Datasets:

Gramacho

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complete_pira_train_val_corpus1_en_llama3_alpaca_1484

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You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A160

Turbulent air-sea heat fluxes were computed from in situ high-frequency micrometeorological data during two research cruises performed in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWAO) occurring in June 2012 and October 2014. Two different and dynamical areas were covered by the cruises: the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC) and the Southern Brazilian Continental Shelf (SBCS). The Eddy Covariance (EC) method was used to estimate the air-sea sensible and latent heat fluxes. This paper compares these novel high frequency estimates of heat fluxes with bulk parameterizations made at the same location and time from independent measurements taken onboard the ships. When comparing the EC and bulk-estimated time series of sensible heat fluxes, we found a good agreement both in their magnitude and variability, with small bias (generally < 20 W m-2) between the datasets from the two study areas in the SWAO. However, the EC and bulk latent heat flux comparisons show large biases ranging from 75 W m-2 to 100 W m-2 in the SBCS and BMC, respectively. These biases were always associated with short term, high frequency environmental perturbations occurring either in the atmosphere or in the ocean with the majority related to strong wind burst events and large air-sea temperature gradients. The short period changes in atmospheric conditions were mostly related to the passage of transient synoptic systems over the two study areas. The large air-sea temperature gradients were mostly linked to the surface characteristics of the BMC and SBCS regions, where sharp oceanographic fronts are located. Our results are able to contribute to improving weather and climate simulations of the mid to high latitudes of South America, a region largely influenced by the sea surface temperature patterns of the SWAO in combination with the frequent propagation of transient atmospheric systems.

What method can be used to estimate air–sea sensible- and latent-heat fluxes?

The turbulent covariance method.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What method can be used to estimate air–sea sensible- and latent-heat fluxes? ### Response: The turbulent covariance method. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A931

In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under exploration. The Campos basin is the most productive oil province in Brazil, accounting for about 62% of current production. The Campos basin is an Atlantic-type basin, typical of a passive continental margin.

What is the most productive oil province in Brazil?

The Campos basin

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What is the most productive oil province in Brazil? ### Response: The Campos basin <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A870

Parque das Conchas is an ultra-deepwater heavy oil development located in the northern Campos basin offshore Brazil. The project is a joint venture between Shell, Petrobras, and ONGC. The first phase of the project is the development of 3 independent subsea fields tied back to the centrally located turret moored floating, production, storage and offloading (FPSO) host facility entitled the FPSO Espirito Santo. The phase 1 Abalone, Ostra, and Argonauta B west fields are small to medium in size, with low-pressured reservoirs, and range in oil gravities from 17° to 42° API. A fourth 16° API gravity heavy oil field requiring water flood, Argonauta O north, will be tied back as part of phase 2 and is planned to be ready for production in 2013. The phase 1 subsea infrastructure consists of 10 producing wells and 1 gas injection well connected via 140 kilometers of pipelines and flowlines ranging in size from 6? to 12?, 15 flowline sleds, 2 production manifolds, 2 artificial lift manifolds housing a total of 6 vertical subsea separation caissons with 1500 hp ESP's, 25 jumpers, all of which are serviced by 30 kilometers of high voltage multi-circuit electro/hydraulic umbilicals and 20 kilometers of static electro-hydraulic umbilicals. The FPSO Espirito Santo is a converted 1975 VLCC moored in 1,780 meters of water and equipped to process 100,000 bopd, 50 MMscfpd, with 1.4 million barrels of oil storage capacity. The Parque das Conchas development is the result of a 9-year effort to understand the complex geology, identify sufficient reserves to support a development, identify an economic development concept, and to design, mature and apply the significant new technologies required to safely execute the project during an extremely volatile market period. This paper provides an overview of the development and execution of the project, highlights new technologies that have been developed and implemented and introduces the key challenges, achievements, and learning's in various parts of the project and the tight integration between all disciplines required to successfully deliver the Parque das Conchas project. Additional details can be found in the dedicated support papers have been generated and listed in the Reference section of this paper.

For when was phase 2 of Parque das Conchas development planned to start?

2013

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: For when was phase 2 of Parque das Conchas development planned to start? ### Response: 2013 <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A748

The main tectonic, stratigraphic and sedimentological aspects of the Aptian Stage along the Brazilian Eastern Basins were analyzed based on data from 28 wells drilled by Petrobras, including the description of 750 meters of cores. The Aptian along the Eastern Margin (from Santos to Camamu-Almada basins) can be subdivided into 2 main packages with specific tectonic and sedimentological characteristics. The Lower Aptian (upper part of Jiquiá to lower part of Alagoas local stages) is characterized by continental sedimentation under rift tectonics. Scarce marine incursions were recognized in this package. Sedimentation occurred mainly in grabens located in the central portions of the rift and in scattered grabens located in proximal areas. This caused subaerial exposure of large proximal areas generating a regional unconformity called "pre-Upper Aptian Unconformity". The Upper Aptian (Upper Alagoas local stage) package was deposited under stable tectonic conditions in a sag basin. The lower portion of this unit is characterized by a fluvio-alluvial sedimentation with a widespread occurrence throughout the proximal areas of all marginal basins. Distal sediments however were deposited under shallow marine conditions. At the end of the Aptian a strong period of aridity and the presence of a volcanic barrier, the São Paulo High, allowed the deposition of a very thick evaporitic package ("Ibura Event"). These evaporites are estimated to be deposited in about 600,000 years.

What characterizes the lower portion of the Upper Aptian?

a fluvio-alluvial sedimentation with a widespread occurrence throughout the proximal areas of all marginal basins

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What characterizes the lower portion of the Upper Aptian? ### Response: a fluvio-alluvial sedimentation with a widespread occurrence throughout the proximal areas of all marginal basins <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1409

In passive continental margins, the brittle reactivation of shear zones and their role in the deformation and deposition of sedimentary basins are still a matter of debate. In this research, we investigated the role of the brittle reactivation of Precambrian shear zones in the nucleation of rift and postrift faults in the onshore portion of the Sergipe-Alagoas and Pernambuco basins in northeastern Brazil. We combine and interpret a dataset of aeromagnetic and topographic data, associated with reflection seismic and borehole data, to analyze the evolution of a portion of the Atlantic continental margin of Brazil. Our results indicate that in the crystalline basement, the magnetic lineaments are correlated with ductile structures as shear zones, and the continuity of these lineaments in the Sergipe-Alagoas and Pernambuco basins is interpreted as the shear zones below the sedimentary cover of these basins. We document the following phases of the brittle reactivation of basement shear zones: (1) the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean in the Early Cretaceous under an extensional stress regime and (2) tectonic inversion induced by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge push and the Andean Cordillera rise in the Neogene-Quaternary under a predominantly strike-slip stress regime. During the rift phase, the brittle reactivation of the shear zones controlled the locations and architectures of the rifts. These structures acted as zones of weakness and were reactivated as normal faults. The brittle reactivation of shear zones was still active during the postrift phase and was responsible for the development of compressional structures. The reverse faulting and related folding pattern indicate tectonic inversion in the Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic. The structures formed during the postrift phase under a strike-slip regime are consistent with the present-day stress field, indicating that tectonic inversion is an active phase of the Brazilian margin.

What are the indicators that tectonic inversion is an active phase of the Brazilian margin?

The consistency of the structures formed during the postrift , with the present-day stress field.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What are the indicators that tectonic inversion is an active phase of the Brazilian margin? ### Response: The consistency of the structures formed during the postrift , with the present-day stress field. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1403

Aquaculture production is continuously growing worldwide, and marine fish farming in Brazil is still in its infancy. Intensive farming conditions may cause physiological stress to the cultured organism, which can be evaluated by citogenotoxic biomarkers. The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic effect of the rearing conditions in red blood cells of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum by using comet assay and micronucleus and other nuclear abnormalities assay. Juvenile cobia were reared for 13 weeks in indoor tank with open water circulation and in near shore cage. The comet assay and the nuclear abnormalities assay detected higher DNA damage and higher nuclear abnormalities frequency in erythrocytes of fish reared in the indoor tank. Results showed that two methods are complementary. Additionally, cobia were injected with ß-naphthoflavone (BNF) at concentrations of 2mgkg-1 and 10mgkg-1 in laboratory controlled conditions, and maintained for 7 days in separate tanks to better understand the response mechanisms of this species to a toxic substance. The comet assay did not detect any significant differences between BNF injected and control fish, whereas nuclear abnormalities assay showed significant differences between BNF injected and the control groups. The damages identified by the comet assay are repairable breaks in the DNA strands, whereas nuclear abnormalities may be permanent. Possibly the period of maintenance after injection was enough to clean BNF from the organisms and to repair the breaks in the DNA strands. As cobia seems to respond very well to genotoxic elements, comet assay and nuclear abnormalities assay would be useful tools to monitor farming conditions.

What are the factors that increase the risk of serious accidents in the oil and gas industry?

The use of potentially hazardous materials and operation in progressively hostile environments

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What are the factors that increase the risk of serious accidents in the oil and gas industry? ### Response: The use of potentially hazardous materials and operation in progressively hostile environments <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1049

Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be the first implementation worldwide of Sevan Marine's SSP cylindrical monohull design. Piranema's design includes 30,000 bpd of oil process plant capacity, a gas injection plant with 3.6 million cu m/day of compression capacity, and 300,000 bbl of oil storage capacity. Piranema also can accommodate as many as 21 risers.

Where will the FPSO vessel be operated?

In Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Where will the FPSO vessel be operated? ### Response: In Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1904

The Environmental Protected Area of Anhatomirim (EPAA) located in the Southern coast of Brazil, at Santa Catarina State, is a multiple-use Marine Protected Area (MPA), established to protect the southernmost population of the Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) and its habitats. Boat tourism is an important marine activity, carrying annually around 150,000 tourists, turning the EPAA into the most visited place to cetacean watch in South America. We describe the experience of managing boat tourism, highlighting the deployment of the Dolphin Monitoring Program. We discuss its strengths and limitations, considering the data from the participatory monitoring conducted since 2014, and from interviews made with all the boat owners. Our results indicate the conflicts among the main stakeholders were reduced, and the monitoring program was able to provide important short-term and intense time-series information on the dolphins’ location and on the boat tourism activity previously unavailable. Notwithstanding, a series of constraints remain, and among others we indicate the need to go beyond the current focus on the commercial benefits of the activity and to combine the participatory monitoring data with those from scientific survey cruises.

Which information were unavailable prior to the Dolphin Monitoring Program regarding dolphins?

Intense short-term time-series information on their location.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Which information were unavailable prior to the Dolphin Monitoring Program regarding dolphins? ### Response: Intense short-term time-series information on their location. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A885

The unwanted gas produced during offshore oil drilling could be reused as an energy source using a technology developed by a consortium of firms including an Oxford Catalysts Group subsidiary. Velocys, the group's US subsidiary, is providing microchannel reactors for use in an offshore gas to liquids (GTL) facility. The technology relies on unwanted gas that is produced along with oil. Such gas is usually disposed of by flaring - a wasteful and environmentally unfriendly process that is increasingly subject to regulation or by re-injection back into the reservoir at considerable expense. Velocys and offshore facility developers MODEC, the global engineering firm Toyo Engineering and the Brazilian State oil company Petrobras are building a microchannel GTL demonstration facility that could possibly bring the prospect of offshore GTL a step closer to reality.

Which subsidiary of the Oxford Catalysts Group was involved in the development of a technology that uses unwanted gas produced during offshore oil drilling?

The Velocys

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Which subsidiary of the Oxford Catalysts Group was involved in the development of a technology that uses unwanted gas produced during offshore oil drilling? ### Response: The Velocys <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A393

The economic consequences of increased trade and foreign investment, as a result of greater economic integration between countries, are on the global agenda. The interaction between coastal environment and the external sector is one of the most challenging topics. The convergence of these themes has being provoking a heated debate among people which are favorable and contrary to the thesis of the incompatibility between increased trade and maintaining a pattern of economic development and sustainable environment. Thesis expanded to the possible incompatibility between the movement of international financial capital and foreign direct investment and sustainability. Categorically, this applies to exploration and production (E & P) of oil in the Brazilian Pre-Salt formation. Brazil must inspect and monitor any process of exploration, mainly offshore, in the coastal territory of its jurisdiction. In this respect, it is noteworthy that PETROBRAS (the lead oil company in the country) has become the technology leader in deep and ultra-deep waters, which guarantees to Brazil at the time, the control of its maritime rich resources relating to exploration and exploitation of oil and natural gas. Thus, we recognize the issue of technological competition as a determinant for the productive internalization process. This process, especially among developed countries, should be understood as the result of technological capability, which multinational companies are able to appropriate due to the existence of "overflows" from the system. Therefore, we intend to clarify the extent to which Brazilian law "protects" the exploitation of natural resources, especially hydrocarbons, from a coastal environment approach.

Technological competition in the field of oil exploration can assist a country in what way?

Having a better control of maritime resources, and in this way, contributing to the process of productive internalization.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Technological competition in the field of oil exploration can assist a country in what way? ### Response: Having a better control of maritime resources, and in this way, contributing to the process of productive internalization. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1594

The Parque das Conchas (BC10) field offshore Brazil, operated by Shell and owned together with ONGC and QPI, has challenging reservoir conditions. Several subsea fields with viscosities ranging from 1 to 900 cP and gas volume fractions between 5% and 70% require subsea boosting to lift production fluids to the FPSO facility. Since first oil in 2009, a unique method of subsea separation and boosting has been deployed on BC-10, utilizing vertical caisson separators with Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP's) to pump well fluids from up to 2000m water depth to the FPSO facility. Maintenance of the ESP assemblies requires an intervention using a MODU (Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit). Shell pursued an alternative subsea boosting solution using Mudline Pump (MLP) technology, with the objective to reduce field Opex and increase redundancy. The MLP was conceived as a retrofit module, which was to be fully compatible with the existing infrastructure. This includes using existing variable frequency drives, high voltage umbilicals, subsea mechanical interfaces, controls, hydraulics, and chemical injection. Despite the prior development of a 3 MW (megawatt) MudLine Pump (MK1), the specifics of the BC10 application required further development and qualification. The design pressure was increased from 5,000 psi to 7,500 psi, which required requalification of motor and barrier fluid circuit components. Additionally, the challenging multiphase flow conditions led to the development of an innovative control strategy to maximise the production window, whilst ensuring safe operating conditions for the pump within the existing system constraints.

Why did the BC10 application require a requalification of motor and barrier fluid circuit components of the 3 MW (megawatt) MudLine Pump (MK1)?

The design pressure was increased from 5,000 psi to 7,500 psi

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Why did the BC10 application require a requalification of motor and barrier fluid circuit components of the 3 MW (megawatt) MudLine Pump (MK1)? ### Response: The design pressure was increased from 5,000 psi to 7,500 psi <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A775

Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a cost-effective pilot production system, which has started field production in October, 1987. This paper describes many alternatives under study by PETROBRAS for installation of the second phase of the field exploitation. Water depths of the wellheads at this phase will reach 1,166m and the start-up is expected to occur in 1994, with a peak production of nearly 200,000 bopd in 1996. The alternatives differ basically in parameters such as the type (semi-submersible,compliant tower, jacket), quantity, size and location of the production units, the type and configuration of the subsea systems, the type of the production and export risers (rigid, semi-rigid or flexible) and also the level of the infra-structure integration. An economical analysis ends the paper and shows that Phase II, besides of performing a pioneer conception at world level, is also a cost-effective production system.

