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TEDtalk-en-ja

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{ "en": "All that costs money. ", "ja": "どれもお金がかかりますが。" }

{ "en": "How can Korea afford all of this? ", "ja": "どうやりくりしているのでしょう？。" }

{ "en": "The answer is, students in Korea learn in large classes. ", "ja": "実は韓国は、１学級の人数が多いのです。" }

{ "en": "This is the blue bar which is driving costs down. ", "ja": "下向きの棒はコストを、引き下げる要素を表します。" }

{ "en": "You go to the next country on the list, Luxembourg, and you can see the red dot is exactly where it is for Korea, so Luxembourg spends the same per student as Korea does. ", "ja": "ルクセンブルグでは、赤い点が韓国と同じ所にあります。両国は生徒当たりの、支出額が同じなのです。" }

{ "en": "But, you know, parents and teachers and policymakers in Luxembourg all like small classes. ", "ja": "でもルクセンブルグでは、保護者、教員、行政の、―、すべてが少人数学級を好みます。" }

{ "en": "You know, it's very pleasant to walk into a small class. ", "ja": "そういう学級に行くのは、楽しいものです。" }

{ "en": "So they have invested all their money into there, and the blue bar, class size, is driving costs up. ", "ja": "少人数学級を維持するために、資金が投入され、コストを押し上げています。" }

{ "en": "But even Luxembourg can spend its money only once, and the price for this is that teachers are not paid particularly well. ", "ja": "使えるお金には限りがありますから、代わりに、教員の給料は抑えられ、代わりに、教員の給料は抑えられ。" }

{ "en": "Students don't have long hours of learning. ", "ja": "１日の授業時間も長くはありません。" }

{ "en": "And basically, teachers have little time to do anything else than teaching. ", "ja": "また教師は基本的に授業しかしません。" }

{ "en": "So you can see two countries spent their money very differently, and actually how they spent their money matters a lot more than how much they invest in education. ", "ja": "お金の使い道は、両国でまったく違うというわけです。教育への投資額よりも、お金の使い道の方が、はるかに重要なのです。" }

{ "en": "Let's go back to the year 2000. ", "ja": "次に2000年までさかのぼりましょう。" }

{ "en": "Remember, that was the year before the iPod was invented. ", "ja": "iPodが発明される前の年です。" }

{ "en": "This is how the world looked then in terms of PISA performance. ", "ja": "これがPISAの成績から見た、当時の世界の姿です。これがPISAの成績から見た、当時の世界の姿です。" }

{ "en": "The first thing you can see is that the bubbles were a lot smaller, no? ", "ja": "マルが小さいですね。" }

{ "en": "We spent a lot less on education, about 35 percent less on education. ", "ja": "教育費は今より、35%も少なかったのです。教育費は今より、35%も少なかったのです。" }

{ "en": "So you ask yourself, if education has become so much more expensive, has it become so much better? ", "ja": "では教育にお金をかけることで、質は向上したでしょうか？。" }

{ "en": "And the bitter truth really is that, you know, not in many countries. ", "ja": "残念ながら、多くの国で、そうなっていません。" }

{ "en": "But there are some countries which have seen impressive improvements. ", "ja": "一方で驚くほど、改善している国もあります。一方で驚くほど、改善している国もあります。" }

{ "en": "Germany, my own country, in the year 2000, featured in the lower quadrant, below average performance, large social disparities. ", "ja": "私の出身国のドイツは、2000年には、―、下位群にいました。成績は標準以下で、社会的格差も大きかった。" }

{ "en": "And remember, Germany, we used to be one of those countries that comes out very well when you just count people who have degrees. ", "ja": "学位が基準だった頃は、ドイツは優秀な国の、一つに数えられていたのです。" }

{ "en": "Very disappointing results. ", "ja": "とても残念な結果です。" }

{ "en": "People were stunned by the results. ", "ja": "国民はショックを受け。" }

{ "en": "And for the very first time, the public debate in Germany was dominated for months by education, not tax, not other kinds of issues, but education was the center of the public debate. ", "ja": "歴史上初めて、数か月に渡って、国内の議論は教育で、もちきりになりました。税でも、他の問題でもなく、教育が議論の的になったのです。" }

{ "en": "And then policymakers began to respond to this. ", "ja": "政策立案者は対応を始めました。" }

{ "en": "The federal government dramatically raised its investment in education. ", "ja": "連邦政府は教育予算を、大幅に増やし。" }

{ "en": "A lot was done to increase the life chances of students with an immigrant background or from social disadvantage. ", "ja": "移民や社会的に不利な立場の生徒が、より多くの機会を、得られるようになりました。" }

