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Climate Policy Radar 20

Meanwhile, in September 2015, the Republic of Azerbaijan joined the "Sustainable Development Agenda for 2016-2030", which was approved at the UN Summit on Sustainable Development in New York and launched the enforcement process for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (17 SDGs, 169 targets and 232 indicators). Seven of the SDGs, namely the SDG 6, SDG 7, SDG 11, SDG 12, SDG 13, SDG 14, SDG 15 directly deal with mitigation of environmental and climate change and other issues, and SDG 8 and SDG 9 touched upon the topic indirectly. For example, the Sustainable Development Goal 13 calls for taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. It is noted in the relevant targets that the development and implementation of new innovative technologies to explore the potential of the green economy and expand its application in all countries is of great importance. The SDG 7 is about ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Target 7.2 envisages substantial increase in the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030. Meanwhile, Goal 7.3 calls for doubling the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency by 2030. Target 7.a. envisages enhancing international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology by 2030.

AZE

Europe & Central Asia

Indicators Economic development (1) Gross domestic product (GDP) (trillion yuan) (2) Total labor productivity (10,000 yuan/person) (3) Urbanization rate (4) Proportion of added value of service industry (%) Permanent population Urbanization rate (%) Urbanization rate of registered population (%) Innovation drive (5) Research and experimental development investment intensity (%) (6) Number of invention patents per 10,000 population (pieces) (7) Contribution rate of scientific and technological progress ( %) (8) Internet penetration rate, people's livelihood and well-being (9) growth of per capita disposable income of residents (%) (10) average education years of working-age population (years) (11) new urban employment (10,000 people) (12) Rural poor population lifted out of poverty (10,000 people) (13) Basic endowment insurance participation rate (%) (14) Urban shantytown housing renovation (10,000 sets) (15) Average life expectancy (years) Resources and environment (16) Cultivated land holdings ( (100 million mu) (17) Scale of new construction land (10,000 mu) (18) Decrease in water consumption per ten thousand yuan of GDP (%) (19) Decrease in energy consumption per unit of GDP (%) (20) Proportion of non-fossil energy in primary energy consumption ( %) (21) Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP (%) | Fixed broadband household penetration rate (%) | Mobile broadband user penetration rate (%) 2015 67.7 >92.7 8.7 >12 56.1 60 39.9 45 50.5 56 2.1 6.3 55.3 40 57 10.23 82 18.65 2020 12 2.5 12 60 70 85 10.8 90 18.65 15 Average annual growth rate "cumulative" attribute>6.5% | anticipation>6.6% | anticipation[3.9] anticipation[5.1] 5.5) | anticipation04 | Anticipatory[57] | Anticipatory[4,7] | Anticipatory[30] Anticipatory[28] >6.5 | Anticipatory[0.57] | Restrictive[>5000] | Anticipatory[5575) |Restrictive

CHN

East Asia & Pacific

ENERGY AND TRAI Continued support to energy efficiency after 2020, with the following key assumptions: 2.1. 'Without measures' scenario renovation of 2% of the buildings annually to the nearly-zero energy standard (include the use of renewable sources); 2. Energy The power system was analysed by the simulation of market development with transformations and the software for the hourly optimization of operation and development of the resources power system. The price of the emission allowances in the EU ETS was assumed as in the EU Reference scenario 2016. The simulation of the operation of the refineries was done to satisfy the domestic demand as possible with the existing capacities, which mean without building new refineries in 'without measures' scenario, and reducing production in 'with existing measures' and 'with additional measures' scenarios. support for the development of the share of electric vehicles to 25% of the personal vehicles in 2050; intermodal shift with the goal to shift 7% of the transport of passengers and goods to rails until 2030 and 20% until 2050; improvements of energy efficiency in industry together with fuel switch towards the use of renewable energy and electricity. Assumptions: - all electricity needs will be met from domestic sources (except nuclear power plant Krko) after 2030, which significantly increases the - - generation in Croatian power plants since import amounted to 25 - 35%. no new capacity of renewable resources, all new electricity demands and replacement of old capacity are settled by production from fossil power plants; about 50% gas-fired power plants and about 50% coal-fired power plants, - Nuclear power plant Krko continues delivering 50% of energy to Croatia and operates up to 2043. - fuel production in refineries driven by the domestic demand; improvements of environmental performance and lifetime of power plants in line with the Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions. 2.2. 'with existing measures' scenario Assumptions: Until 2020, installed capacities of renewable energy sources power plants are as defined by the National Action Plan for Renewable Energy Sources by 2020 and Tar

HRV

Europe & Central Asia

INDONESIA LONG-TERM STRATEGY 17 FOR LOW CARBON AND CLIMATE RESILIENCE 2050 INDONESIA LTS-LCCR 2050) In most scenarios, without mitigation effort even with adaptation, atmospheric concentration by 2100 is more than 1,000 ppm CO₂e. Emission scenarios of CO₂e concentrations in 2100 of about s 450 ppm are likely to maintain warming below 2°C. These scenarios projected that in 2050 the GHG emission reduction will reach 40% to 70% compared to 2010 (49 + 4.5 Gton CO₂e per year) and 2100 emissions level will reach near zero or below. In model pathways with no or limited overshoot of 1.5°C, global net anthropogenic CO₂ emissions decline by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 (40-60% interquartile range), reaching net-zero around 2050 (2045-2055 interquartile range). For limiting global warming to below 2°C, CO₂ emissions are projected to decline by about 20% by 2030 in most pathways (10-30% interquartile range) and reach net-zero around 2075 (2065-2080 interquartile range). Non-CO₂ emissions in pathways that limit global warming to 1.5°C show deep reductions that are similar to those in pathways limiting warming to 2°C (IPCC SR1.5). By 2050, the Earth's population is estimated over 9 billion with growing demand for energy and natural resources. Environmental degradation and erosion of natural resources are expected to continue to 2050, with the irreversible changes that will endanger life and livelihood. Without ambitious policy, the world will face more disruptive climate change as a result of the increase of GHGs emission by 50% to 70% due to growth of energy-related CO₂ emission. These increased emissions will cause temperature increase above 2°C threshold, affect precipitation patterns, increase glacier and permafrost melt, increase sea-level, and worsen the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events. It is projected that in 2050 biodiversity loss will continue, mature forests will shrink in area by 13% followed by commercial forestry, while mean species abundance will decrease

IDN

East Asia & Pacific

Mitigation Measure Manitoba Energy Efficiency Society Act and Energy Conservation Targets* Brief Description Manitoba Carbon Savings Account Brief Description Ontario Energy Efficiency Standards for Products, appliances and equipment Short description Sectors targeted Cross-sectoral GHG targeted Objective or activity targeted CO, CH, Reduce NO energy consumption Cross-sector CO, CH, Reduce HFCs, NO, NF. SF Cross-sectoral CO, CH, NO GHG emissions Type of instrument Regulation Reduce GHG emissions in the residential, commercial and industrial sectors Status of implementation Regulation Measure implemented In 2018, the Law on the Society for the Energy Efficiency in Manitoba was passed and the province created Efficiency Manitoba, a new Crown corporation with the goal of administering and achieving cost-effective energy savings for consumers. Manitoba's Energy Efficiency Corporation Act requires Manitoba to meet its legislated savings target of 22.5% of domestic electricity demand (an average of 1.5% per year of domestic electricity consumption) and 11.25% of domestic natural gas demand (an average of 0.75% of annual natural gas consumption) over a 15-year period. Until the launch of energy efficiency programs managed by Efficiency Manitoba in 2020, Manitoba Hydro will continue to offer energy efficiency programs. NE' Measure implemented Start of implementation Measure implemented (and new measures proposed) 2018 (legislation) Manitoba and 2020 (programming) Responsible for implementation 2018 Regulations have been in place since 1989. Standards in place for more than 80 products and implementation dates ranging from 1993 to 2021 Manitoba Estimated impact of mitigation in 2020 (kt CO eq) NE Manitoba is the first jurisdiction in North America to establish a economy-wide carbon economy, setting its emissions reduction target for 2018-2022 in June 2019 ahead of the November regulatory deadline. The Carbon Savings Account for 2018-2022 is based on recommendations from the Independent Expert Advisory Board, including its emissions reduction target of 1 Mt eq. CO, cumulative emissions reduction from 2018 to the end of 2022. The five-year carbon savings accounts will continue to be established, as required by the Green and Climate Plan Implementation Act, in order to promote the timely and sustained emission reductions. Ontario Regulation NE' Estimated Mitigation Impact e 2030 (kt CO eq) NE' NE NE' Ontario Regulation 509/18 establishes efficiency requirements for over 80 products that use

CAN

North America

Currently, 21,000 onshore wind turbines provide electricity to 10 million households in Germany and avoid emissions of 30.2 million tons into the atmosphere. It is assumed that by 2030, 25 GW of electricity will be produced in the trail parks in the North and Baltic Seas, which is equivalent to the annual capacity of 20 nuclear power plants. to increase the capacity of wind power plants in coastal waters, the procedure for registering investment projects is simplified. Over the next few years, investors will also be exempted from fees for the transit of clean energy through power lines. the federal government is supporting the construction of 10 offshore wind parks. For these purposes, in 2011, the state bank opened a preferential credit line in the amount of 5 billion euros. Great importance in the concept is given to the development of bio- and solar energy. According to some estimates, only the Desertec Industrial initiative project, involving the construction of giant solar power plants in Africa and the Middle East, is capable of providing 15% of the need for electrons by 2050. The project is estimated at 400 billion euros. network economy, it is necessary to build transmission lines to organize the supply of electricity from offshore wind parks in northern Germany to the central and southern regions 1. Increasing energy efficiency.

KAZ

Europe & Central Asia

Environmental Impact: Any negative or positive outcome generated by the different activities from the facility or project which affect the different elements of the environment. Pollution Prevention: measures and procedures taken to prevent any pollution. Pollution Control: measures and procedures taken to reduce or eliminate the emission of pollutants.

PSE

Middle East & North Africa

Prepared by Shan Carlo Espinoza 6. Advances in adaptation to climate change and the state of vulnerability in Peru Water availability scenarios at basin level

PER

Latin America & Caribbean

VIII.C). This provision is intended to ensure that the regulated substances identified under the AIM Act are appropriately controlled and their production and consumption are reduced under the schedule required by Congress. Whether the regulated substance is inadvertently created

USA

North America

Directorate for the Promotion of the Defense of Women's Rights Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Environmental Impact Assessment

HTI

Latin America & Caribbean

About one-sixth of Kuwait oil and gas production is consumed in the domestic market. According to estimates by KNPC, which produces and markets the refined products, half of the domestic consumption goes to power plants and seawater desalination units, while the rest is consumed mainly by the oil industry itself, followed by the transport sector. Only a small proportion is consumed by households. Figure 1-23 (right) shows the Kuwait's daily consumption of crude oil and oil products in thousands of equivalent barrels of crude in the period 1994-2016. The decline in oil consumption since 2009 was due, among other factors, to the shift toward the use of more natural gas in power stations and petrochemical industries. Finally, due to low natural gas production relative to consumption requirements, Kuwait has been a net importer of natural gas since 2009. In 2016, Kuwait's total imports of natural gas reached about 152.3 billion cubic feet, nearly 417 million cubic feet per day. (KNPC data). Gro Ku mil whi exc feet Fig 201 pla spe boc cap per bill alle yea cur pro Regarding natural gas, Kuwait had an estimated 1.8 trillion cubic meters of proven natural gas reserves as of 2015. Kuwait's reserves are not considered significant relative to global reserves and this has spurred an extensive drive in natural gas exploration. The utilization of the discovery of large non-associated gas reserves, which was discovered in the northern area of the country had been delayed by parliamentary opposition since 2006. However, in September 2016, Kuwait awarded contracts to international companies to enable the start-up of production of gas from these reserves by 2018. Yet, the $3.6 billion second phase plan of the project is on hold after tenders were unexpectedly cancelled in late 2017.