When did the first phase of the development plan conceived for Albacora field start?

October, 1987

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: When did the first phase of the development plan conceived for Albacora field start? ### Response: October, 1987 <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1697

Wave-dominated nearshore deposits are commonly regarded as laterally-continuous, homogeneous, sheet-like reservoirs that can be resolved at the parasequence scale. Many reservoirs, however, have an internal complexity that becomes clearer during production, indicating unexpected internal compartmentalization. Modern wave-dominated nearshore environments are extremely variable due to the effects of allogenic and autogenic processes. Relative sea-level change and shoreline trajectory has been indicated as key controlling factors on the distribution of sand in Quaternary coastal systems worldwide. In this paper we use 3D seismic data to describe the geomorphology of buried, Campanian and Eocene wave-dominated coastal deposits in two stratigraphic intervals within shelf-margin clinoforms in the Santos Basin, SE offshore Brazil. By applying seismic attributes and comparison with modern analogues we interpret the paleoenvironments and correlate them with well-log motifs and styles of shelf-margin trajectories in order to discuss the balance of allogenic and autogenic controls on nearshore reservoir heterogeneity. The sand-rich nearshore deposits appear in the seismic data as distinct topset amplitude anomalies recording shoreline transit across the shelf. The Campanian interval comprises reflectors formed in a predominantly normal-regressive context, while the Eocene interval depicts partially-eroded topset reflectors associated with forced regressions and retrograding reflectors associated with transgressions. Nearshore seismic-geomorphic elements were grouped in associations of strandplains, barrier islands/spits and lagoons, and partially-eroded nearshore. Strandplains are related sub-horizontal to ascending regressive clinoform trajectories where wider strandplains are associated with sub-horizontal trajectories. Nearshore erosion and fluvial incision are associated with descending trajectories within forced regressions, while barrier islands/spits and lagoons are associated with transgressive trends. Transgressive trajectories generated coastal systems with high mud content and discontinuous sand bodies along strike and dip, while forced regressions resulted in sand-rich systems that are complex and highly compartmentalized by subaerial erosion. The most attractive reservoirs are associated with normal-regressive intervals under low rates of relative-sea level rise, forming relatively homogeneous sand-rich strandplains.

Which allogenic and autogenic processes are the main factors controlling sand distribution in Quaternary coastal systems worldwide?

Relative sea-level change and shoreline trajectory.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Which allogenic and autogenic processes are the main factors controlling sand distribution in Quaternary coastal systems worldwide? ### Response: Relative sea-level change and shoreline trajectory. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1289

Offshore oil development projects are complex and require high capital investment. The application of methodologies that seek optimization of economic parameters of projects became particularly important since 2014, when oil barrel prices plummeted. At that moment, some projects required modifications to regain economical attractivity. The recovery of project profitability depended on the break-even oil price criterion fulfillment (typically USD 40-45) among other requirements. This paper presents a methodology developed by Petrobras to increase the profitability of offshore projects in conceptual design phase while meeting the technical and safety minimum requirements. Successful solutions provided by the Petrobras team, enabled through this methodology, to make more than 15 projects economically viable are presented. The solutions include phased development, reuse of flexible lines from declining production wells, application of new technologies (including boosting and processing), use of innovative subsea architectures, procedures to increase ramp-up speed, long tie-backs, etc. This article is focused on subsea engineering solutions.

Which company has developed a methodology to increase the profitability of offshore projects in the conceptual design phase, meeting the necessary technical and safety requirements?

Petrobrás.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Which company has developed a methodology to increase the profitability of offshore projects in the conceptual design phase, meeting the necessary technical and safety requirements? ### Response: Petrobrás. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A304

Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin Sul, Roncador, and Marlin Leste fields. Both vessels are expected to be in place by yearend 2006. The FPSO will be able to process 100,000 bpd of oil, compress 87 million cu ft/day of gas, inject 113,000 bpd of water, and store 1.6 million bbl of oil. Modec will lease and operate the FPSO for 8 yr with an additional four 1-yr option periods. The FSO will be able to receive up to 630,000 bpd of oil and store 2.2 million bbl of oil.

how much gas is the Espadarte Sul FPSO able to compress?

87 million cu ft/day of gas

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: how much gas is the Espadarte Sul FPSO able to compress? ### Response: 87 million cu ft/day of gas <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1895

This paper presents a procedure for reliability analysis of mooring lines of floating units for oil and gas production considering corrosion and material degradation over time. The proposed procedure is limited to the ultimate limit state (ULS) and considers mooring lines made up of chain and polyester rope segments, although the same methodology can be applied to cases with steel wire segments. The proposed procedure can also be applied for mooring lines connected to any other type of floating offshore structure. For reliability assessments, it is necessary to consider the distributions and the probabilistic aspects of the random variables involved in the process. The weakest link system is used to model the strength of a mooring line segment. Simplified time-dependent probabilistic models for chain corrosion and polyester degradation are adopted to predict the strength degradation over time. The annual failure probability for different years is estimated by approximating the degraded strength by a piecewise constant model in order to perform a time variant reliability analysis. Monte Carlo simulations are used to determine the failure probability. A study case is also presented, where annual extreme top tension is obtained from long-term statistics considering Brazilian offshore environmental conditions acting on a turret moored floating, production, storage and offloading unit (FPSO).

What is the content os the study case presented in this paper?

It is a study case where annual extreme top tension is obtained from long-term statistics considering Brazilian offshore environmental conditions acting on a turret moored floating, production, storage and offloading unit.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What is the content os the study case presented in this paper? ### Response: It is a study case where annual extreme top tension is obtained from long-term statistics considering Brazilian offshore environmental conditions acting on a turret moored floating, production, storage and offloading unit. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A990

Most of Brazilian oil and gas reserves are located in offshore deep waters. In this scenario, high well productivity is essential. Artificial lift will certainly play an important role in the exploitation of those deep water fields. This paper describes the most important artificial lift methods, their main characteristics and application niches. It also shows what Petrobras is currently doing in order to make them available for subsea use. The following methods are analyzed: gas lift; electrical submersible pump; hydraulic jet pump; progressing cavity pump; multiphase pump; subsea separation system.

What will play an important role in the exploration of deep waters?

The artificial lift.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What will play an important role in the exploration of deep waters? ### Response: The artificial lift. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1147

Following the major pre-salt reservoirs discovery in Santos Basin by Petrobras in 2006, a large number of exploratory and development wells have been drilled in the area. More recently, some of those wells have been drilled in large wellbore configurations, mostly due to deeper pre-salt layers and geological uncertainties. This paper presents a case study on drilling a deep 16 1/2? vertical section at a deepwater location, where a turbine and an impregnated bit were used because of an extremely tough drilling scenario. This specific run achieved TD at more than 5000m, marking the first record ever of successfully running an impregnated bit of this size offshore. The basic well design data is shown, as well as the drilling program and offset well and other 16 1/2? bit records. The challenges that were found on drilling deep post-salt 16 1/2? sections in other locations and on the previous BHA runs with PDC bits on this section are highlighted and analyzed with drilling parameters. The impregnated bit specifications and the turbine characteristics are outlined taking operational recommendations into account. Available power at the bit was taken into consideration and the concern with its impact on drilling performance is explained through a comparison with other bit diameters which are widely used. The bit records, drilling parameters and UCS analysis of the section made clear that the turbine with impregnated bit was the most appropriate and effective drilling system for the scenario at the end of the section. A drilling time and cost comparison with other deep hard-formation-16 1/2? sections drilled in other locations shows that the use of this system may yield significant reduction in the total cost by shortening the overall rig time, making it the preferred option in some future challenging drilling projects. Lastly, further turbodrilling and impregnated bit improvements are suggested, theoretically analyzed and justified considering drilling performance maximization and drilling tools and rig equipment limitations.

What configurates as a large wellbore configuration in the case of the exploration of the pre-salt area at Santos mentioned at the article?

Drilling a deep 16 1/2" vertical section.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What configurates as a large wellbore configuration in the case of the exploration of the pre-salt area at Santos mentioned at the article? ### Response: Drilling a deep 16 1/2" vertical section. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1028

As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil fields could be attained by the use of Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP), so far restricted to dry completions. Also longer distances from well to platform would be made practical. For the initial phase of this development, Petrobras worked together with Tronic, Reda, Pirelli, Lasalle, Sade-Vigesa and Cooper. As a result, first-in-the-world ESP installation in a subsea well has been successfully achieved on October/1994 in RJS-221, located at Carapeba Field, Campos Basin, Brazil.

What could contribute to the earlier and higher oil production in Brazilian oil fields?

To the use of Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP)

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What could contribute to the earlier and higher oil production in Brazilian oil fields? ### Response: To the use of Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP) <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1362

While environmental drivers regulate the structure of mangrove microbial communities, their exact nature and the extent of their influence require further elucidation. By means of 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing, we determined the microbial taxonomic profiles of mangroves in the subtropical Paranaguá Bay, Brazil, considering as potential drivers: salinity, as represented by two sectors in the extremes of a salinity gradient (30 PSU); proximity to/absence of the prevailing plants, Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa, Rhizophora mangle, and Spartina alterniflora; and the chemical composition of the sediments. Salinity levels within the estuary had the strongest influence on microbial structure, and pH was important to separate two communities within the high salinity environment. About one fourth of the total variation in community structure resulted from covariation of salinity and the overall chemical composition, which might indicate that the chemical profile was also related to salinity. The most prevalent bacterial phyla associated with the mangrove soils analyzed included Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Cyanobacteria. Taxonomic and functional comparisons of our results for whole-genome sequencing with available data from other biomes showed that the studied microbiomes cluster first according to biome type, then to matrix type and salinity status. Metabolic functions were more conserved than organisms within mangroves and across all biomes, indicating that core functions are preserved in any of the given conditions regardless of the specific organisms harboring them.

What are the most prevalent bacterial phyla associated with the mangrove soils in Paranaguá Bay?

Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Cyanobacteria

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What are the most prevalent bacterial phyla associated with the mangrove soils in Paranaguá Bay? ### Response: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Cyanobacteria <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A631

Petroleum exploration along the West African and South American Equatorial Margin has led to important oil discoveries along both margins. Similar geochemical characteristics of these finds suggest analogous petroleum systems with enormous potential in the conjugate margin sedimentary basins. The Jubilee giant oil discovery offshore Ghana has an estimated recoverable reserve of about 600 million barrels. In the area that was once connected to the equatorial West African margin, but is now separated by the Atlantic Ocean, two discoveries have recently been announced. Tullow Oil announced the Zaedyus discovery offshore French Guinea, with 72m net oil pay in turbidite sandstones. Petrobras and BP announced the Pecem discovery in the northern Brazilian margin, with 140m of net pay in 2,129m water depth in the Ceara Basin. These discoveries appear to have a very similar geologic evolution, source rock facies, and oil types suggesting similar petroleum systems. Additionally, the integration of high resolution geochemical data from oils recovered from boreholes offshore the other basins along the South Atlantic Equatorial Margin has revealed four separate source rock systems: 1- an Aptian/Barremian calcareous black shale associated with a lacustrine brackish to saline anoxic environment; 2- a Late Aptian calcareous shale deposited in transitional environments, as indicated by oils found in the Ceará and Potiguar basins; 3- an Albian/Cenomanian/ Turonian marine shale corresponding to an anoxic event widespread in the West African salt basins, particularly in the deep water settings of the Ghana and Angola continental margins. Similar oils have also been registered in the Foz do Amazonas Pará-Maranhão basins and in five ultra-deep water accumulations discovered recently (2011-2012) in the Sergipe Basin; 4- Paleocene-Eocene shales deposited in deltaic environments in the Niger Delta, the Amazon Cone, and Pará-Maranhão Basin. This work aims to restore these basins to their previous pre-breakup locations and to support new exploration efforts. Despite similarities shown above, simply matching discoveries in the conjugate margin basins, for example the Tano Basin offshore Ghana, with the Ceará Basin in northern Brazil, does not necessarily yield the entire story that may lead to a successful end. There is a great deal of contrasting sedimentary and structural development peculiarities from basin to basin and margin to margin. The application of a high-resolution petroleum system approach can lead to better exploration models for these basins and provide clues on the best strategy for drilling the new prospects that have been identified in the ultradeepwater regions of the South Atlantic Equatorial Margin.

How many extractable oil barrels are estimated to exist on the Jubilee?

About six hundred million barrels.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: How many extractable oil barrels are estimated to exist on the Jubilee? ### Response: About six hundred million barrels. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1283

On the account of the absence of modern analogues, the interpretation of evaporite-bearing basins relies extensively on seismic and well data. Recent studies describe the intrasalt kinematic, geometries and compositions, relating the change of reflection patterns in seismic data to variations in evaporite sequences. However, these interpretations are only qualitative. This study describes a step further in proceeding from qualitative to quantitative interpretation of an evaporite-dominated interval. It integrates geophysical and geological foundations by combining rock physics, seismic inversion and statistical techniques to deliver seismic-driven facies volume of the evaporite sequence in the Santos Basin, offshore Brazil. Synthetic seismogram demonstrate the ambiguities and uncertainties in relating the seismic amplitude to salt types. Rock-physics analysis indicates that acoustic impedance is an effective differentiator of salt types in comparison to seismic amplitude. Therefore, we perform seismic inversion to transform interface property into layer property. The acoustic impedance volume mitigated significantly the risk of seismic interpretation in the salt sequence. The Bayesian classification integrates acoustic impedance and rock-physics analysis to deliver the seismic-driven facies volume, which categorizes bittern salts, halite and anhydrite. This enables the refinement of the seismic-stratigraphic interpretation of intrasalt sequences of the Ariri Formation based on the sedimentary cycles of evaporites. Additionally, we calculate proportion maps to evaluate the spatial variability of salt deposition. We observe an increase in bittern salts and anhydrite proportions from the bottom to the top of the sequence. The comparison between well-based and seismic-based proportions testifies to the quantitative potential of seismic data. The approach provides quantitative analysis of the evaporite sequence and can be applied to other salt-bearing basins.

What does the Synthetic seismogram demonstrate?

The ambiguities and uncertainties in relating the seismic amplitude to salt types.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What does the Synthetic seismogram demonstrate? ### Response: The ambiguities and uncertainties in relating the seismic amplitude to salt types. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1317

The Camamu bay (BCM), located at central coast of Bahia, is a pristine region which has been the target of oil and gas activities that could put in jeopardy the whole ecosystem in the case of an oil spill. The present study provides a first overview of its oceanographic characteristics based on a comprehensive set of in situ data, which points to a significant temporal variability in the hydrology, a strong marine influence in the dry period and a pronounced runoff signature in the wet season. Depending on the combined effect of the freshwater input and tidal circulation, the main channels of BCM present distinct dynamics. The Maraú channel, in the southern section of the bay, behaves mainly as a partially mixed system, but with spatial variability of the mixing condition. Serinhaém channel, in the northern section of the bay, is well mixed during spring tides and partially mixed during neap tides. The bay mouth is well mixed throughout, both during spring and neap tides. The depuration capability of the bay is seasonally controlled, presenting 90 days and 30 days flushing times for the dry and wet season respectively.

