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Question ID:PT91 S1 Q4 Passage:Each of five experts—a lawyer, a naturalist, an oceanographer, a physicist, and a statistician—individually gives exactly one presentation at a conference. The five presentations are given consecutively. Each presentation is in exactly one of the four following languages: French, German, Japanese, or Mandarin. Each expert speaks exactly one of the languages. The following conditions must hold: Exactly two of the presentations are in the same language as each other.The statistician gives the second presentation in German.The lawyer gives the fourth presentation in either Mandarin or French.The oceanographer presents in either French or Japanese; the same is true of the physicist.The first presentation and the last presentation are in Japanese. Stem:Which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of the languages any one of which could be the language of the third presentation? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:French Choice B:Mandarin Choice C:French, German Choice D:French, Mandarin Choice E:German, Mandarin | PT91 S1 Q4 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q5 Passage:Each of five experts—a lawyer, a naturalist, an oceanographer, a physicist, and a statistician—individually gives exactly one presentation at a conference. The five presentations are given consecutively. Each presentation is in exactly one of the four following languages: French, German, Japanese, or Mandarin. Each expert speaks exactly one of the languages. The following conditions must hold: Exactly two of the presentations are in the same language as each other.The statistician gives the second presentation in German.The lawyer gives the fourth presentation in either Mandarin or French.The oceanographer presents in either French or Japanese; the same is true of the physicist.The first presentation and the last presentation are in Japanese. Stem:Suppose the condition that the statistician gives the second presentation in German is replaced with the condition that the statistician gives either of the presentations given in Japanese. If all the other original conditions remain in effect, which one of the following could be the order, from first to last, in which the experts present? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:the lawyer, the oceanographer, the statistician, the naturalist, the physicist Choice B:the naturalist, the oceanographer, the physicist, the lawyer, the statistician Choice C:the oceanographer, the statistician, the naturalist, the lawyer, the physicist Choice D:the physicist, the oceanographer, the lawyer, the naturalist, the statistician Choice E:the statistician, the oceanographer, the naturalist, the lawyer, the physicist | PT91 S1 Q5 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q6 Passage:Xian interviews exactly five out of a total of seven job applicants—Gallagher, Ippolito, Lim, Nasser, Orloff, Robinson, and Taneguchi. She interviews the five one at a time, once each. Interviewing must meet the following conditions:Lim is interviewed second or third.Nasser or Taneguchi is interviewed last.Gallagher, if interviewed, is interviewed first.Ippolito is interviewed immediately after Robinson if both are interviewed.Orloff is interviewed immediately after Robinson if both are interviewed.Taneguchi is interviewed immediately after Nasser if both are interviewed. Stem:Which one of the following could be a complete and accurate list of the applicants interviewed, listed in the order in which they are interviewed? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Gallagher, Lim, Ippolito, Nasser, Taneguchi Choice B:Gallagher, Lim, Ippolito, Robinson, Nasser Choice C:Gallagher, Robinson, Orloff, Lim, Taneguchi Choice D:Ippolito, Gallagher, Lim, Orloff, Taneguchi Choice E:Orloff, Robinson, Lim, Nasser, Taneguchi | PT91 S1 Q6 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q7 Passage:Xian interviews exactly five out of a total of seven job applicants—Gallagher, Ippolito, Lim, Nasser, Orloff, Robinson, and Taneguchi. She interviews the five one at a time, once each. Interviewing must meet the following conditions:Lim is interviewed second or third.Nasser or Taneguchi is interviewed last.Gallagher, if interviewed, is interviewed first.Ippolito is interviewed immediately after Robinson if both are interviewed.Orloff is interviewed immediately after Robinson if both are interviewed.Taneguchi is interviewed immediately after Nasser if both are interviewed. Stem:Which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of the applicants each of whom must be interviewed? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Gallagher Choice B:Ippolito Choice C:Lim Choice D:Gallagher, Lim Choice E:Gallagher, Lim, Taneguchi | PT91 S1 Q7 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q8 Passage:Xian interviews exactly five out of a total of seven job applicants—Gallagher, Ippolito, Lim, Nasser, Orloff, Robinson, and Taneguchi. She interviews the five one at a time, once each. Interviewing must meet the following conditions:Lim is interviewed second or third.Nasser or Taneguchi is interviewed last.Gallagher, if interviewed, is interviewed first.Ippolito is interviewed immediately after Robinson if both are interviewed.Orloff is interviewed immediately after Robinson if both are interviewed.Taneguchi is interviewed immediately after Nasser if both are interviewed. Stem:If Ippolito is interviewed fourth, then which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Gallagher is interviewed. Choice B:Orloff is interviewed. Choice C:Robinson is interviewed. Choice D:Lim is interviewed second. Choice E:Nasser is interviewed last. | PT91 S1 Q8 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q9 Passage:Xian interviews exactly five out of a total of seven job applicants—Gallagher, Ippolito, Lim, Nasser, Orloff, Robinson, and Taneguchi. She interviews the five one at a time, once each. Interviewing must meet the following conditions:Lim is interviewed second or third.Nasser or Taneguchi is interviewed last.Gallagher, if interviewed, is interviewed first.Ippolito is interviewed immediately after Robinson if both are interviewed.Orloff is interviewed immediately after Robinson if both are interviewed.Taneguchi is interviewed immediately after Nasser if both are interviewed. Stem:If Gallagher is interviewed first and Orloff is interviewed second, each of the following could be true EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Ippolito is interviewed fourth. Choice B:Robinson is interviewed fourth. Choice C:Nasser is interviewed last. Choice D:Taneguchi is interviewed last. Choice E:Both Nasser and Taneguchi are interviewed. | PT91 S1 Q9 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q10 Passage:Xian interviews exactly five out of a total of seven job applicants—Gallagher, Ippolito, Lim, Nasser, Orloff, Robinson, and Taneguchi. She interviews the five one at a time, once each. Interviewing must meet the following conditions:Lim is interviewed second or third.Nasser or Taneguchi is interviewed last.Gallagher, if interviewed, is interviewed first.Ippolito is interviewed immediately after Robinson if both are interviewed.Orloff is interviewed immediately after Robinson if both are interviewed.Taneguchi is interviewed immediately after Nasser if both are interviewed. Stem:Suppose the condition that Nasser or Taneguchi is interviewed last is replaced with the condition that neither Nasser nor Taneguchi is interviewed last. If all the other initial conditions remain in effect, then which one of the following must be true if Robinson is interviewed last? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Exactly one of Ippolito and Orloff is interviewed. Choice B:Exactly one of Nasser and Taneguchi is interviewed. Choice C:Ippolito is interviewed fourth. Choice D:Nasser is interviewed second. Choice E:Taneguchi is interviewed fourth. | PT91 S1 Q10 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q11 Passage:An industrial electrician attaches exactly seven components—designated S, T, V, W, X, Y, and Z—to a circuit board in exactly seven consecutive steps; exactly one component is attached per step. Each component is attached exactly once, and each is attached either by hand or by machine, but not both.X is the fourth component attached.Exactly two components are attached by hand at some time before X is attached.No component is attached by hand before T is attached.W is attached at some time before T.Y is attached at some time after both Z and S.The sixth component attached is attached by hand. Stem:Which one of the following could be an accurate list, in order, of the first three components attached? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:W, T, S Choice B:W, T, Y Choice C:X, Y, Z Choice D:Y, W, T Choice E:Y, Z, S | PT91 S1 Q11 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q12 Passage:An industrial electrician attaches exactly seven components—designated S, T, V, W, X, Y, and Z—to a circuit board in exactly seven consecutive steps; exactly one component is attached per step. Each component is attached exactly once, and each is attached either by hand or by machine, but not both.X is the fourth component attached.Exactly two components are attached by hand at some time before X is attached.No component is attached by hand before T is attached.W is attached at some time before T.Y is attached at some time after both Z and S.The sixth component attached is attached by hand. Stem:Which one of the following components must be attached by machine? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:S Choice B:V Choice C:W Choice D:Y Choice E:Z | PT91 S1 Q12 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q13 Passage:An industrial electrician attaches exactly seven components—designated S, T, V, W, X, Y, and Z—to a circuit board in exactly seven consecutive steps; exactly one component is attached per step. Each component is attached exactly once, and each is attached either by hand or by machine, but not both.X is the fourth component attached.Exactly two components are attached by hand at some time before X is attached.No component is attached by hand before T is attached.W is attached at some time before T.Y is attached at some time after both Z and S.The sixth component attached is attached by hand. Stem:If V is the seventh component attached, each of the following components could be attached by machine EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:S Choice B:V Choice C:X Choice D:Y Choice E:Z | PT91 S1 Q13 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q14 Passage:An industrial electrician attaches exactly seven components—designated S, T, V, W, X, Y, and Z—to a circuit board in exactly seven consecutive steps; exactly one component is attached per step. Each component is attached exactly once, and each is attached either by hand or by machine, but not both.X is the fourth component attached.Exactly two components are attached by hand at some time before X is attached.No component is attached by hand before T is attached.W is attached at some time before T.Y is attached at some time after both Z and S.The sixth component attached is attached by hand. Stem:Which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of the components, any one of which could be the sixth component attached? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:S, T, V Choice B:S, W, Z Choice C:S, T, Y, Z Choice D:S, V, Y, Z Choice E:S, W, Y, Z | PT91 S1 Q14 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q15 Passage:An industrial electrician attaches exactly seven components—designated S, T, V, W, X, Y, and Z—to a circuit board in exactly seven consecutive steps; exactly one component is attached per step. Each component is attached exactly once, and each is attached either by hand or by machine, but not both.X is the fourth component attached.Exactly two components are attached by hand at some time before X is attached.No component is attached by hand before T is attached.W is attached at some time before T.Y is attached at some time after both Z and S.The sixth component attached is attached by hand. Stem:Which one of the following components must be attached by hand? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:S Choice B:T Choice C:V Choice D:X Choice E:Z | PT91 S1 Q15 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q16 Passage:An industrial electrician attaches exactly seven components—designated S, T, V, W, X, Y, and Z—to a circuit board in exactly seven consecutive steps; exactly one component is attached per step. Each component is attached exactly once, and each is attached either by hand or by machine, but not both.X is the fourth component attached.Exactly two components are attached by hand at some time before X is attached.No component is attached by hand before T is attached.W is attached at some time before T.Y is attached at some time after both Z and S.The sixth component attached is attached by hand. Stem:If S is attached by machine, which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Z is attached by hand. Choice B:X is attached by hand. Choice C:V is attached by hand. Choice D:V is the third component attached. Choice E:Y is the seventh component attached. | PT91 S1 Q16 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q17 Passage:The Odoski Advertising Agency has exactly seven representatives—Fetzger, Johnson, Lim, Mizoguchi, Pesek, Quijada, Sanchez. Its new campaign is presented to exactly one client by one or more of the representatives in accordance with the following conditions:If Fetzger presents, then so do Mizoguchi and Pesek.If Johnson presents, then Quijada does not.If Quijada does not present, then Pesek does.If Lim presents, then either Johnson, Sanchez, or both present.If both Lim and Sanchez present, then Mizoguchi does not. Stem:Which one of the following could be a complete and accurate list of the representatives who present? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Mizoguchi, Sanchez Choice B:Fetzger, Mizoguchi, Quijada Choice C:Fetzger, Lim, Mizoguchi, Pesek Choice D:Mizoguchi, Pesek, Quijada, Sanchez Choice E:Johnson, Lim, Mizoguchi, Quijada, Sanchez | PT91 S1 Q17 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q18 Passage:The Odoski Advertising Agency has exactly seven representatives—Fetzger, Johnson, Lim, Mizoguchi, Pesek, Quijada, Sanchez. Its new campaign is presented to exactly one client by one or more of the representatives in accordance with the following conditions:If Fetzger presents, then so do Mizoguchi and Pesek.If Johnson presents, then Quijada does not.If Quijada does not present, then Pesek does.If Lim presents, then either Johnson, Sanchez, or both present.If both Lim and Sanchez present, then Mizoguchi does not. Stem:If Lim and Quijada both present, then which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Fetzger presents. Choice B:Johnson presents. Choice C:Mizoguchi presents. Choice D:Exactly two of the seven representatives present. Choice E:Exactly three of the seven representatives present. | PT91 S1 Q18 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q19 Passage:The Odoski Advertising Agency has exactly seven representatives—Fetzger, Johnson, Lim, Mizoguchi, Pesek, Quijada, Sanchez. Its new campaign is presented to exactly one client by one or more of the representatives in accordance with the following conditions:If Fetzger presents, then so do Mizoguchi and Pesek.If Johnson presents, then Quijada does not.If Quijada does not present, then Pesek does.If Lim presents, then either Johnson, Sanchez, or both present.If both Lim and Sanchez present, then Mizoguchi does not. Stem:Which one of the following representatives could be the only representative who presents? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Fetzger Choice B:Johnson Choice C:Lim Choice D:Quijada Choice E:Sanchez | PT91 S1 Q19 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q20 Passage:The Odoski Advertising Agency has exactly seven representatives—Fetzger, Johnson, Lim, Mizoguchi, Pesek, Quijada, Sanchez. Its new campaign is presented to exactly one client by one or more of the representatives in accordance with the following conditions:If Fetzger presents, then so do Mizoguchi and Pesek.If Johnson presents, then Quijada does not.If Quijada does not present, then Pesek does.If Lim presents, then either Johnson, Sanchez, or both present.If both Lim and Sanchez present, then Mizoguchi does not. Stem:Which one of the following CANNOT be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Fetzger and Quijada both present. Choice B:Johnson presents but Pesek does not. Choice C:Neither Johnson nor Quijada presents. Choice D:Only Mizoguchi and Pesek present. Choice E:Neither Johnson nor Sanchez presents, but Fetzger presents. | PT91 S1 Q20 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q21 Passage:The Odoski Advertising Agency has exactly seven representatives—Fetzger, Johnson, Lim, Mizoguchi, Pesek, Quijada, Sanchez. Its new campaign is presented to exactly one client by one or more of the representatives in accordance with the following conditions:If Fetzger presents, then so do Mizoguchi and Pesek.If Johnson presents, then Quijada does not.If Quijada does not present, then Pesek does.If Lim presents, then either Johnson, Sanchez, or both present.If both Lim and Sanchez present, then Mizoguchi does not. Stem:If exactly two of the representatives present, then which one of the following representatives CANNOT be one of the two who present? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Lim Choice B:Mizoguchi Choice C:Pesek Choice D:Quijada Choice E:Sanchez | PT91 S1 Q21 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q22 Passage:The Odoski Advertising Agency has exactly seven representatives—Fetzger, Johnson, Lim, Mizoguchi, Pesek, Quijada, Sanchez. Its new campaign is presented to exactly one client by one or more of the representatives in accordance with the following conditions:If Fetzger presents, then so do Mizoguchi and Pesek.If Johnson presents, then Quijada does not.If Quijada does not present, then Pesek does.If Lim presents, then either Johnson, Sanchez, or both present.If both Lim and Sanchez present, then Mizoguchi does not. Stem:If Fetzger presents, then which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:At least three of the representatives present. Choice B:At most four of the representatives present. Choice C:Neither Johnson nor Quijada presents. Choice D:Exactly one of Lim or Sanchez presents. Choice E:Either Johnson, Sanchez, or both present. | PT91 S1 Q22 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q1 Passage:In the previous two years, significantly more rain has fallen in Browning in September than in July. Therefore, this year in Browning more rain will probably fall in September than in July. Stem:The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:contains a premise that presupposes the truth of the conclusion Choice B:draws an inference about a future event on the basis of a very limited number of instances of related past events Choice C:overemphasizes the possibility that average rainfall statistics could be skewed by large rainfall in one year Choice D:concludes that two phenomena are associated merely from the claim that there are many instances in which both phenomena are present Choice E:uses evidence drawn from a source whose reliability cannot readily be verified | PT91 S2 Q1 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q2 Passage:Educator: Few problems faced in daily life can be solved most effectively, if at all, by applying knowledge from any single academic discipline in isolation. Thus, schools should not require students to take courses in individual academic disciplines but should instead require them to take interdisciplinary courses. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the educator's argument? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Problems faced in daily life usually can be solved effectively using only common sense. Choice B:Most teachers are able to teach courses in a single academic discipline more effectively than they can teach interdisciplinary courses. Choice C:Students who take only courses in individual academic disciplines are rarely able to combine knowledge from those disciplines. Choice D:Most students who are required to take courses that cover only single disciplines can effectively solve many problems faced in daily life. Choice E:Most interdisciplinary courses are not designed specifically to teach students how to solve problems faced in daily life. | PT91 S2 Q2 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q3 Passage:Newspaper columnist: What caused the current recession is a hotly debated question. It is a mistake, however, to assume that answering this question is essential to improving the economy. Corrective lenses, after all, were an effective treatment for myopia long before the cause was known to be genetic. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn in the newspaper columnist's argument? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Solving a problem never requires finding the root cause of the problem. Choice B:Knowing the cause of the current recession would not necessarily enable people to find a solution to it. Choice C:The question of what caused the current recession is subject to considerable debate. Choice D:One need not ascertain the cause of the current recession in order to improve the economy. Choice E:Long before the cause of myopia was known to be genetic, corrective lenses were being used as an effective treatment for the disease. | PT91 S2 Q3 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q4 Passage:Generally, it is important that people practice what they preach, yet there are exceptions. For instance, it is no more necessary for logicians to be logical in their discussions of logic than it is for physicians to have healthy lifestyles in order to treat people. Stem:A questionable aspect of the reasoning above is that it fails to take into account that Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:logicians' being illogical in their discussions of logic constitutes incompetence, whereas physicians' having an unhealthy lifestyle does not Choice B:if a physician's health deteriorates badly, the physician may not be able to treat patients effectively Choice C:physicians who are incompetent to practice medicine can cause more harm than can logicians who discuss logic illogically Choice D:it is more difficult to become logical in one's discussions of logic than it is to modify an unhealthy lifestyle Choice E:although it is not necessary for logicians to be logical in order to be competent to discuss logic, it is highly desirable | PT91 S2 Q4 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q5 Passage:Domesticated animals, such as dogs, have come into existence by the breeding of only the individuals of a wild species that are sufficiently tame. For example, if when breeding wolves one breeds only those that display tameness when young, then after a number of generations the offspring will be a species of dog. Therefore, all animals can, in principle, be bred for domesticity. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Domesticated animals cannot be turned into wild species by breeding only those animals that display some wild characteristics. Choice B:In some animal species, wild members mate more frequently than tame members. Choice C:In some animal species, no members ever display tameness. Choice D:In some animal species, tame members are less fertile than wild members. Choice E:In some domesticated animal species, some members are much more tame than other members. | PT91 S2 Q5 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q6 Passage:Surprisingly, a new study has revealed that shortly after a heavy rainfall, pollution levels in Crystal Bay reach their highest levels. This occurs despite the fact that rainwater is almost totally pure and one would therefore expect that it would dilute the polluted seawater. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain why pollution levels in Crystal Bay increase after a heavy rainfall? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Compared to the total amount of polluted seawater, the amount of rainwater that falls into Crystal Bay is negligible. Choice B:Most of the rainwater that eventually reaches Crystal Bay falls on pesticide-treated fields before being carried into the bay. Choice C:Most rainwater carried by clouds consists of water that has evaporated from oceans around the world. Choice D:The single leading cause of pollution in Crystal Bay is beachgoers' leaving behind their trash and debris, which then blows into the bay. Choice E:Other nearby ocean areas experience a pattern of pollutant increase and decrease that is extremely similar to that of Crystal Bay. | PT91 S2 Q6 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q7 Passage:Ethicist: This hospital's ethics code states that hospital staff must not deceive patients about their medical treatment. But we know that Dr. Faris administered medication A to a patient and informed him that it would help him sleep. Medication A has no known sleep-inducing properties. So, Dr. Faris is clearly in violation of the ethics code, despite the fact that the patient's sleep did improve after taking medication A. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the ethicist's argument? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Dr. Faris was aware that medication A had no known sleep-inducing properties. Choice B:A committee at the hospital is currently considering revisions to the hospital's ethics code. Choice C:Medication A is a pain reliever that can indirectly lead to sleep due to a reduction in the patient's discomfort. Choice D:Several other members of the hospital staff prescribed medication A to patients who had trouble sleeping. Choice E:Dr. Faris knew that the patient was not taking any other medications that have sleep-inducing properties. | PT91 S2 Q7 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q8 Passage:Student: My paper was not graded in accordance with the professor's stated criteria. The professor said that she would give A's only to papers whose conclusions were supported by reliable statistical evidence. The professor acknowledges that my conclusions were supported by reliable statistical evidence, but she gave my paper a B. Stem:The reasoning in the student's argument is flawed in that the argument Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:discusses the professor's stated criteria in order to draw attention away from the shortcomings of the student's paper Choice B:attempts to draw an evaluative conclusion solely on the basis of factual claims Choice C:takes a condition that is among the requirements for a particular grade to be a condition that is enough to guarantee that grade Choice D:is based on the report of a biased participant in the controversy Choice E:fails to make a necessary distinction between the professor's grading criteria and the objective criteria of a paper's quality | PT91 S2 Q8 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q9 Passage:Consumer advocate: Even relatively minor drug-related interactions can still be harmful to patients. For example, aspirin taken with fruit juice is ineffective. People unaware of this suffer unnecessary discomfort or take more aspirin than necessary. The government should, therefore, require drug companies to notify consumers of all known drug-related interactions. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the consumer advocate's argument? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Providing information on minor drug-related interactions would detract from a patient's attention to serious interactions. Choice B:Many drugs have fewer documented drug-related interactions than does aspirin. Choice C:Providing information about all drug-related interactions would result in only negligible price increases for consumers. Choice D:Current research is such that many drug-related interactions have not yet been identified. Choice E:Pharmacists usually draw patients' attention to printed warnings that are provided with drugs. | PT91 S2 Q9 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q10 Passage:Radioactive elements may have been created when the universe began. However, even if this occurred, these elements are clearly still being created in the universe today. Radioactive elements are unstable, so most of them decay within at most a few million years into other, nonradioactive elements. So, if no new radioactive elements had been created after the universe began, almost no radioactive elements would be left in the universe today, but there is an abundance of such elements. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Any radioactive elements created when the universe began have probably decayed into other, nonradioactive elements. Choice B:Radioactive elements are being created in the universe today. Choice C:If no new radioactive elements had been created after the universe began, almost no radioactive elements would be left in the universe today. Choice D:It is possible that radioactive elements were created when the universe began. Choice E:Due to their instability, most of the universe's radioactive elements decay within at most a few million years into other, nonradioactive elements. | PT91 S2 Q10 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q11 Passage:There is evidence that a certain ancient society burned large areas of land. Some suggest that this indicates the beginning of large-scale agriculture in that society‚ that the land was burned to clear ground for planting. But there is little evidence of cultivation after the fires. Therefore, it is likely that this society was still a hunter-gatherer society. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Many ancient cultures had agriculture before they began using fire to clear large tracts of land. Choice B:Hunter-gatherer societies used fire for cooking and for heat during cold weather. Choice C:Many plants and trees have inedible seeds that are contained in hard shells and are released only when subjected to the heat of a great fire. Choice D:Hunter-gatherer societies are known to have used fire to move animal populations from one area to another. Choice E:Few early societies were aware that burning organic material can help create nutrients for soil. | PT91 S2 Q11 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q12 Passage:Professor Shanaz: People generally notice and are concerned about only the most obvious public health problems. Although there is indisputable evidence that ozone, an air pollutant, can be dangerous for severe asthmatics even if found in levels much lower than maximum levels permitted by law, most people are currently well aware that contaminated water presents a much more widespread threat to our community. Hence, there is unlikely to be a widespread, grassroots effort for new, more restrictive air pollution controls at this time. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in Professor Shanaz's argument by the claim that people generally notice and are concerned about only the most obvious public health problems? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:It is a premise offered in support of the claim that contaminated water currently presents a much more widespread threat to the community than does ozone. Choice B:It is a premise offered in support of the claim that there is unlikely to be a widespread, grassroots effort for new, more restrictive air pollution controls at this time. Choice C:It is used to explain the current public awareness of the severity of the problem of contaminated water. Choice D:It is presented as indisputable evidence that ozone can be dangerous for severe asthmatics even if found in levels much lower than maximum levels permitted by law. Choice E:It is the main conclusion drawn in the argument. | PT91 S2 Q12 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q13 Passage:Psychotherapist: The troubles from which a patient seeks relief through psychotherapy do not have purely internal causes; rather, those troubles result in part from the patient's relationships with other people. Hence, to help the patient heal, the psychotherapist must focus on the need for positive change in those relationships. Stem:Which one of the following is an assumption the psychotherapist's argument requires? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Psychotherapists cannot help change their patients' relationships unless those patients focus on other people's troubles. Choice B:At least some psychotherapy patients cannot be healed if a psychotherapist helps them change their relationships with other people. Choice C:Those psychotherapy patients who change their relationships with other people will thereby find relief from at least some of their troubles. Choice D:No psychotherapist can help a patient heal solely by addressing the internal causes of the patient's troubles. Choice E:If a psychotherapist helps patients focus on troubles that are purely internal, then that psychotherapist thereby provides them the relief they seek. | PT91 S2 Q13 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q14 Passage:Some freelance journalists sell their work to magazines that have lax editorial standards. No self-respecting writer sells his or her work to magazines that have lax editorial standards. Therefore, some self-respecting writers are not freelance journalists. Stem:Which one of the following displays a flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to the one in the argument above? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Some high school teachers teach biology. No kindergarten teachers teach biology. Therefore, biology is not taught by all teachers. Choice B:Most school board members were once teachers. No one who was once a teacher prefers administrative work to teaching. Hence, few school board members prefer administrative work to teaching. Choice C:Some students prefer history to mathematics. No member of the Calculus Club prefers history to mathematics. Thus, some members of the Calculus Club are not students. Choice D:Some principals are harsh disciplinarians. No adviser to a debate team is a harsh disciplinarian. Hence, some principals are not advisers to a debate team. Choice E:Some teachers who let their students leave early are popular. No coaches allow their students to leave before three o'clock. Therefore, some popular teachers are not coaches. | PT91 S2 Q14 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q15 Passage:Selling syndicated reruns of a popular network television program while the program is still running on the network can lead to decreased revenues for that network. The show's producers do earn a great deal of money from the sale of the syndication rights because the stations rerunning the program are assured of a successful show. However, a recent study shows that over 80 percent of the programs that are made available as reruns and as first-run episodes during the same season suffer an immediate ratings drop for their first-run episodes. Stem:The argument depends on assuming which one of the following? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Programs that are sold into syndication early tend to be long-running hits that are likely to decline soon. Choice B:A drop in ratings has a negative effect on the network's revenues. Choice C:The price of syndication rights includes some compensation for the network's probable losses. Choice D:The audience of a popular program will usually prefer first-run episodes to reruns. Choice E:Most programs are never sold into syndication. | PT91 S2 Q15 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q16 Passage:If a belief is based on information from a reliable source, then it is reasonable to maintain that belief. Furthermore, some beliefs are based on information from a reliable source and yet are neither self-evident nor grounded in observable evidence. Stem:If all the statements above are true, which one of the following statements must be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Beliefs for which a person does not have observable evidence are unreasonable. Choice B:Beliefs based on information from a reliable source are self-evident. Choice C:All reasonable beliefs for which a person has no observable evidence are based on information from a reliable source. Choice D:If a belief is not grounded in observable evidence, then it is not self-evident either. Choice E:Among reasonable beliefs that are not self-evident, there are some beliefs that are not grounded in observable evidence. | PT91 S2 Q16 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q17 Passage:Situation: A physical therapist wants her patients to derive more enjoyment from the challenge of developing physical skills. She also wants them to spend more time practicing those skills.Analysis: Success in meeting the first objective will bring about success in meeting the second. Stem:The analysis provided for the situation above could be appropriate for each of the following situations EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:A math teacher wants her students to understand the mathematical principles taught in her course and wants them to apply these principles routinely in everyday life. Choice B:A software manufacturer wants its customers to be more satisfied with its product, and it wants them to place fewer calls to the service representative about how to use the product. Choice C:A librarian wants fewer of the books borrowed from the library to be lost or stolen, and he wants more of the library's books to be returned on time. Choice D:A hardware retail company wants to construct a new, larger warehouse and wants its employees to help plan how the old warehouse will be expanded to meet any need for more space. Choice E:A concert series director wants to present a more varied repertoire and wants to attract new patrons. | PT91 S2 Q17 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q18 Passage:Classicist: Our mastery of Latin and Ancient Greek is at best imperfect. The best students of a modern language may so immerse themselves in a country where it is spoken as to attain nearly perfect knowledge; but you cannot travel back in time to spend a year abroad at Plato's Academy. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the classicist's argument by the claim that you cannot travel back in time to spend a year abroad at Plato's Academy? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:It is the main conclusion drawn in the argument. Choice B:It points up by example a contrast from which the conclusion is drawn. Choice C:It is a mere rhetorical flourish having no logical relation to the argument's conclusion. Choice D:It is a premise that guarantees the truth of the argument's conclusion. Choice E:It is an ancillary conclusion drawn in the argument. | PT91 S2 Q18 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q19 Passage:For there to be a thriving population of turtles in a pond, conditions at that pond must be beneficial to turtles. The water in Wallakim Pond, unlike that in Sosachi Pond, is acidic. Thus, there must not be a thriving population of turtles at Wallakim Pond. Stem:Which one of the following, if assumed, enables the argument's conclusion to be properly drawn? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:If the water in a pond is not acidic, the conditions at that pond are beneficial to turtles. Choice B:The most important factor that determines whether a pond will have a thriving turtle population is the acidity of the water. Choice C:The water conditions at Sosachi Pond are more beneficial to turtles than are the water conditions at Wallakim Pond. Choice D:Wallakim Pond would have a thriving population of turtles if it were not acidic. Choice E:The conditions at a pond are beneficial to turtles only if the water in the pond is not acidic. | PT91 S2 Q19 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q20 Passage:The study of primates is interesting for many reasons, including the fact that only primates have opposable thumbs. The lemurs are lower primates and the only primates indigenous to Madagascar, a large island off the coast of southeastern Africa. Some species of lemurs are the only living lower primates that are diurnal‚ that is, active primarily during the day. All higher primates are thought to have evolved from a single diurnal species of lower primates. Stem:Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the information above? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The chimpanzee, a higher primate, evolved from the lemur. Choice B:No primates indigenous to Madagascar are diurnal higher primates. Choice C:No higher primate is nocturnal. Choice D:There are some lemurs without opposable thumbs. Choice E:There are no nocturnal lemurs. | PT91 S2 Q20 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q21 Passage:Professor: Many scientists hypothesize that there is an invisible "light-absorbing medium" in outer space. In support, they argue that the medium's existence would explain the low visibility of other star systems from Earth. But there is actually no reason to believe that the hypothesis is correct, since the low visibility in question is already completely explained by the general theory of relativity. Stem:Which one of the following is an assumption required by the professor's argument? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:The low visibility of other star systems from Earth would not be adequately explained by the existence of an invisible light-absorbing medium in outer space, even if there were such a medium. Choice B:The hypothesis of an invisible light-absorbing medium in outer space is correct only if it adequately explains the low visibility of other star systems from Earth. Choice C:A hypothesis is likely to be correct if there is some phenomenon that it adequately accounts for and that is not adequately accounted for by an existing theory. Choice D:Most scientists who posit the invisible light-absorbing medium accept the general theory of relativity. Choice E:The general theory of relativity does not depend upon the hypothesis that there exists an invisible light-absorbing medium in outer space. | PT91 S2 Q21 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q22 Passage:Some researchers claim that people tend to gesture less when they articulate what would typically be regarded as abstract rather than physical concepts. To point out that such a correlation is far from universal is insufficient reason to reject the researchers' claim, because some people perceive words like "comprehension" as expressing a physical action, like grasping something, rather than a state of understanding, which is abstract. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes the method of reasoning used in the argument? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:appealing to the ambiguity of a word in an attempt to show that a correlation is universal Choice B:appealing to a universal psychological generalization in an attempt to support a claim about the use of gestures Choice C:citing a psychological fact to try to reconcile a generalization with apparently disconfirming evidence Choice D:advocating an explanation for a phenomenon by attempting to demonstrate that other possible explanations are implausible Choice E:offering a reason for believing that a widely accepted generalization requires still more supporting evidence | PT91 S2 Q22 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q23 Passage:According to rational-choice theory, popular support for various political parties can be explained sufficiently in terms of deliberate decisions by individual voters to support the party whose policies they believe will yield them the greatest economic advantage. This theory is opposed by many sociologists on the grounds that a complex phenomenon such as the rise of a political organization cannot be caused by a simple phenomenon. Stem:It can be properly inferred from the statements above that many sociologists believe that Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:economically motivated decisions by voters need not constitute a complex phenomenon Choice B:a complex phenomenon generally will have many complex causes Choice C:political phenomena often have religious and cultural causes as well as economic ones Choice D:popular support for political parties is never a complex phenomenon Choice E:the decisions of individual voters are not usually influenced by their beliefs about which policies will yield them the greatest economic advantage | PT91 S2 Q23 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q24 Passage:Scientist: Some consumer groups claim that the economic benefits of genetically engineered foodstuffs may be offset by hidden health risks to humans. However, the risk is minimal. In most cases of deliberate alteration of a plant's genetic structure only a single gene in about 750,000 has been changed. Since the change in the organism's genetic structure is so slight, it cannot have effects significant enough to be worrisome. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the scientist's argument? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The genetically engineered plants that have been developed so far have few advantages over plants that are not genetically engineered. Choice B:Whatever health risks there are in food from genetically altered plants may be somewhat reduced by other factors such as enrichment of the plants' vitamin and mineral content. Choice C:Scientists have yet to determine, for each characteristic of some plants and animals used for food, the precise location of the genes that determine that characteristic. Choice D:There are plants that are known to be toxic to some animals and whose toxicity is known to be affected by the alteration of a single gene. Choice E:Research has shown that those consumers who are most strongly opposed to genetically altered foods tend to be ill-informed on the issue. | PT91 S2 Q24 |
