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Friday, May 7th, 2010 It has been said that Shakespeare drew his inspiration for many plays from classic Greek dramas. If he were alive today, I don’t think there would be any shortage of inspiration for new projects! Of course, the situation in Greece has been front page news this week and it has created some choppy waters for investors (it was another volatile day on the markets yesterday – but that was apparently caused by a trading error). Amid the headlines, and the increased market volatility, we thought it might be helpful to take a look at how the sovereign debt situation has evolved and why it is causing so much noise (and by extension, investor anxiety). Each day, there seems to be a new take on the story and many of the headlines have been conflicting. For example, consider the following: - Two EU Ministers: No Bailout for Greece – Wall Street Journal (Jan 18) - Merkel Says Greece Doesn’t Need Financial Support – Dow Jones (Mar 22) - Fears rise that Greece is days from defaulting – Associated Press (Apr 12) - Greece begins talks on details of IMF aid deal – Reuters (Apr 22) - EU: Greece loan package coming soon but worries persist – Globe (Apr 30) - Greece swallows tough medicine in bailout – Globe (May 3) - Analysts like Greek bank despite nation’s woes – Bloomberg (May 4) However, as is often the case when it comes to complex issues, there’s usually more to the story than meets the eye. The situation in Europe is complicated and very volatile and many investment management teams are monitoring new developments closely. Also, amid the noise, it should be noted that there have been other developments that, while not front page news, are noteworthy nonetheless from an investment standpoint. For example, the U.S. dollar has strengthened which has benefited U.S. dollar denominated investments, and global bond spreads have widened, creating potential investment opportunities. Another important note is that many of our favorite dividend growth stocks have returned to profitability. Regardless of the happenings in the world economy, when our dividend growth stocks are making money, we will be rewarded accordingly… But, it will take faith in our philosophy and time for the markets to catch up to us . Tuesday, April 6th, 2010 The importance of global diversification is often discussed as important as an investor in today’s global economy, and with the MSCI World Index and EAFE (Europe, Australasia and Far East) Index both up about 27% in U.S. dollar terms in 2009, that message remains important. However, over the past few years, we’ve been reminded of the great investment opportunities in Canada. More Than Just Resources Canada has not gone unnoticed by investors abroad. A report last week indicated that Canada has benefited from record net inflows of foreign investment in Canadian securities. By extension, demand for the loonie has also increased, and this is one of the reasons why the Canadian dollar currently sits near parity with its U.S. counterpart. Foreign investors purchased $109 billion worth of Canadian securities in 2009, and another $11.8 billion in the first month of 2010. They were particularly keen on Canadian corporate bonds in 2009, purchasing nearly 80% of net new corporate issues. Meanwhile, Canadian investors were noticeably more conservative – nearly all bonds issued or backed by the Government of Canada stayed in Canada. There are good reasons for this renewed interest in Canadian investments. Canada has a highly educated workforce, a rock-solid financial system, and one of the strongest economies in the developed world. What’s more, the Canadian stock market has delivered some of the best returns in the world over the past 10 years. (Could this be a warning sign though?) All of these points underscore the importance of having Canadian exposure as a core holding in a well diversified portfolio. Friday, December 19th, 2008 We’ve recently come to recognize the herd mentality that’s been corralling the minds of retail investors and how this has led to a ‘bubble’ in U.S. Treasuries. This phenomenon reflects the extreme risk aversion that’s moving the markets these days and how people are more focused on return of investment than return on investment. Even though the yield on Treasuries is at historically low levels, investors are willing to sacrifice the returns they need for the sense of security they want. Unfortunately, this fixation with ‘safe’ assets doesn’t make much sense within the context of long-term goals. Let us now look at the other side of the Treasuries phenomenon. In their quest for certainty, many investors may be unwittingly ignoring dividend yields on stocks, which have become more compelling as a result of the downturn in global markets. The Dividend Yield As dividend investors, we have recently noticed that the dividend yield on the S&P 500 Index is greater than the yield on U.S. Treasury bonds for the first time in 50 years! Case in point, the dividend yield on the S&P 500 as of the end of November was about 3% versus the yield on the 10-year Treasury which today, is about 2% (the 2-year Treasury is yielding about 0.70%). What’s more, this isn’t just a U.S. phenomenon. In Europe, the yield on stocks also currently exceeds the yield on government bonds. Of course, dividends are a key part of total returns (price appreciation plus investment income, including dividends). The fact that dividend yields are high relative to Treasury yields right now makes the case for dividend-paying companies that much more compelling. If we look back to the period between 1974 and 1982, the performance of the S&P 500 was sluggish on a price return basis. But if you look at what happened as markets began to recover, including dividends in the returns that investors earned as they emerged from a period of economic uncertainty and capital market weakness (i.e. looking at total return) made a significant difference. Herding To Safety Today, the desire for safety runs the risk of driving ‘the herd’ off the edge of the proverbial cliff as people abandon their long-term goals in favor of short-term stability. But despite what the headlines might suggest, the world isn’t two- dimensional. That is to say it’s not just risky assets or safe assets. To see the total picture, including why dividends need to be a key consideration in the investment process, is a starting point to having better, more robust conversations in today’s uncertain environment.

