Cellulose is further used to make hydrophilic and highly absorbent sponges. Cellulose is the raw material in the manufacture of nitrocellulose (cellulose nitrate) which is used in smokeless gunpowder. Pharmaceuticals: Cellulose derivatives, such as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), have the advantages of retaining water, being a stabilizer and thickening agent, and in reinforcement of drug tablets. Aspirational Energy crops: Main article: Energy crop The major combustible component of non-food energy crops is cellulose, with lignin second. Non-food energy crops produce more usable energy than edible energy crops (which have a large starch component), but still compete with food crops for agricultural land and water resources. Typical non-food energy crops include industrial hemp, switchgrass, Miscanthus, Salix (willow), and Populus (poplar) species. A strain of Clostridium bacteria found in zebra dung, can convert nearly any form of cellulose into butanol fuel. Another possible application is as Insect repellents. See also Gluconic acid Isosaccharinic acid, a degradation product of cellulose Lignin Zeoform References ^ Nishiyama Y, Langan P, Chanzy H (2002). "Crystal Structure and Hydrogen-Bonding System in Cellulose Iβ from Synchrotron X-ray and Neutron Fiber Diffraction". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (31): 9074–9082. doi:10.1021/ja0257319. 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Cellulose films could provide flapping wings and cheap artificial muscles for robots – TechnologyReview.com Authority control databases: National Germany Latvia Japan Czech Republic Portals: Plants Fungi vteTypes of carbohydratesGeneral Aldose Ketose Furanose Pyranose Geometry Anomer Cyclohexane conformation Epimer Mutarotation MonosaccharidesDioses Aldodiose Glycolaldehyde Trioses Aldotriose Glyceraldehyde Ketotriose Dihydroxyacetone Tetroses Aldotetroses Erythrose Threose Ketotetrose Erythrulose Pentoses Aldopentoses Arabinose Lyxose Ribose Xylose Ketopentoses Ribulose Xylulose Deoxy sugars Deoxyribose Hexoses Aldohexoses Allose Altrose Galactose Glucose Gulose Idose Mannose Talose Ketohexoses Fructose Psicose Sorbose Tagatose Deoxy sugars Fucose Fuculose Rhamnose Heptoses Ketoheptoses Mannoheptulose Sedoheptulose Above 7 Octoses Nonoses Neuraminic acid MultipleDisaccharides Cellobiose Isomaltose Isomaltulose Lactose Lactulose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Turanose Trisaccharides Maltotriose Melezitose Raffinose Tetrasaccharides Stachyose Other oligosaccharides Acarbose Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) Galactooligosaccharide (GOS) Isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) Maltodextrin Polysaccharides Beta-glucan Oat beta-glucan Lentinan Sizofiran Zymosan Cellulose Chitin Chitosan Dextrin / Dextran Fructose / Fructan Inulin Galactose / Galactan Glucose / Glucan Glycogen Hemicellulose Levan beta 2→6 Lignin Mannan Pectin Starch Amylopectin Amylose Xanthan gum Category vtePaper Paper engineering / Papermaking History Battle of Talas Missal of Silos Originators Cai Lun (Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi) Damjing Developers Matthias Koops Friedrich Gottlob Keller Charles Fenerty Scholars Thomas Francis Carter Dard Hunter Tsien Tsuen-hsuin Types Acid-free Air-laid Amate Asphalt Banana Bible Blotting Bond Bristol Carbon Cardboard Cardstock Cartridge Coated Construction Contact Copy Carbonless Correction Cotton (rag) Crêpe Display Dó Electrical insulation Genkō yōshi Glassine Graph Greaseproof Hemp India Inkjet Ingres Korean Kraft Butcher Laid Lokta Manila Mummy Newsprint Onionskin Origami Paperboard Parchment Photographic Plastic-coated Red rosin Rice Rolling Scritta Security Seed Stone Tar Thermal Tissue Tracing Transfer Tree-free Wallpaper Washi Wasli Waterproof Wax Wood-free Wove Writing Xuan Materials China clay Corrugated fiberboard Fiber crop Paper chemicals Papyrus Wood pulp Specifications Density Grammage Paper sizes Surface chemistry of paper Units of paper quantity Wet strength Manufactureand process Bleaching of wood pulp Calender Conical refiner Deinking Elemental chlorine free Environmental impact of paper Handmade paper Hollander beater Kraft process Organosolv Paper machine Paper recycling Papermaking Soda pulping Sulfite process Industry Paper industry Canada Europe India Japan United States Paper mill List Uses Lined paper Paper towels Papier-mâché Cardboard Clothing Tissues Notebooks Watercolor paper Paper money Beverage cartons Category Commons vteWood productsLumber/timber Batten Beam Bressummer Cruck Flitch beam Flooring Joist Lath Molding Panelling Plank Plate Post Purlin Rafter Railroad ties Reclaimed Shingle Siding Sill Stud Timber truss Treenail Truss Utility pole Engineeredwood Cross-laminated timber Glued laminated timber veneer LVL parallel strand I-joist Fiberboard hardboard Masonite MDF Oriented strand board Oriented structural straw board Particle board Plywood Structural insulated panel Wood-plastic composite lumber Fuelwood Charcoal biochar Firelog Firewood Pellet fuel Wood fuel Fibers Cardboard Corrugated fiberboard Paper Paperboard Pulp Pulpwood Rayon Derivatives Birch-tar Cellulose nano Hemicellulose Cellulosic ethanol Dyes Lignin Liquid smoke Lye Methanol Pyroligneous acid Pine tar Pitch Sandalwood oil Tannin Wood gas By-products Barkdust Black liquor Ramial chipped wood Sawdust Tall oil Wood flour Wood wool Woodchips Historical Axe ties Bavin (wood) Billet (wood) Clapboard Dugout canoe Potash Sawdust brandy Split-rail fence Tanbark Timber framing Wooden masts See also Biomass Certified wood Destructive distillation Dry distillation Engineered bamboo Forestry List of woods Mulch Non-timber forest products Papermaking Wood drying Wood preservation Wood processing Woodworking Category Commons WikiProject Forestry

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"polysaccharide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide"},{"link_name":"β(1→4) linked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidic_bond"},{"link_name":"D-glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Updegraff_1969-4"},{"link_name":"cell wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall"},{"link_name":"green plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_plants"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"oomycetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycete"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"biofilms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"organic polymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klemm-6"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"hemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"paperboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperboard"},{"link_name":"paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"},{"link_name":"cellophane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellophane"},{"link_name":"rayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon"},{"link_name":"energy crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_crop"},{"link_name":"biofuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel"},{"link_name":"cellulosic ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol"},{"link_name":"renewable fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_fuel"},{"link_name":"wood pulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_pulp"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klemm-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ruminants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminant"},{"link_name":"termites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite"},{"link_name":"digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion"},{"link_name":"symbiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis"},{"link_name":"Trichonympha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichonympha"},{"link_name":"human nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nutrition"},{"link_name":"insoluble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insoluble"},{"link_name":"dietary fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber"},{"link_name":"hydrophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophilic"},{"link_name":"bulking agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulking_agent"},{"link_name":"feces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_feces"},{"link_name":"defecation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defecation"}],"text":"Chemical compoundCellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5)n, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.[3][4] Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many forms of algae and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteria secrete it to form biofilms.[5] Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth.[6] The cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40–50%, and that of dried hemp is approximately 57%.[7][8][9]Cellulose is mainly used to produce paperboard and paper. Smaller quantities are converted into a wide variety of derivative products such as cellophane and rayon. Conversion of cellulose from energy crops into biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol is under development as a renewable fuel source. Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from wood pulp and cotton.[6] Cellulose is also greatly affected by direct interaction with several organic liquids.[10]Some animals, particularly ruminants and termites, can digest cellulose with the help of symbiotic micro-organisms that live in their guts, such as Trichonympha. In human nutrition, cellulose is a non-digestible constituent of insoluble dietary fiber, acting as a hydrophilic bulking agent for feces and potentially aiding in defecation.","title":"Cellulose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anselme Payen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselme_Payen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-12"},{"link_name":"thermoplastic polymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic"},{"link_name":"celluloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid"},{"link_name":"rayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon"},{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"cellophane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellophane"},{"link_name":"Hermann Staudinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg"},{"link_name":"polysaccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharides"},{"link_name":"cell wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall"}],"text":"Cellulose was discovered in 1838 by the French chemist Anselme Payen, who isolated it from plant matter and determined its chemical formula.[3][11][12] Cellulose was used to produce the first successful thermoplastic polymer, celluloid, by Hyatt Manufacturing Company in 1870. Production of rayon (\"artificial silk\") from cellulose began in the 1890s and cellophane was invented in 1912. Hermann Staudinger determined the polymer structure of cellulose in 1920. The compound was first chemically synthesized (without the use of any biologically derived enzymes) in 1992, by Kobayashi and Shoda.[13]The arrangement of cellulose and other polysaccharides in a plant cell wall","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83).jpg"},{"link_name":"hydrophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophilic"},{"link_name":"contact angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_angle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"solvents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent"},{"link_name":"chiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"biodegradable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dauenhauer-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"D-glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose"},{"link_name":"condense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation_reaction"},{"link_name":"glycosidic bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidic_bond"},{"link_name":"starch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch"},{"link_name":"glycogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen"},{"link_name":"hydroxyl groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond"},{"link_name":"tensile strength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strength"},{"link_name":"cell walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall"},{"link_name":"lignin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin"},{"link_name":"reinforcement bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_bar"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"lignin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin"},{"link_name":"hardened cement paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bidhendi2016-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bidhendi2020-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cellulose_spacefilling_model.jpg"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cotton.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"polysaccharide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide"},{"link_name":"crystalline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallinity"},{"link_name":"amorphous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_solid"},{"link_name":"MPa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deguchi-19"},{"link_name":"regenerated cellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerated_cellulose"},{"link_name":"metastable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastability"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"degree of polymerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_polymerization"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klemm-6"},{"link_name":"cellodextrins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellodextrin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"hemicellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicellulose"},{"link_name":"lignin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin"},{"link_name":"pectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin"},{"link_name":"bacterial cellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klemm-6"},{"link_name":"crystalline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline"},{"link_name":"amorphous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_solid"},{"link_name":"oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation"},{"link_name":"enzymatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"cellulose nanofibrils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"hydrolyze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolization"},{"link_name":"cellulose nanocrystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"nanocelluloses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose"},{"link_name":"self-assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-assembly"},{"link_name":"cholesteric liquid crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"hydrogels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogel"},{"link_name":"aerogels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerogel"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"nanocomposites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocomposite"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Pickering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickering_emulsion"},{"link_name":"emulsions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsions"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Cellulose under a microscope.Cellulose has no taste, is odorless, is hydrophilic with the contact angle of 20–30 degrees,[14] is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, is chiral and is biodegradable. It was shown to melt at 467 °C in pulse tests made by Dauenhauer et al. (2016).[15] It can be broken down chemically into its glucose units by treating it with concentrated mineral acids at high temperature.[16]Cellulose is derived from D-glucose units, which condense through β(1→4)-glycosidic bonds. This linkage motif contrasts with that for α(1→4)-glycosidic bonds present in starch and glycogen. Cellulose is a straight chain polymer. Unlike starch, no coiling or branching occurs and the molecule adopts an extended and rather stiff rod-like conformation, aided by the equatorial conformation of the glucose residues. The multiple hydroxyl groups on the glucose from one chain form hydrogen bonds with oxygen atoms on the same or on a neighbor chain, holding the chains firmly together side-by-side and forming microfibrils with high tensile strength. This confers tensile strength in cell walls where cellulose microfibrils are meshed into a polysaccharide matrix. The high tensile strength of plant stems and of the tree wood also arises from the arrangement of cellulose fibers intimately distributed into the lignin matrix. The mechanical role of cellulose fibers in the wood matrix responsible for its strong structural resistance, can somewhat be compared to that of the reinforcement bars in concrete, lignin playing here the role of the hardened cement paste acting as the \"glue\" in between the cellulose fibers. Mechanical properties of cellulose in primary plant cell wall are correlated with growth and expansion of plant cells.[17] Live fluorescence microscopy techniques are promising in investigation of the role of cellulose in growing plant cells.[18]A triple strand of cellulose showing the hydrogen bonds (cyan lines) between glucose strandsCotton fibres represent the purest natural form of cellulose, containing more than 90% of this polysaccharide.Compared to starch, cellulose is also much more crystalline. Whereas starch undergoes a crystalline to amorphous transition when heated beyond 60–70 °C in water (as in cooking), cellulose requires a temperature of 320 °C and pressure of 25 MPa to become amorphous in water.[19]Several types of cellulose are known. These forms are distinguished according to the location of hydrogen bonds between and within strands. Natural cellulose is cellulose I, with structures Iα and Iβ. Cellulose produced by bacteria and algae is enriched in Iα while cellulose of higher plants consists mainly of Iβ. Cellulose in regenerated cellulose fibers is cellulose II. The conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II is irreversible, suggesting that cellulose I is metastable and cellulose II is stable. With various chemical treatments it is possible to produce the structures cellulose III and cellulose IV.[20]Many properties of cellulose depend on its chain length or degree of polymerization, the number of glucose units that make up one polymer molecule. Cellulose from wood pulp has typical chain lengths between 300 and 1700 units; cotton and other plant fibers as well as bacterial cellulose have chain lengths ranging from 800 to 10,000 units.[6] Molecules with very small chain length resulting from the breakdown of cellulose are known as cellodextrins; in contrast to long-chain cellulose, cellodextrins are typically soluble in water and organic solvents.The chemical formula of cellulose is (C6H10O5)n where n is the degree of polymerization and represents the number of glucose groups.[21]Plant-derived cellulose is usually found in a mixture with hemicellulose, lignin, pectin and other substances, while bacterial cellulose is quite pure, has a much higher water content and higher tensile strength due to higher chain lengths.[6]: 3384Cellulose consists of fibrils with crystalline and amorphous regions. These cellulose fibrils may be individualized by mechanical treatment of cellulose pulp, often assisted by chemical oxidation or enzymatic treatment, yielding semi-flexible cellulose nanofibrils generally 200 nm to 1 μm in length depending on the treatment intensity.[22] Cellulose pulp may also be treated with strong acid to hydrolyze the amorphous fibril regions, thereby producing short rigid cellulose nanocrystals a few 100 nm in length.[23] These nanocelluloses are of high technological interest due to their self-assembly into cholesteric liquid crystals,[24] production of hydrogels or aerogels,[25] use in nanocomposites with superior thermal and mechanical properties,[26] and use as Pickering stabilizers for emulsions.[27]","title":"Structure and properties"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Processing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridiplantae"},{"link_name":"plasma membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane"},{"link_name":"hexameric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligomer"},{"link_name":"nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre"},{"link_name":"cellulose synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_synthase_(UDP-forming)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"cell wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall"},{"link_name":"cellulose synthases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_synthase"},{"link_name":"stoichiometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-richmond2000-30"},{"link_name":"Bacterial cellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24127606-31"},{"link_name":"chloroplast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popper-32"},{"link_name":"glucosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24127606-31"},{"link_name":"steroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid"},{"link_name":"sitosterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-sitosterol"},{"link_name":"glucoside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucoside"},{"link_name":"UDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate"},{"link_name":"cellulase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulase"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"tunicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunicate"},{"link_name":"tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_(biology)"},{"link_name":"ascidians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascidian"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Biosynthesis","text":"In plants cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by rosette terminal complexes (RTCs). The RTCs are hexameric protein structures, approximately 25 nm in diameter, that contain the cellulose synthase enzymes that synthesise the individual cellulose chains.[28] Each RTC floats in the cell's plasma membrane and \"spins\" a microfibril into the cell wall.RTCs contain at least three different cellulose synthases, encoded by CesA (Ces is short for \"cellulose synthase\") genes, in an unknown stoichiometry.[29] Separate sets of CesA genes are involved in primary and secondary cell wall biosynthesis. There are known to be about seven subfamilies in the plant CesA superfamily, some of which include the more cryptic, tentatively-named Csl (cellulose synthase-like) enzymes. These cellulose syntheses use UDP-glucose to form the β(1→4)-linked cellulose.[30]Bacterial cellulose is produced using the same family of proteins, although the gene is called BcsA for \"bacterial cellulose synthase\" or CelA for \"cellulose\" in many instances.[31] In fact, plants acquired CesA from the endosymbiosis event that produced the chloroplast.[32] All cellulose synthases known belongs to glucosyltransferase family 2 (GT2).[31]Cellulose synthesis requires chain initiation and elongation, and the two processes are separate.\nCellulose synthase (CesA) initiates cellulose polymerization using a steroid primer, sitosterol-beta-glucoside, and UDP-glucose. It then utilizes UDP-D-glucose precursors to elongate the growing cellulose chain. A cellulase may function to cleave the primer from the mature chain.[33]Cellulose is also synthesised by tunicate animals, particularly in the tests of ascidians (where the cellulose was historically termed \"tunicine\" (tunicin)).[34]","title":"Processing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cellodextrins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellodextrin"},{"link_name":"glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose"},{"link_name":"hydrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"polysaccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"solvent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent"},{"link_name":"ionic liquid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_liquid"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Synthesis_of_glucose_esters_from_cellulose_in_ionic_liquids-36"},{"link_name":"ruminants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminant"},{"link_name":"symbiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis"},{"link_name":"anaerobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_organism"},{"link_name":"Cellulomonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas"},{"link_name":"Ruminococcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminococcus"},{"link_name":"spp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"rumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumen"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"cellulases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulase"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-La_Reau-2018-37"},{"link_name":"digestive system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_system"},{"link_name":"stomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach"},{"link_name":"small intestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine"},{"link_name":"Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"fermentation in their hindgut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindgut_fermentation"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"termites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite"},{"link_name":"hindguts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindgut"},{"link_name":"flagellate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellate"},{"link_name":"protozoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"cleave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cleave"},{"link_name":"glycosidic linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidic_linkage"},{"link_name":"glycoside hydrolases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside_hydrolase"},{"link_name":"cellulases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulase"},{"link_name":"glucosidases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosidase"},{"link_name":"dockerins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dockerin"},{"link_name":"carbohydrate-binding modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate-binding_module"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Breakdown (cellulolysis)","text":"Cellulolysis is the process of breaking down cellulose into smaller polysaccharides called cellodextrins or completely into glucose units; this is a hydrolysis reaction. Because cellulose molecules bind strongly to each other, cellulolysis is relatively difficult compared to the breakdown of other polysaccharides.[35] However, this process can be significantly intensified in a proper solvent, e.g. in an ionic liquid.[36]Most mammals have limited ability to digest dietary fiber such as cellulose. Some ruminants like cows and sheep contain certain symbiotic anaerobic bacteria (such as Cellulomonas and Ruminococcus spp.) in the flora of the rumen, and these bacteria produce enzymes called cellulases that hydrolyze cellulose. The breakdown products are then used by the bacteria for proliferation.[37] The bacterial mass is later digested by the ruminant in its digestive system (stomach and small intestine). Horses use cellulose in their diet by fermentation in their hindgut.[38] Some termites contain in their hindguts certain flagellate protozoa producing such enzymes, whereas others contain bacteria or may produce cellulase.[39]The enzymes used to cleave the glycosidic linkage in cellulose are glycoside hydrolases including endo-acting cellulases and exo-acting glucosidases. Such enzymes are usually secreted as part of multienzyme complexes that may include dockerins and carbohydrate-binding modules.[40]","title":"Processing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wood ash § Composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_ash#Composition"},{"link_name":"thermolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermolysis"},{"link_name":"pyrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis"},{"link_name":"char","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"aerosols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosols"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"bio-oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-oil"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"monomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomers"},{"link_name":"aerosols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosols"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"levoglucosan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levoglucosan"},{"link_name":"furans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furan"},{"link_name":"pyrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyran"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"levoglucosan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levoglucosan"},{"link_name":"glycolaldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolaldehyde"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Breakdown (thermolysis)","text":"See also: Wood ash § CompositionAt temperatures above 350 °C, cellulose undergoes thermolysis (also called 'pyrolysis'), decomposing into solid char, vapors, aerosols, and gases such as carbon dioxide.[41] Maximum yield of vapors which condense to a liquid called bio-oil is obtained at 500 °C.[42]Semi-crystalline cellulose polymers react at pyrolysis temperatures (350–600 °C) in a few seconds; this transformation has been shown to occur via a solid-to-liquid-to-vapor transition, with the liquid (called intermediate liquid cellulose or molten cellulose) existing for only a fraction of a second.[43] Glycosidic bond cleavage produces short cellulose chains of two-to-seven monomers comprising the melt. Vapor bubbling of intermediate liquid cellulose produces aerosols, which consist of short chain anhydro-oligomers derived from the melt.[44]Continuing decomposition of molten cellulose produces volatile compounds including levoglucosan, furans, pyrans, light oxygenates, and gases via primary reactions.[45] Within thick cellulose samples, volatile compounds such as levoglucosan undergo 'secondary reactions' to volatile products including pyrans and light oxygenates such as glycolaldehyde.[46]","title":"Processing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hemicelluloses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicellulose"},{"link_name":"polysaccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide"},{"link_name":"land plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyte"},{"link_name":"glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose"},{"link_name":"xylose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylose"},{"link_name":"mannose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannose"},{"link_name":"galactose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose"},{"link_name":"rhamnose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamnose"},{"link_name":"arabinose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabinose"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22874093-47"}],"text":"Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides related to cellulose that comprises about 20% of the biomass of land plants. In contrast to cellulose, hemicelluloses are derived from several sugars in addition to glucose, especially xylose but also including mannose, galactose, rhamnose, and arabinose. Hemicelluloses consist of shorter chains – between 500 and 3000 sugar units.[47] Furthermore, hemicelluloses are branched, whereas cellulose is unbranched.","title":"Hemicellulose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viscose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscose"},{"link_name":"cellophane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellophane"},{"link_name":"dissolving pulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolving_pulp"},{"link_name":"Schweizer's reagent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer%27s_reagent"},{"link_name":"N-methylmorpholine N-oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methylmorpholine_N-oxide"},{"link_name":"lithium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_chloride"},{"link_name":"dimethylacetamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylacetamide"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"ionic liquids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_liquids"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"nitrocellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocellulose"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolymerScienceandTechnology-50"},{"link_name":"Hilaire de Chardonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire_de_Chardonnet"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolymerScienceandTechnology-50"},{"link_name":"cuprammonium process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuprammonium_rayon"},{"link_name":"artificial silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_silk"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"viscose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscose"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolymerScienceandTechnology-50"},{"link_name":"Courtaulds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtaulds"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borbely-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolymerScienceandTechnology-50"},{"link_name":"textile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile"},{"link_name":"artificial membranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_membrane"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borbely-52"}],"text":"Cellulose is soluble in several kinds of media, several of which are the basis of commercial technologies. These dissolution processes are reversible and are used in the production of regenerated celluloses (such as viscose and cellophane) from dissolving pulp.The most important solubilizing agent is carbon disulfide in the presence of alkali. Other agents include Schweizer's reagent, N-methylmorpholine N-oxide, and lithium chloride in dimethylacetamide. In general, these agents modify the cellulose, rendering it soluble. The agents are then removed concomitant with the formation of fibers.[48] Cellulose is also soluble in many kinds of ionic liquids.[49]The history of regenerated cellulose is often cited as beginning with George Audemars, who first manufactured regenerated nitrocellulose fibers in 1855.[50] Although these fibers were soft and strong -resembling silk- they had the drawback of being highly flammable. Hilaire de Chardonnet perfected production of nitrocellulose fibers, but manufacturing of these fibers by his process was relatively uneconomical.[50] In 1890, L.H. Despeissis invented the cuprammonium process – which uses a cuprammonium solution to solubilize cellulose – a method still used today for production of artificial silk.[51] In 1891, it was discovered that treatment of cellulose with alkali and carbon disulfide generated a soluble cellulose derivative known as viscose.[50] This process, patented by the founders of the Viscose Development Company, is the most widely used method for manufacturing regenerated cellulose products. Courtaulds purchased the patents for this process in 1904, leading to significant growth of viscose fiber production.[52] By 1931, expiration of patents for the viscose process led to its adoption worldwide. Global production of regenerated cellulose fiber peaked in 1973 at 3,856,000 tons.[50]Regenerated cellulose can be used to manufacture a wide variety of products. While the first application of regenerated cellulose was as a clothing textile, this class of materials is also used in the production of disposable medical devices as well as fabrication of artificial membranes.[52]","title":"Regenerated cellulose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydroxyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl"},{"link_name":"reagents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagent"},{"link_name":"esters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester"},{"link_name":"ethers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether"},{"link_name":"camphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphor"},{"link_name":"celluloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"cross-linked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-linked"},{"link_name":"croscarmellose sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croscarmellose_sodium"},{"link_name":"disintegrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excipient"},{"link_name":"mucoadhesive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucoadhesion"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"thiomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomer"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"The hydroxyl groups (−OH) of cellulose can be partially or fully reacted with various reagents to afford derivatives with useful properties like mainly cellulose esters and cellulose ethers (−OR). In principle, although not always in current industrial practice, cellulosic polymers are renewable resources.Ester derivatives include:Cellulose acetate and cellulose triacetate are film- and fiber-forming materials that find a variety of uses. Nitrocellulose was initially used as an explosive and was an early film forming material. When plasticized with camphor, nitrocellulose gives celluloid.Cellulose Ether[53] derivatives include:The sodium carboxymethyl cellulose can be cross-linked to give the croscarmellose sodium (E468) for use as a disintegrant in pharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, by the covalent attachment of thiol groups to cellulose ethers such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose mucoadhesive and permeation enhancing properties can be introduced.[62][63][64] Thiolated cellulose derivatives (see thiomers) exhibit also high binding properties for metal ions.[65][66]","title":"Cellulose esters and ethers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cellulose_strand.svg"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond"},{"link_name":"dissolving pulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolving_pulp"},{"link_name":"pulp (paper)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)"},{"link_name":"wood pulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_pulp"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klemm-6"},{"link_name":"paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"},{"link_name":"paperboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperboard"},{"link_name":"card stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_stock"},{"link_name":"Electrical insulation paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile"},{"link_name":"Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"plant fibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_fiber"},{"link_name":"Rayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon"},{"link_name":"cellophane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellophane"},{"link_name":"cellulose fibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_fiber"},{"link_name":"Microcrystalline cellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcrystalline_cellulose"},{"link_name":"E460i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_number"},{"link_name":"fillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excipient#Fillers_and_diluents"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"defecation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defecation"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Cellulose insulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_insulation"},{"link_name":"building insulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_insulation"},{"link_name":"boric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boric_acid"},{"link_name":"fire retardant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_retardant"},{"link_name":"cellophane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellophane"},{"link_name":"celluloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid"},{"link_name":"adhesives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive"},{"link_name":"binders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binder_(material)"},{"link_name":"methyl cellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_cellulose"},{"link_name":"carboxymethyl cellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxymethyl_cellulose"},{"link_name":"wallpaper paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper_paste"},{"link_name":"hydrophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophilic"},{"link_name":"sponges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_(tool)"},{"link_name":"nitrocellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocellulose"},{"link_name":"smokeless gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokeless_powder"},{"link_name":"microcrystalline cellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcrystalline_cellulose"},{"link_name":"stabilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizer_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"thickening agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thickening_agent"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"A strand of cellulose (conformation Iα), showing the hydrogen bonds (dashed) within and between cellulose molecules.See also: dissolving pulp and pulp (paper)Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from wood pulp and from cotton.[6]Paper products: Cellulose is the major constituent of paper, paperboard, and card stock. Electrical insulation paper: Cellulose is used in diverse forms as insulation in transformers, cables, and other electrical equipment.[67]\nFibers: Cellulose is the main ingredient of textiles. Cotton and synthetics (nylons) each have about 40% market by volume. Other plant fibers (jute, sisal, hemp) represent about 20% of the market. Rayon, cellophane and other \"regenerated cellulose fibers\" are a small portion (5%).\nConsumables: Microcrystalline cellulose (E460i) and powdered cellulose (E460ii) are used as inactive fillers in drug tablets[68] and a wide range of soluble cellulose derivatives, E numbers E461 to E469, are used as emulsifiers, thickeners and stabilizers in processed foods. Cellulose powder is, for example, used in processed cheese to prevent caking inside the package. Cellulose occurs naturally in some foods and is an additive in manufactured foods, contributing an indigestible component used for texture and bulk, potentially aiding in defecation.[69]\nBuilding material: Hydroxyl bonding of cellulose in water produces a sprayable, moldable material as an alternative to the use of plastics and resins. The recyclable material can be made water- and fire-resistant. It provides sufficient strength for use as a building material.[70] Cellulose insulation made from recycled paper is becoming popular as an environmentally preferable material for building insulation. It can be treated with boric acid as a fire retardant.\nMiscellaneous: Cellulose can be converted into cellophane, a thin transparent film. It is the base material for the celluloid that was used for photographic and movie films until the mid-1930s. Cellulose is used to make water-soluble adhesives and binders such as methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose which are used in wallpaper paste. Cellulose is further used to make hydrophilic and highly absorbent sponges. Cellulose is the raw material in the manufacture of nitrocellulose (cellulose nitrate) which is used in smokeless gunpowder.\nPharmaceuticals: Cellulose derivatives, such as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), have the advantages of retaining water, being a stabilizer and thickening agent, and in reinforcement of drug tablets.[71]","title":"Commercial applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"combustible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion"},{"link_name":"energy crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_crop"},{"link_name":"lignin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin"},{"link_name":"starch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"industrial hemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp"},{"link_name":"switchgrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchgrass"},{"link_name":"Miscanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscanthus"},{"link_name":"willow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow"},{"link_name":"poplar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus"},{"link_name":"Clostridium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium"},{"link_name":"butanol fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanol_fuel"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Insect repellents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_repellent"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Aspirational","text":"Energy crops:The major combustible component of non-food energy crops is cellulose, with lignin second. Non-food energy crops produce more usable energy than edible energy crops (which have a large starch component), but still compete with food crops for agricultural land and water resources.[72] Typical non-food energy crops include industrial hemp, switchgrass, Miscanthus, Salix (willow), and Populus (poplar) species. A strain of Clostridium bacteria found in zebra dung, can convert nearly any form of cellulose into butanol fuel.[73][74][75][76]Another possible application is as Insect repellents.[77]","title":"Commercial applications"}]