KWT

Middle East & North Africa

July 25, 2014; the Decree that formalizes the Action Plan of the National Climate Change Strategy, Executive Decree No. 39114- MINAE of the July 25, 2015; the Decree for the Promotion of Open Government in the

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

Epigraph Introduction 3. Requirements of the subjects who can benefit from the incentive rates. 4. Requirements for components and systems for the purposes of accessing incentive rates. 5. Procedures for accessing the incentive rates. 6. Incentive rates and period of entitlement. 7. Award for photovoltaic systems combined with efficient use of energy. 8. Withdrawal and valorisation of electricity produced by photovoltaic systems. 9. Conditions for the accumulation of incentives. 10. Methods for the disbursement of the incentive. 11. Checks and controls. 12. Rated power target to install. 13. Maximum limit of the cumulative electric power of all the plants that can obtain the incentive tariffs. 14. Monitoring of dissemination, dissemination of results and information activities. 15. Technological monitoring and promotion of technology development. 16. Final provisions. Annex 1 Annex 2 Annex 3 Annex 4 DM February 19, 2007 (9).

ITA

Europe & Central Asia

The approach to electricity will include (1) increasing the amount of electricity generated from renewable and low-emitting sources; (2) connecting clean power with places that need it; (3) modernizing electricity systems; and (4) reducing reliance on diesel working with Indigenous Peoples and northern and remote communities. Provinces and territories have already taken action on moving from traditional coal-fired generation to clean electricity. Ontario and Manitoba have already phased out their use of coal, Alberta has plans in place to phase out coal-fired electricity by 2030, Nova Scotia has created a regulatory framework to transition from coal to clean electricity generation, and Saskatchewan has a coal-fired generating unit with carbon capture technology, which captures 90 percent of emissions. New capacity will come from non-emitting sources including hydro, wind, and solar as well as natural gas. Energy efficiency and conservation will make added contributions to clean electricity systems. Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

Key Challenges There is a need to develop an integrated approach and policy and operational level to address climate change. There is a need to ensure that buildings constructed in urban and rural areas are cyclone resistant. Short Term (up to 2 years) Establish a National Platform for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management by 2015. effectively. Develop a National Strategic Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Resilience by 2015. There is a need to strengthen the role of local governments in building resilience. There is a need for greater understanding of the impacts of climate change in order to better plan for long term development. There is a need to ensure climate change mitigation and adaptation become a part of the national and sub national development planning and budgetary process. There is a need to increase the resourcing of adaptation and Proposed Way Forward, Actions and Time bound Indicators Review the Fiji National Disaster Management Arrangements to include Climate Change by 2016. Short Term (up to 2 years) Review the National Building Code by end of 2016. Medium Term (3 to 5 years) Provide incentives to support compliance with new building standards by 2017. Short Term (up to 2 years) Development of a Local Government Self-Assessment Tool for Climate Change Resilience by 2016. Review the town plan regulations to facilitate the enforcement of zoning and buffer zones for coastal a rivers banks, high risk areas and mangrove areas. Review to be completed by 2016. Short Term (up to 2 years) Develop a comprehensive assessment framework, including adoption of the damage and loss assess methodology by 2015. Medium Term (3 to 5 years) Institutionalise a mechanism to collect and analyse hazard, vulnerability and exposure data by 2017. Mainstream cost-benefit analysis into decision making process in mitigation and preparedness meas by 2017. Encourage collaboration with development partners and tertiary institutions in conducting researc priority areas with climate change and disaster risk reduction by 2017. Long Term (over 5 years) Develop hazard maps and models for all potential hazards (including sea level rise, storm surge, flood tsunami) by 2020. Short Term (up to 2 years) Integrate the climate

FJI

East Asia & Pacific

Energy for space heating in the built environment The most important pillars of the policy aimed at CO₂ neutral low-temperature heating in 2050 for the Netherlands, as described in the Energy Agenda, are a far-reaching reduction of heat demand through energy conservation and a significant reduction in the use of natural gas by stimulating and incorporating sustainably generated electricity. and sustainable heat. The cabinet is preparing legally binding measures, such as a minimum energy label for housing association homes and offices. It is being explored whether this can also be applied to other real estate sectors. In addition, the government will continue and broaden the promotion of savings through information, subsidies (such as the Own Home Energy Savings Incentive Scheme), low-interest loans (such as the National Energy Savings Fund), and support for innovative approaches. In the coming years, the legal and administrative preconditions will be created to greatly reduce natural gas in the built environment, partly because large-scale heat networks are regulated in a similar way to electricity and gas networks and because municipalities become (partly) responsible for the strategic elaboration. 4 Strategy and realization

NLD

Europe & Central Asia

Lebanon has embarked on the path of sustainable energy since the commitment launched in Copenhagen in 2009 by the Lebanese Government to develop renewable energy (RE). That famous commitment, well defined in the 2010 Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) Policy Paper for the Electricity Sector, has become a source of challenge and pride for our country, a real challenge to all concerned parties to reach this target by 2020 and a real pride because this commitment has boosted sustainable energy development in Lebanon to a high priority level. In terms of set numbers, our main target is to implement RE projects that would actually produce approximately 767 kilotonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe) in 2020, equivalent to 12% of the projected total electricity and heating demand in Lebanon during that year. MEW is aware that this target is challenging, but we are also confident that aligning the efforts of all national players and international allies would lead to achieving this target. MEW will exert all possible efforts to set the right policies and the needed mechanisms to make our 767 ktoe target a reality. We count on all our partners to support us in this promising journey, and we look forward to celebrating the implementation of NREAP 2016-2020 by 2020 as a success for Lebanon, all of Lebanon.

LBN

Middle East & North Africa

Mitigation Measure Saskatchewan Greenhouse Gas Emissions Management and Reduction Regulations (General and Electricity Producers) Brief Description SaskPower Programs Brief Description SaskPower Electricity Generation Initiatives* Brief Description Sectors targeted Electricity GHGs targeted CO Objective or activity targeted Reduce emissions from electricity production Type of instrument Electricity CO, CH Increase carbon neutral production Regulations Status of implementation Measure implemented Start of implementation 2018 Implementer 2018 Saskatchewan Estimated mitigation impact in 2020 (kt CO eq) NE The Management and Reduction of Greenhouse Gases Regulations (general and electricity generators came into force on January 1, 2018. The regulations impose a cap on greenhouse gas emissions for the province's coal and gas-fired electricity generators (SaskPower), and imposes an obligation to minor statement to independent power producers. In June 2019, an equivalency agreement between Saskatchewan and Canada for the regulation of coal-fired electricity generation was reached. The agreement allows SaskPower to manage reduced coal use at the fleet scale, rather than at the facility scale, and will replace federal regulations as of January 1 2 The Impact of this mitigation measure is included in the estimate of the federal CO Emissions Reduction measure, resulting from the amendments to the Coal-fired Electricity Regulation. Voluntary Agreement Adopted Estimated Mitigation Impact 2030 (kt e CO) Saskatchewan NE NA NE In October 2018, SaskPower launched the new Power Generation Partner Program (PGPP) to replace existing programs Small Power Producers and Flare Gas Power Generation The PGPP is a two-year program that accepts up to 1 of renewable energy generation and 25 MW of carbon-neutral non-renewable energy generation from of customer and community projects each year.November 2018, SaskPower's net metering program has been extended to November 30, 2021 or until the program reaches 16 MW of new generation, whichever comes first. 16 MW cap for the net metering program was reached in mid-2019 due to an increase in program participation A modified net metering program was subsequently launched in November 2019, with no cap on program capacity with no program end date. The new program creates certainty and provides a lasting incentive to increase renewable energy in the province. Electricity CO Voluntary Agreement Implemented 2007, 2018 Saskatchewan NE NE Implemented Reduce GHG emissions from the electricity generation sector and improve the supply of renewable energy SaskPower

CAN

North America

In the energy sector, the Energy Strategy 2050 sets a number of priorities to assure the future energy supply, such as reduction in energy consumption, broadening of the portfolio of energy sources, expansion and restructuring of the electricity transmission grid as well as energy storage. Emphasis is placed on increased energy savings (energy efficiency), the expansion of hydropower and implementation of new renewable energies. With regard to concrete policies and measures in the energy sector, the SwissEnergy programme represents a major policy instrument engaging cantons, municipalities, industry, as well as environmental and consumer associations for awareness raising and the promotion of increased energy efficiency and the enhanced use of renewable energy. The national buildings refurbishment programme increases the energy efficiency of buildings and promotes the use of renewable energies in the buildings sector, financed by one third of the revenues from the CO levy on heating and process fuels. The building codes of the cantons, which were agreed on by the cantonal energy directors, provide a set of common energy and insulation standards (model ordinances) aimed at reducing energy consumption of buildings. Negotiated commitments on energy efficiency entitle energy-intensive companies to receive a full or partial refund of electricity network surcharges (raised for the promotion of renewable energies) if they commit to enhancing energy efficiency in a target agreement with the Swiss government. The obligation to offset emissions from gas-fired combined-cycle power plants ensures that planning permissions for such power plants are only given if operators commit to offset the CO emissions in full. In the framework of the negotiated reduction commitment of municipal solid waste incineration plant operators, the Swiss Association of municipal solid waste incineration plants committed to reduce net CO emissions (e.g. through the effective use of the heat generated or the recuperation of metals) and to establish a monitoring system to track progress towards the goals set in the agreement with the Swiss government.

CHE

Europe & Central Asia

According to the Chinese governments proposal in 2009, by 2020, carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP will be reduced by 40%-45% compared to 2005, non-fossil energy will account for about 15% of primary energy consumption, and the forest area will increase by 40 million compared to 2005. Hectares, forest stock volume increased by 1.3 billion cubic meters compared with 2005 and other Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) goals, the 2011 "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" clearly stated in the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" Greenhouse Gas Emission Control Work Plan, to significantly reduce the gross domestic product By 2015, the carbon dioxide emission of the value of carbon dioxide will be reduced by 17% compared with 2010; the emission control of carbon dioxide emission from non-energy activities and other greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride has achieved results.