{ "en": "And what's really interesting is that this wasn't just about optimizing existing policies, but data transformed some of the beliefs and paradigms underlying German education. ", "ja": "興味深いことに、それは、教育政策の議論に留まらず、教育の根幹となる思想や、パラダイムまでもが、PISAのデータで変化したのです。パラダイムまでもが、PISAのデータで変化したのです。" }

{ "en": "For example, traditionally, the education of the very young children was seen as the business of families, and you would have cases where women were seen as neglecting their family responsibilities when they sent their children to kindergarten. ", "ja": "それまで幼児の教育は、家庭の責任と考えられていて、母親が子供を幼稚園にやると、家庭の責任を放棄していると、思われかねませんでした。" }

{ "en": "PISA has transformed that debate, and pushed early childhood education right at the center of public policy in Germany. ", "ja": "ところがPISAで議論の方向が変わり、幼児教育は公共政策の、中心に据えられました。" }

{ "en": "Or traditionally, the German education divides children at the age of 10, very young children, between those deemed to pursue careers of knowledge workers and those who would end up working for the knowledge workers, and that mainly along socioeconomic lines, and that paradigm is being challenged now too. ", "ja": "また伝統的にドイツの教育は、10才という早い段階で、将来、知識労働者の道に進む子供と―、彼らに仕えることになる子供を、区別してきました。この区別は、社会経済的な区別と、―、ほぼ同じであるため、制度自体に異議が唱えられています。" }

{ "en": "A lot of change. ", "ja": "大きな変化です。" }

{ "en": "And the good news is, nine years later, you can see improvements in quality and equity. ", "ja": "幸い、９年後の調査では、教育の質と平等は改善しています。" }

{ "en": "People have taken up the challenge, done something about it. ", "ja": "課題に適切に対応した結果です。" }

{ "en": "Or take Korea, at the other end of the spectrum. ", "ja": "韓国はそれとは対照的です。" }

{ "en": "In the year 2000, Korea did already very well, but the Koreans were concerned that only a small share of their students achieved the really high levels of excellence. ", "ja": "2000年には、すでに優秀でしたが、本当に優れた生徒は全体の、ごく一部に過ぎないことが、課題でした。" }

{ "en": "They took up the challenge, and Korea was able to double the proportion of students achieving excellence in one decade in the field of reading. ", "ja": "韓国も課題に対応し、読解力が高い生徒の割合が、10年で２倍になりました。" }

{ "en": "Well, if you only focus on your brightest students, you know what happens is disparities grow, and you can see this bubble moving slightly to the other direction, but still, an impressive improvement. ", "ja": "ただ優秀な生徒だけに、力を入れると、格差は広がってしまいます。だからマルは少し左寄りになりました。それでも素晴らしい改善です。" }

{ "en": "A major overhaul of Poland's education helped to dramatically reduce between variability among schools, turn around many of the lowest-performing schools, and raise performance by over half a school year. ", "ja": "ポーランドでは教育改革によって、学校間の格差が劇的に減り、成績下位の学校の、多くで成績が向上し、学年に換算して、半年分以上の伸びが見られました。" }

{ "en": "And you can see other countries as well. ", "ja": "他の国はどうでしょう。" }

{ "en": "Portugal was able to consolidate its fragmented school system, raise quality and improve equity, and so did Hungary. ", "ja": "ポルトガルは、バラバラだった学校制度を、―、統一して、教育の質と、公平性を高めました。ハンガリーでもそうです。" }

{ "en": "So what you can actually see, there's been a lot of change. ", "ja": "実際、目に見える変化が、たくさん起きています。" }

{ "en": "And even those people who complain and say that the relative standing of countries on something like PISA is just an artifact of culture, of economic factors, of social issues, of homogeneity of societies, and so on, these people must now concede that education improvement is possible. ", "ja": "こんな批判をよく耳にします。PISAで出すような、相対順位は、各国の文化や経済的要因、―、社会問題や社会の均質性などの、差に過ぎないと、しかし、この様な批判をする人たちも、教育改革は可能だと、認めざるを得ないでしょう。" }

{ "en": "You know, Poland hasn't changed its culture. ", "ja": "例えばポーランドでは。" }

{ "en": "It didn't change its economy. It didn't change the compositions of its population. ", "ja": "文化や経済、人口構成に、変化はありません。" }

{ "en": "It didn't fire its teachers. It changed its education policies and practice. Very impressive. ", "ja": "先生を減らした、わけでもありません。変えたのは教育政策と実践だけです。" }

{ "en": "And all that raises, of course, the question: What can we learn from those countries in the green quadrant who have achieved high levels of equity, high levels of performance, and raised outcomes? ", "ja": "ここで疑問がわいてきます。図の緑の領域に入った国、―、公平性と成績を両立し、優れた成果をあげた国から、学べることは何か？。" }

{ "en": "And, of course, the question is, can what works in one context provide a model elsewhere? ", "ja": "また、ある環境での成功が、他の場所にも応用できるのか？。" }