[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The arrangement of cellulose and other polysaccharides in a plant cell wall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg/290px-Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Cellulose under a microscope.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A triple strand of cellulose showing the hydrogen bonds (cyan lines) between glucose strands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cellulose_spacefilling_model.jpg/220px-Cellulose_spacefilling_model.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cotton fibres represent the purest natural form of cellulose, containing more than 90% of this polysaccharide.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Cotton.JPG/220px-Cotton.JPG"},{"image_text":"A strand of cellulose (conformation Iα), showing the hydrogen bonds (dashed) within and between cellulose molecules.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cellulose_strand.svg/220px-Cellulose_strand.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Gluconic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluconic_acid"},{"title":"Isosaccharinic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosaccharinic_acid"},{"title":"Lignin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin"},{"title":"Zeoform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeoform"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Denton

David Denton

["1 Background","2 Club career","3 International career","4 References","5 External links"]

Scotland international rugby union player For another person, see David Denton (cricketer). Rugby playerDavid DentonBirth nameDavid Kipling DentonDate of birth (1990-02-05) 5 February 1990 (age 34)Place of birthMarondera, ZimbabweHeight1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)Weight119 kg (18 st 10 lb; 262 lb)SchoolKingswood College, South AfricaUniversityEdinburgh UniversityRugby union careerPosition(s) Loose forwardSenior careerYears Team Apps (Points)2010–20152015–20172017–20182018–2019 EdinburghBathWorcester WarriorsLeicester Tigers 7917226 (40)(0)(25)(5) Correct as of 16 April 2019International careerYears Team Apps (Points)20102011–2019 Scotland U20Scotland 1042 (0)(0) Correct as of 23 June 201813th Sir Willie Purves QuaichIn office2012–2012Preceded byDuncan WeirSucceeded bySean Kennedy David Kipling Denton (born 5 February 1990) is a retired Zimbabwean-born Scottish rugby union player. He played in the back row, but could also play in the second row, and represented Edinburgh in the Pro12, Bath, Worcester Warriors and Leicester Tigers in England, and Scotland internationally. Background Denton was born in Zimbabwe, and qualified for Scotland as his mother was born in Glasgow. He attended Peterhouse Boys School in Zimbabwe, before moving to Kingswood College in the Eastern Cape in South Africa, where he made several appearances for Eastern Province in Port Elizabeth. Club career He moved to Edinburgh to study economics at the University of Edinburgh. While at university he played for Edinburgh Academicals. Although he struggled to begin with, playing in the 3rd XV for much of his first season, he advanced into the Accies' 2nd team, "TWAYS", under the tutelage of Malcolm McVie. He was brought into the Scotland under-20s set-up before playing for the Scottish National Academy. He was then awarded a professional contract at Edinburgh for the 2010–11 season. His performances in his debut season lead him to being selected for Scotland's extended World Cup squad in the build-up to the showpiece. As well as his defensive capabilities, Denton is known to be an effective ball carrier due to his strength and agility (particularly for a man of his size — 1.96m and 119 kg). In December 2013, Denton ended speculation about his future (which had seen him linked with a move to the Aviva Premiership) by signing a contract extension which saw him remain at Murrayfield until 2015. On 10 November 2015, Denton signed for English club Bath Rugby who compete in the Aviva Premiership from the 2015–16 season. On 30 May 2017, it was announced Denton would move from Bath to local rivals Worcester Warriors for the 2017-18 season. On 14 February 2018 Leicester Tigers announced the signing of Denton from Worcester for the 2018–19 season. Denton was forced to retire from rugby due to concussion in September 2019. International career Denton made his debut for Scotland, coming on off the bench in the 10–6 win over Ireland in the Rugby World Cup warm-up matches in August 2011. However, he was not named in the final squad for the tournament. He also appeared in all of Scotland's under-20 side's games in 2010, five games in the 2010 Six Nations Under 20s Championship and in the IRB Junior World Championship. He has appeared for the Scottish Sevens team in 2010 in the Dubai and George events. Denton won the "man of the match" award, despite being on the losing side, in Scotland's 6–13 defeat to England in the opening game of the 6 Nations on 4 February 2012. Denton was "Man of the Match" in the 6 Nations match against France on 8 March 2014 despite being on the losing side. Following the announcement of the 6 Nations Squad for the 2018 tournament, Denton was recalled back into the team after a notable absence from the Scotland side since the summer tour of Japan in 2016. References ^ "BBC Sport - Edinburgh flanker David Denton signs new two-year deal". Bbc.co.uk. 19 December 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2014. ^ "Bath sign Edinburgh's Scotland forward David Denton". BBC Sport. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2016. ^ "Worcester Warriors sign Bath and Scotland back-row forward David Denton". BBC Sport. 30 May 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ "David Denton: Leicester Tigers sign Scotland forward for start of 2018-19 season". BBC Sport. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018. ^ "Scotland forward David Denton retires following concussion". BBC Sport. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019. External links Profile at edinburghrugby.org Profile at scotlandrugbyteam.org David Denton at the World Rugby Men's Sevens Series (archived) vteScotland squad – 2015 Rugby World CupForwards Brown Bryce Cowan (replaced Gilchrist) Denton Dickinson Ford Gilchrist Grant J. Gray R. Gray Hardie Nel Reid Strauss Strokosch Swinson Welsh Wilson Backs Bennett Hidalgo-Clyne Hogg Horne Laidlaw (c) Lamont Maitland Pyrgos Russell Scott Seymour Weir Vernon Visser Coach: Cotter

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liolaemus_chiribaya

Liolaemus chiribaya

["1 References"]

Species of lizard Liolaemus chiribaya Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Iguania Family: Liolaemidae Genus: Liolaemus Species: L. chiribaya Binomial name Liolaemus chiribayaAguilar-Puntriano, Ramírez, Castillo, Mendoza, Vargas, & Sites, 2019 Liolaemus chiribaya is a species of lizard in the family Liolaemidae. It is native to Peru. References ^ Liolaemus chiribaya at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 23 August 2021. Taxon identifiersLiolaemus chiribaya Wikidata: Q108765887 CoL: 8GPXY GBIF: 10819628 NCBI: 2777020 RD: chiribaya ZooBank: 6803BCC9-00EA-4548-BF78-1477A69E184A This Iguanidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneylending

Loan

["1 Types","1.1 Secured","1.2 Unsecured","1.3 Demand","1.4 Subsidized","1.5 Concessional","2 Target markets","2.1 Personal","2.2 Commercial","3 Loan payment","4 Abuses in lending","5 United States taxes","5.1 Income from discharge of indebtedness","6 See also","7 References"]

Lending of money For other uses, see Loan (disambiguation). Loan document issued by the Bank of Petrevene, Bulgaria, dated 1936. Part of a series onFinance Markets Assets Asset (economics) Bond Asset growth Capital asset Commodity Derivatives Domains Equity Foreign exchange Money Over-the-counter Private equity Real estate Spot Stock Participants Angel investor Bull (stock market speculator) Financial planner Investor institutional Retail Speculator Locations Financial centres Offshore financial centres Conduit and sink OFCs Instruments Bond Cash Collateralised debt obligation Credit default swap Time deposit (certificate of deposit) Credit line Deposit Derivative Futures contract Indemnity Insurance Letter of credit Loan Mortgage Option (callexoticput) Performance bonds Repurchase agreement Stock Security Syndicated loan Synthetic CDO Corporate General Accounting Audit Capital budgeting Capital structure Corporate finance Credit rating agency Enterprise risk management Enterprise value Risk management Financial statements Transactions Leveraged buyout Mergers and acquisitions Structured finance Venture capital Taxation Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) Corporate tax haven Tax inversion Tax haven Transfer pricing Personal Credit / Debt Employment contract Financial planning RetirementStudent loan Public Government spending Final consumption expenditure OperationsRedistribution Transfer payment Government revenue TaxationDeficit spending Budget (balance)Debt Non-tax revenue Warrant of payment Banking Central bank Deposit account Fractional-reserve Full-reserve Investment banking Loan Money supply Lists of banks Bank regulation Banking license Basel Accords Bank for International Settlements Financial Stability Board Deposit insurance Separation of investment and retail banking Regulation · Financial law International Financial Reporting Standards ISO 31000 Professional certification Fund governance Economic history Private equity and venture capital Recession Stock market bubble Stock market crash Accounting scandals Business and Economics portal Money portalvte Part of a series on financial servicesBanking Types of banks Advising Banq Bulge bracket Central Commercial Community development Cooperative Credit union Custodian Depository Development Direct Export credit agency Investment Industrial Merchant Middle market Mutual savings Neobank Offshore Participation Payments Postal savings Private Public Retail Savings Savings and loan Universal Wholesale Bank holding company Lists of banks Accounts · Cards Accounts Christmas club Deposit Money-market Savings Time deposit (Bond) Transaction (checking / current) Cards ATM Credit Debit Prepaid Funds transfer Cheque Card Electronic Bill payment Mobile Wire RTGS NS ACH Instant payment Giro SWIFT Correspondent account CLS CIPS SPFS BRICS PAY Terms Asset allocation management Automated teller machine Bad debt Bank regulation Bank secrecy Asset growth Capital asset Cash Climate finance Corporate finance Disinvestment Diversification (finance) Eco-investing Economic bubble Economic expansion Enterprise value Enterprise risk management Environmental finance ESG Ethical banking Financial analysis analyst asset economics engineering forecast plan planner services Fractional-reserve banking Full-reserve banking Fundamental analysis Growth investing Hedge (finance) Impact investing Investment advisory Investment management Islamic banking Loan Mathematical finance Mobile banking Money creation Pension fund Private banking Sustainability Sustainable finance Speculation Statistical finance Strategic financial management Stress test (financial) Structured finance Structured product Toxic asset Related topics Asset pricing Bond (finance) Capital structure Corporate finance Cost of capital Equity (finance) Ethical banking Exchange traded fund Financial law market participants regulation risk system History of banking List of banks Market risk Personal finance Public finance Security (finance) Shares Sustainable development goals Systematic risk Systemic risk Time value of money Too big to fail Too connected to fail Watered stock Category Commons Portalvte In finance, a loan is the transfer of money by one party to another with an agreement to pay it back. The recipient, or borrower, incurs a debt and is usually required to pay interest for the use of the money. The document evidencing the debt (e.g., a promissory note) will normally specify, among other things, the principal amount of money borrowed, the interest rate the lender is charging, and the date of repayment. A loan entails the reallocation of the subject asset(s) for a period of time, between the lender and the borrower. The interest provides an incentive for the lender to engage in the loan. In a legal loan, each of these obligations and restrictions is enforced by contract, which can also place the borrower under additional restrictions known as loan covenants. Although this article focuses on monetary loans, in practice, any material object might be lent. Acting as a provider of loans is one of the main activities of financial institutions such as banks and credit card companies. For other institutions, issuing of debt contracts such as bonds is a typical source of funding. Types Secured See also: Loan guarantee A secured loan is a form of debt in which the borrower pledges some asset (i.e., a car, a house) as collateral. A mortgage loan is a very common type of loan, used by many individuals to purchase residential or commercial property. The lender, usually a financial institution, is given security – a lien on the title to the property – until the mortgage is paid off in full. In the case of home loans, if the borrower defaults on the loan, the bank would have the legal right to repossess the house and sell it, to recover sums owing to it. Similarly, a loan taken out to buy a car may be secured by the car. The duration of the loan is much shorter – often corresponding to the useful life of the car. There are two types of auto loans, direct and indirect. In a direct auto loan, a bank lends the money directly to a consumer. In an indirect auto loan, a car dealership (or a connected company) acts as an intermediary between the bank or financial institution and the consumer. Other forms of secured loans include loans against securities – such as shares, mutual funds, bonds, etc. This particular instrument issues customers a line of credit based on the quality of the securities pledged. Gold loans are issued to customers after evaluating the quantity and quality of gold in the items pledged. Corporate entities can also take out secured lending by pledging the company's assets, including the company itself. The interest rates for secured loans are usually lower than those of unsecured loans. Usually, the lending institution employs people (on a roll or on a contract basis) to evaluate the quality of pledged collateral before sanctioning the loan. Unsecured Unsecured loans are monetary loans that are not secured against the borrower's assets. These may be available from financial institutions under many different guises or marketing packages: Credit cards Personal loans Bank overdrafts Credit facilities or lines of credit Corporate bonds (may be secured or unsecured) Peer-to-peer lending The interest rates applicable to these different forms may vary depending on the lender and the borrower. These may or may not be regulated by law. In the United Kingdom, when applied to individuals, these may come under the Consumer Credit Act 1974. Interest rates on unsecured loans are nearly always higher than for secured loans because an unsecured lender's options for recourse against the borrower in the event of default are severely limited, subjecting the lender to higher risk compared to that encountered for a secured loan. An unsecured lender must sue the borrower, obtain a money judgment for breach of contract, and then pursue execution of the judgment against the borrower's unencumbered assets (that is, the ones not already pledged to secured lenders). In insolvency proceedings, secured lenders traditionally have priority over unsecured lenders when a court divides up the borrower's assets. Thus, a higher interest rate reflects the additional risk that in the event of insolvency, the debt may be uncollectible. Demand Demand loans are short-term loans that typically do not have fixed dates for repayment. Instead, demand loans carry a floating interest rate, which varies according to the prime lending rate or other defined contract terms. Demand loans can be "called" for repayment by the lending institution at any time. Demand loans may be unsecured or secured. Subsidized A subsidized loan is a loan on which the interest is reduced by an explicit or hidden subsidy. In the context of college loans in the United States, it refers to a loan on which no interest is accrued while a student remains enrolled in education. Concessional A concessional loan, sometimes called a "soft loan", is granted on terms substantially more generous than market loans either through below-market interest rates, by grace periods, or a combination of both. Such loans may be made by foreign governments to developing countries or may be offered to employees of lending institutions as an employee benefit (sometimes called a perk). Target markets Loans can also be categorized according to whether the debtor is an individual person (consumer) or a business. Personal See also: Credit (finance) § Consumer credit Common personal loans include mortgage loans, car loans, home equity lines of credit, credit cards, installment loans, and payday loans. The credit score of the borrower is a major component in underwriting and interest rates (APR) of these loans. The monthly payments of personal loans can be decreased by selecting longer payment terms, but overall interest paid increases as well. A personal loan can be obtained from banks, alternative (non-bank) lenders, online loan providers and private lenders. Commercial Main article: Business loan Loans to businesses are similar to the above but also include commercial mortgages and corporate bonds and government guaranteed loans Underwriting is not based upon credit score but rather credit rating. Loan payment The most typical loan payment type is the fully amortizing payment in which each monthly rate has the same value over time. The fixed monthly payment P for a loan of L for n months and a monthly interest rate c is: P = L ⋅ c ( 1 + c ) n ( 1 + c ) n − 1 {\displaystyle P=L\cdot {\frac {c\,(1+c)^{n}}{(1+c)^{n}-1}}} For more information, see monthly amortized loan or mortgage payments. Abuses in lending Predatory lending is one form of abuse in the granting of loans. It usually involves granting a loan in order to put the borrower in a position that one can gain advantage over them; subprime mortgage-lending and payday-lending are two examples, where the moneylender is not authorized or regulated, the lender could be considered a loan shark. Usury is a different form of abuse, where the lender charges excessive interest. In different time periods and cultures, the acceptable interest rate has varied, from no interest at all as in the biblical prescript, to unlimited interest rates. Credit card companies in some countries have been accused by consumer organizations of lending at usurious interest rates and making money out of frivolous "extra charges". Abuses can also take place in the form of the customer defrauding the lender by borrowing without intending to repay the loan. United States taxes Most of the basic rules governing how loans are handled for tax purposes in the United States are codified by both Congress (the Internal Revenue Code) and the Treasury Department (Treasury Regulations – another set of rules that interpret the Internal Revenue Code).: 111  A loan is not gross income to the borrower.: 111  Since the borrower has the obligation to repay the loan, the borrower has no accession to wealth.: 111  The lender may not deduct (from own gross income) the amount of the loan.: 111  The rationale here is that one asset (the cash) has been converted into a different asset (a promise of repayment).: 111  Deductions are not typically available when an outlay serves to create a new or different asset.: 111  The amount paid to satisfy the loan obligation is not deductible (from own gross income) by the borrower.: 111  Repayment of the loan is not gross income to the lender.: 111  In effect, the promise of repayment is converted back to cash, with no accession to wealth by the lender.: 111  Interest paid to the lender is included in the lender's gross income.: 111  Interest paid represents compensation for the use of the lender's money or property and thus represents profit or an accession to wealth to the lender.: 111  Interest income can be attributed to lenders even if the lender does not charge a minimum amount of interest.: 112  Interest paid to the lender may be deductible by the borrower.: 111  In general, interest paid in connection with the borrower's business activity is deductible, while interest paid on personal loans are not deductible.: 111  The major exception here is interest paid on a home mortgage.: 111  Income from discharge of indebtedness Although a loan does not start out as income to the borrower, it becomes income to the borrower if the borrower is discharged of indebtedness.: 111  Thus, if a debt is discharged, then the borrower essentially has received income equal to the amount of the indebtedness. The Internal Revenue Code lists "Income from Discharge of Indebtedness" in Section 61(a)(12) as a source of gross income. Example: X owes Y $50,000. If Y discharges the indebtedness, then X no longer owes Y $50,000. For purposes of calculating income, this is treated the same way as if Y gave X $50,000. For a more detailed description of the "discharge of indebtedness", look at Section 108 (Cancellation-of-debt income) of the Internal Revenue Code. See also 0% finance Annual percentage rate (a.k.a. Effective annual rate) Auto loan Bank, Fractional-reserve banking, Building society Debt, Consumer debt, Debt consolidation, Government debt Default (finance) Finance, Personal finance, Settlement (finance) Interest-only loan, Negative amortization, PIK loan Legal financing Leveraged loan Loan agreement Loan guarantee Loan sale Loans and interest in Judaism Pay it forward Payday loan Refund Anticipation Loan Sponsored repayment Smart contract Student loan Syndicated loan Title loan US specific: FAFSA Federal student loan consolidation Federal Perkins Loan George D. Sax and the Exchange National Bank of Chicago - Innovation of instant loans Stafford loan Student loan default References ^ Signoriello, Vincent J. (1991). Commercial Loan Practices and Operations. ISBN 978-1-55520-134-0. ^ CCH Incorporated (April 2008). Federal Estate & Gift Taxes: Code & Regulations (Including Related Income Tax Provisions), As of March 2008. CCH. pp. 631–. ISBN 978-0-8080-1853-7. Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2020-11-18. ^ Subsidized Loan - Definition and Overview Archived 2012-03-04 at the Wayback Machine at About.com. Retrieved 2011-12-21. ^ Concessional Loans, Glossary of Statistical Terms Archived 2013-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, oecd.org, Retrieved on 5/5/2013 ^ "Average new-car loan a record 65 months in fourth quarter". Reuters. August 6, 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-08-06. Retrieved 2017-08-06. ^ Guttentag, Jack (October 6, 2007). "The Math Behind Your Home Loan". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2010. ^ "Predators try to steal home". CNN Money. 18 Apr 2000. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 7 Mar 2018. ^ Horsley, Scott; Arnold, Chris (2 Jun 2016). "New Rules To Ban Payday Lending 'Debt Traps'". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 7 Mar 2018. ^ Exodus 22:25 ^ "Credit cardholders pay Rs 6,000 cr 'extra'". The Financial Express (India). Chennai, India]. 3 May 2007. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019. Alt URL Archived 2019-01-20 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Samuel A. Donaldson, Federal Income Taxation of Individuals: Cases, Problems and Materials, 2nd Ed. (2007). ^ See Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co., 348 U.S. 426 (1955) (giving the three-prong standard for what is "income" for tax purposes: (1) accession to wealth, (2) clearly realized, (3) over which the taxpayer has complete dominion). ^ 26 U.S.C. 61(a)(4)(2007). ^ 26 U.S.C. 61(a)(12)(2007). ^ 26 U.S.C. 108(2007). ^ EUGENE A. LUDWIG AND PAUL A. VOLCKER, 16 November 2012 Banks Need Long-Term Rainy Day Funds Archived 2017-07-10 at the Wayback Machine vteDebtInstrumentsBonds Corporate Debenture Government Municipal Loans Business loan Consumer lending Loan shark Payday loan Predatory lending Usury Vendor finance Management Bankruptcy Consolidation Management plan Relief (history) Restructuring Debt snowball method Debtor-in-possession (DIP) financing Loan guarantee Collection · Evasion Bad debt Charge-off Collection agency Compliance Debt bondage Debtors' prison Distraint Garnishment Phantom debt Strategic default Tax refund interception Markets Consumer Corporate Diplomacy Government Medical Municipal Venture Buyer Deposit account Fixed income Money market Securitization Economics Consumer leverage ratio Debt levels and flows External / Internal / Odious debt Default Insolvency Interest Interest rate Promissory note Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Other NARA 2