CHN

East Asia & Pacific

1. The entry of new light vehicles Panama presents an annual growth rate of 5.5%, based on historical data from ADAP, ATTT and INEC (1995 to 2016 with adjustment for non-representative years). 2 The parity price of electric vehicles and vehicles with internal combustion engines can be reached in 2021 if governments put in place promotion and incentive strategies for electric mobility, according to a recent study by Deloitte[xvii]. The year 2024 would be the parity scenario based on the development of technology without government assistance. Under this premise and taking into account the initiative of the Panamanian government, the year 2022 is taken as a possible year of parity in our country. Cars older than 10 years will be removed from circulation, giving a total of between 10,000 and 20,000 cars that would come off the registry annually. 4. According to the Global EV Outlook 2018[x], the average worldwide supply of many vehicle manufacturers is going to be 25% electric vehicles by the year 2025. And about 250 new electric vehicle models have already been announced between 2018 and 2030. 5. According to the Global EV Outlook 2018[xix], it is estimated that an electric vehicle is between 30% and 50% more efficient from well to wheel than an internal combustion vehicle, depending on the generation matrix of the country evaluated. Therefore, an intermediate value of 40% will be taken for Panama 6. Panama has assumed NDC update goals for the year 2030, for which this year has been established as the target year for the estimated contribution by this strategy of electric mobility. In this way, electric mobility can be included as a mitigation action in said update of NDC's and be presented as a NAMA of Panama. 7. The baseline study of Carbon Dioxide (CO) emissions of new vehicle registrations in Panama during the period 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016, shows that the average emissions of grams of CO per annual kilometer they range between 184.61 g CO/km in 2008 - 201.50 g CO2/km for 2016 [xx]. 8. The Energy sector as a whole reported for the year 2013, a total of 9,370.4 kt of CO2 eq, 40.8% of total emissions. Emissions from the mobile combustion sources subsector account for a total of 3,821.6 kt

PAN

Latin America & Caribbean

Research done so far mostly relates to the impact of climate change on electricity production from renewable sources by exploring the impact of meteorological parameters on production potential and analysing possible scenarios for future periods. For example, in 2013, two studies were carried out, one related to wind power plants (the impact of climate change on wind power generation, in particular the impact of wind speed change on production), the other to hydroelectric power plants (research that most meteorological parameters have on electricity generation from the meteorological parameters to assess the need for electricity generation from hydro power plants with the aim of planning the production and management of the system, as well as determining the potential output) [51] [52]. The paper exploring the possible impact of climate change on the energy generation from renewable energy sources in the Republic of Croatia, such as photovoltaic and wind power plants, as well as hydropower, was carried out in 2012 [53]. The climatic data used in the research are retrieved from the global climate model ECHAMS-MPIOM, and the data are dynamically adjusted to the RegCM regional climate model in DHMZ. The results based on the IPCC A2 scenario for the two future periods, 2011-2040 and 20412070, were analysed. It was concluded that climate change could have the greatest impact on renewable energy sources in the coastal part of the country, and an increase in production is expected due to the increase in wind speed, but also reduction of production from hydro power plants. Significant changes in photovoltaic power generation are not expected.

HRV

Europe & Central Asia

Solar and other technologies With the sun providing enough daily energy to power the world 10,000 times over, solar power is a globally abundant resource. There is currently 14GW of solar capacity in the UK split between large scale projects to smaller scale rooftop solar. The cost of solar has fallen by around 85 per cent over the past decade, and can be installed in just one day on a domestic roof. We expect a five-fold increase in deployment by 2035. For ground-mounted solar, we will consult on amending planning rules to strengthen policy in favour of development on non-protected land, while ensuring communities continue to have a say and environmental protections remain in place.

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

Cycling England. National body charged with co-ordinating the development of cycling across England. Includes design guidance, examples, best practice etc. www.cyclingengland.co.uk Cyclists Touring Club (CTC). The UK's national cyclist's organisation. www.ctc.org.uk Communities and Local Government. Better places to live by design: a companion guide to PPG3. 2001

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

When comparing GHG emissions with the electricity generation curves (GWh) by type of source (Figure 41), it can be seen that the maximum emissions occur when the generation by hydraulic source decreases and the consumption of diesel and especially coal increases., as observed in 1999, 2008-2013 and 2015-2017. The opposite situation occurs in the periods 1990-1992, 2005-2006 and in 2014, where the increase in the water source and a decrease in the growth trend of the emissions of the subcategory are seen. It is worth noting the influence of the use of natural gas on GHG emissions in the period 1999-2006, where it is observed how GHG emissions decrease due to the increase in the consumption of natural gas as a result of the entry of a large supply of this fuel from Argentina, which displaces the consumption of coal and diesel. Likewise, since 2007 it has been observed how the cut off of natural gas supply by Argentina, accompanied by a lower water supply due to droughts, produces an increase in the consumption of diesel and coal; Initially, the main substitute was diesel because natural gas plants are mostly comparable with diesel. Subsequently, coal entered with greater force given its lower cost, which in turn increases GHG emissions, resuming the upward trend observed between 1990 and 1998. The decrease presented between the years 2008-2010 is mainly due to the economic crisis of the year 2008 together with the earthquake of the year 2010. While the drop in emissions presented in the year 2014 is related to the fact that 2013 was a very rainy year, which allowed the storage of large amounts of water, either by reservoir or in the glaciers of the mountains in the south of the country, thus increasing the supply of this generation for 2014. For the coming years, it is seen how emissions increase until 2016 due to the greater use of coal, to then decline in 2018. This is mainly due to the increase in the participation of NCRE sources (solar, wind, mini-hydro and geothermal) together with the return of natural gas for electricity generation. In addition, it is possible to appreciate how diesel is increasingly decreasing its share, motivated by the entry of renewable sources and its high price compared to other fossil alternatives

CHL

Latin America & Caribbean

In planning ONEE Min. 25 years Energy/ electricity National reduce the Kingdom's energy dependence and strengthen its electricity production capacity; reduce the negative impact of fossil fuel imports on the state budget and on the Kingdom's trade balance; mastering a national resource: Morocco benefits from an exceptional level of sunshine; promote the creation of a new solar industry in Morocco; reduce greenhouse gas emissions: the plant will prevent the emission of around 77,500 tonnes of CO per year. Main indicators used Hydroelectric complex: Agdez Objective of the mitigation measure This is a hydroelectric complex with an installed capacity of 20 MW and an average annual production of 94 GWh per year. This project is part of the national energy strategy which aims to increase, by 2030, the share of renewable energies in order to reach 52% of the country's total electricity production capacity. The project will make it possible to: 250 77 500 Activities planned under the mitigation measure Integrated development of a renewable energy installation meeting the best international standards. Contribution to the emergence of national expertise in the field of renewable energies. Incentive for the territorial development of the area of implantation according to a sustainable model involving the economic, the human and the environmental. Assumptions adopted The forecast value of the average annual production is based on the accumulation of all the losses generated by factors internal and external to the installation, it stands at 90% of the initial nominal producible of the plant.

MAR

Middle East & North Africa

(a) intentionally or recklessly destroys or otherwise disposes of it, falsifies it or conceals it; or (b) causes or permits its destruction, disposal, falsification or concealment, shall be guilty of an offence. False or misleading information

SGP

East Asia & Pacific

The European Climate Law legally defines the commitment in the European Green Deal for Europe's economy and society to be climate neutral by 2050. The law also sets an interim target to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. Climate neutrality means achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions for EU countries as a whole, mainly by reducing emissions, investing in green technologies and protecting the natural environment. The Law aims to ensure that all EU policies contribute to this goal and that all sectors of the economy and society play their part. The Climate Law includes measures to monitor progress and adapt our actions according to existing systems, such as the process for managing Member States' national energy and climate plans, regular reports from the European Environment Agency, and the latest scientific evidence on climate change and its impacts. Slovakia is part of these actions and was among the first countries in the EU (end of 2019) to agree to climate neutrality by 2050.

SVK

Europe & Central Asia

5.2 Implementation of the strategy Austria is committed to becoming climate neutral by no later than 2050. The decision, whether The implementation of the long-term climate strategy 2050 and the regular evaluation and updates require scientific backing from a number of disciplines. So far, this advice has been obtained mainly from the fields of economics, technology, and natural sciences (climatology, biology, agriculture and forestry); however, expertise is also needed from the fields of social

AUT

Europe & Central Asia

United Nations on Climate Change-UNFCCC- its proposal for an Intended and Determined Contribution at the National level -INDC-, in which it is planned to achieve an unconditional reduction of 11.2 percent of its total GHG emissions, taking as a reference the base year 2005 and projected to the year 2030. This goal implies reducing from 53.85 million tons of CO-eq estimated for the year 2030 (Considered in the Business as Usual -BAU- scenario) to a value of 47.81 million tons of CO-eq in that year. The second proposal is more aggressive, but it is conditional on obtaining the necessary new and additional technical and financial support from new and additional public and private international resources that allow actions to be taken to achieve it. This conditioned initiative proposes a reduction of 22.6 percent projected for 2030, which implies reducing from 53.85 million tons of CO-eq estimated for the year 2030 (considered in the BAU scenario), to a value of 41.66 million tons of CO-eq in that year (MARN, 2015).

GTM

Latin America & Caribbean

In the first half of 2008, under the coordination of the MME, the Ten Year Energy Expansion Plan - PDE 2007/2016 was published, a planning instrument that prioritizes the programming of works related to the physical expansion of the country's energy systems on the horizon of the next 10 years. The study predicts that, between 2007 and 2016, 34,460 MW will be added to the system in new hydroelectric plants and an amount of BRL 90 billion will be invested between 2010 and 2016, characterizing a mostly water expansion. The PDE deals with regional issues and places special emphasis on the treatment of socio-environmental issues, within the perspective of sustainable development, aiming to ensure quality and reliability to the country's energy supply.

BRA

Latin America & Caribbean

Through collective delivery with the EU In the case of an individual commitment Norwegian emissions are covered by the EU ETS, and Norway will through our participation in the ETS contribute to the necessary emission reductions. The EU ETS ensures that no double counting occurs. In meeting the emission reduction target in the non-ETS sectors, Norway assumes access to flexibility in implementation in line with what EU member states have. This includes flexibility among EU member states. Regarding the non-ETS sectors, Norway's assumption is that an agreement between Norway and the EU on collective delivery will ensure that no double counting occurs. In this situation, there will be no use of international market credits towards the target. Norway does, however, support inclusion of market based mechanisms in the 2015 agreement, and the opportunity to continue using units accruing from the CDM and JI. If the commitment should be implemented by Norway individually, the ambition level of at least 40% emission reduction by 2030 compared to 1990 still stands. In this situation, Norway assumes that we will have access to flexible mechanisms as in the case with collective delivery with the EU. Norway will continue to use market based mechanisms under the UNFCCC. Strict criteria will be applied to ensure that such credits represent real and verifiable emission reductions and that double counting is avoided. Norway will seek an agreement of accounting for Norway's participation in the EU ETS.

NOR

Europe & Central Asia

Energy Sector 13 Electricity Area Medium term (2030) Increase national electricity production to 33% of electricity demand. National electricity production with more than 75% coming from renewable sources. Necessary infrastructures for the transport of energy and increase the capacity to import electrical energy according to the guidelines of the Master Plan for electrical infrastructures of FEDA 2016-2026. That GHG emissions be reduced by at least 32% in terms of electrical energy and 7% in terms of thermal energy. Improve the energy efficiency of public lighting through a regulation. Hourly limitation in accordance with the decree on energy saving measures and the current light pollution regulation. Reduce energy intensity by a minimum of 20%. Long Term (2050) Increase national electricity production to 50% of electricity demand. That 80% of the national electricity production comes from renewable energies, thus promoting hydraulic, solar, wind, geothermal and biomass energy. Reduce energy intensity by a minimum of 30%.