Where is Camamu Bay located?

Brazil, south coast of Bahia state.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Where is Camamu Bay located? ### Response: Brazil, south coast of Bahia state. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1850

Marine parks constitute important areas for the conservation of marine life and the genetic heritage around the world. The creation of such marine parks must be accompanied by careful measures to guarantee the coexistence of natural biota and human activities in these systems. The State Marine Park of Laje de Santos (SMPLS) is so close to an industrial pole and urban area that its creation and maintenance is an example for humanity. However, no program has yet been installed for the monitoring of its biotic and abiotic water parameters. Thus, the objective of this study is to provide hydrological and hydrochemical parameters with emphasis on dissolved nutrients to establish a starting point for the monitoring of these waters. The presence of the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) in the marine park during the spring and summer sampling periods was evidenced by the observation of low temperatures ( 7.00 µmol L-1), while the concentration of N-ammonium (maximum 9.86 µmol L-1) demonstrated a rapid regeneration of the organic matter, mainly in the euphotic zone. Analysis of the data from summer periods revealed an annual difference, showing January 2014 to be drier than January 2015, which influenced the availability of some nutrients and the standard distribution of hydrochemical parameters in this region. The results of the distribution of hydrochemical parameters in the marine park confirms the preserved conditions of the seawater around the Laje de Santos, demonstrated by the excellent water quality, concluding the need to implant monitoring actions based on these reference data to preserve this important reserve of marine life.

During the spring and summer sampling periods of the study in the Marine Park of Laje de Santos, what was the salinity levels at?

around 35 .at the bottom of the water column.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: During the spring and summer sampling periods of the study in the Marine Park of Laje de Santos, what was the salinity levels at? ### Response: around 35 .at the bottom of the water column. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1839

Geologic events related to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean deeply influenced the sedimentary record of the Araripe Basin. As consequence, upper stratigraphic units of the basin record a marine ingression in northeastern Brazil during the late Aptian. The timing and stratigraphic architecture of these units are crucial to understand the paleogeography of Gondwana and how the proto-Atlantic Ocean reached interior NE Brazil during the early Cretaceous. This marine ingression is recorded in the Araripe Basin as the Romualdo Formation, characterized by a transgressive-regressive cycle bounded by two regional unconformities. In the eastern part of the basin, the Romualdo depositional sequence comprises coastal alluvial and tide-dominated deposits followed by marine transgressive facies characterized by two fossil-rich intervals: a lower interval of black shales with fossil-rich carbonate concretions (Konservat-Lagerstätten) and an upper level with mollusk-dominated shell beds and shelly limestones. Following the marine ingression, an incomplete regressive succession of marginal-marine facies records the return of continental environments to the basin. The stratigraphic framework based on the correlation of several sections defines a transgressive-regressive cycle with depositional dip towards southeast, decreasing in thickness towards northwest, and with source areas located at the northern side of the basin. The facies-cycle wedge-geometry, together with paleocurrent data, indicates a coastal onlap towards NNW. Therefore, contrary to several paleogeographic scenarios previously proposed, the marine ingression would have reached the western parts of the Araripe Basin from the SSE.

What type of geological event related to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean characterizes the Romualdo Formation, in the Araripe Basin?

Marine ingression caused by transgressive-regressive cycle bounded by two regional unconformities.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What type of geological event related to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean characterizes the Romualdo Formation, in the Araripe Basin? ### Response: Marine ingression caused by transgressive-regressive cycle bounded by two regional unconformities. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A434

In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under exploration. The Campos basin is the most productive oil province in Brazil, accounting for about 62% of current production. The Campos basin is an Atlantic-type basin, typical of a passive continental margin.

what type of basin is Campos basin?

Campos basin is an Atlantic-type basin, an usual type of basin in a passive continental margin.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: what type of basin is Campos basin? ### Response: Campos basin is an Atlantic-type basin, an usual type of basin in a passive continental margin. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1646

UV filters (UV-Fs) constitute a heterogeneous group of chemicals used as protection against the effects of UV radiation, widely used in all sort of goods and ubiquitous in the environment. The presence of these chemicals in fish is a matter of concern, because many UV-Fs display hormonal activity. In this study, muscle, gills, and liver from 11 Mugil liza individuals from the highly urbanized Guanabara Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) were analysed in order to detect eight UV-Fs and metabolites (4-dihydroxybenzophenone [BP1] (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone [BP3], 4-methylbenzylidiene camphor [4MBC], ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate [EHMC], ethylhexyl dimethyl p-aminobenzoic acid [ODPABA], octocrylene [OC], 4-hydroxybenzophenone [4HB], and 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone [4DHB]) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Results showed that both target UV-Fs and metabolites were ubiquitous in the analysed tissues. Lower concentrations were observed in muscle and gills (3.07-31.6ngg-1 dry weight (dw)), whereas in liver significant amounts of metabolites (5.47-451ngg-1 dw) were present. With the concentrations determined in the fish, an estimation of the daily intake revealed that consumption of muscle in the diet represent from 0.3 to 15.2ng UV-Fs (kg body weight-1) d-1, higher than those reported in fish for selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs).

What is UV filters used for?

They are used for protection against UV radiation and widely used in all sorts of goods

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What is UV filters used for? ### Response: They are used for protection against UV radiation and widely used in all sorts of goods <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A945

Loliginid squids constitute marine resources of increasing importance in shelf ecosystems off the coast of South Brazil. However, the existing information and knowledge about the occurrence of early-life stages and causes of distributional patterns are insufficient. Here, we have revisited Brazilian historical plankton samples obtained from 11 oceanographic surveys to identify paralarvae and their abundances over time. The study area and time period cover the region between Cabo de São Tomé (22°S) and Cananéia (25°S) at depths down to 200 m from 1991 to 2005. Of the 246 paralarvae quantified, ~50% were identified to the genus or species level, including Doryteuthis spp. (D. sanpaulensis and D. plei), Lolliguncula brevis and a single specimen of Pickfordiateuthis pulchella. Paralarval occurrence and abundance peaked in different areas and were associated with distinct oceanographic conditions: D. sanpaulensis occurred in the northern region associated with cold waters and upwelling events, D. plei occurred primarily in the southern region of the study area and in warmer waters, and L. brevis was found in shallow and low salinity waters in the estuarine region off the coast of Santos. Overall, the highest abundance of paralarvae occurred in the nearshore, northernmost areas during summer, and this can be associated with the observed retention mechanisms caused by local circulation, seasonal upwelling, the intrusion of nutrient-rich waters, and spawning peaks. The present study provides new information and evidence for loliginid patterns in the area that may potentially be useful for better understanding the recruitment patterns and fishery assessments of squid populations.

Why does squid populations have an socioeconomic impact on coast population?

Because it is one of the most important resources to the fisherman who rely on their quantity during summer season.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Why does squid populations have an socioeconomic impact on coast population? ### Response: Because it is one of the most important resources to the fisherman who rely on their quantity during summer season. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1809

This study estimates oil production curves applying single and multi-cycle Hubbert models and Hubbert variants for the case of Brazil. The application of a top-down modeling approach is necessary, as the size of oil fields discoveries is usually confidential data and therefore not disclosed in Brazil. Despite fragilities of curve fitting methodologies, this approach therefore continues being widely used, due to its simplicity and relatively low data requirement. The classic Hubbert methodology was improved in this study by considering the asymmetry of production. Additionally, a hybrid model considering techno-economic aspects explains the deviation of the crude oil production rate from the prediction of the Hubbert curve by means of regression analysis. This analysis indicates that the deviation of the crude oil production rate from the Hubbert curve follows, with a four-to five-year lag, changes in oil price. The findings show that the URR of Brazil's post-salt offshore basins hover between 15 and 21 billion barrels of oil. An annual average growth rate of 8% in the pre-salt oil fields can compensate for the decline in post-salt offshore oil production for the period 2016-2025. Error and URR estimates stabilize after peak production for single and multi-cycle Hubbert curves, though the single cycle model proved to be more unstable before peak production than the multi-cycle models.

In order to compensate for the decline in oil extraction in the pre-salt fields from 2016 to 2025, what should be the minimum growth rate for those oil fields per year?

About 8%

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: In order to compensate for the decline in oil extraction in the pre-salt fields from 2016 to 2025, what should be the minimum growth rate for those oil fields per year? ### Response: About 8% <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1182

Improvement in crude oil prices amid signs of an economic recovery throughout the world has led to an increase in the global drilling market. Schlumberger Ltd. Chief Executive Officer Andrew Gould said he was hopeful that oil producers might increase spending in 2010 if they feel oil prices will stay at $80/bbl. Parker Drilling runs 29 land rigs and a fleet of barge rigs in the Gulf of Mexico. Parker Drilling's Operations and Maintenance division witnessed increasing demand for its customized drilling packages in which the contractor run customer-owned rigs. The newbuild ultradeepwater drill-ship Petrobras 10000 has started operations off Angola under a 10-year drilling contract. Transocean Ltd. of Zug, Switzerland, has contracted with the P&M Drilling International BV joint venture of Petroleo Brasileiro SA and Mitsui to buy the rig under a 20-year capital lease contract.

What factor has led to an increase in the global drilling market?

The improvement in crude oil prices amid signs of an economic recovery throughout the world.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What factor has led to an increase in the global drilling market? ### Response: The improvement in crude oil prices amid signs of an economic recovery throughout the world. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A584

As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil fields could be attained by the use of Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP), so far restricted to dry completions. Also longer distances from well to platform would be made practical. For the initial phase of this development, Petrobras worked together with Tronic, Reda, Pirelli, Lasalle, Sade-Vigesa and Cooper. As a result, first-in-the-world ESP installation in a subsea well has been successfully achieved on October/1994 in RJS-221, located at Carapeba Field, Campos Basin, Brazil.

Earlier and higher oil production from oil fields could be attained by the use of which tool?

By the use of Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP), so far restricted to dry completions.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Earlier and higher oil production from oil fields could be attained by the use of which tool? ### Response: By the use of Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP), so far restricted to dry completions. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1553

Analyses of living (L) and dead (D) foraminifera assemblages associated to environmental parameters were applied at the Almada River Estuary, aiming for assessments concerning local biodiversity, hydrodynamic sector and environmental quality. A total of 27 species were identified in the living assemblage and 35 in the dead, with the predominance of Ammonia tepida and Cribroelphium excavatum. A DCA for the living fauna demonstrated that C. excavatum Adelosina milletti, Elphidium discoidade, Rosalina bradyi and Triloculina oblonga were associated to shallow areas with muddy sediment and under marine influence in the estuary. Laryngosigma lactea and Pyrgo oblonga were associated to deep areas with sandy sediment under marine influence. All agglutinated species and the calcareous D. nitida and Miliolinella subrotunda were associated with organic matter and high chlorophyll levels from mangrove areas. A cluster analysis performed for L and D revealed five estuary regions: I - composed predominantly by D transported from the inner shelf; II - composed by L marine species; III - composed by D transported from region II and the inner shelf; IV - composed by living agglutinated species that delimit the beginning of the upper estuary area; and V - composed by transported agglutinated foraminifera and some calcareous species transported during storm episodes The present study was efficient in the environmental characterization of the Almada River Estuary and can be used as a baseline to understand natural or anthropic impacts in this ecosystem.

Where you can find the Laryngosigma lactea and the Pyrgo oblonga in the Almada River Estuary?

In deep areas with sandy sediment that are under marine influence.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Where you can find the Laryngosigma lactea and the Pyrgo oblonga in the Almada River Estuary? ### Response: In deep areas with sandy sediment that are under marine influence. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A492

The collaboration between Petrobras and Westinghouse has resulted in the development of a conceptual design for a subsea multiphase-flow pumping system. The system, called SBMS-500, features 500 m3/hr total flow rate, up to 6 Mpa of pressure increase, up to 95% gas-void fraction (GVF) at the suction, and about 1.2 MW of power on the shaft. Concurrently with the system's development, Petrobras created a new program named Procap-2000 aimed at technological innovation for deepwater exploitation systems. Procap has led to the development of the subsea multiphase flow pumping system (SMFPS) based on the SBMS-500 prototype. The SMFPS features several subsystems that incorporate electrical motors and ancillary equipment.

What is the objective of the Petrobra's Procap-2000 program?

The program is aimed at technological innovation for deepwater exploitation systems.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What is the objective of the Petrobra's Procap-2000 program? ### Response: The program is aimed at technological innovation for deepwater exploitation systems. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1254

Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia is a semi-aquatic chelonian found in Northern South America. We analyzed the habitat use, size structure and sex ratio of the species on Algodoal-Maiandeua Island, a protected area on the Northeastern coast of the Brazilian state of Pará. Four distinct habitats (coastal plain lake, flooded forest "igapó

What was analyzed about the Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia?

The habitat use, size structure and sex ratio of the species.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What was analyzed about the Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia? ### Response: The habitat use, size structure and sex ratio of the species. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A155

This study presents new stable carbon and oxygen isotope data from Lower Cretaceous lacustrine carbonate rock samples recovered from a well drilled in the Santos Basin, offshore southeast Brazil. These samples represent a record of a continental environment just prior to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the ultimate break-up of Gondwanaland. The geochemical data, along with carbonate mineralogy, indicate repeated cycles of lake level variation that could be attributed to climatic oscillations. Despite the absence of correlations between ?13C and ?18O values, facies analysis and the isotopic and mineralogical data suggest that lake hydrology was essentially closed for most of the depositional interval studied here. The existence of persisting trends of nearly constant ?13C values with a spread in ?18O values though, suggests long water residence times in the palaeolake, equilibrium between atmosphere and lake water CO2, as well as significant evaporation of water. The overall geological model that emerges unveils a more comprehensive picture of the depositional conditions that favoured the continuity of a significant carbonate factory in the middle of the Gondwanan continent, corroborating previous studies that suggested the lasting existence of a large and somewhat shallow endorheic lake in the area during the Early Cretaceous. As a result of this recorded trend strongly suggesting equilibrium between lake waters DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon) reservoir and atmospheric CO2, the data are most consistent with lacustrine deposition rather than precipitation of travertine, contrasting with some suggestions for the genesis of the carbonates of the Barra Velha Formation. Finally, this apparent equilibrium with the atmosphere likely left a preserved record in the continental carbonates of the final stages that preceded a major global environmental disturbance associated with an increase in atmospheric CO2, known for this time as the Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) 1a. If this is correct, it also helps to put further time constraints on this studied interval, which should not be younger than Barremian age, and to provide a regional continental perspective on a global event.

What kind of event could be responsible for cycles of lake variation levels?

It could be attributed to climatic oscillations.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What kind of event could be responsible for cycles of lake variation levels? ### Response: It could be attributed to climatic oscillations. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A194

The Neotropics host the highest number of species of the biological realms, but the roles of Pleistocene climatic oscillations and longstanding geographic barriers on the origins of this remarkable biodiversity remains debated. Here, we test the relative contribution of these evolutionary mechanisms on the genetic and phenotypic diversification of Amphisbaena pretrei, a poorly studied amphisbaenid from eastern Brazil. Ecological niche modelling identified a large area along the coast of north-eastern Brazil that remained climatically stable since the last glacial maximum (21 kyr). Morphological analysis revealed the existence of differentiation in the southernmost sampled locality, despite generalized morphometric conservatism. Genetic structure was organized into two clades that are separated by the São Francisco river and that diverged some 3 Myr, before the recent Pleistocene glacial cycles. Coalescent analyses rejected all scenarios that included demographic changes, supporting instead diversification under population stability, also confirmed by neutrality tests. Taken together, our results support a prominent role of the São Francisco river as a longstanding barrier favouring the diversification of the fossorial A. pretrei, relative to recent Pleistocenic demographic dynamics. Generally, this study shows that including species with diverse natural histories is necessary before attempting any generalization regarding the evolutionary processes underlying Neotropical biodiversity.