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The recipient, or borrower, incurs a debt and is usually required to pay interest for the use of the money.The document evidencing the debt (e.g., a promissory note) will normally specify, among other things, the principal amount of money borrowed, the interest rate the lender is charging, and the date of repayment. A loan entails the reallocation of the subject asset(s) for a period of time, between the lender and the borrower.The interest provides an incentive for the lender to engage in the loan. In a legal loan, each of these obligations and restrictions is enforced by contract, which can also place the borrower under additional restrictions known as loan covenants. Although this article focuses on monetary loans, in practice, any material object might be lent.Acting as a provider of loans is one of the main activities of financial institutions such as banks and credit card companies. For other institutions, issuing of debt contracts such as bonds is a typical source of funding.","title":"Loan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loan guarantee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_guarantee"},{"link_name":"secured loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secured_loan"},{"link_name":"pledges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pledge_(law)"},{"link_name":"collateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_(finance)"},{"link_name":"mortgage loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loan"},{"link_name":"lien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lien"},{"link_name":"defaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(finance)"}],"sub_title":"Secured","text":"See also: Loan guaranteeA secured loan is a form of debt in which the borrower pledges some asset (i.e., a car, a house) as collateral.A mortgage loan is a very common type of loan, used by many individuals to purchase residential or commercial property. The lender, usually a financial institution, is given security – a lien on the title to the property – until the mortgage is paid off in full. In the case of home loans, if the borrower defaults on the loan, the bank would have the legal right to repossess the house and sell it, to recover sums owing to it.Similarly, a loan taken out to buy a car may be secured by the car. The duration of the loan is much shorter – often corresponding to the useful life of the car. There are two types of auto loans, direct and indirect. In a direct auto loan, a bank lends the money directly to a consumer. In an indirect auto loan, a car dealership (or a connected company) acts as an intermediary between the bank or financial institution and the consumer.Other forms of secured loans include loans against securities – such as shares, mutual funds, bonds, etc. This particular instrument issues customers a line of credit based on the quality of the securities pledged. Gold loans are issued to customers after evaluating the quantity and quality of gold in the items pledged. Corporate entities can also take out secured lending by pledging the company's assets, including the company itself. The interest rates for secured loans are usually lower than those of unsecured loans. Usually, the lending institution employs people (on a roll or on a contract basis) to evaluate the quality of pledged collateral before sanctioning the loan.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unsecured loans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsecured_debt"},{"link_name":"Credit cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card"},{"link_name":"Personal loans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsecured_debt"},{"link_name":"Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank"},{"link_name":"overdrafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdraft"},{"link_name":"Corporate bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_bond"},{"link_name":"Peer-to-peer lending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer_lending"},{"link_name":"interest rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_rate"},{"link_name":"Consumer Credit Act 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Credit_Act_1974"},{"link_name":"default","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(finance)"}],"sub_title":"Unsecured","text":"Unsecured loans are monetary loans that are not secured against the borrower's assets. These may be available from financial institutions under many different guises or marketing packages:Credit cards\nPersonal loans\nBank overdrafts\nCredit facilities or lines of credit\nCorporate bonds (may be secured or unsecured)\nPeer-to-peer lendingThe interest rates applicable to these different forms may vary depending on the lender and the borrower. These may or may not be regulated by law. In the United Kingdom, when applied to individuals, these may come under the Consumer Credit Act 1974.Interest rates on unsecured loans are nearly always higher than for secured loans because an unsecured lender's options for recourse against the borrower in the event of default are severely limited, subjecting the lender to higher risk compared to that encountered for a secured loan. An unsecured lender must sue the borrower, obtain a money judgment for breach of contract, and then pursue execution of the judgment against the borrower's unencumbered assets (that is, the ones not already pledged to secured lenders). In insolvency proceedings, secured lenders traditionally have priority over unsecured lenders when a court divides up the borrower's assets. Thus, a higher interest rate reflects the additional risk that in the event of insolvency, the debt may be uncollectible.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Signoriello1991-1"},{"link_name":"floating interest rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_interest_rate"},{"link_name":"prime lending rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_rate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IncorporatedEditors2008-2"}],"sub_title":"Demand","text":"Demand loans are short-term loans[1] that typically do not have fixed dates for repayment. Instead, demand loans carry a floating interest rate, which varies according to the prime lending rate or other defined contract terms. Demand loans can be \"called\" for repayment by the lending institution at any time.[2] Demand loans may be unsecured or secured.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subsidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidy"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Subsidized","text":"A subsidized loan is a loan on which the interest is reduced by an explicit or hidden subsidy. In the context of college loans in the United States, it refers to a loan on which no interest is accrued while a student remains enrolled in education.[3]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"employee benefit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_benefits"}],"sub_title":"Concessional","text":"A concessional loan, sometimes called a \"soft loan\", is granted on terms substantially more generous than market loans either through below-market interest rates, by grace periods, or a combination of both.[4] Such loans may be made by foreign governments to developing countries or may be offered to employees of lending institutions as an employee benefit (sometimes called a perk).","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Loans can also be categorized according to whether the debtor is an individual person (consumer) or a business.","title":"Target markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Credit (finance) § Consumer credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_(finance)#Consumer_credit"},{"link_name":"mortgage loans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loan"},{"link_name":"credit cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card"},{"link_name":"installment loans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installment_loan"},{"link_name":"payday loans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payday_lending"},{"link_name":"credit score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_score"},{"link_name":"APR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_percentage_rate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Personal","text":"See also: Credit (finance) § Consumer creditCommon personal loans include mortgage loans, car loans, home equity lines of credit, credit cards, installment loans, and payday loans. The credit score of the borrower is a major component in underwriting and interest rates (APR) of these loans. The monthly payments of personal loans can be decreased by selecting longer payment terms, but overall interest paid increases as well.[5] A personal loan can be obtained from banks, alternative (non-bank) lenders, online loan providers and private lenders.","title":"Target markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commercial mortgages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_mortgage"},{"link_name":"corporate bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_bond"},{"link_name":"credit rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_rating"}],"sub_title":"Commercial","text":"Loans to businesses are similar to the above but also include commercial mortgages and corporate bonds and government guaranteed loans Underwriting is not based upon credit score but rather credit rating.","title":"Target markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amortizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amortizing_loan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"monthly amortized loan or mortgage payments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_interest#Monthly_amortized_loan_or_mortgage_payments"}],"text":"The most typical loan payment type is the fully amortizing payment in which each monthly rate has the same value over time.[6]The fixed monthly payment P for a loan of L for n months and a monthly interest rate c is:P\n =\n L\n ⋅\n \n \n \n c\n \n (\n 1\n +\n c\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n +\n c\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P=L\\cdot {\\frac {c\\,(1+c)^{n}}{(1+c)^{n}-1}}}For more information, see monthly amortized loan or mortgage payments.","title":"Loan payment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Predatory lending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_lending"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"regulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulation"},{"link_name":"loan shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_shark"},{"link_name":"Usury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usury"},{"link_name":"biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"consumer organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_organization"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Predatory lending is one form of abuse in the granting of loans. It usually involves granting a loan in order to put the borrower in a position that one can gain advantage over them; subprime mortgage-lending[7] and payday-lending[8] are two examples, where the moneylender is not authorized or regulated, the lender could be considered a loan shark.Usury is a different form of abuse, where the lender charges excessive interest. In different time periods and cultures, the acceptable interest rate has varied, from no interest at all as in the biblical prescript,[9] to unlimited interest rates. Credit card companies in some countries have been accused by consumer organizations of lending at usurious interest rates and making money out of frivolous \"extra charges\".[10]Abuses can also take place in the form of the customer defrauding the lender by borrowing without intending to repay the loan.","title":"Abuses in lending"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"}],"text":"Most of the basic rules governing how loans are handled for tax purposes in the United States are codified by both Congress (the Internal Revenue Code) and the Treasury Department (Treasury Regulations – another set of rules that interpret the Internal Revenue Code).[11]: 111A loan is not gross income to the borrower.[11]: 111  Since the borrower has the obligation to repay the loan, the borrower has no accession to wealth.[11]: 111 [12]\nThe lender may not deduct (from own gross income) the amount of the loan.[11]: 111  The rationale here is that one asset (the cash) has been converted into a different asset (a promise of repayment).[11]: 111  Deductions are not typically available when an outlay serves to create a new or different asset.[11]: 111 \nThe amount paid to satisfy the loan obligation is not deductible (from own gross income) by the borrower.[11]: 111 \nRepayment of the loan is not gross income to the lender.[11]: 111  In effect, the promise of repayment is converted back to cash, with no accession to wealth by the lender.[11]: 111 \nInterest paid to the lender is included in the lender's gross income.[11]: 111 [13] Interest paid represents compensation for the use of the lender's money or property and thus represents profit or an accession to wealth to the lender.[11]: 111  Interest income can be attributed to lenders even if the lender does not charge a minimum amount of interest.[11]: 112 \nInterest paid to the lender may be deductible by the borrower.[11]: 111  In general, interest paid in connection with the borrower's business activity is deductible, while interest paid on personal loans are not deductible.[11]: 111  The major exception here is interest paid on a home mortgage.[11]: 111","title":"United States taxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code"},{"link_name":"gross income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_income"},{"link_name":"Cancellation-of-debt income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancellation-of-debt_income"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Income from discharge of indebtedness","text":"Although a loan does not start out as income to the borrower, it becomes income to the borrower if the borrower is discharged of indebtedness.[11]: 111 [14] Thus, if a debt is discharged, then the borrower essentially has received income equal to the amount of the indebtedness. The Internal Revenue Code lists \"Income from Discharge of Indebtedness\" in Section 61(a)(12) as a source of gross income.Example: X owes Y $50,000. If Y discharges the indebtedness, then X no longer owes Y $50,000. For purposes of calculating income, this is treated the same way as if Y gave X $50,000.For a more detailed description of the \"discharge of indebtedness\", look at Section 108 (Cancellation-of-debt income) of the Internal Revenue Code.[15][16]","title":"United States taxes"}]

[{"image_text":"Loan document issued by the Bank of Petrevene, Bulgaria, dated 1936.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Petrevene_18.jpg/250px-Petrevene_18.jpg"}]

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[{"reference":"Signoriello, Vincent J. (1991). Commercial Loan Practices and Operations. ISBN 978-1-55520-134-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55520-134-0","url_text":"978-1-55520-134-0"}]},{"reference":"CCH Incorporated (April 2008). Federal Estate & Gift Taxes: Code & Regulations (Including Related Income Tax Provisions), As of March 2008. CCH. pp. 631–. ISBN 978-0-8080-1853-7. Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2020-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JJxcMf_zcDEC&pg=PA631","url_text":"Federal Estate & Gift Taxes: Code & Regulations (Including Related Income Tax Provisions), As of March 2008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8080-1853-7","url_text":"978-0-8080-1853-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210414031440/https://books.google.com/books?id=JJxcMf_zcDEC&pg=PA631","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Average new-car loan a record 65 months in fourth quarter\". Reuters. August 6, 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-08-06. Retrieved 2017-08-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-auto-loans-idUSBRE9240KQ20130305","url_text":"\"Average new-car loan a record 65 months in fourth quarter\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170806181709/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-auto-loans-idUSBRE9240KQ20130305","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Guttentag, Jack (October 6, 2007). \"The Math Behind Your Home Loan\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/05/AR2007100501165.html","url_text":"\"The Math Behind Your Home Loan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121110190731/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/05/AR2007100501165.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Predators try to steal home\". CNN Money. 18 Apr 2000. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 7 Mar 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2000/04/18/home_auto/q_lend/","url_text":"\"Predators try to steal home\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041705/http://money.cnn.com/2000/04/18/home_auto/q_lend/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Horsley, Scott; Arnold, Chris (2 Jun 2016). \"New Rules To Ban Payday Lending 'Debt Traps'\". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 7 Mar 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/02/480329986/new-rules-to-ban-payday-lending-debt-traps","url_text":"\"New Rules To Ban Payday Lending 'Debt Traps'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio","url_text":"National Public Radio"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180308042507/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/02/480329986/new-rules-to-ban-payday-lending-debt-traps","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Credit cardholders pay Rs 6,000 cr 'extra'\". The Financial Express (India). Chennai, India]. 3 May 2007. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190120183520/https://www.financialexpress.com/","url_text":"\"Credit cardholders pay Rs 6,000 cr 'extra'\""},{"url":"http://www.financialexpress.com/latest_full_story.php?content_id=163028","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Carpathian_Infantry_Division_(Polish)

3rd Carpathian Rifle Division (Poland)

["1 The Immediate Post War Period","2 The Polish Resettlement Corps (PRC)","3 The Polish Resettlement Act & The Resettlement of the Division","4 Memorials to the Division","5 Commanders","6 Order of battle","7 See also","8 References"]

3 Dywizja Strzelców KarpackichEmblem of the division worn as a shoulder patch and painted on vehiclesActive1942–1947CountryPolandBranchLand forcesTypeInfantryRoleMountain warfareEngagementsTobruk, Alem Hamza, Bardia, Monte Cassino, Gothic Line, Ancona, BolognaCommandersNotablecommandersStanisław Kopański, Bronisław DuchMilitary unit Mr Alfred Zelke, the last surviving member of the 3rd DSK camp at Riddlesworth, Norfolk, for the unveiling of the memorial, and his daughter Anna in 2018. This Divisional badge is called Znak Pamiatkow and was instituted for soldiers of the 3rd DSK in 1st December 1945 and distributed in 1946 to troops who had fought with the Division. The 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division (Polish: 3 Dywizja Strzelców Karpackich, sometimes translated as 3rd Carpathian Infantry Division), also commonly known as Christmas Tree Division due to the characteristic emblem of a cedar of Lebanon superimposed upon the Polish flag, was an infantry division of the Polish Armed Forces in the West that fought during World War II on the Italian Front. It was formed in 1942 of the Polish Independent Carpathian Brigade and of forces of Lieutenant General Władysław Anders' Polish 2nd Corps evacuated from the Soviet Union. Plaque at the site of the former Polish camp, Hodgemoor Woods, Buckinghamshire. The division participated in the North African and the Italian Campaigns (1941–1945) as part of the British Eighth Army. The division fought in some of the most difficult battles during the Italian campaigns of 1943-1944 and distinguished itself in numerous actions most notably the Battle of Monte Cassino, the dash for Ancona and Bologna. The Immediate Post War Period After the cessation of hostilities in May 1945, the men and women of the Polish Armed forces were stationed across Europe. The 3rd Carpathian Division ended the war in Northern Italy and remained there for the next few months while their future was discussed in Moscow, London and Washington. The Divisional officers and troops naturally expected and hoped to return home to Poland however an ominous sign came in July 1945 when the British government withdrew formal recognition of The Polish Government in Exile - based in London as they had been since 1939. This was a portent of things to come and, soon after, the British government recognised the Russian backed government recently installed in Poland and the fate of the Polish nation was sealed. To add insult to injury and, after significant pressure from Stalin, Polish forces were refused permission to participate in the Victory Parade in London held on June 8, 1946 - an insult never forgotten by the men, women and families of the Polish forces. Yalta had already seen considerable swathes of Polish lands ceded to Russia by Churchill, but the British government also had to untangle the problem of what to do with the thousands of Poles already in Great Britain and also the fully armed Divisions in the now West Germany and Italy. In total over 220,000 Poles remained under British command. Should they be forcibly repatriated, it was clear that Stalin and his NKVD would execute many and send even more to Siberia in order to prevent the reformation of opposition to Communist rule in Poland. Members of the 3rd Carpathian Division hoped that a Third World War would result in which case they would return to Poland to fight the Russian occupiers. According to the Polish Exiles of World War Two website and recent research, the 3rd Carpathian Division is listed as having 27,135 on roll in 1946 and of these 3,386 are also listed as having returned home to Poland after the war with the remaining men and women deciding to start new lives outside their homeland. The Polish Resettlement Corps (PRC) Once it became clear that Poland had lost its independence, members of the Polish armed forces began to either return to Communist Poland or stay with their units. The formation of the Polish Resettlement Corps was announced by the Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin in May 1946 and was a strategy to allow those Poles, who had made the heart rending decision not to return to their families, to transfer to Great Britain to start a new life. 110,000 joined the new Corps - mostly members of Polish II Corps - and, having been disarmed, a mass transportation from Italy to Great Britain began using dozens of troop transport ships. The remaining officers, men and women of the 3rd Carpathian Division were divided up into the 160 resettlement camps opened across the United Kingdom. The Corps was commanded by Polish General Stanislaw Kopanski - the former commander of the 3rd Carpathian Division in 1943. The Polish Resettlement Act & The Resettlement of the Division The new Labour government went on to pass the 1947 Polish Resettlement Act which established in law the right of serving members of all Polish forces to stay and become British citizens. The Polish Resettlement Camps become 160 mini Polish nations. Polish schools were established to teach English to adults and children alike, Sports were arranged, Polish cultural life celebrated, gardens were planted and facilities rep[aired. The advance parties arrived in the autumn of 1946 and during early 1947 the main elements of the division arrived at Brandon Station, Brandon, Suffolk for transportation to their camps. The 3rd Carpathian Division was distributed between numerous camps such as Riddlesworth in Norfolk which became home to 3rd Heavy Machine Gun Bn (3rd Karp. CKM), Hodgemoor Camp in Berkshire (Kw.Gl 3rd DSK), Woodlands Park Camp, Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire which became the new home of a sapper battalion from the 3rd Carpathian Division and London Road Camp in Brandon which was also home to another engineer battalion from the division. On arrival, the camps were a mixture of well maintained and almost derelict having been used for British and American troops during the war and even German prisoner of war camps. In recent years a great deal of archival research has been completed and a book published by Zosia Bigus on the entire list of Polish Resettlement Camps. Memorials to the Division In Italy and close to Monte Cassino, 1,300 meters north east of the Polish Cemetery, is the 3rd Carpathian Division memorial. Situated on Hill 593, this high obelisk is made of Travertine and is dedicated to the 1,115 men of the 3rd DSK who were killed in the Italian campaign. It has recently been fully restored. In the UK, local groups or the families of Polish troops once based there have now erected memorials recording the people who arrived there after World War Two, their sacrifice and dedication to their homeland and to the country that gave them a new home. Examples can be found at Hodgemoor in Buckinghamshire and Brandon and Riddlesworth Camps in Norfolk. The challenges for this first generation of Polish people of adjusting to post war life in a new country and a new language were considerable but many of the Polish families or families with roots to a Polish name can trace their origins back to these events and to this division in 1946 and 1947. Commanders Gen Stanislaw KopanskiStanisław Kopański (1943) Gen Bronislaw DuchBronisław Duch (1944–1945) Memorial to the 3rd DSK at Brandon in Norfolk. Order of battle The division's order of battle between 1943 and 1946 was as follows: 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division Brigade Sub-units Notes 1st Carpathian Rifle Brigade1 Brygada Strzelców KarpackichPeszek 1st Rifle Battalion 2nd Rifle Battalion 3rd Rifle Battalion 2nd Carpathian Rifle Brigade2 Brygada Strzelców KarpackichSzymański 4th Rifle Battalion 5th Rifle Battalion 6th Rifle Battalion 3rd Carpathian Rifle Brigade3 Brygada Strzelców Karpackich(since 1945) 7th Rifle Battalion 8th Rifle Battalion 9th Rifle Battalion Reconnaissance Units(one of the following) 3rd Carpathian Cavalry Regiment 12th Podolian Cavalry Regiment 7th Lublin Cavalry Regiment Artillery unitsartyleria dywizyjna 1st Carpathian Field Artillery Regiment 2nd Carpathian Field Artillery Regiment 3rd Carpathian Field Artillery Regiment 3rd Carpathian Anti-tank Artillery Regiment 3rd Carpathian Light Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment Support Units 3rd Carpathian Medium Machinegun Battalion 3rd Carpathian Engineers Battalion 3rd Carpathian Signals Battalion Rear Unitsjednostki tyłowe military police, court martial, military hospital, front hospitals, logistics units, transport battalions and such See also Polish contribution to World War II References ^ Davies, Norman (2015). Trail of hope : the Anders Army, an odyssey across three continents (1st ed.). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. p. 240. ISBN 9781472816047. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ Liddle, Joyce (2007-07-17). "Local Government in the United Kingdom (4th ed.)20071David Wilson and Chris Game. Local Government in the United Kingdom (4th ed.). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan 2006". International Journal of Public Sector Management. 20 (5): 465–466. doi:10.1108/09513550710772558. ISSN 0951-3558. ^ Hartman, Alan G. (2021-06-11). "Michael Antonio DiMarco. Mundunur. A Mountain Village under the Spell of South Italy". Quaderni d'italianistica. 41 (2): 236–238. doi:10.33137/q.i..v41i2.36789. ISSN 2293-7382. S2CID 237927152. vtePodhale RiflesDivisions 21st Mountain 22nd Mountain 3rd Carpathian Brigades 2nd Mountain Independent Carpathian 21st Podhale Rifles Brigade Authority control databases VIAF

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mr_Alfred_Zelke_and_his_daughter_Anna.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Divisional_badge_of_the_3rd_Carpathian_Rifle_Division.jpg"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"Polish Armed Forces in the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Italian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Polish Independent Carpathian Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Independent_Carpathian_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_General"},{"link_name":"Władysław Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Anders"},{"link_name":"Polish 2nd Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Corps_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hodgemoor_Polish_Camp.jpg"},{"link_name":"North African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign"},{"link_name":"British Eighth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Monte Cassino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino"},{"link_name":"Ancona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancona"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"}],"text":"Military unitMr Alfred Zelke, the last surviving member of the 3rd DSK camp at Riddlesworth, Norfolk, for the unveiling of the memorial, and his daughter Anna in 2018.This Divisional badge is called Znak Pamiatkow and was instituted for soldiers of the 3rd DSK in 1st December 1945 and distributed in 1946 to troops who had fought with the Division.The 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division (Polish: 3 Dywizja Strzelców Karpackich, sometimes translated as 3rd Carpathian Infantry Division), also commonly known as Christmas Tree Division due to the characteristic emblem of a cedar of Lebanon superimposed upon the Polish flag,[1] was an infantry division of the Polish Armed Forces in the West that fought during World War II on the Italian Front. It was formed in 1942 of the Polish Independent Carpathian Brigade and of forces of Lieutenant General Władysław Anders' Polish 2nd Corps evacuated from the Soviet Union.[2]Plaque at the site of the former Polish camp, Hodgemoor Woods, Buckinghamshire.The division participated in the North African and the Italian Campaigns (1941–1945) as part of the British Eighth Army. The division fought in some of the most difficult battles during the Italian campaigns of 1943-1944 and distinguished itself in numerous actions most notably the Battle of Monte Cassino, the dash for Ancona and Bologna.","title":"3rd Carpathian Rifle Division (Poland)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish Government in Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Government_in_Exile"},{"link_name":"Yalta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conference"},{"link_name":"Polish Exiles of World War Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//polishexilesofww2.org/archival-lists-polish-2nd-corps"}],"text":"After the cessation of hostilities in May 1945, the men and women of the Polish Armed forces were stationed across Europe. The 3rd Carpathian Division ended the war in Northern Italy and remained there for the next few months while their future was discussed in Moscow, London and Washington. The Divisional officers and troops naturally expected and hoped to return home to Poland however an ominous sign came in July 1945 when the British government withdrew formal recognition of The Polish Government in Exile - based in London as they had been since 1939. This was a portent of things to come and, soon after, the British government recognised the Russian backed government recently installed in Poland and the fate of the Polish nation was sealed. To add insult to injury and, after significant pressure from Stalin, Polish forces were refused permission to participate in the Victory Parade in London held on June 8, 1946 - an insult never forgotten by the men, women and families of the Polish forces. Yalta had already seen considerable swathes of Polish lands ceded to Russia by Churchill, but the British government also had to untangle the problem of what to do with the thousands of Poles already in Great Britain and also the fully armed Divisions in the now West Germany and Italy. In total over 220,000 Poles remained under British command. Should they be forcibly repatriated, it was clear that Stalin and his NKVD would execute many and send even more to Siberia in order to prevent the reformation of opposition to Communist rule in Poland. Members of the 3rd Carpathian Division hoped that a Third World War would result in which case they would return to Poland to fight the Russian occupiers.According to the Polish Exiles of World War Two website and recent research, the 3rd Carpathian Division is listed as having 27,135 on roll in 1946 and of these 3,386 are also listed as having returned home to Poland after the war with the remaining men and women deciding to start new lives outside their homeland.","title":"The Immediate Post War Period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish Resettlement Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Resettlement_Corps"},{"link_name":"Ernest Bevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Bevin"},{"link_name":"Stanislaw Kopanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kopa%C5%84ski"}],"text":"Once it became clear that Poland had lost its independence, members of the Polish armed forces began to either return to Communist Poland or stay with their units. The formation of the Polish Resettlement Corps was announced by the Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin in May 1946 and was a strategy to allow those Poles, who had made the heart rending decision not to return to their families, to transfer to Great Britain to start a new life. 110,000 joined the new Corps - mostly members of Polish II Corps - and, having been disarmed, a mass transportation from Italy to Great Britain began using dozens of troop transport ships. The remaining officers, men and women of the 3rd Carpathian Division were divided up into the 160 resettlement camps opened across the United Kingdom. The Corps was commanded by Polish General Stanislaw Kopanski - the former commander of the 3rd Carpathian Division in 1943.","title":"The Polish Resettlement Corps (PRC)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish Resettlement Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Resettlement_Act_1947"},{"link_name":"Riddlesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddlesworth"},{"link_name":"Polish Resettlement Camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//polishresettlementcampsintheuk.co.uk/PRC/PRC.htm"}],"text":"The new Labour government went on to pass the 1947 Polish Resettlement Act which established in law the right of serving members of all Polish forces to stay and become British citizens. The Polish Resettlement Camps become 160 mini Polish nations. Polish schools were established to teach English to adults and children alike, Sports were arranged, Polish cultural life celebrated, gardens were planted and facilities rep[aired. The advance parties arrived in the autumn of 1946 and during early 1947 the main elements of the division arrived at Brandon Station, Brandon, Suffolk for transportation to their camps. The 3rd Carpathian Division was distributed between numerous camps such as Riddlesworth in Norfolk which became home to 3rd Heavy Machine Gun Bn (3rd Karp. CKM), Hodgemoor Camp in Berkshire (Kw.Gl 3rd DSK), Woodlands Park Camp, Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire which became the new home of a sapper battalion from the 3rd Carpathian Division and London Road Camp in Brandon which was also home to another engineer battalion from the division. On arrival, the camps were a mixture of well maintained and almost derelict having been used for British and American troops during the war and even German prisoner of war camps.In recent years a great deal of archival research has been completed and a book published by Zosia Bigus on the entire list of Polish Resettlement Camps.","title":"The Polish Resettlement Act & The Resettlement of the Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino_Polish_war_cemetery"},{"link_name":"Hodgemoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgemoor_Wood"},{"link_name":"Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon,_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Riddlesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddlesworth"}],"text":"In Italy and close to Monte Cassino, 1,300 meters north east of the Polish Cemetery, is the 3rd Carpathian Division memorial. Situated on Hill 593, this high obelisk is made of Travertine and is dedicated to the 1,115 men of the 3rd DSK who were killed in the Italian campaign. It has recently been fully restored. \nIn the UK, local groups or the families of Polish troops once based there have now erected memorials recording the people who arrived there after World War Two, their sacrifice and dedication to their homeland and to the country that gave them a new home. Examples can be found at Hodgemoor in Buckinghamshire and Brandon and Riddlesworth Camps in Norfolk. The challenges for this first generation of Polish people of adjusting to post war life in a new country and a new language were considerable but many of the Polish families or families with roots to a Polish name can trace their origins back to these events and to this division in 1946 and 1947.","title":"Memorials to the Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Stanislaw_Kopanski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Kopański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kopa%C5%84ski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cc947675ce0ac0c98617f27425843c35_XL.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bronisław Duch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Duch"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_to_the_soldiers_of_the_Polish_3rd_Carpathian_Division_at_Brandon_in_Norfolk.jpg"}],"text":"Gen Stanislaw KopanskiStanisław Kopański (1943)\nGen Bronislaw DuchBronisław Duch (1944–1945)[3]Memorial to the 3rd DSK at Brandon in Norfolk.","title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"order of battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_battle"}],"text":"The division's order of battle between 1943 and 1946 was as follows:","title":"Order of battle"}]