AND

Europe & Central Asia

123 2. 3. Secure supply and storage of fossil fuels. Ensure fuel receiving and distribution infrastructure meet international standards. on fossil fuels by investing in renewable energy projects. Reduce dependence Policy Statement: 50% of energy used in Nauru comes from renewable sources by 2015. As highlighted in chapter 3.3, solar is the only renewable energy source that has the potential to contribute significantly to Nauru's energy mix. While wind and ocean based resources are available, their potential has yet to be assessed. Moreover, ocean based renewable energy technologies are still under development and are not considered as immediate options for Nauru.

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

Scotland In March 2021, the Senedd passed a suite of regulations to set a Net Zero Wales 2050 target, increase Wales decadal emissions targets, and set Wales Carbon Budgets 2 and 3 in line with them. Relative to the baseline established in legislation, the targets and budgets set in law are: • Carbon Budget 2 (2021-25): 37% average reduction with a 0% offset limit • Carbon Budget 3 (2026-30): 58% average reduction 2030: 63% reduction • • 2040: 89% reduction 2050: at least 100% reduction (net zero) Welsh legislation requires Welsh Government Ministers to publish a plan for meeting each of its carbon budgets. Net Zero Wales will be published before COP26 and will set out the policies and proposals to meet Wales Carbon Budget 2 (2021-25) and set Wales on a longer-term pathway to net zero. Northern Ireland

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

the circumstances of the particular permit holder or licence holder; and any other matters the Minister considers relevant. When carrying out a financial capability assessment under section 89ZG, the

NZL

East Asia & Pacific

ensuring a 10% share of annual production of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2020; incentivizing the use of energy produced from renewable energy sources in relation to gross final domestic consumption. In this respect, it is planned to achieve a share of at least 17% of renewable energy in the gross final energy consumption in 2020; achieving a share of at least 10% of energy from renewable energy sources in the final energy consumption in transports by year 2020.

MDA

Europe & Central Asia

If the targets set are fulfilled, significant improvement of the main energy indicators will be achieved. The comparison is made on the basis of the situation in 2005, the forecast for 2020 assuming preservation of the present-day policy (Reference Scenario) and the forecast for 2020 assuming implementation of the strategic goals (Target scenario): The key goal to be pursued is energy efficiency improvement. The main indicator of this is energy intensiveness of the GDP. If the targets for two-fold reduction of energy intensiveness by 2020 are achieved, this national indicator is expected to come closer to the average for the Community, which will be reflected in many- sided benefits. Achievement of the target indicator of energy intensiveness, 456 toe/MEURO5, will enable the sustainable economic growth, realized with lower energy demand. Till 2020 the total energy demand decreases by 21%, while GDP increases by 58.5% compared to 2005. Performance of the planned measures and policies with respect to energy efficiency will produce the following positive effects in comparison with the Reference Scenario around 2020: 17.5% lower, or 1.94 mio. toe final consumption of energy; saving of 26.8%, or 5.8 mio. toe primary energy per year as a result of energy efficient final consumption, energy efficiency in the energy sector and larger share of the directly used natural gas and RES. As a result of efficiency improvement in the energy sector and of adoption of the direct use of natural gas and RES in the households, the relation between final and total energy demand reaches 58%. This means that the same energy requirements of the end users in 2020 will require 17% less primary energy resources compared to 2005, respectively 12% less compared to the Reference scenario. The increased use of natural gas in the households has a positive energy saving and environmental effect, but a negative impact with respact to dependency on 3000 As a result of efficiency improvement in the energy sector and of adoption of the direct use of natural gas and RES in the households, the relation between final and total energy demand reaches 58%. This means that the same energy requirements of the end users in 2020 will require 17% less primary energy resources compared to 2005, respectively 12% less compared to the Reference scenario. The increased use of natural gas in the households has a positive energy saving and environmental effect, but

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

Climate policy sectors ENERGY TRANSPORT Goals of sectorial policies related to climate change To increase energy efficiency To increase the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the balance of energy sources To increase the share of district heating from RES - To promote of the RES use in industry sector To reduce relative consumption of thermal energy per unit of the used dwelling area by up to 30% by 2020 To implement energy saving technologies To renovate public buildings To promote of RES use in transport sector Sectoral policy planning documents National Energy Independence Strategy Energy efficiency law Heat Economy Law Energy Efficiency Action Plan Multi-apartment Building Renovation (Modernization) Programme Public Building Renovation Programme National Energy Independence Strategy National Renewable Energy Resources Development Strategy National Renewable Energy Resources Programme for 2016-2020. Multi-apartment Building Renovation (Modernization) Programme Multi-apartment Building Renovation (Modernization) Programme Law on Energy from Renewable Sources Programme of Public building renovation The Programme on Heat industry development in 2015-2021 Program for Increasing the Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings The National Programme on the Development of Transport and Communications Law on Energy from Renewable Sources To increase the share of RES (biofuels and electricity) not less than 10% in all modes of Law on Energy from Renewable Sources transport in comparison with the final consumption of energy in the transport sector The Order No 3-100 of the Minister of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Lithuania On the

LTU

Europe & Central Asia

2.115 UK industry was responsible for 131.6 MtCO e of emissions in 2009, accounting for 23% of the UK's total emissions.5² Over 80% of these emissions originate from generating the heat that is needed for industrial processes such as manufacturing steel and ceramics, and the remainder from chemical reactions involved in processes such as cement production. 2.119 Decarbonising the UK economy could require a reduction in overall industry emissions of up to 70% by 2050. Achieving this while maintaining competitive growth in the sector could entail the following. 2.116 Between 1990 and 2009, end user emissions from industry have reduced by III MtCO2e. While the UK industrial sector has grown by an average of 1% a year over the last 40 years, the sector's emissions have fallen by 46% since 1990. Embracing cost effective, energy efficiency measures, as well as sectoral readjustments towards higher-value products, has helped to drive this lower carbon growth. The energy intensity of UK industry has fallen on average by 2.7% a year since 1970. Since 1990 this average has declined to 1.3% a year.53

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

The integration of the networks, market and trading responsible for its supervision. 8.6 DECISION-MAKING POINTS

HUN

Europe & Central Asia

.... Title of mitigation measure Status [Idea, planning phase, in progress, in operation] In progress. Implementing institution. MASEN Lifespan Photovoltaic solar power plant: Noor Boujdour Objective of the mitigation measure This is the project to build a polycrystalline photovoltaic solar power plant with a tracking system, with a capacity of 20 MW over an area of 60 ha, which will be operated under an independent power production (IPP) scheme. This plant is part of the national energy strategy which aims to increase, by 2030, the share of renewable energies in order to reach 52% of the country's total electricity production capacity. The project will allow: Min. 20 years Sector and sub-sector mastering a national resource: Morocco benefits from an exceptional rate of sunshine; promote the creation of a new solar industry in Morocco; reduce greenhouse gas emissions: the plant will avoid the emission of around 28,678 tonnes of CO per year. Activities planned under the mitigation measure Energy/ electricity Scope [national, regional, city] National reduce the Kingdom's energy dependence and strengthen its electricity production capacity; reduce the negative impact of fossil fuel imports on the state budget and on the Kingdom's trade balance; Total cost (million MAD). Integrated development of a renewable energy installation to the highest international standards. Contribution to the emergence of national expertise in the field of renewable energies. Incentive for the territorial development of the area of implantation according to a sustainable model involving the economic, the human and the environmental. 300 GHG avoided (TCO/year) 28,678 Assumptions used The forecast value of the average annual production is based on the accumulation of all the losses generated by factors internal and external to the installation, it stands at 60% of the producible initial rating of the plant.

MAR

Middle East & North Africa

Our climate action strategy is designed to provide substantial guidance for the process needed to achieve the climate targets. It is a strategy that aims to modernise our economy, and one of its main features is that it neither focuses on nor rules out any particular technology. It is a strategy that is designed to promote and develop new technologies, in the field of renewable energy, for example, and to increase energy efficiency. This is a way of conserving resources and using them more efficiently and at the same time improving the performance and competitiveness of our economy and its businesses. To make sure this transition towards a largely greenhouse gas-neutral society in the next decades becomes a success story, not only for climate policy but also for economic policy, we need to take a broader view. National, European and international climate targets are at the centre of the climate action strategy. This strategy must also take economic and social concerns into account: economic concerns because ultimately only economic success will make climate action an attractive proposition worldwide, and social concerns because one of the principles of climate action on a national as well as international level is that "strong shoulders must carry more than weaker ones." Climate action will only enjoy the broad social acceptance it needs in Germany if economic success and social balance are achieved. This will make the modernisation of our economy a beacon of success. Here again, guidance can be found in Agenda 2030: its 17 goals reflect all three dimensions of sustainability equally. Climate action is thus tantamount to increased economic performance and competitiveness. Decarbonisation means restructuring industry; it does not mean deindustrialisation. On the contrary: only if highly industrialised countries such as Germany provide living proof that meeting national climate targets does not have a negative impact on a country's economic and industrial success will other countries follow our lead.

DEU

Europe & Central Asia

Understanding on Zero-Emission Medium and Heavy-Duty Vehicles with an aim of 30 percent of new sales to be zero-emissions by 2030.268 Ongoing transportation sector initiatives across federal agencies include the following subset of key programs: Chapter 4. POLICIES AND MEASURES

USA

North America

Mitigation Prince Edward Island Renewable Energy Act Brief Description Muskrat Falls Hydroelectric Project in Newfoundland and Labrador Brief Description Newfoundland and Labrador Electricity Strategy Renewable Brief Description Yukon Energy Corporation and ATCO Electric inCharge Program Brief Description Targeted Sectors Electricity Targeted GHGs co Targeted Objective or Activity Obtain cleaner sources of energy and reduce reliance on imported energy Electricity CO, CH. NO Implement the Muskrat Falls Hydroelectric Project Type of Instrument Renewable Electricity Strategy Regulatory Reduce GHG emissions from the fossil fuel-fired electricity generation sector Economy Status of implementation Economy Measure implemented 2005 implemented The Renewable Energy Act established the minimum purchase price that utilities must pay for electricity produced by large-scale renewable energy generators and made it possible on the economic plan for homeowners, small businesses or farmers on the island who have an interest in generating their own electricity to install small-scale electricity generation systems through net metering. Currently, approximately 25% of Prince Edward Island's electricity consumption comes from wind farms on the island. 2020 Electricity CO CH NO Start of implementation Planned measure Planned measure Implementer Prince Edward Island 2019 Newfoundland and Labrador This project will enable the closure of an oil-fired thermal generation facility and ensure that 98% of the province's electricity comes from renewable sources. The project will also reduce GHG emissions by at least 1 Mt per year in other provinces such as Nova Scotia. The project is expected to be completed in 2020. Estimated Mitigation Impact 2020 (kt CO eq) NE 1400 Newfoundland and NE Labrador Yukon Estimated Mitigation Impact 2030 (kt CO eq) ) NE NE 1400 Building on the Muskrat Falls project, which will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 10% in Newfoundland and Labrador when it comes into service, Newfoundland and Labrador announced a Renewable Energy Strategy in 2019 that will, among other things, increase the capacity and demand for renewable electricity in diesel systems in northern, remote and Indigenous communities across the province. Electricity CO Implemented 2014 Voluntary Agreement NE NE The Yukon Energy Corporation and ATCO introduced the inCharge program in 2014 to promote a culture of electricity conservation in the residential sector in the Yukon. The initiative consists of three programs: the LED and Automotive Heater Timer Rebate Program, the Low Cost Energy Efficient Products Program,

CAN

North America

The State has set itself the objective of reducing the energy consumption of the stock of existing buildings by at least 38% by 2020. To this end, the State has set itself the objective of completely renovating 400,000 dwellings every year from 2013. I. - All the buildings of the State and its public establishments will be subject to an audit by 2010. The objective is, on the basis of the diagnosis thus established, to initiate their renovation by 2012 with treatment of their least energy-efficient surfaces. This renovation will aim to reduce the energy consumption of these buildings by at least 40% and the greenhouse gas emissions of these buildings by at least 50% within eight years. The State will encourage local authorities, in compliance with their freedom of administration, to undertake a program of renovation of their buildings in terms of energy saving under the same conditions and at the same pace as indicated in the preceding paragraph. The policies undertaken by the overseas local authorities will be the subject of specific support in order to take seismic risks into account. If the conditions defined by Ordinance No. 2004-559 of June 17, 2004 on partnership contracts are caticfaiton Atwo fait sopol & your rplicor los teusux do nowntion on moties If the conditions defined by Ordinance No. 2004-559 of June 17, 2004 on partnership contracts are met, partnership contracts may be used to carry out renovation work in terms of energy saving respectively on the 50 and 70 million square meters of surface area of State buildings and its main public establishments.