{ "en": "Of course, you can't copy and paste education systems wholesale, but these comparisons have identified a range of factors that high-performing systems share. ", "ja": "当然、教育システムを、丸写しする訳にはいきません。でも国際比較によって、優秀なシステムの、共通点が明らかになっています。" }

{ "en": "Everybody agrees that education is important. ", "ja": "教育の重要性は誰もが認めています。" }

{ "en": "Everybody says that. ", "ja": "教育の重要性は誰もが認めています。" }

{ "en": "But the test of truth is, how do you weigh that priority against other priorities? ", "ja": "ただ、課題となるのは、他の政策との兼ね合いで、どう優先順位をつけるかです。" }

{ "en": "How do countries pay their teachers relative to other highly skilled workers? ", "ja": "国は教員の給与をどうするか？、他の技能労働者の、給与とのバランスは？。" }

{ "en": "Would you want your child to become a teacher rather than a lawyer? ", "ja": "自分の子供の職業として、弁護士より教師の方が魅力的か？。" }

{ "en": "How do the media talk about schools and teachers? ", "ja": "メディアは学校や教師を、どう扱っているか？。" }

{ "en": "Those are the critical questions, and what we have learned from PISA is that, in high-performing education systems, the leaders have convinced their citizens to make choices that value education, their future, more than consumption today. ", "ja": "どれも重要な問題です。私達がPISAから学んだことは、優秀な教育システムでは、国民が納得して、今日の消費より、明日の教育を重んじるように、指導者が呼びかけていることです。" }

{ "en": "And you know what's interesting? You won't believe it, but there are countries in which the most attractive place to be is not the shopping center but the school. ", "ja": "信じられないかもしれませんが、皆が行きたがるのが、ショッピングセンターではなく、学校だという国があるのです。" }

{ "en": "Those things really exist. ", "ja": "本当の話です。" }

{ "en": "But placing a high value on education is just part of the picture. ", "ja": "ただ、教育に価値があると、言うだけでは不十分です。" }

{ "en": "The other part is the belief that all children are capable of success. ", "ja": "もう一つ大切なことは、子供達はみんな、―、成功できるという信念です。" }

{ "en": "You have some countries where students are segregated early in their ages. ", "ja": "生徒が小さい頃から、分け隔てされる国があります。" }

{ "en": "You know, students are divided up, reflecting the belief that only some children can achieve world-class standards. ", "ja": "世界的な基準に達する子供は、世界的な基準に達する子供は、わずかだという発想に基づいて、分けられているのです。" }

{ "en": "But usually that is linked to very strong social disparities. ", "ja": "これは大抵、社会格差と、密接に関連しています。" }

{ "en": "If you go to Japan in Asia, or Finland in Europe, parents and teachers in those countries expect every student to succeed, and you can see that actually mirrored in student behavior. ", "ja": "日本やフィンランドでは、保護者も教師も、全ての生徒が成功できると考え、それが生徒の行動に現れています。" }

{ "en": "When we asked students what counts for success in mathematics, students in North America would typically tell us, you know, it's all about talent. ", "ja": "数学で成功するには、何が大切か、生徒に尋ねると、数学で成功するには、何が大切か、生徒に尋ねると、北米の生徒はたいてい、―、才能と答えます。" }

{ "en": "If I'm not born as a genius in math, I'd better study something else. ", "ja": "数学の天才でないなら、別の勉強を、と言うのです。" }

{ "en": "Nine out of 10 Japanese students say that it depends on my own investment, on my own effort, and that tells you a lot about the system that is around them. ", "ja": "日本の生徒の９割は、かけた時間や努力によると答えます。生徒の答えが教育システムを、よく表しています。" }

{ "en": "In the past, different students were taught in similar ways. ", "ja": "かつては生徒が多様でも、ほぼ同じ方法で指導していました。" }

{ "en": "High performers on PISA embrace diversity with differentiated pedagogical practices. ", "ja": "PISAの成績が上位の国では、生徒の違いを認め、―、個に応じた教育活動を行っています。" }

{ "en": "They realize that ordinary students have extraordinary talents, and they personalize learning opportunities. ", "ja": "そういった国では、どんな生徒にも、優れた才能があると考えて、個に応じた学習機会を用意しています。" }

{ "en": "High-performing systems also share clear and ambitious standards across the entire spectrum. ", "ja": "また優秀な教育システムでは、意欲的で明確な目標を、あらゆる領域で設定しています。" }

{ "en": "Every student knows what matters. ", "ja": "生徒は何が大事か、―。" }

{ "en": "Every student knows what's required to be successful. ", "ja": "何が成功につながるかを、把握しています。" }

{ "en": "And nowhere does the quality of an education system exceed the quality of its teachers. ", "ja": "どの国でも、重要なのは、システムの質よりも、教師の質です。" }