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Based on your description, I "see" the ceiling cut out, a resin disc screwed to the joist. The disc has two or more empty holes that correspond to the device mounting holes in a standard octagonal junction box. Then there's a length of romex cable just hanging loose to which you're supposed to connect the fan. If your fan's installation instructions indicate some part of the fan can be used to make connections, such as the ceiling canopy, you may be in luck. Make the connections there. More than likely, they'll assume you are providing a junction box in the ceiling. First ensure the fan's mounting kit is compatible with your resin plate. You'll need to get the wires from the down pipe, through the plate and into a nearby junction box you will install. The fan wires need to be long enough that there's at least 6 extra inches after running into the box. They must not bind against anything. You'll need an old work box, a blank cover plate, some wire nuts (may be part of the fan kit), a short length of 1/2" flex conduit, a flex to box connector, and a plastic conduit bushing to protect the wire insulation where it goes into the conduit above the fan. You'll also need a romex to box connector if the box does not have them built in. Any wire running in a concealed structural space needs to be in conduit or non-metallic cable (romex), or a few other less common options. You install an old work box by cutting the proper sized and shaped hole in the ceiling in a place where the box will not hit anything above the ceiling but is close to the resin plate on which the fan will be mounted. Do not install the box at this time, I'm explaining what will happen, but there's other things to do first. You would place the box in the hole, the box's flange keeps it from being pushed through. A couple retaining tabs are turned with a screwdriver so that the box will no longer be able to be pulled out. If the romex cable is not attached nearby to a joist, you'll need to do so through the box hole. Locate the hole so it's close enough to do this, but not so close the wire is kinked or crimped after the box is installed. Remove an appropriate knock out in the box to connect the conduit. You can cut or drill a hole if need be. After securing the romex, feed it into the box. Feed the attached conduit through the hole and back out through the resin plate. It can be routed next to the plate as long as the fan ceiling canopy fitting will cover it. Or cut a hole in the plate if need be. Install the box and cut the conduit to length at the resin plate. Install the protective bushing. Install the fan on the resin plate. Push the fan wires through the conduit at the resin plate and into the box and make the connections. Install the fan ceiling canopy and box cover plate.

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About a year ago I bought a book called Critical Choices that Change Lives: How Heroes Turn Tragedy into Triumph. The author, Daniel R. Castro, is a motivational speaker, and a very good one. He’s got dozens—maybe even hundreds—of stories about people who did amazing things. The front cover of Critical Choices has 30 or 40 names of people whose stories made it into the book: Lance Armstrong, Beethoven, Einstein, Edison, Walt Disney, Jerry Seinfeld, and the list goes on. It’s got an amazing tale of a woman in San Antonio who, desperate for money, offered to take her neighbor’s trash to the dump; and when that neighbor told his friends, within a few months she had to buy a truck to start hauling all the trash; and then a few years after that, her bid won the city’s new waste management contract. The stories are incredibly inspirational. And they’re organized around principles for success: ”It’s How You See, not What You See” and “Heroes Do More than Just Face their Fears.” These principles are very perceptive, and the anecdotes that illustrate them are marvelous. Why, then, is my bookmark still stuck, a year after I bought the book, on page 61 (of 205)? Because for all the things the book has going for it, what it doesn’t have is any practical value whatsoever. The critical flaw of Critical Choices that Change Lives is the fact that it doesn’t tell you how to do anything. Okay, great, heroes can see the right path. So what? How do I see the right path? How do I face my fears? What are some things I can actually do to impact my life for the better. The great nonfiction classics, for the most part, are chock full of doings. Swim with the Sharks Without Getting Eaten Alive by Harvey Mackay is a great example. One of the best books ever written on business growth and success, every single one of the hundred or so chapters describes a specific action the reader can take in order to improve their sales or management skills. You could spend years implementing everything he discusses in that book, and then your entire lifetime mastering it. In Kick-Starting Your Nonfiction Book, we call this “How to Do Something.” And in business books, it’s generally pretty well understood that this is an important component. The thing is, this is also one of the best things a memoir author can do for his book: create a way for readers to learn from the author’s mistakes. After all, a good story is just a good story, but if you learn something for yourself, it becomes that much more valuable. How to Build a How-To - Know What You Want People to Get from Reading Your Book, and then Ask Yourself if the Reader Is Getting it. If you don’t know what you want people to come away with, you’ve shot yourself in the foot before you’ve even come out of the gate. If you do know, ask yourself constantly if you’re producing that result. If you’re not producing that result, why not? What’s missing, that if there, would make a differencee? - Check for Ws, Hs, and the Being/Doing/Having. Most memoir writers want their life experiences to inform other people. They want people to know how to get through this circumstance that they, themselves, had to deal with. Sometimes, just knowing there’s someone else out there who’s been through the same thing is enough, but as the author you can always do more to help them along. The trick here is to include every piece of the puzzle – the who, what, when, where, why, and how, making sure you also include how you were being (before, during and after), what you did, and the result it produced. Then people can follow your lead and reasonably expect similar results. - Look at as Many Examples As Possible. Good to Great by Jim Collins is successful because of the level of research Collins and his fellow researchers did. They picked the people they would interview, and they asked the same questions of all of them. If you look at 10 people who, for example, had an idea hit them seemingly out of nowhere, ask them what they were doing right before the idea hit them. Ask them what they did immediately after. Do ideas often hit them? What do they usually do? If you ask these same questions of enough people, sooner or later you’ll start to see the same things showing up, and “implementation techniques” will start coming to you. - Keep Asking “How Did/Do You Do This?” What Dan Castro might have done is include fewer stories and instead just look deeper into each one. The person who looked out her window and saw the person’s trash—how do we turn that into a “doing” that can help other people? Maybe you should get in the practice of asking yourself 5 times a day what opportunities you see in front of you; maybe when you notice you just had an idea, write it down. But for each example of success, look deeper into the source of that person’s success and ask “How” that person got there, and it’ll jog ideas. - Start A List. When I started this list, I had one item to put on it. But the act of creating the list gave me more ideas for things to put on it. These are just a few ideas to get you going. What’s important is that you include some kind of action for people to take to produce the result you’re looking for. This and other strategies for nonfiction book writing success in Kick-Starting Your Nonfiction Book on Tuesday, October 26th from 1:00-5:00 PM. Register today for $20 off (use coupon code “special” at checkout).

