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Notes and References
Chapter 9: Insiders and outsiders
Figures on refugee numbers are taken from New Internationalist, September
1991, pp. 18-19. The United Nations High Commission for
Refugees also publishes estimates of refugee numbers, in terms of its
own narrow definition of a refugee, and of numbers resettled.
Michael Walzer's views are presented in his Spheres of Justice (New
York, 1983), pp. 9-22.
The account of the visit to the refugee camp in the section 'The
Fallacy of the Current Approach' comes from Rossi van der Borch,
'Impressions of a Refugee Camp', quoted in Asia Bureau Australia Newsletter,
no. 85 (October-December 1986).
Michael Gibney (ed.), Open Borders? Closed Societies? (New York
1988), is a valuable collection of essays on ethical and political aspects
of the refugee issue.
Chapter 10: The environment
On the proposal to dam the Franklin River in southwest Tasmania,
see James McQueen, The Franklin: Not Just a River (Ringwood, Victoria,
1983).
The first quotation in 'The Western Tradition' is from Genesis 1 :24-
8 and the second from Genesis 9: 1-3. For attempts to soften the message
of these passages, see, for instance, Robin Attfield, The Ethics of
Environmental Concern (Oxford, 1983); and Andrew Linzey Christianity
and the Rights of Animals (London 1987). The quotation from Paul
comes from Corinthians 9:9-10, and that from Augustine is from his
The Catholic and Manichean Ways of Life, trans. D. A. Gallagher and I.
J. Gallagher (Boston, 1966), p. 102. For the cursing of the fig tree, see
Mark 11:12-22, and for the drowning of the pigs, Mark 5:1-13. The
passage from Aristotle is to be found in Politics (London, 1916), p. 16;
for the views of Aquinas, see Summa Theologica, 1, ii, Question 64,
article 1; 1, ii, Question 72, article 4.
For details on the alternative Christian thinkers, see Keith Thomas,
Man and the Natural World (London, 1983), pp. 152-3; and Attfield,
The Ethics of Environmental Concern.
For further information on the effects of global warming, see Lester
Brown and others, State of the World 1990, Worldwatch Institute (Washington,
D.C., 1990). The information on the effects of rising sea levels
comes from Jodi 1. Jacobson's 'Holding Back the Sea' in that volume;
she in tum draws on John D. Milliman and others, 'Environmental
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Notes and References
and Economic Implications of Rising Sea Level and Subsiding Deltas:
The Nile and Bengal Examples', Ambio, vol. 18 (1989): 6; and United
Nations Environment Program, Criteria for Assessing Vulnerability to SeaLevel
Rise: A Global Inventory to High Risk Areas (Delft, Netherlands,
1989). The quotations from Bill McKibben's The End of Nature (New
York, 1989) are from pp. 58 and 60 of that book.
Albert Schweitzer's most complete statement of his ethical stance is
Civilisation and Ethics (Part 2 of The Philosophy of Civilisation), 2d ed.,
trans. C. T. Campion (London, 1929). The quotation is from pp. 246-
7. The quotations from Paul Taylor's Respectfor Nature (Princeton, 1986)
are from pp. 45 and 128. For a critique of Taylor, see Gerald Paske:
'The Life Principle: A (Metaethical) Rejection', Journal of Applied Philosophy,
vol. 6 (1989).
A. Leopold's proposal for a 'land ethic' can be found in his A Sand
County Almanac, with Essays on Conservation from Round River (New York,
1970; first published 1949,1953); the passages quoted are from pp. 238
and 262. The classic text for the distinction between shallow and deep
ecology is very brief: A. Naess, 'The Shallow and the Deep, LongRange
Ecology Movement', Inquiry, vol. 16 (1973): 95-100. For later
works on deep ecology, see, for example, A. Naess and G. Sessions,
'Basic Principles of Deep Ecology', Ecophilosophy, vol. 6 (1984) (I first
read the quoted passage in D. Bennet and R. Sylvan, 'Australian Perspectives
on Environmental Ethics: A UNESCO Project' [unpublished,
1989]); W. Devall and G. Sessions, Deep Ecology: Living As If Nature
Mattered (Salt Lake City, 1985) (The passage quoted is from p. 67); 1.
Johnson, A Morally Deep World (Cambrldge, 1990), F. Mathews, The
Ecological Self (London, 1991); V. Plumwood, 'Ecofeminism: An Overview
and Discussion of Positions and Arguments: Critical Review',
Australasian Journal of Philosophy, vol. 64 (1986): suppl.; and R. Sylvan,
'Three Essays upon Deeper Environmental Ethics', Discussion Papers in
Environmental Philosophy, vol. 13 (1986) (published by the Australian
National University, Canberra). James Lovelock, Gaia: A New Look at
Life on Earth, was published in Oxford in 1979. Christopher Stone's
Earth and Other Ethics (New York, 1987) is a tentative exploration of
ways in which nonsentient beings might be included in an ethical
framework.
The original Green Consumer Guide was by John Elkington and Julia
Hailes (London 1988). Adaptations have since been published in several
other countries, as have many similar guides. On the extravagance
of animal production, see the references given in Chapter 8, above.
Rifkin's Beyond Beef and Durning and Brough's Taking Stock both also
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Notes and References
contain information on the clearing of the rainforest and other environmental
impacts of the animals we raise for food.
Roderick Nash, The Rights of Nature (Madison, Wis., 1989) is a useful,
but not always reliable, historical account of the development of environmental
ethics. Some collections of essays on this topic are R. Elliot
and A. Gare (eds.), Environmental Philosophy: A Collection of Readings
(S1. Lucia, Queensland, 1983); T. Regan, Earthbound: New Introductory
Essays in Environmental Ethics (New York, 1984); and D. VandeVeer
and C. Pierce (eds.), People, Penguins and Plastic Trees: Basic Issues in
Environmental Ethics (Belmont, Calif., 1986). Robert Elliot summarizes
the issues in 'Environmental Ethics', in P. Singer (ed.), A Companion
to Ethics.
Chapter II: Ends and means
The story of Oskar Schindler is brilliantly told by Thomas Kenneally
in Schindler's Ark (London, 1982). The case of Joan Andrews and
the work of Operation Rescue is described by Bernard Nathanson,