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The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | This was partly because Urban wanted to unite Europe, and he'd figured out the lesson the rest of us learned from alien invasion movies. The best way to get people to unite is to give them a common enemy. So Urban called on all the bickering knights and nobility of Europe, and he saideth unto his people, Let us go forth and help the Byzantines, because then maybe they will acknowledge my awesomeness and get rid of their stupid not-having-me-as-Pope thing, and while we're at it, let's liberate Jerusalem. I'm paraphrasing, by the way. Shifting the focus to Jerusalem was really important because the Crusades were not primarily military operations. They were pilgrimages. Theologically, Christianity didn't have an idea of a holy war. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | I'm paraphrasing, by the way. Shifting the focus to Jerusalem was really important because the Crusades were not primarily military operations. They were pilgrimages. Theologically, Christianity didn't have an idea of a holy war. Like, war might be just, but fighting wasn't something that got you into heaven. But pilgrimage to a holy shrine could help you out on that front, and Urban had the key insight to pitch the Crusade as a pilgrimage with a touch of warring on the side. I do the same thing to my kid every night. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | Theologically, Christianity didn't have an idea of a holy war. Like, war might be just, but fighting wasn't something that got you into heaven. But pilgrimage to a holy shrine could help you out on that front, and Urban had the key insight to pitch the Crusade as a pilgrimage with a touch of warring on the side. I do the same thing to my kid every night. I'm not feeding you dinner featuring animal crackers, I'm feeding you animal crackers featuring dinner. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to animal crackers. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | I do the same thing to my kid every night. I'm not feeding you dinner featuring animal crackers, I'm feeding you animal crackers featuring dinner. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to animal crackers. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's animal crackers. Thanks, Stan. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | An open letter to animal crackers. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's animal crackers. Thanks, Stan. Hi there, animal crackers. It's me, John Green. Thanks for being delicious, but let me throw out a crazy idea here. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | Thanks, Stan. Hi there, animal crackers. It's me, John Green. Thanks for being delicious, but let me throw out a crazy idea here. Maybe foods that are already delicious do not need the added benefit of being pleasingly shaped. I mean, why can't I get my kid animal spinach, or animal sweet potato, or even animal cooked animal? I mean, we can put a man on Mars, but we can't make spinach shaped like elephants? |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | Thanks for being delicious, but let me throw out a crazy idea here. Maybe foods that are already delicious do not need the added benefit of being pleasingly shaped. I mean, why can't I get my kid animal spinach, or animal sweet potato, or even animal cooked animal? I mean, we can put a man on Mars, but we can't make spinach shaped like elephants? What, Stan? We haven't put a man on Mars? Stupid world, always disappointing me. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | I mean, we can put a man on Mars, but we can't make spinach shaped like elephants? What, Stan? We haven't put a man on Mars? Stupid world, always disappointing me. Best wishes, John Green. One last myth to dispel. The Crusades were not an example of early European colonization of the Middle East, even if they did create some European-ish kingdoms there for a while. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | Stupid world, always disappointing me. Best wishes, John Green. One last myth to dispel. The Crusades were not an example of early European colonization of the Middle East, even if they did create some European-ish kingdoms there for a while. That's a much later post- and anti-colonialist view that comes, at least in part, from a Marxist reading of history. In the case of the Crusades, it was argued the knights who went adventuring in the Levant were the second and third sons of wealthy nobles, who, because of European inheritance rules, had little to look forward to by staying in Europe, and lots to gain in terms of plunder by going to the East. Tool theory, bro, but it's not true. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | The Crusades were not an example of early European colonization of the Middle East, even if they did create some European-ish kingdoms there for a while. That's a much later post- and anti-colonialist view that comes, at least in part, from a Marxist reading of history. In the case of the Crusades, it was argued the knights who went adventuring in the Levant were the second and third sons of wealthy nobles, who, because of European inheritance rules, had little to look forward to by staying in Europe, and lots to gain in terms of plunder by going to the East. Tool theory, bro, but it's not true. First, most of the people who responded to the call to crusade weren't knights at all. They were poor people. And secondly, most of the nobles who did go crusading were lords of estates, not their wastrel kids. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | Tool theory, bro, but it's not true. First, most of the people who responded to the call to crusade weren't knights at all. They were poor people. And secondly, most of the nobles who did go crusading were lords of estates, not their wastrel kids. But more importantly, that analysis ignores religious motivations. We've approached religions as historical phenomena, thinking about how, for instance, the capricious environment of Mesopotamia led to a capricious cadre of Mesopotamian gods. But just as the world shapes religion, religion also shapes the world. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | And secondly, most of the nobles who did go crusading were lords of estates, not their wastrel kids. But more importantly, that analysis ignores religious motivations. We've approached religions as historical phenomena, thinking about how, for instance, the capricious environment of Mesopotamia led to a capricious cadre of Mesopotamian gods. But just as the world shapes religion, religion also shapes the world. And some modern historians might ignore religious motivations, but medieval crusaders sure as hell didn't. I mean, when people came up with that idiom, they clearly thought hell was for sure. To the crusaders, they were taking up arms to protect Christ and his kingdom. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | But just as the world shapes religion, religion also shapes the world. And some modern historians might ignore religious motivations, but medieval crusaders sure as hell didn't. I mean, when people came up with that idiom, they clearly thought hell was for sure. To the crusaders, they were taking up arms to protect Christ and his kingdom. And what better way to show your devotion to God than putting a cross on your sleeve, spending five to six times your annual income to outfit yourself and all your horses, and heading for the Holy Land? So when these people cried out, God wills it, to explain their reasons for going, we should do them the favor of believing them. And the results of the first crusade seemed to indicate that God had willed it. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | To the crusaders, they were taking up arms to protect Christ and his kingdom. And what better way to show your devotion to God than putting a cross on your sleeve, spending five to six times your annual income to outfit yourself and all your horses, and heading for the Holy Land? So when these people cried out, God wills it, to explain their reasons for going, we should do them the favor of believing them. And the results of the first crusade seemed to indicate that God had willed it. Following the lead of roving preachers with names like Peter the Rabbit, Peter the Hermit. Stan, you're always making history less cool. Fine. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | And the results of the first crusade seemed to indicate that God had willed it. Following the lead of roving preachers with names like Peter the Rabbit, Peter the Hermit. Stan, you're always making history less cool. Fine. Following preachers like Peter the Hermit, thousands of peasants and nobles alike volunteered for the first crusade. It got off to kind of a rough start because pilgrims kept robbing those they'd encounter along the way. Plus, there was no real leader, so there were constant rivalries between nobles about who could supply the most troops. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | Fine. Following preachers like Peter the Hermit, thousands of peasants and nobles alike volunteered for the first crusade. It got off to kind of a rough start because pilgrims kept robbing those they'd encounter along the way. Plus, there was no real leader, so there were constant rivalries between nobles about who could supply the most troops. Notable among the notables were Godfrey of Bullion, Bohemond of Toronto, and Raymond of Toulouse. But despite the rivalries and the disorganization, the crusaders were remarkably, some would say miraculously, successful. By the time they arrived in the Levant, they were fighting not against the Seljuq Turks, but against Fatimid Egyptians, who had captured the Holy Land from the Seljuqs, thereby making the Turks none too pleased with the Egyptians. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | Plus, there was no real leader, so there were constant rivalries between nobles about who could supply the most troops. Notable among the notables were Godfrey of Bullion, Bohemond of Toronto, and Raymond of Toulouse. But despite the rivalries and the disorganization, the crusaders were remarkably, some would say miraculously, successful. By the time they arrived in the Levant, they were fighting not against the Seljuq Turks, but against Fatimid Egyptians, who had captured the Holy Land from the Seljuqs, thereby making the Turks none too pleased with the Egyptians. At Antioch, the crusaders reversed a seemingly hopeless situation when a peasant found the spear that had pierced Christ's side, hidden under a church, thereby raising morale enough to win the day. And then they did the impossible. They took Jerusalem, securing it for Christendom and famously killing a lot of people in the Alaska Mosque. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | By the time they arrived in the Levant, they were fighting not against the Seljuq Turks, but against Fatimid Egyptians, who had captured the Holy Land from the Seljuqs, thereby making the Turks none too pleased with the Egyptians. At Antioch, the crusaders reversed a seemingly hopeless situation when a peasant found the spear that had pierced Christ's side, hidden under a church, thereby raising morale enough to win the day. And then they did the impossible. They took Jerusalem, securing it for Christendom and famously killing a lot of people in the Alaska Mosque. Now, the crusaders succeeded in part because the Turkish Muslims, who were Sunnis, did not step up to help the Egyptians, who were Shia. But that kind of complicated, intra-Islamic rivalry gets in the way of the awesome narrative. The Christians just saw it as a miracle. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | They took Jerusalem, securing it for Christendom and famously killing a lot of people in the Alaska Mosque. Now, the crusaders succeeded in part because the Turkish Muslims, who were Sunnis, did not step up to help the Egyptians, who were Shia. But that kind of complicated, intra-Islamic rivalry gets in the way of the awesome narrative. The Christians just saw it as a miracle. So by 1100 CE, European nobles held both Antioch and Jerusalem as Latin Christian kingdoms. I say Latin to make the point that there were lots of Christians living in these cities before the crusaders arrived. They just weren't Catholic, they were Orthodox, a point that will become relevant shortly. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | The Christians just saw it as a miracle. So by 1100 CE, European nobles held both Antioch and Jerusalem as Latin Christian kingdoms. I say Latin to make the point that there were lots of Christians living in these cities before the crusaders arrived. They just weren't Catholic, they were Orthodox, a point that will become relevant shortly. We're going to skip the Second Crusade because it bores me and move on to the Third Crusade because it's the famous one. Broadly speaking, the Third Crusade was a European response to the emergence of a new Islamic power, neither Turkish nor Abbasid. The Egyptian, although he was really a Kurd, Sultan Amalik al-Nasr Salih al-Din Yusuf, better known to the West as Saladin. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | They just weren't Catholic, they were Orthodox, a point that will become relevant shortly. We're going to skip the Second Crusade because it bores me and move on to the Third Crusade because it's the famous one. Broadly speaking, the Third Crusade was a European response to the emergence of a new Islamic power, neither Turkish nor Abbasid. The Egyptian, although he was really a Kurd, Sultan Amalik al-Nasr Salih al-Din Yusuf, better known to the West as Saladin. Saladin, having consolidated his power in Egypt, sought to expand by taking Damascus and eventually Jerusalem, which he did successfully because he was an amazing general. And then the loss of Jerusalem caused Pope Gregory VIII to call for a Third Crusade. Three of the most important kings in Europe answered the call. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | The Egyptian, although he was really a Kurd, Sultan Amalik al-Nasr Salih al-Din Yusuf, better known to the West as Saladin. Saladin, having consolidated his power in Egypt, sought to expand by taking Damascus and eventually Jerusalem, which he did successfully because he was an amazing general. And then the loss of Jerusalem caused Pope Gregory VIII to call for a Third Crusade. Three of the most important kings in Europe answered the call. Philip, cowardly schemer II of France, Richard, Lionheart I of England, and Frederick, I am going to drown anticlimactically on the journey while trying to bathe in a river, Barbarossa, of the not-holy, not-Roman, and not-imperial Holy Roman Empire. Both Richard and Saladin were great generals who earned the respect of their troops. And while from the European perspective the crusade was a failure because they didn't take Jerusalem, it did radically change crusading forever by making Egypt a target. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | Three of the most important kings in Europe answered the call. Philip, cowardly schemer II of France, Richard, Lionheart I of England, and Frederick, I am going to drown anticlimactically on the journey while trying to bathe in a river, Barbarossa, of the not-holy, not-Roman, and not-imperial Holy Roman Empire. Both Richard and Saladin were great generals who earned the respect of their troops. And while from the European perspective the crusade was a failure because they didn't take Jerusalem, it did radically change crusading forever by making Egypt a target. Richard understood that his best chance to take Jerusalem involved first taking Egypt, but he couldn't convince any crusaders to join him because Egypt had a lot less religious value to Christians than Jerusalem. So Richard was forced to call off the crusade early, but if he had just hung around until Easter of 1192, he would have seen Saladin die. And then Richard probably could have fulfilled all his crusading dreams, but you know, then we wouldn't have needed the Fourth Crusade. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | And while from the European perspective the crusade was a failure because they didn't take Jerusalem, it did radically change crusading forever by making Egypt a target. Richard understood that his best chance to take Jerusalem involved first taking Egypt, but he couldn't convince any crusaders to join him because Egypt had a lot less religious value to Christians than Jerusalem. So Richard was forced to call off the crusade early, but if he had just hung around until Easter of 1192, he would have seen Saladin die. And then Richard probably could have fulfilled all his crusading dreams, but you know, then we wouldn't have needed the Fourth Crusade. Although crusading continued through the 14th century, mostly with an emphasis on North Africa and not the Holy Land, the Fourth Crusade is the last one we'll focus on because it was the crazy one. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So a lot of people volunteered for the Fourth Crusade, more than 35,000, and the generals didn't want to march them all the way across Anatolia because they knew from experience that it was A. dangerous and B. hot. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | And then Richard probably could have fulfilled all his crusading dreams, but you know, then we wouldn't have needed the Fourth Crusade. Although crusading continued through the 14th century, mostly with an emphasis on North Africa and not the Holy Land, the Fourth Crusade is the last one we'll focus on because it was the crazy one. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So a lot of people volunteered for the Fourth Crusade, more than 35,000, and the generals didn't want to march them all the way across Anatolia because they knew from experience that it was A. dangerous and B. hot. So they decided to go by boat, which necessitated the building of the largest naval fleet Europe had seen since the Roman Empire. The Venetians built 500 ships, but then only 11,000 crusaders actually made it down to Venice because like, oh, I meant to go, but I had a thing come up, etc. There wasn't enough money to pay for those boats, so the Venetians made the crusaders a deal. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | So a lot of people volunteered for the Fourth Crusade, more than 35,000, and the generals didn't want to march them all the way across Anatolia because they knew from experience that it was A. dangerous and B. hot. So they decided to go by boat, which necessitated the building of the largest naval fleet Europe had seen since the Roman Empire. The Venetians built 500 ships, but then only 11,000 crusaders actually made it down to Venice because like, oh, I meant to go, but I had a thing come up, etc. There wasn't enough money to pay for those boats, so the Venetians made the crusaders a deal. Help us capture the rebellious city of Zara and we'll ferry you to Anatolia. This was a smidge problematic, crusading-wise, because Zara was a Christian city, but the crusaders agreed to help, resulting in the Pope excommunicating both them and the Venetians. Then, after the crusaders failed to take Zara and were still broke, a would-be Byzantine emperor named Alexius III promised the crusaders that he would pay them if they helped him out, so the excommunicated Catholic crusaders fought on behalf of the Orthodox Alexius, who soon became emperor in Constantinople. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | There wasn't enough money to pay for those boats, so the Venetians made the crusaders a deal. Help us capture the rebellious city of Zara and we'll ferry you to Anatolia. This was a smidge problematic, crusading-wise, because Zara was a Christian city, but the crusaders agreed to help, resulting in the Pope excommunicating both them and the Venetians. Then, after the crusaders failed to take Zara and were still broke, a would-be Byzantine emperor named Alexius III promised the crusaders that he would pay them if they helped him out, so the excommunicated Catholic crusaders fought on behalf of the Orthodox Alexius, who soon became emperor in Constantinople. But it took Alexius a while to come up with the money he'd promised the crusaders, so they were waiting around in Constantinople, and then Alexius was suddenly dethroned by the awesomely named Morsophos, leaving the crusaders stuck in Constantinople with no money. Christian warriors couldn't very well sack the largest city in Christendom, could they? Well, it turns out they could, and boy did they. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | Then, after the crusaders failed to take Zara and were still broke, a would-be Byzantine emperor named Alexius III promised the crusaders that he would pay them if they helped him out, so the excommunicated Catholic crusaders fought on behalf of the Orthodox Alexius, who soon became emperor in Constantinople. But it took Alexius a while to come up with the money he'd promised the crusaders, so they were waiting around in Constantinople, and then Alexius was suddenly dethroned by the awesomely named Morsophos, leaving the crusaders stuck in Constantinople with no money. Christian warriors couldn't very well sack the largest city in Christendom, could they? Well, it turns out they could, and boy did they. They took all the wealth they could find, killed and raped Christians as they went, stole the statues of horses that now adorn St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, and retook exactly none of the Holy Land. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So you'd think this disaster would discredit the whole notion of crusading, right? |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | Well, it turns out they could, and boy did they. They took all the wealth they could find, killed and raped Christians as they went, stole the statues of horses that now adorn St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, and retook exactly none of the Holy Land. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So you'd think this disaster would discredit the whole notion of crusading, right? No. Instead, it legitimized the idea that crusading didn't have to be about pilgrimage, that any enemies of the Catholic Church were fair game. Also, the Fourth Crusade pretty much doomed the Byzantine Empire, which never really recovered. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | So you'd think this disaster would discredit the whole notion of crusading, right? No. Instead, it legitimized the idea that crusading didn't have to be about pilgrimage, that any enemies of the Catholic Church were fair game. Also, the Fourth Crusade pretty much doomed the Byzantine Empire, which never really recovered. Constantinople, a shadow of its former self, was conquered by the Turks in 1453. So ultimately, the crusades were a total failure at establishing Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land long term. And with the coming of the Ottomans, the region remained solidly Muslim, as it mostly is today. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | Also, the Fourth Crusade pretty much doomed the Byzantine Empire, which never really recovered. Constantinople, a shadow of its former self, was conquered by the Turks in 1453. So ultimately, the crusades were a total failure at establishing Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land long term. And with the coming of the Ottomans, the region remained solidly Muslim, as it mostly is today. And the crusades didn't really open up lines of communication between the Christian and Muslim worlds, because those lines of communication were already open. Plus, most historians now agree that the crusades didn't bring Europe out of the Middle Ages by offering it contact with the superior intellectual accomplishments of the Islamic world. In fact, they were a tremendous drain on Europe's resources. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | And with the coming of the Ottomans, the region remained solidly Muslim, as it mostly is today. And the crusades didn't really open up lines of communication between the Christian and Muslim worlds, because those lines of communication were already open. Plus, most historians now agree that the crusades didn't bring Europe out of the Middle Ages by offering it contact with the superior intellectual accomplishments of the Islamic world. In fact, they were a tremendous drain on Europe's resources. For me, the crusades matter because they remind us that the medieval world was fundamentally different from ours. The men and women who took up the cross believed in the sacrality of their work in a way that we often can't even conceive of today. And when we focus so much on the heroic narrative, or the anti-imperialist narrative, or all the political infighting, we can lose sight of what the crusades must have meant to the crusaders. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | In fact, they were a tremendous drain on Europe's resources. For me, the crusades matter because they remind us that the medieval world was fundamentally different from ours. The men and women who took up the cross believed in the sacrality of their work in a way that we often can't even conceive of today. And when we focus so much on the heroic narrative, or the anti-imperialist narrative, or all the political infighting, we can lose sight of what the crusades must have meant to the crusaders. How that journey from pilgrimage to holy war transformed their faith and their lives. And ultimately, that exercise in empathy is the coolest thing about studying history. Thanks for watching. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | And when we focus so much on the heroic narrative, or the anti-imperialist narrative, or all the political infighting, we can lose sight of what the crusades must have meant to the crusaders. How that journey from pilgrimage to holy war transformed their faith and their lives. And ultimately, that exercise in empathy is the coolest thing about studying history. Thanks for watching. We'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Mellor. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | Thanks for watching. We'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Mellor. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. Our graphics team is Thought Bubble. And the show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. If you enjoyed today's video, don't forget to like and favorite it. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. Our graphics team is Thought Bubble. And the show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. If you enjoyed today's video, don't forget to like and favorite it. Also, you can follow us on Twitter or at Facebook. There are links in the video info. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Ali Frazier. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | If you enjoyed today's video, don't forget to like and favorite it. Also, you can follow us on Twitter or at Facebook. There are links in the video info. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Ali Frazier. You can guess at this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones in comments, where you can also ask questions that our team of historians will endeavor to answer. Thanks for watching. I apologize to my prudish fans for leaving both buttons unbuttoned. |
The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a | Last week's Phrase of the Week was Ali Frazier. You can guess at this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones in comments, where you can also ask questions that our team of historians will endeavor to answer. Thanks for watching. I apologize to my prudish fans for leaving both buttons unbuttoned. And as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. Whoa! Globe, globe, globe. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | And the Road to Tokyo is made up of ten different exhibits which take you through the very beginning of the war to the end of the war. You're going to find yourself in New Guinea, you're going to find yourself over the Himalayas, in Burma, in the island hopping through Iwo Jima, all the way to the firebombing and the atomic bombs that were dropped in Japan. It focuses not only on the strategies that the Allies took, but also the strategies that the Japanese employed. It takes you through the major battles, it takes you through cultural differences, logistical challenges, and it is filled with artifacts including a shark-faced P-40 Warhawk. You're going to be able to get a personalized dog tag, there are oral histories, recreated environments, short films. It is incredible. So let's take you through the ten different exhibits really quickly, and then before you know it you're going to be going to the website down below and getting your tickets. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | It takes you through the major battles, it takes you through cultural differences, logistical challenges, and it is filled with artifacts including a shark-faced P-40 Warhawk. You're going to be able to get a personalized dog tag, there are oral histories, recreated environments, short films. It is incredible. So let's take you through the ten different exhibits really quickly, and then before you know it you're going to be going to the website down below and getting your tickets. The first exhibit, a huge visual display on the screen, the road to Tokyo facing the rising sun, really witnessing Japan's imperialistic moves on the big map prior to, of course, the big day, December 7th, 1941, the Pearl Harbor attack. We declare war on Japan. Four days later, everything changes again with Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | So let's take you through the ten different exhibits really quickly, and then before you know it you're going to be going to the website down below and getting your tickets. The first exhibit, a huge visual display on the screen, the road to Tokyo facing the rising sun, really witnessing Japan's imperialistic moves on the big map prior to, of course, the big day, December 7th, 1941, the Pearl Harbor attack. We declare war on Japan. Four days later, everything changes again with Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States. We're really introduced in this first exhibit to the leaders on all sides, and then really to the beginnings of what's going to be the strategical and logistical challenges of fighting a two-front war. In the second exhibit, briefing room, Japanese onslaught, you walk onto a replica of a bridge on the USS Enterprise. It is breathtaking. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | Four days later, everything changes again with Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States. We're really introduced in this first exhibit to the leaders on all sides, and then really to the beginnings of what's going to be the strategical and logistical challenges of fighting a two-front war. In the second exhibit, briefing room, Japanese onslaught, you walk onto a replica of a bridge on the USS Enterprise. It is breathtaking. You're going to be introduced to the key nine military leaders on both sides, as well as being introduced to the U.S. strategy of a two-front attack on Japan, not only using the U.S. Navy to make a beeline through the Central Pacific, but also that Southwest corridor, New Guinea, the Philippines. And you're also going to witness those early Japanese victories, including Singapore and the Philippines, and the treatment that occurred to the American POWs in the Philippines. As you walk off the USS Enterprise, you walk into the third exhibit, a new naval warfare, which focuses on aircraft carriers and submarines. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | It is breathtaking. You're going to be introduced to the key nine military leaders on both sides, as well as being introduced to the U.S. strategy of a two-front attack on Japan, not only using the U.S. Navy to make a beeline through the Central Pacific, but also that Southwest corridor, New Guinea, the Philippines. And you're also going to witness those early Japanese victories, including Singapore and the Philippines, and the treatment that occurred to the American POWs in the Philippines. As you walk off the USS Enterprise, you walk into the third exhibit, a new naval warfare, which focuses on aircraft carriers and submarines. You have to remember that we lost most of our battleships at Pearl Harbor, so this is going to be the way to go. The exhibit focuses not only on what life was like on these aircraft carriers, which is extensive and incredibly fascinating, but also on the warfare, including the Doolittle Raid, the Coral Sea Battle, and Midway, of course. You're going to get to see on these humongous screens what it was really like as you watch the planes take off. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | As you walk off the USS Enterprise, you walk into the third exhibit, a new naval warfare, which focuses on aircraft carriers and submarines. You have to remember that we lost most of our battleships at Pearl Harbor, so this is going to be the way to go. The exhibit focuses not only on what life was like on these aircraft carriers, which is extensive and incredibly fascinating, but also on the warfare, including the Doolittle Raid, the Coral Sea Battle, and Midway, of course. You're going to get to see on these humongous screens what it was really like as you watch the planes take off. The fourth exhibit focuses on Guadalcanal, a green hell, and you are literally walking through the jungle as you go through this exhibit, focusing on what the warfare was like when you launched these amphibious assaults, these D-Days, on all of these islands. The hunger and the mosquitoes and the heat and what it was like to fight a relentless Japanese enemy. And Guadalcanal proved to be the first time that the Allies are going to gain a foothold in the Pacific as we make our way to Tokyo. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | You're going to get to see on these humongous screens what it was really like as you watch the planes take off. The fourth exhibit focuses on Guadalcanal, a green hell, and you are literally walking through the jungle as you go through this exhibit, focusing on what the warfare was like when you launched these amphibious assaults, these D-Days, on all of these islands. The hunger and the mosquitoes and the heat and what it was like to fight a relentless Japanese enemy. And Guadalcanal proved to be the first time that the Allies are going to gain a foothold in the Pacific as we make our way to Tokyo. Pacific Theater challenges, fighting in the tropics, that's the fifth exhibit. And as you walk out of Guadalcanal, you literally walk into a recreated rice hut where you're going to learn all about the different challenges that these soldiers faced, including disease, which killed more Americans than gunfire did, as well as the nurses and the medics and the chaplains and the Seabees that laid all the groundwork of infrastructure like airports and roads for the coming invasion. Island hopping footholds in the Pacific, and you literally walk onto a recreated beachhead of Tarawa, which really gives you the idea of what these soldiers were walking into. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | And Guadalcanal proved to be the first time that the Allies are going to gain a foothold in the Pacific as we make our way to Tokyo. Pacific Theater challenges, fighting in the tropics, that's the fifth exhibit. And as you walk out of Guadalcanal, you literally walk into a recreated rice hut where you're going to learn all about the different challenges that these soldiers faced, including disease, which killed more Americans than gunfire did, as well as the nurses and the medics and the chaplains and the Seabees that laid all the groundwork of infrastructure like airports and roads for the coming invasion. Island hopping footholds in the Pacific, and you literally walk onto a recreated beachhead of Tarawa, which really gives you the idea of what these soldiers were walking into. Now that the Seabees have laid down the groundwork of infrastructure, now we can land our B-52 bombers as we get closer and closer to Tokyo. And it's this island hopping strategy that is going to be successful at the end of the day. One of the more visually stunning pieces of the exhibit is the second front, the CBI. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | Island hopping footholds in the Pacific, and you literally walk onto a recreated beachhead of Tarawa, which really gives you the idea of what these soldiers were walking into. Now that the Seabees have laid down the groundwork of infrastructure, now we can land our B-52 bombers as we get closer and closer to Tokyo. And it's this island hopping strategy that is going to be successful at the end of the day. One of the more visually stunning pieces of the exhibit is the second front, the CBI. That's China, Burma, and India. And you're met with three humongous video panels, and suspended in the air is a replica of a P-40 Warhawk. On those three panels, you see all of the routes that the Americans had to take to keep supplying China in the Sino-Japanese War. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | One of the more visually stunning pieces of the exhibit is the second front, the CBI. That's China, Burma, and India. And you're met with three humongous video panels, and suspended in the air is a replica of a P-40 Warhawk. On those three panels, you see all of the routes that the Americans had to take to keep supplying China in the Sino-Japanese War. You have to remember that this was tying up the Japanese. More than 40 army divisions and a million men were committed to fighting the Chinese rather than fighting us in the Pacific. On those video panels, you're going to see the Himalayan Mountains, which we had to fly over. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | On those three panels, you see all of the routes that the Americans had to take to keep supplying China in the Sino-Japanese War. You have to remember that this was tying up the Japanese. More than 40 army divisions and a million men were committed to fighting the Chinese rather than fighting us in the Pacific. On those video panels, you're going to see the Himalayan Mountains, which we had to fly over. This is a humongous piece of this war that in many cases gets overlooked. Returning to the Philippines, you know I'm talking about Douglas MacArthur. The Philippines and American Commonwealth dating back to the Spanish-American War was taken by the Japanese. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | On those video panels, you're going to see the Himalayan Mountains, which we had to fly over. This is a humongous piece of this war that in many cases gets overlooked. Returning to the Philippines, you know I'm talking about Douglas MacArthur. The Philippines and American Commonwealth dating back to the Spanish-American War was taken by the Japanese. MacArthur and the United States, we wanted back and we're going back. The Gulf of Late Battle, the biggest naval battle in World War II. There's artifacts from the battleship Nagato in the exhibit, as well as the ruins of Manila. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | The Philippines and American Commonwealth dating back to the Spanish-American War was taken by the Japanese. MacArthur and the United States, we wanted back and we're going back. The Gulf of Late Battle, the biggest naval battle in World War II. There's artifacts from the battleship Nagato in the exhibit, as well as the ruins of Manila. Recapturing the Philippines is going to become a turning point in this war as we march to Tokyo. We're going to march in the war. The ninth exhibit is Death at Japanese Doorstep, the first assault on Japanese soil. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | There's artifacts from the battleship Nagato in the exhibit, as well as the ruins of Manila. Recapturing the Philippines is going to become a turning point in this war as we march to Tokyo. We're going to march in the war. The ninth exhibit is Death at Japanese Doorstep, the first assault on Japanese soil. The last two D-Days, Okinawa and Iwo Jima, proved to be some of the most fierce fighting in world history. The Japanese had built extensive underground defense tunnels and caves, which are realistically portrayed in this part of the exhibit. You also learn about all of the Medal of Honors that were given out. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | The ninth exhibit is Death at Japanese Doorstep, the first assault on Japanese soil. The last two D-Days, Okinawa and Iwo Jima, proved to be some of the most fierce fighting in world history. The Japanese had built extensive underground defense tunnels and caves, which are realistically portrayed in this part of the exhibit. You also learn about all of the Medal of Honors that were given out. There are 27 at Iwo Jima alone, and you're introduced to the Navajo code talkers who played a pivotal point in this part of the war. As you walk into the last exhibit, you realize that Downfall, Endgame Against Japan, is a different piece of this exhibit. The music is much more somber and reflective as you watch on the humongous video screens what occurred at the end of the war, including the firebombing by United States forces of hundreds of Japanese cities. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | You also learn about all of the Medal of Honors that were given out. There are 27 at Iwo Jima alone, and you're introduced to the Navajo code talkers who played a pivotal point in this part of the war. As you walk into the last exhibit, you realize that Downfall, Endgame Against Japan, is a different piece of this exhibit. The music is much more somber and reflective as you watch on the humongous video screens what occurred at the end of the war, including the firebombing by United States forces of hundreds of Japanese cities. And you are faced with the same decision that Harry Truman had to make, which is dropping the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end the war earlier. At the end of the day, coming down to the point that the continuing firebombing of cities and a land invasion by American forces would have been much more deadlier, which have cost the United States and Japan much more human life. So as you walk out of that final piece, you see on the TV screens there the surrender signing on the USS Missouri, and you really are filled with history. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | The music is much more somber and reflective as you watch on the humongous video screens what occurred at the end of the war, including the firebombing by United States forces of hundreds of Japanese cities. And you are faced with the same decision that Harry Truman had to make, which is dropping the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end the war earlier. At the end of the day, coming down to the point that the continuing firebombing of cities and a land invasion by American forces would have been much more deadlier, which have cost the United States and Japan much more human life. So as you walk out of that final piece, you see on the TV screens there the surrender signing on the USS Missouri, and you really are filled with history. It's somber, it's reflective, it's powerful, it's exciting, it's what everybody who loves history loves. So next time you're in New Orleans, you best be checking out the World War II Museum. Check out The Road to Berlin, which is fantastic and deserved its own video in its own right. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | So as you walk out of that final piece, you see on the TV screens there the surrender signing on the USS Missouri, and you really are filled with history. It's somber, it's reflective, it's powerful, it's exciting, it's what everybody who loves history loves. So next time you're in New Orleans, you best be checking out the World War II Museum. Check out The Road to Berlin, which is fantastic and deserved its own video in its own right. But that road to Tokyo, it'll shake you to your boots. So follow your NOLA, go to New Orleans. If you're a social studies teacher, take all the kids. |
The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a | Check out The Road to Berlin, which is fantastic and deserved its own video in its own right. But that road to Tokyo, it'll shake you to your boots. So follow your NOLA, go to New Orleans. If you're a social studies teacher, take all the kids. Every American, heck, every world citizen should see The Road to Tokyo. So we'll see you guys next time that you press my buttons. I always say it, I'm going to say it now, where tension goes, energy flows. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | But as we saw in the last video, as soon as the Persians are dealt with, tensions start to rise between Athens and Sparta and their various allies. Sparta gets worried that the Athenian navy is looking maybe a little bit too strong. They were decisively important in the second Persian invasion. And they build this Delian League, whose purpose is to go on the offensive against the Persians, but more and more so, it's starting to look like an Athenian empire. And a lot of this, you can imagine, it's like a game of risk. The more you take over, the more resources you have, the more that you can build more ships and have more soldiers so that you can take on even more. So as Sparta and Athens are starting to become more and more rivals, Sparta's getting insecure about Athens' influence and their resources and their military power. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | And they build this Delian League, whose purpose is to go on the offensive against the Persians, but more and more so, it's starting to look like an Athenian empire. And a lot of this, you can imagine, it's like a game of risk. The more you take over, the more resources you have, the more that you can build more ships and have more soldiers so that you can take on even more. So as Sparta and Athens are starting to become more and more rivals, Sparta's getting insecure about Athens' influence and their resources and their military power. And we even saw it in the last video. You have an earthquake in Sparta, potentially right around the same time that Sparta was planning an invasion of Athens, leaving the Spartans vulnerable. There's a helot uprising, these Spartan slaves. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | So as Sparta and Athens are starting to become more and more rivals, Sparta's getting insecure about Athens' influence and their resources and their military power. And we even saw it in the last video. You have an earthquake in Sparta, potentially right around the same time that Sparta was planning an invasion of Athens, leaving the Spartans vulnerable. There's a helot uprising, these Spartan slaves. The Athenians send hoplites to apparently help the Spartans, but the Spartans are suspicious of it and they send them back. And then it culminates with the skirmish you have between Megara and Corinth, which were historically two Spartan allies, but Athens decides to take sides, gets an alliance with Megara. And that's one thing too many for the Spartans, and so they declare war. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | There's a helot uprising, these Spartan slaves. The Athenians send hoplites to apparently help the Spartans, but the Spartans are suspicious of it and they send them back. And then it culminates with the skirmish you have between Megara and Corinth, which were historically two Spartan allies, but Athens decides to take sides, gets an alliance with Megara. And that's one thing too many for the Spartans, and so they declare war. And you have what's called the First Peloponnesian War, but that's not the Peloponnesian War. That's the first time that you start having a very open conflict between the Spartans and the Athenians. And these conflicts last for on the order of about 15 years, and they're ended with what's called the Peace of 30 Years. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | And that's one thing too many for the Spartans, and so they declare war. And you have what's called the First Peloponnesian War, but that's not the Peloponnesian War. That's the first time that you start having a very open conflict between the Spartans and the Athenians. And these conflicts last for on the order of about 15 years, and they're ended with what's called the Peace of 30 Years. But as we will see, this Peace of 30 Years only lasts about 15 years. And the whole time, tensions continue to arise. The Delian League, or you could call it the Athenian Empire, is getting more and more powerful. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | And these conflicts last for on the order of about 15 years, and they're ended with what's called the Peace of 30 Years. But as we will see, this Peace of 30 Years only lasts about 15 years. And the whole time, tensions continue to arise. The Delian League, or you could call it the Athenian Empire, is getting more and more powerful. The Athenian Navy is getting more and more powerful. And once again, things culminate. And now this is the beginning of the actual Peloponnesian War, the thing that people are referring to when they talk about the Peloponnesian War. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | The Delian League, or you could call it the Athenian Empire, is getting more and more powerful. The Athenian Navy is getting more and more powerful. And once again, things culminate. And now this is the beginning of the actual Peloponnesian War, the thing that people are referring to when they talk about the Peloponnesian War. In 431 BCE, the king of Asparta is convinced, or is, I guess you could say, he is influenced to, even though he himself was somewhat skeptical of the idea, he decides to invade Attica. Attica is something you'll hear a lot about. It is this region right over here, this little out-jutting of land that Athens is on. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | And now this is the beginning of the actual Peloponnesian War, the thing that people are referring to when they talk about the Peloponnesian War. In 431 BCE, the king of Asparta is convinced, or is, I guess you could say, he is influenced to, even though he himself was somewhat skeptical of the idea, he decides to invade Attica. Attica is something you'll hear a lot about. It is this region right over here, this little out-jutting of land that Athens is on. And this first phase of the Peloponnesian War is called the Arcadamian War, named for the king of Asparta, who somewhat reluctantly decides to invade Attica. And so that's stage one, Arcadamian War. And the Arcadamian War, its essential ingredients, you have Asparta with its dominant army going and having repeated attacks onto Attica, and the Athenians with their dominant navy going and having raids throughout the Peloponnese and along the Aegean coast. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | It is this region right over here, this little out-jutting of land that Athens is on. And this first phase of the Peloponnesian War is called the Arcadamian War, named for the king of Asparta, who somewhat reluctantly decides to invade Attica. And so that's stage one, Arcadamian War. And the Arcadamian War, its essential ingredients, you have Asparta with its dominant army going and having repeated attacks onto Attica, and the Athenians with their dominant navy going and having raids throughout the Peloponnese and along the Aegean coast. So here you have the Athenians going, let me do the Athenians and the Spartans in two different colors, actually. So here you go, let's do the Spartans in this red color, attacking Attica with their army, and now let's have the Athenians with this light blue color coming here and attacking various points on the Peloponnese and in the Aegean, further extending their influence. Now that first phase ends, and it goes on for quite a bit, it goes on for about 10 years, ends with the Peace of Nicaeus, or Nicaeus, but as you'll see, that was actually intended to be a 50-year peace, but as you'll see, it doesn't last long at all. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | And the Arcadamian War, its essential ingredients, you have Asparta with its dominant army going and having repeated attacks onto Attica, and the Athenians with their dominant navy going and having raids throughout the Peloponnese and along the Aegean coast. So here you have the Athenians going, let me do the Athenians and the Spartans in two different colors, actually. So here you go, let's do the Spartans in this red color, attacking Attica with their army, and now let's have the Athenians with this light blue color coming here and attacking various points on the Peloponnese and in the Aegean, further extending their influence. Now that first phase ends, and it goes on for quite a bit, it goes on for about 10 years, ends with the Peace of Nicaeus, or Nicaeus, but as you'll see, that was actually intended to be a 50-year peace, but as you'll see, it doesn't last long at all. The skirmishes continue, and in 415, the Athenians say, hey, we want to extend our power. Remember, it's like this game of Risk. The more city-states you take over, the more citizens that you're able to tax, the more soldiers you will have, the more wealth you will have, the more shipbuilding capability you will have. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | Now that first phase ends, and it goes on for quite a bit, it goes on for about 10 years, ends with the Peace of Nicaeus, or Nicaeus, but as you'll see, that was actually intended to be a 50-year peace, but as you'll see, it doesn't last long at all. The skirmishes continue, and in 415, the Athenians say, hey, we want to extend our power. Remember, it's like this game of Risk. The more city-states you take over, the more citizens that you're able to tax, the more soldiers you will have, the more wealth you will have, the more shipbuilding capability you will have. So the Athenians get this great idea to sail all the way to Syracuse, and just to be clear, where Syracuse is, Syracuse right over here on the coast of Sicily, and this is a long distance in this ancient world, so they get this idea to sail all the way to Syracuse to try to take it over, and essentially to extend their empire. So this right over here is in 415, this long voyage to take over Syracuse, and it is disastrous. The fleet that tries to go is able to be destroyed, and the folks in Syracuse are able to get the assistance of the Spartans, and so that Greek fleet is destroyed, and this is often viewed as the second phase of the Peloponnesian War, and so this is the attack at Syracuse, attack at Syracuse, the failed attempt of the Athenians to get Syracuse, to get Syracuse, and this is a two-year period of time, because once again, this is no joke, to send your navy and to try to get at Syracuse. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | The more city-states you take over, the more citizens that you're able to tax, the more soldiers you will have, the more wealth you will have, the more shipbuilding capability you will have. So the Athenians get this great idea to sail all the way to Syracuse, and just to be clear, where Syracuse is, Syracuse right over here on the coast of Sicily, and this is a long distance in this ancient world, so they get this idea to sail all the way to Syracuse to try to take it over, and essentially to extend their empire. So this right over here is in 415, this long voyage to take over Syracuse, and it is disastrous. The fleet that tries to go is able to be destroyed, and the folks in Syracuse are able to get the assistance of the Spartans, and so that Greek fleet is destroyed, and this is often viewed as the second phase of the Peloponnesian War, and so this is the attack at Syracuse, attack at Syracuse, the failed attempt of the Athenians to get Syracuse, to get Syracuse, and this is a two-year period of time, because once again, this is no joke, to send your navy and to try to get at Syracuse. And then that takes us into the third phase, the third phase of the Peloponnesian War. Let me scroll this over a little bit. The third phase is often called the Ionian War. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | The fleet that tries to go is able to be destroyed, and the folks in Syracuse are able to get the assistance of the Spartans, and so that Greek fleet is destroyed, and this is often viewed as the second phase of the Peloponnesian War, and so this is the attack at Syracuse, attack at Syracuse, the failed attempt of the Athenians to get Syracuse, to get Syracuse, and this is a two-year period of time, because once again, this is no joke, to send your navy and to try to get at Syracuse. And then that takes us into the third phase, the third phase of the Peloponnesian War. Let me scroll this over a little bit. The third phase is often called the Ionian War. Ionian War, Ionian, Ionian War. Ionia is this region that's now in modern day, off the coast of modern day Turkey. You have many of the city states that were part of this Athenian Empire, they're starting to revolt. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | The third phase is often called the Ionian War. Ionian War, Ionian, Ionian War. Ionia is this region that's now in modern day, off the coast of modern day Turkey. You have many of the city states that were part of this Athenian Empire, they're starting to revolt. You can imagine that the Spartans are trying to help those revolts, because they're trying to get the Athenians wherever they are. This is often also called the Decellian, or Decellian, Decellian War. Decellia, or Decellia, I'm probably not pronouncing well, is a little village right over here at the top of Attica, and it was a strategic location that went over to the Spartans, and that's where the Decellian War gets its name. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | You have many of the city states that were part of this Athenian Empire, they're starting to revolt. You can imagine that the Spartans are trying to help those revolts, because they're trying to get the Athenians wherever they are. This is often also called the Decellian, or Decellian, Decellian War. Decellia, or Decellia, I'm probably not pronouncing well, is a little village right over here at the top of Attica, and it was a strategic location that went over to the Spartans, and that's where the Decellian War gets its name. But over the course of this third phase, the Spartans get help from the Persians. Remember, this was their enemy. They had, the Spartans and Athenians had unified against the Persians, but some time has passed. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | Decellia, or Decellia, I'm probably not pronouncing well, is a little village right over here at the top of Attica, and it was a strategic location that went over to the Spartans, and that's where the Decellian War gets its name. But over the course of this third phase, the Spartans get help from the Persians. Remember, this was their enemy. They had, the Spartans and Athenians had unified against the Persians, but some time has passed. We're now 70 or 80 years later, and the Spartans say, hey, we want to win this thing decisively. They get the help of the Persians. And finally, in 405 BCE, there's a decisive naval battle at Aegospotami, and I'm sorry to all of you Greeks out there that might be listening. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | They had, the Spartans and Athenians had unified against the Persians, but some time has passed. We're now 70 or 80 years later, and the Spartans say, hey, we want to win this thing decisively. They get the help of the Persians. And finally, in 405 BCE, there's a decisive naval battle at Aegospotami, and I'm sorry to all of you Greeks out there that might be listening. I know my pronunciation is not perfect, or close to perfect. But this is a decisive victory right over here for the Spartans. They're able to destroy the Athenian navy, and that causes, that's the decisive victory, and then in 404, this is 405, in 404, the Athenians surrender, and the famous Peloponnesian War is over. |