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[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index][Subject Index][Author Index] Re: Walking dromaeosaurs > > Not to mention Dutch "Kwikstaart" (Position-differing (for lack of a > > translation of this old-fashioned word) tail) > Ok, that word looks like the english "quick start", Or like German Sterz, an old word used by hunters for the tails of some animals. (German z is pronounced ts, and usually derived from t.) > It came up with "mercury tail". Isn't mercury sometimes called quicksilver, because it's silver in "color" Mmm... dinosaurs, dinosaurs... when I'll come home from my grandparents in 2 weeks, I will (or so I hope!) translate my "paper" on the results of my cladistic analysis of Mesozoic birds (the trees of which are already in the

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County Conservation Area, which includes Gladstone Lake, offers a variety of recreational facilities. The 27-acre lake has a shoreline of 1.5 miles and a maximum depth of 25 feet. The area, about 20 miles southwest of Monmouth and five miles east of the Mississippi River, has a total of County Conservation Area was purchased by the state in 1961 from the C. B. & Q. Railroad. The railroad used the area to dredge sand and gravel for use in its railroad maintenance. The lake water was used for filling the trains steam engine. is one area on a hill with tables and toilets. and trailer sites are available. All campers must obtain a camping permit from the park personnel. Group camping is permitted; all groups of more than 25 persons need advance permission to enter the area. lake contains bluegill, sunfish, crappie, channel catfish, bullhead, carp and sauger. A boat launch is on the east side of the lake. Motors are not allowed; electric trolling only. skating and ice fishing are permitted on the lake when the ice is thick state sites are within easy access of every part of the state. Lodges, cabins and dining rooms are important features of Illinois Beach, Starved Rock, Pere Marquette, White Pines Forest, Giant City and Cave-In-Rock. Reservations for lodging should be made with lodge managers. - While groups of 25 or more are welcome and encouraged to use the park's facilities, they are required to register in advance with the site office to avoid crowding or scheduling - At least one responsible adult must accompany each group of 15 minors. - Pets must be kept on leashes at all times. - Actions by nature can result in closed roads and other facilities. Please call ahead to the park office before you make your trip. - We hope you enjoy your stay. Remember, take only memories, leave only footprints. - For more information on tourism in Illinois, call the Illinois Department of Commerce and Community Affairs' Bureau of Tourism at 1-800-2Connect. - Telecommunication Device for Deaf and Hearing Impaired Natural Resources Information (217) 782-9175 for TDD only Relay Number 800-526-0844.