Which biogeographic realm host the highest number of species?

The Neotropics.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Which biogeographic realm host the highest number of species? ### Response: The Neotropics. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1435

The coastal environment is constantly affected by materials of anthropogenic origin, among which are microplastics. Microplastics are particles smaller than 5 mm that are derived (or not) from the fragmentation of larger plastics. They are carried by currents and tides and deposited along the shoreline, and are mixed with the sediment. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of microplastics in depth within the sediment of five river-estuarine beaches located in Cotijuba Island, in the Pará River estuary (Brazil): PedraBranca, Vai-Quem-Quer, Flexeira, Farol, and Fazendinha. Sediment samples were collected at the high tide line and at three trenches on each beach, with 0.8 m depth, subdivided in four 0.2 m layers (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 cm). Microplastics were present on all beaches. A total of 13,007 microplastics were counted, of which 99.6% were fibers. Most of them were transparent (38.34 %) and elongated (98.71 %). PedraBranca was the most contaminated beach, with 20,166.7 ± 13,392 particles m . Concerning depth, mean microplastic density was similar among the layers analyzed (0-20 cm =13,416.7 ± 5,070 particles m ; 20-40 cm =10,510.0 ± 8,707 particles m , 40-60 cm=16,005.0 ± 16,011 particles m ; 60-80 cm=9,566.7 ± 1,838 particles m , Kruskal-Wallis, ?2 = 1.34; p = 0.71) regardless of the beach. On PedraBranca, there were higher densities (33,316.7 particles m ± 14,050) on the surface (0-20 cm), and on Flexeira beach, the density was higher (20,300.0 particles m ± 15,230) in bottom layers (60-80 cm). On the other beaches, the highest densities occurred in the 40-60 cm layer, with 25,125.0 ± 21,460 particles m on Vai-Quem-Quer beach, 18,400.0 ± 4,727 particles m on Farol beach, and 9,816.7 ± 16,011particles m on Fazendinha beach. These results show that Amazon river-estuarine beaches are exposed to microplastic contamination.

What are microplastics?

Microplastics are particles smaller than 5 mm derived (or not) from the fragmentation of larger plastics.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What are microplastics? ### Response: Microplastics are particles smaller than 5 mm derived (or not) from the fragmentation of larger plastics. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A691

Partnerships and JV are quite common in the Oil and Gas industry. In the offshore activity, in order to reduce the risks of capital intensive projects oil companies used cooperate entering into JV agreements. In addition, local content requirements and entry barriers in new markets, are some reasons to create partnerships between international and domestic companies. Brazil is not different. It is a market that has some challenges in which the cooperation with a local partner could reduce the risks for a foreign investor. In the oil companies' side, Petrobras is the target partner for an international oil company, because of its technical reputation and successful implementation of ultra-deep operations. In other segments, Petrobras, can be the main client, sole supplier or big competitor. Petrobras is subject also to laws and regulations to hire contractors, there are local content requirements regulations, industry-specific tax, fiscal and customs regimes, among other risks and opportunities in which the cooperation with a domestic company could help to solve in a more efficient way. The author of this paper describes the advantages of the partnership for international and domestic companies which want to invest in Brazil in the several perspectives along the oil and gas supply chain.

What are some reasons for creating partnerships between national and international companies in the oil and gas market?

To reduce risks from capital-intensive projects, companies create partnerships to help with local content requirements and barriers to entry into new markets.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What are some reasons for creating partnerships between national and international companies in the oil and gas market? ### Response: To reduce risks from capital-intensive projects, companies create partnerships to help with local content requirements and barriers to entry into new markets. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A717

Improvement in crude oil prices amid signs of an economic recovery throughout the world has led to an increase in the global drilling market. Schlumberger Ltd. Chief Executive Officer Andrew Gould said he was hopeful that oil producers might increase spending in 2010 if they feel oil prices will stay at $80/bbl. Parker Drilling runs 29 land rigs and a fleet of barge rigs in the Gulf of Mexico. Parker Drilling's Operations and Maintenance division witnessed increasing demand for its customized drilling packages in which the contractor run customer-owned rigs. The newbuild ultradeepwater drill-ship Petrobras 10000 has started operations off Angola under a 10-year drilling contract. Transocean Ltd. of Zug, Switzerland, has contracted with the P&M Drilling International BV joint venture of Petroleo Brasileiro SA and Mitsui to buy the rig under a 20-year capital lease contract.

For what purpose does Transocean Ltd. have an agreement with the P&M Drilling International BV joint venture of Petrobras and Mitsui?

To buy the rig under a 20-year capital lease contract.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: For what purpose does Transocean Ltd. have an agreement with the P&M Drilling International BV joint venture of Petrobras and Mitsui? ### Response: To buy the rig under a 20-year capital lease contract. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A947

After the formalization of the base of the Miocene in the Lemme-Carrosio section (Italy) at the base of Subchron C6Cn.2n, the calcareous plankton biostratigraphy was refined in several open ocean Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program sites. However, high-resolution quantitative biostratigraphic studies, integrating planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils, are still lacking for the time interval spanning the Oligocene–Miocene transition. Here, we present a reinvestigation of Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 516F (Rio Grande Rise) and 4 oil wells drilled by Petróbras Brasileiro SA in the Campos Basin (SW Atlantic Ocean). We identified 12 planktonic foraminiferal and 18 calcareous nannofossil bioevents that have been integrated with an updated magnetostratigraphy of Hole 516F allowing the correlation with the GPTS and the identification of the Oligocene/Miocene boundary (base of Subchron C6Cn.2n) between the Top of Sphenolithus delphix and the Base of common Paragloborotalia kugleri. Furthermore, our results give new insights on the reliability of major calcareous plankton events across the Oligocene–Miocene transition: (a) the Sphenolithus ciperoensis Top, the S. delphix Base and Top, and the Sphenolithus cometa Base are reliable events at a global scale; (b) the Bases of Globoquadrina dehiscens and Sphenolithus disbelemnos > 4 ?m are correlatable events only within the study sector of the SW Atlantic Ocean; and (c) the Globoturborotalita ciperoensis Top, Globoturborotalita angulisuturalis Top, and Sphenolithus procerus Base are diachronous. Finally, previously unreported biostratigraphic data, such as the distribution range of S. disbelemnos < 4 ?m and Sphenolithus cf. S. pseudoheteromorphus, the Tenuitellinata praestainforthi acme interval, and the Top of common Globigerinoides primordius were identified in the Campos Basin.

What can be said about the reliability of the main limestone plankton events in the Oligocene-Miocene transition?

First, Sphenolithus ciperoensis Top, S. delphix Base and Top, and Sphenolithus comet Base are reliable events on a global scale. In addition, the bases of Globoquadrina dehiscens and Sphenolithus disbelemnos> 4 ?m are correlable events only within the study sector of the southwest Atlantic Ocean. Also, Globoturborotalita ciperoensis Top, Globoturborotalita angulisuturalis Top and Sphenolithus procerus Base are diachronic.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What can be said about the reliability of the main limestone plankton events in the Oligocene-Miocene transition? ### Response: First, Sphenolithus ciperoensis Top, S. delphix Base and Top, and Sphenolithus comet Base are reliable events on a global scale. In addition, the bases of Globoquadrina dehiscens and Sphenolithus disbelemnos> 4 ?m are correlable events only within the study sector of the southwest Atlantic Ocean. Also, Globoturborotalita ciperoensis Top, Globoturborotalita angulisuturalis Top and Sphenolithus procerus Base are diachronic. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1257

SpaceData International (SDI) and WesternGeco have successfully launched the first operational high speed satellite transmission of seismic data (SDT), from a vessel offshore Brazil to WesternGeco's Houston processing center, using SDI's SeismicStar system. The SeismicStar service is a complete turnkey service, consisting of all equipment, maintenance, licenses, fiber connectivity, training, and 24 hour help line necessary to deliver raw uncompressed marine 3-D seismic data to a land processing center located anywhere in the world. SeismicStar is designed to be completely autonomous with little or no involvement by the shipboard crew.

What is the SeismicStar service?

It is a service to deliver marine 3-D seismic data to a land processing center, that provides all equipment, maintenance, licenses, fiber connectivity, training, and a 24 hour help line for the service use.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What is the SeismicStar service? ### Response: It is a service to deliver marine 3-D seismic data to a land processing center, that provides all equipment, maintenance, licenses, fiber connectivity, training, and a 24 hour help line for the service use. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A909

During the exploratory phase, Petrobras traditionally performs extended well tests (EWT) in deepwater reservoirs. In offshore environments these extended well tests (EWT) are performed by ships that are able to store the produced oil in cargo tanks for subsequent offloading. In pursuit of a more environmentally friendly alternative, PETROBRAS has researched gas to liquid (GTL) technology, which converts natural gas into synthetic crude oil that can be mixed with the produced oil for storage and offloading. Numerical simulations were carried out taking into account a pre-reforming, steam methane reforming and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis section via a steady state refining process simulator called PETROX developed by Petrobras. Two single trains of natural gas feed containing CO2 were considered. CO2 was consumed in the steam methane reactor to form CO as a consequence of equilibrium change in the steam methane and water-gas-shift reactions. Nevertheless, the GTL overall process cannot be considered a CO2 sequestration process yet, since the net CO2 process balance is positive. The results show that there are optimization opportunities to develop pre-reformer catalysts less selective to CO2 production and reformer catalysts capable of increasing the dry reforming reaction extension with no coke formation. In addition, changes in the process can be done to replace natural gas by hydrogen in the reformer combustion to increase the overall carbon efficiency and reduce the CO2 emission. The observed reduction in the overall syncrude production with high CO2 content is acceptable to the EWT scenario.

What more environmentally friendly alternative has PETROBRAS searched for]?

The alternative was to use gas to liquid (GTL) technology, which converts natural gas into synthetic crude oil that can be mixed with the produced oil for storage and offloading

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What more environmentally friendly alternative has PETROBRAS searched for]? ### Response: The alternative was to use gas to liquid (GTL) technology, which converts natural gas into synthetic crude oil that can be mixed with the produced oil for storage and offloading <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A351

A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 to 7,000 m depth (including the water and marine subsoil layers) followed by a salt layer, the new exploratory frontier provides Brazil with the opportunity to become one of the countries with large reserves. The discoveries will add to the present Brazilian reserves of 14 billion bbl. From 2005 to the first half of 2008 discoveries were made in the Santos basin at five exploratory blocks. In one of them, Tupi, 5-8 billion boe were discovered. In the 1980's, Petrobras pioneered in drilling in deep waters in the Campos basin where now oil and gas are produced at 1,886 m of water depth and where technology has been developed to drill up to 3,000 m depth. Following the exploratory success in the Campos basin, exploratory attention in the basins of Santos and Espirito Santo led Petrobras to discover presalt petroleum at a cost of $(US)1 billion. Twenty wells were drilled that yielded light petroleum at 28° API and a large quantity of associated natural gas. In the Santos basin, Petrobras developed new drilling projects through 2,000 m of salt. The first well cost $(US)240 million but today such a well can be drilled for $(US)60 million. The pilot project of Tupi of Petrobras operated with BG (25%) and Galp Energia (10%) lasting until 2010 has an initial production of 100,000 bpd of petroleum and about 3.5 million cu m/day of natural gas. Since its founding, Petrobras has discovered in Brazilian reserves 25 billion bbl of petroleum and natural gas that have produced 11 billion bbl. Most of this petroleum and gas is enclosed by a salt layer with 80% in the Campos basin with mainly heavy oil.

What is the depth of water in the presalt of the Santos basin reservoirs?

5300 to 7000 m deep.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What is the depth of water in the presalt of the Santos basin reservoirs? ### Response: 5300 to 7000 m deep. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1955

The distribution of lchthyoplankton is directly related to the hydrodynamics of a region. ln this study we aim to map the privileged zones of highest occurrence of lchthyoplankton from the densities observed in situ in São Marcos Bay (Brazil), that has one of the highest amplitudes of tides of Brazil. lchthyoplankton was collected using horizontal drag technique in the surface layer (layer 0 to 0.5 m), using a conic roller net with mesh of 300 micrometers which was coupled a flow meter to estimate the volume of filtered water. The density was calculated from the ratio between the total number of eggs and larvae in each sample and the filtered water volume. For spatial interpolation we used the technique of Voronoi polygon. Results showed that in the two sampling periods of the year (rainy season and dry season) were collected 4,934 eggs and fish larvae, and 60% were recorded in the dry season. The location of the largest lchthyoplankton densities vary with the highest concentrations closer to the south-east channel of the CESM in the dry season, moving to the center in the rainy season. The South-East channel of the CESM is therefore a nursery area for many species of fish, requiring priority actions for environmental protection.

How does the location of the largest lchthyoplankton behave?

It varies with the highest concentrations closer to the south-east channel of the CESM in the dry season, moving to the center in the rainy season.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: How does the location of the largest lchthyoplankton behave? ### Response: It varies with the highest concentrations closer to the south-east channel of the CESM in the dry season, moving to the center in the rainy season. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A486

This is the year in which Petrobras consolidates its position in the international LNG market starting with the implementation of the LNG terminals in the Bay of Guanabara, state of Rio de Janeiro, and the port of Pecém, in the state of Ceará. These terminals integrate the Petrobras LNG system and are considered to be the best technical and economic solution to make the supply of gas flexible for the markets of thermal and non-thermal generation of energy. The supply of LNG permits modulating the purchase according to demand. The Brazilian natural gas market has the potential to expand and is characterized by a flexible demand associated with generation of electricity and by a stable demand represented by industry, transport, and residential uses. In the Brazilian national electrical energy grid, thermo-electrical energy complements hydropower. About 11% of installed capacity in Brazil is supplied by thermo-electrical plants moved by natural gas and 80% by hydropower. The Petrobras LNG project will be supplied by the international market and the dry season in Brazil in which the demand for LNG increases coincides with a lesser demand in the countries in the Northern Hemisphere, benefiting the country. The use of natural gas in Brazil has increased at 4%/yr avg in recent years and represents 10.46% of the Brazilian energy matrix. Petrobras estimates place the use of natural gas in Brazil in 2011 at 12%. The flexible LNG terminals were designed starting with an unpublished concept, namely, a floating wharf with the capability to receive a supply ship on one side and a regasification ship on the other side. The LNG will arrive by the supply ship, be processed in the regasification ship, and injected into the gas pipeline that connects to the Duque de Caxias (Reduc) refinery to be distributed to the transmission grid. At Pecém, the wharf is connected to an extension of the Gasfor that will connect the gas from the terminal to the state grid. Petrobras has leased two ships to operate with the flexible terminals, the Golar Spirit, with 129,000 cu m of LNG and regasification at 7 million cu m/day, and the Golar Winter, that carries 138,000 cu m of LNG and that can regasify 14 million cu m/day. There is not yet a definite site for the third terminal. The goal is to be able to supply by 2012 LNG of up to 31 million cu m/day, corresponding to what Petrobras imports from Bolivia today.

what is the target LNG supply by 2012?

the target is to be able to supply up to 2012 LNG of up to 31 million cubic meters per day

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: what is the target LNG supply by 2012? ### Response: the target is to be able to supply up to 2012 LNG of up to 31 million cubic meters per day <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1780

Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and F. paulensis are the most exploited shrimps of SE-S Brazilian coast. Our aim was to verify if adjacent nursery areas with different environmental condition (Sepetiba and Guanabara bays, SE Brazil) influence on shrimp populations (eg, CPUE) and body shapes. Samplings were carried out during 12 months in those bays ca. 85 Km far from each other. Carapace length (CL), total body length (TL), wet weight, abdomen size and TL/CL ratio were used to analyze variations in shape through regressions. In general, F. brasiliensis was 4 to 6 times more abundant than F. paulensis. The sex ratio differed from 1:1 in F. brasiliensis in both bays, with dominance of females, largest catches occur in autumn. However, differences in size and morphology were found between bays, mainly regarding the TL/CL ratio. Shrimps in Sepetiba Bay have higher TL/CL showing a more “elongated shape” (larger abdomen) when compared to those from Guanabara Bay. Results suggest the existence of an estuary vs shrimp morphology relationship which results in differences in body shape even in spatially close areas. TL/CL ratio has proven useful for assessing shrimp populations differences and might be tested for tracking the origin of adult shrimps stocks at the coast.

Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and F. paulensis are the most explored prawns on the southeastern coast of Brazil. Regarding its morphology in the regions of Sepetiba Bay and Guanabara Bay, what is the difference in size between the shrimp populations?

The prawns of Sepetiba Bay have a higher TL / CL presenting a more “elongated” shape (larger abdomen) when compared to those of Guanabara Bay.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and F. paulensis are the most explored prawns on the southeastern coast of Brazil. Regarding its morphology in the regions of Sepetiba Bay and Guanabara Bay, what is the difference in size between the shrimp populations? ### Response: The prawns of Sepetiba Bay have a higher TL / CL presenting a more “elongated” shape (larger abdomen) when compared to those of Guanabara Bay. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A836

A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexClad system to insulate drilling a well. The FlexClad system adapts SET technology to high temperature and pressure. Petrobank Energy & Resources of Canada has entered into agreements with the state owned petroleum companies in Brazil and Colombia that use its exclusive technology to evaluate heavy crude oils. THAI technology drills an air injection well in combination with a horizontal well to recover heavy oil. Empresa Columbiana de Petróleos and Petróleo Brasileiro SA evaluate the technology. Petrobank expects to initiate negotiations with Petróleos de Venezuela SA and Petroecuador for use of this evaluation technology. Petrobras Energía, the Argentine subsidiary of Petrobras, has completed a $78 million order of 297 km of piping from the manufacturer TenarisConfab. Part of the piping was supplied by the Argentine manufacturer Siat. TenarisConfab is the subsidiary of Tenaris of Italy, a leading world supplier of piping. Sevan Marine do Brasil Ltda has received a letter of intention from Petrobras for a contract relating to its FPSO SSP 300 Piranema being installed in the Piranema oilfield off the north coast of Brazil. The facilities are built at the Yantai Raffles shipyard in China. The $399 million contract is to run for 11 yr. The FPSO will be able to process 30,000 bpd of crude oil, inject 3.6 million cu m/day of natural gas, and store 300,000 bbl of crude oil. Sevan Marine is a subsidiary of Sevan Marine ASA of Norway-Etesco Construção e Comércio Ltda will have 25% interest in the installations. Saab Transponder Tech has installed aerial security R4A in 17 helicopters that Aeroservicios Especializados (Asesa) operates for Pemex in petroleum field work in the Bay of Campeche. Mitsubishi Corp and Marubeni Corp have formed a joint company to transport crude oil from the Bay of Campos to Brazilian refineries. The company, PDET Offshore SA, will build a marine terminal to receive offloading tankers to handle up to 630,000 bpd of crude oil. JGC Corp will provide managerial services. The project will require $900 million in loans. Drillers Technology de México, a joint company of Drillers Technology Corp and Dowell Schlumberger, has initiated work relating to drilling at least 265 wells in the Burgos gas field. The Brazilian Petroenge Petróleo Engenharia Ltda with headquarters in Macaé, has contracted to provide Petrobras with repairs, maintenance, and equipment testing relating to cargo activity.

What is the crude oil capacity of the terminal that will be built by PDET Offshore SA?

Up to 630,000 bpd

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What is the crude oil capacity of the terminal that will be built by PDET Offshore SA? ### Response: Up to 630,000 bpd <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1513

We investigate the role of reactivation of Precambrian basement fabric in the tectono-sedimentary and geomorphological evolution of the Paraíba Basin, continental margin of northeastern Brazil, during the Cretaceous, Neogene, and Quaternary. This basin represents part of the last bridge between South America and Africa before the last breakup stage of the South Atlantic rifting in the early Cretaceous. The Paraíba Basin infill is composed of siliciclastic and carbonate Cretaceous units, as well as aeolian, fluvial and marine Quaternary units. We used shuttle radar imagery, aeromagnetic, wellbore and field data. The reduced-to-the-pole magnetic map (RTP) indicates the continuity of the steeply dipping Precambrian basement shear zones beneath the Paraíba Basin. The combined analysis of surface and subsurface data shows that NE–SW and E–W-striking shear zones were subjected to brittle reactivation in the Aptian–Middle Albian during the basin opening and again in the Neogene–Quaternary, forming a system of horsts and grabens along the basin; some of these structures such as the E–W-oriented Pernambuco shear zone present modern-day seismicity. N–S- and mainly NW–SE-striking transfer faults cut across Aptian–Middle Albian to Neogene–Quaternary strata. These four main fault directions control main river channels and alluvial valleys up to 2 km wide. Topographic breaks up to 50 m were created by late reactivation of rift faults, which mark the boundary between horsts and grabens along the basin. In addition, structural data evidence syn-tectonic faulting with vertical offsets up to 80 m in the Cretaceous and up to 70 m in the Neogene–Quaternary. We conclude that shear zones across the study area are long-lived structures that have behaved as weakness zones. Their neotectonic brittle reactivation has controlled sediment deposition and landform development, which continued through the Neogene–Quaternary.

What can be inferred about the shear zones from this study?

Concluded that the shear zones across the study area are long-lived structures that have behaved as weakness zones. Their neotectonic brittle reactivation has controlled sediment deposition and landform development, which continued through the Neogene – Quaternary.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What can be inferred about the shear zones from this study? ### Response: Concluded that the shear zones across the study area are long-lived structures that have behaved as weakness zones. Their neotectonic brittle reactivation has controlled sediment deposition and landform development, which continued through the Neogene – Quaternary. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1869

The rift phase of the Campos Basin developed during the Early Cretaceous on a heterogeneous crust comprising structures inherited from the Brasiliano-Pan African tectonic events, mostly generated during the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian amalgamation of western Gondwana blocks. The main rifting episode took place from the Hauterivian to the Barremian, then was succeeded by the transition and post-rift (SAG) phases during the Aptian. Rift faults developed as a result of a progressive rotation of extension from E-W to NW-SE. The role of pre-existing intra-basement structures on the style and evolution of the rift faults was investigated using 3D high-resolution seismic data, borehole logs and sidewall samples. Three seismic facies (SF1, SF2 and SF3) and three types of intra-basement structures (Surfaces, Geobodies and Internal Reflections) were identified and mapped. They represent, respectively, contrasting levels of seismic anisotropy, interpreted as metamorphic foliation, and ductile shear zones that bound rock units with particular seismic facies signatures. Sidewall cores show that banded biotite-gneiss is the predominant rock type in the eastern half of the study area, while more homogeneous granitoid is the dominant lithology on the west. Such a binary division of lithotypes is consistent with the distribution of mapped intra-basement seismic facies and features. The contrasting basement heterogeneity across the study area is the major control in the strain distribution during rifting. Where the basement is highly heterogeneous, the pre-existing fabric was selectively reactivated whenever its orientation was favourable, resulting in faults forming progressively as the extension direction rotates, whilst shallower low to very low angle basement fabric were cross-cut by rift faults. Where the basement is homogeneous, only early formed faults remain active throughout the rifting.

What is the major control in the strain distribution during rifting?

The contrasting basement heterogeneity across the study area

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What is the major control in the strain distribution during rifting? ### Response: The contrasting basement heterogeneity across the study area <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A564

Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a cost-effective pilot production system, which has started field production in October, 1987. This paper describes many alternatives under study by PETROBRAS for installation of the second phase of the field exploitation. Water depths of the wellheads at this phase will reach 1,166m and the start-up is expected to occur in 1994, with a peak production of nearly 200,000 bopd in 1996. The alternatives differ basically in parameters such as the type (semi-submersible,compliant tower, jacket), quantity, size and location of the production units, the type and configuration of the subsea systems, the type of the production and export risers (rigid, semi-rigid or flexible) and also the level of the infra-structure integration. An economical analysis ends the paper and shows that Phase II, besides of performing a pioneer conception at world level, is also a cost-effective production system.

How deep is the Albacora field?

From 230m to 1900m.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: How deep is the Albacora field? ### Response: From 230m to 1900m. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1807

The new age of oil and gas industry is being driven by cost effective solutions, aiming to provide cheaper, faster and better products/services. The industry 4.0 brings an opportunity to transform systems and processes to be more efficient, making use of digitalization and new technologies, including the use of artificial intelligence algorithms applied to engineering problems. In Brazilian offshore fields, the operating conditions for flexible riser applications (deep-water, mean wave frequencies, floating units and corrosive fluids) make the metallic layer’s fatigue failure mode one of the drivers in its design. In a daily basis, nonlinear dynamic finite element analysis uses regular wave scatter diagrams as an equivalent way to model the wave elevation, avoiding the time consuming irregular wave representation. The analysis performed with regular waves are faster but carries conservatisms with it. In a deep-water scenario, the wave height and period ranges of the wave scatter diagram can be refined to improve the fatigue results obtained, leading to a considerable increase in the total amount of wave classes that need to be evaluated. Great part of the wave classes has a very low participation in the total fatigue damage, spending an unnecessary time to analyze them. Helped by a robust design of simulation experiment (DoSE) and machine learning regressors, a lean representation of the regular wave scatter can be done, where some of them are simulated and the rest of the results can be accurately predicted. This paper presents the application of supervised learners that are used to predict riser fatigue damage at different riser locations, given partial simulations of a regular wave scatter diagram. The techniques support the strategy to reduce the total amount of fatigue analysis required within a project design phase. The focus stays on the evaluation of the fatigue of metallic layers at two main critical regions, bend stiffener and touch down zone. Hidden patterns inside each scatter diagram are discovered, minimizing the total number of finite element analysis (FEA) required. The amount of the wave class reduction starts from 50% going up to 75%, maintaining a good level of accuracy on the predicted damage values.

What two locations are critical in the metallic layer for the machine learning model, and what is the amount of wave class reduction at its minimum and maximum?

Bend stiffener and touch down zone, 50% at its mininum and 75% at its maximum.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What two locations are critical in the metallic layer for the machine learning model, and what is the amount of wave class reduction at its minimum and maximum? ### Response: Bend stiffener and touch down zone, 50% at its mininum and 75% at its maximum. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1239

In 2005, Petrobras created a corporate program named GeDIg, designed to guide and implement Digital Integrated Field Management among its production assets. The Barracuda and Caratinga (BRC) asset was chosen as one of Rio de Janeiro Business Unit pilots. This asset is composed of two offshore deep-water oil fields, where two twin FPSOs, P-43 and P-48, produce a total of approximately 200,000 bpd of oil, with an average density of 24° API. Management and technical teams from BRC are geographically dispersed among four different locations: the asset's headquarters in Rio de Janeiro, the logistics and operations base in Macae, a city located 190 km (118 miles) Northeast of Rio de Janeiro, and the two offshore production units, located about 160 km (100 miles) East of Macae. Collaborative environments (CE) were implemented in each site to connect and integrate those teams. The GeDIg-BRC pilot project, initiated in October 2006, was divided in five different areas: real time production operations monitoring, integrated planning, process design, change management, and collaborative environment design and construction. Also, during the earlier stages of the project, a business case was generated to identify, quantify and validate the expected benefits of the project. A major challenge faced during the implementation of the GeDIg-BRC solution, was making the whole integration proposed by the collaborative environments become a reality. The asset started using its collaborative environments in mid 2007, when process optimization initiatives and IT solutions development were still in progress, supported by a change management and communications program. Although several technical components and processes were planned to support managers and engineers on their daily operational activities, there wasn't any specific support tool for optimizing the collaborative environments utilization. That gap motivated the development of a customized solution, specifically designed to support some key processes, which run inside the asset's collaborative environments. The solution was named Collaborative Portal. This paper's objective is to describe the challenges faced by the asset's team and the lessons learned during the process of designing and effectively implementing the asset's Collaborative Environment and its customized support tool, the Collaborative Portal. This tool is successfully running since August 2008. It supports processes like the daily production monitoring meetings, gathering the asset manager and his key staff to efficiently and quickly monitor and control production status (KPIs), production losses, threats and opportunities, as well as defining, planning and following-up on preventive and corrective actions. It also supports other processes like anomalies prevention, customized meetings, visualization of offshore CCTV video cameras and manages the content of the asset's internal TV.

In which five different areas was The GeDIg-BRC pilot project divided?

Real time production operations monitoring, integrated planning, process design, change management, and collaborative environment design and construction.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: In which five different areas was The GeDIg-BRC pilot project divided? ### Response: Real time production operations monitoring, integrated planning, process design, change management, and collaborative environment design and construction. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A594

Petrobras relies on a fleet of over 300 vessels to support the exploration and production of oil in Brazilian territorial waters. The fleet consists of vessels of various sizes, from Tug Supply vessels to Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Support vessels. These support vessels are designed to aid E&P rigs in wide range of activities, from simple refueling units to specialized units responsible for oil well stimulation and seismic studies, diving vessels, ROV vessels, oil spill response vessels and anchor handling tug vessels. The entire fleet provides services to Petrobras through chartering contracts between shipping companies and Petrobras' operational sectors. In 2012 these vessels were involved in 95 recorded accidents that did not fall under the category of occupational accidents, such as crashes, collisions, chemical spills (including oil and oil denvates), floods, fires and strandings. Aiming to reduce the occurrence of these events, Petrobras has established a group, formed from the operational sectors of the Health, Safety and the Environment (HSE), to implant the concepts of safety within those shipping companies providing support services to Petrobras. The application of these concepts on support vessels has required some adjustment, primarily in the classification of accidents.

What was the number of accidents involving Petrobras support vessels in 2012?

