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Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a | You can see how he was able to spread the empire. The dark brown is what he had with his empire when he took rule, and the light brown is what he was able to spread it to. So once again, both north and south. And he's perhaps most famous for his famous Code of Humurabi which is depicted here. And it wasn't the first written code, but it was one of the earliest. And you could view it as almost like a proto-Constitution. And it was based on things that the Sumerians had before, but they've even influenced things like biblical laws, things that come down to modern codes of law today. |
Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a | And he's perhaps most famous for his famous Code of Humurabi which is depicted here. And it wasn't the first written code, but it was one of the earliest. And you could view it as almost like a proto-Constitution. And it was based on things that the Sumerians had before, but they've even influenced things like biblical laws, things that come down to modern codes of law today. Now, after the Babylonians, the other significant empire that would have control over significant portions of Mesopotamia is the Assyrian Empire. And the Assyrian Empire is named for their, I guess you could say their home base, the town of Asur. You can see it in this map here when we showed the Akkadian Empire. |
Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a | And it was based on things that the Sumerians had before, but they've even influenced things like biblical laws, things that come down to modern codes of law today. Now, after the Babylonians, the other significant empire that would have control over significant portions of Mesopotamia is the Assyrian Empire. And the Assyrian Empire is named for their, I guess you could say their home base, the town of Asur. You can see it in this map here when we showed the Akkadian Empire. And both the Babylonians and the Assyrians were Akkadian-speaking. So at this point now, and as we get into the later Assyrian period, we'll start to have Aramaic be a more significant language, another Semitic language. But as you can see here, the Assyrian Empire, at its peak, controlled much of the modern-day Middle East. |
Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a | You can see it in this map here when we showed the Akkadian Empire. And both the Babylonians and the Assyrians were Akkadian-speaking. So at this point now, and as we get into the later Assyrian period, we'll start to have Aramaic be a more significant language, another Semitic language. But as you can see here, the Assyrian Empire, at its peak, controlled much of the modern-day Middle East. Now, the Assyrian Empire would eventually collapse in the 7th century BCE, and it would be taken over by the Neo-Babylonian Empire. And I have a map of that right over here, which also controlled much of the modern Middle East. Probably the most famous ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire was Nebuchadnezzar II, from the Hebrew Bible, famous for taking the early Jewish people captive, the famous Babylonian captivity. |
Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a | But as you can see here, the Assyrian Empire, at its peak, controlled much of the modern-day Middle East. Now, the Assyrian Empire would eventually collapse in the 7th century BCE, and it would be taken over by the Neo-Babylonian Empire. And I have a map of that right over here, which also controlled much of the modern Middle East. Probably the most famous ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire was Nebuchadnezzar II, from the Hebrew Bible, famous for taking the early Jewish people captive, the famous Babylonian captivity. But eventually they would be overthrown in, they will be overthrown in the 6th century BCE by the Persians and Cyrus the Great. And that will actually be the end of the Babylonian captivity, according to biblical accounts. But the big picture is that Mesopotamia is called the cradle of civilization for good reason. |
Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a | Probably the most famous ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire was Nebuchadnezzar II, from the Hebrew Bible, famous for taking the early Jewish people captive, the famous Babylonian captivity. But eventually they would be overthrown in, they will be overthrown in the 6th century BCE by the Persians and Cyrus the Great. And that will actually be the end of the Babylonian captivity, according to biblical accounts. But the big picture is that Mesopotamia is called the cradle of civilization for good reason. Not only do we have these technological and architectural advancements, their religion, their writing has influenced civilization since, for the last five, six, 7,000 years. Well, I'd say definitely the last 5,000 years. And a lot of these ideas that came out of Mesopotamia, like written codes of law and the technologies and all the rest, follow with us today. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | A warehouse, by the way, that houses stuff for warehouses. That's right, it's time to talk about the Industrial Revolution. Although it occurred around the same time as the French, American, Latin American, and Haitian revolutions, between, say, 1750 and 1850, the Industrial Revolution was really the most revolutionary of the bunch. No way, dude, all those other revolutions resulted in, like, new borders and flags and stuff. We've studied 15,000 years of history here at Crash Course, me from the past, and borders and flags have changed plenty, and they're going to keep changing. But in all that time, nothing much changed about the way we disposed of waste, or located drinking water, or acquired clothing. Most people lived on or very close to the land that provided their food, except for a few exceptions. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | No way, dude, all those other revolutions resulted in, like, new borders and flags and stuff. We've studied 15,000 years of history here at Crash Course, me from the past, and borders and flags have changed plenty, and they're going to keep changing. But in all that time, nothing much changed about the way we disposed of waste, or located drinking water, or acquired clothing. Most people lived on or very close to the land that provided their food, except for a few exceptions. Life expectancy never rose above 35 or below 25. Education was a privilege, not a right. In all those millennia, we never developed a weapon that could kill more than a couple dozen people at once, or a way to travel faster than horseback. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | Most people lived on or very close to the land that provided their food, except for a few exceptions. Life expectancy never rose above 35 or below 25. Education was a privilege, not a right. In all those millennia, we never developed a weapon that could kill more than a couple dozen people at once, or a way to travel faster than horseback. For 15,000 years, most humans never owned or used a single item made outside of their communities. Simone Bolivar didn't change that, and neither did the American Declaration of Independence. You have electricity? |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | In all those millennia, we never developed a weapon that could kill more than a couple dozen people at once, or a way to travel faster than horseback. For 15,000 years, most humans never owned or used a single item made outside of their communities. Simone Bolivar didn't change that, and neither did the American Declaration of Independence. You have electricity? Industrial Revolution. Blueberries in February? Industrial Revolution. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | You have electricity? Industrial Revolution. Blueberries in February? Industrial Revolution. You live somewhere other than a farm? Industrial Revolution. You drive a car? |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | Industrial Revolution. You live somewhere other than a farm? Industrial Revolution. You drive a car? Industrial Revolution. You get 12 years of free formal education? Industrial Revolution. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | You drive a car? Industrial Revolution. You get 12 years of free formal education? Industrial Revolution. Your bed, your antibiotics, your toilet, your contraception, your tap water, your every waking and sleeping second? Industrial Revolution. Here's one simple statistic that sums it up. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | Industrial Revolution. Your bed, your antibiotics, your toilet, your contraception, your tap water, your every waking and sleeping second? Industrial Revolution. Here's one simple statistic that sums it up. Before the Industrial Revolution, about 80% of the world's population was engaged in farming to keep itself and the other 20% of people from starving. Today, in the United States, less than 1% of people list their occupation as farming. I mean, we've come so far that we don't even have to farm flowers anymore. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | Here's one simple statistic that sums it up. Before the Industrial Revolution, about 80% of the world's population was engaged in farming to keep itself and the other 20% of people from starving. Today, in the United States, less than 1% of people list their occupation as farming. I mean, we've come so far that we don't even have to farm flowers anymore. Stan, are these real, by the way? I can't tell if they're made out of foam or digital. So what happened? |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | I mean, we've come so far that we don't even have to farm flowers anymore. Stan, are these real, by the way? I can't tell if they're made out of foam or digital. So what happened? Technology. Here's my definition. The Industrial Revolution was an increase in production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | So what happened? Technology. Here's my definition. The Industrial Revolution was an increase in production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources. Although this will soon get more complicated, for our purposes today, industrialization is not capitalism, although as we will see next week, it is connected to modern capitalism. And the Industrial Revolution began around 1750 and it occurred across most of the earth, but it started in Europe, especially Britain. What happened? |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | The Industrial Revolution was an increase in production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources. Although this will soon get more complicated, for our purposes today, industrialization is not capitalism, although as we will see next week, it is connected to modern capitalism. And the Industrial Revolution began around 1750 and it occurred across most of the earth, but it started in Europe, especially Britain. What happened? Well, let's go to the Thought Bubble. The innovations of the Industrial Revolution were intimately interconnected. Like, look for instance at the British textile industry. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | What happened? Well, let's go to the Thought Bubble. The innovations of the Industrial Revolution were intimately interconnected. Like, look for instance at the British textile industry. The invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay in 1733 dramatically increased the speed of weaving, which in turn created demand for yarn, which led to inventions like the spinning jenny and the water frame. Soon these processes were mechanized using water power until the steam engine came along to make flying shuttles really fly in these huge cotton mills. The most successful steam engine was built by Thomas, they didn't name anything after me, Newcomen, to clear water out of mines, and because water was cleared out of those mines there was more coal to power more steam engines, which eventually led to the fancying up of the Newcomen steam engine by James, I got a unit of power and a university named after me, Watt, whose engine made possible not only railroads and steamboats, but also ever more efficient cotton mills. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | Like, look for instance at the British textile industry. The invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay in 1733 dramatically increased the speed of weaving, which in turn created demand for yarn, which led to inventions like the spinning jenny and the water frame. Soon these processes were mechanized using water power until the steam engine came along to make flying shuttles really fly in these huge cotton mills. The most successful steam engine was built by Thomas, they didn't name anything after me, Newcomen, to clear water out of mines, and because water was cleared out of those mines there was more coal to power more steam engines, which eventually led to the fancying up of the Newcomen steam engine by James, I got a unit of power and a university named after me, Watt, whose engine made possible not only railroads and steamboats, but also ever more efficient cotton mills. And for the first time, chemicals other than stale urine, I wish I was kidding, were being used to bleach the cloth that people wore. The first of which was sulfuric acid, which was created in large quantities only thanks to lead-lined chambers, which would have been impossible without lead production rising dramatically right around 1750 in Britain, thanks to lead foundries powered by coal. And all these factors came together to make more yarn that could be spun and bleached faster and cheaper than ever before, a process that would eventually culminate in $18 crash course mongrel shirts, available now at DFTBA.com. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | The most successful steam engine was built by Thomas, they didn't name anything after me, Newcomen, to clear water out of mines, and because water was cleared out of those mines there was more coal to power more steam engines, which eventually led to the fancying up of the Newcomen steam engine by James, I got a unit of power and a university named after me, Watt, whose engine made possible not only railroads and steamboats, but also ever more efficient cotton mills. And for the first time, chemicals other than stale urine, I wish I was kidding, were being used to bleach the cloth that people wore. The first of which was sulfuric acid, which was created in large quantities only thanks to lead-lined chambers, which would have been impossible without lead production rising dramatically right around 1750 in Britain, thanks to lead foundries powered by coal. And all these factors came together to make more yarn that could be spun and bleached faster and cheaper than ever before, a process that would eventually culminate in $18 crash course mongrel shirts, available now at DFTBA.com. Thanks Thought Bubble for that shameless promotion of our beautiful, high quality t-shirts, available now at DFTBA.com. So the problem here is that with industrialization being so deeply interconnected, it's really difficult to figure out why it happened in Europe, especially Britain. And that question of why turns out to be one of the most contentious discussions in world history today. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | And all these factors came together to make more yarn that could be spun and bleached faster and cheaper than ever before, a process that would eventually culminate in $18 crash course mongrel shirts, available now at DFTBA.com. Thanks Thought Bubble for that shameless promotion of our beautiful, high quality t-shirts, available now at DFTBA.com. So the problem here is that with industrialization being so deeply interconnected, it's really difficult to figure out why it happened in Europe, especially Britain. And that question of why turns out to be one of the most contentious discussions in world history today. For instance, here are some Eurocentric reasons why industrialization might have happened first in Europe. There's the cultural superiority argument that basically holds that Europeans are just better and smarter than other people. Sometimes this is formulated as Europeans possessing superior rationality. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | And that question of why turns out to be one of the most contentious discussions in world history today. For instance, here are some Eurocentric reasons why industrialization might have happened first in Europe. There's the cultural superiority argument that basically holds that Europeans are just better and smarter than other people. Sometimes this is formulated as Europeans possessing superior rationality. By the way, you'll never guess where the people who make this argument tend to come from unless you guess that they come from Europe. And then others argue that only Europe had the culture of science and invention that made the creation of these revolutionary technologies possible. Another argument is that freer political institutions encouraged innovation and strong property rights created incentives for inventors. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | Sometimes this is formulated as Europeans possessing superior rationality. By the way, you'll never guess where the people who make this argument tend to come from unless you guess that they come from Europe. And then others argue that only Europe had the culture of science and invention that made the creation of these revolutionary technologies possible. Another argument is that freer political institutions encouraged innovation and strong property rights created incentives for inventors. And finally, people often cite Europe's small population because small populations require labor-saving inventions. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to the steam engine. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | Another argument is that freer political institutions encouraged innovation and strong property rights created incentives for inventors. And finally, people often cite Europe's small population because small populations require labor-saving inventions. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to the steam engine. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a TARDIS, truly the apex of British industrialization. Dear steam engine, you know what's crazy? |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | An open letter to the steam engine. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a TARDIS, truly the apex of British industrialization. Dear steam engine, you know what's crazy? You've never really been improved upon. Like this thing, which facilitates time travel, probably runs on a steam engine. Almost all electricity around the world, whether it's from coal or nuclear power, is just a steam engine. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | Dear steam engine, you know what's crazy? You've never really been improved upon. Like this thing, which facilitates time travel, probably runs on a steam engine. Almost all electricity around the world, whether it's from coal or nuclear power, is just a steam engine. It's all still just water and heat, and it speaks to how truly revolutionary the Industrial Revolution was that since then, it's really just been evolution. Best wishes, John Green. So you may have heard any of those rationales for European industrialization, or you may have heard others. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | Almost all electricity around the world, whether it's from coal or nuclear power, is just a steam engine. It's all still just water and heat, and it speaks to how truly revolutionary the Industrial Revolution was that since then, it's really just been evolution. Best wishes, John Green. So you may have heard any of those rationales for European industrialization, or you may have heard others. But the problem with all of them is that each time you think you're at the root cause, it turns out there's a cause of the root cause. To quote Leonardo DiCaprio, James Cameron, and coal mine operators, we have to go deeper. But anyway, the problem with these Eurocentric why answers is that they all apply to either China or India or both. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | So you may have heard any of those rationales for European industrialization, or you may have heard others. But the problem with all of them is that each time you think you're at the root cause, it turns out there's a cause of the root cause. To quote Leonardo DiCaprio, James Cameron, and coal mine operators, we have to go deeper. But anyway, the problem with these Eurocentric why answers is that they all apply to either China or India or both. And it's really important to note that in 1800, it was not clear that Europe was going to become the world's dominant manufacturing power in the next hundred years. At the time, China, India, and Europe were all roughly at the same place in terms of industrial production. First, let's look at China. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | But anyway, the problem with these Eurocentric why answers is that they all apply to either China or India or both. And it's really important to note that in 1800, it was not clear that Europe was going to become the world's dominant manufacturing power in the next hundred years. At the time, China, India, and Europe were all roughly at the same place in terms of industrial production. First, let's look at China. It's hard to make the European cultural superiority argument, because China had been recording its history since before Confucius, and plus there was all that bronze and painting and poetry. It's also kind of difficult to make a blanket statement that China was economically inferior to Europe, since they invented paper money and led the world in exports of everything from silk to China. I mean, pre-Industrial Revolution, population growth was the surest sign of economic success, and China had the biggest population in the world. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | First, let's look at China. It's hard to make the European cultural superiority argument, because China had been recording its history since before Confucius, and plus there was all that bronze and painting and poetry. It's also kind of difficult to make a blanket statement that China was economically inferior to Europe, since they invented paper money and led the world in exports of everything from silk to China. I mean, pre-Industrial Revolution, population growth was the surest sign of economic success, and China had the biggest population in the world. I guess that answers the question of whether they're digital. It's also difficult to say that China lacked a culture of invention when they invented gunpowder and printing and paper and arguably compasses. And China had more free enterprise during the Song Dynasty than anywhere in the world. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | I mean, pre-Industrial Revolution, population growth was the surest sign of economic success, and China had the biggest population in the world. I guess that answers the question of whether they're digital. It's also difficult to say that China lacked a culture of invention when they invented gunpowder and printing and paper and arguably compasses. And China had more free enterprise during the Song Dynasty than anywhere in the world. Some argue that China couldn't have free enterprise because they had a long history of trying to impose monopolies on items like salt and iron. And that's true, but when it comes to enforcing those monopolies, they also had a long history of failure. So really, in a lot of ways, China was at least as prime for an Industrial Revolution as Britain was. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | And China had more free enterprise during the Song Dynasty than anywhere in the world. Some argue that China couldn't have free enterprise because they had a long history of trying to impose monopolies on items like salt and iron. And that's true, but when it comes to enforcing those monopolies, they also had a long history of failure. So really, in a lot of ways, China was at least as prime for an Industrial Revolution as Britain was. So why didn't it happen? Well, Europeans, specifically the British, had two huge advantages. First, coal. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | So really, in a lot of ways, China was at least as prime for an Industrial Revolution as Britain was. So why didn't it happen? Well, Europeans, specifically the British, had two huge advantages. First, coal. When you trace the story of improved transportation or communication or industrial efficiency or better chemical manufacturing, it always comes back to coal, because the Industrial Revolution was all about using different forms of energy to automate production. And England had large supplies of coal that were near the surface, which meant that it was cheap to mine, so it quickly replaced wood for peating and cooking and stuff. So that encouraged the British to look for more coal. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | First, coal. When you trace the story of improved transportation or communication or industrial efficiency or better chemical manufacturing, it always comes back to coal, because the Industrial Revolution was all about using different forms of energy to automate production. And England had large supplies of coal that were near the surface, which meant that it was cheap to mine, so it quickly replaced wood for peating and cooking and stuff. So that encouraged the British to look for more coal. The only problem with coal mining, aside from it being, you know, like, deadly and everything, is that the coal mines flooded all the time. I guess coal mining is also a little problematic for, like, the health of, you know, the, like, the planet. But because there was all this incentive to get more coal out of the ground, steam engines were invented to pump water out of the mines. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | So that encouraged the British to look for more coal. The only problem with coal mining, aside from it being, you know, like, deadly and everything, is that the coal mines flooded all the time. I guess coal mining is also a little problematic for, like, the health of, you know, the, like, the planet. But because there was all this incentive to get more coal out of the ground, steam engines were invented to pump water out of the mines. And because those early steam engines were super inefficient, they needed a cheap and abundant source of fuel in order to work, namely coal, which meant they were much more useful to the British than anyone else. So steam engines used cheap British coal to keep British coal cheap, and cheap British coal created the opportunity for everything from railroads to steel, which, like so much else in the Industrial Revolution, created a positive feedback loop. Because they run on rails, railroads need steel, and because it is rather heavy, steel needs railroads. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | But because there was all this incentive to get more coal out of the ground, steam engines were invented to pump water out of the mines. And because those early steam engines were super inefficient, they needed a cheap and abundant source of fuel in order to work, namely coal, which meant they were much more useful to the British than anyone else. So steam engines used cheap British coal to keep British coal cheap, and cheap British coal created the opportunity for everything from railroads to steel, which, like so much else in the Industrial Revolution, created a positive feedback loop. Because they run on rails, railroads need steel, and because it is rather heavy, steel needs railroads. Secondly, there were wages. Britain, and to a lesser extent the Low Countries, had the highest wages in the world at the beginning of the 18th century. In 1725, wages in London were the equivalent of 11 grams of silver per day. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | Because they run on rails, railroads need steel, and because it is rather heavy, steel needs railroads. Secondly, there were wages. Britain, and to a lesser extent the Low Countries, had the highest wages in the world at the beginning of the 18th century. In 1725, wages in London were the equivalent of 11 grams of silver per day. In Amsterdam, they were 9 grams. In Beijing, Venice, and Florence, they were under 4. And in Delhi, they were under 2. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | In 1725, wages in London were the equivalent of 11 grams of silver per day. In Amsterdam, they were 9 grams. In Beijing, Venice, and Florence, they were under 4. And in Delhi, they were under 2. It's not totally clear why wages were so high in Britain. Like, one argument is that the Black Death lowered population so much that it tightened labor markets, but that doesn't explain why wages remained low in, like, plague-ravaged Italy. Mainly, high wages combined with cheap fuel costs meant that it was economically efficient for manufacturers to look to machines as a way of lowering their production costs. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | And in Delhi, they were under 2. It's not totally clear why wages were so high in Britain. Like, one argument is that the Black Death lowered population so much that it tightened labor markets, but that doesn't explain why wages remained low in, like, plague-ravaged Italy. Mainly, high wages combined with cheap fuel costs meant that it was economically efficient for manufacturers to look to machines as a way of lowering their production costs. To quote the historian Robert Allen, wages were high and energy was cheap. These prices led directly to the Industrial Revolution by giving firms strong incentives to invent technologies that substituted capital and coal for labor. Aw, Stan, I'm a little worried that people are still going to accuse me of Eurocentrism. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | Mainly, high wages combined with cheap fuel costs meant that it was economically efficient for manufacturers to look to machines as a way of lowering their production costs. To quote the historian Robert Allen, wages were high and energy was cheap. These prices led directly to the Industrial Revolution by giving firms strong incentives to invent technologies that substituted capital and coal for labor. Aw, Stan, I'm a little worried that people are still going to accuse me of Eurocentrism. Of course, other people will accuse me of an anti-European bias. I don't have a bias against Europe. I love Europe. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | Aw, Stan, I'm a little worried that people are still going to accuse me of Eurocentrism. Of course, other people will accuse me of an anti-European bias. I don't have a bias against Europe. I love Europe. Europe gave me many of my favorite cheeses and cross-country skiing and Charlie Chaplin, who inspired today's Danica drawing. Like, the fact of coal being near the surface in Britain can't be chalked up to British cultural superiority. But the wages question is a little different because it makes it sound like only Europeans were smart enough to pay high wages. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | I love Europe. Europe gave me many of my favorite cheeses and cross-country skiing and Charlie Chaplin, who inspired today's Danica drawing. Like, the fact of coal being near the surface in Britain can't be chalked up to British cultural superiority. But the wages question is a little different because it makes it sound like only Europeans were smart enough to pay high wages. But here's one last thing to consider. India was the world's largest producer of cotton textiles, despite paying basically the lowest wages in the world. Indian agriculture was so productive that laborers could be supported at a very low cost. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | But the wages question is a little different because it makes it sound like only Europeans were smart enough to pay high wages. But here's one last thing to consider. India was the world's largest producer of cotton textiles, despite paying basically the lowest wages in the world. Indian agriculture was so productive that laborers could be supported at a very low cost. And that, coupled with a large population, meant that Indian textile manufacturing could be very productive without using machines, so they didn't need to industrialize. But more importantly from our perspective, there's a strong argument to be made that Indian cotton production helped spur British industrialization. It was cotton textiles that drove the early Industrial Revolution, and the main reason that Britain was so eager to produce cottons was that demand was incredibly high. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | Indian agriculture was so productive that laborers could be supported at a very low cost. And that, coupled with a large population, meant that Indian textile manufacturing could be very productive without using machines, so they didn't need to industrialize. But more importantly from our perspective, there's a strong argument to be made that Indian cotton production helped spur British industrialization. It was cotton textiles that drove the early Industrial Revolution, and the main reason that Britain was so eager to produce cottons was that demand was incredibly high. They were more comfortable than woolens, but they were also cheaper because cottons could be imported from India at such a low cost. So Indian cottons created the market, and then British manufacturers invested in machines and imported Indian know-how to increase production so that they could compete with India. And that's at least one way in which European industrialization was truly a world phenomenon. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | It was cotton textiles that drove the early Industrial Revolution, and the main reason that Britain was so eager to produce cottons was that demand was incredibly high. They were more comfortable than woolens, but they were also cheaper because cottons could be imported from India at such a low cost. So Indian cottons created the market, and then British manufacturers invested in machines and imported Indian know-how to increase production so that they could compete with India. And that's at least one way in which European industrialization was truly a world phenomenon. For those of you who enjoy such highly contentious and thorny cultural historical debates, good news! Next week we'll be talking about capitalism. Thanks for watching. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | And that's at least one way in which European industrialization was truly a world phenomenon. For those of you who enjoy such highly contentious and thorny cultural historical debates, good news! Next week we'll be talking about capitalism. Thanks for watching. I'll see you then. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Mellor. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | Thanks for watching. I'll see you then. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Mellor. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. We are ably interned by Meredith Danko, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was the New England Revolution. |
Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a | Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. We are ably interned by Meredith Danko, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was the New England Revolution. That was challenging. If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week or take a guess at this week's, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | We're going to do some new school history today, where we talk about a system instead of talking about individuals or some boring dynasty. No, Stan, not that kind of dynasty. Yes, that kind of dynasty. So many World History classes still focus on people who wore funny hats and how their antics shaped our lives, right? And while it's interesting and fun to note that, for instance, King Charles VI of France believed that he was made out of glass, relentlessly focusing on the actions of the funny-hatted people who ruled us makes us forget that we also make history. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, did Charles VI of France really believe he was made out of glass? Yes, he did. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | So many World History classes still focus on people who wore funny hats and how their antics shaped our lives, right? And while it's interesting and fun to note that, for instance, King Charles VI of France believed that he was made out of glass, relentlessly focusing on the actions of the funny-hatted people who ruled us makes us forget that we also make history. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, did Charles VI of France really believe he was made out of glass? Yes, he did. But today we're talking about Indian Ocean trade, and it's going to be interesting, I promise, so pay attention. Also, no hats! This is a classroom, not a Truman Capote beach party. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Yes, he did. But today we're talking about Indian Ocean trade, and it's going to be interesting, I promise, so pay attention. Also, no hats! This is a classroom, not a Truman Capote beach party. INTRO So, Indian Ocean trade was like the Silk Road in that it was a network of trade routes that connected people who had stuff to people who wanted it and were willing to pay for it. And just as the Silk Road was not a single road, there were lots of Indian Ocean trade routes connecting various port cities around the Indian Ocean basin, including Zanzibar and Mogadishu and Hormuz and Canton. By the way, before you criticize my pronunciation, please remember that mispronunciation is my thing, and I've been doing it since episode one, and nobody ever notices it's a thing! |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | This is a classroom, not a Truman Capote beach party. INTRO So, Indian Ocean trade was like the Silk Road in that it was a network of trade routes that connected people who had stuff to people who wanted it and were willing to pay for it. And just as the Silk Road was not a single road, there were lots of Indian Ocean trade routes connecting various port cities around the Indian Ocean basin, including Zanzibar and Mogadishu and Hormuz and Canton. By the way, before you criticize my pronunciation, please remember that mispronunciation is my thing, and I've been doing it since episode one, and nobody ever notices it's a thing! Sorry, I lost it there. But Indian Ocean trade was bigger, richer, and featured more diverse players than the Silk Road, but it is much less famous, probably because it does not have a snazzy name. What do you think, Stan? |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | By the way, before you criticize my pronunciation, please remember that mispronunciation is my thing, and I've been doing it since episode one, and nobody ever notices it's a thing! Sorry, I lost it there. But Indian Ocean trade was bigger, richer, and featured more diverse players than the Silk Road, but it is much less famous, probably because it does not have a snazzy name. What do you think, Stan? Like the Neptunian Network? No. The Wet Web? |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | What do you think, Stan? Like the Neptunian Network? No. The Wet Web? No, that's definitely not it. The Sexy Sea Lanes of South Asia? No, that's too hard for me to say with my lisp. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | The Wet Web? No, that's definitely not it. The Sexy Sea Lanes of South Asia? No, that's too hard for me to say with my lisp. The Monsoon Marketplace! Thanks, Danica. And now the tyranny of dates. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | No, that's too hard for me to say with my lisp. The Monsoon Marketplace! Thanks, Danica. And now the tyranny of dates. By about 700 CE, there was a recognizable monsoon marketplace, but it really blew up between 1000 CE and 1200. It then declined a bit during the Pax Mongolica, when overland trade became cheap and safe, thanks to, wait for it, the Mongols. But then Indian Ocean trade surged again in the 14th and 15th centuries. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | And now the tyranny of dates. By about 700 CE, there was a recognizable monsoon marketplace, but it really blew up between 1000 CE and 1200. It then declined a bit during the Pax Mongolica, when overland trade became cheap and safe, thanks to, wait for it, the Mongols. But then Indian Ocean trade surged again in the 14th and 15th centuries. So who was trading? Swahili coast cities, Islamic empires in the Middle East, India, China, Southeast Asia, and not Europe, which is probably one of the other reasons that the monsoon marketplace isn't as famous as it should be. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | But then Indian Ocean trade surged again in the 14th and 15th centuries. So who was trading? Swahili coast cities, Islamic empires in the Middle East, India, China, Southeast Asia, and not Europe, which is probably one of the other reasons that the monsoon marketplace isn't as famous as it should be. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So if you live in China and you need some ivory to make the handle for a sword, you have to trade for it, because elephants only live in India and Africa. One of the reasons that Indian Ocean trade took off is that there were a wide range of resources available and a wide range of import needs, from ivory to timber to books to grain. But the most important thing was the wind. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So if you live in China and you need some ivory to make the handle for a sword, you have to trade for it, because elephants only live in India and Africa. One of the reasons that Indian Ocean trade took off is that there were a wide range of resources available and a wide range of import needs, from ivory to timber to books to grain. But the most important thing was the wind. The Indian Ocean is home to a set of very special winds called monsoons. You generally hear about monsoons in the context of rain in India, but rather than thinking of monsoons as the rain itself, think of them as the wind that brings a rainy season. The great thing about seasons is that they come regularly, and so do the monsoon winds. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | But the most important thing was the wind. The Indian Ocean is home to a set of very special winds called monsoons. You generally hear about monsoons in the context of rain in India, but rather than thinking of monsoons as the rain itself, think of them as the wind that brings a rainy season. The great thing about seasons is that they come regularly, and so do the monsoon winds. So if you were a sailor, you could count on the wind to bring you from Africa to India if you sailed between April and September, and one that would bring you back to Africa if you sailed between November and February. In fact, these winds were so predictable that early maritime travel guides often listed ideal times of departure down to the week and sometimes even the day. Predictable winds made trade a lot less risky, like back in the day when the only power for ships were sails and oarsmen, your cargo might not arrive on time, or it might spoil, or you might die, all of which are bad for the health of global economic trade. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | The great thing about seasons is that they come regularly, and so do the monsoon winds. So if you were a sailor, you could count on the wind to bring you from Africa to India if you sailed between April and September, and one that would bring you back to Africa if you sailed between November and February. In fact, these winds were so predictable that early maritime travel guides often listed ideal times of departure down to the week and sometimes even the day. Predictable winds made trade a lot less risky, like back in the day when the only power for ships were sails and oarsmen, your cargo might not arrive on time, or it might spoil, or you might die, all of which are bad for the health of global economic trade. But predictable winds meant lower risk, which meant cheaper trade, which meant more trade, which meant more people could have awesome sword handles. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Okay, there are a few more facets of Indian Ocean trade worth mentioning. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Predictable winds made trade a lot less risky, like back in the day when the only power for ships were sails and oarsmen, your cargo might not arrive on time, or it might spoil, or you might die, all of which are bad for the health of global economic trade. But predictable winds meant lower risk, which meant cheaper trade, which meant more trade, which meant more people could have awesome sword handles. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Okay, there are a few more facets of Indian Ocean trade worth mentioning. First, Indian Ocean trade incorporated many more people than participated in Silk Road trade. There were Jewish people and people from Africa and Malaysia and India and China all sailing around in setting of trading communities where they would act as middlemen, trying to sell stuff for more than they'd bought it for and trying to find new stuff to buy that they could sell later. But despite this diversity, for the most part, especially on the western half of the Indian Ocean basin, the trade was dominated by Muslim merchants. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Okay, there are a few more facets of Indian Ocean trade worth mentioning. First, Indian Ocean trade incorporated many more people than participated in Silk Road trade. There were Jewish people and people from Africa and Malaysia and India and China all sailing around in setting of trading communities where they would act as middlemen, trying to sell stuff for more than they'd bought it for and trying to find new stuff to buy that they could sell later. But despite this diversity, for the most part, especially on the western half of the Indian Ocean basin, the trade was dominated by Muslim merchants. Why? Largely because they had the money to build ships, although as we will see, in the 15th century, the Chinese state could have changed that balance completely. By the way, I need to point out that when I say the trade was dominated by Muslim merchants, the emphasis should be on the merchants, not the Muslim or the dominated. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | But despite this diversity, for the most part, especially on the western half of the Indian Ocean basin, the trade was dominated by Muslim merchants. Why? Largely because they had the money to build ships, although as we will see, in the 15th century, the Chinese state could have changed that balance completely. By the way, I need to point out that when I say the trade was dominated by Muslim merchants, the emphasis should be on the merchants, not the Muslim or the dominated. As previously noted, we tend to think that states and governments and the funny-hatted people who rule them are the real movers and shakers in history, but that's really not the case. In the Indian Ocean, the terms of trade were set by the merchants and by the demands of the market, not by the whims of political rulers. And the self-regulating nature of that trade was remarkable and pretty much unprecedented. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | By the way, I need to point out that when I say the trade was dominated by Muslim merchants, the emphasis should be on the merchants, not the Muslim or the dominated. As previously noted, we tend to think that states and governments and the funny-hatted people who rule them are the real movers and shakers in history, but that's really not the case. In the Indian Ocean, the terms of trade were set by the merchants and by the demands of the market, not by the whims of political rulers. And the self-regulating nature of that trade was remarkable and pretty much unprecedented. I mean, the most amazing thing is that, except for a few pirates, all of this trade was peaceful. For the better part of 700 years, these merchant ships were free to sail without the protection from any state's navy. And this despite the fact that some pretty valuable crap was being traded. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | And the self-regulating nature of that trade was remarkable and pretty much unprecedented. I mean, the most amazing thing is that, except for a few pirates, all of this trade was peaceful. For the better part of 700 years, these merchant ships were free to sail without the protection from any state's navy. And this despite the fact that some pretty valuable crap was being traded. No, Thought Bubble, I meant that colloquially. Alright, we need to do the Open Letter before Thought Bubble tries any more puns. Magic! |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | And this despite the fact that some pretty valuable crap was being traded. No, Thought Bubble, I meant that colloquially. Alright, we need to do the Open Letter before Thought Bubble tries any more puns. Magic! For today's Open Letter, to further discuss the relationship between merchants and nobles, we're going to go inland to Kashmir, where Koturani was the ruler until 1339. Mostly, I just love this story, but first, let's find out what's in the secret compartment. Oh, it's blowouts. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Magic! For today's Open Letter, to further discuss the relationship between merchants and nobles, we're going to go inland to Kashmir, where Koturani was the ruler until 1339. Mostly, I just love this story, but first, let's find out what's in the secret compartment. Oh, it's blowouts. Stan, are you asking me to make a diarrhea joke? Because I'm above that. I will, however, give you a party blower solo. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Oh, it's blowouts. Stan, are you asking me to make a diarrhea joke? Because I'm above that. I will, however, give you a party blower solo. Dear Koturani, so you had a pretty crazy life. First, when you were a kid, you were kidnapped by a rival noble who disguised his army as a bunch of merchants. Then you were forced to marry your kidnapper, who was the ruler of Kashmir, but then he died. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | I will, however, give you a party blower solo. Dear Koturani, so you had a pretty crazy life. First, when you were a kid, you were kidnapped by a rival noble who disguised his army as a bunch of merchants. Then you were forced to marry your kidnapper, who was the ruler of Kashmir, but then he died. And you became the ruler and you were really good at it and everything was going awesome and you were lining things up for your sons, but then some dude comes in and decides that he's going to marry you and forces you to do it by attacking you. And so what do you do? Immediately after your second wedding, you commit suicide by slicing open your belly and offer your intestines to your horrible new husband as a wedding present. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Then you were forced to marry your kidnapper, who was the ruler of Kashmir, but then he died. And you became the ruler and you were really good at it and everything was going awesome and you were lining things up for your sons, but then some dude comes in and decides that he's going to marry you and forces you to do it by attacking you. And so what do you do? Immediately after your second wedding, you commit suicide by slicing open your belly and offer your intestines to your horrible new husband as a wedding present. No, Stan, I don't want to say it, but I have to. That really took guts, Koturani. Sorry. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Immediately after your second wedding, you commit suicide by slicing open your belly and offer your intestines to your horrible new husband as a wedding present. No, Stan, I don't want to say it, but I have to. That really took guts, Koturani. Sorry. And all this because your father welcomed an army into his house, thinking they were merchants. Best wishes, John Green. So, right, you wouldn't let an army or a rival noble into your house, but everyone welcomes a merchant, and not just royalty. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Sorry. And all this because your father welcomed an army into his house, thinking they were merchants. Best wishes, John Green. So, right, you wouldn't let an army or a rival noble into your house, but everyone welcomes a merchant, and not just royalty. The great thing about seaborne trade is that you can trade bulk goods, like cotton cloth, foodstuffs, and timber that's all too heavy to strap onto a camel or mule. So for the first time we see goods being traded for a mass market instead of just luxury goods like silk for elites. Wood, for instance, can be used to build houses, but it's not all that plentiful on the Arabian Peninsula. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | So, right, you wouldn't let an army or a rival noble into your house, but everyone welcomes a merchant, and not just royalty. The great thing about seaborne trade is that you can trade bulk goods, like cotton cloth, foodstuffs, and timber that's all too heavy to strap onto a camel or mule. So for the first time we see goods being traded for a mass market instead of just luxury goods like silk for elites. Wood, for instance, can be used to build houses, but it's not all that plentiful on the Arabian Peninsula. However, when it becomes cheaper, thanks to trade, suddenly more people can have better houses. Much of the timber that was shipped in the monsoon marketplace came from Africa, which was kind of emblematic. Africa produced a lot of the raw materials, like animal hides and skin and ivory and gold. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Wood, for instance, can be used to build houses, but it's not all that plentiful on the Arabian Peninsula. However, when it becomes cheaper, thanks to trade, suddenly more people can have better houses. Much of the timber that was shipped in the monsoon marketplace came from Africa, which was kind of emblematic. Africa produced a lot of the raw materials, like animal hides and skin and ivory and gold. The Swahili city-states imported finished goods, such as silk and porcelain from China and cotton cloth from India. Spices and foodstuffs, like rice, were shipped from Southeast Asia, and especially Sri Lanka, where black pepper was a primary export. And the Islamic world provided everything from coffee to books to weapons. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Africa produced a lot of the raw materials, like animal hides and skin and ivory and gold. The Swahili city-states imported finished goods, such as silk and porcelain from China and cotton cloth from India. Spices and foodstuffs, like rice, were shipped from Southeast Asia, and especially Sri Lanka, where black pepper was a primary export. And the Islamic world provided everything from coffee to books to weapons. But it wasn't just products that made their way around the eastern hemisphere thanks to the Indian Ocean. Technology spread, too. Like the magnetic compass, which is kind of crucial if you like to know where you're going, came from China. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | And the Islamic world provided everything from coffee to books to weapons. But it wasn't just products that made their way around the eastern hemisphere thanks to the Indian Ocean. Technology spread, too. Like the magnetic compass, which is kind of crucial if you like to know where you're going, came from China. Muslim sailors popularized the astrolabe, which made it easier to navigate by the stars. And boats using sternpost rudders were easier to steer, so that technology quickly spread throughout the monsoon marketplace. The Islamic world also produced the triangular latin sail, which became super important because it allowed ships to tack against the wind. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Like the magnetic compass, which is kind of crucial if you like to know where you're going, came from China. Muslim sailors popularized the astrolabe, which made it easier to navigate by the stars. And boats using sternpost rudders were easier to steer, so that technology quickly spread throughout the monsoon marketplace. The Islamic world also produced the triangular latin sail, which became super important because it allowed ships to tack against the wind. This meant that a skilled crew could make their way through the ocean even if they didn't have a strong tailwind. And just as with the Silk Road, ideas also traveled in the monsoon marketplace. For instance, today, more Muslims live in Indonesia than in any other country. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | The Islamic world also produced the triangular latin sail, which became super important because it allowed ships to tack against the wind. This meant that a skilled crew could make their way through the ocean even if they didn't have a strong tailwind. And just as with the Silk Road, ideas also traveled in the monsoon marketplace. For instance, today, more Muslims live in Indonesia than in any other country. And yes, I know Indonesia has more than two islands. It's not to scale, obviously. Knowing what you've already learned about the growth of Islam and the spread of trade, it won't surprise you to learn that Islam spread to Indonesia via the monsoon marketplace. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | For instance, today, more Muslims live in Indonesia than in any other country. And yes, I know Indonesia has more than two islands. It's not to scale, obviously. Knowing what you've already learned about the growth of Islam and the spread of trade, it won't surprise you to learn that Islam spread to Indonesia via the monsoon marketplace. After the 1200s, the region, which had previously been heavily influenced by the Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism, like witness this temple, for instance, became increasingly Islamic as rulers and elites adopted the religion so they could have religious as well as economic ties to the people they were trading with. The conversion of most of a region to Islam, where it continues to flourish today, is a pretty big deal. But Islam didn't spread as effectively to Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, or Vietnam because they weren't centers of trade. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Knowing what you've already learned about the growth of Islam and the spread of trade, it won't surprise you to learn that Islam spread to Indonesia via the monsoon marketplace. After the 1200s, the region, which had previously been heavily influenced by the Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism, like witness this temple, for instance, became increasingly Islamic as rulers and elites adopted the religion so they could have religious as well as economic ties to the people they were trading with. The conversion of most of a region to Islam, where it continues to flourish today, is a pretty big deal. But Islam didn't spread as effectively to Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, or Vietnam because they weren't centers of trade. How do you become a center of trade? Well, let's zoom in here, to the Strait of Malacca. You can see how it could act as a choke point for trade. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | But Islam didn't spread as effectively to Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, or Vietnam because they weren't centers of trade. How do you become a center of trade? Well, let's zoom in here, to the Strait of Malacca. You can see how it could act as a choke point for trade. Any city that controlled that strait could stop ships from going through it, or at least tax them. And that's exactly what happened, to such an extent that a powerful merchant state called Srivijaya rose up on Sumatra. And for a while, Srivijaya dominated trade in the region because there were so many ships going through the Strait of Malacca to and from China. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | You can see how it could act as a choke point for trade. Any city that controlled that strait could stop ships from going through it, or at least tax them. And that's exactly what happened, to such an extent that a powerful merchant state called Srivijaya rose up on Sumatra. And for a while, Srivijaya dominated trade in the region because there were so many ships going through the Strait of Malacca to and from China. But, as we will see in another episode, this trade abruptly declined in the 15th century, and with it, so did Srivijaya. This brings up a key point about Indian Ocean trade, which is that it was indispensable to the creation of certain city-states, like Srivijaya and the city-states of the Swahili coast. Without trade, those places wouldn't have existed, let alone become wealthy and grand. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | And for a while, Srivijaya dominated trade in the region because there were so many ships going through the Strait of Malacca to and from China. But, as we will see in another episode, this trade abruptly declined in the 15th century, and with it, so did Srivijaya. This brings up a key point about Indian Ocean trade, which is that it was indispensable to the creation of certain city-states, like Srivijaya and the city-states of the Swahili coast. Without trade, those places wouldn't have existed, let alone become wealthy and grand. Trade was a huge source of wealth for these cities because they could tax it through import and export duties or port fees. But the fact that they are no longer powerful shows that trade can be a pretty weak foundation upon which to build a polity, even a small one. There are many reasons for this, like high taxes can motivate traders to find other routes, for instance. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Without trade, those places wouldn't have existed, let alone become wealthy and grand. Trade was a huge source of wealth for these cities because they could tax it through import and export duties or port fees. But the fact that they are no longer powerful shows that trade can be a pretty weak foundation upon which to build a polity, even a small one. There are many reasons for this, like high taxes can motivate traders to find other routes, for instance. But the main one is this. Reliance upon trade makes you especially vulnerable to the peaks and troughs in the global economy. The legacy of the merchant kingdom in Southeast Asia is still alive and well in Singapore, for instance. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | There are many reasons for this, like high taxes can motivate traders to find other routes, for instance. But the main one is this. Reliance upon trade makes you especially vulnerable to the peaks and troughs in the global economy. The legacy of the merchant kingdom in Southeast Asia is still alive and well in Singapore, for instance. But one of the great lessons of cities that have declined or disappeared is that there's usually a town nearby that's eager to take your place and happy to offer lower taxes. It's almost as if the merchants decide where the people with the funny hats go, rather than the other way around. Thanks for watching. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | The legacy of the merchant kingdom in Southeast Asia is still alive and well in Singapore, for instance. But one of the great lessons of cities that have declined or disappeared is that there's usually a town nearby that's eager to take your place and happy to offer lower taxes. It's almost as if the merchants decide where the people with the funny hats go, rather than the other way around. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was, Unless you are the Mongols. If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guests at this week's, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. |