Question ID:PT91 S2 Q25 Passage:A government is justified in interfering with a person's action if the action would increase the likelihood of physical harm to others and the action is not motivated by a desire to help others. Stem:Of the following judgments, which one most closely conforms to the principle above? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Jerry's hobby, making home movies, does not harm anyone, nor does it increase the likelihood of harm to anyone. He does it because he thinks that it will benefit his children by preserving a record of their childhoods. So the government is unjustified in interfering with Jerry's moviemaking. Choice B:It is well known that a property is aesthetically less pleasing when neighboring properties have unkempt lawns. My neighbor often forgets to mow his lawn for several weeks. The city council, therefore, is justified in fining my neighbor for not mowing his lawn more frequently. Choice C:Because a motorcyclist who is not wearing a helmet is much more likely to suffer a serious head injury in the event of an accident, the government is justified in requiring motorcyclists to wear helmets. Choice D:Because Zabziew Pharmaceutical Corporation's research is motivated by the desire to make profits and not by the desire to benefit customers, it has been of little help to people suffering from serious illness. So the government is justified in suspending Zabziew's license to test new drugs. Choice E:To further her own political ambitions, Jill wanted to give a speech advocating the use of violence to achieve political ends. But her speech would most likely have caused a riot and people would have gotten hurt. Hence, the government was justified in preventing her from giving her speech. | PT91 S2 Q25 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q1 Passage:Five salespeople‚ Louis, Marsha, Neil, Olga, and Pat‚ must each be assigned to exactly one of three territories‚ F, G, and H‚ according to the following conditions:Each of the territories has no more than two salespeople assigned to it.Marsha does not share a territory with Pat.Louis shares a territory with Marsha or else is assigned to a territory to which no one else is assigned.Pat shares territory H with another salesperson. Stem:Which one of the following could be the assignment of salespeople to territories F, G, and H? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:F: Louis; G: Marsha, Neil; H: Olga, Pat Choice B:F: Louis; G: Neil, Olga; H: Marsha, Pat Choice C:F: Louis, Neil; G: Marsha; H: Olga, Pat Choice D:F: Marsha, Neil; G: Olga, Pat; H: Louis Choice E:F: Neil, Olga; G: Louis, Marsha; H: Pat | PT91 S3 Q1 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q2 Passage:Five salespeople‚ Louis, Marsha, Neil, Olga, and Pat‚ must each be assigned to exactly one of three territories‚ F, G, and H‚ according to the following conditions:Each of the territories has no more than two salespeople assigned to it.Marsha does not share a territory with Pat.Louis shares a territory with Marsha or else is assigned to a territory to which no one else is assigned.Pat shares territory H with another salesperson. Stem:If Neil is assigned to territory F, then which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Louis is assigned to territory F. Choice B:Marsha is assigned to territory F. Choice C:Olga is assigned to territory F. Choice D:Marsha is assigned to territory H. Choice E:Olga is assigned to territory G. | PT91 S3 Q2 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q3 Passage:Five salespeople‚ Louis, Marsha, Neil, Olga, and Pat‚ must each be assigned to exactly one of three territories‚ F, G, and H‚ according to the following conditions:Each of the territories has no more than two salespeople assigned to it.Marsha does not share a territory with Pat.Louis shares a territory with Marsha or else is assigned to a territory to which no one else is assigned.Pat shares territory H with another salesperson. Stem:If Olga is assigned to a territory to which no one else is assigned, then which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Louis is assigned to territory H. Choice B:Neil is assigned to territory F. Choice C:Olga is assigned to territory F. Choice D:Marsha is assigned to the same territory as Neil. Choice E:Neil is assigned to the same territory as Louis. | PT91 S3 Q3 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q4 Passage:Five salespeople‚ Louis, Marsha, Neil, Olga, and Pat‚ must each be assigned to exactly one of three territories‚ F, G, and H‚ according to the following conditions:Each of the territories has no more than two salespeople assigned to it.Marsha does not share a territory with Pat.Louis shares a territory with Marsha or else is assigned to a territory to which no one else is assigned.Pat shares territory H with another salesperson. Stem:Which one of the following CANNOT be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Louis is assigned to territory F. Choice B:Louis is assigned to territory G. Choice C:Olga is assigned to territory F. Choice D:Louis is assigned to a territory to which no other salesperson is assigned. Choice E:Marsha is assigned to a territory to which no other salesperson is assigned. | PT91 S3 Q4 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q5 Passage:Five salespeople‚ Louis, Marsha, Neil, Olga, and Pat‚ must each be assigned to exactly one of three territories‚ F, G, and H‚ according to the following conditions:Each of the territories has no more than two salespeople assigned to it.Marsha does not share a territory with Pat.Louis shares a territory with Marsha or else is assigned to a territory to which no one else is assigned.Pat shares territory H with another salesperson. Stem:If only one salesperson is assigned to territory G, then which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Louis is assigned to territory F. Choice B:Louis is assigned to territory G. Choice C:Marsha is assigned to territory F. Choice D:Marsha is assigned to territory G. Choice E:Neil is assigned to territory F. | PT91 S3 Q5 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q6 Passage:The Hanford Music Festival will schedule pianist Noguchi to perform on each day of the festival from May 1 through May 6 in exactly one of three concert formats‚ with orchestra, in a jazz trio, and solo. She will perform in each concert format at least once during the six days. The artist's contract requires that the schedule conform to the following conditions:Whenever Noguchi performs in the festival with orchestra, she performs in the festival the following day in a jazz trio.Noguchi performs in the same concert format on May 1 and May 3.Noguchi never performs solo one day and with orchestra the following day. Stem:Which one of the following could be Noguchi's schedule for the festival? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:May 1: with orchestra; May 2: in a jazz trio; May 3: solo; May 4: in a jazz trio; May 5: in a jazz trio; May 6: solo Choice B:May 1: in a jazz trio; May 2: with orchestra; May 3: in a jazz trio; May 4: in a jazz trio; May 5: with orchestra; May 6: solo Choice C:May 1: in a jazz trio; May 2: with orchestra; May 3: in a jazz trio; May 4: solo; May 5: in a jazz trio; May 6: solo Choice D:May 1: solo; May 2: solo; May 3: in a jazz trio; May 4: with orchestra; May 5: in a jazz trio; May 6: in a jazz trio Choice E:May 1: solo; May 2: solo; May 3: solo; May 4: with orchestra; May 5: in a jazz trio; May 6: in a jazz trio | PT91 S3 Q6 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q7 Passage:The Hanford Music Festival will schedule pianist Noguchi to perform on each day of the festival from May 1 through May 6 in exactly one of three concert formats‚ with orchestra, in a jazz trio, and solo. She will perform in each concert format at least once during the six days. The artist's contract requires that the schedule conform to the following conditions:Whenever Noguchi performs in the festival with orchestra, she performs in the festival the following day in a jazz trio.Noguchi performs in the same concert format on May 1 and May 3.Noguchi never performs solo one day and with orchestra the following day. Stem:Noguchi could be scheduled to perform with orchestra on Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:May 1 and May 5 Choice B:May 2 and May 4 Choice C:May 2 and May 5 Choice D:May 4 and May 5 Choice E:May 4 and May 6 | PT91 S3 Q7 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q8 Passage:The Hanford Music Festival will schedule pianist Noguchi to perform on each day of the festival from May 1 through May 6 in exactly one of three concert formats‚ with orchestra, in a jazz trio, and solo. She will perform in each concert format at least once during the six days. The artist's contract requires that the schedule conform to the following conditions:Whenever Noguchi performs in the festival with orchestra, she performs in the festival the following day in a jazz trio.Noguchi performs in the same concert format on May 1 and May 3.Noguchi never performs solo one day and with orchestra the following day. Stem:Which one of the following CANNOT be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Noguchi is scheduled to perform in a jazz trio on exactly one day of the festival. Choice B:Noguchi is scheduled to perform in a jazz trio on exactly two days of the festival. Choice C:Noguchi is scheduled to perform in a jazz trio on exactly four days of the festival. Choice D:Noguchi is scheduled to perform solo on exactly one day of the festival. Choice E:Noguchi is scheduled to perform solo on exactly three days of the festival. | PT91 S3 Q8 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q9 Passage:The Hanford Music Festival will schedule pianist Noguchi to perform on each day of the festival from May 1 through May 6 in exactly one of three concert formats‚ with orchestra, in a jazz trio, and solo. She will perform in each concert format at least once during the six days. The artist's contract requires that the schedule conform to the following conditions:Whenever Noguchi performs in the festival with orchestra, she performs in the festival the following day in a jazz trio.Noguchi performs in the same concert format on May 1 and May 3.Noguchi never performs solo one day and with orchestra the following day. Stem:If Noguchi is scheduled to perform solo in the festival three days in a row, then which one of the following could also be on her schedule? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:a performance in a jazz trio on May 1 Choice B:a performance in a jazz trio on May 2 Choice C:a performance with orchestra on May 3 Choice D:a performance with orchestra on May 4 Choice E:a performance in a jazz trio on May 5 | PT91 S3 Q9 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q10 Passage:The Hanford Music Festival will schedule pianist Noguchi to perform on each day of the festival from May 1 through May 6 in exactly one of three concert formats‚ with orchestra, in a jazz trio, and solo. She will perform in each concert format at least once during the six days. The artist's contract requires that the schedule conform to the following conditions:Whenever Noguchi performs in the festival with orchestra, she performs in the festival the following day in a jazz trio.Noguchi performs in the same concert format on May 1 and May 3.Noguchi never performs solo one day and with orchestra the following day. Stem:If Noguchi is scheduled to perform in a jazz trio on both May 5 and May 6, then which one of the following could also be on her schedule? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:a performance with orchestra on May 1 Choice B:a solo performance on May 1 Choice C:a performance in a jazz trio on May 2 Choice D:a performance in a jazz trio on May 4 Choice E:a solo performance on May 4 | PT91 S3 Q10 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q11 Passage:The Hanford Music Festival will schedule pianist Noguchi to perform on each day of the festival from May 1 through May 6 in exactly one of three concert formats‚ with orchestra, in a jazz trio, and solo. She will perform in each concert format at least once during the six days. The artist's contract requires that the schedule conform to the following conditions:Whenever Noguchi performs in the festival with orchestra, she performs in the festival the following day in a jazz trio.Noguchi performs in the same concert format on May 1 and May 3.Noguchi never performs solo one day and with orchestra the following day. Stem:Noguchi CANNOT be scheduled to perform in a jazz trio on Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:May 1, May 3, and May 4 only Choice B:May 2, May 4, and May 5 only Choice C:May 2, May 4, and May 6 only Choice D:May 2 and May 5 only Choice E:May 4 and May 6 only | PT91 S3 Q11 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q12 Passage:To test various theories about crop rotation, exactly five crops‚ oats, potatoes, rye, sunflowers, and vetch‚ are to be grown in a field at a research facility, one after the other. No crop will be grown more than once. Each crop will be irrigated or fertilized, but not both. The crops will be grown in accordance with the following conditions:No two crops grown consecutively are both fertilized.Oats are grown later than sunflowers but earlier than rye.If potatoes are not grown third, they are fertilized.If vetch is grown earlier than rye, oats are fertilized. Stem:Which one of the following could be an accurate list, in order from first to last, of the crops grown and the treatments they receive? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:sunflowers: irrigatedoats: fertilizedpotatoes: irrigatedrye: irrigatedvetch: irrigated Choice B:sunflowers: irrigatedpotatoes: fertilizedrye: irrigatedoats: irrigatedvetch: fertilized Choice C:sunflowers: irrigatedpotatoes: irrigatedoats: irrigatedrye: fertilizedvetch: irrigated Choice D:vetch: fertilizedsunflowers: irrigatedpotatoes: irrigatedoats: irrigatedrye: fertilized Choice E:sunflowers: irrigatedpotatoes: fertilizedvetch: fertilizedoats: fertilizedrye: irrigated | PT91 S3 Q12 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q13 Passage:To test various theories about crop rotation, exactly five crops‚ oats, potatoes, rye, sunflowers, and vetch‚ are to be grown in a field at a research facility, one after the other. No crop will be grown more than once. Each crop will be irrigated or fertilized, but not both. The crops will be grown in accordance with the following conditions:No two crops grown consecutively are both fertilized.Oats are grown later than sunflowers but earlier than rye.If potatoes are not grown third, they are fertilized.If vetch is grown earlier than rye, oats are fertilized. Stem:If vetch is the second crop grown, then which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Potatoes are grown earlier than oats. Choice B:Vetch is grown earlier than potatoes. Choice C:Vetch is irrigated. Choice D:Exactly one of the last two crops is fertilized. Choice E:At least two of the crops grown are fertilized. | PT91 S3 Q13 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q14 Passage:To test various theories about crop rotation, exactly five crops‚ oats, potatoes, rye, sunflowers, and vetch‚ are to be grown in a field at a research facility, one after the other. No crop will be grown more than once. Each crop will be irrigated or fertilized, but not both. The crops will be grown in accordance with the following conditions:No two crops grown consecutively are both fertilized.Oats are grown later than sunflowers but earlier than rye.If potatoes are not grown third, they are fertilized.If vetch is grown earlier than rye, oats are fertilized. Stem:If sunflowers are the third crop grown, then which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Oats are grown earlier than vetch. Choice B:Vetch is grown earlier than potatoes. Choice C:Rye is fertilized. Choice D:Sunflowers are fertilized. Choice E:Vetch is fertilized. | PT91 S3 Q14 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q15 Passage:To test various theories about crop rotation, exactly five crops‚ oats, potatoes, rye, sunflowers, and vetch‚ are to be grown in a field at a research facility, one after the other. No crop will be grown more than once. Each crop will be irrigated or fertilized, but not both. The crops will be grown in accordance with the following conditions:No two crops grown consecutively are both fertilized.Oats are grown later than sunflowers but earlier than rye.If potatoes are not grown third, they are fertilized.If vetch is grown earlier than rye, oats are fertilized. Stem:If vetch is the third crop grown, then which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Oats are irrigated. Choice B:Rye is the fourth crop grown. Choice C:Rye is fertilized. Choice D:Sunflowers are fertilized. Choice E:Three crops grown consecutively are all irrigated. | PT91 S3 Q15 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q16 Passage:To test various theories about crop rotation, exactly five crops‚ oats, potatoes, rye, sunflowers, and vetch‚ are to be grown in a field at a research facility, one after the other. No crop will be grown more than once. Each crop will be irrigated or fertilized, but not both. The crops will be grown in accordance with the following conditions:No two crops grown consecutively are both fertilized.Oats are grown later than sunflowers but earlier than rye.If potatoes are not grown third, they are fertilized.If vetch is grown earlier than rye, oats are fertilized. Stem:Which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:The first irrigated crop grown is not potatoes. Choice B:At least one irrigated crop is grown earlier than potatoes. Choice C:Rye is the third irrigated crop grown. Choice D:Sunflowers are the first irrigated crop grown. Choice E:No more than one fertilized crop is grown earlier than vetch. | PT91 S3 Q16 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q17 Passage:To test various theories about crop rotation, exactly five crops‚ oats, potatoes, rye, sunflowers, and vetch‚ are to be grown in a field at a research facility, one after the other. No crop will be grown more than once. Each crop will be irrigated or fertilized, but not both. The crops will be grown in accordance with the following conditions:No two crops grown consecutively are both fertilized.Oats are grown later than sunflowers but earlier than rye.If potatoes are not grown third, they are fertilized.If vetch is grown earlier than rye, oats are fertilized. Stem:If rye is grown earlier than potatoes, then which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Oats are irrigated and are the third crop grown. Choice B:Rye is fertilized and is the fourth crop grown. Choice C:Sunflowers are irrigated and are the second crop grown. Choice D:Sunflowers are fertilized and are the second crop grown. Choice E:Vetch is fertilized and is the fourth crop grown. | PT91 S3 Q17 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q18 Passage:A hotel has exactly five front desk clerks‚ Helene, Pedro, Stavros, Tawana, and William‚ each of whom is to be assigned to exactly one of three shifts‚ the morning shift, the afternoon shift, or the night shift. At least one clerk must be assigned to each shift. Assignment of front desk clerks to shifts is governed by the following conditions:More clerks must be assigned to the morning shift than to the night shift.Pedro cannot be assigned to a later shift than Stavros.Either Pedro or Tawana, but not both, must be assigned to the same shift as Helene. Stem:Which one of the following is a possible assignment of the front desk clerks to shifts? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:morning shift: Tawanaafternoon shift: Helene, Pedro, and Williamnight shift: Stavros Choice B:morning shift: Helene and Pedroafternoon shift: Stavrosnight shift: Tawana and William Choice C:morning shift: Helene and Pedroafternoon shift: Stavros and Williamnight shift: Tawana Choice D:morning shift: Helene and Williamafternoon shift: Pedro and Tawananight shift: Stavros Choice E:morning shift: Stavros and Tawanaafternoon shift: Helene and Pedronight shift: William | PT91 S3 Q18 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q19 Passage:A hotel has exactly five front desk clerks‚ Helene, Pedro, Stavros, Tawana, and William‚ each of whom is to be assigned to exactly one of three shifts‚ the morning shift, the afternoon shift, or the night shift. At least one clerk must be assigned to each shift. Assignment of front desk clerks to shifts is governed by the following conditions:More clerks must be assigned to the morning shift than to the night shift.Pedro cannot be assigned to a later shift than Stavros.Either Pedro or Tawana, but not both, must be assigned to the same shift as Helene. Stem:The group of front desk clerks assigned to work the afternoon shift CANNOT include Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Helene and Stavros together Choice B:Pedro and Stavros together Choice C:Pedro and William together Choice D:Stavros and Tawana together Choice E:Tawana and William together | PT91 S3 Q19 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q20 Passage:A hotel has exactly five front desk clerks‚ Helene, Pedro, Stavros, Tawana, and William‚ each of whom is to be assigned to exactly one of three shifts‚ the morning shift, the afternoon shift, or the night shift. At least one clerk must be assigned to each shift. Assignment of front desk clerks to shifts is governed by the following conditions:More clerks must be assigned to the morning shift than to the night shift.Pedro cannot be assigned to a later shift than Stavros.Either Pedro or Tawana, but not both, must be assigned to the same shift as Helene. Stem:If William is assigned to work the afternoon shift, then which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Tawana is assigned to work the night shift. Choice B:Tawana is assigned to work the afternoon shift. Choice C:Stavros is assigned to work the afternoon shift. Choice D:Pedro is assigned to work the morning shift. Choice E:Helene is assigned to work the morning shift. | PT91 S3 Q20 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q21 Passage:A hotel has exactly five front desk clerks‚ Helene, Pedro, Stavros, Tawana, and William‚ each of whom is to be assigned to exactly one of three shifts‚ the morning shift, the afternoon shift, or the night shift. At least one clerk must be assigned to each shift. Assignment of front desk clerks to shifts is governed by the following conditions:More clerks must be assigned to the morning shift than to the night shift.Pedro cannot be assigned to a later shift than Stavros.Either Pedro or Tawana, but not both, must be assigned to the same shift as Helene. Stem:If Helene is assigned to work the same shift as Stavros, then which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:William is assigned to work the night shift. Choice B:Pedro is assigned to work the night shift. Choice C:Pedro is assigned to work the afternoon shift. Choice D:William is assigned to work the morning shift. Choice E:Tawana is assigned to work the morning shift. | PT91 S3 Q21 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q22 Passage:A hotel has exactly five front desk clerks‚ Helene, Pedro, Stavros, Tawana, and William‚ each of whom is to be assigned to exactly one of three shifts‚ the morning shift, the afternoon shift, or the night shift. At least one clerk must be assigned to each shift. Assignment of front desk clerks to shifts is governed by the following conditions:More clerks must be assigned to the morning shift than to the night shift.Pedro cannot be assigned to a later shift than Stavros.Either Pedro or Tawana, but not both, must be assigned to the same shift as Helene. Stem:The group of front desk clerks assigned to work the morning shift CANNOT include Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Tawana and William together Choice B:Stavros and Tawana together Choice C:Pedro and Stavros together Choice D:Helene and William together Choice E:Helene and Tawana together | PT91 S3 Q22 |