95 recorded accidents.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What was the number of accidents involving Petrobras support vessels in 2012? ### Response: 95 recorded accidents. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1341

Objective/Scope: Applicability of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes is gaining interest among offshore operators in recent years. CO2/miscible gas injection and Water Alternating Gas injection (WAG) are the most attractive EOR methods being considered by most offshore operators. Due to limitations imposed by the surface facility, any process optimization done through standalone reservoir simulation could be unreliable as the facility constraints and its effects are neglected. In order to minimize risk and reduce uncertainty, successful modelling and optimization of such projects requires integration of subsurface modelling with surface facility model. In this work, field development and optimization of a complex offshore production system, from a Pre-Salt carbonate reservoir offshore of Brazil is studied. Different field development scenarios, including water flooding, miscible gas injection, and WAG injection, are considered. Compositional fluid model is used in order to correctly model the fluid mixing effects and miscibility. Pressure change and thermal effects are considered in all the facility equipment. The complexities of the surface network, including gas sweetening, compression, and fluid blending are included in the integrated model. A new multi-user, multi-disciplinary Integrated Production System Modelling (IPSM) tool is used to fully-implicitly couple reservoir simulation with surface facility model. Production from the offshore asset is optimized for different development scenarios. The provided IPSM approach optimized operational schemes that were consistent with the constraints of the offshore facility. Additionally, with this new approach, all users from different disciplines were able to collaborate seamlessly, and any possible inconsistencies and discontinuities that could occur due to use of multiple decision making tools were removed. The use of integrated production systems modelling for optimizing EOR schemes in offshore assets, particularly miscible WAG, is proved to provide more robust answers. The complexities and Uncertainties of such processes, for both reservoir and facility models, are successfully studied.

What advantages are offered to the optimization of EOR processes by the integration of subsurface modelling with surface facility models?

Risk minimization and uncertainty reduction

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What advantages are offered to the optimization of EOR processes by the integration of subsurface modelling with surface facility models? ### Response: Risk minimization and uncertainty reduction <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1406

Based on the palynological record of core REG 972, this work aimed to reconstruct the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental history from 66.5 to 47 kyr BP at the south Brazilian continental margin, as well as to identify the influence of continental discharge in the southern portion of the Rio Grande Cone. Nineteen samples were processed following the standard methodology for palynological studies. Organic matter (OM) content was measured in the sediments. The age model was established according to 18O isotopes analyses in benthic foraminiferal tests. The studied interval corresponds to a glacial interval, divided in palynozones (PZs): PZIa (66.5-64.5 kyr), PZIb (64.5-53.5 kyr), and PZII (53.5-47 kyr). PZIa was characterized by drier conditions, with grassland and salt marsh taxa dominance (Cyperaceae and Amaranthaceae). During PZIb and PZII, the increase of Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Araucaria angustifolia, Arecaceae, and Alchornea triplinervia points to wetter and warmer conditions that may be related to the beginning of marine isotope stage 3 and later to the sea-level rise. In the oceanic environment, the presence of freshwater algae and marine indicators lead to the conclusion that marine conditions prevailed during Rio Grande Cone sedimentary formation, even under low sea-level conditions when terrigenous influence was stronger. The data on OM content, dinoflagellate taxa, and mean sea level changes point to a period of low productivity during PZI. In PZII, a period of higher productivity took place because of Subantarctic Shelf Water influence, bringing cold and nutrient-rich waters to the area.

Which part of Brazil's south continental margin was analyzed and had it's indicators leading to conclude the prevalence of marine conditions in it's sedimentary formation?

The southern portion of the Rio Grande Cone

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Which part of Brazil's south continental margin was analyzed and had it's indicators leading to conclude the prevalence of marine conditions in it's sedimentary formation? ### Response: The southern portion of the Rio Grande Cone <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1610

A passing cold front is the main modifying agent of the weather in Rio de Janeiro State and it can occur throughout the whole year, most frequently during winter. By using synoptic charts, satellite images and data collected through meteorological observations, this paper aims to analyses the evolution and transitioning of a frontal zone which has passed over the Ocean, nearby the Brazilian southeastern coast. This particular event was chosen due to is its high impact as well as the inefficiency of meteorology centers to forecast its occurrence. These specific baroclinic waves had a fast advancement, caused by the formation and persistence of a trough observed at medium levels but associated to trough at high levels and transitioning on the surface, thus making these baroclinic waves more intense and consequently, generating an squall line across the Rio de Janeiro City on the evening of 16th March 2015, when it was registered high levels of precipitation not provided.

What was the reason for the choice of event under study in the article?

This event was chosen because of its high impact, as well as the inefficiency of meteorology centers to predict its occurrence

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What was the reason for the choice of event under study in the article? ### Response: This event was chosen because of its high impact, as well as the inefficiency of meteorology centers to predict its occurrence <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A543

This paper describes the history, challenges, solutions and evolution of the Floating Production Units in Brazil. The first floating unit was on stream in 1977 at Campos Basin in Brazil. It produced from a single well with a drilling riser and dry-X-tmas tree to a MODU converted into a floating production unit and exporting to a spread-moored shuttle-tanker by a floating hose. Now, more than 40 years later, over 2,400 meters of water depth at Santos Basin are moored several floating production and storage units (FPSOs). It houses over 40 thousand metric tons of complex topsides exploiting ultra-deep wells from the pre-salt prospects. Along the evolution of the FPSOs, one major stepping-stone was the implementation of lessons learned as a feedback to create a strong foundation. This paper will depict field demands and solutions adopted to deal with the differing climates and environments as well as other particularities to develop FPSOs in Brazil. To face the technological challenges to efficiently and safely produce from ultra-deep water complex pre-salt reservoirs required the consolidated use of the expertise and experience from past projects. Initially Petrobras was well known worldwide as a Semi-Submersible company, with a unique proficiency to develop converted Semi-submersibles and other new constructions. This expertise is still present to this day, but the company has since pioneered and consolidated the use of FPSOs worldwide, leading the industry in this concept. Petrobras led the industry effort to approve FPSO international standards, local regulations with agencies and regulatory bodies by the end of '80s to early '90s. This paper will focus on the evolution of this industry, highlighting the achievements, and address the new developments and opportunities for the future.

When and where did the first floating production unit entered on stream in Brazil?

In 1977 at Campos Basin.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: When and where did the first floating production unit entered on stream in Brazil? ### Response: In 1977 at Campos Basin. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1827

This paper will describe the improvement made to the reamer cutter blocks to enhance its durability and optimize the Pre-salt Well Construction Currently, most of the Brazilian's Pre-Salt wells have the last phase built-in 12.25in. In some situations, it is necessary to drill oil wells in a giant offshore field wells with five phases, enlarging the third phase from 18.125in to 22in. The high abrasiveness encountered at this phase increased the number of runs needed to drill it and, consequently, time and costs that encouraged the development of solutions. This work relates what has been observed during the last years about reaming difficulties, specifically, in the enlargement from 18.125in to 22in when facing abrasive formations. Petrobras specialists analyzed these events and concluded the matrix of the reamer's cutter blocks was wearing faster and losing the capacity to hold the PDC cutters. The hole enlargement company, that Petrobras works for nowadays, developed a process that increased the resistance of the cutter blocks by increasing the hardness of the surface material prior to the brazing of the cutters. Then, Petrobras has had the opportunity to use both modified and common cutter blocks in a challenging operation to compare their durability and the results were completely satisfactory. The modified cutter blocks had much less wearing on the same formations. Based on this operation, we can conclude this process is validated since improved the reamer cutter blocks quality and its lifetime. This paper can serve as a guide to reduce operations costs and to optimize well construction when there are concrete possibilities to enlarge abrasive formations.

How did Petrobras solve the problem of widening cutter blocks in the construction of the Pre-salt Well?

A process was developed that increased the resistance of the cutter blocks, increasing the hardness of the surface material before brazing the cutters.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: How did Petrobras solve the problem of widening cutter blocks in the construction of the Pre-salt Well? ### Response: A process was developed that increased the resistance of the cutter blocks, increasing the hardness of the surface material before brazing the cutters. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A629

This paper describes the history, challenges, solutions and evolution of the Floating Production Units in Brazil. The first floating unit was on stream in 1977 at Campos Basin in Brazil. It produced from a single well with a drilling riser and dry-X-tmas tree to a MODU converted into a floating production unit and exporting to a spread-moored shuttle-tanker by a floating hose. Now, more than 40 years later, over 2,400 meters of water depth at Santos Basin are moored several floating production and storage units (FPSOs). It houses over 40 thousand metric tons of complex topsides exploiting ultra-deep wells from the pre-salt prospects. Along the evolution of the FPSOs, one major stepping-stone was the implementation of lessons learned as a feedback to create a strong foundation. This paper will depict field demands and solutions adopted to deal with the differing climates and environments as well as other particularities to develop FPSOs in Brazil. To face the technological challenges to efficiently and safely produce from ultra-deep water complex pre-salt reservoirs required the consolidated use of the expertise and experience from past projects. Initially Petrobras was well known worldwide as a Semi-Submersible company, with a unique proficiency to develop converted Semi-submersibles and other new constructions. This expertise is still present to this day, but the company has since pioneered and consolidated the use of FPSOs worldwide, leading the industry in this concept. Petrobras led the industry effort to approve FPSO international standards, local regulations with agencies and regulatory bodies by the end of '80s to early '90s. This paper will focus on the evolution of this industry, highlighting the achievements, and address the new developments and opportunities for the future.

What was the pioneer company that consolidated the use of FPSOs?

Petrobras was well known worldwide as a Semi-Submersible company. They used this expertise to consolidated the use of FPSOs.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What was the pioneer company that consolidated the use of FPSOs? ### Response: Petrobras was well known worldwide as a Semi-Submersible company. They used this expertise to consolidated the use of FPSOs. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1742

This work reports the chemical monitoring of saline water and sediments at Aratu port, All Saints Bay, Brazil, when subjected to a deep dragging process (DDP) over a 2-year period (2010–2012). The aim of this work was to detect which metals had possible deleterious effects on the biota. It analyzed percentage of silt + clay and TOC and metal concentrations (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) before, during, and after the DDP. The determination of metal concentration in sediments used the following techniques: atomic absorption spectrometer with flame, also with hydrate generation, and cold vapor spectrophotometry. The DDP disturbed the concentrations of metals in sediments and water, but 15 months after the DDP, only Cu and Zn were detectable on the bottom saline water, and 20 months after the DDP, only Zn was detectable in water. This fact indicates that these metals were longer available for absorption by the marine biota with probable deleterious effect. Indeed, studies by others during the DDP in Aratu port, indicated the decrease from 50 to 40 of the number of microalgae species identified. On the other hand, in the sediments, 20 months after the DDP, the concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Hg, returned to the original values, but Ni and Zn did not return to their original values. Comparison with studies by others indicated that the sediments from dredging were inappropriate for disposal at sea. This work indicated that the metals Cu, Ni, and Zn are the most deleterious elements to the marine environment.

According to the study, the concentrations of two metals in the sediments did not return to their original values. What metals are these and what does that mean for marine environment?

Ni and Zn. Indicates that they're the most deleterious elements to the marine environment.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: According to the study, the concentrations of two metals in the sediments did not return to their original values. What metals are these and what does that mean for marine environment? ### Response: Ni and Zn. Indicates that they're the most deleterious elements to the marine environment. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A507

Oil production in ultra-deep waters places some new challenges for floating units. As an FPSO is one of most common types of production units adopted by Petrobras, its behavior in extreme conditions has to be fully tested and verified. During extreme sea storms, ship type floating structures may be subjected to water on deck events (green water). In order to allow a detailed structural analysis, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques may be used to investigate detailed loads due to water on deck propagation, especially in beam sea conditions, which are not traditionally covered by maritime rules. Based on model test results, water ingress and water on deck propagation are simulated through CFD analysis. The methodology adopted consists of two different approaches: (i) The influence of a riser balcony lateral extent is analyzed based on a 2D wave propagation model and; (ii) the complex flow behavior through topside equipment is discussed by using a 3D simulation of a restricted deck area, including some strategies for impact protection. The results of the simulations allow investigation of the complex flow behavior depending on the riser balcony extent and topside configuration, as well as the resulting loads on critical structures. For a side hull balcony, its protective effect against wave run-up in beam waves is only effective with a lateral extent of 8m. By performing water on deck simulations, the benefits of "V" type protections are quantified leading to 20% loading reduction when compared to flat plates. The simulations reveal CFD as a very powerful tool to assess detailed transient pressure distributions for optimized structural design.

What is the advantage of performing water on deck simulations?

It leads to 20% loading reduction when compared to flat planes.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What is the advantage of performing water on deck simulations? ### Response: It leads to 20% loading reduction when compared to flat planes. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A692

Partnerships and JV are quite common in the Oil and Gas industry. In the offshore activity, in order to reduce the risks of capital intensive projects oil companies used cooperate entering into JV agreements. In addition, local content requirements and entry barriers in new markets, are some reasons to create partnerships between international and domestic companies. Brazil is not different. It is a market that has some challenges in which the cooperation with a local partner could reduce the risks for a foreign investor. In the oil companies' side, Petrobras is the target partner for an international oil company, because of its technical reputation and successful implementation of ultra-deep operations. In other segments, Petrobras, can be the main client, sole supplier or big competitor. Petrobras is subject also to laws and regulations to hire contractors, there are local content requirements regulations, industry-specific tax, fiscal and customs regimes, among other risks and opportunities in which the cooperation with a domestic company could help to solve in a more efficient way. The author of this paper describes the advantages of the partnership for international and domestic companies which want to invest in Brazil in the several perspectives along the oil and gas supply chain.

Why do international oil companies target Petrobras for partnerships?

Because of its technical reputation and success in the implementation of deep operations.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Why do international oil companies target Petrobras for partnerships? ### Response: Because of its technical reputation and success in the implementation of deep operations. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A618

The collaboration between Petrobras and Westinghouse has resulted in the development of a conceptual design for a subsea multiphase-flow pumping system. The system, called SBMS-500, features 500 m3/hr total flow rate, up to 6 Mpa of pressure increase, up to 95% gas-void fraction (GVF) at the suction, and about 1.2 MW of power on the shaft. Concurrently with the system's development, Petrobras created a new program named Procap-2000 aimed at technological innovation for deepwater exploitation systems. Procap has led to the development of the subsea multiphase flow pumping system (SMFPS) based on the SBMS-500 prototype. The SMFPS features several subsystems that incorporate electrical motors and ancillary equipment.

Petrobras' Procap program, aimed at the technological innovation of deepwater utilization systems, led to the development of which system?

Procap led to the creation of the subsea multiphase flow pumping system (SMFPS).