{ "en": "High-performing systems are very careful in how they recruit and select their teachers and how they train them. ", "ja": "成績上位の教育システムでは、教員採用と研修に力を入れています。教員採用と研修に力を入れています。" }

{ "en": "They watch how they improve the performances of teachers in difficulties who are struggling, and how they structure teacher pay. ", "ja": "厳しい状況で、苦労する教師の、―、能力をいかに高め、給与体系をどうするか、検討しています。" }

{ "en": "They provide an environment also in which teachers work together to frame good practice. ", "ja": "教師が共同作業を通して、よりよい実践ができるように、環境を整えるとともに。" }

{ "en": "And they provide intelligent pathways for teachers to grow in their careers. ", "ja": "専門性を高められるように、研修の機会を設けています。" }

{ "en": "In bureaucratic school systems, teachers are often left alone in classrooms with a lot of prescription on what they should be teaching. ", "ja": "官僚的なシステムでは、大量の指導すべき事項を、教師に押しつけ、孤立無援で教室に配置します。" }

{ "en": "High-performing systems are very clear what good performance is. ", "ja": "一方、成績上位のシステムでは、目指す生徒像が明確です。" }

{ "en": "They set very ambitious standards, but then they enable their teachers to figure out, what do I need to teach to my students today? ", "ja": "設定する目標は高くても、目の前の生徒に教えるべき内容は、捉え易くなっています。目の前の生徒に教えるべき内容は、捉え易くなっています。" }

{ "en": "The past was about delivered wisdom in education. ", "ja": "かつて、教育とは、知恵を授けることでした。" }

{ "en": "Now the challenge is to enable user-generated wisdom. ", "ja": "でも今では主体的に知恵を、生み出すことが求められています。" }

{ "en": "High performers have moved on from professional or from administrative forms of accountability and control -- sort of, how do you check whether people do what they're supposed to do in education -- to professional forms of work organization. ", "ja": "成績上位の国では、説明責任や管理、すなわち、―、必要なことが行われているか、確認する作業を、一部の専門職や管理職に、任せるのではなく、組織全体で行おうとしています。" }

{ "en": "They enable their teachers to make innovations in pedagogy. ", "ja": "教師自身が、教育を、革新できるように促し、―。" }

{ "en": "They provide them with the kind of development they need to develop stronger pedagogical practices. ", "ja": "より質の高い実践ができるように、必要な手段を提供しています。" }

{ "en": "The goal of the past was standardization and compliance. ", "ja": "かつてのゴールは、規格化と法令遵守でした。" }

{ "en": "High-performing systems have made teachers and school principals inventive. ", "ja": "成績上位の教育システムでは、教師と学校長の創造性を重視します。" }

{ "en": "In the past, the policy focus was on outcomes, on provision. ", "ja": "かつて教育政策の重点は、成果と教員の確保でした。" }

{ "en": "The high-performing systems have helped teachers and school principals to look outwards to the next teacher, the next school around their lives. ", "ja": "優秀なシステムでは、教師や学校長、自らが、身近な教員や近所の学校に、目を向ける環境が整っています。身近な教員や近所の学校に、目を向ける環境が整っています。" }

{ "en": "And the most impressive outcomes of world-class systems is that they achieve high performance across the entire system. ", "ja": "一流のシステムにおける成果とは、システム全体が、優秀な成績を収めていることです。" }

{ "en": "You've seen Finland doing so well on PISA, but what makes Finland so impressive is that only five percent of the performance variation amongst students lies between schools. ", "ja": "PISA上位のフィンランドが、特に素晴らしいのは、PISA上位のフィンランドが、特に素晴らしいのは、生徒の成績の差が、学校間で、わずか５%だという点です。生徒の成績の差が、学校間で、わずか５%だという点です。" }

{ "en": "Every school succeeds. ", "ja": "すべての学校が成功しているのです。" }

{ "en": "This is where success is systemic. ", "ja": "組織的な成功です。" }

{ "en": "And how do they do that? ", "ja": "秘訣は何でしょう？。" }

{ "en": "They invest resources where they can make the most difference. ", "ja": "それは人材を適切に、配置することです。" }

{ "en": "They attract the strongest principals into the toughest schools, and the most talented teachers into the most challenging classroom. ", "ja": "大変な学校にはタフな校長、―、困難な学級には優秀な教員が、配置されているのです。" }

{ "en": "Last but not least, those countries align policies across all areas of public policy. ", "ja": "また、こういった国では、公共政策の全領域で、足並みが揃っています。" }

{ "en": "They make them coherent over sustained periods of time, and they ensure that what they do is consistently implemented. ", "ja": "長期に渡って政策が一貫しており、それが実施されているか、常に確認しています。" }