[{"image_text":"Mr Alfred Zelke, the last surviving member of the 3rd DSK camp at Riddlesworth, Norfolk, for the unveiling of the memorial, and his daughter Anna in 2018.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mr_Alfred_Zelke_and_his_daughter_Anna.jpg/220px-Mr_Alfred_Zelke_and_his_daughter_Anna.jpg"},{"image_text":"This Divisional badge is called Znak Pamiatkow and was instituted for soldiers of the 3rd DSK in 1st December 1945 and distributed in 1946 to troops who had fought with the Division.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Divisional_badge_of_the_3rd_Carpathian_Rifle_Division.jpg/220px-Divisional_badge_of_the_3rd_Carpathian_Rifle_Division.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plaque at the site of the former Polish camp, Hodgemoor Woods, Buckinghamshire.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hodgemoor_Polish_Camp.jpg/250px-Hodgemoor_Polish_Camp.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gen Stanislaw Kopanski","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/General_Stanislaw_Kopanski.jpg/159px-General_Stanislaw_Kopanski.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gen Bronislaw Duch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cc947675ce0ac0c98617f27425843c35_XL.jpg/160px-Cc947675ce0ac0c98617f27425843c35_XL.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial to the 3rd DSK at Brandon in Norfolk.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Memorial_to_the_soldiers_of_the_Polish_3rd_Carpathian_Division_at_Brandon_in_Norfolk.jpg/220px-Memorial_to_the_soldiers_of_the_Polish_3rd_Carpathian_Division_at_Brandon_in_Norfolk.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Polish contribution to World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_contribution_to_World_War_II"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieron_Morris

Kieron Morris

["1 Career","2 Career statistics","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]

English footballer Not to be confused with Kieran Morris. Kieron MorrisPersonal informationFull name Kieron MorrisDate of birth (1994-06-03) 3 June 1994 (age 30)Place of birth Hereford, EnglandHeight 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team Tranmere RoversNumber 7Youth career0000 Leominster Minors0000 Hereford0000 → Manchester United (loan)0000 WalsallSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2013–2019 Walsall 143 (15)2013 → Worcester City (loan) 8 (1)2013–2014 → Leamington (loan) 4 (0)2015 → Wrexham (loan) 9 (2)2003-2004 2 → Tranmere Rovers (loan) 14 (1)2019– Tranmere Rovers 170 (23) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 23:09, 9 March 2024 (UTC) Kieron Morris (born 3 June 1994) is an English footballer who plays for Tranmere Rovers as a midfielder. Career Morris was born in Hereford and grew up in Leominster, Herefordshire. Part of the Hereford United Centre of Excellence, he played youth football for local club Leominster Minors before being spotted by Manchester United's scouting network. Morris trialled with Manchester United frequently over a few years, but a contract offer never materialised. He eventually began his career with Walsall and made his professional debut on 28 August 2013 in a 3–1 defeat against Stoke City in the Football League Cup. During the 2012–13 season Morris spent time on loan at Conference North club Worcester City, making eight appearances and scoring one goal, and the following season he had a loan spell at Leamington, where he played four league games. In January 2014 Morris, along with fellow Walsall youth prospects Matt Preston and Danny Griffiths joined up with Icelandic side ÍBV—managed by former Walsall player Sigurður Ragnar Eyjólfsson—on trial. All three played in a 2–1 loss against Stjarnan in a pre-season tournament, but were not taken on by ÍBV and subsequently returned to Walsall. Morris joined Wrexham on loan until the end of the season on 30 January 2015. During his loan spell with the Red Dragons, he was impressive as he scored a brace in Wrexham's FA Trophy Semi Final 2nd leg victory over Torquay United on 28 February 2015 as well as the winning goal in the Cross-border derby against Chester on 7 March 2015. He was released by Walsall at the end of the 2018–19 season., before signing for Tranmere Rovers on 26 June 2019. In May 2020, Morris was named ' Tranmere Player of the Season' for the 2019/20 season. Morris signed a new two-year contract with the option for a third year at the end of the 2021–22 season. Career statistics As of end of 2021–22 season Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League FA Cup League Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Walsall 2012–13 League One 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2013–14 League One 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 2014–15 League One 14 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 15 3 2015–16 League One 33 3 4 0 3 0 2 0 42 3 2016–17 League One 35 5 0 0 1 0 1 1 37 6 2017–18 League One 42 3 1 0 1 0 4 0 48 3 2018–19 League One 17 2 3 0 2 1 4 2 26 5 Total 143 15 7 0 9 2 11 3 170 20 Worcester City (loan) 2012–13 Conference North 8 1 0 0 — 0 0 8 1 Leamington (loan) 2013–14 Conference North 4 0 0 0 — 1 0 5 0 Wrexham (loan) 2014–15 Conference Premier 9 2 0 0 — 4 2 13 4 Tranmere Rovers (loan) 2018–19 League Two 14 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 17 1 Tranmere Rovers 2019–20 League One 34 2 6 3 1 0 2 0 43 5 2020–21 League Two 42 5 3 0 1 0 9 2 55 7 2021–22 League Two 37 5 1 0 1 0 1 0 40 5 Total 113 12 10 3 3 0 12 2 138 17 Career total 291 31 17 3 12 2 29 7 351 43 ^ One appearance in Football League Trophy and one in League One play-offs ^ a b c d e Appearance(s) in EFL Trophy ^ a b Appearance(s) in FA Trophy ^ Appearance(s) in the League Two play-offs ^ 7 appearances and two goals in EFL Trophy and two appearances in League Two play-offs Honours Wrexham FA Trophy runner-up: 2014–15 Tranmere Rovers EFL League Two play-offs: 2019 EFL Trophy runner-up: 2020–21 Individual Tranmere Rovers Player of the Year: 2019–20 References ^ "Professional retain lists & free transfers 2012/13" (PDF). The Football League. May 2013. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2013. ^ a b "Amadou Bakayoko". 11v11. Retrieved 16 December 2015. ^ "Stoke 3-1 Walsall". BBC Sport. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ "K. Morris". Soccerway. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ Magnús Már Einarsson (8 January 2014). "Þrír frá Walsall með ÍBV í Fótbolta.net mótinu" (in Icelandic). Fótbolti.net. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ Hafliði Breiðfjörð (11 January 2014). "Siggi Raggi: Möguleiki að skoða fleiri leikmenn Walsall" (in Icelandic). Fótbolti.net. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "MORRIS HEADS OUT ON LOAN". Walsall FC. 30 January 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015. ^ "Walsall: New Saddlers boss releases 11 players following relegation to League Two". BBC Sport. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019. ^ "Permanent TRFC deal for Morris". www.tranmererovers.co.uk. Retrieved 26 June 2019. ^ "2019/20 Not End of Season Awards". YouTube. ^ "Kieron Morris signs new contract!". www.tranmererovers.co.uk. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022. ^ "Games played by Kieron Morris in 2012/2013". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 18 October 2017. ^ "Games played by Kieron Morris in 2013/2014". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 18 October 2017. ^ "Games played by Kieron Morris in 2014/2015". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 18 October 2017. ^ "Games played by Kieron Morris in 2015/2016". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 18 October 2017. ^ "Games played by Kieron Morris in 2016/2017". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 18 October 2017. ^ "Games played by Kieron Morris in 2017/2018". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 6 May 2018. ^ a b "Games played by Kieron Morris in 2018/2019". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 12 August 2018. ^ a b c "England – K. Morris – Profile". Soccerway. Retrieved 18 October 2017. ^ "Games played by Kieron Morris in 2019/2020". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ "Games played by Kieron Morris in 2020/2021". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ "Games played by Kieron Morris in 2021/2022". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 May 2022. ^ Aled Williams (29 March 2015). "North Ferriby United 3–3 Wrexham (5–4 on pens)". BBC Sport. Retrieved 13 February 2023. ^ Pearlman, Michael (25 May 2019). "Newport County 0–1 Tranmere Rovers". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 May 2019. ^ Pilnick, Brent (14 March 2021). "Sunderland 1–0 Tranmere Rovers". BBC Sport. Retrieved 22 March 2021. ^ "Matchday in feature: Tranmere Rovers v Rochdale". EFL. 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2023. External links Kieron Morris at Soccerbase vteTranmere Rovers F.C. – current squad 1 McGee 2 O'Connor 3 Leake 4 Walker 5 T. Davies 6 Turnbull 7 Morris 8 Hendry 9 Norris 10 Kane 11 Hawkes 12 Jolley 13 Murphy 14 Dennis 15 Hockenhull 16 Merrie 17 Hughes 18 Jennings (c) 19 Saunders 20 Taylor 21 Yarney 22 Lewis 23 McAlear 24 Pike 25 Apter 26 Norris 27 Wood 28 M. Davies 29 Robson 30 Belehouan 31 Starbuck Manager: Adkins vteTranmere Rovers F.C. Player of the Year 2005: Taylor 2007: Goodison 2008: Goodison 2012: Buchanan 2014: Lowe 2016: Norwood 2017: Cook 2018: Cook 2019: Norwood 2020: Morris 2021: Spearing 2022: Nevitt

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kieran Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieran_Morris"},{"link_name":"Tranmere Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranmere_Rovers_F.C."}],"text":"Not to be confused with Kieran Morris.Kieron Morris (born 3 June 1994) is an English footballer who plays for Tranmere Rovers as a midfielder.","title":"Kieron Morris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford"},{"link_name":"Leominster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leominster"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordshire"},{"link_name":"Hereford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Walsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Football League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Conference North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_North"},{"link_name":"Worcester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Leamington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leamington_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"ÍBV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%BEr%C3%B3ttabandalag_Vestmannaeyja"},{"link_name":"Sigurður Ragnar Eyjólfsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0ur_Ragnar_Eyj%C3%B3lfsson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Stjarnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjarnan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cross-border derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-border_derby"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tranmere Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranmere_Rovers_F.C"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2021–22 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Tranmere_Rovers_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Morris was born in Hereford and grew up in Leominster, Herefordshire. Part of the Hereford United Centre of Excellence, he played youth football for local club Leominster Minors before being spotted by Manchester United's scouting network. Morris trialled with Manchester United frequently over a few years, but a contract offer never materialised. He eventually began his career with Walsall and made his professional debut on 28 August 2013 in a 3–1 defeat against Stoke City in the Football League Cup.[3]During the 2012–13 season Morris spent time on loan at Conference North club Worcester City, making eight appearances and scoring one goal, and the following season he had a loan spell at Leamington, where he played four league games.[4] In January 2014 Morris, along with fellow Walsall youth prospects Matt Preston and Danny Griffiths joined up with Icelandic side ÍBV—managed by former Walsall player Sigurður Ragnar Eyjólfsson—on trial.[5] All three played in a 2–1 loss against Stjarnan in a pre-season tournament, but were not taken on by ÍBV and subsequently returned to Walsall.[6]Morris joined Wrexham on loan until the end of the season on 30 January 2015.[7] During his loan spell with the Red Dragons, he was impressive as he scored a brace in Wrexham's FA Trophy Semi Final 2nd leg victory over Torquay United on 28 February 2015 as well as the winning goal in the Cross-border derby against Chester on 7 March 2015.He was released by Walsall at the end of the 2018–19 season.,[8] before signing for Tranmere Rovers on 26 June 2019.[9]In May 2020, Morris was named ' Tranmere Player of the Season' for the 2019/20 season.[10]Morris signed a new two-year contract with the option for a third year at the end of the 2021–22 season.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Football League Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"League One play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One_play-offs"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_18-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_18-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_18-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_18-4"},{"link_name":"EFL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FAT_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FAT_22-1"},{"link_name":"FA Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Trophy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"League Two play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_Two_play-offs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLTPO_26-0"},{"link_name":"EFL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"League Two play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_Two_play-offs"}],"text":"As of end of 2021–22 season^ One appearance in Football League Trophy and one in League One play-offs\n\n^ a b c d e Appearance(s) in EFL Trophy\n\n^ a b Appearance(s) in FA Trophy\n\n^ Appearance(s) in the League Two play-offs\n\n^ 7 appearances and two goals in EFL Trophy and two appearances in League Two play-offs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_FA_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"EFL League Two play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_Two_play-offs"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_English_Football_League_play-offs#League_Two"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"EFL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Tranmere Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranmere_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Tranmere_Rovers_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"WrexhamFA Trophy runner-up: 2014–15[23]Tranmere RoversEFL League Two play-offs: 2019[24]\nEFL Trophy runner-up: 2020–21[25]IndividualTranmere Rovers Player of the Year: 2019–20[26]","title":"Honours"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Professional retain lists & free transfers 2012/13\" (PDF). The Football League. May 2013. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140802074454/http://www.football-league.co.uk/staticFiles/4e/bd/0%2C%2C10794~179534%2C00.pdf","url_text":"\"Professional retain lists & free transfers 2012/13\""},{"url":"http://www.football-league.co.uk/staticFiles/4e/bd/0,,10794~179534,00.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Amadou Bakayoko\". 11v11. Retrieved 16 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.11v11.com/players/kieron-morris-240129/","url_text":"\"Amadou Bakayoko\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke 3-1 Walsall\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 31 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23776504","url_text":"\"Stoke 3-1 Walsall\""}]},{"reference":"\"K. Morris\". Soccerway. Retrieved 1 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/kieron-morris/276308/","url_text":"\"K. Morris\""}]},{"reference":"Magnús Már Einarsson (8 January 2014). \"Þrír frá Walsall með ÍBV í Fótbolta.net mótinu\" [Three from Walsall with ÍBV in Fótbolti.net tournament] (in Icelandic). Fótbolti.net. Retrieved 1 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://fotbolti.net/fullStory.php?id=159312","url_text":"\"Þrír frá Walsall með ÍBV í Fótbolta.net mótinu\""}]},{"reference":"Hafliði Breiðfjörð (11 January 2014). \"Siggi Raggi: Möguleiki að skoða fleiri leikmenn Walsall\" [Siggi Raggi: A possibility of taking a look at more Walsall players] (in Icelandic). Fótbolti.net. Retrieved 1 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fotbolti.net/fullStory.php?id=159506/","url_text":"\"Siggi Raggi: Möguleiki að skoða fleiri leikmenn Walsall\""}]},{"reference":"\"MORRIS HEADS OUT ON LOAN\". Walsall FC. 30 January 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saddlers.co.uk/news/article/morris-heads-out-on-loan-2236157.aspx","url_text":"\"MORRIS HEADS OUT ON LOAN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walsall: New Saddlers boss releases 11 players following relegation to League Two\". BBC Sport. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48313315","url_text":"\"Walsall: New Saddlers boss releases 11 players following relegation to League Two\""}]},{"reference":"\"Permanent TRFC deal for Morris\". www.tranmererovers.co.uk. Retrieved 26 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/2019/june/permanent-deal-for-morris/","url_text":"\"Permanent TRFC deal for Morris\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019/20 Not End of Season Awards\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JZ0bx2-ICU&feature=youtu.be&app=desktop","url_text":"\"2019/20 Not End of Season Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Kieron Morris signs new contract!\". www.tranmererovers.co.uk. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/2022/may/kieron-morris-signs-new-contract/","url_text":"\"Kieron Morris signs new contract!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2012/2013\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 18 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=68138&season_id=142","url_text":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2012/2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2013/2014\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 18 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=68138&season_id=143","url_text":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2013/2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2014/2015\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 18 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=68138&season_id=144","url_text":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2014/2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2015/2016\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 18 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=68138&season_id=145","url_text":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2015/2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2016/2017\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 18 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=68138&season_id=149","url_text":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2016/2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2017/2018\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 6 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=68138&season_id=150","url_text":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2017/2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2018/2019\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 12 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=68138&season_id=151","url_text":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2018/2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"England – K. Morris – Profile\". Soccerway. Retrieved 18 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/kieron-morris/276308/","url_text":"\"England – K. Morris – Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2019/2020\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=68138&season_id=152","url_text":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2019/2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2020/2021\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=68138&season_id=153","url_text":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2020/2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2021/2022\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=68138&season_id=154","url_text":"\"Games played by Kieron Morris in 2021/2022\""}]},{"reference":"Aled Williams (29 March 2015). \"North Ferriby United 3–3 Wrexham (5–4 on pens)\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 13 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/32100052","url_text":"\"North Ferriby United 3–3 Wrexham (5–4 on pens)\""}]},{"reference":"Pearlman, Michael (25 May 2019). \"Newport County 0–1 Tranmere Rovers\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48318580","url_text":"\"Newport County 0–1 Tranmere Rovers\""}]},{"reference":"Pilnick, Brent (14 March 2021). \"Sunderland 1–0 Tranmere Rovers\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 22 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56373623","url_text":"\"Sunderland 1–0 Tranmere Rovers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matchday in feature: Tranmere Rovers v Rochdale\". EFL. 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efl.com/news/2022/january/matchday-in-feature-tranmere-rovers-v-rochdale/","url_text":"\"Matchday in feature: Tranmere Rovers v Rochdale\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Williams

Junior Williams

["1 Personal life","2 References","3 External links"]

For the Jamaican cricketer, see Junior Williams (cricketer). Grenadian footballer Junior WilliamsPersonal informationFull name Junior Cyrus WilliamsDate of birth (1987-11-03) 3 November 1987 (age 36)Place of birth St George's, GrenadaHeight 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s) Left midfielderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2008–2018 Queens Park Rangers SC International career Grenada U20 2008-2012 Grenada 14 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Junior Williams (born 3 November 1987) is a Grenadian football player who played as a left midfielder for the Grenada national football team. He was an injury replacement for Kithson Bain in the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup, and played in two matches. Personal life Williams is the cousin of Shalrie Joseph. References ^ "Junior Williams". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 26 April 2020. ^ "CONCACAF 2007 Under-20 Tournament Recap". Issuu. Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ "Junior Williams - Grenada - Caribbean Football". www.caribbeanfootballdatabase.com. Retrieved 26 April 2020. External links Junior Williams at National-Football-Teams.com Junior Williams at WorldFootball.net vteGrenada squad – 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Baptiste 2 Cyrus 3 S. Phillip 4 Rocastle 5 Langaigne 6 Marshall 7 Julien 8 Facey 9 Charles 11 A. Modeste (c) 12 Murray 13 Leo 14 Johnson 15 Straker 16 L. Joseph 17 M. Phillip 19 P. Modeste 20 Rennie 21 S. Joseph 22 Bubb 23 Williams 30 Louison 34 Noel Coach: Adams This biographical article related to Grenadian association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domar

Domar

["1 Attestations","2 Notes","3 References","4 Sources"]

This article is about the figure from Norse mythology. For other uses, see Domar (disambiguation). Legendary King of Sweden DomarLegendary King of SwedenPredecessorDomaldeSuccessorDyggviDiedUppsalaBurialFyrisvoldIssueDyggviDynastyHouse of YnglingFatherDomaldeReligionNorse Paganism In Norse mythology, the Swedish king Domar (Old Norse Dómarr, "Judge") of the House of Ynglings was the son of Domalde. He was married to Drott, the sister of Dan the Arrogant who gave his names to the Danes. Drott and Dan are in this work said to be the children of Danp son of Ríg. His rule lasted long and after the sacrifice of his father Domalde, the crops were plentiful and peace reigned. Consequently, there is not much to tell about his reign, and when he died at Uppsala, he was transported over the Fyris Wolds (Fyrisvellir) and burnt on the banks of the river, where a stone was raised over his ashes. He was succeeded by his son Dyggvi. Attestations Snorri Sturluson wrote of Domar in his Ynglinga saga (1225): Dómarr hét sonr Dómalda, er þar næst réð ríki; hann réð lengi fyrir löndum, ok var þá góð árferð ok friðr um hans daga. Frá honum er ekki sagt annat, en hann varð sóttdauðr at Uppsölum, ok var fœrðr á Fyrisvöllu ok brendr þar á árbakkanum, ok eru þar bautasteinar hans. Domald's son, called Domar, next ruled over the land. He reigned long, and in his days were good seasons and peace. Nothing is told of him but that he died in his bed in Upsal, and was transported to the Fyrisvold, where his body was burned on the river bank, and where his standing stone still remains. The information about Domar's marriage appears after Snorri has presented Domar's son Dyggvi (Danish tongue refers to the Old Norse language as a whole and not only to the dialect of Denmark): Móðir Dyggva var Drótt, dóttir Danps konungs, sonar Rígs, er fyrstr var konungr kallaðr á danska tungu; hans ættmenn höfðu ávalt síðan konungsnafn fyrir hit œzta tignarnafn. Dyggvi var fyrstr konungr kallaðr sinna ættmanna; en áðr váru þeir dróttnar kallaðir, en konur þeirra dróttningar, en drótt hirðsveitin. En Yngvi eða Ynguni var kallaðr hverr þeirra ættmanna alla ævi, en Ynglingar allir saman. Drótt dróttning var systir Dans konungs hins mikilláta, er Danmörk er við kend. Dygve's mother was Drott, a daughter of King Danp, the son of Rig, who was first called "king" in the Danish tongue. His descendants always afterwards considered the title of king the title of highest dignity. Dygve was the first of his family to be called king, for his predecessors had been called "Drottnar", and their wives "Drottningar", and their court "Drott". Each of their race was called Yngve, or Yngune, and the whole race together Ynglinger. The Queen Drott was a sister of King Dan Mikillati, from whom Denmark a took its name. As for Domar, Snorri included a piece from Ynglingatal (9th century): Ok þess optof Yngva hrörfróða mennof fregit hafðak,hvar Dómarrá dynjandabana háalfsof borinn væri;nú þat veitk,at verkbitinnFjölnis niðrvið fýri brann. I have asked wise men to tellWhere Domar rests, and they knew well.Domar, on Fyrie's widespread ground,Was burned, and laid on Yngve's mound. The Historia Norwegiæ presents a Latin summary of Ynglingatal, older than Snorri's quotation: Iste genuit Domar qui in Swethia obiit morbo. Hujus filius Dyggui Domalde begot Domar, who died in Sweden. Likewise Dyggve, his son, The even earlier source Íslendingabók cites the line of descent in Ynglingatal and also gives Dómarr as the successor of Dómaldr and the predecessor of Dyggvi: viii Dómaldr. ix Dómarr. x Dyggvi. Notes ^ McKinnell (2005:70). ^ a b c "Ynglinga saga at Norrøne Tekster og Kvad". Archived from the original on 2005-12-31. Retrieved 2006-11-03. ^ a b c Laing's translation at the Internet Sacred Text Archive ^ a b Laing's translation at Northvegr Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine ^ A second online presentation of Ynglingatal Archived September 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ^ Laing's translation at Northvegr Archived March 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ Storm, Gustav (editor) (1880). Monumenta historica Norwegiæ: Latinske kildeskrifter til Norges historie i middelalderen, Monumenta Historica Norwegiae (Kristiania: Brøgger), p. 98 ^ Ekrem, Inger (editor), Lars Boje Mortensen (editor) and Peter Fisher (translator) (2003). Historia Norwegie. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 8772898135, p. 75. ^ Guðni Jónsson's edition of Íslendingabók References McKinnell, John (2005). Meeting the Other in Norse Myth and Legend. D. S. Brewer. ISBN 1-84384-042-1 Sources Ynglingatal Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla) Historia Norwegiae Domar House of Yngling Preceded byDomalde Mythological king of Sweden Succeeded byDyggvi vteOld Norse religion and mythologyMythological Norse people, items and placesDeities, dwarfs, jötnar,and other figuresÆsir Almáttki áss Baldr Bragi Dellingr Forseti Heimdall Hermóðr Höðr Hœnir Ítreksjóð Lóðurr Loki Máni Meili Mímir Móði and Magni Odin Óðr Thor Týr Ullr Váli (son of Odin) Víðarr Vili and Vé Ásynjur Bil Eir Frigg Fulla Gefjon Gerðr Gná Hlín Iðunn Ilmr Irpa Lofn Nanna Njörun Rán Rindr Sága Sif Sigyn Sjöfn Skaði Snotra Sól Syn Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr Þrúðr Vár Vör Vanir Freyja Freyr Ingunar-Freyr Yngvi Gersemi Gullveig Hnoss Kvasir Njörðr Sister-wife of Njörðr Jötnar Ægir Alvaldi Angrboða Aurboða Baugi Beli Bergelmir Bestla Bölþorn Býleistr Eggþér Fárbauti Fjölvar Fornjót Gangr Geirröðr Gillingr Gjálp and Greip Gríðr Gunnlöð Gymir Harðgreipr Helblindi Helreginn Hljod Hræsvelgr Hrímgerðr Hrímgrímnir Hrímnir Hroðr Hrungnir Hrymr Hymir Hyrrokkin Iði Ím Járnsaxa Laufey Leikn Litr Logi Mögþrasir Narfi (father of Nott) Sökkmímir Surtr Suttungr Þjazi Þökk Þrívaldi Þrúðgelmir Þrymr Útgarða-Loki Vafþrúðnir Víðblindi Vosud Vörnir Ymir Dwarfs Alvíss Andvari Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri Billingr Dáinn Durinn Dúrnir Dvalinn Fáfnir Fjalar and Galar Gandalf Hreiðmarr Litr Mótsognir Ótr Regin Sons of Ivaldi Brokkr Eitri Heroes List of figures in Germanic heroic legend A B–C D–E F–G H–He Hi–Hy I–O P–S T–Y people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend named animals and plants named weapons, armour and treasures Others Ask and Embla Auðr Auðumbla Aurvandill Beyla Borr Búri Byggvir Dísir Landdísir Dragons Draugs Einherjar Eldir Elves Dark elves (Dökkálfar) Light elves (Ljósálfar) Black elves (Svartálfar) Fimafeng Fjalar (rooster) Fenrir Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn Fylgja Garmr Gullinbursti Hati Hróðvitnisson Hel Hildisvíni Hjúki Horses of the Æsir Árvakr and Alsviðr Blóðughófi Falhófnir Gísl Glaðr Glær Glenr Grani Gullfaxi Gulltoppr Gyllir Hamskerpir and Garðrofa Hófvarpnir Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi Sleipnir Svaðilfari Jörð Jörmungandr Líf and Lífthrasir Loddfáfnir Móðguðr Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán Nine Mothers of Heimdallr Narfi (son of Loki) Níðhöggr Norns Personifications Dagr Elli Nótt Sumarr and Vetr Sæhrímnir Skírnir Sköll Shield-maiden Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr Troll Þjálfi and Röskva Vættir Landvættir Váli (son of Loki) Valkyries Völundr Vörðr LocationsUnderworld Hel Éljúðnir Gjallarbrú Náströnd Niflhel Niðafjöll Rivers Élivágar Gjöll Ífingr Kerlaugar Körmt and Örmt Slidr River Vadgelmir Vimur River Other locations Asgard Amsvartnir Andlang Barri Bifröst Bilskirnir Brávellir Brimir Fensalir Fólkvangr Fornsigtuna Fyrisvellir Gálgviðr Gandvik Gastropnir Gimlé Ginnungagap Glaðsheimr Glæsisvellir Glitnir Gnipahellir Grove of fetters Heiðr Himinbjörg Hindarfjall Hlidskjalf Hnitbjorg Hoddmímis holt Iðavöllr Járnviðr Jötunheimr Mímameiðr Myrkviðr Munarvágr Nóatún Okolnir Sessrúmnir Sindri Singasteinn Þrúðheimr Þrúðvangr Þrymheimr Uppsala Útgarðar Valaskjálf Valhalla Vanaheimr Víðbláinn Vígríðr Vingólf Wells Hvergelmir Mímisbrunnr Urðarbrunnr Ýdalir Yggdrasil Events Æsir–Vanir War Fimbulvetr Fróði's Peace Hjaðningavíg Ragnarök Sources Gesta Danorum Edda Poetic Edda Prose Edda Runestones Sagas Jómsvíkinga Legendary Tyrfing Cycle Völsung Cycle Old Norse language Orthography Later influence SocietyReligious practice Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe Blót Hof Heitstrenging Horses Hörgr Worship Öndvegissúlur Reginnaglar Sacred trees and groves Sonargöltr Temple at Uppsala Vé Wetlands and islands Festivals and holy periods Álfablót Dísablót Germanic calendar Þorrablót Vetrnætr Yule Other Death Ergi Félag Galdr Goði Hamingja Heiti Kenning Mead hall Nīþ Norse cosmology Numbers Philosophy Rings Runes Seiðr Skald Viking Age Völva See also Germanic paganism Heathenry (new religious movement) Nordic Bronze Age