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Petrobras' Procap program, aimed at the technological innovation of deepwater utilization systems, led to the development of which system? ### Response: Procap led to the creation of the subsea multiphase flow pumping system (SMFPS). <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1461

Evaluation of characteristic values of geotechnical parameters is associated with uncertainties inherent to the geological processes that change soil strata. Statistical analysis of soil data allows one to deal rationally with these uncertainties. The present work addresses some normative recommendations and literature models for statistical characterization of undrained shear strength and submerged unit weight in offshore soils, providing more information to conductor casing design. Three methodologies were selected for the analysis. The NORSOK G-001 (2004) standard recommends the use of mean values computed conservatively. Lacasse et al. (2007) propose that characteristic value should be the mean value minus half a standard deviation of the parameter under analysis. DNV-RP-C207 (2012) suggests different methodologies for dependent and independent soil variables, though both methods of calculating the characteristic value involve linear regressions. Using data from geotechnical investigations that characterize eight oil wells located in two Brazilian offshore basins, the selected methodologies were applied to obtain the characteristic values and compared to each other. The analysis is carried out with data from seventeen CPTu tests associated to the eight wells abovementioned. It is noted that the NORSOK recommendation leads to the highest characteristic values, which are assumed tending to the mean value of the dataset over the well depth. The values obtained using Lacasse et al. (2007) methodology are more conservative and stand as a lower bound of the NORSOK methodology. The models suggested by DNV perform differently when applied to the geotechnical parameters. The dependent variables methodology fits both undrained strength and unit weight accurately. Analysis shows that undrained strength is better described using the methodology for standard deviation proportional to the depth while, for the unit weight, accurate results are obtained by using constant standard deviation. The lower bound procedure proposed by DNV provides, in general, non-conservative results in the first meters and more conservative values along the depth when compared with the other methodologies. Regarding all the formulations addressed, differences between them increase for wells whose CPTu data present higher dispersion. This larger dispersion suggests applications of different statistical-based approaches in order to reliably characterize offshore soil data. The datasets analyzed comprise different levels of scattering and soil heterogeneity, and comparing the statistical recommendations brings additive information for the designer to set the characteristic values of soil properties, aiming for the decision-making process on top hole drilling applications, e. g. conductor casing design. To the authors' knowledge, few papers perform this comparative analysis.

By what means do the selected methodologies offer us the statistical characterization of the undrained shear strength and the weight of the submerged unit in offshore soils?

The NORSOK G-001 (2004) standard recommends using conservatively computed mean values; Lacasse et al. (2007) propose that the characteristic value should be the mean value minus half a standard deviation of the parameter under analysis and DNV-RP-C207 (2012) suggests different methodologies for dependent and independent soil variables, though both methods of calculating the characteristic value involve linear regressions.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: By what means do the selected methodologies offer us the statistical characterization of the undrained shear strength and the weight of the submerged unit in offshore soils? ### Response: The NORSOK G-001 (2004) standard recommends using conservatively computed mean values; Lacasse et al. (2007) propose that the characteristic value should be the mean value minus half a standard deviation of the parameter under analysis and DNV-RP-C207 (2012) suggests different methodologies for dependent and independent soil variables, though both methods of calculating the characteristic value involve linear regressions. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1730

The characterization of geological faults from geological and geophysical data is often subject to uncertainties, owing to data ambiguity and incomplete spatial coverage. We propose a stochastic sampling algorithm which generates fault network scenarios compatible with sparse fault evidence while honoring some geological concepts. This process is useful for reducing interpretation bias, formalizing interpretation concepts, and assessing first-order structural uncertainties. Each scenario is represented by an undirected association graph, where a fault corresponds to an isolated clique, which associates pieces of fault evidence represented as graph nodes. The simulation algorithm samples this association graph from the set of edges linking the pieces of fault evidence that may be interpreted as part of the same fault. Each edge carries a likelihood that the endpoints belong to the same fault surface, expressing some general and regional geological interpretation concepts. The algorithm is illustrated on several incomplete data sets made of three to six two-dimensional seismic lines extracted from a three-dimensional seismic image located in the Santos Basin, offshore Brazil. In all cases, the simulation method generates a large number of plausible fault networks, even when using restrictive interpretation rules. The case study experimentally confirms that retrieving the reference association is difficult due to the problem combinatorics. Restrictive and consistent rules increase the likelihood to recover the reference interpretation and reduce the diversity of the obtained realizations. We discuss how the proposed method fits in the quest to rigorously (1) address epistemic uncertainty during structural studies and (2) quantify subsurface uncertainty while preserving structural consistency.

The algorithm is illustrated on several incomplete data sets, how this data sets were develop?

This data sets were made of three to six two-dimensional seismic lines extracted from a three-dimensional seismic image extracted from a Brazil basin.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: The algorithm is illustrated on several incomplete data sets, how this data sets were develop? ### Response: This data sets were made of three to six two-dimensional seismic lines extracted from a three-dimensional seismic image extracted from a Brazil basin. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A432

In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under exploration. The Campos basin is the most productive oil province in Brazil, accounting for about 62% of current production. The Campos basin is an Atlantic-type basin, typical of a passive continental margin.

How much of the current oil production in Brazil comes from Campos basin?

Campos basin is responsible for about 62% of the current oil production in Brazil.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: How much of the current oil production in Brazil comes from Campos basin? ### Response: Campos basin is responsible for about 62% of the current oil production in Brazil. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A711

This paper addresses the results from a monitoring inspection as part of Petrobras regular plane of inspection of rigid pipelines (PIDR) and numerical Finite Element analysis (FEA) of two parallel HP/HT subsea pipelines operating in Brazilian deepwater subjected to lateral buckling and walking behaviors. The results obtained from inspection and numerical reanalysis furnishes important feedback for the integrity management of the two pipelines, reducing potential risks and lessons learned for future projects. Deepwater pipelines submitted to high pressures and temperatures (HP/HT) are susceptible to global buckling due to axial compressive load. To guarantee pipeline and equipment’s integrity frequently is necessary to relieve high stresses and strains at buckle apex as well as to mitigate end expansion. Thus, the two parallel HP/HT pipelines were designed with single and double sleepers to trigger buckles at pre-determined locations and an anchoring system to prevent pipeline walking. Another important design aspect was to avoid undesirable buckles at the several crossings along the pipeline route applying a special device with stoppers to lock lateral displacements. During a programmed inspection as part of regular Petrobras pipeline integrity program of rigid pipelines (PIDR), it has been verified that some double sleepers didn’t work as foreseen in design. Otherwise, some unplanned buckles on soil have been formed along the two pipelines changing the buckle apex stress levels and end expansions foreseen in detailed design. In order to understand buckle formation behavior and guarantee long-term integrity of the HP/HT pipelines a Multi-Beam Echosounder Survey (MBES) was conducted in 2016 to build a representative Finite Element (FE) model. The temperature and pressure gradients from steady state and transient conditions were obtained from flow assurance simulations based on monitored platform operational historic data. The FE model was calibrated with buckle shapes and end displacements to assess pipeline behavior and its long-term integrity for load scenarios different from original design.

Why deepwater pipelines subjected to high pressures and temperatures are susceptible to global buckling?

Due to axial compressive load

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Why deepwater pipelines subjected to high pressures and temperatures are susceptible to global buckling? ### Response: Due to axial compressive load <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A478

Guara BV, an affiliate of Petrobras, has signed a letter of intent to charter a floating production, storage, and offloading vessel for use on Block BM-S-9 in the Santos basin offshore Brazil. The platform will have a processing capacity of ~ 100,000 bpd of oil and 5 million cu m/day of natural gas. The FPSO will be provided and operated by Modec Inc and Schahin Petroleo e Gas SA for the BM-S-9 consortium for a 20-yr period. Delivery is expected in June 2016, and production is expected to begin 2 mo after the delivery. The consortium is planning to connect at least 8 wells, 4 as producing wells and 4 for injection, to the vessel from the presalt layer in the Carioca area.

By whom will the FPSO be provided and operated?

By Modec Inc and Schahin Petroleo e Gas SA for the BM-S-9 consortium

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: By whom will the FPSO be provided and operated? ### Response: By Modec Inc and Schahin Petroleo e Gas SA for the BM-S-9 consortium <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1631

Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is known as “satellite wells”. In this scenario, Petrobras has benefited from its strategy of standardizing subsea equipment, including Wet Christmas Trees (WCT), Flexible Pipes, Umbilicals and Subsea Manifolds. However, since the downturn of 2014, Petrobras has been struggling to simplify its own specifications, looking for the most attractive CAPEX solutions in the market, allowing suppliers to use their own knowledge and experiences to propose low cost solutions, meeting projects requirements. From 2015 onwards, Petrobras has been working with the suppliers, with the Early Engagement initiative, aiming that the integration synergies, existing assets and the experience of these suppliers, could bring to the projects, the benefits of CAPEX reduction, and allowing the advancement and approval of these projects internally in the company. Technological development programs to allow the use of flexible pipes that are resistant to contaminants such as CO2 and H2S, new CRA materials to be applied to rigid flowlines and low-cost riser configurations, have been pursued by Petrobras in order to enable the implementation of ultra-deep water projects.

What has Petrobras been looking for to enable the implementation of ultra deep water projects?

Technological development programs to allow the use of flexible tubes resistant to contaminants such as CO2 and H2S, new CRA materials for application in rigid flowlines and low-cost riser configurations.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What has Petrobras been looking for to enable the implementation of ultra deep water projects? ### Response: Technological development programs to allow the use of flexible tubes resistant to contaminants such as CO2 and H2S, new CRA materials for application in rigid flowlines and low-cost riser configurations. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1000

Large volume semi-submersible units may present significant wave induced resonant motions in heave, roll and pitch. Evaluating the slow motions of such systems is important from the initial stages of their designs and therefore requires a model that is both accurate and expedite enough. In the present article, different options for modeling the second-order hydrodynamic forces and induced motions are discussed using as a case-study the PETROBRAS 52 unit - P-52. Computations of the low frequency forces are performed in the frequency domain by means of a commercial Boundary Element Method (BEM) code. Different hydrodynamic approximations are tested and evaluated by directly comparing the predicted responses with those measured in small-scale tests performed in a wave-basin. From the results obtained in theses comparisons, a methodology based on a white-noise approach of the force spectrum is proposed. The validity of such approximation is attributable to the typically low damping levels in heave, roll and pitch motions. Furthermore, results also indicate that the second order forces may be calculated disregarding the free-surface forcing components, an option that helps to reduce the computational burden even more, rendering the procedure suitable for preliminary design calculations.

What are Petrobras' two pilot fields for the pre-salt development strategy in Brazil?

The two pilot fields are the Sapinhoá and Lula fields.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What are Petrobras' two pilot fields for the pre-salt development strategy in Brazil? ### Response: The two pilot fields are the Sapinhoá and Lula fields. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A577

Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It started its production on August 13th, 1977 with 10,000 bopd (barrels of oil per day) from the well 1-EN-01-RJS, which produced to a semi-submersible platform; this well has produced nearly 35 million barrels of oil until February 1998, when it was shutdown for economical reasons. Today, after more than twenty-five years of continuous operation, the overall production system comprises 13 fixed platforms and 24 Floating Systems distributed among 42 oil fields, which account for the production of 1.21 million bopd - which corresponds to more than 80% of Petrobras oil production, plus 18.9 million m3 of gas per day - or 43% of the gas production (as of December 2002). Such an evolution was supported by investments in exploration and production development, in deepwater technology developments and in continuous management improvement. This paper describes the main driving forces to exploit Campos Basin - especially its deep and ultra-deepwaters fields, the technological and production developments performed, the experience accumulated by Petrobras along these 25 years of operations as well as its contribution to the global oil industry.

How was it possible to expand oil production in the Campos Basin?

Investments in exploration and production development, technological improvements in deep water and continuous improvement of management.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: How was it possible to expand oil production in the Campos Basin? ### Response: Investments in exploration and production development, technological improvements in deep water and continuous improvement of management. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A287

Most of Brazilian oil and gas reserves are located in offshore deep waters. In this scenario, high well productivity is essential. Artificial lift will certainly play an important role in the exploitation of those deep water fields. This paper describes the most important artificial lift methods, their main characteristics and application niches. It also shows what Petrobras is currently doing in order to make them available for subsea use. The following methods are analyzed: gas lift; electrical submersible pump; hydraulic jet pump; progressing cavity pump; multiphase pump; subsea separation system.

What plays an important role for reserves located in deep waters?

In such scenarios, artificial lifting is important.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What plays an important role for reserves located in deep waters? ### Response: In such scenarios, artificial lifting is important. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1252

The present study evaluated the different morphodynamic scenarios that arise under varying tidal and wave conditions on a sandy beach (Ajuruteua) and an exposed tidal flat (Vila dos Pescadores) on the Amazon coast of northern Brazil. For this, four field campaigns were conducted, covering a full annual cycle, for the collection of nearshore data (tides, waves, rainfall, topographic changes, and sediment characteristics). These data were complemented with meteorological (rainfall), fluvial discharge and offshore (wave and wind) data obtained from the stations of official agencies. Ajuruteua beach has very fine sand (2.1-2.7 ?) with a typical profile characterized by a narrow high-tide zone (<10 m) and intertidal zone with a low-gradient (1°–2°) and varying width, ranging from 250 m (neap tide) to 350 m (spring tide). At that beach, tidal flat conditions occur primarily during the equinoctial period, when tidal asymmetry is strongest (ebb tide longer than 7 h). At Vila dos Pescadores, the sand is also fine (more than 70% of grain 2.0-3.0 ?) and the migration of the main tidal channel is delimited by a low, broad terrace. In this area, the transition between tide-dominated, tide-modified, and wave-dominated conditions occurs during the high tide, primarily during the dry season, when the highest Hs values (up to 1.3 m) are recorded on the tidal flat. In the study region, the unregulated construction of buildings has resulted in increasing impacts from erosive processes, which has partially or totally destroyed the existing beachfront infrastructure. The results of the present study provide important insights for the development of more effective management strategies for the local environments.

Wich results can be taken from the data analyzed on the study?

Important insights for the development of more effective management strategies for the local environments.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Wich results can be taken from the data analyzed on the study? ### Response: Important insights for the development of more effective management strategies for the local environments. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1652

Nowadays no other region on earth is more threatened by natural hazards than coastal areas. However the increasing risk in this area is not just a climate extreme events’ result. Coasts are the places with highest concentration of people and values, thus impacts continue to increase as the values of coastal infrastructures continue to grow. Climate change aggravates chronic social vulnerabilities since social groups may be affected differently both by climate change as well as by risk management actions. Relationships between these groups are often characterized by inequality, with different perceptions, response, or adaptation modes to climate hazards. Misperception of these differences often leads to policies that deepen inequities and increase the vulnerability of the weakest groups. Population affected by climatic extreme events increases dramatically resulting in urgent adaptation intervention. We address the interdependence of risk perception and vulnerability of coastal communities and the relevance of ecosystem services for adaptation. We developed a methodology where risk analysis and communities’ risk perception are linked through key actions at strategic points of risk assessment: (i) initial interviews with qualified local informants to complete an inventory of ecosystem services, (ii) a social valuation of ecosystem services by local people, and (iii) assessment of stakeholders’ social vulnerability. This approach allows a truly socially weighted risk assessment to be validated in three sites: Valle de Itajai (Brazil), Estuary of Lagoa dos Patos (Brazil), and Laguna de Rocha (Uruguay). In this novel approach, risk assessment is forced by social perceptions, thus risk treatment can better contribute to realistic adaptation arrangements to cope with climate forces. Public policies could be improved, recognizing healthy functioning ecosystems as key factor for coastal resilience and well-being.

Besides natural hazards, what threatens coastal communities?

Climate change

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: Besides natural hazards, what threatens coastal communities? ### Response: Climate change <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A561

Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four horizontal oil wells and five gas producer wells, which will be connected directly to the FPSO. The consortium expects to declare commerciality at Tupi in December 2010. Acergy recently won a four-year, $220-million contract for flexible lay services in water depths to 2000m offshore Brazil for Petrobras. The revised 2020 target does not include any production from the new pre-salt regulatory framework. Petrobras aims to produce 3.9 million boe/d by 2014. The lump sum Petrobras intends to invest is 20% higher than the amount set out in the previous business plan.