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

Table 2(a) Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: base year Party Base year /base period Denmark 1990* % of base year/base period 20. % of 1990 20 Emission reduction target Period for reaching target Base year-2020* "Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy wide emission reduction targets. Optional. * Under the assumption that Denmark's quantified economy-wide emission reduction target is Denmark's commitment as part of the joint target for the EU and its 28 Member States. As the Faroe Islands and Greenland are not included in the EU territory, the commitments of Denmark as a member of the EU do not apply to the Faroe Island and Greenland. Legally binding target trajectories for the period 2013-2020 are enshrined in both the EU-ETS Directive (Directive 2003/87/EC and respective amendments) and the Effort Sharing Decision (Decision No 400/2009/EC). These legally binding trajectories not only result in a 20% GHO reduction in 2020 compared to 1990 but also define the EU's annual target pathway to reduce EU GHG emissions from 2013 to 2020. The Effort Sharing Decision sets annual national emission targets for all Member States for the period 2013-2020 for those sectors not covered by the EU emissions trading system (ETS), expressed as percentage changes from 2005 levels. In March 2013 and August 2017, the Commission formally adopted, respectively revised for 2017- 2020, the national annual limits throughout the period for each Member State. By 2020, the national targets will collectively deliver a reduction of around 10% in total EU emissions from the sectors covered compared with 2005 levels. The emission reduction to be achieved from the sectors covered by the EU ETS will be 21% below 2005 emission levels.

DNK

Europe & Central Asia

At COP26 during the World Leaders Summit Forest Day session on November 2, 2021, the United States announced the Plan to Conserve Global Forests: Critical Carbon Sinks. This decade-long, whole-of-government Plan sets forth the U.S. approach to conserving critical global terrestrial carbon sinks, deploying a range of diplomatic, policy, and financing tools. The first-of-its-kind plan for the U.S. government seeks to catalyze the global effort to conserve and restore the forests and other ecosystems that serve as critical carbon sinks. Subject to Congressional appropriations, by 2030, the United States intends to dedicate up to $9 billion of our international climate funding to support the objectives of the Plan. The United States recognizes that without halting deforestation and restoring forests at scale, we cannot reach net zero emissions by 2050, and we cannot limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. This is not a long-term challenge. It is something we must do immediately, in this critical decade. Forests and other ecosystems could provide as much as one-third of global mitigation by 2030 by reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and by enhancing the carbon sequestered from the atmosphere through forest restoration. The Plan to Conserve Global Forests: Critical Carbon Sinks has been devised to catalyze even more ambitious global action towards this end.

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

page 22 of 47 Flemish climate strategy for 2050 OCC Supplementary Information 1 dated 04-02-2020 (2020C80760.001)

BEL

Europe & Central Asia

This Policy is the result of a long-term country vision that the State of Guatemala promotes through the commitment of all sectors of society, with the purpose of making it the basis for energy development planning. In this framework, the contribution of the 2013-2027 Energy Policy to development will also depend on joint and coordinated action between actors from both the public and private sectors, with the active participation of citizens in the processes related to the matter. In the same way, the 2013-2027 Energy Policy will frame the vision of development contained in it through an implementation articulated with other public policies in the economic, social and environmental sectors.

GTM

Latin America & Caribbean

4. Seek for sustained reduction deforestation rates, in all Brazilian biomas, in order to reach zero illegal deforestation Specification of the Objective: Reduction of 40% in the average deforestation rate by 2006-2009 period in relation to the average rate of the ten years reference period used in the Amazon Fund (1996-2005). For each of the next two periods of four years, reach 30% of extra reduction, in relation to the previous period. In the case of the Amazon bioma, achieving this specific objective can avoid emissions of around 4.8 billion tons of carbon dioxide between 2006 and 2017, considering a biomass carbon stock of 100 tc/ha. This value will be revaluated after the completion of the carbon stocks inventory, to be supported by the National Forest Inventory.

BRA

Latin America & Caribbean

4.1.2 Denmark's Climate Policy The parties to the agreement have also agreed that Denmark will work towards net zero emissions, in accordance with the Paris Agreement, and advocate for the adoption of a target of net zero emissions in the EU and Denmark by 2050 at the latest. The agreement includes the following initiatives:

DNK

Europe & Central Asia

Regulatory Type, adopted by the Mincomercio through Resolution 1066 of October 12, 2021. Actions of LE1: Includes, among others, the following two measures aligned with the NDC: M1: Promotion of energy management projects and energy efficiency in the industry sector: Identification, structuring and implementation of projects and programs on good operating practices, improvements in energy processes and the use of energy sources with a lower emission factor with an impact of up to 15% on energy reduction and/or emissions.. M2: Management for the comprehensive development of brick kilns: Promote the comprehensive development of productive brick manufacturing units through capacity building for energy management, process improvement and transfer of good operating practices. Likewise, it seeks to encourage and manage conversion processes and improvements in production furnaces, facilitating access to financial services, specialized technical assistance and collaboration in public-private schemes, among others6. Objectives - expected reductions LE1: M1: By 2030 achieve reductions with respect to the BAU of 1.67 Mt of CO eq derived from energy efficiency and the use of energy sources with a lower emission factor with an impact related to the reduction of energy intensity and / or emissions.. M2: Reductions of 0.19 Mt of CO are projected to 2030, with an annual aggregate energy efficiency increase of 1.5% in the entire period up to 2030. LE1 status: M1 in execution and M2 in planning. Strategic Line 1 (LE1): Energy Efficiency Start Year and M1 management: It is considered that with the pilots in the sector progress was made in the management of the line; however, in 2021 with the adoption of energy. of the PIGCC this is set as the start date. M2: Planning phase in 2022 and implementation in the period 2022-2030. LE1 implementation term: M1: Planning, implementation and sustainability 2023-2030. M2: The planning phase is expected to begin in 2021 and 2022 and it is planned to evaluate alternatives for the adoption of implementation of the measures in 2022 onwards. IPCC sectors included LE1: M1: Subcategory 142 of energy demand associated with the burning of fuels in the subsectors of iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, chemical products, food, beverages, non-met

COL

Latin America & Caribbean

Table 2-3: LCOE of solar PV [Source: R. Shea, 2017] 2.4.4 IRENA and Lazard have estimated LCOE for PV as in Table 2-4 below. Table 2-4: LCOE for solar PV in US$/kWh

MUS

Sub-Saharan Africa

The mitigation commitment for black carbon is consistent with the general mitigation effort of the energy sector committed by the country. The mitigation actions considered in the analysis are consistent with the measures considered in the energy sector for the mitigation of other greenhouse gases, and have been evaluated considering the patterns or trajectory used by the Ministry of Energy. 8.5 Fairness and ambition considerations in light of national circumstances 8.5.1 Mitigation

CHL

Latin America & Caribbean

The actions related to this sector included in the National Action Plan 2016-2020, approved by GD no. 739/2016, in order to meet the strategic objectives of National CC/LCGG Strategy for GHG emissions mitigation are the following: The National CC/LCGG Strategy, approved by GD no. 739/2016, establishes the following: strategic objectives for GHG emissions mitigation: 4th Biennial Report of Romania, Ministry of Environment, Waters and Forests

ROU

Europe & Central Asia

39. Other assumptions were kept the same across the scenarios. For instance, projections of final demand for end-use sectors are consistent with those used in the central 2037 delivery pathway and are the same for each of the modelled 2050 scenarios. Technology and resource cost assumptions, including fossil fuel prices, are also the same across each scenario. Sensitivity analysis conducted as part of the sixth carbon budget Impact Assessment showed that the impact of economic growth and fossil fuel prices on the technology mix in 2050 is relatively small, therefore these effects were not considered further.30 Finally, sector emissions to 2037 were aligned to those in the delivery pathway described in the Strategy. For further key assumptions by sector see the evidence base section of this annex. 40. Table 4 shows the level of emissions in 2050 implied by each of the three illustrative scenarios. All scenarios meet net zero in 2050, with removals technologies compensating for any residual emissions. Table 4: Illustrative total territorial emissions under the different scenarios

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

Name ECCOSUR- A path towards the Comprehensive Management of Household Solid Waste (RSD) Support for the creation of a hydrogen ecosystem in Uruguay: promoting a sustainable mobility system. Support for the preparation of sustainable energy development plans at the regional level in Latin America and the Caribbean. Innovative financing for clean technology solutions in the Uruguayan renewable energy sector: the Renewable Energy Innovation Fund Objectives Structuring a Comprehensive GEF RSD Management Plan and executing a pilot plan of at least 8 blocks on a smaller scale in a city of approximately 25,000 inhabitants. Generate a communication plan. Contribute to the development of an eco-IDB hydrogen system favorable to the decarbonization of the cargo and long-distance transportation sector in Uruguay, by strengthening institutional capacities and technical advice for the pilot production and use of hydrogen in the sector. The specific objective is to contribute to the environmental and legal viability of the pilot project by carrying out an environmental impact and feasibility study, studies of the legal framework, and elaboration of contractual models. (Nov 2019-Dec 2021). Funding source Specific objective: to strengthen the capacities of the countries participating in the project for the elaboration of comprehensive studies of energy development at the national level to be integrated in regional cases, which allow the formulation of comprehensive sustainable energy development scenarios to regional level. Furthermore, analyzing the feasibility of including the nuclear option in the medium and long term, in those countries that do not have it, or the participation of countries as potential suppliers or users of the nuclear industry. (Jan 2020 - Dec 2021) Support the second transition Jan. Sustainable getica del Uruguay, through the Development decarbonization of the sectors Goals (SDG) of industry and transportation, ensure universal access to renewable sources, and increase competitiveness and innovation in the energy sector through the reduction tion of energy costs and the increase in female participation in the clean energy production industry. Beyond Uruguay, this project will have a strong demonstration effect in other countries in the region. The project proposes an innovative financial mechanism, called REIF Renewable Energy Innovation Fund, which will seek to support activities and leverage public and private funds. This Fund will allow financing a range of new and emerging renewable energy technologies, alliances and activities aligned to the

URY

Latin America & Caribbean

2020: British International Investment launched its Climate Change Strategy, including a net zero 2050 target. 2021: The UK hosted COP26 and launched GFANZ, the world's largest coalition of financial institutions committed to net zero, which unites over 550 members across the financial sector committed to align with a net zero future, spanning 50 countries and representing 40% of global private financial assets.²3 Government also announced its ambition to become the world's first Net Zero-aligned Financial Centre, including the intention to move towards makings it mandatory for firms to disclose their transition plans. commitments from members.