Question ID:PT91 S3 Q23 Passage:A hotel has exactly five front desk clerks‚ Helene, Pedro, Stavros, Tawana, and William‚ each of whom is to be assigned to exactly one of three shifts‚ the morning shift, the afternoon shift, or the night shift. At least one clerk must be assigned to each shift. Assignment of front desk clerks to shifts is governed by the following conditions:More clerks must be assigned to the morning shift than to the night shift.Pedro cannot be assigned to a later shift than Stavros.Either Pedro or Tawana, but not both, must be assigned to the same shift as Helene. Stem:If Pedro is assigned to work alone on one of the shifts, then which one of the following front desk clerks must be assigned to work the afternoon shift? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:William Choice B:Tawana Choice C:Stavros Choice D:Pedro Choice E:Helene | PT91 S3 Q23 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q1 Passage:In 1959, Hitsville, USA‚ the company better known as Motown Records‚ was founded in Detroit, Michigan by Berry Gordy, Jr. Several factors contributed to Motown's rapidly becoming one of the most successful record companies in the United States. Gordy's entrepreneurial skills and his belief in economic independence played a great role in Motown's success, as did the artistic situation in Detroit in the 1960s. Capitalizing on the rich musical talent of Detroit's African American community, Motown moved quickly into the vanguard of the popular music industry.Motown's status as an independent company allowed Gordy considerable freedom to oppose recording industry convention. He rejected the practice that was common in the late 1950s and early 1960s of having established recording stars remake songs originally produced within and for limited markets. Gordy insisted that the musical performances recorded by Motown artists would appeal not just to African American audiences, but to a much wider market, and that there would thus be no need to engage high-priced major-label artists to produce alternate versions of Motown's songs. Gordy believed that maintaining the highest possible technical quality in Motown's recordings was an essential part of this appeal, and he devoted the necessary resources to this endeavor.Another crucial factor in Motown's success was Detroit's well-developed public school music-education program, which provided the company with a deep and talented pool of artists and technicians. The roots of this program reached back to the turn of the century, when a trained soprano and Detroit native named E. Azalia Hackley adopted the musical education of African American youth as her personal mission. From Hackley's tutelage to that of locally renowned public school music teachers, Detroit's African American youth had been educated in a vibrant musical atmosphere. Nearly all of Motown's session musicians, arrangers, and producers were trained in this program. Moreover, many of the performers who would become famous exemplars of the Motown sound received musical training and exposure to diverse musical styles in Detroit schools. Motown's three major early groups‚ the Supremes, the Temptations, and the Miracles‚ came together and originally rehearsed at their high schools.In addition to Gordy's business acumen and the talent produced by the local school system, the invention and growing popularity of electric instruments also played a noteworthy role in Motown's rise to prominence. African American musicians were among the first to use the electric bass, for example, crafting a distinctive sound that inspired other musicians to experiment with this new musical technology. This experimentation ultimately led to a revolution in popular music, helping to broaden both its sound and its audience. In this way, too, Motown Records helped to initiate, and simultaneously benefited from, landmark shifts in popular music culture. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Newly established independent record companies must find innovative approaches in order to compete effectively with established major companies. Choice B:The high quality of Motown recordings was made possible by African American musicians trained in the music-education program of Detroit's public schools. Choice C:Berry Gordy, Jr.'s faith in local talent and local financing was vindicated by the success of Motown Records. Choice D:Berry Gordy, Jr. deserves credit that is long overdue for having brought about a revolution in the culture of popular music in the United States in the 1960s. Choice E:Motown Records became a highly successful and culturally influential company through the efforts of an entrepreneurial individual in a favorable artistic environment. | PT91 S4 Q1 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q2 Passage:In 1959, Hitsville, USA‚ the company better known as Motown Records‚ was founded in Detroit, Michigan by Berry Gordy, Jr. Several factors contributed to Motown's rapidly becoming one of the most successful record companies in the United States. Gordy's entrepreneurial skills and his belief in economic independence played a great role in Motown's success, as did the artistic situation in Detroit in the 1960s. Capitalizing on the rich musical talent of Detroit's African American community, Motown moved quickly into the vanguard of the popular music industry.Motown's status as an independent company allowed Gordy considerable freedom to oppose recording industry convention. He rejected the practice that was common in the late 1950s and early 1960s of having established recording stars remake songs originally produced within and for limited markets. Gordy insisted that the musical performances recorded by Motown artists would appeal not just to African American audiences, but to a much wider market, and that there would thus be no need to engage high-priced major-label artists to produce alternate versions of Motown's songs. Gordy believed that maintaining the highest possible technical quality in Motown's recordings was an essential part of this appeal, and he devoted the necessary resources to this endeavor.Another crucial factor in Motown's success was Detroit's well-developed public school music-education program, which provided the company with a deep and talented pool of artists and technicians. The roots of this program reached back to the turn of the century, when a trained soprano and Detroit native named E. Azalia Hackley adopted the musical education of African American youth as her personal mission. From Hackley's tutelage to that of locally renowned public school music teachers, Detroit's African American youth had been educated in a vibrant musical atmosphere. Nearly all of Motown's session musicians, arrangers, and producers were trained in this program. Moreover, many of the performers who would become famous exemplars of the Motown sound received musical training and exposure to diverse musical styles in Detroit schools. Motown's three major early groups‚ the Supremes, the Temptations, and the Miracles‚ came together and originally rehearsed at their high schools.In addition to Gordy's business acumen and the talent produced by the local school system, the invention and growing popularity of electric instruments also played a noteworthy role in Motown's rise to prominence. African American musicians were among the first to use the electric bass, for example, crafting a distinctive sound that inspired other musicians to experiment with this new musical technology. This experimentation ultimately led to a revolution in popular music, helping to broaden both its sound and its audience. In this way, too, Motown Records helped to initiate, and simultaneously benefited from, landmark shifts in popular music culture. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes Gordy's attitude concerning the potential for Motown's recordings to have widespread appeal? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:uncertainty in light of past trends in the music industry Choice B:willingness to accept anticipated popular indifference Choice C:courage in the face of unpromising statistics Choice D:confidence rooted in firm personal conviction Choice E:optimism based on changing economic conditions | PT91 S4 Q2 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q3 Passage:In 1959, Hitsville, USA‚ the company better known as Motown Records‚ was founded in Detroit, Michigan by Berry Gordy, Jr. Several factors contributed to Motown's rapidly becoming one of the most successful record companies in the United States. Gordy's entrepreneurial skills and his belief in economic independence played a great role in Motown's success, as did the artistic situation in Detroit in the 1960s. Capitalizing on the rich musical talent of Detroit's African American community, Motown moved quickly into the vanguard of the popular music industry.Motown's status as an independent company allowed Gordy considerable freedom to oppose recording industry convention. He rejected the practice that was common in the late 1950s and early 1960s of having established recording stars remake songs originally produced within and for limited markets. Gordy insisted that the musical performances recorded by Motown artists would appeal not just to African American audiences, but to a much wider market, and that there would thus be no need to engage high-priced major-label artists to produce alternate versions of Motown's songs. Gordy believed that maintaining the highest possible technical quality in Motown's recordings was an essential part of this appeal, and he devoted the necessary resources to this endeavor.Another crucial factor in Motown's success was Detroit's well-developed public school music-education program, which provided the company with a deep and talented pool of artists and technicians. The roots of this program reached back to the turn of the century, when a trained soprano and Detroit native named E. Azalia Hackley adopted the musical education of African American youth as her personal mission. From Hackley's tutelage to that of locally renowned public school music teachers, Detroit's African American youth had been educated in a vibrant musical atmosphere. Nearly all of Motown's session musicians, arrangers, and producers were trained in this program. Moreover, many of the performers who would become famous exemplars of the Motown sound received musical training and exposure to diverse musical styles in Detroit schools. Motown's three major early groups‚ the Supremes, the Temptations, and the Miracles‚ came together and originally rehearsed at their high schools.In addition to Gordy's business acumen and the talent produced by the local school system, the invention and growing popularity of electric instruments also played a noteworthy role in Motown's rise to prominence. African American musicians were among the first to use the electric bass, for example, crafting a distinctive sound that inspired other musicians to experiment with this new musical technology. This experimentation ultimately led to a revolution in popular music, helping to broaden both its sound and its audience. In this way, too, Motown Records helped to initiate, and simultaneously benefited from, landmark shifts in popular music culture. Stem:The passage provides information sufficient to answer which one of the following questions? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:What musical innovation by African American musicians influenced other musicians? Choice B:What musical styles were favored by African American recording companies established before Motown Records? Choice C:How long after Hitsville, USA was founded did it come to be known as Motown Records? Choice D:Why did Berry Gordy, Jr. insist on following certain standard practices of recording companies in the 1960s? Choice E:Why did E. Azalia Hackley dedicate herself to the musical education of African American youth? | PT91 S4 Q3 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q4 Passage:In 1959, Hitsville, USA‚ the company better known as Motown Records‚ was founded in Detroit, Michigan by Berry Gordy, Jr. Several factors contributed to Motown's rapidly becoming one of the most successful record companies in the United States. Gordy's entrepreneurial skills and his belief in economic independence played a great role in Motown's success, as did the artistic situation in Detroit in the 1960s. Capitalizing on the rich musical talent of Detroit's African American community, Motown moved quickly into the vanguard of the popular music industry.Motown's status as an independent company allowed Gordy considerable freedom to oppose recording industry convention. He rejected the practice that was common in the late 1950s and early 1960s of having established recording stars remake songs originally produced within and for limited markets. Gordy insisted that the musical performances recorded by Motown artists would appeal not just to African American audiences, but to a much wider market, and that there would thus be no need to engage high-priced major-label artists to produce alternate versions of Motown's songs. Gordy believed that maintaining the highest possible technical quality in Motown's recordings was an essential part of this appeal, and he devoted the necessary resources to this endeavor.Another crucial factor in Motown's success was Detroit's well-developed public school music-education program, which provided the company with a deep and talented pool of artists and technicians. The roots of this program reached back to the turn of the century, when a trained soprano and Detroit native named E. Azalia Hackley adopted the musical education of African American youth as her personal mission. From Hackley's tutelage to that of locally renowned public school music teachers, Detroit's African American youth had been educated in a vibrant musical atmosphere. Nearly all of Motown's session musicians, arrangers, and producers were trained in this program. Moreover, many of the performers who would become famous exemplars of the Motown sound received musical training and exposure to diverse musical styles in Detroit schools. Motown's three major early groups‚ the Supremes, the Temptations, and the Miracles‚ came together and originally rehearsed at their high schools.In addition to Gordy's business acumen and the talent produced by the local school system, the invention and growing popularity of electric instruments also played a noteworthy role in Motown's rise to prominence. African American musicians were among the first to use the electric bass, for example, crafting a distinctive sound that inspired other musicians to experiment with this new musical technology. This experimentation ultimately led to a revolution in popular music, helping to broaden both its sound and its audience. In this way, too, Motown Records helped to initiate, and simultaneously benefited from, landmark shifts in popular music culture. Stem:Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that the author most likely believes which one of the following? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Gordy's own expertise in the technical aspects of record production ensured that Motown's recordings would be of the highest possible quality. Choice B:The great popularity of Motown recordings in the 1960s was largely due to the dearth of innovative popular music being produced by other record companies at that time. Choice C:The revolution in popular music brought about by the use of electric instruments would not have occurred if Motown musicians had never used the electric bass. Choice D:Gordy's unconventional ideas would have been harder for him to implement if his company had been a subsidiary of a major recording company. Choice E:Motown songs would have been equally popular if they had been performed instead by established artists from other record companies. | PT91 S4 Q4 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q5 Passage:In 1959, Hitsville, USA‚ the company better known as Motown Records‚ was founded in Detroit, Michigan by Berry Gordy, Jr. Several factors contributed to Motown's rapidly becoming one of the most successful record companies in the United States. Gordy's entrepreneurial skills and his belief in economic independence played a great role in Motown's success, as did the artistic situation in Detroit in the 1960s. Capitalizing on the rich musical talent of Detroit's African American community, Motown moved quickly into the vanguard of the popular music industry.Motown's status as an independent company allowed Gordy considerable freedom to oppose recording industry convention. He rejected the practice that was common in the late 1950s and early 1960s of having established recording stars remake songs originally produced within and for limited markets. Gordy insisted that the musical performances recorded by Motown artists would appeal not just to African American audiences, but to a much wider market, and that there would thus be no need to engage high-priced major-label artists to produce alternate versions of Motown's songs. Gordy believed that maintaining the highest possible technical quality in Motown's recordings was an essential part of this appeal, and he devoted the necessary resources to this endeavor.Another crucial factor in Motown's success was Detroit's well-developed public school music-education program, which provided the company with a deep and talented pool of artists and technicians. The roots of this program reached back to the turn of the century, when a trained soprano and Detroit native named E. Azalia Hackley adopted the musical education of African American youth as her personal mission. From Hackley's tutelage to that of locally renowned public school music teachers, Detroit's African American youth had been educated in a vibrant musical atmosphere. Nearly all of Motown's session musicians, arrangers, and producers were trained in this program. Moreover, many of the performers who would become famous exemplars of the Motown sound received musical training and exposure to diverse musical styles in Detroit schools. Motown's three major early groups‚ the Supremes, the Temptations, and the Miracles‚ came together and originally rehearsed at their high schools.In addition to Gordy's business acumen and the talent produced by the local school system, the invention and growing popularity of electric instruments also played a noteworthy role in Motown's rise to prominence. African American musicians were among the first to use the electric bass, for example, crafting a distinctive sound that inspired other musicians to experiment with this new musical technology. This experimentation ultimately led to a revolution in popular music, helping to broaden both its sound and its audience. In this way, too, Motown Records helped to initiate, and simultaneously benefited from, landmark shifts in popular music culture. Stem:The author states which one of the following about Berry Gordy, Jr.? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:He relied on Detroit's public school music teachers to help him recruit talented performers. Choice B:He had worked in the music industry prior to founding Motown Records. Choice C:He devoted resources to ensuring high-quality recordings at Motown Records. Choice D:He was educated in the Detroit public school system. Choice E:He founded Motown Records largely to promote the extensive use of electric instruments. | PT91 S4 Q5 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q6 Passage:In 1959, Hitsville, USA‚ the company better known as Motown Records‚ was founded in Detroit, Michigan by Berry Gordy, Jr. Several factors contributed to Motown's rapidly becoming one of the most successful record companies in the United States. Gordy's entrepreneurial skills and his belief in economic independence played a great role in Motown's success, as did the artistic situation in Detroit in the 1960s. Capitalizing on the rich musical talent of Detroit's African American community, Motown moved quickly into the vanguard of the popular music industry.Motown's status as an independent company allowed Gordy considerable freedom to oppose recording industry convention. He rejected the practice that was common in the late 1950s and early 1960s of having established recording stars remake songs originally produced within and for limited markets. Gordy insisted that the musical performances recorded by Motown artists would appeal not just to African American audiences, but to a much wider market, and that there would thus be no need to engage high-priced major-label artists to produce alternate versions of Motown's songs. Gordy believed that maintaining the highest possible technical quality in Motown's recordings was an essential part of this appeal, and he devoted the necessary resources to this endeavor.Another crucial factor in Motown's success was Detroit's well-developed public school music-education program, which provided the company with a deep and talented pool of artists and technicians. The roots of this program reached back to the turn of the century, when a trained soprano and Detroit native named E. Azalia Hackley adopted the musical education of African American youth as her personal mission. From Hackley's tutelage to that of locally renowned public school music teachers, Detroit's African American youth had been educated in a vibrant musical atmosphere. Nearly all of Motown's session musicians, arrangers, and producers were trained in this program. Moreover, many of the performers who would become famous exemplars of the Motown sound received musical training and exposure to diverse musical styles in Detroit schools. Motown's three major early groups‚ the Supremes, the Temptations, and the Miracles‚ came together and originally rehearsed at their high schools.In addition to Gordy's business acumen and the talent produced by the local school system, the invention and growing popularity of electric instruments also played a noteworthy role in Motown's rise to prominence. African American musicians were among the first to use the electric bass, for example, crafting a distinctive sound that inspired other musicians to experiment with this new musical technology. This experimentation ultimately led to a revolution in popular music, helping to broaden both its sound and its audience. In this way, too, Motown Records helped to initiate, and simultaneously benefited from, landmark shifts in popular music culture. Stem:The author most clearly intends to include which one of the following within the scope of the phrase "the artistic situation" (third sentence of the first paragraph)? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:the willingness of Detroit financiers to take risks on artistic ventures Choice B:Detroit residents' ready access to musical training in public schools Choice C:a Detroit instrument manufacturer's production of electric instruments Choice D:Detroit residents' disenchantment with prevailing trends in popular music Choice E:Detroit's well-established tradition of supporting independent recording businesses | PT91 S4 Q6 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q7 Passage:In 1959, Hitsville, USA‚ the company better known as Motown Records‚ was founded in Detroit, Michigan by Berry Gordy, Jr. Several factors contributed to Motown's rapidly becoming one of the most successful record companies in the United States. Gordy's entrepreneurial skills and his belief in economic independence played a great role in Motown's success, as did the artistic situation in Detroit in the 1960s. Capitalizing on the rich musical talent of Detroit's African American community, Motown moved quickly into the vanguard of the popular music industry.Motown's status as an independent company allowed Gordy considerable freedom to oppose recording industry convention. He rejected the practice that was common in the late 1950s and early 1960s of having established recording stars remake songs originally produced within and for limited markets. Gordy insisted that the musical performances recorded by Motown artists would appeal not just to African American audiences, but to a much wider market, and that there would thus be no need to engage high-priced major-label artists to produce alternate versions of Motown's songs. Gordy believed that maintaining the highest possible technical quality in Motown's recordings was an essential part of this appeal, and he devoted the necessary resources to this endeavor.Another crucial factor in Motown's success was Detroit's well-developed public school music-education program, which provided the company with a deep and talented pool of artists and technicians. The roots of this program reached back to the turn of the century, when a trained soprano and Detroit native named E. Azalia Hackley adopted the musical education of African American youth as her personal mission. From Hackley's tutelage to that of locally renowned public school music teachers, Detroit's African American youth had been educated in a vibrant musical atmosphere. Nearly all of Motown's session musicians, arrangers, and producers were trained in this program. Moreover, many of the performers who would become famous exemplars of the Motown sound received musical training and exposure to diverse musical styles in Detroit schools. Motown's three major early groups‚ the Supremes, the Temptations, and the Miracles‚ came together and originally rehearsed at their high schools.In addition to Gordy's business acumen and the talent produced by the local school system, the invention and growing popularity of electric instruments also played a noteworthy role in Motown's rise to prominence. African American musicians were among the first to use the electric bass, for example, crafting a distinctive sound that inspired other musicians to experiment with this new musical technology. This experimentation ultimately led to a revolution in popular music, helping to broaden both its sound and its audience. In this way, too, Motown Records helped to initiate, and simultaneously benefited from, landmark shifts in popular music culture. Stem:The author's discussion of E. Azalia Hackley serves primarily to illustrate Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:the existence of a long-standing tradition of musical education for African American young people in Detroit Choice B:the specific type of musical education that was provided in Detroit's public schools Choice C:the extent to which many Motown performers had been directly influenced by Hackley Choice D:the way in which music instruction in Detroit's public schools had changed over the years Choice E:the author's belief that music instruction in Detroit would have languished without such ardent supporters | PT91 S4 Q7 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q8 Passage:Passage AMarkets, such as stock exchanges, distill the collective wisdom of millions of individuals into a single number, and they do so with amazing efficiency. In contrast to other information-gathering institutions, such as committees and polls, markets require participants to put hard dollars behind their opinions. What's more, markets reward people who are right, not those who lie convincingly or are loudest or most aggressive or who have the most degrees after their name.Some markets have been engineered for the purpose of providing forecasts. For over a decade, an academic project called the Iowa Electronic Markets has predicted the outcomes of certain elections better than 75 percent of the polls did. Investors put money into a pool. If there are two candidates, each dollar invested purchases two contracts, one paying $1 if candidate A wins, and one paying $1 if candidate B wins. Participants can then buy and sell those contracts at a website. If the going rate for candidate A is 53 cents, then the market as a whole thinks candidate A has a 53 percent chance of winning.Markets are highly "efficient," in the sense that the market as a whole learns‚ lightning fast and very accurately‚ what informed people know. In one experiment, a dozen participants were permitted to trade a fictional stock, having been told that it was worth one of three possible amounts. Two of the participants were then told which amount had been selected, giving them "inside knowledge." Participants couldn't communicate with each other; they could only buy and sell on the market. But everyone watched the movements of the market price, and within seconds, everyone was acting as if they were insiders.Passage BMarkets are not infallible. To many people, this statement is a form of economic blasphemy. I suggest those people should get over it. In a recent election, the Iowa Electronic Markets had the eventual winner trading far lower than an opponent up until a few days before the event. For almost a solid year leading up to it, this market's "prediction" was that the opponent would win easily.Think of markets as racetracks: you get paid lower odds the better the horse looks before a race. When the nag appears ill, old, or tired, the odds are highest, and buyers get the greatest potential payoff. When the steed starts to look healthier, the odds slide lower as a win starts looking more and more likely. If "prediction markets" do not actually predict the future, then what do they do? I suggest they merely reflect the majority opinion at a given moment. That does not imbue them with any special omniscience. Think of them as polls that avoid random spoofing because the polled must pay an entry fee to participate. That generates more serious responses than other polls‚ but the answers are just as potentially wrong as any other future guess. Like the majority, sometimes they are right, and sometimes they are wrong. Stem:Both passages are primarily concerned with answering which one of the following questions? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Is collective wisdom more reliable than individual judgment? Choice B:What can be learned from studying the movement of stock markets? Choice C:Can markets be used to elicit reliable information? Choice D:Are opinions more likely to be true when people will stake money on them? Choice E:Are markets that are engineered to predict election results as efficient as actual stock markets? | PT91 S4 Q8 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q9 Passage:Passage AMarkets, such as stock exchanges, distill the collective wisdom of millions of individuals into a single number, and they do so with amazing efficiency. In contrast to other information-gathering institutions, such as committees and polls, markets require participants to put hard dollars behind their opinions. What's more, markets reward people who are right, not those who lie convincingly or are loudest or most aggressive or who have the most degrees after their name.Some markets have been engineered for the purpose of providing forecasts. For over a decade, an academic project called the Iowa Electronic Markets has predicted the outcomes of certain elections better than 75 percent of the polls did. Investors put money into a pool. If there are two candidates, each dollar invested purchases two contracts, one paying $1 if candidate A wins, and one paying $1 if candidate B wins. Participants can then buy and sell those contracts at a website. If the going rate for candidate A is 53 cents, then the market as a whole thinks candidate A has a 53 percent chance of winning.Markets are highly "efficient," in the sense that the market as a whole learns‚ lightning fast and very accurately‚ what informed people know. In one experiment, a dozen participants were permitted to trade a fictional stock, having been told that it was worth one of three possible amounts. Two of the participants were then told which amount had been selected, giving them "inside knowledge." Participants couldn't communicate with each other; they could only buy and sell on the market. But everyone watched the movements of the market price, and within seconds, everyone was acting as if they were insiders.Passage BMarkets are not infallible. To many people, this statement is a form of economic blasphemy. I suggest those people should get over it. In a recent election, the Iowa Electronic Markets had the eventual winner trading far lower than an opponent up until a few days before the event. For almost a solid year leading up to it, this market's "prediction" was that the opponent would win easily.Think of markets as racetracks: you get paid lower odds the better the horse looks before a race. When the nag appears ill, old, or tired, the odds are highest, and buyers get the greatest potential payoff. When the steed starts to look healthier, the odds slide lower as a win starts looking more and more likely. If "prediction markets" do not actually predict the future, then what do they do? I suggest they merely reflect the majority opinion at a given moment. That does not imbue them with any special omniscience. Think of them as polls that avoid random spoofing because the polled must pay an entry fee to participate. That generates more serious responses than other polls‚ but the answers are just as potentially wrong as any other future guess. Like the majority, sometimes they are right, and sometimes they are wrong. Stem:The purpose of passage A and the purpose of passage B, respectively, are to Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:persuade and inform Choice B:challenge and defend Choice C:present and interpret Choice D:entertain and educate Choice E:advocate and deflate | PT91 S4 Q9 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q10 Passage:Passage AMarkets, such as stock exchanges, distill the collective wisdom of millions of individuals into a single number, and they do so with amazing efficiency. In contrast to other information-gathering institutions, such as committees and polls, markets require participants to put hard dollars behind their opinions. What's more, markets reward people who are right, not those who lie convincingly or are loudest or most aggressive or who have the most degrees after their name.Some markets have been engineered for the purpose of providing forecasts. For over a decade, an academic project called the Iowa Electronic Markets has predicted the outcomes of certain elections better than 75 percent of the polls did. Investors put money into a pool. If there are two candidates, each dollar invested purchases two contracts, one paying $1 if candidate A wins, and one paying $1 if candidate B wins. Participants can then buy and sell those contracts at a website. If the going rate for candidate A is 53 cents, then the market as a whole thinks candidate A has a 53 percent chance of winning.Markets are highly "efficient," in the sense that the market as a whole learns‚ lightning fast and very accurately‚ what informed people know. In one experiment, a dozen participants were permitted to trade a fictional stock, having been told that it was worth one of three possible amounts. Two of the participants were then told which amount had been selected, giving them "inside knowledge." Participants couldn't communicate with each other; they could only buy and sell on the market. But everyone watched the movements of the market price, and within seconds, everyone was acting as if they were insiders.Passage BMarkets are not infallible. To many people, this statement is a form of economic blasphemy. I suggest those people should get over it. In a recent election, the Iowa Electronic Markets had the eventual winner trading far lower than an opponent up until a few days before the event. For almost a solid year leading up to it, this market's "prediction" was that the opponent would win easily.Think of markets as racetracks: you get paid lower odds the better the horse looks before a race. When the nag appears ill, old, or tired, the odds are highest, and buyers get the greatest potential payoff. When the steed starts to look healthier, the odds slide lower as a win starts looking more and more likely. If "prediction markets" do not actually predict the future, then what do they do? I suggest they merely reflect the majority opinion at a given moment. That does not imbue them with any special omniscience. Think of them as polls that avoid random spoofing because the polled must pay an entry fee to participate. That generates more serious responses than other polls‚ but the answers are just as potentially wrong as any other future guess. Like the majority, sometimes they are right, and sometimes they are wrong. Stem:The authors of the two passages would be most likely to agree on which one of the following statements about markets? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:They are a much better predictor of future events than any expert. Choice B:They move in completely random and unpredictable ways. Choice C:They are easily manipulated for long periods by people with inside knowledge. Choice D:They are affected by new information as it becomes publicly available. Choice E:They are no better at predicting elections than most polls are. | PT91 S4 Q10 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q11 Passage:Passage AMarkets, such as stock exchanges, distill the collective wisdom of millions of individuals into a single number, and they do so with amazing efficiency. In contrast to other information-gathering institutions, such as committees and polls, markets require participants to put hard dollars behind their opinions. What's more, markets reward people who are right, not those who lie convincingly or are loudest or most aggressive or who have the most degrees after their name.Some markets have been engineered for the purpose of providing forecasts. For over a decade, an academic project called the Iowa Electronic Markets has predicted the outcomes of certain elections better than 75 percent of the polls did. Investors put money into a pool. If there are two candidates, each dollar invested purchases two contracts, one paying $1 if candidate A wins, and one paying $1 if candidate B wins. Participants can then buy and sell those contracts at a website. If the going rate for candidate A is 53 cents, then the market as a whole thinks candidate A has a 53 percent chance of winning.Markets are highly "efficient," in the sense that the market as a whole learns‚ lightning fast and very accurately‚ what informed people know. In one experiment, a dozen participants were permitted to trade a fictional stock, having been told that it was worth one of three possible amounts. Two of the participants were then told which amount had been selected, giving them "inside knowledge." Participants couldn't communicate with each other; they could only buy and sell on the market. But everyone watched the movements of the market price, and within seconds, everyone was acting as if they were insiders.Passage BMarkets are not infallible. To many people, this statement is a form of economic blasphemy. I suggest those people should get over it. In a recent election, the Iowa Electronic Markets had the eventual winner trading far lower than an opponent up until a few days before the event. For almost a solid year leading up to it, this market's "prediction" was that the opponent would win easily.Think of markets as racetracks: you get paid lower odds the better the horse looks before a race. When the nag appears ill, old, or tired, the odds are highest, and buyers get the greatest potential payoff. When the steed starts to look healthier, the odds slide lower as a win starts looking more and more likely. If "prediction markets" do not actually predict the future, then what do they do? I suggest they merely reflect the majority opinion at a given moment. That does not imbue them with any special omniscience. Think of them as polls that avoid random spoofing because the polled must pay an entry fee to participate. That generates more serious responses than other polls‚ but the answers are just as potentially wrong as any other future guess. Like the majority, sometimes they are right, and sometimes they are wrong. Stem:The relationship between which one of the following pairs of essays, based on what can be inferred from their titles, is most analogous to the relationship between passage A and passage B, respectively? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:"The Future of Computing" and "Futurists' Sorry Track Record" Choice B:"Computer Models for Predicting Elections" and "Margins of Error in Prediction of Electoral Results" Choice C:"The Pace of Computer Innovation" and "Will Computing Hit a Speed Bump?" Choice D:"Computer Simulations of Stock Prices" and "Program Outperforms Fund Managers" Choice E:"Computers as Thinking Machines" and "Computers Don't Think: They Execute Programs" | PT91 S4 Q11 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q12 Passage:Passage AMarkets, such as stock exchanges, distill the collective wisdom of millions of individuals into a single number, and they do so with amazing efficiency. In contrast to other information-gathering institutions, such as committees and polls, markets require participants to put hard dollars behind their opinions. What's more, markets reward people who are right, not those who lie convincingly or are loudest or most aggressive or who have the most degrees after their name.Some markets have been engineered for the purpose of providing forecasts. For over a decade, an academic project called the Iowa Electronic Markets has predicted the outcomes of certain elections better than 75 percent of the polls did. Investors put money into a pool. If there are two candidates, each dollar invested purchases two contracts, one paying $1 if candidate A wins, and one paying $1 if candidate B wins. Participants can then buy and sell those contracts at a website. If the going rate for candidate A is 53 cents, then the market as a whole thinks candidate A has a 53 percent chance of winning.Markets are highly "efficient," in the sense that the market as a whole learns‚ lightning fast and very accurately‚ what informed people know. In one experiment, a dozen participants were permitted to trade a fictional stock, having been told that it was worth one of three possible amounts. Two of the participants were then told which amount had been selected, giving them "inside knowledge." Participants couldn't communicate with each other; they could only buy and sell on the market. But everyone watched the movements of the market price, and within seconds, everyone was acting as if they were insiders.Passage BMarkets are not infallible. To many people, this statement is a form of economic blasphemy. I suggest those people should get over it. In a recent election, the Iowa Electronic Markets had the eventual winner trading far lower than an opponent up until a few days before the event. For almost a solid year leading up to it, this market's "prediction" was that the opponent would win easily.Think of markets as racetracks: you get paid lower odds the better the horse looks before a race. When the nag appears ill, old, or tired, the odds are highest, and buyers get the greatest potential payoff. When the steed starts to look healthier, the odds slide lower as a win starts looking more and more likely. If "prediction markets" do not actually predict the future, then what do they do? I suggest they merely reflect the majority opinion at a given moment. That does not imbue them with any special omniscience. Think of them as polls that avoid random spoofing because the polled must pay an entry fee to participate. That generates more serious responses than other polls‚ but the answers are just as potentially wrong as any other future guess. Like the majority, sometimes they are right, and sometimes they are wrong. Stem:Passage B, but not passage A, advances its argument in part by referring to which one of the following? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:market crashes Choice B:racetracks Choice C:insiders Choice D:polls Choice E:contracts | PT91 S4 Q12 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q13 Passage:Passage AMarkets, such as stock exchanges, distill the collective wisdom of millions of individuals into a single number, and they do so with amazing efficiency. In contrast to other information-gathering institutions, such as committees and polls, markets require participants to put hard dollars behind their opinions. What's more, markets reward people who are right, not those who lie convincingly or are loudest or most aggressive or who have the most degrees after their name.Some markets have been engineered for the purpose of providing forecasts. For over a decade, an academic project called the Iowa Electronic Markets has predicted the outcomes of certain elections better than 75 percent of the polls did. Investors put money into a pool. If there are two candidates, each dollar invested purchases two contracts, one paying $1 if candidate A wins, and one paying $1 if candidate B wins. Participants can then buy and sell those contracts at a website. If the going rate for candidate A is 53 cents, then the market as a whole thinks candidate A has a 53 percent chance of winning.Markets are highly "efficient," in the sense that the market as a whole learns‚ lightning fast and very accurately‚ what informed people know. In one experiment, a dozen participants were permitted to trade a fictional stock, having been told that it was worth one of three possible amounts. Two of the participants were then told which amount had been selected, giving them "inside knowledge." Participants couldn't communicate with each other; they could only buy and sell on the market. But everyone watched the movements of the market price, and within seconds, everyone was acting as if they were insiders.Passage BMarkets are not infallible. To many people, this statement is a form of economic blasphemy. I suggest those people should get over it. In a recent election, the Iowa Electronic Markets had the eventual winner trading far lower than an opponent up until a few days before the event. For almost a solid year leading up to it, this market's "prediction" was that the opponent would win easily.Think of markets as racetracks: you get paid lower odds the better the horse looks before a race. When the nag appears ill, old, or tired, the odds are highest, and buyers get the greatest potential payoff. When the steed starts to look healthier, the odds slide lower as a win starts looking more and more likely. If "prediction markets" do not actually predict the future, then what do they do? I suggest they merely reflect the majority opinion at a given moment. That does not imbue them with any special omniscience. Think of them as polls that avoid random spoofing because the polled must pay an entry fee to participate. That generates more serious responses than other polls‚ but the answers are just as potentially wrong as any other future guess. Like the majority, sometimes they are right, and sometimes they are wrong. Stem:Suppose that, in an attempt to manipulate the Iowa Electronic Markets, several people invest large sums in contracts for long-shot candidate X. The price of contracts for X briefly spikes, but well-informed traders promptly sell their contracts for X at a profit, and the effect of the investments quickly vanishes. This outcome would tend to support Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:passage A, since it shows that contracts for an initially unpopular candidate cannot have a sustained increase in value Choice B:passage A, since it provides evidence that accurate information is quickly and accurately disseminated throughout the market Choice C:neither passage, since the attempt at manipulation was so unsuccessful and short-lived that it proves nothing Choice D:passage B, because it shows that a losing candidate can be temporarily ahead of the winning candidate Choice E:passage B, because it shows that the market simply reflects majority opinion in the population as a whole | PT91 S4 Q13 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q14 Passage:Passage AMarkets, such as stock exchanges, distill the collective wisdom of millions of individuals into a single number, and they do so with amazing efficiency. In contrast to other information-gathering institutions, such as committees and polls, markets require participants to put hard dollars behind their opinions. What's more, markets reward people who are right, not those who lie convincingly or are loudest or most aggressive or who have the most degrees after their name.Some markets have been engineered for the purpose of providing forecasts. For over a decade, an academic project called the Iowa Electronic Markets has predicted the outcomes of certain elections better than 75 percent of the polls did. Investors put money into a pool. If there are two candidates, each dollar invested purchases two contracts, one paying $1 if candidate A wins, and one paying $1 if candidate B wins. Participants can then buy and sell those contracts at a website. If the going rate for candidate A is 53 cents, then the market as a whole thinks candidate A has a 53 percent chance of winning.Markets are highly "efficient," in the sense that the market as a whole learns‚ lightning fast and very accurately‚ what informed people know. In one experiment, a dozen participants were permitted to trade a fictional stock, having been told that it was worth one of three possible amounts. Two of the participants were then told which amount had been selected, giving them "inside knowledge." Participants couldn't communicate with each other; they could only buy and sell on the market. But everyone watched the movements of the market price, and within seconds, everyone was acting as if they were insiders.Passage BMarkets are not infallible. To many people, this statement is a form of economic blasphemy. I suggest those people should get over it. In a recent election, the Iowa Electronic Markets had the eventual winner trading far lower than an opponent up until a few days before the event. For almost a solid year leading up to it, this market's "prediction" was that the opponent would win easily.Think of markets as racetracks: you get paid lower