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a | Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was, Unless you are the Mongols. If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guests at this week's, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. Oh, it's gonna be a crash! Everything's fine. |
Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a | And the next four books of the Hebrew Bible, which are often given authorship to Moses, these really talk about Moses freeing the Jewish people from enslavement, getting the commandments, the law from God, and eventually bringing the people so that they can resettle back in Canaan. And as I mentioned in the last video, these first five books of the Hebrew Bible, also the first five books of the Christian Old Testament, they are referred to as the Torah, and they are given authorship to Moses, although historians are doubtful of that, and even the historicity, to the degree to which these are historical characters, are significantly debated. But we have the Jewish people, according to biblical accounts, now in Canaan. And as we go into the rest of this video, we're getting into more of a historical period with the first significant kings of the Israelites. So now we're getting into the first millennium BCE. The people, the Israelites, are settled in Canaan. And around, in the 11th century BCE, you have King Saul comes to power. |
Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a | And as we go into the rest of this video, we're getting into more of a historical period with the first significant kings of the Israelites. So now we're getting into the first millennium BCE. The people, the Israelites, are settled in Canaan. And around, in the 11th century BCE, you have King Saul comes to power. And he's considered to be the first significant king, or the first king, really, of a united kingdom of Israel and Judah. So this is King Saul. He is then succeeded by King David, who is his son-in-law, but it was a very contentious succession. |
Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a | And around, in the 11th century BCE, you have King Saul comes to power. And he's considered to be the first significant king, or the first king, really, of a united kingdom of Israel and Judah. So this is King Saul. He is then succeeded by King David, who is his son-in-law, but it was a very contentious succession. And David is considered a significant figure in Judaism and Christianity and Islam. He's considered a warrior, poet, philosopher. He really strengthens and really unifies the kingdom. |
Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a | He is then succeeded by King David, who is his son-in-law, but it was a very contentious succession. And David is considered a significant figure in Judaism and Christianity and Islam. He's considered a warrior, poet, philosopher. He really strengthens and really unifies the kingdom. And then he's succeeded by his son, King Solomon. And King Solomon is famous in biblical accounts for his wisdom. And he's also known for creating the first temple in Jerusalem. |
Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a | He really strengthens and really unifies the kingdom. And then he's succeeded by his son, King Solomon. And King Solomon is famous in biblical accounts for his wisdom. And he's also known for creating the first temple in Jerusalem. And as we will see, this first temple in Jerusalem, the way that I've marked it off on this timeline, the green is periods, according to biblical accounts, and then later, according to historical accounts as well, when the Jewish people were, for the most part, not in Canaan, where they were in captivity, or they were being enslaved, they were in exile someplace else. The white that I show here, and so this is the enslavement in Egypt, and this is going to be the Babylonian captivity that we're going to talk about shortly. And then the white, this is when we have the existence of the temples in Jerusalem. |
Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a | And he's also known for creating the first temple in Jerusalem. And as we will see, this first temple in Jerusalem, the way that I've marked it off on this timeline, the green is periods, according to biblical accounts, and then later, according to historical accounts as well, when the Jewish people were, for the most part, not in Canaan, where they were in captivity, or they were being enslaved, they were in exile someplace else. The white that I show here, and so this is the enslavement in Egypt, and this is going to be the Babylonian captivity that we're going to talk about shortly. And then the white, this is when we have the existence of the temples in Jerusalem. So the first temple in Jerusalem, this is a depiction of it, was started, it was built by Solomon. Now, this, the unified kingdoms of Judah and Israel don't last beyond these three kings. Shortly thereafter, it gets fragmented into two kingdoms, the kingdom of Judah and the kingdom of Israel. |
Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a | And then the white, this is when we have the existence of the temples in Jerusalem. So the first temple in Jerusalem, this is a depiction of it, was started, it was built by Solomon. Now, this, the unified kingdoms of Judah and Israel don't last beyond these three kings. Shortly thereafter, it gets fragmented into two kingdoms, the kingdom of Judah and the kingdom of Israel. And the kingdom of Israel is going to be overrun by the Neo-Assyrians in 722, when they refuse to pay tribute to the Neo-Assyrian king. And the kingdom of Judah essentially becomes a client state of the Assyrians. It's important to keep in mind, even though these are called kingdoms, for most of these history, they're client states to larger powers, whether it's the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Egyptians, the Seleucids. |
Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a | Shortly thereafter, it gets fragmented into two kingdoms, the kingdom of Judah and the kingdom of Israel. And the kingdom of Israel is going to be overrun by the Neo-Assyrians in 722, when they refuse to pay tribute to the Neo-Assyrian king. And the kingdom of Judah essentially becomes a client state of the Assyrians. It's important to keep in mind, even though these are called kingdoms, for most of these history, they're client states to larger powers, whether it's the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Egyptians, the Seleucids. They keep being client states, but they are also have some degree of autonomy, which is why they're called kingdoms. So in 722, you have the kingdom of Israel being overrun, and many of the Jewish people having to go into exile and being held captive by the Neo-Assyrians. And then, as we get into the 6th century BCE, you have the famous Babylonian conquest, the Neo-Babylonian conquest of Nebuchadnezzar II, who conquers Judah. |
Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a | It's important to keep in mind, even though these are called kingdoms, for most of these history, they're client states to larger powers, whether it's the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Egyptians, the Seleucids. They keep being client states, but they are also have some degree of autonomy, which is why they're called kingdoms. So in 722, you have the kingdom of Israel being overrun, and many of the Jewish people having to go into exile and being held captive by the Neo-Assyrians. And then, as we get into the 6th century BCE, you have the famous Babylonian conquest, the Neo-Babylonian conquest of Nebuchadnezzar II, who conquers Judah. And once again, this is really a side battle between the Neo-Babylonians and the Egyptians, and we talk about that in other videos. But that takes us to the Babylonian captivity. So this is a picture here of Jerusalem and maybe as equally important, that first Temple of Solomon being destroyed and the Jewish people being taken into captivity, where they are taken from Jerusalem, where they are taken from Jerusalem to Babylon. |
Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a | And then, as we get into the 6th century BCE, you have the famous Babylonian conquest, the Neo-Babylonian conquest of Nebuchadnezzar II, who conquers Judah. And once again, this is really a side battle between the Neo-Babylonians and the Egyptians, and we talk about that in other videos. But that takes us to the Babylonian captivity. So this is a picture here of Jerusalem and maybe as equally important, that first Temple of Solomon being destroyed and the Jewish people being taken into captivity, where they are taken from Jerusalem, where they are taken from Jerusalem to Babylon. And they're held in captivity. A significant fraction of them are held in captivity in Babylon from this period, from around 597, 586 BCE, until Babylon is conquered by Cyrus the Great, conquered by the Achaemenid Persians that we talk about in another video. And so once again, the end of the captivity is really a side effect of larger battles and conquests going on. |