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

has led to the formulation of this Offshore Renewable Energy Development Plan (OREDP) and its accompanying Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and Appropriate Assessment (AA). In the last decade there has been significant growth in Ireland's renewable electricity generation output, driven largely by onshore wind. 19.6% of Ireland's electricity demand was met by renewable sources in 2012, with 15.3% being met by onshore wind. This rate of progress towards our target of meeting 40% of electricity demand from renewable sources by 2020, places Ireland at the forefront of renewables development. However, there is no room for complacency. Energy policy is defined by the need to be forward looking and to ensure that our electricity system is fit for purpose in the decades to come - both to meet our national energy needs, and for Ireland to have the capacity to fully participate in the wider European energy market. As we look towards 2030, and even out to 2050, the goal of decarbonising our electricity system will require the expansion of our renewable generation portfolio to include additional forms of renewable generation, such as offshore wind, and technologies still at the research, development and demonstration stage, such as wave and tidal devices and floating offshore wind systems. In tandem with this process, the Government has consistently identified the economic potential of our offshore energy resources as a priority area in the development of Ireland's green economy. The Action Plan for Jobs (2012) includes marine renewable energy among the green economy sectors in which critical mass must be built in order to realise its jobs potential, and prioritises finalising the OREDP and related SEA and AA to provide a clear framework for marine renewable energy development. The Report of the Research Prioritisation Steering Group (2012) identifies the opportunity to position Ireland as a research, development and innovation hub for the deployment of marine renewable energy technologies and services, thus facilitating the creation of an early stage industry and opening up the possibility of Ireland becoming a significant exporter of electricity. Ireland's Integrated Marine Plan, Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth (2012), recognises the potential of Ireland's offshore energy resource and specifies time-bound enabling and development targets, including implementation of the OREDP. Taking into account the findings of the SEA, and the AA,

IRL

Europe & Central Asia

Although progress has been made in recent years for each proposed component, it is still necessary to strengthen them and consider the necessary flexibility to adjust to national requirements and circumstances. Taking as a starting point the proposal for the existing national MRV system and the reporting and review requirements established by Decision 18/CMA.1 for the Transparency Framework; It is recommended that the MRV of the NDC be incorporated into the Mitigation Component, aiming at a "National System for Measurement, Monitoring and Verification for Transparency (SNMRVT)" that will have as its objective the management and adequate collection of all the information necessary for the elaboration of the "Biennial Transparency Reports" (BTR). Finally, as the SN-MRVT Mitigation Component should be able to monitor, report and verify the reduction of emissions associated with the implementation of the PMCC measures, this should be housed in the SIAM Climate Change Module (making use of the specific sectoral MRV systems that exist in the country).

PRY

Latin America & Caribbean

(filling the gaps for certain years). Also, another potential improvement could be identifying additional AD sources or updating AD from official statistical publications. Table 2.1.1.10: Information on source category 1A1a Main activity electricity and heat production, biomass / CO., Sector Energy 1A1 Energy Industries Category Source/Fuel/Gas Key Category? 1A1a Main activity electricity and heat production, biomass / CO No CO, emissions from biomass under source category 1A1a Main activity electricity and heat production has to be reported under the Memo Items (CO, emissions from biomass). Sum of emissions from main Category Description / Defini-acavity producers of electricity generation, combined heat and power generation, and heat plants. Main activity producers (formerly known as public unises) are defined as those undertakings whose primary activity is to supply the public. They may be in public or private ownership. Emissions from own on-site use of fuel should be included. Emissions from autoproducers should be assigned to the sector where they were generated and not under 1A1a. tion Country Detal Equation (Describe variables for method used) Reference Describe How and Why this Method Was Chosen Type and source of activity data Type and source of EF and OF In the Republic of Moldova electricity generation capacity include: Moldavian Thermal Power Plant (MTPP) in Dnestrovsk (on the left bank of the Dniester River) with an installed capacity of 2,520 MW; CHP-2 Chisinau, with an installed capacity of 240 MW and 1,200 Gealth heat capacity; CHP-1 Chisinau, with an installed capacity of 66 MW and 254 Gealth heat capacity; CHP-North Balti, with an installed capacity of 24 MW and 200 Gealth heat capacity, other power plants, including CHP owned by sugar plants with an installed capacity of 97.5 MW operating on natural gas and residual fuel oil, buit during 1966-1981. In recent years, renewable energy sources of small power are being developed. Their total capacity in 2015 represented 5 MW of electric power, while in 2016-circa 6.9

MDA

Europe & Central Asia

Chinese President Xi Jinping solemnly announced at the general debate of the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly: China will increase its nationally determined contributions, adopt more powerful policies and measures, strive to reach the peak of carbon dioxide emissions by 2030, and strive to achieve Achieve carbon neutrality. On December 12, 2020, President Xi Jinping announced at the Climate Ambition Summit: By 2030, China's carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP will drop by more than 65% compared with 2005, and the proportion of non-fossil energy in primary energy consumption will reach about 25%, the forest stock volume will increase by 6 billion cubic meters compared with 2005, and the total installed capacity of wind power and solar power will reach more than 1.2 billion kilowatts. This series of important announcements not only provided direction guidance for China's green and low-carbon development, drew a grand blueprint, but also contributed to China's plan and injected strong impetus for countries to join hands to cope with the challenge of global climate change and jointly protect the home of mankind, the earth. In the process of realizing the vision of carbon neutrality, China will unswervingly implement the national strategy of actively addressing climate change, and make greater contributions to maintaining global ecological security and building a community with a shared future for mankind. Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, in accordance with the new development concepts of innovation, coordination, greenness, openness and sharing, and in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Paris Climate Conference and the relevant requirements of the Paris Agreement, the Chinese government based on its national conditions and future development On the basis of in-depth research and argumentation and extensive solicitation of opinions from all sides, the "China Mid-Century Long-term Greenhouse Gas Low Emission Development Strategy" (hereinafter referred to as the low-emission development strategy) was compiled and completed, and the basic policy for China's long-term low-emission development was put forward and strategic vision, strategic focus and policy orientation, and promote global climate governance2

CHN

East Asia & Pacific

and Technology Ministry of Information, Science, Telecommunications Create an information highway that is accessible and fun to navigate, driven by modern science, and telecommunications technologies that are world class and resilient to the forces of nature. Equip the nation with a resilient housing stock, built to the Post-Hurricane Maria approved building guidelines and in compliance with the National Land Use Policy and Plan. Develop a prosperous community of Kalinagos that is culturally defined and socially coherent with modern amenities and facilities that are environmentally sensitive and responsive.

DMA

Latin America & Caribbean

The period 2011-2020: Reduce the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions by 8-10% as compared to the 2010 level; reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP by 1-1.5% per year. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions from energy activities by 10% to 20% compared to the business as usual case. This commitment includes a voluntary reduction of approximately 10%, and an additional 10% reduction with additional international support. Orientation towards 2030: Reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by at least 1.5-2%; reduce greenhouse gas emissions in energy activities by 20 to 30% compared to business as usual. Of this commitment, the voluntary reduction will be approximately 20%, and a 10% is dependent on additional international support. Orientation towards 2050: Reduce greenhouse gas emission by 1.5-2% per year.

VNM

East Asia & Pacific

Based on the principles mentioned above, NSOR defines objectives that can be grouped into several priority areas such as: (1) better management of water resources and demand; (2) improved rational use of energy, increased use from renewable sources and mitigating adaptation to climate change; (3) sustainable mobility through appropriate measures in

MNE

Europe & Central Asia

(4) Building a team of agricultural and rural science and technology talents Construction of agricultural public service talents. Focus on upgrading major leading agricultural technologies Demonstration and promotion, monitoring and prevention and control guidance of major animal and plant diseases, agricultural product quality and safety supervision

CHN

East Asia & Pacific

(8)Where the court makes a statement of non-compliance it may grant any remedy that could be granted by it on a judicial review other than damages, but only if Condition A or Condition B is met. (9)Condition A is that the court is satisfied that granting the remedy would not— (a)be likely to cause substantial hardship to, or substantially prejudice the rights of, any person other than the authority, or

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

• Supporting and monitoring linkages with forestry related organizations; Supporting and monitoring equitable distribution of wealth from forest products; It is commonly stated that desert line is moving southward causing destruction of agricultural land and of potential productive areas and hence desert like conditions encroach upon wetter areas to the south. It is also true that new desert enclaves are formed in internal bush land including agricultural and range lands when subjected to land degradation factors such as tree removal, land misuse associated with bad agricultural practices, overgrazing, and bush and grass fires. Under such ill-advised practices desert conditions are created in situ thus widening the extent of desertified areas. In its advanced stages desertification decrease crop and animal production. This phenomenon affects people's wellbeing and food security and eventually people's environment become uninhabitable.

SDN

Sub-Saharan Africa

Watt-level wind power base, build inland small and medium-sized wind power and offshore wind power projects according to local conditions, add Strengthen the construction of various grid-connected supporting projects. In 2020, the installed capacity of grid-connected wind power will reach 200 million kilowatts. Promote the diversified utilization of solar energy. Build a batch of "10,000-kilowatt-level" large-scale photovoltaic power stations.

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

Electricity networks will need to accommodate increased demand from the electrification of industrial processes. We will work with the independent regulator, Ofgem, network companies and local stakeholders, including industrial clusters, on the approach to planning and delivering transmission and distribution network requirements, including strategic network investment. We are planning to publish a Bioenergy Strategy in 2022. This will review the amount of sustainable biomass available to the UK and how this could be best used across the economy to help achieve our net zero greenhouse gas emissions target by 2050 while also support the delivery of our wider environmental targets. The strategy will also establish the role which Bioenergy with Carbon Capture & Storage (BECCS) can play in reducing carbon emissions across the economy. Current evidence strongly suggests that, given limited sustainable biomass supply, we may need to prioritise the use of biomass where it can be combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), resulting in negative emissions. Cement sites are examples of processes where biomass could be combined with CCUS. Electrification

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

Enhancing alternative energy sources The Government will study new potential RE sources to enhance the generation mix. During the Eleventh Plan, biomass and biogas power plants will be pursued because of the large potential of these sources. In addition, other RE sources such as wind, geothermal, and ocean, as well as off-grid RE facilities, will be explored and promoted. Off- grid electricity supply using RE sources in relevant local areas will be provided in a cost-efficient manner, as successfully implemented in other countries. Electricity generation capacity through renewable sources including biomass, biogas, solar PV, and mini hydro are targeted to reach 7.8% of total installed capacity in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah by 2020, or about 2,080 MW*. The usage of nuclear power as an alternative energy resource will be explored further. In this regard, an independent atomic energy regulatory commission will be established based on a new comprehensive nuclear law for electricity generation.