The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a | And finally, in 405 BCE, there's a decisive naval battle at Aegospotami, and I'm sorry to all of you Greeks out there that might be listening. I know my pronunciation is not perfect, or close to perfect. But this is a decisive victory right over here for the Spartans. They're able to destroy the Athenian navy, and that causes, that's the decisive victory, and then in 404, this is 405, in 404, the Athenians surrender, and the famous Peloponnesian War is over. The Spartans are victorious. But it's not a great victory because, as you can imagine, you have towns that have been destroyed. Large parts of Greece have been weakened, and it leaves the whole area open to attack from others. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | And it's interesting for several reasons. First, it is considered to be one of the oldest religions that is still practiced. Some historians would place the origins of Hinduism at 5,000 years into the past. It has elements that may have been practiced in the Indus Valley civilization. You also have significant elements that come from the Vedic period, in fact, the Vedas, for which the Vedic period is named, really form the root of Hinduism as it is practiced today. And it is believed that the Vedas come from an Indo-Aryan people that many historians believe came from Central Asia and were related to many of the people who colonized Europe. Now, the other thing that is fascinating about Hinduism, and I really just referred to some of it, it is a combination of many cultures that really merged over thousands of years. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | It has elements that may have been practiced in the Indus Valley civilization. You also have significant elements that come from the Vedic period, in fact, the Vedas, for which the Vedic period is named, really form the root of Hinduism as it is practiced today. And it is believed that the Vedas come from an Indo-Aryan people that many historians believe came from Central Asia and were related to many of the people who colonized Europe. Now, the other thing that is fascinating about Hinduism, and I really just referred to some of it, it is a combination of many cultures that really merged over thousands of years. And they merged around the Indian subcontinent. As you will see, there are many traditions, many cultures, many different ways that one can, and many different ways that people do practice Hinduism. But there are also core beliefs that we wanna get to the heart of in this video, and we'll discuss more in future videos. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | Now, the other thing that is fascinating about Hinduism, and I really just referred to some of it, it is a combination of many cultures that really merged over thousands of years. And they merged around the Indian subcontinent. As you will see, there are many traditions, many cultures, many different ways that one can, and many different ways that people do practice Hinduism. But there are also core beliefs that we wanna get to the heart of in this video, and we'll discuss more in future videos. Now, what's also interesting is where the name Hinduism or Hindu comes from, a Hindu being someone who practices Hinduism. The name for what we now call the Indus River in Sanskrit was Sindhu. And Sindh is still a region in the Indian subcontinent. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | But there are also core beliefs that we wanna get to the heart of in this video, and we'll discuss more in future videos. Now, what's also interesting is where the name Hinduism or Hindu comes from, a Hindu being someone who practices Hinduism. The name for what we now call the Indus River in Sanskrit was Sindhu. And Sindh is still a region in the Indian subcontinent. The version that the Persian said was Hindus, and this got converted to Indus in Latin. So really, Hinduism is the term for the cultural and religious practices of people beyond the Indus River. The word India really comes from this same root. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | And Sindh is still a region in the Indian subcontinent. The version that the Persian said was Hindus, and this got converted to Indus in Latin. So really, Hinduism is the term for the cultural and religious practices of people beyond the Indus River. The word India really comes from this same root. Indus is where India comes from, but Indus comes from Hindus, which comes from Sindhu, and these are all related to the word Hindu. And you can see that very clearly in the Persian version. Now, as I mentioned, there's many different practices in Hinduism, many different traditions, many different rituals in Hinduism. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | The word India really comes from this same root. Indus is where India comes from, but Indus comes from Hindus, which comes from Sindhu, and these are all related to the word Hindu. And you can see that very clearly in the Persian version. Now, as I mentioned, there's many different practices in Hinduism, many different traditions, many different rituals in Hinduism. But I'm going to try to focus in on what could be considered the spiritual core. And a lot of this comes out of the Vedas. They're a collection of hymns, rituals, but also philosophy. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | Now, as I mentioned, there's many different practices in Hinduism, many different traditions, many different rituals in Hinduism. But I'm going to try to focus in on what could be considered the spiritual core. And a lot of this comes out of the Vedas. They're a collection of hymns, rituals, but also philosophy. And the subset of the Vedas that are very concerned with the spiritual and the philosophical are known as the Upanishads, which means sitting down or coming near to. Some people say coming near to God. Some people say coming near to the actual reality or coming near to a teacher, as in sitting down to get a lesson or to have a dialogue. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | They're a collection of hymns, rituals, but also philosophy. And the subset of the Vedas that are very concerned with the spiritual and the philosophical are known as the Upanishads, which means sitting down or coming near to. Some people say coming near to God. Some people say coming near to the actual reality or coming near to a teacher, as in sitting down to get a lesson or to have a dialogue. Now, the central idea in Hinduism is the idea of Brahman. And Brahman should not be confused with the god Brahma. Brahma is sometimes you could view as a aspect of Brahman, but Brahman is viewed as the true reality of things. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | Some people say coming near to the actual reality or coming near to a teacher, as in sitting down to get a lesson or to have a dialogue. Now, the central idea in Hinduism is the idea of Brahman. And Brahman should not be confused with the god Brahma. Brahma is sometimes you could view as a aspect of Brahman, but Brahman is viewed as the true reality of things. It is shapeless, genderless, bodiless. It cannot be described. It can only be experienced. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | Brahma is sometimes you could view as a aspect of Brahman, but Brahman is viewed as the true reality of things. It is shapeless, genderless, bodiless. It cannot be described. It can only be experienced. Now, according to Hindu belief, we are all part of Brahman. And what we perceive as our individuality is really you can consider to be a quasi-illusion. So this might be one individual right over here, and then we might have another individual right over here. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | It can only be experienced. Now, according to Hindu belief, we are all part of Brahman. And what we perceive as our individuality is really you can consider to be a quasi-illusion. So this might be one individual right over here, and then we might have another individual right over here. And this separateness, the illusion of the reality that we see around us, this is referred to as maya. And maya is not just the illusion or the quasi-illusion created by our senses. It is even notions like our ego, our identity. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | So this might be one individual right over here, and then we might have another individual right over here. And this separateness, the illusion of the reality that we see around us, this is referred to as maya. And maya is not just the illusion or the quasi-illusion created by our senses. It is even notions like our ego, our identity. And within that context, that inner self, that thing that is even within our, that is even deeper than our sense of identity, this is referred to as atman. And as you can see, the way it's been diagrammed here, the way we've drawn it out, atman is essentially the same thing as Brahman. And oftentimes, you will see it referred to as atman dash Brahman. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | It is even notions like our ego, our identity. And within that context, that inner self, that thing that is even within our, that is even deeper than our sense of identity, this is referred to as atman. And as you can see, the way it's been diagrammed here, the way we've drawn it out, atman is essentially the same thing as Brahman. And oftentimes, you will see it referred to as atman dash Brahman. They're really the same thing, but it's really a, it's an illusion that there is this separateness of our reality. Now, according to Hindu belief, in each life, you have this core part of yourself, which is atman, which is part of Brahman. And when you die, it doesn't disappear, but it will take on or it will subjugate itself to another reality. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | And oftentimes, you will see it referred to as atman dash Brahman. They're really the same thing, but it's really a, it's an illusion that there is this separateness of our reality. Now, according to Hindu belief, in each life, you have this core part of yourself, which is atman, which is part of Brahman. And when you die, it doesn't disappear, but it will take on or it will subjugate itself to another reality. So after death, this individual or this perceived individual might take on another identity and another reality. They would perceive it as another life. And this notion of one life after another, one reality after another, is sometimes referred to as transmigration of the soul, sometimes referred to as reincarnation, or this notion of samsara, which is this endless cycle of birth and rebirth. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | And when you die, it doesn't disappear, but it will take on or it will subjugate itself to another reality. So after death, this individual or this perceived individual might take on another identity and another reality. They would perceive it as another life. And this notion of one life after another, one reality after another, is sometimes referred to as transmigration of the soul, sometimes referred to as reincarnation, or this notion of samsara, which is this endless cycle of birth and rebirth. It really comes from this notion of same flowing, this thing, this pattern that goes on and on and on. And according to Hindu belief, what that next life is, what that next reality is, is based on your actions in this life. Karma literally is referring to actions, but it's really actions driving consequences, not only in this reality, but in the next reality. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | And this notion of one life after another, one reality after another, is sometimes referred to as transmigration of the soul, sometimes referred to as reincarnation, or this notion of samsara, which is this endless cycle of birth and rebirth. It really comes from this notion of same flowing, this thing, this pattern that goes on and on and on. And according to Hindu belief, what that next life is, what that next reality is, is based on your actions in this life. Karma literally is referring to actions, but it's really actions driving consequences, not only in this reality, but in the next reality. Now there's another notion of dharma. Dharma is based on what is the role you should play given the reality, given the life that you are in. So in a very simplified way, you could say, well, dharma is the rightful role, the rightful actions, your duty, depending on your role, depending on your reality. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | Karma literally is referring to actions, but it's really actions driving consequences, not only in this reality, but in the next reality. Now there's another notion of dharma. Dharma is based on what is the role you should play given the reality, given the life that you are in. So in a very simplified way, you could say, well, dharma is the rightful role, the rightful actions, your duty, depending on your role, depending on your reality. Karma is how that action translates into consequences, which is going to drive what happens in this endless cycle. Now a core idea of Hinduism is to try to escape from this cycle, to awaken to the true reality, awaken from this quasi-reality. And this is really one of the central ideas of the Upanishads, that eventually, if you can awaken, so let's say that this is an awakening, this entity, this atman, this self right over here, this perceived individual has now awoken and can see through, pierces the veil of that maya, now they have rejoined Brahman, and they've recognized that atman and Brahman are the same. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | So in a very simplified way, you could say, well, dharma is the rightful role, the rightful actions, your duty, depending on your role, depending on your reality. Karma is how that action translates into consequences, which is going to drive what happens in this endless cycle. Now a core idea of Hinduism is to try to escape from this cycle, to awaken to the true reality, awaken from this quasi-reality. And this is really one of the central ideas of the Upanishads, that eventually, if you can awaken, so let's say that this is an awakening, this entity, this atman, this self right over here, this perceived individual has now awoken and can see through, pierces the veil of that maya, now they have rejoined Brahman, and they've recognized that atman and Brahman are the same. And this freeing from samsara, from this birth-death cycle, this is referred to as moksha. Now to make this idea a little bit clearer, let's look at some quotes from the actual Upanishads. So this is two versions from the Isha Upanishad, and the reason why I like to show it is because it shows that if you're translating from Sanskrit into English, or really from any one language into another, there's going to be some room for interpretation. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | And this is really one of the central ideas of the Upanishads, that eventually, if you can awaken, so let's say that this is an awakening, this entity, this atman, this self right over here, this perceived individual has now awoken and can see through, pierces the veil of that maya, now they have rejoined Brahman, and they've recognized that atman and Brahman are the same. And this freeing from samsara, from this birth-death cycle, this is referred to as moksha. Now to make this idea a little bit clearer, let's look at some quotes from the actual Upanishads. So this is two versions from the Isha Upanishad, and the reason why I like to show it is because it shows that if you're translating from Sanskrit into English, or really from any one language into another, there's going to be some room for interpretation. But we can see it here. So this is from the Isha Upanishad, which is considered one of the most important ones, it's a subset, it's a section of the Yajur Veda, one of the four early Vedas, and they write, and this is an English translation, the wise man beholds all beings in the self, or the atman, and the self in all beings. For that reason, he does not hate anyone. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | So this is two versions from the Isha Upanishad, and the reason why I like to show it is because it shows that if you're translating from Sanskrit into English, or really from any one language into another, there's going to be some room for interpretation. But we can see it here. So this is from the Isha Upanishad, which is considered one of the most important ones, it's a subset, it's a section of the Yajur Veda, one of the four early Vedas, and they write, and this is an English translation, the wise man beholds all beings in the self, or the atman, and the self in all beings. For that reason, he does not hate anyone. To the seer, all things have verily become the self. What delusion, what sorrow can there be for him who beholds that oneness? This is another version of the same verses from the Isha Upanishad. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | For that reason, he does not hate anyone. To the seer, all things have verily become the self. What delusion, what sorrow can there be for him who beholds that oneness? This is another version of the same verses from the Isha Upanishad. He who sees all beings in the self, and the self in all beings, he never turns away from it, the self. For he who perceives all beings as the self, how can there be delusion or grief when he sees this oneness everywhere? So I might be getting into an argument with someone, but deep down if I recognize that both myself and that individual, that we are part of this same Brahman, that he is me and I am it, or I am he, well then that anger seems a little bit misguided. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | This is another version of the same verses from the Isha Upanishad. He who sees all beings in the self, and the self in all beings, he never turns away from it, the self. For he who perceives all beings as the self, how can there be delusion or grief when he sees this oneness everywhere? So I might be getting into an argument with someone, but deep down if I recognize that both myself and that individual, that we are part of this same Brahman, that he is me and I am it, or I am he, well then that anger seems a little bit misguided. Now to get a little bit more context on this notion of oneness, here's another verse from the Chandogya Upanishad, which is also considered one of the significant Upanishads, and it's part of the Sama Veda. As the rivers flowing east and west merge in the sea and become one with it, forgetting they were separate rivers, so do all creatures lose their separateness when they merge at last into pure being, into Brahman. There is nothing that does not come from him. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | So I might be getting into an argument with someone, but deep down if I recognize that both myself and that individual, that we are part of this same Brahman, that he is me and I am it, or I am he, well then that anger seems a little bit misguided. Now to get a little bit more context on this notion of oneness, here's another verse from the Chandogya Upanishad, which is also considered one of the significant Upanishads, and it's part of the Sama Veda. As the rivers flowing east and west merge in the sea and become one with it, forgetting they were separate rivers, so do all creatures lose their separateness when they merge at last into pure being, into Brahman. There is nothing that does not come from him. And the use of the word him is really an anthropomorphism of this notion that has really no gender or body or form. Of everything, he is the inmost self. He is the truth. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | There is nothing that does not come from him. And the use of the word him is really an anthropomorphism of this notion that has really no gender or body or form. Of everything, he is the inmost self. He is the truth. He is the self-supreme. You are that, shiveta ketu, you are that. And this last verse is referring, it's in this Chandogya Upanishad, it's a conversation between the teacher and his son, and the son is shiveta ketu, my apologies for pronunciation. |
Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a | He is the truth. He is the self-supreme. You are that, shiveta ketu, you are that. And this last verse is referring, it's in this Chandogya Upanishad, it's a conversation between the teacher and his son, and the son is shiveta ketu, my apologies for pronunciation. So once he's saying that these rivers is an analogy for you and I, and we might see ourselves as different, but at some point we will flow and become one with the ocean. And he's pointing out to his son, you are not different from that. You, yourself, you are atman. |