odds the better the horse looks before a race. When the nag appears ill, old, or tired, the odds are highest, and buyers get the greatest potential payoff. When the steed starts to look healthier, the odds slide lower as a win starts looking more and more likely. If "prediction markets" do not actually predict the future, then what do they do? I suggest they merely reflect the majority opinion at a given moment. That does not imbue them with any special omniscience. Think of them as polls that avoid random spoofing because the polled must pay an entry fee to participate. That generates more serious responses than other polls‚ but the answers are just as potentially wrong as any other future guess. Like the majority, sometimes they are right, and sometimes they are wrong. Stem:The relation between the conception in passage A and the conception in passage B, respectively, of how markets handle the knowledge of their participants, is most analogous to the relation between Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:a typewriter and a word processor Choice B:a thermostat and a thermometer Choice C:a bicycle and a motorcycle Choice D:a news broadcast and a magazine Choice E:a digital camera and a camera that uses film | PT91 S4 Q14 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q15 Passage:Political arguments about biodiversity and the preservation of endangered species generally assume we know what a species is. Yet answering the question of what constitutes a "good" species has long been a confusing and controversial exercise. Within ornithological circles, the debate over the "species question" has often been described as being between "lumpers" and "splitters," between those who group separate but very similar populations of birds into a single species and those who divide such populations into full species. Generally, the lumpers employ what is known as the biological species concept, which until recently was the dominant approach to species classification. Its proponents define a species as a group that is reproductively isolated from other groups, which means that there is no substantial interbreeding in the wild between members of the groups. Splitters, on the other hand, tend to use the increasingly popular phylogenetic species concept, which defines a species as a "diagnosable" population, among which there is a pattern of ancestry and descent. A phylogenetic species is a population in which members share a distinctive, genetically traceable feature that distinguishes it from other populations.The late Charles G. Sibley, a prominent ornithologist and one of the fomenters of a controversial revolution in avian taxonomy, could be called a splitter. He used a process known as DNA-DNA hybridization‚ which compares DNA from different species‚ to determine the relationships of the various families of birds. From his studies he concluded that many earlier classifications of the relationships of bird families were wrong. For instance, he said that vultures found in North and South America were more closely related to storks than to European vultures, and that loons and grebes, which many taxonomists had argued were closely related, were not.Sibley's work has not been widely accepted. "What the DNA data can give you is an approximation of how different the genes of two isolated populations are," one critic has written, "but how you interpret those differences is basically arbitrary, as arbitrary as any decision made in any species concept." Sibley might not have disagreed, at least not entirely. In 1996 he wrote that "Evolution produces all degrees of genetic differences between populations of organisms, but, for practical reasons, we must limit the number of degrees we choose to 'recognize' by names. We assign names of populations and proposed definitions of taxonomic categories based on various criteria, but the 'species concept' is slippery because there are so many examples in nature of populations that refuse to fit our limited set of definitions and names."Whatever the merits of each position, the species question undoubtedly has political and economic stakes. For example, increasing the number of species would probably increase the number needing protection as well. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes the main point of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Classifying biological populations into different species has long posed problems for proponents of biodiversity, but many of these problems are closer to resolution thanks to the work of Charles G. Sibley and others. Choice B:Although scientists often disagree on the classification of biological populations into species, most agree that all such classification systems contain arbitrary elements. Choice C:How biological populations are classified into species is a controversial scientific issue with practical implications in current debates over the preservation of biodiversity. Choice D:Traditional methods of classifying biological populations into species continue to have their supporters, but these methods have been called into question by the work of Charles G. Sibley. Choice E:Charles G. Sibley developed revolutionary methods of classifying biological populations into species, but these methods have not been widely accepted. | PT91 S4 Q15 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q16 Passage:Political arguments about biodiversity and the preservation of endangered species generally assume we know what a species is. Yet answering the question of what constitutes a "good" species has long been a confusing and controversial exercise. Within ornithological circles, the debate over the "species question" has often been described as being between "lumpers" and "splitters," between those who group separate but very similar populations of birds into a single species and those who divide such populations into full species. Generally, the lumpers employ what is known as the biological species concept, which until recently was the dominant approach to species classification. Its proponents define a species as a group that is reproductively isolated from other groups, which means that there is no substantial interbreeding in the wild between members of the groups. Splitters, on the other hand, tend to use the increasingly popular phylogenetic species concept, which defines a species as a "diagnosable" population, among which there is a pattern of ancestry and descent. A phylogenetic species is a population in which members share a distinctive, genetically traceable feature that distinguishes it from other populations.The late Charles G. Sibley, a prominent ornithologist and one of the fomenters of a controversial revolution in avian taxonomy, could be called a splitter. He used a process known as DNA-DNA hybridization‚ which compares DNA from different species‚ to determine the relationships of the various families of birds. From his studies he concluded that many earlier classifications of the relationships of bird families were wrong. For instance, he said that vultures found in North and South America were more closely related to storks than to European vultures, and that loons and grebes, which many taxonomists had argued were closely related, were not.Sibley's work has not been widely accepted. "What the DNA data can give you is an approximation of how different the genes of two isolated populations are," one critic has written, "but how you interpret those differences is basically arbitrary, as arbitrary as any decision made in any species concept." Sibley might not have disagreed, at least not entirely. In 1996 he wrote that "Evolution produces all degrees of genetic differences between populations of organisms, but, for practical reasons, we must limit the number of degrees we choose to 'recognize' by names. We assign names of populations and proposed definitions of taxonomic categories based on various criteria, but the 'species concept' is slippery because there are so many examples in nature of populations that refuse to fit our limited set of definitions and names."Whatever the merits of each position, the species question undoubtedly has political and economic stakes. For example, increasing the number of species would probably increase the number needing protection as well. Stem:According to the passage, which one of the following is true of the phylogenetic species concept? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:It has effectively discredited other methods of species classification. Choice B:Its popularity has declined since the death of Charles G. Sibley. Choice C:It is more useful in ornithology than in most other biological sciences. Choice D:It has more proponents now than it had in the past. Choice E:It was pioneered by Charles G. Sibley. | PT91 S4 Q16 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q17 Passage:Political arguments about biodiversity and the preservation of endangered species generally assume we know what a species is. Yet answering the question of what constitutes a "good" species has long been a confusing and controversial exercise. Within ornithological circles, the debate over the "species question" has often been described as being between "lumpers" and "splitters," between those who group separate but very similar populations of birds into a single species and those who divide such populations into full species. Generally, the lumpers employ what is known as the biological species concept, which until recently was the dominant approach to species classification. Its proponents define a species as a group that is reproductively isolated from other groups, which means that there is no substantial interbreeding in the wild between members of the groups. Splitters, on the other hand, tend to use the increasingly popular phylogenetic species concept, which defines a species as a "diagnosable" population, among which there is a pattern of ancestry and descent. A phylogenetic species is a population in which members share a distinctive, genetically traceable feature that distinguishes it from other populations.The late Charles G. Sibley, a prominent ornithologist and one of the fomenters of a controversial revolution in avian taxonomy, could be called a splitter. He used a process known as DNA-DNA hybridization‚ which compares DNA from different species‚ to determine the relationships of the various families of birds. From his studies he concluded that many earlier classifications of the relationships of bird families were wrong. For instance, he said that vultures found in North and South America were more closely related to storks than to European vultures, and that loons and grebes, which many taxonomists had argued were closely related, were not.Sibley's work has not been widely accepted. "What the DNA data can give you is an approximation of how different the genes of two isolated populations are," one critic has written, "but how you interpret those differences is basically arbitrary, as arbitrary as any decision made in any species concept." Sibley might not have disagreed, at least not entirely. In 1996 he wrote that "Evolution produces all degrees of genetic differences between populations of organisms, but, for practical reasons, we must limit the number of degrees we choose to 'recognize' by names. We assign names of populations and proposed definitions of taxonomic categories based on various criteria, but the 'species concept' is slippery because there are so many examples in nature of populations that refuse to fit our limited set of definitions and names."Whatever the merits of each position, the species question undoubtedly has political and economic stakes. For example, increasing the number of species would probably increase the number needing protection as well. Stem:It can be inferred from the passage that Charles G. Sibley would have been most likely to agree with which one of the following views? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Splitters are somewhat more likely than lumpers to be motivated by political and economic, rather than purely scientific, concerns. Choice B:The total number of animal species in the world today is probably accurately estimated. Choice C:A proper goal for ornithologists engaged in taxonomic research is to simplify the classification system so as to reduce the total number of species. Choice D:The degree of genetic difference that two populations display with respect to each other should have little bearing on the decision about whether to classify them as belonging to the same species. Choice E:Disagreements about species classification are likely to persist even if techniques like DNA-DNA hybridization are further refined. | PT91 S4 Q17 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q18 Passage:Political arguments about biodiversity and the preservation of endangered species generally assume we know what a species is. Yet answering the question of what constitutes a "good" species has long been a confusing and controversial exercise. Within ornithological circles, the debate over the "species question" has often been described as being between "lumpers" and "splitters," between those who group separate but very similar populations of birds into a single species and those who divide such populations into full species. Generally, the lumpers employ what is known as the biological species concept, which until recently was the dominant approach to species classification. Its proponents define a species as a group that is reproductively isolated from other groups, which means that there is no substantial interbreeding in the wild between members of the groups. Splitters, on the other hand, tend to use the increasingly popular phylogenetic species concept, which defines a species as a "diagnosable" population, among which there is a pattern of ancestry and descent. A phylogenetic species is a population in which members share a distinctive, genetically traceable feature that distinguishes it from other populations.The late Charles G. Sibley, a prominent ornithologist and one of the fomenters of a controversial revolution in avian taxonomy, could be called a splitter. He used a process known as DNA-DNA hybridization‚ which compares DNA from different species‚ to determine the relationships of the various families of birds. From his studies he concluded that many earlier classifications of the relationships of bird families were wrong. For instance, he said that vultures found in North and South America were more closely related to storks than to European vultures, and that loons and grebes, which many taxonomists had argued were closely related, were not.Sibley's work has not been widely accepted. "What the DNA data can give you is an approximation of how different the genes of two isolated populations are," one critic has written, "but how you interpret those differences is basically arbitrary, as arbitrary as any decision made in any species concept." Sibley might not have disagreed, at least not entirely. In 1996 he wrote that "Evolution produces all degrees of genetic differences between populations of organisms, but, for practical reasons, we must limit the number of degrees we choose to 'recognize' by names. We assign names of populations and proposed definitions of taxonomic categories based on various criteria, but the 'species concept' is slippery because there are so many examples in nature of populations that refuse to fit our limited set of definitions and names."Whatever the merits of each position, the species question undoubtedly has political and economic stakes. For example, increasing the number of species would probably increase the number needing protection as well. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately illustrates the biological species concept, as described in the passage? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:There is strong evidence that bird populations X and Y share a common ancestor. Therefore, they should be classified as belonging to the same species, even though they do not resemble each other in certain respects. Choice B:Bird populations X and Y interbreed in the wild, but they have never been known to do so in captivity. Therefore, they should be classified as belonging to different species. Choice C:Bird populations X and Y are visually indistinguishable from each other and live in similar, though mutually isolated, habitats. Therefore, they should be classified as belonging to the same species. Choice D:Although bird populations X and Y have differently shaped beaks and head feathers, they nevertheless interbreed. Therefore, they should be classified as belonging to the same species. Choice E:Although bird populations X and Y have never been known to interbreed, they resemble each other in appearance, and examination of their DNA indicates a common ancestor. Therefore, they should be classified as belonging to the same species. | PT91 S4 Q18 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q19 Passage:Political arguments about biodiversity and the preservation of endangered species generally assume we know what a species is. Yet answering the question of what constitutes a "good" species has long been a confusing and controversial exercise. Within ornithological circles, the debate over the "species question" has often been described as being between "lumpers" and "splitters," between those who group separate but very similar populations of birds into a single species and those who divide such populations into full species. Generally, the lumpers employ what is known as the biological species concept, which until recently was the dominant approach to species classification. Its proponents define a species as a group that is reproductively isolated from other groups, which means that there is no substantial interbreeding in the wild between members of the groups. Splitters, on the other hand, tend to use the increasingly popular phylogenetic species concept, which defines a species as a "diagnosable" population, among which there is a pattern of ancestry and descent. A phylogenetic species is a population in which members share a distinctive, genetically traceable feature that distinguishes it from other populations.The late Charles G. Sibley, a prominent ornithologist and one of the fomenters of a controversial revolution in avian taxonomy, could be called a splitter. He used a process known as DNA-DNA hybridization‚ which compares DNA from different species‚ to determine the relationships of the various families of birds. From his studies he concluded that many earlier classifications of the relationships of bird families were wrong. For instance, he said that vultures found in North and South America were more closely related to storks than to European vultures, and that loons and grebes, which many taxonomists had argued were closely related, were not.Sibley's work has not been widely accepted. "What the DNA data can give you is an approximation of how different the genes of two isolated populations are," one critic has written, "but how you interpret those differences is basically arbitrary, as arbitrary as any decision made in any species concept." Sibley might not have disagreed, at least not entirely. In 1996 he wrote that "Evolution produces all degrees of genetic differences between populations of organisms, but, for practical reasons, we must limit the number of degrees we choose to 'recognize' by names. We assign names of populations and proposed definitions of taxonomic categories based on various criteria, but the 'species concept' is slippery because there are so many examples in nature of populations that refuse to fit our limited set of definitions and names."Whatever the merits of each position, the species question undoubtedly has political and economic stakes. For example, increasing the number of species would probably increase the number needing protection as well. Stem:If valid, Charles G. Sibley's findings, as described in the last two sentences of the second paragraph, most seriously challenge which one of the following assertions? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:A stork population from Europe is likely to be of the same species as one from North America. Choice B:A stork population from South America is likely to be of a different species than one from Europe. Choice C:A vulture population from North America is likely to be of the same species as one from Europe. Choice D:A vulture population from South America is likely to be of a different species than one from Europe. Choice E:A vulture population from North America is likely to be of the same species as one from South America. | PT91 S4 Q19 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q20 Passage:Political arguments about biodiversity and the preservation of endangered species generally assume we know what a species is. Yet answering the question of what constitutes a "good" species has long been a confusing and controversial exercise. Within ornithological circles, the debate over the "species question" has often been described as being between "lumpers" and "splitters," between those who group separate but very similar populations of birds into a single species and those who divide such populations into full species. Generally, the lumpers employ what is known as the biological species concept, which until recently was the dominant approach to species classification. Its proponents define a species as a group that is reproductively isolated from other groups, which means that there is no substantial interbreeding in the wild between members of the groups. Splitters, on the other hand, tend to use the increasingly popular phylogenetic species concept, which defines a species as a "diagnosable" population, among which there is a pattern of ancestry and descent. A phylogenetic species is a population in which members share a distinctive, genetically traceable feature that distinguishes it from other populations.The late Charles G. Sibley, a prominent ornithologist and one of the fomenters of a controversial revolution in avian taxonomy, could be called a splitter. He used a process known as DNA-DNA hybridization‚ which compares DNA from different species‚ to determine the relationships of the various families of birds. From his studies he concluded that many earlier classifications of the relationships of bird families were wrong. For instance, he said that vultures found in North and South America were more closely related to storks than to European vultures, and that loons and grebes, which many taxonomists had argued were closely related, were not.Sibley's work has not been widely accepted. "What the DNA data can give you is an approximation of how different the genes of two isolated populations are," one critic has written, "but how you interpret those differences is basically arbitrary, as arbitrary as any decision made in any species concept." Sibley might not have disagreed, at least not entirely. In 1996 he wrote that "Evolution produces all degrees of genetic differences between populations of organisms, but, for practical reasons, we must limit the number of degrees we choose to 'recognize' by names. We assign names of populations and proposed definitions of taxonomic categories based on various criteria, but the 'species concept' is slippery because there are so many examples in nature of populations that refuse to fit our limited set of definitions and names."Whatever the merits of each position, the species question undoubtedly has political and economic stakes. For example, increasing the number of species would probably increase the number needing protection as well. Stem:The passage provides information sufficient to answer which one of the following questions? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:When did Charles G. Sibley begin using DNA-DNA hybridization in species classification? Choice B:What are two continents on which storks are found? Choice C:What common traits led taxonomists to classify loons and grebes as related species? Choice D:What is one objection to applying Sibley's work to species classification questions? Choice E:What is one non-avian animal population on whose classification lumpers and splitters have disagreed? | PT91 S4 Q20 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q21 Passage:Political arguments about biodiversity and the preservation of endangered species generally assume we know what a species is. Yet answering the question of what constitutes a "good" species has long been a confusing and controversial exercise. Within ornithological circles, the debate over the "species question" has often been described as being between "lumpers" and "splitters," between those who group separate but very similar populations of birds into a single species and those who divide such populations into full species. Generally, the lumpers employ what is known as the biological species concept, which until recently was the dominant approach to species classification. Its proponents define a species as a group that is reproductively isolated from other groups, which means that there is no substantial interbreeding in the wild between members of the groups. Splitters, on the other hand, tend to use the increasingly popular phylogenetic species concept, which defines a species as a "diagnosable" population, among which there is a pattern of ancestry and descent. A phylogenetic species is a population in which members share a distinctive, genetically traceable feature that distinguishes it from other populations.The late Charles G. Sibley, a prominent ornithologist and one of the fomenters of a controversial revolution in avian taxonomy, could be called a splitter. He used a process known as DNA-DNA hybridization‚ which compares DNA from different species‚ to determine the relationships of the various families of birds. From his studies he concluded that many earlier classifications of the relationships of bird families were wrong. For instance, he said that vultures found in North and South America were more closely related to storks than to European vultures, and that loons and grebes, which many taxonomists had argued were closely related, were not.Sibley's work has not been widely accepted. "What the DNA data can give you is an approximation of how different the genes of two isolated populations are," one critic has written, "but how you interpret those differences is basically arbitrary, as arbitrary as any decision made in any species concept." Sibley might not have disagreed, at least not entirely. In 1996 he wrote that "Evolution produces all degrees of genetic differences between populations of organisms, but, for practical reasons, we must limit the number of degrees we choose to 'recognize' by names. We assign names of populations and proposed definitions of taxonomic categories based on various criteria, but the 'species concept' is slippery because there are so many examples in nature of populations that refuse to fit our limited set of definitions and names."Whatever the merits of each position, the species question undoubtedly has political and economic stakes. For example, increasing the number of species would probably increase the number needing protection as well. Stem:It can be inferred from the passage that a proponent of the biological species concept would be most likely to disagree with which one of the following statements? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:There are considerably more bird species in the world today than are currently recognized. Choice B:Members of two bird populations that differ from each other in certain physical characteristics might nevertheless belong to the same species. Choice C:Some animal species that are considered extinct in fact have surviving members. Choice D:There is less biodiversity in the world today than there was 50 years ago. Choice E:Current debates over what constitutes a species are sometimes motivated by political rather than by scientific concerns. | PT91 S4 Q21 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q22 Passage:Political arguments about biodiversity and the preservation of endangered species generally assume we know what a species is. Yet answering the question of what constitutes a "good" species has long been a confusing and controversial exercise. Within ornithological circles, the debate over the "species question" has often been described as being between "lumpers" and "splitters," between those who group separate but very similar populations of birds into a single species and those who divide such populations into full species. Generally, the lumpers employ what is known as the biological species concept, which until recently was the dominant approach to species classification. Its proponents define a species as a group that is reproductively isolated from other groups, which means that there is no substantial interbreeding in the wild between members of the groups. Splitters, on the other hand, tend to use the increasingly popular phylogenetic species concept, which defines a species as a "diagnosable" population, among which there is a pattern of ancestry and descent. A phylogenetic species is a population in which members share a distinctive, genetically traceable feature that distinguishes it from other populations.The late Charles G. Sibley, a prominent ornithologist and one of the fomenters of a controversial revolution in avian taxonomy, could be called a splitter. He used a process known as DNA-DNA hybridization‚ which compares DNA from different species‚ to determine the relationships of the various families of birds. From his studies he concluded that many earlier classifications of the relationships of bird families were wrong. For instance, he said that vultures found in North and South America were more closely related to storks than to European vultures, and that loons and grebes, which many taxonomists had argued were closely related, were not.Sibley's work has not been widely accepted. "What the DNA data can give you is an approximation of how different the genes of two isolated populations are," one critic has written, "but how you interpret those differences is basically arbitrary, as arbitrary as any decision made in any species concept." Sibley might not have disagreed, at least not entirely. In 1996 he wrote that "Evolution produces all degrees of genetic differences between populations of organisms, but, for practical reasons, we must limit the number of degrees we choose to 'recognize' by names. We assign names of populations and proposed definitions of taxonomic categories based on various criteria, but the 'species concept' is slippery because there are so many examples in nature of populations that refuse to fit our limited set of definitions and names."Whatever the merits of each position, the species question undoubtedly has political and economic stakes. For example, increasing the number of species would probably increase the number needing protection as well. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, would provide the strongest support for the author's assertion in the final sentence of the passage about the effects of increasing the number of recognized species? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:It is becoming increasingly difficult to enact international agreements to protect endangered species. Choice B:Increasing the number of species through reclassification is more likely to result in new avian species than in new mammalian species. Choice C:In disputes over protection of endangered species, economic considerations often outweigh scientific ones. Choice D:Advances in scientific techniques like DNA-DNA hybridization will probably favor the efforts of proponents of the phylogenetic species concept. Choice E:Proponents of the phylogenetic species concept are less likely to contest an established species classification if none of the biological populations involved is endangered. | PT91 S4 Q22 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q23 Passage:This passage was adapted from an article published in 1991.Because it is relatively easy and inexpensive to produce copycat computer programs, most people believe that some form of legal protection should be extended to creators of computer software. Without a legal deterrent to copycat programming, the resources expended by an individual or a company to develop an innovative software program could be unfairly exploited by rivals who develop a similar product and rush it to market at a lower price. The occurrence of such exploitation would leave software developers with little financial incentive to develop innovative products. While most legal commentators agree that copyright has generally proven to be an effective means of preventing this exploitation, some contend that patent protection is also needed to combat copycatting.In essence, every piece of software is an encoding of one or more algorithms. An algorithm is simply defined as a series of steps to be followed in carrying out a task; to be usable in computer applications, an algorithm must be expressed in terms that can be processed by a computer. Proponents of software patents assert that in providing a specific way of achieving a desired result, the encoding of algorithms is analogous to the design of a process. Process designs (for example, an innovative way of inducing a series of chemical reactions) do, in fact, fall under the scope of patent protection. However, in order for any design to be patentable, it must be genuinely a product of invention (rather than, say, a law of nature or a logical axiom). For example, while a particular innovative windmill design might be patentable, the principle that wind can be harnessed to produce energy would clearly not be. On similar grounds, software algorithms, because they represent generic principles underlying the specific processes by which tasks are to be carried out by computers, should not be considered patentable.Issuing patents for computer programs would extend protection to software developers beyond that afforded by copyright when there is really no compelling justification for doing so. Insofar as software programs constitute the expression of ideas in the form of specific texts (i.e., sequences of computer code), they fall more appropriately within the established domain of copyright law. Whereas patents protect the underlying design of an invention, even if it is never actually executed, copyright protects only the particular way in which the underlying ideas are expressed. Because the value of software lies in its form of expression, protection should be given only for particular applications‚ expressions of algorithms in an encoded form. Such protection could be more effectively afforded with only slight modification to existing copyright laws, and the financial incentive to develop innovative software could thereby be preserved. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Although patent protection is needed for a software program's underlying algorithms, existing copyright laws adequately protect the expression of those algorithms. Choice B:Legal protection for software programs beyond that which could be provided through the modification of existing copyright laws is unwarranted. Choice C:Without the legal protection afforded by patents, software developers will have little financial incentive to innovate. Choice D:Issuing patents for software programs would give software developers more protection against copycat programming than granting copyright does. Choice E:Copyright protects only the unique manner in which a software program's underlying algorithms are expressed. | PT91 S4 Q23 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q24 Passage:This passage was adapted from an article published in 1991.Because it is relatively easy and inexpensive to produce copycat computer programs, most people believe that some form of legal protection should be extended to creators of computer software. Without a legal deterrent to copycat programming, the resources expended by an individual or a company to develop an innovative software program could be unfairly exploited by rivals who develop a similar product and rush it to market at a lower price. The occurrence of such exploitation would leave software developers with little financial incentive to develop innovative products. While most legal commentators agree that copyright has generally proven to be an effective means of preventing this exploitation, some contend that patent protection is also needed to combat copycatting.In essence, every piece of software is an encoding of one or more algorithms. An algorithm is simply defined as a series of steps to be followed in carrying out a task; to be usable in computer applications, an algorithm must be expressed in terms that can be processed by a computer. Proponents of software patents assert that in providing a specific way of achieving a desired result, the encoding of algorithms is analogous to the design of a process. Process designs (for example, an innovative way of inducing a series of chemical reactions) do, in fact, fall under the scope of patent protection. However, in order for any design to be patentable, it must be genuinely a product of invention (rather than, say, a law of nature or a logical axiom). For example, while a particular innovative windmill design might be patentable, the principle that wind can be harnessed to produce energy would clearly not be. On similar grounds, software algorithms, because they represent generic principles underlying the specific processes by which tasks are to be carried out by computers, should not be considered patentable.Issuing patents for computer programs would extend protection to software developers beyond that afforded by copyright when there is really no compelling justification for doing so. Insofar as software programs constitute the expression of ideas in the form of specific texts (i.e., sequences of computer code), they fall more appropriately within the established domain of copyright law. Whereas patents protect the underlying design of an invention, even if it is never actually executed, copyright protects only the particular way in which the underlying ideas are expressed. Because the value of software lies in its form of expression, protection should be given only for particular applications‚ expressions of algorithms in an encoded form. Such protection could be more effectively afforded with only slight modification to existing copyright laws, and the financial incentive to develop innovative software could thereby be preserved. Stem:On the basis of the passage, which one of the following is most likely to be a view held by the author? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:An algorithm is analogous to a law of nature or a logical axiom. Choice B:The discovery of an algorithm that can be used in a software program usually requires genuine inventive effort. Choice C:Sequences of computer code should not be copyrightable unless they encode a previously unused algorithm. Choice D:Proponents of software patents underestimate the severity of the problem of copycat programming. Choice E:The encoding of algorithms is not analogous to the composition of a literary work. | PT91 S4 Q24 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q25 Passage:This passage was adapted from an article published in 1991.Because it is relatively easy and inexpensive to produce copycat computer programs, most people believe that some form of legal protection should be extended to creators of computer software. Without a legal deterrent to copycat programming, the resources expended by an individual or a company to develop an innovative software program could be unfairly exploited by rivals who develop a similar product and rush it to market at a lower price. The occurrence of such exploitation would leave software developers with little financial incentive to develop innovative products. While most legal commentators agree that copyright has generally proven to be an effective means of preventing this exploitation, some contend that patent protection is also needed to combat copycatting.In essence, every piece of software is an encoding of one or more algorithms. An algorithm is simply defined as a series of steps to be followed in carrying out a task; to be usable in computer applications, an algorithm must be expressed in terms that can be processed by a computer. Proponents of software patents assert that in providing a specific way of achieving a desired result, the encoding of algorithms is analogous to the design of a process. Process designs (for example, an innovative way of inducing a series of chemical reactions) do, in fact, fall under the scope of patent protection. However, in order for any design to be patentable, it must be genuinely a product of invention (rather than, say, a law of nature or a logical axiom). For example, while a particular innovative windmill design might be patentable, the principle that wind can be harnessed to produce energy would clearly not be. On similar grounds, software algorithms, because they represent generic principles underlying the specific processes by which tasks are to be carried out by computers, should not be considered patentable.Issuing patents for computer programs would extend protection to software developers beyond that afforded by copyright when there is really no compelling justification for doing so. Insofar as software programs constitute the expression of ideas in the form of specific texts (i.e., sequences of computer code), they fall more appropriately within the established domain of copyright law. Whereas patents protect the underlying design of an invention, even if it is never actually executed, copyright protects only the particular way in which the underlying ideas are expressed. Because the value of software lies in its form of expression, protection should be given only for particular applications‚ expressions of algorithms in an encoded form. Such protection could be more effectively afforded with only slight modification to existing copyright laws, and the financial incentive to develop innovative software could thereby be preserved. Stem:In the final paragraph, the assertion that software programs constitute the expression of ideas in the form of specific texts functions primarily as Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:an example of a counterintuitive claim Choice B:a rationale for the author's position Choice C:a causal explanation for a particular phenomenon Choice D:a layperson's definition of a technical legal term Choice E:a point of consensus between opposing viewpoints | PT91 S4 Q25 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q26 Passage:This passage was adapted from an article published in 1991.Because it is relatively easy and inexpensive to produce copycat computer programs, most people believe that some form of legal protection should be extended to creators of computer software. Without a legal deterrent to copycat programming, the resources expended by an individual or a company to develop an innovative software program could be unfairly exploited by rivals who develop a similar product and rush it to market at a lower price. The occurrence of such exploitation would leave software developers with little financial incentive to develop innovative products. While most legal commentators agree that copyright has generally proven to be an effective means of preventing this exploitation, some contend that patent protection is also needed to combat copycatting.In essence, every piece of software is an encoding of one or more algorithms. An algorithm is simply defined as a series of steps to be followed in carrying out a task; to be usable in computer applications, an algorithm must be expressed in terms that can be processed by a computer. Proponents of software patents assert that in providing a specific way of achieving a desired result, the encoding of algorithms is analogous to the design of a process. Process designs (for example, an innovative way of inducing a series of chemical reactions) do, in fact, fall under the scope of patent protection. However, in order for any design to be patentable, it must be genuinely a product of invention (rather than, say, a law of nature or a logical axiom). For example, while a particular innovative windmill design might be patentable, the principle that wind can be harnessed to produce energy would clearly not be. On similar grounds, software algorithms, because they represent generic principles underlying the specific processes by which tasks are to be carried out by computers, should not be considered patentable.Issuing patents for computer programs would extend protection to software developers beyond that afforded by copyright when there is really no compelling justification for doing so. Insofar as software programs constitute the expression of ideas in the form of specific texts (i.e., sequences of computer code), they fall more appropriately within the established domain of copyright law. Whereas patents protect the underlying design of an invention, even if it is never actually executed, copyright protects only the particular way in which the underlying ideas are expressed. Because the value of software lies in its form of expression, protection should be given only for particular applications‚ expressions of algorithms in an encoded form. Such protection could be more effectively afforded with only slight modification to existing copyright laws, and the financial incentive to develop innovative software could thereby be preserved. Stem:Based on the passage, it can be inferred that proponents of software patents are most likely to hold which one of the following views? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The sequences of computer code through which a computer programmer expresses algorithms are more genuinely a product of the programmer's inventiveness than the underlying algorithms are. Choice B:Software algorithms are generic principles underlying the specific processes by which tasks are to be carried out by computers. Choice C:Patent protection should supplant copyright protection as the sole legal means of preventing copycat exploitation of software products. Choice D:Both the algorithms and the specific way in which a software program expresses them should receive legal protection against copycat programmers. Choice E:As the number of available computer programming languages increases, copycat programming will become less common. | PT91 S4 Q26 |