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For other uses, see Domar (disambiguation).Legendary King of SwedenIn Norse mythology, the Swedish king Domar (Old Norse Dómarr, \"Judge\"[1]) of the House of Ynglings was the son of Domalde. He was married to Drott, the sister of Dan the Arrogant who gave his names to the Danes. Drott and Dan are in this work said to be the children of Danp son of Ríg.His rule lasted long and after the sacrifice of his father Domalde, the crops were plentiful and peace reigned. Consequently, there is not much to tell about his reign, and when he died at Uppsala, he was transported over the Fyris Wolds (Fyrisvellir) and burnt on the banks of the river, where a stone was raised over his ashes.He was succeeded by his son Dyggvi.","title":"Domar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snorri Sturluson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson"},{"link_name":"Ynglinga saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynglinga_saga"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Ynglingatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynglingatal"},{"link_name":"Historia Norwegiæ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Norwegi%C3%A6"},{"link_name":"Íslendingabók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslendingab%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"Dyggvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyggve"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Snorri Sturluson wrote of Domar in his Ynglinga saga (1225):The information about Domar's marriage appears after Snorri has presented Domar's son Dyggvi (Danish tongue refers to the Old Norse language as a whole and not only to the dialect of Denmark):As for Domar, Snorri included a piece from Ynglingatal (9th century):The Historia Norwegiæ presents a Latin summary of Ynglingatal, older than Snorri's quotation:The even earlier source Íslendingabók cites the line of descent in Ynglingatal and also gives Dómarr as the successor of Dómaldr and the predecessor of Dyggvi: viii Dómaldr. ix Dómarr. x Dyggvi.[9]","title":"Attestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MCKINNELL70_1-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-heimskringla.no_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-heimskringla.no_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-heimskringla.no_2-2"},{"link_name":"\"Ynglinga saga at Norrøne Tekster og Kvad\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20051231070651/http://www.heimskringla.no/original/heimskringla/ynglingasaga.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heimskringla.no/original/heimskringla/ynglingasaga.php"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sacred-texts.com_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sacred-texts.com_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sacred-texts.com_3-2"},{"link_name":"Laing's translation at the Internet Sacred Text Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Laing's_translation_at_Northvegr_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Laing's_translation_at_Northvegr_4-1"},{"link_name":"Laing's translation at Northvegr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.northvegr.org/lore/heim/001_03.php"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070312204129/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/heim/001_03.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"A second online presentation of Ynglingatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060928181924/http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Laing's translation at Northvegr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.northvegr.org/lore/heim/001_05.php"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070311071027/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/heim/001_05.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Guðni Jónsson's edition of Íslendingabók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20070508145441/http://www.heimskringla.no/original/islendingesagaene/islendingabok.php"}],"text":"^ McKinnell (2005:70).\n\n^ a b c \"Ynglinga saga at Norrøne Tekster og Kvad\". Archived from the original on 2005-12-31. Retrieved 2006-11-03.\n\n^ a b c Laing's translation at the Internet Sacred Text Archive\n\n^ a b Laing's translation at Northvegr Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ A second online presentation of Ynglingatal Archived September 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Laing's translation at Northvegr Archived March 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Storm, Gustav (editor) (1880). Monumenta historica Norwegiæ: Latinske kildeskrifter til Norges historie i middelalderen, Monumenta Historica Norwegiae (Kristiania: Brøgger), p. 98\n\n^ Ekrem, Inger (editor), Lars Boje Mortensen (editor) and Peter Fisher\n(translator) (2003). Historia Norwegie. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN\n8772898135, p. 75.\n\n^ Guðni Jónsson's edition of Íslendingabók","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ynglingatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynglingatal"},{"link_name":"Ynglinga saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynglinga_saga"},{"link_name":"Heimskringla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla"},{"link_name":"Historia Norwegiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Norvegi%C3%A6"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Norse_paganism_footer"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_paganism_footer"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_paganism_footer"},{"link_name":"Old Norse religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_religion"},{"link_name":"mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Mythological Norse people, items and 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holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt"},{"link_name":"Iðavöllr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B0av%C3%B6llr"},{"link_name":"Járnviðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1rnvi%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Jötunheimr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr"},{"link_name":"Mímameiðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Myrkviðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Munarvágr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munarv%C3%A1gr"},{"link_name":"Nóatún","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Okolnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okolnir"},{"link_name":"Sessrúmnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir"},{"link_name":"Sindri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Singasteinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singasteinn"},{"link_name":"Þrúðheimr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0heimr"},{"link_name":"Þrúðvangr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr"},{"link_name":"Þrymheimr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Erymheimr"},{"link_name":"Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala"},{"link_name":"Útgarðar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0ar"},{"link_name":"Valaskjálf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf"},{"link_name":"Valhalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valhalla"},{"link_name":"Vanaheimr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanaheimr"},{"link_name":"Víðbláinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0bl%C3%A1inn"},{"link_name":"Vígríðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Vingólf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ving%C3%B3lf"},{"link_name":"Hvergelmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvergelmir"},{"link_name":"Mímisbrunnr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr"},{"link_name":"Urðarbrunnr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr"},{"link_name":"Ýdalir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ddalir"},{"link_name":"Yggdrasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil"},{"link_name":"Events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Events_in_Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Æsir–Vanir War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War"},{"link_name":"Fimbulvetr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimbulvetr"},{"link_name":"Fróði's Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace"},{"link_name":"Hjaðningavíg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg"},{"link_name":"Ragnarök","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k"},{"link_name":"Gesta Danorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_Danorum"},{"link_name":"Edda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda"},{"link_name":"Poetic Edda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_Edda"},{"link_name":"Prose Edda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Edda"},{"link_name":"Runestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runestone"},{"link_name":"Sagas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga"},{"link_name":"Jómsvíkinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga"},{"link_name":"Legendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_saga"},{"link_name":"Tyrfing Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle"},{"link_name":"Völsung Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle"},{"link_name":"Old Norse language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Orthography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography"},{"link_name":"Later influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Blót","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t"},{"link_name":"Hof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathen_hof"},{"link_name":"Heitstrenging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heitstrenging"},{"link_name":"Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism"},{"link_name":"Hörgr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr"},{"link_name":"Worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_rituals"},{"link_name":"Öndvegissúlur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur"},{"link_name":"Reginnaglar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginnaglar"},{"link_name":"Sacred trees and groves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology"},{"link_name":"Sonargöltr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr"},{"link_name":"Temple at Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala"},{"link_name":"Vé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Wetlands and islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism"},{"link_name":"Álfablót","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t"},{"link_name":"Dísablót","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t"},{"link_name":"Germanic calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_calendar"},{"link_name":"Þorrablót","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t"},{"link_name":"Vetrnætr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetrn%C3%A6tr"},{"link_name":"Yule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule"},{"link_name":"Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism"},{"link_name":"Ergi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergi"},{"link_name":"Félag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lag"},{"link_name":"Galdr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdr"},{"link_name":"Goði","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothi"},{"link_name":"Hamingja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamingja"},{"link_name":"Heiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiti"},{"link_name":"Kenning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning"},{"link_name":"Mead hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mead_hall"},{"link_name":"Nīþ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE"},{"link_name":"Norse cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_cosmology"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures"},{"link_name":"Runes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes"},{"link_name":"Seiðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Skald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skald"},{"link_name":"Viking Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age"},{"link_name":"Völva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lva"},{"link_name":"Germanic paganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_paganism"},{"link_name":"Heathenry (new religious movement)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)"},{"link_name":"Nordic Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age"}],"text":"Ynglingatal\nYnglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)\nHistoria NorwegiaevteOld Norse religion and mythologyMythological Norse people, items and placesDeities, dwarfs, jötnar,and other figuresÆsir\nAlmáttki áss\nBaldr\nBragi\nDellingr\nForseti\nHeimdall\nHermóðr\nHöðr\nHœnir\nÍtreksjóð\nLóðurr\nLoki\nMáni\nMeili\nMímir\nMóði and Magni\nOdin\nÓðr\nThor\nTýr\nUllr\nVáli (son of Odin)\nVíðarr\nVili and Vé\nÁsynjur\nBil\nEir\nFrigg\nFulla\nGefjon\nGerðr\nGná\nHlín\nIðunn\nIlmr\nIrpa\nLofn\nNanna\nNjörun\nRán\nRindr\nSága\nSif\nSigyn\nSjöfn\nSkaði\nSnotra\nSól\nSyn\nÞorgerðr Hölgabrúðr\nÞrúðr\nVár\nVör\nVanir\nFreyja\nFreyr\nIngunar-Freyr\nYngvi\nGersemi\nGullveig\nHnoss\nKvasir\nNjörðr\nSister-wife of Njörðr\nJötnar\nÆgir\nAlvaldi\nAngrboða\nAurboða\nBaugi\nBeli\nBergelmir\nBestla\nBölþorn\nBýleistr\nEggþér\nFárbauti\nFjölvar\nFornjót\nGangr\nGeirröðr\nGillingr\nGjálp and Greip\nGríðr\nGunnlöð\nGymir\nHarðgreipr\nHelblindi\nHelreginn\nHljod\nHræsvelgr\nHrímgerðr\nHrímgrímnir\nHrímnir\nHroðr\nHrungnir\nHrymr\nHymir\nHyrrokkin\nIði\nÍm\nJárnsaxa\nLaufey\nLeikn\nLitr\nLogi\nMögþrasir\nNarfi (father of Nott)\nSökkmímir\nSurtr\nSuttungr\nÞjazi\nÞökk\nÞrívaldi\nÞrúðgelmir\nÞrymr\nÚtgarða-Loki\nVafþrúðnir\nVíðblindi\nVosud\nVörnir\nYmir\nDwarfs\nAlvíss\nAndvari\nAustri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri\nBillingr\nDáinn\nDurinn\nDúrnir\nDvalinn\nFáfnir\nFjalar and Galar\nGandalf\nHreiðmarr\nLitr\nMótsognir\nÓtr\nRegin\nSons of Ivaldi\nBrokkr\nEitri\nHeroes\nList of figures in Germanic heroic legend\n A\n B–C\n D–E\n F–G\n H–He\n Hi–Hy\n I–O\n P–S\n T–Y\npeople, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend\nnamed animals and plants \nnamed weapons, armour and treasures\nOthers\nAsk and Embla\nAuðr\nAuðumbla\nAurvandill\nBeyla\nBorr\nBúri\nByggvir\nDísir\nLanddísir\nDragons\nDraugs\nEinherjar\nEldir\nElves\nDark elves (Dökkálfar)\nLight elves (Ljósálfar)\nBlack elves (Svartálfar)\nFimafeng\nFjalar (rooster)\nFenrir\nFjörgyn and Fjörgynn\nFylgja\nGarmr\nGullinbursti\nHati Hróðvitnisson\nHel\nHildisvíni\nHjúki\nHorses of the Æsir\nÁrvakr and Alsviðr\nBlóðughófi\nFalhófnir\nGísl\nGlaðr\nGlær\nGlenr\nGrani\nGullfaxi\nGulltoppr\nGyllir\nHamskerpir and Garðrofa\nHófvarpnir\nSkinfaxi and Hrímfaxi\nSleipnir\nSvaðilfari\nJörð\nJörmungandr\nLíf and Lífthrasir\nLoddfáfnir\nMóðguðr\nNine Daughters of Ægir and Rán\nNine Mothers of Heimdallr\nNarfi (son of Loki)\nNíðhöggr\nNorns\nPersonifications\nDagr\nElli\nNótt\nSumarr and Vetr\nSæhrímnir\nSkírnir\nSköll\nShield-maiden\nTanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr\nTroll\nÞjálfi and Röskva\nVættir\nLandvættir\nVáli (son of Loki)\nValkyries\nVölundr\nVörðr\nLocationsUnderworld\nHel\nÉljúðnir\nGjallarbrú\nNáströnd\nNiflhel\nNiðafjöll\nRivers\nÉlivágar\nGjöll\nÍfingr\nKerlaugar\nKörmt and Örmt\nSlidr River\nVadgelmir\nVimur River\nOther locations\nAsgard\nAmsvartnir\nAndlang\nBarri\nBifröst\nBilskirnir\nBrávellir\nBrimir\nFensalir\nFólkvangr\nFornsigtuna\nFyrisvellir\nGálgviðr\nGandvik\nGastropnir\nGimlé\nGinnungagap\nGlaðsheimr\nGlæsisvellir\nGlitnir\nGnipahellir\nGrove of fetters\nHeiðr\nHiminbjörg\nHindarfjall\nHlidskjalf\nHnitbjorg\nHoddmímis holt\nIðavöllr\nJárnviðr\nJötunheimr\nMímameiðr\nMyrkviðr\nMunarvágr\nNóatún\nOkolnir\nSessrúmnir\nSindri\nSingasteinn\nÞrúðheimr\nÞrúðvangr\nÞrymheimr\nUppsala\nÚtgarðar\nValaskjálf\nValhalla\nVanaheimr\nVíðbláinn\nVígríðr\nVingólf\nWells\nHvergelmir\nMímisbrunnr\nUrðarbrunnr\nÝdalir\nYggdrasil\nEvents\nÆsir–Vanir War\nFimbulvetr\nFróði's Peace\nHjaðningavíg\nRagnarök\nSources\nGesta Danorum\nEdda\nPoetic Edda\nProse Edda\nRunestones\nSagas\nJómsvíkinga\nLegendary\nTyrfing Cycle\nVölsung Cycle\nOld Norse language\nOrthography\nLater influence\nSocietyReligious practice\nAnthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe\nBlót\nHof\nHeitstrenging\nHorses\nHörgr\nWorship\nÖndvegissúlur\nReginnaglar\nSacred trees and groves\nSonargöltr\nTemple at Uppsala\nVé\nWetlands and islands\nFestivals and holy periods\nÁlfablót\nDísablót\nGermanic calendar\nÞorrablót\nVetrnætr\nYule\nOther\nDeath\nErgi\nFélag\nGaldr\nGoði\nHamingja\nHeiti\nKenning\nMead hall\nNīþ\nNorse cosmology\nNumbers\nPhilosophy\nRings\nRunes\nSeiðr\nSkald\nViking Age\nVölva\nSee also\nGermanic paganism\nHeathenry (new religious movement)\nNordic Bronze Age","title":"Sources"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_di_Savoia

Pio di Savoia

["1 Notes","2 References"]

Italian noble family, 14th - 17th century Coat of arms of the Pio family The Pio family, later Pio di Savoia, an ancient noble Italian family, was first mentioned by good authorities in the 14th century. After having long contended for the city of Modena with the House of Este, in 1336 they eventually agreed to renounce it, on condition that they retained the smaller domain of Carpi for themselves. They maintained control of Carpi for nearly 200 years and later acquired the minor fiefs of Sassuolo, Meldola, and Sarsina, etc. Many members of the family were distinguished as condottieri, diplomats or ecclesiastics. In 1450 Alberto II Pio (1418–1463) obtained from the house of Savoy, for himself, his brothers and their descendants, the privilege of adding the style "di Savoia" to their surname, as a reward for his military services. His grand-son, also named Alberto (Alberto III Pio di Savoia), who served as Imperial and later French ambassador in Rome, won fame as a man of learning, but in 1525 he was stripped of the county of Carpi for "felony" by Emperor Charles V. Alberto's nephew, Cardinal Rodolfo Pio was a trusted adviser to Pius III and helped to establish the Inquisition at Milan. The main branch of the family (the so called "Alberto line") died out in the early seventeenth century with the assassination in Venice of the cardinal's nephew, also called Rodolfo, after the latter had been forced in 1597 to sell the last family fiefdoms within the Papal States. Another branch of the family, called "Giberto line" after one of Albert II's brothers, renounced in 1499 the coregency over the lordship of Carpi in favour of Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, and accepted in exchange the Este fief of Sassuolo. They held the domain of Sassuolo until 1599 when the fief was again illegitimately confiscated by the House of Este. Ascanio Pio (1587–1649), the heir to this branch of the family, was a dramatic poet of some merit. His son, Cardinal Carlo Pio purchased from the pope the title of prince of San Gregorio in order to increase the prestige of the family. Carlo's half-brother Giberto Pio (ca 1637–1676), who had inherited the principality, soon moved to Spain, where, through his marriage to Juana de Moura Corte Real y Moncada (mid 17th century–1717), he also acquired for his descendants the merely nominal marquis title of Castelo Rodrigo, and the effective one of the Dukedom of Nocera (referring to the locality of Nocera de' Pagani in the Kingdom of Naples at the time under Spain). In 1720, the title of Grandee was conferred upon his son Francisco Pío de Saboya y Moura, erstwhile Governor of Madrid and Captain General of Catalonia. The Príncipe Pío hill and the Príncipe Pío multimodal train station in Madrid are named after them. The Spanish noble titles of 'Nochera' and Castelo Rodrigo with Grandeeship are still in force in the 21st century and are held by the Italian family Balbo Bertone di Sambuy, descended in the female line from the Spanish branch of the Pio di Savoia. A third branch of the family, called "Galasso line" after another of Alberto II's brothers—which was forcibly excluded from the coregency over Carpi in 1469—, is still flourishing in Rome, the UK and the US. In the second half of the 19th century this branch of the family sued the Kingdom of Italy as the legal successor of the Este States, and succeeded in exacting a conspicuous compensation of 50,000 gold florins for the unfair seizure of the fiefdom of Carpi by the Este family, in violation of the aforementioned 1336 "Sovereign-to-Sovereign" agreement. In 1930 the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III of Savoy again bestowed upon Don Manfredo, head of the Galasso family line, the title of Prince Pio di Savoia. Notes ^ a b Ori (D.B.I.) ^ Degli Azzi Vitelleschi, p. 383. References Litta, Pompeo (1835). Famiglie celebri d'Italia. Pio di Carpi. Torino. Campori, G. Memorie storiche di Marco Pio di Savoia (Modena, 1876) Ceriani, Antonio Maria and Porro Lambertenghi, Giulio , "Il Rotolo opistografo del Principe Antonio Pio di Savoja", in the Archivio storico lombardo, ser. II. an. XI. fasc. I, pp. 1–34 (1884); ser. III. an. VIII. 96, and ser. III. an. XIX. 453. Degli Azzi Vitelleschi, Giustiniano (n.d.). "Pio di Savoia". In Spreti, Vittorio (ed.). Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana. Vol. 5. Reprint of Milan's 1928-36 edition. Sala Bolognese: Arnaldo Forni. pp. 380–384. Ori, Anna Maria. "PIO - Dizionario biografico degli italiani" . Enciclopedia Treccani (in Italian).  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pio di Savoia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 632. This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2010) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Italian People

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After having long contended for the city of Modena with the House of Este, in 1336 they eventually agreed to renounce it, on condition that they retained the smaller domain of Carpi for themselves. They maintained control of Carpi for nearly 200 years and later acquired the minor fiefs of Sassuolo, Meldola, and Sarsina, etc. Many members of the family were distinguished as condottieri, diplomats or ecclesiastics.In 1450 Alberto II Pio (1418–1463) obtained from the house of Savoy, for himself, his brothers and their descendants, the privilege of adding the style \"di Savoia\" to their surname, as a reward for his military services. His grand-son, also named Alberto (Alberto III Pio di Savoia), who served as Imperial and later French ambassador in Rome, won fame as a man of learning, but in 1525 he was stripped of the county of Carpi for \"felony\" by Emperor Charles V. Alberto's nephew, Cardinal Rodolfo Pio was a trusted adviser to Pius III and helped to establish the Inquisition at Milan. The main branch of the family (the so called \"Alberto line\") died out in the early seventeenth century with the assassination in Venice of the cardinal's nephew, also called Rodolfo, after the latter had been forced in 1597 to sell the last family fiefdoms within the Papal States.Another branch of the family, called \"Giberto line\" after one of Albert II's brothers, renounced in 1499 the coregency over the lordship of Carpi in favour of Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, and accepted in exchange the Este fief of Sassuolo. They held the domain of Sassuolo until 1599 when the fief was again illegitimately confiscated by the House of Este. Ascanio Pio (1587–1649), the heir to this branch of the family, was a dramatic poet of some merit. His son, Cardinal Carlo Pio purchased from the pope the title of prince of San Gregorio in order to increase the prestige of the family. Carlo's half-brother Giberto Pio (ca 1637–1676), who had inherited the principality, soon moved to Spain, where, through his marriage to Juana de Moura Corte Real y Moncada (mid 17th century–1717), he also acquired for his descendants the merely nominal marquis title of Castelo Rodrigo, and the effective one of the Dukedom of Nocera (referring to the locality of Nocera de' Pagani in the Kingdom of Naples at the time under Spain). In 1720, the title of Grandee was conferred upon his son Francisco Pío de Saboya y Moura, erstwhile Governor of Madrid and Captain General of Catalonia. The Príncipe Pío hill and the Príncipe Pío multimodal train station in Madrid are named after them. The Spanish noble titles of 'Nochera' and Castelo Rodrigo with Grandeeship are still in force in the 21st century and are held by the Italian family Balbo Bertone di Sambuy, descended in the female line from the Spanish branch of the Pio di Savoia.A third branch of the family, called \"Galasso line\" after another of Alberto II's brothers—which was forcibly excluded from the coregency over Carpi in 1469—, is still flourishing in Rome, the UK and the US.[1] In the second half of the 19th century this branch of the family sued the Kingdom of Italy as the legal successor of the Este States, and succeeded in exacting a conspicuous compensation of 50,000 gold florins for the unfair seizure of the fiefdom of Carpi by the Este family, in violation of the aforementioned 1336 \"Sovereign-to-Sovereign\" agreement.[2] In 1930 the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III of Savoy again bestowed upon Don Manfredo, head of the Galasso family line, the title of Prince Pio di Savoia.[1]","title":"Pio di Savoia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DBI_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DBI_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ a b Ori (D.B.I.)\n\n^ Degli Azzi Vitelleschi, p. 383.","title":"Notes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Archibald_Houston

James Archibald Houston

["1 Biography","2 Honours","3 Selected works","3.1 Books for children","3.2 Books for adults","4 References","5 External links"]