MYS

East Asia & Pacific

RO 2017 6839 2 As regards the average electricity consumption per person per year, a reduction of 3% by 2020, and 13% by 2035, should be aimed at, compared to the level of the year 2000.. The Confederation and the cantons coordinate their energy policy and take into account the efforts made by economic circles and by the municipalities.

CHE

Europe & Central Asia

17. 18. 19. climate change, agriculture and water resources, if no significant action is taken. Total petroleum fuel demand is projected to increase from about 1.6 million tonnes in year 2000 and could exceed 3 million tonnes in 2015 and could reach 4.5 million tonnes by 2020. The net final grid electricity consumption of the economy will grow from about 6,900 Gigawatt-hour in 2000 to about 18,000 Gigawatt-hour by 2015, reaching about 24,000 Gigawatt-hour by 2020. Quantum jump in demand could severely affect the nation's balance of payment since Ghana imports crude oil. The existing installed electricity generating capacity of 1,760 Megawatt would have to be doubled by 2020 if the nation is to be assured of secured uninterrupted electricity supply. The total energy requirement will grow from about 7 million tonnes of oil equivalent (69 Terawatt-hours equivalent) in 2004 to about 22 million tonnes of oil equivalent (255 Terawatt-hours equivalent) by 2020 (figure 3).

GHA

Sub-Saharan Africa

By 2040, the rate of renewable energies in the energy mix increases from 22% to more than 44% (RISE indicator) Guinea has great potential to strengthen the presence of renewable energies in the total energy mix. Although hydroelectricity is favored by Guinea's programs, several options are envisaged by the second national communication to the UNFCCC, such as the promotion of biogas in rural areas or the development of wind or solar power in low-income areas. more specific potential. The SNDD supports the development of all renewable energies, the use of which is adapted to the specificities of each area and will be the subject of environmental impact studies. Promote biogas

GIN

Sub-Saharan Africa

Contribution National Objectives Emissions for the reference year (2010) Coverage and scope of the contribution Cumulative reduction of > emissions for the period 2015-2030 > Implementation process Assumptions and methodology Adaptation Funding needs Environmental and fair character > Action-based Approach: relating to the implementation of current policies, awareness of good practice, in particular in the field of agriculture > Chad's vision by 2030: an emerging country with a middle-income economy, generated by diverse and sustainable growth sources and value adding activities > V V V Contribution based on a mixed approach, (Results and Actions, both conditional and unconditional) Results-based Approach: percentage of emission reduction by 2030. Data obtained through projections based on the latest GHG inventories presented in the 2nd National Communication, and on the data and national and regional strategy and policy documents V V 8,379.62Gg CO2e Unconditional reduction of 18.2% of the country's emissions compared to the reference scenario by 2030, approx. 41,700 Gg CO2e Conditional reduction of 71% of the country's emissions by 2030, cumulative reduction of 162,000 Gg CO2e 100% of the country is covered by the stipulated contributions Energy, Agriculture/Livestock, Land use and forestry, Waste Gases covered: CO2, CH4, and N2O Reinforcement of human, institutional and technological capacities, as well as financial support and technology transfers IPCC 2006 guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. The reference scenario is established taking into consideration the assumptions stated in the vision and strategy documents in place in Chad Priority sectors: water, agriculture/agroforestry, livestock and fishing Priority target zones: Kanem, Barh El Ghazal, Batha, Gura, Hadjer Lamis, Wadi Fira; Ouaddai, Dar Sila, Lac, Moyen-Chari, Borkou, Tibesti, Ennedi Est, Ennedi Ouest) > Adaptation: 14.170 billion USD in total for the period

TCD

Sub-Saharan Africa

also does not see the same benefits of transparency of releasing these data elements for improved enforceability and function of the HFC phasedown program. For these reasons, the Agency is determining the listed data elements are deserving of confidential treatment.

USA

North America

The new power generation facility installed recently is to consume around 170 grams of heavy fuel oil per KWh of electricity generated as compared to the average previous power supply consumption of 220 grams of diesel or light fuel oil. If we estimate the generation for 2012 to be around 300 GWh, the new generation facility will reduce CO emissions by around 45,000 tones in that year. Rehabilitation of the old transmission and distribution systems in major towns has reduced power losses. The previous technical losses of 20% in transmission and distribution system have been reduced by 50%. Assuming that oil fired stations produce about 0.7 ton of CO/MWh generated, this reduction in technical loses implies CO abatement of 21,000 tons/year. The improved stoves which have been recently introduced have around 21% efficiencies as demonstrated experimentally, while the traditional stoves are less than 10% efficient. Simple calculations made suggest that the CO reduction potential per improved stove is 0.6 tons per year. A wind park to feed the Port City of Assab grid and many decentralized stand alone or wind hybrid systems in the small towns and villages in the area have been installed. Many solar PV systems have been installed in the rural areas. Around 1.6 ton of CO is abated for each kW of renewable energy technologies (RETs) installed. In connection with these improvements in energy efficiency and introduction of sustainable energy supplies there is an Energy Research and Training Center which has the purpose of undertaking research activities on renewable energy resources and technologies. Moreover, the Centre is also involved in the installations, repair and maintenance of RETS, training of technicians and extension activities. These measures have already positive impacts in abating GHG emissions which is the foundation of the objective of the Convention.

ERI

Sub-Saharan Africa

Establishment of an international framework after 2020 and communication of Japan's INDC Japan's INDC Sets the target of 26.0% reduction by FY2030 compared to FY2013 (25.4% reduction compared to FY2005) Fifth Assessment Change by IPCC Report (AR5) on Climate O Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. O There are multiple mitigation pathways that are likely to limit warming to below 2C relative to pre-industrial levels. Scenarios, likely to limit warming to 2 C above preindustrial levels, are characterized by 40 to 70% global anthropogenic GHG emissions reductions by 2050 compared to 2010, and emissions levels near zero or below in 2100. Paris Agreement O All Parties including major emitters shall communicate or update a NDC every five years. O Holds the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 C above pre- industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 C above pre- industrial levels.

JPN

East Asia & Pacific

- In the 2006-2010 period: To complete the elaboration and promulgation of a system of consistent legal documents, including laws and sub-laws, related to economical and efficient use of energy. During the 2008-2010 period, to draft and submit to the National Assembly for consideration and passage a law on economical and efficient use of energy. - To develop models of management of economical and efficient use of energy for application to 40% of major energy-using enterprises selected nationwide during the 2006-2010 period, to 100% of major energy-using enterprises during the 2011-2015 period, and to small- and medium-sized enterprises afterwards. - From 2006, to perform mandatory management under Vietnam construction standard "Projects with economical and efficient use of energy" of 100% of newly constructed buildings.

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

A call for smarter urban vehicle access regulations A call to action on urban logistics Targeted action on urban road safety Mobilising Intelligent Transport Systems for EU cities corresponding traffic information and management systems. The core network represents the strategically most important nodes and links of the trans-European transport network. It is multi-modal (including all transport modes and their connections as well as relevant traffic management systems) and the infrastructure included in this network will be a subset of the comprehensive network. The Core Network is to be completed by 2030 while the Comprehensive Network is to be completed by 2050. With the urban mobility package, the Commission set out how it will continue and reinforce its support for local action on urban mobility between 2014 and 2020. As part of this package the commission is actively promoting the concept of Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans as a tool for supporting sustainable urban mobility.

MLT

Europe & Central Asia

GHG CO 8 CH4 NO GHG CH4 NO GHG CO Tentative Mitigation Objectives for 2030 Reduction intensity (GHG emissions per unit of GDP) with respect to 1990 Conditional on specific additional means of implementation Reduce 31% Unconditional Reduce emissions intensity 27% of CO per unit of GDP Reduce by 62% the intensity of CH emissions per unit of Pal Carbon Pools/ Land use categories the intensity of CO emissions per unit of GDP Living Biomass on Forest Land Reduce by 63% of emissions intensity of CH per unit of GDP Reduce by 57% Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) in Grasslands, Peatlands and Croplands Reduce by 51% the intensity of NO emissions per unit of Pal Specific tentative objectives of intensity of GHG emissions with respect to food production: Tentative Mitigation Targets for 2030 Reduction intensity (GHG emissions per unit of product) compared to 1990 intensity of NO emissions per unit of GDP Conditional on specific additional means of implementation Reduce 41% intensity of CH emissions per unit of product (kg of beef by live weight) Reduce by 43% the intensity of NO emissions per unit of product Unconditional Reduce by 35% the intensity of CH emissions per unit of product (kg of beef by weight live) Reduce by 37% the intensity of NO emissions per unit of product (kg of live weight beef) (kg of live weight beef) In the Second Nationally Determined Contribution, additional specific intensity objectives could eventually be included of GHG emissions with respect to the production of food for rice and milk.) Tentative objectives specific to the LULUCF Sector: Unconditional Maintain 100% of the area of native forest for the year 2012 At least maintain 100% of the amount of effective area under management of forest plantations, from the year 2015 Sectors of the INGEI include LULUCF Energy, including Transportation; and Industrial Processes Maintain 100% of the area of forest plantations destined for shade and shelter in 2012 Avoid CO emissions from SOC in 10% of the area of grasslands Avoid CO emissions from SOC in 50% of the peat area for the year 2016 Energy; Agriculture, including Livestock; Waste; and Industrial Processes Food Production Activity Avoid CO emissions from COS in 75% of the crop area under Plans for the Use and Management of the Land of the year 2016, as well as

URY

Latin America & Caribbean

Table A 1 (continuation) Second National Communication Series 1990-2002 (even years) Energy Categories and subcategories of aggregate estimated source in Energy Industries Categories and subcategories of aggregate estimated source in manufacturing and construction industries Consumption data for various aggregated fuels Data corrected for oil consumption generated, which generates inconsistencies in the emi-crude, fuel oil, diesel and natural gas in energy produc- tion Incomplete disaggregation of fuel consumption in transport Incomplete disaggregation of fuel consumption in the Fugitive Emissions category (oil and natural gas) Better disaggregation of fuel consumption for transportation thanks to access to the National Energy Balance No estimate of emissions in other types of Estimation of emissions in the transport subcategory All-terrain transport in mobile agriculture Incomplete estimate in the Residential, Commercial/Institutional and Agriculture/Forestry and Fisheries sectors Deficient review process by external experts Third National Communication Series 1990-2016 Source categories and subcategories disaggregated (Emissions from electricity generation and oil refining were disaggregated in the Energy Industries subcategory. No estimate of emissions in many categories and subcategories due to unavailability of activity data Activity data from clinker production only for even years and default emission factors Emissions were disaggregated for 4 of the 13 components of the subcategory More detailed disaggregation of fuel consumption in the Fugitive emissions category that allowed determining that they were underestimated emissions in this category IPPU More detailed estimate of emissions from 1.A.4. Other sectors Comparative studies with results from other institutions in the electricity generation sector (eg Cubaenergia) Increase in completeness when declaring the Non-Occurrence of emissions in some subcategories, especially in the chemical industry and the completion of data series of activity on the annual production of some substances The series of activity data on clinker production is completed for all the years of the series. The annual parametric data on the proportion of calcium oxide in the clinker is obtained, which makes it possible to obtain an annual emission factor specific to the country.