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[dnssec-deployment] AP: "Use of Rogue DNS servers on rise" Ed.Lewis at neustar.biz Mon Feb 18 02:52:03 EST 2008 At 18:31 +1100 2/18/08, Mark Andrews wrote: > DNSSEC is designed to protect to the application. Whether > it is used that way remains to be seen. No, no, it isn't. If that were true, we would have never designed message integrity mechanisms. We would have never defined the AD and When DNSSEC was designed and redesigned, it was supposed to mimic the actions of the unprotected DNS. I.e., the use of caches. Just as caches are a way to limit the times a "site" goes to a authoritative server and limits the times when nodes of the site have to go beyond the cache, DNSSEC validation was thought to be located at the caches. Just like any application can do DNS iteration, an application can do DNSSEC. But because we defined DNSSEC to be like DNS, we also then added the "last hop" mechanisms. TSIG and SIG(0) only say that the message between the stub (client) and the first responder (cache) transferred untouched. CD means "don't do DNSSEC for me" which was needed because we assumed otherwise the first responder would only return what it thought was good. (Think "clock skew" for one.) And AD means the first responder checked and according to it's policy, the data entered the If we thought that DNSSEC was protecting out to the application, we would not have put validation in the caches. We would not assume that caches were going to check. We would have dropped cache's doing validation because for a while running NTP on a DNS server was a Anytime we've tried to mission creep the intention of DNSSEC we got slapped back. (Remember SIKED BOF? See what happened when signing the root meant more than just getting the data transfers to be secure?) DNSSEC (RFC 4033-4035) is only server to server. We spent a long time dealing with the sematics of DNSSEC in user interfaces like HTML renderers. It was apparent that DNS'ers are not the best group to say what's right for applications. It would be a design mistake to have proposed an extension to DNS that would provide security to applications. The best we can do is to offer to the applications data that got to the fringes of the DNS "safely." Edward Lewis +1-571-434-5468 Mail archives, backups. Sometimes I think the true beneficiaries of standards work are the suppliers of disk drives. More information about the Dnssec-deployment

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Michael Williams disputes an atheist who suggests that Christianity morality has "evolved": What you see as the evolution of morality among Christians is actually a different phenomenon. Most of Christian history was dominated and warped by the Catholic Church, which propounded purposefully incorrect teachings about God's revelation to man (the Bible) to sustain its political power. With the Reformation, Christians as a whole reclaimed the gift God gave them and resumed interpreting the Bible in the correct manner rather than as a tool for social control. I don't agree. I think one can say that Christianity evolved, but not by Darwinian or any other sort of blind evolution, rather it has evolved towards an ideal, much as each healthy Christian life is constantly evolving towards an ideal. This is teleological, not natural evolution. It is growth, a striving towards a goal, that goal being, of course perfect harmony with God. When people look at the cruelty and barbarity of the early Christians, they often forget that these Christians lived in a cruel and barbaric world. Take the Inquisition, a common example of Christian cruelty: Christians didn't invent religious persecution, they grew up in it. From the first Christians persecuted by the Jews, to later Christians persecuted by the Romans, to even later Christians persecuted by Muslims, religious persecution was just they way things were. Christians did not first invent a new form of evil and then "grow out of it", rather, Christians came into a world in which that evil already existed and they had to grow out of it. Yes, they were wrong to do the evil even if it was common in their day, but they were imperfect human beings and could not become perfect immediately. The same can be said for other things that Christians are chastised for , things such as witch-burning, religious wars, conquest, slavery, and forced conversion: in the days when Christians did such things, they were just doing what was typical in the day. When Christians stopped doing such things, only then was there anything remarkable about their behavior. This incidentally, is why the humanist idea that mankind makes moral progress is so ridiculous. The idea of moral progress comes from a brief segment of human history --the West from about 300AD to about 1900AD. Nowhere else is this sort of progress seen except for short periods in isolated areas. And in fact it doesn't even hold in regards to the West, as Communism and Fascism were clearly backward steps in "moral evolution", backward steps that we have yet to recover. Even more ridiculously, most people who believe in moral evolution despise the primary factor that led to this moral progress: Christianity. But all know that the world is badly broken and all feel the need for faith in some sort of redemption. If it isn't God's Blood Sacrifice, then it is moral evolution or science or Marxist theory or solipsism or space aliens that will come and save us from ourselves. Each person knows that he needs to be saved. Everyone has faith in something. Ink Magic 12 Ink Magic (part 12) "You have a lot to say for a dead person." "The demons have magic, Steven. When they found out that I had invented a way to spy on the Dark World, they captured me and brought me here. They killed my body to prevent any chance of escape, but they had a use for my knowledge, so they kept my soul imprisoned to serve them. That's why I can be dead and still be here to tell you my story." "Who did this?" "The demons who serve Baal. That is the name of the Dark Power that holds dominion over this area." "What are you doing for them?" "Mostly, I work on setting up and maintaining a high-tech infrastructure: communications, computing, surveillance." "Why are you helping them, Dad? Can they hurt you even though you are dead?" "Well, I was serving them because they held you and your mother hostage. They offered me a pact, that as long as I served them and as long as you were no danger to them, the two of you would be left alone to live your lives. By entering my old lab, you gained a way to spy on them and you became a danger to them just as I had been." "Then why are you still helping them?" "They don't know that I know that the pact is broken so I was buying time for you to get away. As soon as they find out that I know, they will put all of their