For the American novelist, see James D. Houston. For the theologian, see James M. Houston. James Archibald HoustonOC FRSAHouston preparing a mount for an Inuit print, in Cape Dorset, photographed by Rosemary Gilliat Eaton, 1960Born(1921-06-12)June 12, 1921St. Catharines, Ontario, CanadaDiedApril 17, 2005(2005-04-17) (aged 83)OccupationAuthorGenreChildren's literatureCanadian artist, designer, children's author and filmmaker (1921 – 2005) James Archibald Houston OC FRSA (June 12, 1921 – April 17, 2005) was a Canadian artist, designer, children's author and filmmaker who played an important role in the recognition of Inuit art and introduced printmaking to the Inuit. The Inuit named him Saumik, which means "the left-handed one". Biography Born in St. Catharines, Ontario, James Houston studied art as a child with Arthur Lismer and was educated at the Ontario College of Art (1938–40), Académie de la Grande Chaumière in Paris (1947–48) and in Japan (1958–59) where he studied printmaking. He fought in World War II with the Toronto Scottish Regiment, receiving the Canadian Volunteer Service Medal. After the war, he went to the Eastern Arctic to paint and lived there for twelve years. He was a northern service officer and civil administrator of western Baffin Island. In 1962, he moved to New York and became associate director of design with Steuben Glass. Moving effortlessly and with great success between different activities, perhaps his biggest accomplishment was his work in the Eastern Arctic of Canada, developing Inuit art. In 1948, Houston traveled to a small Inuit community in Arctic Quebec, Inukjuak (then Port Harrison), to draw and paint images of the Inuit and the Arctic landscape. He traded his own drawings, done on the spot, for a small carving, by an Inuit hunter named Nayoumealuk, of a seated deer. Houston recognized its aesthetic appeal and returned to the Canadian Handicrafts Guild, in Montreal, with roughly a dozen small carvings, done mostly in steatite. The guild, which had tried as early as the 1920s to foster an Inuit-handicrafts market, was impressed with the carving; they were equally impressed by Houston. The guild secured a federal government grant of $1,100 and sent Houston back north in the summer of 1949 to make bulk purchases in various communities in the Eastern Arctic. When Houston returned to Montreal that fall, the guild mounted their first exhibition of Inuit carvings. According to collector Ian Lindsay, the first exhibition was a complete sell-out. The government put more resources into developing an art and handicrafts market in the Arctic, hiring Houston to live in Cape Dorset as the first "roving crafts officer", and tapping him to write promotional material for sales in the south. The guild's fall sales exhibitions became annual affairs, with lineups routinely stretching out the door and down the block on Peel Street. By the late 1950s, the Government had sponsored tours of Inuit art through Eastern and Western Europe, South America and the Middle East. After successfully launching Inuit sculpture, Houston introduced printmaking in 1957, which met with the same success. Houston lived in Cape Dorset with his wife Alma Houston and his two sons, Samuel and John Houston until 1962, when the couple split and he moved to New York City. He was writer and producer of the 1974 film based on his novel, The White Dawn. In 1976, his 70-foot high acrylic and aluminum sculpture "Aurora Borealis" was installed in Calgary's new Glenbow Museum, where it is still on display. He died in New London, Connecticut, aged 83. Honours He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. He was an honorary member of the College of Fellows of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society. In 1972 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1972 he was awarded a Doctor of Literature, honoris causa, from Carleton University. In 1975 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Rhode Island College. In 1979 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from the Rhode Island School of Design. In 1977 he won the Vicky Metcalf Award. In 1981 he was made an Honorary Fellow, Ontario College of Art. In 1987 he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Law from Dalhousie University. In 1997 he was awarded the Massey Medal from the Royal Canadian Geographical Society. Selected works Books for children Akavak: An Eskimo Journey, 1968. Black Diamonds: A Search for Arctic Treasure, 1982. Drifting Snow: An Arctic Search, 1992, winner of the 1993 Governor General's Awards Eagle Mask: A West Coast Indian Tale, 1966. The Falcon Bow: An Arctic Legend, 1986. Fire into Ice: Adventures in Glass Making, 1998. Frozen Fire: A Tale of Courage, 1977. Ghost Paddle: A Northwest Coast Indian Tale, 1972. Ice Swords: An Undersea Adventure, 1985. Kiviok's Magic Journey: An Eskimo Legend, 1973. Long Claws: An Arctic Adventure, 1981. River Runners: A Tale of Hardship and Bravery, 1979, winner of the 1980 Canadian Library Association Book of the Year for Children Award. Tikta'liktak: An Eskimo Legend, 1965, winner of the 1966 Canadian Library Association Book of the Year for Children Award. The White Archer: An Eskimo Legend, 1967, winner of the 1968 Canadian Library Association Book of the Year for Children Award. Whiteout, 1991 Wolf Run: A Caribou Eskimo Tale, 1971. Books for adults Confessions of an Igloo Dweller, 1995. Eagle Song: An Indian Saga Based on True Events, 1983. Eskimo Graphic Art: 1964-1965, 1965. Eskimo Handicrafts, 1951. Eskimo Prints, 1967. Ghost Fox, 1977. Hideaway: Life on the Queen Charlotte Islands, 1999. The Ice Master: A Novel of the Arctic, 1997. Ojibwa Summer, 1972. Running West, 1989. Songs of the Dream People, 1972. Spirit Wrestler, 1980. McClelland and Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-4250-7 The White Dawn: An Eskimo Saga, 1971. Zigzag: A Life on the Move, 1998. References "James Houston". Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on May 24, 2005. Retrieved April 20, 2005. ^ George, Jane (5 March 1999), "The beginnings of commercial carving on display in Ottawa", Nunatsiaq News, archived from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 8 January 2013. ^ Stott, Jon C. "James Archibald Houston". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Archibald Houston. James Houston at IMDb Houston North Gallery, featuring Inuit art and culture Archives of James Houston (James Houston fonds, R11751) are held at Library and Archives Canada Houston, James, 1921–2005 at Library of Congress, with 47 library catalogue records (under 'Houston, James A., 1921–') Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii Other SNAC IdRef

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The Inuit named him Saumik, which means \"the left-handed one\".","title":"James Archibald Houston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Catharines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lismer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lismer"},{"link_name":"Ontario College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Académie de la Grande Chaumière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_la_Grande_Chaumi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Toronto Scottish Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Scottish_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Canadian Volunteer Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Eastern Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Baffin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffin_Island"},{"link_name":"Steuben Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steuben_Glass"},{"link_name":"Inukjuak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inukjuak,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Port Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nunatsiaq-1"},{"link_name":"Canadian Handicrafts Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Handicrafts_Guild"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"steatite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatite"},{"link_name":"federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Inuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit"},{"link_name":"Cape Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Dorset"},{"link_name":"The White Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Dawn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"}],"text":"Born in St. Catharines, Ontario, James Houston studied art as a child with Arthur Lismer and was educated at the Ontario College of Art (1938–40), Académie de la Grande Chaumière in Paris (1947–48) and in Japan (1958–59) where he studied printmaking. He fought in World War II with the Toronto Scottish Regiment, receiving the Canadian Volunteer Service Medal. After the war, he went to the Eastern Arctic to paint and lived there for twelve years. He was a northern service officer and civil administrator of western Baffin Island. In 1962, he moved to New York and became associate director of design with Steuben Glass.Moving effortlessly and with great success between different activities, perhaps his biggest accomplishment was his work in the Eastern Arctic of Canada, developing Inuit art. In 1948, Houston traveled to a small Inuit community in Arctic Quebec, Inukjuak (then Port Harrison), to draw and paint images of the Inuit and the Arctic landscape. He traded his own drawings, done on the spot, for a small carving, by an Inuit hunter named Nayoumealuk,[1] of a seated deer. Houston recognized its aesthetic appeal and returned to the Canadian Handicrafts Guild, in Montreal, with roughly a dozen small carvings, done mostly in steatite. The guild, which had tried as early as the 1920s to foster an Inuit-handicrafts market, was impressed with the carving; they were equally impressed by Houston. The guild secured a federal government grant of $1,100 and sent Houston back north in the summer of 1949 to make bulk purchases in various communities in the Eastern Arctic.When Houston returned to Montreal that fall, the guild mounted their first exhibition of Inuit carvings. According to collector Ian Lindsay, the first exhibition was a complete sell-out. The government put more resources into developing an art and handicrafts market in the Arctic, hiring Houston to live in Cape Dorset as the first \"roving crafts officer\", and tapping him to write promotional material for sales in the south. The guild's fall sales exhibitions became annual affairs, with lineups routinely stretching out the door and down the block on Peel Street. By the late 1950s, the Government had sponsored tours of Inuit art through Eastern and Western Europe, South America and the Middle East. After successfully launching Inuit sculpture, Houston introduced printmaking in 1957, which met with the same success.Houston lived in Cape Dorset with his wife Alma Houston and his two sons, Samuel and John Houston until 1962, when the couple split and he moved to New York City. He was writer and producer of the 1974 film based on his novel, The White Dawn. In 1976, his 70-foot high acrylic and aluminum sculpture \"Aurora Borealis\" was installed in Calgary's new Glenbow Museum, where it is still on display.[2] He died in New London, Connecticut, aged 83.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Society of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"honoris causa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"Carleton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_University"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_College"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island School of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design"},{"link_name":"Vicky Metcalf Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Metcalf_Award"},{"link_name":"Ontario College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Dalhousie University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhousie_University"},{"link_name":"Massey Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_Medal"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Geographical_Society"}],"text":"He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.\nHe was an honorary member of the College of Fellows of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society.\nIn 1972 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.\nIn 1972 he was awarded a Doctor of Literature, honoris causa, from Carleton University.\nIn 1975 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Rhode Island College.\nIn 1979 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from the Rhode Island School of Design.\nIn 1977 he won the Vicky Metcalf Award.\nIn 1981 he was made an Honorary Fellow, Ontario College of Art.\nIn 1987 he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Law from Dalhousie University.\nIn 1997 he was awarded the Massey Medal from the Royal Canadian Geographical Society.","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor General's Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Awards"},{"link_name":"Canadian Library Association Book of the Year for Children Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Library_Association_Book_of_the_Year_for_Children_Award"}],"sub_title":"Books for children","text":"Akavak: An Eskimo Journey, 1968.\nBlack Diamonds: A Search for Arctic Treasure, 1982.\nDrifting Snow: An Arctic Search, 1992, winner of the 1993 Governor General's Awards\nEagle Mask: A West Coast Indian Tale, 1966.\nThe Falcon Bow: An Arctic Legend, 1986.\nFire into Ice: Adventures in Glass Making, 1998.\nFrozen Fire: A Tale of Courage, 1977.\nGhost Paddle: A Northwest Coast Indian Tale, 1972.\nIce Swords: An Undersea Adventure, 1985.\nKiviok's Magic Journey: An Eskimo Legend, 1973.\nLong Claws: An Arctic Adventure, 1981.\nRiver Runners: A Tale of Hardship and Bravery, 1979, winner of the 1980 Canadian Library Association Book of the Year for Children Award.\nTikta'liktak: An Eskimo Legend, 1965, winner of the 1966 Canadian Library Association Book of the Year for Children Award.\nThe White Archer: An Eskimo Legend, 1967, winner of the 1968 Canadian Library Association Book of the Year for Children Award.\nWhiteout, 1991\nWolf Run: A Caribou Eskimo Tale, 1971.","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7710-4250-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-4250-7"}],"sub_title":"Books for adults","text":"Confessions of an Igloo Dweller, 1995.\nEagle Song: An Indian Saga Based on True Events, 1983.\nEskimo Graphic Art: 1964-1965, 1965.\nEskimo Handicrafts, 1951.\nEskimo Prints, 1967.\nGhost Fox, 1977.\nHideaway: Life on the Queen Charlotte Islands, 1999.\nThe Ice Master: A Novel of the Arctic, 1997.\nOjibwa Summer, 1972.\nRunning West, 1989.\nSongs of the Dream People, 1972.\nSpirit Wrestler, 1980. McClelland and Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-4250-7\nThe White Dawn: An Eskimo Saga, 1971.\nZigzag: A Life on the Move, 1998.","title":"Selected works"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"James Houston\". Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on May 24, 2005. Retrieved April 20, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050524112455/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/3/10/t10-704-e.html","url_text":"\"James Houston\""},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.ca/3/10/t10-704-e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"George, Jane (5 March 1999), \"The beginnings of commercial carving on display in Ottawa\", Nunatsiaq News, archived from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 8 January 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111832/http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/archives/nunavut990329/nvt90305_10.html","url_text":"\"The beginnings of commercial carving on display in Ottawa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunatsiaq_News","url_text":"Nunatsiaq News"},{"url":"http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/archives/nunavut990329/nvt90305_10.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stott, Jon C. \"James Archibald Houston\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130930020859/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/james-archibald-houston","url_text":"\"James Archibald Houston\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Canadian Encyclopedia"},{"url":"http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/james-archibald-houston","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oronoque_(estate)

Oronoque (estate)

["1 History","1.1 Indian Hill","2 See also","3 References"]

Coordinates: 42°17′43″N 73°19′08″W / 42.2952°N 73.3188°W / 42.2952; -73.3188Building in Massachusetts, USAOronoqueAlternative namesIndian HillGeneral informationStatusprivately ownedLocation11 Prospect Hill Rd.Town or cityStockbridge, MassachusettsCountryUSACoordinates42°17′43″N 73°19′08″W / 42.2952°N 73.3188°W / 42.2952; -73.3188Completed1887Grounds11 acres (4.5 ha)Design and constructionArchitect(s)William Henry MillerOther designersLandscape Architect: Nathan Franklin Barrett Oronoque was built as the country home of Birdseye Blakeman, Esq., and is located in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. The building was designed by William Henry Miller and built by Powers & Sons, Rochester. The house exterior was built to resemble a royal hunting lodge. The 12-acre (4.9 ha) grounds were landscaped by Nathan Franklin Barrett. History Birdseye Blakeman (1824-1894) purchased 12 acres (4.9 ha) of land on Prospect Hill in Stockbridge, Massachusetts in 1886 and built the summer home "Oronoque" in 1887. Cut stone was used to construct the basement and first floor, wooden framing and shingling the second and third stories. The house was named Oronoque after the district in Stratford, Connecticut where Blakeman's permanent residence was located. Oronoque originally had 24 rooms and 7 fireplaces. A caretaker's residence and a six-car garage were added later. Blakeman was partners with Henry Ivison (at 4 Prospect Hill Road) of the New York school textbook publishing firm Ivison, Blakeman and Co. This firm later consolidated with others into the American Book Company. Blakeman passed in 1894, just a few years after the house was built. His widow summered at Oronoque until her death in 1912. The property was sold by Mrs. Blakeman's granddaughter, Anna M. Vesey, to banker Norman Davis in 1912. He was an ambassador-at-large for the United States and served as Chairman of the American Red Cross from 1938 to 1944. The Davises added extensive stonework to the property. When Mr. Davis died in 1944 he left a maintenance endowment for the property in his will. The house was then used for a few years during summers for the Meadowcroft Camp School for boys and girls. In 1949 the long-time caretakers, Wendel H. Krebs and his wife Ruth, were transferred a cottage and an acre of land from the estate. Marjorie H. Rosenthal acquired the property in 1950. She had plans to create the Oronoque School, a summer drama, art, and music school for girls. These plans were abandoned the next year when Marjorie, now Mrs. Basil Greenblatt, became seriously ill. Indian Hill Julliard-trained baritone Mordecai Bauman and his wife Irma Bauman acquired Oronoque in 1967 and founded the Indian Hill Music Workshop. A theater, dance studio, two "longhouses" (dormitories each housing 21 people), eleven wooden "teepees" (each with five beds), and two cottages were added. The property also had a swimming pool and two tennis courts. Notable alumni include Arlo Guthrie, Julie Taymor, Ruth Laredo, Dennis Boutsikaris and Frank Rich. Carly Simon taught guitar and was a cabin leader. The illegal garbage dumping in 1965 detailed in Guthrie's "Alice's Restaurant" was done next door to Indian Hill, on Nelson Foote, Sr.'s property. In 1975 Brooklyn College, where Mordecai Bauman taught, acquired Indian Hill from the Baumans. Due to funding cuts Indian Hill was discontinued by the end of 1977. Boston University acquired the property in 1978 to support Tanglewood. In 1986 the building was purchased by the Oronoque Realty Corp., which converted the mansion into six condominiums and later built four duplexes down the hill on the estate. The various teepees, longhouses, and other camp buildings were removed. The property continues as a condominium association to the present. See also Berkshire Cottages References ^ Owens, Carole (1984). The Berkshire Cottages: A Vanishing Era. Cottage Press. ISBN 978-0-918343-00-0. Retrieved 5 February 2022. ^ Engineering & Building Record and the Sanitary Engineer, p. 49, at Google Books ^ Jackson, R.S.; Gilder, C.B. (2011). Houses of the Berkshires: 1870-1930. Architecture of leisure. Acanthus Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-926494-82-4. Retrieved 2022-02-07. ^ a b "Modern Guise For a 'Cottage'". Real Estate. New York Times. June 28, 1987. p. 25. Retrieved February 7, 2022. ^ "Davis Estate, Stockbridge, Sold for $23,000 as Summer School". Berkshire Eagle. October 4, 1950. p. 33. Retrieved February 7, 2022. ^ "Davis Estate On the Market; School Abandoned". Berkshire Eagle. June 23, 1951. p. 2. Retrieved February 7, 2022. ^ Bauman, Irma; Bauman, Mordecai (2021-08-05). "From Our Angle of Repose: A Memoir". Scribd. Retrieved 2022-02-07. ^ "You're So Famous—You Probably Know this Post is About You". everythingsummercamp.com. Retrieved 20 January 2023. ^ Reineke, H. (2012). Arlo Guthrie: The Warner/Reprise Years. American Folk Music and Musicians Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8108-8331-4. Retrieved 2022-02-07. ^ Cloe, Carol (April 17, 1978). "Boston University buys Indian Hill for Use to Tanglewood project". Berkshire Eagle. p. 1. Retrieved February 7, 2022.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockbridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockbridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Owens1984-1"},{"link_name":"William Henry Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Miller_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nathan Franklin Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Franklin_Barrett"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_Gilder_2011-3"}],"text":"Building in Massachusetts, USAOronoque was built as the country home of Birdseye Blakeman, Esq., and is located in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.[1] The building was designed by William Henry Miller[2] and built by Powers & Sons, Rochester. The house exterior was built to resemble a royal hunting lodge. The 12-acre (4.9 ha) grounds were landscaped by Nathan Franklin Barrett.[3]","title":"Oronoque (estate)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockbridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockbridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-4"},{"link_name":"the district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oronoque,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Stratford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"American Book Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Book_Company_(1890)"},{"link_name":"Norman Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davis_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"American Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Birdseye Blakeman (1824-1894) purchased 12 acres (4.9 ha) of land on Prospect Hill in Stockbridge, Massachusetts in 1886 and built the summer home \"Oronoque\" in 1887.[4] Cut stone was used to construct the basement and first floor, wooden framing and shingling the second and third stories. The house was named Oronoque after the district in Stratford, Connecticut where Blakeman's permanent residence was located. Oronoque originally had 24 rooms and 7 fireplaces. A caretaker's residence and a six-car garage were added later. Blakeman was partners with Henry Ivison (at 4 Prospect Hill Road) of the New York school textbook publishing firm Ivison, Blakeman and Co. This firm later consolidated with others into the American Book Company. Blakeman passed in 1894, just a few years after the house was built. His widow summered at Oronoque until her death in 1912.The property was sold by Mrs. Blakeman's granddaughter, Anna M. Vesey, to banker Norman Davis in 1912. He was an ambassador-at-large for the United States and served as Chairman of the American Red Cross from 1938 to 1944. The Davises added extensive stonework to the property. When Mr. Davis died in 1944 he left a maintenance endowment for the property in his will. The house was then used for a few years during summers for the Meadowcroft Camp School for boys and girls.[5] In 1949 the long-time caretakers, Wendel H. Krebs and his wife Ruth, were transferred a cottage and an acre of land from the estate.Marjorie H. Rosenthal acquired the property in 1950. She had plans to create the Oronoque School, a summer drama, art, and music school for girls. These plans were abandoned the next year when Marjorie, now Mrs. Basil Greenblatt, became seriously ill.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julliard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_School"},{"link_name":"Mordecai Bauman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai_Bauman"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Arlo Guthrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlo_Guthrie"},{"link_name":"Julie Taymor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Taymor"},{"link_name":"Ruth Laredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Laredo"},{"link_name":"Dennis Boutsikaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Boutsikaris"},{"link_name":"Frank Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rich"},{"link_name":"Carly Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Simon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Alice's Restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Restaurant"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reineke_2012_p._28-9"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_College"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tanglewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanglewood"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-4"}],"sub_title":"Indian Hill","text":"Julliard-trained baritone Mordecai Bauman and his wife Irma Bauman acquired Oronoque in 1967 and founded the Indian Hill Music Workshop.[7] A theater, dance studio, two \"longhouses\" (dormitories each housing 21 people), eleven wooden \"teepees\" (each with five beds), and two cottages were added. The property also had a swimming pool and two tennis courts. Notable alumni include Arlo Guthrie, Julie Taymor, Ruth Laredo, Dennis Boutsikaris and Frank Rich. Carly Simon taught guitar and was a cabin leader.[8] The illegal garbage dumping in 1965 detailed in Guthrie's \"Alice's Restaurant\" was done next door to Indian Hill, on Nelson Foote, Sr.'s property.[9]In 1975 Brooklyn College, where Mordecai Bauman taught, acquired Indian Hill from the Baumans. Due to funding cuts Indian Hill was discontinued by the end of 1977. Boston University acquired the property in 1978[10] to support Tanglewood.In 1986 the building was purchased by the Oronoque Realty Corp.[4], which converted the mansion into six condominiums and later built four duplexes down the hill on the estate. The various teepees, longhouses, and other camp buildings were removed. The property continues as a condominium association to the present.","title":"History"}]

[]

[{"title":"Berkshire Cottages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Cottages"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gotch

Frank Gotch

["1 Early life","2 Professional wrestling career","3 Wrestling style","4 Marriage","5 Retirement and death","6 Legacy","6.1 Honors and tributes","7 Championships and accomplishments","7.1 Catch wrestling","7.2 Professional wrestling","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]