Question ID:PT91 S4 Q27 Passage:This passage was adapted from an article published in 1991.Because it is relatively easy and inexpensive to produce copycat computer programs, most people believe that some form of legal protection should be extended to creators of computer software. Without a legal deterrent to copycat programming, the resources expended by an individual or a company to develop an innovative software program could be unfairly exploited by rivals who develop a similar product and rush it to market at a lower price. The occurrence of such exploitation would leave software developers with little financial incentive to develop innovative products. While most legal commentators agree that copyright has generally proven to be an effective means of preventing this exploitation, some contend that patent protection is also needed to combat copycatting.In essence, every piece of software is an encoding of one or more algorithms. An algorithm is simply defined as a series of steps to be followed in carrying out a task; to be usable in computer applications, an algorithm must be expressed in terms that can be processed by a computer. Proponents of software patents assert that in providing a specific way of achieving a desired result, the encoding of algorithms is analogous to the design of a process. Process designs (for example, an innovative way of inducing a series of chemical reactions) do, in fact, fall under the scope of patent protection. However, in order for any design to be patentable, it must be genuinely a product of invention (rather than, say, a law of nature or a logical axiom). For example, while a particular innovative windmill design might be patentable, the principle that wind can be harnessed to produce energy would clearly not be. On similar grounds, software algorithms, because they represent generic principles underlying the specific processes by which tasks are to be carried out by computers, should not be considered patentable.Issuing patents for computer programs would extend protection to software developers beyond that afforded by copyright when there is really no compelling justification for doing so. Insofar as software programs constitute the expression of ideas in the form of specific texts (i.e., sequences of computer code), they fall more appropriately within the established domain of copyright law. Whereas patents protect the underlying design of an invention, even if it is never actually executed, copyright protects only the particular way in which the underlying ideas are expressed. Because the value of software lies in its form of expression, protection should be given only for particular applications‚ expressions of algorithms in an encoded form. Such protection could be more effectively afforded with only slight modification to existing copyright laws, and the financial incentive to develop innovative software could thereby be preserved. Stem:Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by the passage? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:General scientific principles currently qualify for neither patent nor copyright protection. Choice B:The value of patents lies primarily in their protection of the generic principles underlying specific process designs. Choice C:Items that qualify for patent protection usually also qualify for copyright protection. Choice D:The algorithm underlying a copyrighted software application may not legally be used in a competing software application without permission from the copyright holder. Choice E:The majority of commercially available software applications contain at least some sequences of illegally copycatted computer code. | PT91 S4 Q27 |
Question ID:PT90 S1 Q1 Passage:A major problem facing industrial societies is their exponentially increasing production of toxic waste. Environmental regulations and expenses for landfills and incinerators have increased significantly in recent years. In an effort to save time and money, many industries have turned to alternative methods of hazardous-waste disposal, including increased use of deep-well injection. In this method, wells are drilled into porous and permeable rock strata that are already saturated with salt water. Liquid wastes are then injected into the rock strata. Most of these wells are drilled to a depth of at least 300 meters‚ the minimum depth that generally puts the injected waste at a safe distance below any aquifer, in this case a rock stratum containing drinkable water. Such wells are rarely deeper than 1,800 meters, because below this depth it is more cost-effective to consider an alternative method of disposal. Deep-well injection, which has been used to some extent since the 1930s, has become a matter of controversy as growing numbers of communities come to rely on underground sources of drinking water. The controversy arises because there are three serious problems with this method of waste disposal.Under the best conditions, wastes are injected into rock strata saturated with salt water and separated by impermeable rock strata from aquifers containing drinkable water. However, injection wells may leak, allowing significant amounts of noxious chemicals to mix with supplies of drinking water. In other cases, mistakes by personnel working on the wells may lead to the pollution of aquifers. In one such case, workers installing a 500-meter-deep well left a gap along approximately 30 meters of its steel casing. This allowed waste to escape at a depth of only 200 meters, threatening a regional aquifer supplying water to 100,000 people. Because such accidents take place deep within the earth, people may be exposed to dangerous levels of waste materials for long periods of time before the problem is even discovered.The third problem associated with deep-well injection arises from the fact that it is nearly impossible to predict how the injected wastes will be acted on by the geological features of the injection area. Unlike surface water, the water in underground rock strata does not flow entirely under the influence of gravity. Moving along subterranean pressure gradients, it can flow in any direction and, in some cases, can be transported thousands of meters per year through geologic faults, porous rock, or other geologic formations.The significant uncertainty about where injected wastes will flow, along with the possibilities of mechanical failure and human error, makes deep-well injection a risky means of managing hazardous wastes. Unfortunately, as societies produce more toxic waste, industry will rely increasingly upon this relatively cheap, efficient means of disposal. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Deep-well injection of hazardous wastes is unsafe when expensive precautionary measures are not taken. Choice B:Although deep-well injection of hazardous wastes can be unsafe, it is generally safe when proper procedures are followed and sites are carefully selected. Choice C:Because of the high costs and extensive regulations associated with other methods, deep-well injection has wholly supplanted alternative methods of hazardous-waste disposal. Choice D:The increasing use of deep-well injection as a method of hazardous-waste disposal is seriously problematic. Choice E:Careful design and location of deep-well-injection facilities is important because communities commonly rely on groundwater for drinking. | PT90 S1 Q1 |
Question ID:PT90 S1 Q2 Passage:A major problem facing industrial societies is their exponentially increasing production of toxic waste. Environmental regulations and expenses for landfills and incinerators have increased significantly in recent years. In an effort to save time and money, many industries have turned to alternative methods of hazardous-waste disposal, including increased use of deep-well injection. In this method, wells are drilled into porous and permeable rock strata that are already saturated with salt water. Liquid wastes are then injected into the rock strata. Most of these wells are drilled to a depth of at least 300 meters‚ the minimum depth that generally puts the injected waste at a safe distance below any aquifer, in this case a rock stratum containing drinkable water. Such wells are rarely deeper than 1,800 meters, because below this depth it is more cost-effective to consider an alternative method of disposal. Deep-well injection, which has been used to some extent since the 1930s, has become a matter of controversy as growing numbers of communities come to rely on underground sources of drinking water. The controversy arises because there are three serious problems with this method of waste disposal.Under the best conditions, wastes are injected into rock strata saturated with salt water and separated by impermeable rock strata from aquifers containing drinkable water. However, injection wells may leak, allowing significant amounts of noxious chemicals to mix with supplies of drinking water. In other cases, mistakes by personnel working on the wells may lead to the pollution of aquifers. In one such case, workers installing a 500-meter-deep well left a gap along approximately 30 meters of its steel casing. This allowed waste to escape at a depth of only 200 meters, threatening a regional aquifer supplying water to 100,000 people. Because such accidents take place deep within the earth, people may be exposed to dangerous levels of waste materials for long periods of time before the problem is even discovered.The third problem associated with deep-well injection arises from the fact that it is nearly impossible to predict how the injected wastes will be acted on by the geological features of the injection area. Unlike surface water, the water in underground rock strata does not flow entirely under the influence of gravity. Moving along subterranean pressure gradients, it can flow in any direction and, in some cases, can be transported thousands of meters per year through geologic faults, porous rock, or other geologic formations.The significant uncertainty about where injected wastes will flow, along with the possibilities of mechanical failure and human error, makes deep-well injection a risky means of managing hazardous wastes. Unfortunately, as societies produce more toxic waste, industry will rely increasingly upon this relatively cheap, efficient means of disposal. Stem:The passage most strongly suggests that which one of the following is true? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:The use of landfills and incinerators for the disposal of hazardous wastes is no longer considered safe. Choice B:Injection of hazardous wastes at depths of more than 1,800 meters is less expensive but more dangerous than injection of such wastes at 300 meters. Choice C:Deep-well injection of hazardous wastes can contaminate aquifers of drinking water that are great distances from the deep-well-injection site. Choice D:Disposal of hazardous wastes in landfills involves various risks, but‚ unlike deep-well injection‚ it does not involve the risk of contaminating groundwater. Choice E:Drinking-water wells are usually deeper than the wells that are drilled for deep-well injection of hazardous wastes. | PT90 S1 Q2 |
Question ID:PT90 S1 Q3 Passage:A major problem facing industrial societies is their exponentially increasing production of toxic waste. Environmental regulations and expenses for landfills and incinerators have increased significantly in recent years. In an effort to save time and money, many industries have turned to alternative methods of hazardous-waste disposal, including increased use of deep-well injection. In this method, wells are drilled into porous and permeable rock strata that are already saturated with salt water. Liquid wastes are then injected into the rock strata. Most of these wells are drilled to a depth of at least 300 meters‚ the minimum depth that generally puts the injected waste at a safe distance below any aquifer, in this case a rock stratum containing drinkable water. Such wells are rarely deeper than 1,800 meters, because below this depth it is more cost-effective to consider an alternative method of disposal. Deep-well injection, which has been used to some extent since the 1930s, has become a matter of controversy as growing numbers of communities come to rely on underground sources of drinking water. The controversy arises because there are three serious problems with this method of waste disposal.Under the best conditions, wastes are injected into rock strata saturated with salt water and separated by impermeable rock strata from aquifers containing drinkable water. However, injection wells may leak, allowing significant amounts of noxious chemicals to mix with supplies of drinking water. In other cases, mistakes by personnel working on the wells may lead to the pollution of aquifers. In one such case, workers installing a 500-meter-deep well left a gap along approximately 30 meters of its steel casing. This allowed waste to escape at a depth of only 200 meters, threatening a regional aquifer supplying water to 100,000 people. Because such accidents take place deep within the earth, people may be exposed to dangerous levels of waste materials for long periods of time before the problem is even discovered.The third problem associated with deep-well injection arises from the fact that it is nearly impossible to predict how the injected wastes will be acted on by the geological features of the injection area. Unlike surface water, the water in underground rock strata does not flow entirely under the influence of gravity. Moving along subterranean pressure gradients, it can flow in any direction and, in some cases, can be transported thousands of meters per year through geologic faults, porous rock, or other geologic formations.The significant uncertainty about where injected wastes will flow, along with the possibilities of mechanical failure and human error, makes deep-well injection a risky means of managing hazardous wastes. Unfortunately, as societies produce more toxic waste, industry will rely increasingly upon this relatively cheap, efficient means of disposal. Stem:Which one of the following would, if true, most strengthen the author's position regarding the risks of deep-well injection of hazardous wastes? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Few of the rock formations that industries consider suitable for deep-well injection of hazardous wastes are adjacent to or connected to sources of drinkable groundwater. Choice B:Few of the toxic substances that are commonly disposed of through deep-well injection have been thoroughly tested for their effects on nonhuman organisms. Choice C:Many of the sites at which hazardous-waste-injection wells are drilled are many miles from the industrial facilities that use them for waste disposal. Choice D:The movement of underground water is even more rapid and less predictable than most geologists believe. Choice E:Methods of predicting and monitoring the movement of underground water have significantly improved in the time since the author gathered data. | PT90 S1 Q3 |
Question ID:PT90 S1 Q4 Passage:A major problem facing industrial societies is their exponentially increasing production of toxic waste. Environmental regulations and expenses for landfills and incinerators have increased significantly in recent years. In an effort to save time and money, many industries have turned to alternative methods of hazardous-waste disposal, including increased use of deep-well injection. In this method, wells are drilled into porous and permeable rock strata that are already saturated with salt water. Liquid wastes are then injected into the rock strata. Most of these wells are drilled to a depth of at least 300 meters‚ the minimum depth that generally puts the injected waste at a safe distance below any aquifer, in this case a rock stratum containing drinkable water. Such wells are rarely deeper than 1,800 meters, because below this depth it is more cost-effective to consider an alternative method of disposal. Deep-well injection, which has been used to some extent since the 1930s, has become a matter of controversy as growing numbers of communities come to rely on underground sources of drinking water. The controversy arises because there are three serious problems with this method of waste disposal.Under the best conditions, wastes are injected into rock strata saturated with salt water and separated by impermeable rock strata from aquifers containing drinkable water. However, injection wells may leak, allowing significant amounts of noxious chemicals to mix with supplies of drinking water. In other cases, mistakes by personnel working on the wells may lead to the pollution of aquifers. In one such case, workers installing a 500-meter-deep well left a gap along approximately 30 meters of its steel casing. This allowed waste to escape at a depth of only 200 meters, threatening a regional aquifer supplying water to 100,000 people. Because such accidents take place deep within the earth, people may be exposed to dangerous levels of waste materials for long periods of time before the problem is even discovered.The third problem associated with deep-well injection arises from the fact that it is nearly impossible to predict how the injected wastes will be acted on by the geological features of the injection area. Unlike surface water, the water in underground rock strata does not flow entirely under the influence of gravity. Moving along subterranean pressure gradients, it can flow in any direction and, in some cases, can be transported thousands of meters per year through geologic faults, porous rock, or other geologic formations.The significant uncertainty about where injected wastes will flow, along with the possibilities of mechanical failure and human error, makes deep-well injection a risky means of managing hazardous wastes. Unfortunately, as societies produce more toxic waste, industry will rely increasingly upon this relatively cheap, efficient means of disposal. Stem:According to the passage, which one of the following is true of underground water? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:It can be suitable as a source of public drinking water even when contaminated by low levels of deep-well-injected wastes. Choice B:It can seldom be found at depths of less than 200 meters in regions in which deep-well injection is practiced. Choice C:It can seldom be used as a source of water for industrial processes. Choice D:It can contain a high concentration of salt as a result of contamination by deep-well-injected wastes. Choice E:It can move from one underground formation to another due to factors other than gravity. | PT90 S1 Q4 |
Question ID:PT90 S1 Q5 Passage:A major problem facing industrial societies is their exponentially increasing production of toxic waste. Environmental regulations and expenses for landfills and incinerators have increased significantly in recent years. In an effort to save time and money, many industries have turned to alternative methods of hazardous-waste disposal, including increased use of deep-well injection. In this method, wells are drilled into porous and permeable rock strata that are already saturated with salt water. Liquid wastes are then injected into the rock strata. Most of these wells are drilled to a depth of at least 300 meters‚ the minimum depth that generally puts the injected waste at a safe distance below any aquifer, in this case a rock stratum containing drinkable water. Such wells are rarely deeper than 1,800 meters, because below this depth it is more cost-effective to consider an alternative method of disposal. Deep-well injection, which has been used to some extent since the 1930s, has become a matter of controversy as growing numbers of communities come to rely on underground sources of drinking water. The controversy arises because there are three serious problems with this method of waste disposal.Under the best conditions, wastes are injected into rock strata saturated with salt water and separated by impermeable rock strata from aquifers containing drinkable water. However, injection wells may leak, allowing significant amounts of noxious chemicals to mix with supplies of drinking water. In other cases, mistakes by personnel working on the wells may lead to the pollution of aquifers. In one such case, workers installing a 500-meter-deep well left a gap along approximately 30 meters of its steel casing. This allowed waste to escape at a depth of only 200 meters, threatening a regional aquifer supplying water to 100,000 people. Because such accidents take place deep within the earth, people may be exposed to dangerous levels of waste materials for long periods of time before the problem is even discovered.The third problem associated with deep-well injection arises from the fact that it is nearly impossible to predict how the injected wastes will be acted on by the geological features of the injection area. Unlike surface water, the water in underground rock strata does not flow entirely under the influence of gravity. Moving along subterranean pressure gradients, it can flow in any direction and, in some cases, can be transported thousands of meters per year through geologic faults, porous rock, or other geologic formations.The significant uncertainty about where injected wastes will flow, along with the possibilities of mechanical failure and human error, makes deep-well injection a risky means of managing hazardous wastes. Unfortunately, as societies produce more toxic waste, industry will rely increasingly upon this relatively cheap, efficient means of disposal. Stem:Based on the passage, which one of the following most accurately states the purpose of deep-well injection of hazardous waste? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:It serves as a short-term storage method for wastes while their toxicity is neutralized. Choice B:It makes aboveground hazardous-waste disposal methods obsolete. Choice C:It contains hazardous wastes in saltwater-saturated underground areas. Choice D:It creates underground pools of waste that can easily be continuously and reliably monitored. Choice E:It recycles certain low-toxicity wastes. | PT90 S1 Q5 |
Question ID:PT90 S1 Q6 Passage:A major problem facing industrial societies is their exponentially increasing production of toxic waste. Environmental regulations and expenses for landfills and incinerators have increased significantly in recent years. In an effort to save time and money, many industries have turned to alternative methods of hazardous-waste disposal, including increased use of deep-well injection. In this method, wells are drilled into porous and permeable rock strata that are already saturated with salt water. Liquid wastes are then injected into the rock strata. Most of these wells are drilled to a depth of at least 300 meters‚ the minimum depth that generally puts the injected waste at a safe distance below any aquifer, in this case a rock stratum containing drinkable water. Such wells are rarely deeper than 1,800 meters, because below this depth it is more cost-effective to consider an alternative method of disposal. Deep-well injection, which has been used to some extent since the 1930s, has become a matter of controversy as growing numbers of communities come to rely on underground sources of drinking water. The controversy arises because there are three serious problems with this method of waste disposal.Under the best conditions, wastes are injected into rock strata saturated with salt water and separated by impermeable rock strata from aquifers containing drinkable water. However, injection wells may leak, allowing significant amounts of noxious chemicals to mix with supplies of drinking water. In other cases, mistakes by personnel working on the wells may lead to the pollution of aquifers. In one such case, workers installing a 500-meter-deep well left a gap along approximately 30 meters of its steel casing. This allowed waste to escape at a depth of only 200 meters, threatening a regional aquifer supplying water to 100,000 people. Because such accidents take place deep within the earth, people may be exposed to dangerous levels of waste materials for long periods of time before the problem is even discovered.The third problem associated with deep-well injection arises from the fact that it is nearly impossible to predict how the injected wastes will be acted on by the geological features of the injection area. Unlike surface water, the water in underground rock strata does not flow entirely under the influence of gravity. Moving along subterranean pressure gradients, it can flow in any direction and, in some cases, can be transported thousands of meters per year through geologic faults, porous rock, or other geologic formations.The significant uncertainty about where injected wastes will flow, along with the possibilities of mechanical failure and human error, makes deep-well injection a risky means of managing hazardous wastes. Unfortunately, as societies produce more toxic waste, industry will rely increasingly upon this relatively cheap, efficient means of disposal. Stem:According to the passage, deep-well injection of hazardous wastes has become Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:more controversial because of an increased dependence on underground sources of drinking water Choice B:more controversial because of an increase in toxin-related illnesses near deep-well-injection areas Choice C:more widely accepted because newly developed alternatives are more expensive than deep-well injection Choice D:more widely accepted because of increasing public awareness of environmental issues Choice E:more widely accepted because of relatively high toxicity of wastes that are disposed of by deep-well injection | PT90 S1 Q6 |