resources into capturing you, and you will not stand a chance. That's why I'm pleading with you, Steven: get out. Go back to the bright world and get away from the West Coast. The Dark Powers are territorial so Baal won't be able to get to you once you are out of its principality." I checked the battery on my cell phone and then sat down to think about that for a moment. If my father had sacrificed so much to get me out, maybe I should go. But … I raised the phone back to my ear, "What will happen to you once mom and I are safe?" "Don't worry about it, Steven. I've made plans for this." "What are your plans?" "I can't tell you, you might be captured and they would find out." That could only mean one thing, "You have some sort of sabotage in mind." "I guess it's pretty obvious, isn't it?" There was a pause, "OK, Steven, I didn't want to tell you this until you were out of the picture, but there is something very big going on. Baal is planning to cross over." "That sounds like a bad thing." "It's a very bad thing, Steven. Baal is a vile, hideous creature that takes pleasure in the suffering and death of others." "What happens when it crosses over?" "Well, we can only go by history, but there have been many periods in the past when the Dark Powers had major influence on Earth --think genocide and human sacrifice. The orbits and rotations of the Dark Earth and the Bright Earth make communication across the Gulf between the two worlds more difficult or less difficult over time. When masses are similar in both worlds, the Dark Powers and other demons can see into the Bright Earth and can cast mental influences over humans and other animals. The demons have often influenced history with these powers, usually for the worse. "When the masses correspond even more closely and over a very large area, the most powerful demons can create Passages that allow physical movement across the Gulf. These times have typically been times of great horror for the Bright World. But until now, only lesser demons have dared to cross over and risk being cut off from their territory. The Powers never had enough to gain that they would take the risk … until now. "But now, there is a whole host of new technologies for mapping the terrain and the geology with great accuracy and there are computers to do modeling. The servants of Baal can predict with great accuracy when and where it will be possible to open gates and how long they will stay open, and California is set to be very close in mass to the Dark World for the few next dozen years. Baal is planning to take advantage of this long period of stable Passages to establish a principality in the Bright World. In fact, Baal intends to conquer all of the West Coast over the next few years." I sat stunned for a moment after my father finished speaking. He hadn't said what Baal might do, but it wasn't hard to come up with times of human history that were candidates for this close interaction between the Worlds. Genocide and human sacrifice. "Can it be stopped?" I asked. "No," he said, "But it can be resisted. I will ensure that the communications doesn't work as well as Baal expects it to. And Baal is relying on ignorance; people will not understand what his happening and so will be less able to resist. That's why I've arranged for you and thousands of other people to receive an email detailing everything I know about the Dark World. But no one will believe until it is too late. There is no stopping this. For you there is only escape." My shoulders slumped. A man has to know his limitations, and my limitations were well south of taking on an army. Besides, I had the information that I had come for and I had no idea how to rescue someone who was already dead. "OK, dad, I'll get out of here. Any message for mom?" "No, I don't want her to worry. Leave me dead and gone." "Have a good life someplace far from here, Steven. Good bye." There was a click and my phone was dead. I turned back toward the Passage walking quickly until near the end, but slowing to a crawl as I approached place where I had left the troll corpse. My eyes and ears strained for any sign that there were other trolls about because something was wrong. It eluded me but something just didn't smell right. I eased up to a scrub pine from which I could view the head of the stairs and as I carefully pushed the brush aside, it suddenly hit me what was wrong: something really did smell wrong, and my tattoo buddy was trying to make me aware of it. The faint animal smell had been bothering me for a short time, the smell of the troll I had killed. But why should I pay attention to that smell when I knew the creature was nearby? My tattoo had been trying to tell me that the wind wasn't blowing from the dead troll to me, it was blowing from behind me. The hairs on my neck stood on end. I put my hands into the pockets of my trench coat and casually turned around. There, about twenty feet away, the air shimmered like a heat wave in in the form of three humanoid figures, a man-sized one flanked on both sides by larger shades. With a concentrated stare, I was able to pare away the distortion. A moment later I could see the three clearly: two trolls and tall, thin man with sharp features. When he saw my eyes focus on his the man smiled widely, "Well, Steven, you are full of surprises, aren't you? It is very rare for a human to be able to pierce an Encloudment." "I'm a prodigy." I answered shortly. "So it seems," the man laughed. "And shortly to be a dead prodigy." Republican privacy and Democrat privacy and others have pointed out, it is a bit rich for these leftists to be screaming and moaning and beating their breasts over privacy violations by the federal government when they are the ones who constantly want to give the government more power to invade our privacy. It is because of the left that the government knows where you work, where you invest, where you bank, how much you make, what your mortgage payment is, what political organizations you support, what church you attend (assuming you donate), and when and where you are traveling if you go by plane. If the leftists had their way, the government would also have all your private medical records and know all the guns that you own. Similarly, there are many other privacy-invading programs and proposals that if not quite leftists, are only opposed by those on the right: national ID cards, requirements for cell phone and cars to broadcast their location, red-light cameras, invasive airport security, security cameras everywhere. So how about a little thought experiment? Suppose it were revealed that during the Clinton administration, these exact same kinds of records were being collected in order to track down violent abortion protestors. How many of these outraged leftists would be outraged about it then? How about: almost none.