For the American physician, see Frank Gotch (physician). American professional wrestler (1877–1917) Frank GotchGotch in 1917Birth nameFrank Alvin GotchBorn(1877-04-27)April 27, 1877Humboldt, Iowa, U.S.DiedDecember 17, 1917(1917-12-17) (aged 40)Humboldt, Iowa, U.S.Cause of deathUremia poisoningSpouse(s) Gladys Oestrich ​ ​(m. 1911; died 1917)​Children1Professional wrestling careerRing name(s)Frank GotchFrank KennedyBilled height5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Billed weight210 lb (95 kg)Trained byMartin BurnsDebut1899Retired1913 Part of a series onProfessional wrestling History History of professional wrestling By year Early wrestling championships Gold Dust Trio 1980s boom Black Saturday 1994 NWA World Title Tournament Monday Night Wars Attitude Era 2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus The Invasion Wednesday Night Wars Notable promotions All Elite Wrestling All Japan Pro Wrestling All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling American Wrestling Association Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre Extreme Championship Wrestling Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling Jim Crockett Promotions Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide National Wrestling Alliance New Japan Pro-Wrestling Pro Wrestling Noah Ring of Honor Tokyo Joshi Pro-Wrestling Total Nonstop Action Wrestling UWF International Women of Wrestling World Championship Wrestling World Wonder Ring Stardom WWE Others Notable peopleEarly 20th Century George Hackenschmidt The Great Gama Frank Gotch Billy Sandow Toots Mondt Ed Lewis Jack Pfefer Jim Londos Salvador Lutteroth Lou Thesz Mid 20th Century Gorgeous George El Santo Sam Muchnick Mildred Burke The Fabulous Moolah Blue Demon Verne Gagne Karl Gotch Rikidōzan Stu Hart Bruno Sammartino 1970s and 1980s Terry Funk Harley Race Gordon Solie Antonio Inoki Giant Baba Mil Máscaras André the Giant Carlos Colón Dusty Rhodes Ric Flair Jim Crockett Jr. Big Daddy Vince McMahon Dynamite Kid Satoru "Tiger Mask" Sayama Hulk Hogan Randy Savage Hisashi Shinma Akira Maeda 1990s Ted Turner Sting The Great Muta The Undertaker Jim Ross Mitsuharu Misawa Kenta Kobashi Toshiaki Kawada Atsushi Onita Antonio Peña Eric Bischoff Paul Heyman Jim Cornette Bret Hart Shawn Michaels Kevin Nash Scott Hall Vince Russo Stone Cold Steve Austin The Rock Paul "Triple H" Levesque 2000s Chris Jericho Jeff Jarrett Eddie Guerrero Rey Mysterio Brock Lesnar John Cena Hiroshi Tanahashi Místico 2010s and 2020s CM Punk Bryan Danielson Roman Reigns Kazuchika Okada Kenny Omega Tony Khan Nick Khan Cody Rhodes By region Australia Bolivia Canada China France India Israel Japan Mexico New Zealand Puerto Rico Russia Saudi Arabia United Kingdom United States Styles British wrestling All-in style Mountevans rules Catch-as-catch-can Cruiserweight X Division Hardcore Intergender Lucha libre Midget Mini-Estrella Puroresu Shoot style U-Kei Women's Concepts Attire Masks Wrestling singlet Wrestling shoe Backyarding Blading Championship World Heavyweight Dirt sheet Glossary of terms Kayfabe Gimmick Face Heel Shoot Heat Job Push House show Match types Music Rib Ring name Sports entertainment Tag team Weight classes Wrestling ring Culture Cauliflower Alley Club Cauliflower ear Comic books Films Luchador films Magazines Paintings Gustave Courbet Thomas Eakins William Etty George Luks Ribera Steakhouse Sculpture Ten-bell salute Video games Wrestling personalities in politics Zubaz Media outlets Botchamania Box y Lucha Dark Side of the Ring Fighting Spirit Magazine Live Audio Wrestling OSW Review Power Slam Pro Wrestling Illustrated Súper Luchas Wrestling Observer Newsletter Controversies Animals in professional wrestling Chris Benoit double-murder and suicide Death of Owen Hart Mass Transit incident Montreal Screwjob Murder of Bruiser Brody Murder of Rikidōzan Premature deaths Speaking Out United States v. McMahon Vince McMahon sexual trafficking scandal WWE–Saudi Arabia relationship Lists Attendance records Championships Matches rated 5 or more stars by Dave Meltzer Moves Promotions Rivalries Rosters TV shows Wrestling families Related topics Combat sport Comparison of professional wrestling and mixed martial arts Martial arts Mock combat Pankration Sport wrestling Amateur Catch Shoot Submission Lancashire Luta Livre Pehlwani Stage combat Theatre vte Frank Alvin Gotch (April 27, 1877 – December 17, 1917) was an American professional wrestler. Gotch was the first American professional wrestler to win the world heavyweight free-style championship, and he is credited for popularizing professional wrestling in the United States. He competed back when the contests at championship level were largely legit (see catch wrestling), and his reign as World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion (from 1908 to 1913) is one of the ten longest in the history of professional wrestling. He became one of the most popular athletes in America from the 1900s to the 1910s. Pro Wrestling Illustrated described Gotch as "arguably the best North American professional wrestler of the 20th century". Early life The son of Frederick Rudolph and Amelia Gotch, and of German ancestry, he was born and raised on a small farm three miles south of Humboldt, Iowa. He took up wrestling in his teens, earning a reputation by beating locals. He adopted the toe hold as his signature finishing move. Professional wrestling career Gotch (right) with mentor Martin Burns Gotch wrestled and won his first match against Marshall Green in Humboldt on April 2, 1899, but his first important match was in Lu Verne, Iowa on June 16, 1899, against a man claiming to be a furniture dealer from a neighboring town. Gotch held his own for nearly two hours, but lost the hard-fought contest. Only later when he received the impressed man's visiting card, he did learn that his opponent had actually been reigning American Heavyweight Champion Dan McLeod. On December 18, 1899, Gotch challenged another former American Heavyweight Champion, "Farmer" Martin Burns, losing in 11 minutes, but impressing Burns as well, who offered to train Gotch. Under the guidance of Burns, Gotch won a series of matches in Iowa and later Yukon. While in the Yukon, Gotch wrestled under the name Frank Kennedy and won the title of "Champion of the Klondike". During his time in the Yukon, Gotch tried his hand at boxing, but failed miserably against the heavyweight Frank "Paddy" Slavin. Gotch returned to Iowa and instantly challenged the reigning American Heavyweight Champion Tom Jenkins. Gotch lost his first match in 1903, before defeating Jenkins in a rematch on January 27, 1904, to take the championship. After trading the title with Jenkins and Fred Beell, Gotch set his sights on the World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship, then held by the undefeated Estonian George Hackenschmidt. The opponent, called the "Russian Lion", had gained undisputed title recognition by defeating Jenkins in New York in 1905. Upon defeating Jenkins, however, Hackenschmidt ignored Gotch's challenge and sailed home to England. In 1905 Gotch beat Jack Carkeek in a Cornish wrestling match, while Jack claimed to be world Cornish wrestling champion. Frank Gotch vs. Georg Hackenschmidt at Comiskey Park Gotch and Hackenschmidt finally met on April 3, 1908, at the Dexter Park Pavilion in Chicago. Showing his contempt for Gotch and for American wrestling in general, Hackenschmidt was not in the best condition, unlike Gotch, who used his speed, defense and rough tactics to wear Hackenschmidt down and then assume the attack. The wrestlers stood on their feet for two full hours before Gotch was able to get behind Hackenschmidt and take him down. While on their feet, Gotch made sure to lean on Hackenschmidt to wear him down. He bullied him around the ring, and his thumbing and butting left Hackenschmidt covered in blood. Hackenschmidt complained to the referee of Gotch's foul tactics and asked that Gotch be forced to take a hot shower to rid his body of an abundance of oil, but the referee ignored the complaints and told Hackenschmidt he should have noticed the oil before the match began. The match continued until the two-hour mark, when Hackenschmidt was forced against the ropes. Gotch tore him off the ropes, threw Hackenschmidt down and rode him hard for three minutes, working for his dreaded toe hold. Hackenschmidt had trained to avoid this hold, which he did, but the effort took his last remaining strength. Hackenschmidt quit the fall. "I surrender the championship of the world to Mr. Gotch", he said, and stood up and shook Gotch's hand. The wrestlers then retired to their dressing rooms before coming out for the second fall, but Hackenschmidt refused to return to the ring, telling the referee to declare Gotch the winner, thereby relinquishing his title to him. "He is the king of the class, the greatest man by far I ever met", Hackenschmidt said. "After going nearly two hours with him, my muscles became stale. My feet also gave out. I had trained constantly against the toe hold and had strained the muscles of my legs. When I found myself weakening, I knew there was no use continuing and that I had no chance to win. That was the reason I conceded the championship to him. I have no desire to wrestle him again. A return match would not win back my title". Hackenschmidt later reversed his opinion of Gotch and Americans in general, claiming to have been fouled by Gotch and victimized in America, and calling for a rematch in Europe. As undisputed free-style heavyweight champion of the world, Gotch spent the next three years establishing his dominance over the sport, defeating the likes of Jenkins, Dr. Ben Roller, and Stanislaus Zbyszko, who was believed to have won over 900 matches before falling to Gotch on June 1, 1910. The victory over Zbyszko was particularly spectacular, as Gotch took both falls in slightly less than half an hour, and thoroughly dominated Zbyszko. He took the first fall in just six seconds with a surprise move and quick pin, and won the second fall in only 27 minutes. Gotch outmaneuvered and outclassed Zbyszko every second of the match. Gotch became a national sensation, and he was in demand everywhere for public appearances. He starred in a play called All About A Bout, and whenever he walked on stage he was greeted by a standing ovation. He was invited to the White House by United States President Theodore Roosevelt, and wrestled a Japanese ju-jitsu expert in the East Hall, making his opponent submit. The night before his second match with Hackenschmidt, he attended a Chicago Cubs baseball game at Wrigley Field with his wife and in-laws and took his seat down front. After the game, nearly every member of the Cubs team came to his private box and asked for his autograph. When he traveled overseas with his play, Gotch was a huge hit, as it seemed that everywhere he went, fans wanted to see him. Everywhere he went, he made wrestling "big time". Gotch met Hackenschmidt again on September 4, 1911, at the newly opened Comiskey Park in Chicago, which drew a crowd of nearly 30,000 spectators and a record gate of $87,000. The rematch is one of the most controversial and talked about matches in professional wrestling history, as Hackenschmidt injured his knee against Roller, his chief training partner. Years later, wrestler Ad Santel told Lou Thesz that he was paid $5,000 by Gotch's backers to cripple Hackenschmidt in training, and make it look like an accident. However, according to Hackenschmidt himself, the injury was accidentally inflicted by his sparring partner, Dr. Roller, when trying to hold Hackenschmidt down onto his knees and Roller's right foot striking Hackenschmidt's right knee. According to Hackenschmidt, his sparring partners were Americus (Gus Schoenlein), Jacobus Koch, Wladek Zbyszko and Dr. Roller. Ad Santel is not mentioned in any account of Hackenschmidt's training by either Hackenschmidt or Roller, both of whom offered their insights and accounts. Whatever the case may be, if the injury was real, Dr. Roller did not consider it serious and referee Ed Smith dismissed it as inconsequential. Hackenschmidt himself ignored it completely in declaring, the day before the match, that he was "fit to wrestle for my life" and was "satisfied with my condition and confident of the outcome". If there was a knee injury, Gotch discovered it quickly and took advantage of it, so Hackenschmidt was easy prey for Gotch, losing in straight falls in only 30 minutes. Gotch clinched the match with his feared toe hold, which forced Hackenschmidt to quit. Gotch reigned as the World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion from his first victory over Hackenschmidt in 1908 until he retired in 1913 after defeating Estonian Georg Lurich April 1, 1913, in Kansas City, Missouri. Gotch is one of the longer reigning world champions in the history of professional wrestling, with a reign that spanned nearly five years; the only other champions to have longer reigns than Gotch are Bruno Sammartino, who held the WWF World Heavyweight Championship for a record of seven years and eight months, Lou Thesz, whose fifth NWA World Heavyweight Championship lasted seven years and seven months, and Verne Gagne who held the AWA World Heavyweight Title for seven years and three months. Wrestling style Gotch competed in an era when a championship wrestling match was the same as a championship prize fight: i.e., it was a major event for which the wrestlers went into training and which promoters publicized for weeks. Thus, he did not have a long career in terms of the number of matches wrestled. His mentor Farmer Burns, and later champions Ed Lewis, the "Strangler", as well as Lou Thesz, each engaged in more than 6,000 matches in their careers. Gotch engaged in only 160, finishing with a record of 154 wins and only 6 losses. Of those six losses, however, two were in the first year of his career – to Dan McLeod and Farmer Burns – and three were to Tom Jenkins. His last defeat was to Fred Beell on December 1, 1906, when he had crashed head-first into an uncovered turnbuckle and been rendered nearly unconscious. He defeated Beell in seven rematches and never lost again by the time of his retirement in 1913. Gotch was, by all accounts, a superior professional wrestler possessing tremendous strength, lightning quickness, genuine agility, cat-like reflexes, impeccable technique, superb ring generalship, a mastery of the use of leverage, and a full knowledge of professional wrestling holds, counterholds and strategy. He was always in the best of condition and possessed both enormous courage and an indomitable will to win, ever ready to match his heart, his gameness, against any man in the world. He was highly aggressive, but always kept his cool. Critics saw in him both the strength of the old school of professional wrestling and the skill of the new, "as agile as a cat in his manoeuvers" and having "the grappling sport down to such science that he had assumed a rank all by himself". Gotch's measurements for his 1911 victory over Hackenschmidt were: age – 33; weight – 204 pounds; height – 5'11"; reach – 73"; biceps – 17.5"; forearm – 14"; neck – 18"; chest – 45"; waist – 34"; thigh – 22"; calf – 18". There is another side to this story that, when Lou Thesz was just starting out in the early 1930s, there were a good many professional wrestlers still active who had known Gotch and were not reluctant to talk about him. "The picture that emerged of Gotch from those conversations", Thesz recalled, "was of a man who succeeded at his business primarily because he was, for lack of a kinder description, a dirty wrestler. That's not to say that he wasn't competent, because everyone I ever talked with said he was one of the best. But those same people described him as someone who delighted in hurting or torturing lesser opponents, even when they were supposed to be working out, and he was always looking for an illegal edge when he was matched against worthy ones. One of the old-timers I met was a fine man named Charlie Cutler, who knew Gotch very well and succeeded him as world champion; according to Cutler, Gotch would check the oil, pull hair and even break a bone to get an advantage in a contest, and he was unusually careful to have the referee in his pocket, too, in case all else failed". Referee Ed Smith, who officiated several of Gotch's bouts, including both of the Gotch-Hackenschmidt contests, had observed after the second match that "to my mind... he wasn't just exactly through one hundred percent on the courageous side. Two or three times I saw needless acts of absolute cruelty on his part that I did not like. Always will I think that the really courageous man, no matter how ferocious and filled with the killing instinct and eager to win he may be, is willing to let up on a beaten foe and not punish needlessly or wantonly". Marriage For years one of America's most eligible bachelors, Gotch married Gladys Oestrich on February 11, 1911. They had one son, Robert Frederick Gotch. Retirement and death While in retirement, Gotch joined Sells-Floto Circus where he would pay any man $250.00 if they could last 15 minutes in a match against him without being pinned or conceding. Not once did he have to pay. He grew tired of touring and moved back to Humboldt. After a year of health troubles, Gotch died at home in 1917 of what was rumored to be syphilis, but the official cause of death was uremic poisoning. He left behind his wife Gladys and their son, Robert Friedrich. All are entombed together in the Gotch mausoleum in the Union Cemetery in Humboldt. Legacy "The story of American Wrestling at its greatest", Nat Fleischer wrote in 1936, "is the story of the career of its most illustrious champion—Frank Gotch... Gotch was to wrestling history in this country what John L. Sullivan was to boxing. He dominated the field. Through his extraordinary ability, he gained for wrestling many converts and brought the sport into such favor that it became as big in the promotorial field as boxing". As Mark Palmer pointed out, "For starters, George Hackenschmidt and Frank Gotch were major sports superstars of the early 20th century. Fans of all ages collected cabinet cards and postcards with their images, read their books, and devoured articles about them in newspapers. Their epic matches were front-page news around the world—akin to today's Super Bowl or soccer's World Cup in terms of garnering global attention—and helped to launch organized amateur wrestling in the United States in the early part of the 20th century. In fact, a large number of high school and college wrestling programs can trace their roots back to the 1910s and 1920s—the era when Hackenschmidt and Gotch were still household names, and highly respected athletes". Gotch was also a major sports superstar, often called the Hulk Hogan of his day, who lifted professional wrestling to new heights of popularity. When he became world champion, there were not many sports competing with wrestling for public attention. Horse racing remained a favorite sport and major league baseball was growing in popularity, but was not yet the national pastime. Automobile racing was in its infancy; golf was still the province of the wealthy; basketball had just been invented and was vying for attention; boxing offered a man a chance at fame and fortune, but was at this time riddled with scandals; the National Hockey League was formed the same year; and college football—the Ivy League game—was on the verge of being outlawed because it was too rough and too dangerous. Wrestling at the higher professional levels was still a legit sport with the added bonus that it was popular on every continent of the globe. A number of great professional wrestlers were competing for top honors. In India, The Great Gama was already a legendary champion, and in Europe George Hackenschmidt had reigned supreme with Stanislaus Zbyszko coming along. However, in the United States Tom Jenkins had been rather easily beaten by Hackenschmidt, so there was no American to capture the nation's fancy until Gotch; and none of the other great professional wrestlers had either the amazing physical attributes or the gift for self-promotion that Gotch possessed. Furthermore, the United States was beginning to dominate some of the world's major sports. Americans already dominated boxing and within a decade would begin to dominate golf. When Gotch defeated Hackenschmidt, the domination of professional wrestling passed to the Americans. In addition, many matches had still been conducted under Greco-Roman wrestling rules, but this match caused Greco-Roman to be forever replaced by the more exciting catch-as-catch-can style. Because of both his superior ability and his gift for self-promotion, Gotch became one of America's greatest sports idols. He achieved a level of popularity similar to that formerly held by boxer John L. Sullivan and harness racehorse Dan Patch, and enjoyed later by such sports heroes of the Golden Age of Sports as boxing's Jack Dempsey, baseball's Babe Ruth, tennis's Bill Tilden and golf's Bobby Jones. This in turn made professional wrestling mainstream. Mac Davis wrote in 100 Greatest Sports Heroes, "As the idol of millions in the United States, Canada and Mexico, Gotch made wrestling a big-time sport in his day. He drew larger audiences than did the heavyweight champion of boxing when defending his title". Gotch's first match against Hackenschmidt also remains perhaps the most famous professional wrestling encounter of all time. Honors and tributes Gotch was among the first elected to the Iowa Sports Hall of Fame (1951), and was the first inductee to both the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum (2002) in Amsterdam, New York and the George Tragos & Lou Thesz Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame (1999) in Waterloo, Iowa. There is a 67-acre camping park named the Frank A. Gotch State Park, four miles south of Humboldt near his childhood farm, in homage to Gotch. The Humboldt Community School District sponsors the annual Frank Gotch Wrestling Tournament. Because of Gotch's legacy, Iowa remains a wrestling stronghold at the high school and collegiate levels to this day. Gotch's success and fame is credited with playing a part in the creation of the Iowa High School Wrestling Tournament in 1921. The 1957 musical The Music Man mentions the exciting contest between Gotch and Strangler Ed Lewis, whose nickname is mispronounced as "Strangular" by River City Mayor Shinn in one of many malapropisms throughout the show. On July 4, 2012, an eight-foot tall bronze statue of Gotch was unveiled in Bicknell Park in Humboldt, the site of his outdoor training camp where as many as 1,000 people watched him train before his second Hackenschmidt match. In December 2011, a street running along the park was renamed Frank Gotch Boulevard. There is an extensive Gotch collection in the Dan Gable Wrestling Museum in Waterloo, Iowa. On display are the wrestling shoes he wore into the ring in 1911 against Hackenschmidt, his Mason's sword and leather scabbard, the roll-top desk that sat in his living room in Humboldt, and many other rare items. In addition, an independent film company acquired the rights to the book Gotch: An American Hero in 2008, a biography written by Mike Chapman published in 1999, and is listed as "in pre-production" on its official website, yet still does not appear on the film company's IMDb credits page as in production as of April 2015. In February 2015, WHO-TV news of Des Moines aired Iowa Icon: Gotch Up There with Feller, Warner, Gable with quotes from University of Iowa wrestling coach Tom Brands, among others, with the five-minute feature's title recognizing Gotch as one of Iowa's sports icons alongside Bob Feller, Kurt Warner, and college wrestling legend Dan Gable. The video and story is archived on its website. Karl Gotch and Simon Gotch both took their professional wrestling names as a tribute to him. On April 2, 2016, Gotch was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as a "Legacy" member. Championships and accomplishments Catch wrestling American Catch-as-Catch-can Championship (1 time) World Catch-as-Catch-Can Championship (1 time) Professional wrestling American Heavyweight Wrestling Championship (3 times) Champion of the Klondike World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship (1 time) George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 1999 International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2021 Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum Class of 2002 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996) WWE WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2016) Iowa Sports Hall of Fame Class of 1951 See also "Karl Gotch": a moniker taken in honour of Frank Gotch. "Simon Gotch": a moniker taken in honour of Frank Gotch. List of premature professional wrestling deaths References Specific ^ a b "Frank Gotch Dies After Year Of Illness". Classic Wrestling Articles. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2015. ^ "Wrestling History: 1894". Pro Wrestling Illustrated. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2016. ^ Gotch, Frank (February 28, 1907). "Sporting Comment" (PDF). Auburn Citizen. p. 3. Retrieved March 26, 2011. ^ Chapman, Mike, Frank Gotch, World's Greatest Wrestler (William S. Hein & Co., Inc., 1990), p. 23; Hewitt, Mark S., "Professional Wrestling: Frank Gotch in the Klondike", Journal of Manly Arts, September 2001 (Research in Dawson Daily News by Don Luce. Research in Klondike Daily Nugget and Klondike Semi-Weekly Nugget by Bill Taylor. Archived 2020-07-14 at the Wayback Machine ^ News from foreign mining camps, Cornishman, 5 October 1905, p2. ^ Wrestling that disables, Boxing World and Mirror of Life, 5 June 1901, p14. ^ Great Wretling match at Ishpenning Michigan, Cornishman, 2 October 1890, p3. ^ News from foreign mining camps, Cornishman, 16 November 1905, p3. ^ Fleischer, Nat, From Milo to Londos, The story of wrestling through the ages (The Ring, Inc., 1936), pp. 98-104; Chapman, Mike, Frank Gotch, World's Greatest Wrestler, pp. 65-70. ^ Chapman, Mike, Frank Gotch, World's Greatest Wrestler, p. 68, 73-74. ^ Chapman, Mike, Frank Gotch, World's Greatest Wrestler, pp. 77-78. ^ Chapman, Mike, Frank Gotch, World's Greatest Wrestler, p. 93. ^ Thesz, Lou, & Kit Bauman, Mike Chapman, Editor, Hooker, The Authentic Wrestler's Adventures Inside the Bizarre World of Professional Wrestling (Wrestling Channel Press, 1995-2000), p. 67. ^ Fleischer, Nat, From Milo to Londos, p. 122-124. ^ Fleischer, Nat, From Milo to Londos, pp. 114-120; Chapman, Mike, Frank Gotch, World's Greatest Wrestler, pp. 91-102. ^ "Gotch Beats Lurich Easily In Only Bout During Year". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 28, 1913. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017. ^ "Amateur Wrestling Collectibles Gallery- Historic World Champions by Tom Fortunato, Rochester, NY". Wrestlingsbest.com. April 3, 1908. Retrieved September 5, 2013. ^ Fleischer, Nat, From Milo to Londos, p. 77. ^ Fleischer, Nat, From Milo to Londos, p. 178. ^ Thesz, Lou, & Kit Bauman, Mike Chapman, Editor Hooker, p. 40. ^ Fleischer, Nat, From Milo to Londos, p. 142. ^ Woodruff, Harvey (December 17, 1917). "FRANK GOTCH, KING OF MAT, DIES IN IOWA". Chicago Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016. ^ Fleischer, Nat, From Milo to Londos, p. 114. ^ Palmer, Mark (28 August 2007). "InterMat Rewind: Gotch vs. Hackenschmidt". Intermat. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ Chapman, Mike, Frank Gotch, World's Greatest Wrestler, p. 57. ^ Davis, Mac, 100 greatest sports heroes (Grosset & Dunlap, 1958), quoted in Chapman, Mike, From Gotch To Gable, A History of Wrestling in Iowa (University of Iowa, 1981), p. 9. ^ Chapman, Mike, Frank Gotch, World's Greatest Wrestler, p. 3, 9. ^ "Frank A. Gotch State Park". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. ^ "Frank A. Gotch State Park". ^ "Frank A. Gotch State Park". ^ Chapman, Mike, From Gotch To Gable, p. 19; Chapman, Mike, Frank Gotch, World's Greatest Wrestler, p. 132. ^ a b "Iowa Icon: Gotch Up There with Feller, Warner, Gable". 17 February 2015. ^ "Humboldt Park". ^ "Frank Gotch Unveiling in Humbolt". Archived from the original on 2016-11-20. Retrieved 2015-04-30. ^ "Gotch unveiling makes an 'unforgettable' event". ^ "Frank Gotch Statue". ^ "Street Named For Frank Gotch". ^ "Honored Stars". ^ "New Acquisitions and Productions Position Empire as Major Independent Studio" (Press release). 28 July 2008. ^ Chapman, Mike (January 1999). Gotch: An American Hero. ISBN 0967608007. ^ "Welcome to Empire Film Group". empirefilmgroup.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2013. ^ "Empire Film Group ". imdb.com. Retrieved November 20, 2016. ^ Hoops, Brian (May 23, 2015). "On this day in pro wrestling history (May 23): Antonio Inoki Vs. Hulk Hogan, Andre Vs. Sakaguchi, Frank Gotch in a 57-minute match". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved February 16, 2017. ^ "Ventura given Museum's top honour". Slam! Wrestling. Canadian Online Explorer. August 4, 2003. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018. ^ "Induction Weekend 2022 | Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame". ^ "Congratulations to the 2016 WWE Hall of Fame Legacy inductees". WWE. Retrieved November 20, 2016. General Dave Meltzer & John F. Molinaro (2002). Top 100 Pro Wrestlers of all Time. Winding Stair Press. ISBN 1-55366-305-5. Gotch: A German-American Hero Hickok Sports Biography: Gotch, Frank A. George A. Barton (1957). "Old Time and Modern Wrestling". My Lifetime in Sports. The Olympic Press. pp. 302–310. Mike Chapman (1990). Frank Gotch, World's Greatest Wrestler. Buffalo, New York: William S. Hein & Co. Nat Fleischer. From Milo to Londos, The story of wrestling through the ages. The Ring, Inc. Karl Stern. Pioneers of Wrestling. KarlStern.com. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frank Gotch. Frank Gotch on WWE.com Frank Gotch grave in Union Cemetery Humboldt, Iowa Frank Gotch's profile at Cagematch.net , Wrestlingdata.com , Internet Wrestling Database Frank Gotch Wrestling History on Legacy of Wrestling Gotch: An American Hero by Mike Chapman on frankgotch.com vteWWE Hall of Fame - Legacy Wing2010s2016 Ed Lewis Frank Gotch George Hackenschmidt Lou Thesz Mildred Burke Pat O'Connor Sailor Art Thomas 2017 Bearcat Wright Dr. Jerry Graham Haystacks Calhoun Judy Grable June Byers Luther Lindsay Martin Burns Rikidōzan Toots Mondt 2018 Boris Malenko Cora Combs Dara Singh Hiro Matsuda Jim Londos Lord Alfred Hayes Rufus R. Jones El Santo Sputnik Monroe Stan Stasiak 2019 Bruiser Brody Buddy Rose Hisashi Shinma Jim Barnett Joseph Cohen Luna Vachon Primo Carnera Professor Toru Tanaka S. D. Jones Wahoo McDaniel 2020s2020 Baron Michele Leone Brickhouse Brown Gary Hart Ray Stevens "Dr. Death" Steve Williams 2021 Buzz Sawyer Dick the Bruiser Ethel Johnson Paul Boesch "Pistol" Pez Whatley Category Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Gotch (physician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gotch_(physician)"},{"link_name":"professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-1"},{"link_name":"world heavyweight free-style championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Wrestling_Championship_(original_version)"},{"link_name":"legit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legit_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"catch wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_wrestling"},{"link_name":"his reign as World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Wrestling_Championship_(original_version)#Reigns"},{"link_name":"Pro Wrestling Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the American physician, see Frank Gotch (physician).American professional wrestler (1877–1917)Frank Alvin Gotch (April 27, 1877 – December 17, 1917) was an American professional wrestler.[1] Gotch was the first American professional wrestler to win the world heavyweight free-style championship, and he is credited for popularizing professional wrestling in the United States. He competed back when the contests at championship level were largely legit (see catch wrestling), and his reign as World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion (from 1908 to 1913) is one of the ten longest in the history of professional wrestling. He became one of the most popular athletes in America from the 1900s to the 1910s. Pro Wrestling Illustrated described Gotch as \"arguably the best North American professional wrestler of the 20th century\".[2]","title":"Frank Gotch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_people"},{"link_name":"Humboldt, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"toe hold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leglock#Toe_hold"}],"text":"The son of Frederick Rudolph and Amelia Gotch, and of German ancestry, he was born and raised on a small farm three miles south of Humboldt, Iowa. He took up wrestling in his teens, earning a reputation by beating locals. He adopted the toe hold as his signature finishing move.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burns_and_gotch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Martin Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Burns"},{"link_name":"Lu Verne, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Verne,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"visiting card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiting_card"},{"link_name":"American Heavyweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Dan McLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_McLeod_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auburn-3"},{"link_name":"Martin Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Burns"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"Frank \"Paddy\" Slavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_%22Paddy%22_Slavin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tom Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Jenkins_(Wrestler)"},{"link_name":"championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_championship"},{"link_name":"World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Wrestling_Championship_(original_version)"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"George Hackenschmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hackenschmidt"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Jack Carkeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Carkeek"},{"link_name":"Cornish wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C05101905-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWML05061901-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C02101890-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C16111905-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Gotch_vs_Georg_Hackenschmidt_1908.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georg Hackenschmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hackenschmidt"},{"link_name":"Comiskey Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comiskey_Park"},{"link_name":"Dexter Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Park_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ben Roller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Roller"},{"link_name":"Stanislaus Zbyszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus_Zbyszko"},{"link_name":"pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Japanese ju-jitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_ju-jitsu"},{"link_name":"submit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling#Submission"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Wrigley Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrigley_Field"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Comiskey Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comiskey_Park"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Ad Santel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Santel"},{"link_name":"Lou Thesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Thesz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Wladek Zbyszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladek_Zbyszko"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Georg Lurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Lurich"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"world champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_championship#World_championships"},{"link_name":"Bruno Sammartino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Sammartino"},{"link_name":"WWF World Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Lou Thesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Thesz"},{"link_name":"NWA World Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Verne Gagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verne_Gagne"},{"link_name":"AWA World Heavyweight Title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWA_World_Heavyweight_Title"}],"text":"Gotch (right) with mentor Martin BurnsGotch wrestled and won his first match against Marshall Green in Humboldt on April 2, 1899, but his first important match was in Lu Verne, Iowa on June 16, 1899, against a man claiming to be a furniture dealer from a neighboring town. Gotch held his own for nearly two hours, but lost the hard-fought contest. Only later when he received the impressed man's visiting card, he did learn that his opponent had actually been reigning American Heavyweight Champion Dan McLeod.[3] On December 18, 1899, Gotch challenged another former American Heavyweight Champion, \"Farmer\" Martin Burns, losing in 11 minutes, but impressing Burns as well, who offered to train Gotch. Under the guidance of Burns, Gotch won a series of matches in Iowa and later Yukon. While in the Yukon, Gotch wrestled under the name Frank Kennedy and won the title of \"Champion of the Klondike\". During his time in the Yukon, Gotch tried his hand at boxing, but failed miserably against the heavyweight Frank \"Paddy\" Slavin.[4]Gotch returned to Iowa and instantly challenged the reigning American Heavyweight Champion Tom Jenkins. Gotch lost his first match in 1903, before defeating Jenkins in a rematch on January 27, 1904, to take the championship. After trading the title with Jenkins and Fred Beell, Gotch set his sights on the World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship, then held by the undefeated Estonian George Hackenschmidt. The opponent, called the \"Russian Lion\", had gained undisputed title recognition by defeating Jenkins in New York in 1905. Upon defeating Jenkins, however, Hackenschmidt ignored Gotch's challenge and sailed home to England.In 1905 Gotch beat Jack Carkeek in a Cornish wrestling match,[5] while Jack claimed to be world Cornish wrestling champion.[6][7][8]Frank Gotch vs. Georg Hackenschmidt at Comiskey ParkGotch and Hackenschmidt finally met on April 3, 1908, at the Dexter Park Pavilion in Chicago. Showing his contempt for Gotch and for American wrestling in general, Hackenschmidt was not in the best condition, unlike Gotch, who used his speed, defense and rough tactics to wear Hackenschmidt down and then assume the attack. The wrestlers stood on their feet for two full hours before Gotch was able to get behind Hackenschmidt and take him down. While on their feet, Gotch made sure to lean on Hackenschmidt to wear him down. He bullied him around the ring, and his thumbing and butting left Hackenschmidt covered in blood. Hackenschmidt complained to the referee of Gotch's foul tactics and asked that Gotch be forced to take a hot shower to rid his body of an abundance of oil, but the referee ignored the complaints and told Hackenschmidt he should have noticed the oil before the match began. The match continued until the two-hour mark, when Hackenschmidt was forced against the ropes. Gotch tore him off the ropes, threw Hackenschmidt down and rode him hard for three minutes, working for his dreaded toe hold. Hackenschmidt had trained to avoid this hold, which he did, but the effort took his last remaining strength. Hackenschmidt quit the fall. \"I surrender the championship of the world to Mr. Gotch\", he said, and stood up and shook Gotch's hand. The wrestlers then retired to their dressing rooms before coming out for the second fall, but Hackenschmidt refused to return to the ring, telling the referee to declare Gotch the winner, thereby relinquishing his title to him.[9]\"He is the king of the class, the greatest man by far I ever met\", Hackenschmidt said. \"After going nearly two hours with him, my muscles became stale. My feet also gave out. I had trained constantly against the toe hold and had strained the muscles of my legs. When I found myself weakening, I knew there was no use continuing and that I had no chance to win. That was the reason I conceded the championship to him. I have no desire to wrestle him again. A return match would not win back my title\". Hackenschmidt later reversed his opinion of Gotch and Americans in general, claiming to have been fouled by Gotch and victimized in America, and calling for a rematch in Europe.[10]As undisputed free-style heavyweight champion of the world, Gotch spent the next three years establishing his dominance over the sport, defeating the likes of Jenkins, Dr. Ben Roller, and Stanislaus Zbyszko, who was believed to have won over 900 matches before falling to Gotch on June 1, 1910. The victory over Zbyszko was particularly spectacular, as Gotch took both falls in slightly less than half an hour, and thoroughly dominated Zbyszko. He took the first fall in just six seconds with a surprise move and quick pin, and won the second fall in only 27 minutes. Gotch outmaneuvered and outclassed Zbyszko every second of the match.[11]Gotch became a national sensation, and he was in demand everywhere for public appearances. He starred in a play called All About A Bout, and whenever he walked on stage he was greeted by a standing ovation. He was invited to the White House by United States President Theodore Roosevelt, and wrestled a Japanese ju-jitsu expert in the East Hall, making his opponent submit. The night before his second match with Hackenschmidt, he attended a Chicago Cubs baseball game at Wrigley Field with his wife and in-laws and took his seat down front. After the game, nearly every member of the Cubs team came to his private box and asked for his autograph.[12] When he traveled overseas with his play, Gotch was a huge hit, as it seemed that everywhere he went, fans wanted to see him. Everywhere he went, he made wrestling \"big time\".Gotch met Hackenschmidt again on September 4, 1911, at the newly opened Comiskey Park in Chicago, which drew a crowd of nearly 30,000 spectators and a record gate of $87,000. The rematch is one of the most controversial and talked about matches in professional wrestling history, as Hackenschmidt injured his knee against Roller, his chief training partner. Years later, wrestler Ad Santel told Lou Thesz that he was paid $5,000 by Gotch's backers to cripple Hackenschmidt in training, and make it look like an accident.[13] However, according to Hackenschmidt himself, the injury was accidentally inflicted by his sparring partner, Dr. Roller, when trying to hold Hackenschmidt down onto his knees and Roller's right foot striking Hackenschmidt's right knee. According to Hackenschmidt, his sparring partners were Americus (Gus Schoenlein), Jacobus Koch, Wladek Zbyszko and Dr. Roller. Ad Santel is not mentioned in any account of Hackenschmidt's training by either Hackenschmidt or Roller, both of whom offered their insights and accounts.[14] Whatever the case may be, if the injury was real, Dr. Roller did not consider it serious and referee Ed Smith dismissed it as inconsequential. Hackenschmidt himself ignored it completely in declaring, the day before the match, that he was \"fit to wrestle for my life\" and was \"satisfied with my condition and confident of the outcome\". If there was a knee injury, Gotch discovered it quickly and took advantage of it, so Hackenschmidt was easy prey for Gotch, losing in straight falls in only 30 minutes. Gotch clinched the match with his feared toe hold, which forced Hackenschmidt to quit.[15]Gotch reigned as the World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion from his first victory over Hackenschmidt in 1908 until he retired in 1913 after defeating Estonian Georg Lurich April 1, 1913, in Kansas City, Missouri.[16][17] Gotch is one of the longer reigning world champions in the history of professional wrestling, with a reign that spanned nearly five years; the only other champions to have longer reigns than Gotch are Bruno Sammartino, who held the WWF World Heavyweight Championship for a record of seven years and eight months, Lou Thesz, whose fifth NWA World Heavyweight Championship lasted seven years and seven months, and Verne Gagne who held the AWA World Heavyweight Title for seven years and three months.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farmer Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_Burns"},{"link_name":"Ed Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Lewis_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Lou Thesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Thesz"},{"link_name":"Dan McLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_McLeod_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Farmer Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_Burns"},{"link_name":"Tom Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Jenkins_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Fred Beell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Beell"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling holds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_hold"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Gotch competed in an era when a championship wrestling match was the same as a championship prize fight: i.e., it was a major event for which the wrestlers went into training and which promoters publicized for weeks. Thus, he did not have a long career in terms of the number of matches wrestled. His mentor Farmer Burns, and later champions Ed Lewis, the \"Strangler\", as well as Lou Thesz, each engaged in more than 6,000 matches in their careers. Gotch engaged in only 160, finishing with a record of 154 wins and only 6 losses. Of those six losses, however, two were in the first year of his career – to Dan McLeod and Farmer Burns – and three were to Tom Jenkins. His last defeat was to Fred Beell on December 1, 1906, when he had crashed head-first into an uncovered turnbuckle and been rendered nearly unconscious. He defeated Beell in seven rematches and never lost again by the time of his retirement in 1913.Gotch was, by all accounts, a superior professional wrestler possessing tremendous strength, lightning quickness, genuine agility, cat-like reflexes, impeccable technique, superb ring generalship, a mastery of the use of leverage, and a full knowledge of professional wrestling holds, counterholds and strategy. He was always in the best of condition and possessed both enormous courage and an indomitable will to win, ever ready to match his heart, his gameness, against any man in the world. He was highly aggressive, but always kept his cool. Critics saw in him both the strength of the old school of professional wrestling and the skill of the new, \"as agile as a cat in his manoeuvers\" and having \"the grappling sport down to such science that he had assumed a rank all by himself\".[18] Gotch's measurements for his 1911 victory over Hackenschmidt were: age – 33; weight – 204 pounds; height – 5'11\"; reach – 73\"; biceps – 17.5\"; forearm – 14\"; neck – 18\"; chest – 45\"; waist – 34\"; thigh – 22\"; calf – 18\".[19]There is another side to this story that, when Lou Thesz was just starting out in the early 1930s, there were a good many professional wrestlers still active who had known Gotch and were not reluctant to talk about him. \"The picture that emerged of Gotch from those conversations\", Thesz recalled, \"was of a man who succeeded at his business primarily because he was, for lack of a kinder description, a dirty wrestler. That's not to say that he wasn't competent, because everyone I ever talked with said he was one of the best. But those same people described him as someone who delighted in hurting or torturing lesser opponents, even when they were supposed to be working out, and he was always looking for an illegal edge when he was matched against worthy ones. One of the old-timers I met was a fine man named Charlie Cutler, who knew Gotch very well and succeeded him as world champion; according to Cutler, Gotch would check the oil, pull hair and even break a bone to get an advantage in a contest, and he was unusually careful to have the referee in his pocket, too, in case all else failed\".[20] Referee Ed Smith, who officiated several of Gotch's bouts, including both of the Gotch-Hackenschmidt contests, had observed after the second match that \"to my mind... he wasn't just exactly through one hundred percent on the courageous side. Two or three times I saw needless acts of absolute cruelty on his part that I did not like. Always will I think that the really courageous man, no matter how ferocious and filled with the killing instinct and eager to win he may be, is willing to let up on a beaten foe and not punish needlessly or wantonly\".[21]","title":"Wrestling style"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"For years one of America's most eligible bachelors, Gotch married Gladys Oestrich on February 11, 1911. They had one son, Robert Frederick Gotch.","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sells-Floto Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sells-Floto_Circus"},{"link_name":"Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"uremic poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uremia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"While in retirement, Gotch joined Sells-Floto Circus where he would pay any man $250.00 if they could last 15 minutes in a match against him without being pinned or conceding. Not once did he have to pay. He grew tired of touring and moved back to Humboldt. After a year of health troubles, Gotch died at home in 1917 of what was rumored to be syphilis, but the official cause of death was uremic poisoning.[22] He left behind his wife Gladys and their son, Robert Friedrich. All are entombed together in the Gotch mausoleum in the Union Cemetery in Humboldt.","title":"Retirement and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Hulk Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk_Hogan"},{"link_name":"The Great Gama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gama"},{"link_name":"Greco-Roman wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling"},{"link_name":"catch-as-catch-can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"John L. Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Dan Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Patch"},{"link_name":"Jack Dempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dempsey"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth"},{"link_name":"Bill Tilden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tilden"},{"link_name":"Bobby Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Jones_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"\"The story of American Wrestling at its greatest\", Nat Fleischer wrote in 1936, \"is the story of the career of its most illustrious champion—Frank Gotch... Gotch was to wrestling history in this country what John L. Sullivan was to boxing. He dominated the field. Through his extraordinary ability, he gained for wrestling many converts and brought the sport into such favor that it became as big in the promotorial field as boxing\".[23]As Mark Palmer pointed out, \"For starters, George Hackenschmidt and Frank Gotch were major sports superstars of the early 20th century. Fans of all ages collected cabinet cards and postcards with their images, read their books, and devoured articles about them in newspapers. Their epic matches were front-page news around the world—akin to today's Super Bowl or soccer's World Cup in terms of garnering global attention—and helped to launch organized amateur wrestling in the United States in the early part of the 20th century. In fact, a large number of high school and college wrestling programs can trace their roots back to the 1910s and 1920s—the era when Hackenschmidt and Gotch were still household names, and highly respected athletes\".[24]Gotch was also a major sports superstar, often called the Hulk Hogan of his day, who lifted professional wrestling to new heights of popularity. When he became world champion, there were not many sports competing with wrestling for public attention. Horse racing remained a favorite sport and major league baseball was growing in popularity, but was not yet the national pastime. Automobile racing was in its infancy; golf was still the province of the wealthy; basketball had just been invented and was vying for attention; boxing offered a man a chance at fame and fortune, but was at this time riddled with scandals; the National Hockey League was formed the same year; and college football—the Ivy League game—was on the verge of being outlawed because it was too rough and too dangerous. Wrestling at the higher professional levels was still a legit sport with the added bonus that it was popular on every continent of the globe. A number of great professional wrestlers were competing for top honors. In India, The Great Gama was already a legendary champion, and in Europe George Hackenschmidt had reigned supreme with Stanislaus Zbyszko coming along. However, in the United States Tom Jenkins had been rather easily beaten by Hackenschmidt, so there was no American to capture the nation's fancy until Gotch; and none of the other great professional wrestlers had either the amazing physical attributes or the gift for self-promotion that Gotch possessed. Furthermore, the United States was beginning to dominate some of the world's major sports. Americans already dominated boxing and within a decade would begin to dominate golf. When Gotch defeated Hackenschmidt, the domination of professional wrestling passed to the Americans. In addition, many matches had still been conducted under Greco-Roman wrestling rules, but this match caused Greco-Roman to be forever replaced by the more exciting catch-as-catch-can style.[25]Because of both his superior ability and his gift for self-promotion, Gotch became one of America's greatest sports idols. He achieved a level of popularity similar to that formerly held by boxer John L. Sullivan and harness racehorse Dan Patch, and enjoyed later by such sports heroes of the Golden Age of Sports as boxing's Jack Dempsey, baseball's Babe Ruth, tennis's Bill Tilden and golf's Bobby Jones. This in turn made professional wrestling mainstream. Mac Davis wrote in 100 Greatest Sports Heroes, \"As the idol of millions in the United States, Canada and Mexico, Gotch made [professional] wrestling a big-time sport in his day. He drew larger audiences than did the heavyweight champion of boxing when defending his title\".[26]Gotch's first match against Hackenschmidt also remains perhaps the most famous professional wrestling encounter of all time.[27]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iowa Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Waterloo, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"camping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping"},{"link_name":"State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Park"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"High School Wrestling Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_wrestling#Tournaments"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whotv.com-32"},{"link_name":"The Music Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_Man"},{"link_name":"Ed Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Lewis_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"bronze statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_statue"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"training camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_camp"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Dan Gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Gable"},{"link_name":"Waterloo, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"wrestling shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_shoes"},{"link_name":"Mason's sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_bodies#United_States"},{"link_name":"scabbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabbard"},{"link_name":"roll-top desk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-top_desk"},{"link_name":"independent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_film"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Mike Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Chapman"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"pre-production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-production"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"WHO-TV news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO-DT"},{"link_name":"Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Tom Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brands"},{"link_name":"Bob Feller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Feller"},{"link_name":"Kurt Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Warner"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whotv.com-32"},{"link_name":"Karl Gotch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gotch"},{"link_name":"Simon Gotch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Gotch"},{"link_name":"WWE Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"\"Legacy\" member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame#Legacy_inductees"}],"sub_title":"Honors and tributes","text":"Gotch was among the first elected to the Iowa Sports Hall of Fame (1951), and was the first inductee to both the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum (2002) in Amsterdam, New York and the George Tragos & Lou Thesz Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame (1999) in Waterloo, Iowa.There is a 67-acre camping park named the Frank A. Gotch State Park, four miles south of Humboldt near his childhood farm, in homage to Gotch.[28][29][30]The Humboldt Community School District sponsors the annual Frank Gotch Wrestling Tournament. Because of Gotch's legacy, Iowa remains a wrestling stronghold at the high school and collegiate levels to this day.[31] Gotch's success and fame is credited with playing a part in the creation of the Iowa High School Wrestling Tournament in 1921.[32]The 1957 musical The Music Man mentions the exciting contest between Gotch and Strangler Ed Lewis, whose nickname is mispronounced as \"Strangular\" by River City Mayor Shinn in one of many malapropisms throughout the show.On July 4, 2012, an eight-foot tall bronze statue of Gotch was unveiled in Bicknell Park in Humboldt,[33] the site of his outdoor training camp where as many as 1,000 people watched him train before his second Hackenschmidt match.[34][35][36] In December 2011, a street running along the park was renamed Frank Gotch Boulevard.[37]There is an extensive Gotch collection in the Dan Gable Wrestling Museum in Waterloo, Iowa.[38] On display are the wrestling shoes he wore into the ring in 1911 against Hackenschmidt, his Mason's sword and leather scabbard, the roll-top desk that sat in his living room in Humboldt, and many other rare items.In addition, an independent film company acquired the rights to the book Gotch: An American Hero in 2008,[39] a biography written by Mike Chapman published in 1999,[40] and is listed as \"in pre-production\" on its official website,[41] yet still does not appear on the film company's IMDb credits page as in production as of April 2015.[42]In February 2015, WHO-TV news of Des Moines aired Iowa Icon: Gotch Up There with Feller, Warner, Gable with quotes from University of Iowa wrestling coach Tom Brands, among others, with the five-minute feature's title recognizing Gotch as one of Iowa's sports icons alongside Bob Feller, Kurt Warner, and college wrestling legend Dan Gable. The video and story is archived on its website.[32]Karl Gotch and Simon Gotch both took their professional wrestling names as a tribute to him.On April 2, 2016, Gotch was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as a \"Legacy\" member.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Catch-as-Catch-can Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"World Catch-as-Catch-Can Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_as_Catch_Can_World_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Wrestling_Championship_(original_version)#Title_history"}],"sub_title":"Catch wrestling","text":"American Catch-as-Catch-can Championship (1 time)\nWorld Catch-as-Catch-Can Championship (1 time)","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Heavyweight Wrestling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"3 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F4W0523-43"},{"link_name":"World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Wrestling_Championship_(original_version)"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Wrestling_Championship_(original_version)#Title_history"},{"link_name":"George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tragos/Lou_Thesz_Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Class of 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame#Pioneer_Era_(1898%E2%80%931942)"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Class of 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter_Hall_of_Fame#Inductees"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"WWE Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Class of 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame#Legacy_inductees"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Iowa Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Class of 1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Sports_Hall_of_Fame#Other_sports"}],"sub_title":"Professional wrestling","text":"American Heavyweight Wrestling Championship (3 times)[43]\nChampion of the Klondike\nWorld Heavyweight Wrestling Championship (1 time)George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame\nClass of 1999[44]\nInternational Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame\nClass of 2021[45]\nProfessional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum\nClass of 2002\nWrestling Observer Newsletter\nWrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)\nWWE\nWWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2016)[46]\nIowa Sports Hall of Fame\nClass of 1951","title":"Championships and accomplishments"}]