CUB

Latin America & Caribbean

Policies and measures in the WM projection It is estimated that the emission reduction achieved by these additional measures will be 0.3 million tonnes CO₂ eq. in 2030. Policies and measures in the WAM projection

FIN

Europe & Central Asia

(a) Promoting coal substitution as well as transformation and upgrading We will pick up the pace in cutting coal consumption, strictly and rationally limit the increase in coal consumption over the 14th Five-Year Plan period and phase it down in the 15th Five-Year Plan period. Severe restrictions will be placed on new coal power projects, and newly constructed units will meet the most advanced international standards for coal consumption. We will orderly phase-out outdated coal power capacity, accelerate energy-saving upgrades and flexibility retrofits on units that remain in service, actively advance retrofits in coal-fueled heating facilities, and push forward coals transition into a power source that is for ensuring basic needs and serves as a system regulating source. In trans-regional transmission of power generated by new energy resources, we will strictly control the scale of supplementary coal power, and ensure in principle that no less than 50% of electricity transmitted via newly constructed lines is generated from renewable resources. We will push key coal consuming industries to reduce and limit their coal consumption. We will vigorously promote the clean utilization of coal. We will rationally designate zones where burning of bulk coal is prohibited, promote efforts to replace bulk coal and make coal cleaner in an active and orderly manner through multiple measures, and gradually reduce and eventually prohibit burning of bulk coal. (b) Vigorously developing new energy resources

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

These disclosures are expected to improve data availability and quality and help develop common robust methodologies. The EBA envisages a phase-in period until June 2024 for these disclosures. S The EBA simplified the template in question by removing the country breakdown. In addition, the e template has been amended to increase the t e comparability of the information disclosed across a different jurisdictions.

EUR

Europe & Central Asia

After consulting the Committee of the Regions, of 25 November 2009 REGULATION (EC) No 1222/2009 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

EUR

Europe & Central Asia

By definition, wind energy is energy produced by the wind. It is the result of the action of aerogenerators, electrical machines moved by the wind and whose function is to produce electricity. s g A propeller driven in rotation by the force e of the wind allows the production of mechanical or electrical energy in any sufficiently windy place. The wind energy captured on the blades drives the rotor which, coupled to a generator, converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The amount of energy produced by a wind turbine depends mainly on the speed of the wind but also on the surface swept by the blades and the density of the air. The Algerian EnR program initially plans, over the period 2011-2013, the installation of the first wind farm with a power of 10 MW in Adrar. Between p 2014 and 2015, two wind farms of 20 MW each should be built.

DZA

Middle East & North Africa

CTF Table 4 contains the annotation Not Applicable (NA), as LULUCF is excluded in the target and so the contribution of LULUCF is irrelevant to the mitigation actions involved. It contains no values, as no Kyoto Protocol units or other units are used for meeting the target. Slovenia currently does not plan to implement Kyoto Protocol mechanisms and intends to fulfil its obligations by 2020 with implementation of domestic measures. The latest projection of GHG emissions shows that Slovenia will meet its objectives in accordance with Decision 2009/406/EC without using the Kyoto Protocol mechanisms. CTF Table 4(b) contains no values, as no Kyoto Protocol units or other units are used for meeting the target.

SVN

Europe & Central Asia

The main challenges to which the project aims to contribute are these: In order to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 and to achieve its targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from 2030, Wallonia wants to deploy technologies based on hydrogen from renewable energy sources, as indicated in the Walloon contribution to the National Energy and Climate Plan. In addition, Wallonia has companies that are active across the entire hydrogen value chain, with a very significant potential for economic growth and employment. The main challenges addressed by the project are reducing the carbon footprint of Walloon companies and industries in the transport or housing/services sector, creating jobs in this new branch, responding in a proportionate way to the need for flexibility that renewable energy sources and reducing, in the long term, our dependence on imported fossil fuels. This project should also contribute to the challenge of maintaining Wallonia's scientific, technical and industrial excellence.

BEL

Europe & Central Asia

1 Total greenhouse gas emissions and trends 3 Greenhouse gas inventory information, including the national system and the national registry 59 The most important greenhouse gas in Finland is carbon dioxide. The share of CO₂ emissions in total greenhouse gas emissions has varied from 80 per cent to 85 per cent. In absolute terms, CO₂ emissions have decreased by 12.7 million tonnes (i.e. 22 per cent) since 1990. Around 90 per cent of all CO₂ emissions originated from the energy sector in 2015. The amount of energy-related CO₂ emissions has fluctuated much according to the economic trend, the energy supply structure (including electricity imports and exports) and climate conditions. Methane emissions (CH) have decreased by 37 per cent from the 1990 level. This is mainly due to the improvements in waste sector and a contraction in animal husbandry in the agricultural sector. Correspondingly, emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O) have also decreased by 27 per cent; the greatest decline occurred in 2009 when the implementation of a N₂O abatement technology in nitric acid production reduced emissions significantly. Another reason for the decrease of N₂O emissions is the reduced nitrogen fertilisation of agricultural fields. In 2015, the F-gas emissions (HFCs, PFCs and SF) were nearly 35 times higher than the emissions for 1995 (the

FIN

Europe & Central Asia

India is among a few countries in the world where, despite ongoing developmental efforts, forest and tree cover is increasing. A comparison with some other emerging and advanced economies shows that India's growth in forest cover has been positive. In terms of canopy density classes, area covered by Very Dense Forest (VDF) is 99,278 km (3.02 per cent), Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) is 3,08,472 km (9.39 per cent) and Open Forest (OF) is 3,04,499 km (9.26 per cent) (Figure 1.18). The forest and tree cover has reached 80.73 million ha which is 24.56 per cent of the geographical area of the country. The total forest cover of the country, as per the latest assessment (FSI, 2019) is 7,12,249 km which is 21.67 per cent of the total geographic area of the country. There has been an increase of 3,976 km (0.56 per cent) of forest cover, 1,212 km (1.29 per cent) of tree cover and 5,188 km (0.65 per cent) of forest and tree cover put together, at the national level as compared to the previous assessment of 2017 (FSI, 2019).

IND

South Asia

By 2022, Honduras will have consolidated an institutional framework to promote and keep current the issues of adaptation and mitigation to climate change. The country's private sector will have appropriated the issue of energy efficiency and there will be public-private alliances for the development of joint research processes for the use of natural energy sources for energy production. Honduras will be the largest contributor of CERTS (emission reduction certificates) in Central America and the use of financial instruments derived from the agreements of the United Nations Convention on Climate Change will be a source of income and employment for thousands of Hondurans. Consistent with the strategic guideline on Regional Development, Natural Resources and the Environment, physical vulnerability will have been reduced by 50%, the annual loss of forest cover by 70%, and the net use of water resources and the damming capacity for productive purposes will be increased from 5 to 16%. By the year 2038, Honduras will have mainstreamed the issue of change

HND

Latin America & Caribbean

100 percent carbon pollution-free electricity (CFE) by 2030, at least half of which will be locally supplied clean energy to meet 24/7 demand; 100 percent zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) acquisitions by 2035, including 100 percent zero-emission light-duty vehicle acquisitions by 2027; Net-zero emissions from Federal procurement; A net-zero emissions building portfolio by 2045, including a 50 percent emissions reduc- tion by 2032; and Net-zero emissions from overall Federal operations by 2050, including a 65 percent emissions reduction by 2030:

USA

North America

measures and most of the other programs to respond to demands for forest ecosystems goods services will be implemented for the entire plan period. Table 22. Schedule of Implementation and Targets

PHL

East Asia & Pacific

Switzerland has stabilized its emissions until 2010 compared to 1990, until 2020 the greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 19% within the country. In line with IPCC findings, Switzerland commits to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50 per cent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, corresponding to an average reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by at least 35 per cent over the period 2021-2030. By 2025, a reduction of greenhouse gases by at least 35 per cent compared to 1990 levels is anticipated. International carbon credits will partly be used.

CHE

Europe & Central Asia

What are our objectives? Climate change, biodiversity loss and environmental degradation are transforming the global economy. As countries, companies and individuals across the world respond to these challenges, finance and investment have a crucial role to play. The global transition to a net zero, resilient and nature positive economy will see trillions of pounds reallocated and invested in new projects, products and services. The UK's world-renowned finance sector can put us at the forefront of this transition. 2. The UK's COP26 Presidency in 2021 generated historic momentum in the numbers of businesses, regions and investors seeking to align with climate and environmental goals. Over 90% of global GDP is now covered by national net zero targets. In the financial services sector this was exemplified through the commitment of the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ), which unites over 550 members across the financial sector committed to align with a net zero future, spanning 50 countries and representing 40% of global private financial assets. Now is the time for the UK to build on that leadership.

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

In accordance with Articles 4, paragraph 1 (a) and 12 paragraph 1 (a) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), all parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and the specificity of their national and regional development priorities, their objectives and their situation, establish, periodically update, publish and make available to the Conference of the Parties (COP), national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by their sources and the absorption by their sinks of all greenhouse gases (GHGs) not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methods to be approved by the PC. In this respect, the Paris Agreement, by contributing to the implementation of the Convention, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and the fight against poverty, in particular by containing the global average temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing action to limit the global temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, with the understanding that this would significantly reduce the risks and effects of climate change. These inventories relate to the time series 19902015 and cover anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of direct GHGs, namely carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and fluorinated gases (HFCs). Emissions of indirect GHG precursors such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and those of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) are also reported. GHG emissions and removals have been estimated, in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, for the energy,

BEN

Sub-Saharan Africa

The Government of Antigua and Barbuda therefore is committed to the governing objectives of a more sustainable and independent energy sector, substantially to be achieved by the following principal goals: a) Prepare and implement a systematic plan to reduce and sustain overall energy intensity of the Antigua & Barbuda economy by at least 10% below a 2010 baseline within 10 years. b) Revise building codes and support energy management programs in order to reduce consumption at Government and public facilities, industrial plants and other large users by identifying effective measures to control and improve efficiency by 30% over 15 years. c) Introduce legislation and appropriate economic incentives to fast track the migra- tion of public and private fossil powered vehicles to low carbon technologies with the aim of improving efficiency in the transportation sector by 40% in 15 years. d) Establish minimum efficiency standards for air-conditioning, refrigeration and other appliances as well as differentiated tariff to incentivize efficiency. e) Antigua & Barbuda Government being one of the largest energy consumers will assume the lead position as driver of cost reduction initiatives by legislating and implementing cost reduction initiatives with a view to reducing its consumption and costs by 30% in 10 years. f) Support energy efficient choices through improved awareness, information and services that can deliver energy efficiency. NEP_AntiguaBarbuda Layout 1 6/10/13 5:31 PM Page 13

ATG

Latin America & Caribbean

(within the meaning of section 268), be treated as an exchange of property.", to another person, pursuant to a Debt Settlement Arrangement or a Personal Insolvency Arrangement entered into under the Personal Insolvency Act 2012

IRL

Europe & Central Asia