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Welcome to WebLogic Commerce Server Components! Commerce Server components are software building blocks for eBusiness. These customizable Enterprise JavaBeans 1.1 are plug-and-play components that you can use as an out-of-the-box solution with the Personalization Server, or customize and extend for highly specific e-business scenarios and integration with legacy applications. Get started now using WLCS components to create your eCommerce Web presence! Overview of WebLogic Commerce Server Components What are Commerce Server components? A Quick Look at a Few Key Components Customer and Session ShoppingAdvisor and Items Features at a Glance eCommerce brings tremendous opportunity and new challenges. Build versus Buy: WLCS components offer the best of both solutions. How do WLCS components work? Applications built with WLCS components leverage a scaleable, high-performance Architecture. Components are easy to use and customize. Base your eCommerce applications on our smart models and generated EJBs. Components use industry-standard Design and Analysis Patterns. Components are neatly organized in Component Packages. What is the overall development process? Before You Begin: Copy the Model Step 1: Export the WLCS model in Rational Rose Step 2: Run the WLCS Smart Generator Define a New Project Configure the Project Generate the Java Sources Step 3: Add Your Business Logic: Edit the Java files and Compile Them Step 4: Run the EJB Compiler Step 5: Deploy your application, and start the server Before You Start the WebLogic Application Server Starting the Server Step 6: If desired, change the model, and iterate Do I have to be a Rational Rose or UML Expert? Understanding the Foundation Package and Stereotypes Understanding the Basic UML Modeling Notations Classes and Stereotypes Aggregation and Multiplicity WLCS Smart Generator Rules: Factors that Influence the Generated Java Files Primary Key and Value Interfaces, Homes, and Implementations Attributes and Accessor Methods Rules for Aggregation Notations in the UML Diagram Use of Entities versus Sessions Implementing Business Logic in an Entity Modeling from a Message Specification Changing Method Signatures Deploying Your Application Defining the Persistence Type for your Deployment Using Bean-Managed Persistence The Oracle Reference Implementations Deployment Sets Overview Deploying on Windows NT Deploying on Solaris Considerations in Bean-Managed Persistence Container-Managed Persistence Versus Bean-Managed Persistence Considerations when Persisting an EJB Complexity of the Mapping Implementation Dissecting and Persisting an Enterprise Java Bean How to Build and Run the Examples Foundation and Axiom Package examples.axiom Description Belongings and EJBs The Abstract Factory Pattern Package examples.workflow Description Package examples.businesspolicy Description ItemPriceCalculationPolicy and BusinessPolicy Package examples.passbyvalue Description Getting and Setting Attributes Using pass-by-value Pass By Value Example Copyright © 2000 BEA Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Surgery Lite: Understanding Endoscopic Surgery When is minimally invasive surgery better than traditional surgery? What are the risks? It's not often that a surgical technique becomes a national craze. But endoscopic or minimally invasive surgery has, albeit a minor one. It's in the newspaper. It's on the lips of your uncle, who can't resist showing off his tiny scars at every family function. Even on your commute to work, billboards trumpet the minimally invasive surgery centers at competing local "For patients, 'minimally invasive' are the hot buzzwords," says Michael Argenziano, MD, director of minimally invasive cardiac surgery and arrhythmia surgery at New York Presbyterian Hospital. "And surgeons are responding to their patients' demand. I don't think that there's a single surgical field that hasn't tried some sort of minimally invasive While the term is pretty vague, "minimally invasive" - or endoscopic or "keyhole" surgery - generally means operations that are less traumatic than traditional surgery. By using special instruments, the approach can allow for smaller incisions, quicker recovery, and fewer side effects. Since it was first used in the late 1980s, minimally invasive surgery has changed the standards for how many operations are done. It makes intuitive sense to patients. Why get cut open if you can avoid But minimally invasive surgery isn't right for everyone. Despite what you hear, "minimally invasive" doesn't always mean "better." "People have this idea that minimally invasive surgery is not painful or that it's not really surgery," says Marshall Z. Schwartz, MD, professor of surgery in pediatrics at St. Christopher's Hospital for Children in Philadelphia. "Neither is true. It's not Star Trek technology, where we wave a wand over someone and they're healed." Getting the Facts on Minimally Invasive Surgery When it comes to deciding whether to get minimally invasive surgery, the key is to make an informed decision.

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In some people, macular degeneration advances so slowly that it has little effect on their vision. But in others, the disease progresses faster and may lead to vision loss. Sometimes only one eye is affected, while the other eye remains free of problems for many years. People with dry macular degeneration in one eye often do not notice any changes in their vision. With one eye seeing clearly, they can still drive, read, and see fine details. Some people may notice changes in their vision only if macular degeneration affects both of their eyes. Both dry and wet macular degeneration cause no pain. Symptoms of macular degeneration include: Blurred vision —This is an early sign. An example of early findings is that you may need more light for reading and other tasks. Difficulty seeing details in front of you —You may have a difficult time seeing words in a book or faces. Blind spot —A small, growing blind spot will appear in the middle of your field of vision. This spot occurs because a group of cells in the macula have stopped working properly. Over time, the blurred spot may get bigger and darker, taking more of your central vision. Crooked lines —An early symptom of wet macular degeneration is straight lines that will appear crooked or wavy. This happens because the newly formed blood vessels leak fluid under the macula. The fluid raises the macula from its normal place at the back of the eye and distorts your vision. Lighting —Images appear more gray in color and colors are not as bright Contact your ophthalmologist immediately for an eye exam if you notice: - Visual distortions - Sudden decrease in central vision - A central blind spot - Any other visual problems - Reviewer: Christopher Cheyer, MD - Update Date: 09/01/2011 -