What is the productive capacity in the FPSO of the Tupi field in 2014?

3.9 million boe/d

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What is the productive capacity in the FPSO of the Tupi field in 2014? ### Response: 3.9 million boe/d <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1498

Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) are membrane lipids produced by bacteria usually ascribed to soil and peat deposits. The presence of brGDGTs in marine sediments can thus be used to track terrigenous organic matter inputs to the continental margin and to infer the local continental mean annual air temperature (MAT) and soil pH. The proxy rationale is based on the degree methylation and cyclization of the brGDGTs from terrestrial bacteria, but recently evidence was found of river and oceanic production of brGDGTs with similar configuration, indicating the necessity to better constrain the applicability of the soil brGDGTs in the marine realm. Here we considered crenarchaeol and brGDGTs obtained in 46 core-top sediments from cross-margin transects in the Campos Basin in the Southwest Atlantic, with the goal to evaluate the effectiveness of the brGDGT-associated proxies in a region in the southeastern tropical Brazilian continental margin influenced by upwelling events and low terrigenous inputs. The separation of the 5- and 6-methyl brGDGTs proved to be essential for a better evaluation of the sources of brGDGTs in the environment. Direct evidence of input of terrigenous organic matter by the medium-sized Paraíba do Sul River and other small rivers in the region were observed. More importantly, the high proportions of ring-containing brGDGTs—and the consequent increased values of the #ringstetra–in the sediments deposited between 75 and 400 m water depths (mid-shelf to upper slope) were clear evidence of marine in situ production of brGDGTs. In some stations deeper than 1,900 m, an increase in the acyclic 6-methyl hexamethylated compounds can also be ascribed to in situ production. Our results revealed that the initial soil signal is lost during transport and after river discharge in the Campos Basin, which compromise the use of brGDGTs to reconstruct the soil pH and MAT of the nearby land area.

What are brGDGTs?

Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) are membrane lipids produced by bacteria usually ascribed to soil and peat deposits.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What are brGDGTs? ### Response: Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) are membrane lipids produced by bacteria usually ascribed to soil and peat deposits. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1535

The composition of estuarine fish fauna is dynamic and complex. Despite the variation in fish fauna in estuaries, it is possible to observe some species associated with microhabitats. The assemblage composition of these communities is apparently derived from habitat selection. The aim of this study was to assess the structure of the demersal fish fauna of the Paranaguá Bay and its relationship with biotic and abiotic factors. To this end, monthly collections were conducted using an otter trawl, from October 1999 to September 2000, at five sites in the shallow infralittoral. Biotic (organic matter, and invertebrates) and abiotic factors (salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, seston, and nutrients) were recorded during sampling. A total of 6,623 individuals were captured, belonging to 2 species of Chondrichthyes and 53 species of Actinopterygii (26 families). Sciaenidae was the most representative in terms of richness, with 11 species, and Ariidae was the most representative in terms of abundance. The catfish Cathorops spixii was the most abundant species, representing 21 % of the entire catch. There were significant differences in the composition and abundance of the fish fauna among the studied areas, as evidenced by the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. Such differences seem to be related to the complexity of habitats, which occur due to different types of bottom cover found at each sampling site. The abiotic variables indicated little influence on the structure of the fish assembly. These results contribute to a better understanding of the fish fauna from the shallow infralittoral areas of the Paranaguá Bay, and provide data to decision makers for better implementation of management and conservation measures.

How many and which species were captured for the study in the Paranaguá Bay?

A total of 6,623 individuals were captured, belonging to 2 species of Chondrichthyes and 53 species of Actinopterygii (26 families). Sciaenidae was the most representative in terms of richness, with 11 species, and Ariidae was the most representative in terms of abundance.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: How many and which species were captured for the study in the Paranaguá Bay? ### Response: A total of 6,623 individuals were captured, belonging to 2 species of Chondrichthyes and 53 species of Actinopterygii (26 families). Sciaenidae was the most representative in terms of richness, with 11 species, and Ariidae was the most representative in terms of abundance. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1834

The paper discusses how a new burner can solve environmental challenges in well test applications by reducing the quantity of fallout, providing better control of the burning operation, and allowing operators to adjust to changes in the well/weather conditions. In order to conduct successful well tests, substantial amounts of oil must be brought to the surface, and in most instances, the safest and least expensive method of disposal is to burn the produced oil. A quality smoke-free burn and drip-free operation is enabled through an innovative advanced nozzle design installed in this new oil burner. The nozzle can precisely control the flow of oil and air through the burner allowing, for the first time, closure with no unburned fuel escaping. The nozzles are operated remotely and powered by an integrated pneumatic system using the combustion air supply. The system permits control over each individual nozzle, enabling operators to adapt to varying flow conditions to maintain efficient and flawless performance. A wide range of tests were conducted, including combustion zone gas sampling and fallout testing. Over a three week testing period, the new burner flawlessly executed full-scale burns and provided on-the-fly nozzle control, burner head rotation, and instant drip-free shutdowns. The new burner demonstrated its capability to shut down all ten nozzles from their full capacity in three tenths of a second with no visible unburned hydrocarbons or drips. The new burner achieved a 99.99952% fallout efficiency; this is 14.58 times more efficient than any other current oil burner product offering. In addition to the exceptional fallout efficiency, it also delivers 99.4% combustion efficiency and 99.5% destruction efficiency allowing the calculation of CO2 emission rates, which during testing was found to be 41Lbs/MMBtu. The first operation was conducted offshore in Brazil where this new burner demonstrated the capability to control, monitor, and react to changing well conditions for approximately three days without issue. It flowed in excess of 6,700 bbls, preventing a minimum of 69.48 liters of fallout from entering the sea. A total of 32 jobs were performed with the new burner system from December 2014 to January of 2018 with a 100% success rate without contamination/fallouts. The totally eliminated fallout volume, compared with the second most efficient burner system available in the market, is 2653.22 liters after burning a total of 257,490 bbl of hydrocarbons. In 60% of the field jobs, the burner was rotated to accommodate wind direction or to improve burning efficiency. If a different burner system had been used, the burner efficiency would have lessened or, in a worst case scenario, the operation could have been delayed and the well shut in until wind direction changed sufficiently to allow the burning operation.

What would be a quality burn in the tests?

Smoke-free and drip-free operation

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What would be a quality burn in the tests? ### Response: Smoke-free and drip-free operation <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1756

The use of moonpools in offshore technology are normally related to the hull opening in drilling units with the objective to protect drilling equipment from environmental forces, and its design aims the minimum motion of the water inside the moonpool, avoiding water impacts when lowering an equipment. Several studies have been carried out to predict the water dynamics inside the moonpool. At most, analytical tools have been used with experimental results, to obtain a good evaluation of viscous effects. Another line of development uses the moonpools as a device to reduce motions of ships or oil platforms. In his context, the use of moonpools in monocolumn type platforms was studied during the development of the concept, through the partnership between PETROBRAS and University of Säo Paulo -USP. An alternative that became viable in the last years is the use of numerical methods to evaluate potencial parameters, being only necessary simple experiments to obtains viscous data to complete the model. This work, that is a continuation of articles about the issue written before, intends to consolidate the calculation method of moonpool to monocolumn units.

What is the aim of the design of moonpools?

Its design aim the minimun motion of the water inside the moonpool.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What is the aim of the design of moonpools? ### Response: Its design aim the minimun motion of the water inside the moonpool. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1600

Circular to elliptical topographic depressions, isolated or organized in trails, have been observed on the modern seabed in different contexts and water depths. Such features have been alternatively interpreted as pockmarks generated by fluid flow, as sediment waves generated by turbidity currents, or as a combination of both processes. In the latter case, the dip of the slope has been hypothesized to control the formation of trails of downslope migrating pockmarks. In this study, we use high-quality 3D seismic data from the offshore Ceará Basin (Equatorial Brazil) to examine vertically stacked and upslope-migrating trails of depressions visible at the seabed and in the subsurface. Seismic reflection terminations and stratal architecture indicate that these features are formed by cyclic steps generated by turbidity currents, while internal amplitude anomalies point to the presence of fluid migration. Amplitude Versus Offset analysis (AVO) performed on partial stacks shows that the investigated anomalies do not represent hydrocarbon indicators. Previous studies have suggested that the accumulation of permeable and porous sediments in the troughs of vertically stacked cyclic steps may create vertical pathways for fluid migration, and we propose that this may have facilitated the upward migration of saline pore water due to fluid buoyancy. The results of this study highlight the importance of gravity-driven processes in shaping the morphology of the Ceará Basin slope and show how non-hydrocarbon fluids may interact with vertically stacked cyclic steps.

What the accumulation of permeable and porous sediments in the troughs of vertically stacked cyclic steps can cause?

This may create vertical pathways for fluid migration.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What the accumulation of permeable and porous sediments in the troughs of vertically stacked cyclic steps can cause? ### Response: This may create vertical pathways for fluid migration. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A367

Oil production in ultra-deep waters places some new challenges for floating units. As an FPSO is one of most common types of production units adopted by Petrobras, its behavior in extreme conditions has to be fully tested and verified. During extreme sea storms, ship type floating structures may be subjected to water on deck events (green water). In order to allow a detailed structural analysis, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques may be used to investigate detailed loads due to water on deck propagation, especially in beam sea conditions, which are not traditionally covered by maritime rules. Based on model test results, water ingress and water on deck propagation are simulated through CFD analysis. The methodology adopted consists of two different approaches: (i) The influence of a riser balcony lateral extent is analyzed based on a 2D wave propagation model and; (ii) the complex flow behavior through topside equipment is discussed by using a 3D simulation of a restricted deck area, including some strategies for impact protection. The results of the simulations allow investigation of the complex flow behavior depending on the riser balcony extent and topside configuration, as well as the resulting loads on critical structures. For a side hull balcony, its protective effect against wave run-up in beam waves is only effective with a lateral extent of 8m. By performing water on deck simulations, the benefits of "V" type protections are quantified leading to 20% loading reduction when compared to flat plates. The simulations reveal CFD as a very powerful tool to assess detailed transient pressure distributions for optimized structural design.

What are the recommendations for a side-hulled balcony to have a protective effect against the increase of beam waves?

The protective effect against the increase of waves in beam waves is only effective with a lateral extension of 8m.

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What are the recommendations for a side-hulled balcony to have a protective effect against the increase of beam waves? ### Response: The protective effect against the increase of waves in beam waves is only effective with a lateral extension of 8m. <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A263

Petrobras increased its oil production capacity by 100,000 bpd following the start-up of operations at the Marlim Sul floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO), at the Marlim Sul field, in the Campos basin. Petrobras has leased the FPSO from the US' Single Buoy Moorings since January 2003. The new platform should start production at 20,000-25,000 bpd and reach full capacity by the end of 2004. Total output in the Campos basin averaged 1.2 million bpd of oil and NGL in the first 4 mo of 2004, equivalent to ~ 80% of the country's production. The FPSO is 110-km offshore Rio de Janeiro state and operates at water depths of 1160 m. Production from Marlim Sul averaged 151,000 bpd in 2003. Another platform, the 180,000-bpd P-51, is also planned for the Marlim Sul field and is due on stream in 2008.

What was the increase in Petrobras' production capacity after the FPSO leased from Single Buoy Moorings started operations?

Of 100,000 bpd

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What was the increase in Petrobras' production capacity after the FPSO leased from Single Buoy Moorings started operations? ### Response: Of 100,000 bpd <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A1138

The objective of this paper is to present how Petrobras is successfully managing production losses due to mineral scale formation in subsea production wells from its biggest offshore field1. Marlim Field, discovered in 1985 with a STOIIP estimated at 1,012 million STD m3 (6,369 million STB) and a field area of 146 km2 is located in water depths ranging from 600 m to 1100 m.Current Marlim Field production, around 446,754 bpd is supported by injecting 761,971 bpd of sea water. The water production is 217,150 bpd (water cut = 32%) and GOR is 82 STDm3/STDm3. A total of 117 wells are on operation, with 73 producers and 44 water injectors. The field was developed using subsea completion through the vertical, deviated and horizontal wells, equipped with cased hole and open hole gravel packed screens. Scale formation has occurred as a consequence of the incompatibility between the barium and strontium present in formation water and the high amount of sulfate in the injected seawater. To avoid production losses a plan of water management was implemented, including frequent produced water chemical analyses to investigate the convenience for applying a chemical bullhead treatment to remove scale in the production wells (tubing, screen, gravel pack and near well bore)2,3,4. This paper presents results from dissolver treatments performed in the field and also from a special investigation using a rig in a horizontal well. Valuable information was obtained in this intervention, clearing up the scaling occurrence phenomena in this scenario, allowing therefore an improvement on productivity recovery of the wells.

What has been done to prevent loss of production?

A water management plan has been implemented, including chemical water analysis

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: What has been done to prevent loss of production? ### Response: A water management plan has been implemented, including chemical water analysis <|end_of_text|>

You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets.

A323

Morphological features on low-latitude continental shelves have recorded past sea level fluctuations. This study aims to recognize and interrogate, on the Rio Grande do Norte (RN, NE Brazil) outer shelves, specific seabed morphologies that could have been produced by the punctuated relative sea level rise of the last deglaciation. These sea floor morphologies, imaged by single-beam bathymetric data from two areas of the North and East outer Shelves, ~ 160 km apart, reveal terraces, submerged paleo-shorelines, reefs, and incised valleys, which act as regional archives of past sea levels. The North and East outer shelves, covered by carbonate sediments, display steep gradients (~ 0.5°), variable widths (up to 13 km), and are bound between a well-defined shelf break at 75 m water depth and a beachrock ridge at 25 m. A steep step on the sea floor occurs between depths of 60 and 70 m in both areas. Though interrupted by the Açu Incised Valley, two distinct continuous terraces, 3 and 4 km in width, at depths of 49 m (± 5 m) (T1n) and 33 m (±3 m) (T2n), respectively, extend for 60 km along the North Shelf. Three nearly continuous terraces occur along the East Shelf on either the north or south sides of the Natal Canyon. A first, 6 km wide, lower terrace occurs at a depth of 54 m (± 4 m) (T1e). A second terrace, 2 km wide, at 40 m (± 2 m) (T2e), and a third 2 km wide upper terrace at 30 m (±2 m) (T3e) are also found. Patch reefs scattered over the terraces rise in average to 3 m in height. Based upon their depth occurrences, the established limited neotectonics in the study areas, and correlations with well-established archives from other morphological features of similar outer shelves, we hypothesize that these reefs and terraces were likely formed during the last deglacial interval spanning from the end of the MWP-1A (70–60 m), through the MWP-1B (50–40 m), and to subsequent punctuated millennial sea level rise events (30–25 m) occurring prior to the 8.2 kyr cooling event.

The North and East outer shelves found in Rio Grande do Norte, display steep gradients, with which inclination?

approximately 0.5°

### Instruction: You are an assistant specialized in answering questions with clarity and accuracy, using the information from the provided question-and-answer datasets. ### Input: The North and East outer shelves found in Rio Grande do Norte, display steep gradients, with which inclination? ### Response: approximately 0.5° <|end_of_text|>