[{"image_text":"Gotch (right) with mentor Martin Burns","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Burns_and_gotch.jpg/220px-Burns_and_gotch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frank Gotch vs. Georg Hackenschmidt at Comiskey Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frank_Gotch_vs_Georg_Hackenschmidt_1908.jpg/150px-Frank_Gotch_vs_Georg_Hackenschmidt_1908.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Karl Gotch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gotch"},{"title":"Simon Gotch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Gotch"},{"title":"List of premature professional wrestling deaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_premature_professional_wrestling_deaths"}]

[{"reference":"\"Frank Gotch Dies After Year Of Illness\". Classic Wrestling Articles. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://classicwrestlingarticles.wordpress.com/2014/08/07/frank-gotch-dies-after-year-of-illness/","url_text":"\"Frank Gotch Dies After Year Of Illness\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wrestling History: 1894\". Pro Wrestling Illustrated. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120910163257/http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/wrestlingframe.html","url_text":"\"Wrestling History: 1894\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated","url_text":"Pro Wrestling Illustrated"},{"url":"http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/wrestlingframe.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gotch, Frank (February 28, 1907). \"Sporting Comment\" (PDF). Auburn Citizen. p. 3. Retrieved March 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://fultonhistory.com/newspaper%202/Auburn%20NY%20Citizen/Auburn%20NY%20Citizen%201907.pdf/NewspaperAuburn%20NY%20Citizen%201907%20-%200160.PDF","url_text":"\"Sporting Comment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gotch Beats Lurich Easily In Only Bout During Year\". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 28, 1913. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121103130842/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/404287131.html?dids=404287131:404287131&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+28,+1913&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=GOTCH+BEATS+LURICH+EASILY+IN+ONLY+BOUT+DURING+YEAR.&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Gotch Beats Lurich Easily In Only Bout During Year\""},{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/404287131.html?dids=404287131:404287131&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+28,+1913&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=GOTCH+BEATS+LURICH+EASILY+IN+ONLY+BOUT+DURING+YEAR.&pqatl=google","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Amateur Wrestling Collectibles Gallery- Historic World Champions by Tom Fortunato, Rochester, NY\". Wrestlingsbest.com. April 3, 1908. Retrieved September 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestlingsbest.com/collectibles/wrestuffcards017.html","url_text":"\"Amateur Wrestling Collectibles Gallery- Historic World Champions by Tom Fortunato, Rochester, NY\""}]},{"reference":"Woodruff, Harvey (December 17, 1917). \"FRANK GOTCH, KING OF MAT, DIES IN IOWA\". Chicago Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160826173113/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/doc/174327038.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+17%2C+1917&author=Woodruff%2C+Harvey&pub=Chicago+Daily+Tribune+%281872-1922%29&edition=&startpage=21&desc=FRANK+GOTCH%2C+KING+OF+MAT%2C+DIES+IN+IOWA","url_text":"\"FRANK GOTCH, KING OF MAT, DIES IN IOWA\""},{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/doc/174327038.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+17%2C+1917&author=Woodruff%2C+Harvey&pub=Chicago+Daily+Tribune+%281872-1922%29&edition=&startpage=21&desc=FRANK+GOTCH%2C+KING+OF+MAT%2C+DIES+IN+IOWA","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Mark (28 August 2007). \"InterMat Rewind: Gotch vs. Hackenschmidt\". Intermat. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221017172912/https://intermatwrestle.com/articles/2904","url_text":"\"InterMat Rewind: Gotch vs. Hackenschmidt\""},{"url":"http://intermatwrestle.com/articles/2904","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frank A. Gotch State Park\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093137/http://www.americasstateparks.org/Iowa/park/Frank-A.-Gotch-State-Park/707","url_text":"\"Frank A. Gotch State Park\""},{"url":"http://www.americasstateparks.org/Iowa/park/Frank-A.-Gotch-State-Park/707","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frank A. Gotch State Park\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mycountyparks.com/county/Humboldt/Park/Frank-A-Gotch-State-Park.aspx","url_text":"\"Frank A. Gotch State Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frank A. Gotch State Park\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.humboldtcountyia.org/county-park/frank-gotch-park","url_text":"\"Frank A. 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Retrieved 2015-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161120221939/https://www.thepredicament.com/2013/12/frank-gotch-unveiling-in-humbolt/","url_text":"\"Frank Gotch Unveiling in Humbolt\""},{"url":"http://www.thepredicament.com/2013/12/frank-gotch-unveiling-in-humbolt/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gotch unveiling makes an 'unforgettable' event\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mike-chapman.com/gotch-unveiling-makes-an-unforgettable-event","url_text":"\"Gotch unveiling makes an 'unforgettable' event\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Gotch Statue\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cityofhumboldt.org/visitors/attractions/frank_gotch_statue.php","url_text":"\"Frank Gotch Statue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Street Named For Frank Gotch\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mike-chapman.com/street-named-for-frank-gotch","url_text":"\"Street Named For Frank Gotch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honored Stars\".","urls":[{"url":"http://nwhof.org/waterloo/exhibits/honored-stars/","url_text":"\"Honored Stars\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Acquisitions and Productions Position Empire as Major Independent Studio\" (Press release). 28 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2008/07/28/382057/147224/en/New-Acquisitions-and-Productions-Position-Empire-as-Major-Independent-Studio.html","url_text":"\"New Acquisitions and Productions Position Empire as Major Independent Studio\""}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Mike (January 1999). Gotch: An American Hero. ISBN 0967608007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0967608007","url_text":"0967608007"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Empire Film Group\". empirefilmgroup.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120310113214/http://empirefilmgroup.com/gotch.html","url_text":"\"Welcome to Empire Film Group\""},{"url":"http://empirefilmgroup.com/gotch.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Empire Film Group [us]\". imdb.com. Retrieved November 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/company/co0224626/","url_text":"\"Empire Film Group [us]\""}]},{"reference":"Hoops, Brian (May 23, 2015). \"On this day in pro wrestling history (May 23): Antonio Inoki Vs. Hulk Hogan, Andre Vs. Sakaguchi, Frank Gotch in a 57-minute match\". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved February 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/day-pro-wrestling-history-may-23-antonio-inoki-vs-hulk-hogan-andre-vs-sakaguchi","url_text":"\"On this day in pro wrestling history (May 23): Antonio Inoki Vs. Hulk Hogan, Andre Vs. Sakaguchi, Frank Gotch in a 57-minute match\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ventura given Museum's top honour\". Slam! Wrestling. Canadian Online Explorer. August 4, 2003. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. 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