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At least three of the European domain names seized in this year’s batch of Cyber Monday anti-counterfeiting law enforcement are now pointing to servers controlled by the US government. We’ve found that chaussuresfoot.be, chaussurevogue.eu and eshopreplica.eu are now hosted on the same IP addresses as SeizedServers.com, the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement site. But the three domains, believed to be among the 132 grabbed ahead of this year’s online shopping rush, display warnings incorporating the logos of multiple European law enforcement agencies. While domains in .dk, .fr, .ro and .uk were also targeted by this year’s transatlantic crackdown, none appear to be using SeizedServers.com. According to an ICE press release yesterday, this was the first year that Operation In Our Sites, which kicked off at this time in 2010, has included overseas law enforcement. The partnership, coordinated between ICE and Europol, was code-named Project Transatlantic. European Union privacy officials have told ICANN that it risks forcing registrars to break the law by placing “excessive” demands on Whois accuracy. In a letter to ICANN yesterday, the Article 29 Working Party said that two key areas in the proposed next version of the Registrar Accreditation Agreement are problematic. It’s bothered by ICANN’s attempt to make registrars retain data about their customers for up to two years after registration, and by the idea that registrars should re-verify contact data every year. These were among the requests made by law enforcement, backed up by the Governmental Advisory Committee, that ICANN has been trying to negotiate into the RAA for almost a year. The letter (pdf) reads: The Working Party finds the proposed new requirement to re-verify both the telephone number and the e-mail address and publish these contact details in the publicly accessible WHOIS database excessive and therefore unlawful. Because ICANN is not addressing the root of the problem, the proposed solution is a disproportionate infringement of the right to protection of personal data. The “root cause” points to a much deeper concern the Working Party has. Whois was designed to help people find technical and operational contacts for domain names, it argues. Just because it has other uses — such as tracking down bad guys — that doesn’t excuse infringing on privacy. The problem of inaccurate contact details in the WHOIS database cannot be solved without addressing the root of the problem: the unlimited public accessibility of private contact details in the WHOIS database. It’s good news for registrars that were worried about the cost implications of implementing a new, more stringent RAA. But it’s possible that ICANN will impose the new requirements anyway, giving European registrars an opt-out in order to comply with local laws. The letter is potentially embarrassing for the GAC, which seemed to take offense at the Prague meeting this June when it was suggested that law enforcement’s recommendations were not being balanced with the views of privacy watchdogs. During a June 26 session between the GAC and the ICANN board, Australia’s GAC rep said: I don’t come here as an advocate for law enforcement only. I come here with an Australian government position, and the Australian government has privacy laws. So you can be sure that from a GAC point of view or certainly from my point of view that in my positions, those two issues have been balanced. That view was echoed during the same session by the European Commission and the US and came across generally like a common GAC position. The Article 29 Working Party is an advisory body set up by the EU in 1995. It’s independent of the Commission, but it comprises one representative from the data privacy watchdogs in each EU state. It’s going to be first-come, first-served on almost 9,000 seized .eu domain names next month, following a Eurid lawsuit against a Chinese cybersquatter. The registry operator said today that it has taken control of the domains, which were registered shortly after .eu launched in 2006 by one Zheng Qinying, and will start to release them October 24. Eurid went to court in 2007 after a string of cybersquatting cases against Zheng highlighted the fact that, as a Chinese citizen with no presence in the EU, she did not qualify to own .eu names. An appeals court finally ruled a year ago that Zheng had no right to the domains, and Eurid now plans to make them available again on a first-come, first-served basis. Don’t get too excited. Judging by the small number of English domains on the 8,894-strong list, Zheng, despite being quick off the mark after .eu launched, registered quite a lot of garbage. Don’t expect to see too many valuable English keyword domains. Do expect to see a lot of domains that probably would not stand up to a cybersquatting complaint. The gems may lie in the many European surnames on the list. There may be some good non-English generics on it too, but this monolingual Anglo-Saxon has no idea. The full list of Zheng’s domains in CSV format can be downloaded here. UPDATE: A longer, no-holds-barred commentary by HosterStats’ John McCormac can be found here. EurID, the .eu registry manager, has inked a deal to have its domain names resolved internationally via Netnod’s network of name servers. Netnod is the not-for-profit Swedish internet exchange operator which also runs one of the internet’s 13 DNS root servers. The deal means .eu domains will be resolved from Netnod’s constellation of Anycast DNS servers. Anycast is a technology for mirroring servers on a large scale by enabling them to all advertise the same IP address from diverse locations on the internet. EurID already has similar deals to run .eu on Anycast networks belonging to NeuStar and CommunityDNS, reducing its exposure to a failure at any single provider. That’s some serious redundancy. The registry says that .eu domains are now resolved by 35 server locations around the world. Reding is a mildly controversial figure in the domain name world. Notably, she is the recipient of a UK Internet Service Provider Association Internet Villain award over the launch of .eu, which happened under her watch as Information Society commissioner. ISPA nominated her in 2007, for “foisting the most arcane set of rules yet seen for prior registration of .eu domains, requiring UK-registered companies to submit legal affidavits to justify the authenticity of their business.” Arcane rules? At an ICANN meeting? Shurely shome mishtake. It’s not clear whether Reding will be speaking at the meeting. She’s agreed to attend on June 22, the same day as the Governmental Advisory Committee meeting.

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Now he’s alerted me to a new study and related lecture on what he and his co-authors are calling “peak farmland” — an impending stabilization of the amount of land required for food as humanity’s growth spurt plays out. While laying out several important wild cards (expanded farming of biofuels among them), Ausubel and his co-authors see a reasonable prospect for conserving, and restoring, forests and other stressed terrestrial ecosystems even as humanity exerts an ever greater influence on the planet. The study, “Peak Farmland and the Prospects for Sparing Nature,” is by Ausubel, Iddo K. Wernick and Paul E. Waggoner and will be published next year as part of a special supplement to the journal Population and Development Review, published by the Population Council. Drawing on a host of data sets, the authors conclude that a combination of slowing population growth, moderated demand for land-intensive food (meat, for instance) and more efficient farming methods have resulted in a substantial “decoupling” of acreage and human appetites. Here’s the optimistic opener: Expecting that more and richer people will demand more from the land, cultivating wider fields, logging more forests, and pressing nature, comes naturally. The past half-century of disciplined and dematerializing demand and more intense and efficient land use encourage a rational hope that humanity’s pressure will not overwhelm nature. Ausubel will describe the findings in a talk during a daylong symposium at his university on Tuesday honoring Paul Demeny, who at age 80 is stepping down as editor of the journal. Ausubel’s prepared remarks are online. In his talk, he explains that while the common perception is that meeting humanity’s food needs is the task of farmers, there are many other players, including those of us who can choose what to eat and how many children to have: [T]he main actors are parents changing population, workers changing affluence, consumers changing the diet (more or less calories, more or less meat) and also the portion of crops entering the food supply (corn can fuel people or cars), and farmers changing the crop production per hectare of cropland (yield). The new paper builds on a long string of studies by Ausubel and the others, including the 2001 paper “How Much Will Feeding More and Wealthier People Encroach on Forests?.” Also relevant is “Restoring the Forests,” a 2000 article in Foreign Affairs co-written by Ausubel and David G. Victor (now at the University of California, San Diego) This body of analysis is closely related to the core focus of this blog: finding ways to fit infinite human aspirations (and appetites) on a finite planet. The work presents a compelling case for concentrating agriculture through whatever hybrid mix of means — technological or traditional — that best fits particular situations, but also fostering moderation in consumption. Here’s an excerpt from the paper’s conclusion, which notes the many wild cards that make the peak farmland scenario still only a plausible, and hardly inevitable, future: [W]ild cards remain part of the game, both for and against land sparing. As discussed, the wild card of biofuels confounded expectations for the past 15 years. Most wild cards probably will continue to come from consumers. Will people choose to eat much more meat? If so, will it be beef, which requires more land than poultry and fish, which require less? Will people become vegetarian or even vegan? But if they become vegan, will they also choose clothing made from linen, hemp, and cotton, which require hectares? Will the average human continue to grow taller and thus require more calories? Will norms of beauty accept obesity and thus high average calories per capita? Will a global population with a median age of 40 eat less than one with a median age of 28? Will radical innovations in food production move humanity closer to landless agriculture (Ausubel 2010)? Will hunger or international investment encourage cropland expansion in Africa and South America? (Cropland may, of course, shrink in some countries while expanding in others as the global sum declines.) And will time moderate the disparities cloaked within global averages, in particular disparities of hunger and excess among regions and individuals? Allowing for wild cards, we believe that projecting conservative values for population, affluence, consumers, and technology shows humanity peaking in the use of farmland. Over the next 50 years, the prospect is that humanity is likely to release at least 146 mHa [146 million hectares, or 563,710 square miles], one and a half times the size of Egypt, two and a half times that of France, or ten Iowas, and possibly multiples of this amount. Notwithstanding the biofuels case, the trends of the past 15 years largely resemble those for the past 50 and 150. We see no evidence of exhaustion of the factors that allow the peaking of cropland and the subsequent restoration of nature. In an e-mail exchange today, I asked Ausubel about another issue touched on in the paper: Looking around the planet, it’s clear from a biodiversity standpoint that all forests — or farming pressures — are not equal. For instance, in Southeast Asia, palm oil and orangutans are having a particularly hard time co-existing. So while the overall trend is great, do you see the need for maintaining a focus on particular “hot spots,” to use a term familiar in environmental circles? So far, I don’t see lots of evidence that conservation campaigners (you are one on ocean resources) have found a way to accept this kind of good news and/or incorporate it in their prescriptions for sustaining a rich and variegated biological sheath on Earth. If you agree, any idea why? Indonesia is the number one place where letting the underlying trend work will not work fast enough. The list of threatened regions is quite well identified: parts of the central African forest, parts of the Amazon. Some conservation groups have realized that the slow growth in demand for calories as well as pulp and paper are creating big chances to reserve or protect more land. In the right places, where crops are no longer profitable, some amounts of money can acquire large amounts of land for nature. Conservation groups also ought to attend more to the ecological disaster called biofuels. I encourage you to dig in on this paper and related work, which provides a useful guide for softening the human impact on a crowding planet. There’ll be plenty of losses, and surprises, but there are real prospects for sustaining a thriving, and peopled, orb. 6:57 p.m. | Addendum | For relevant work with somewhat different conclusions review the presentations from “Intensifying agriculture within planetary boundaries,” a session at the Planet Under Pressure conference in London last March. I’ll be adding links to other relevant analysis here.

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Share your CD/DVD/HD-DVD/Blu-ray drive (reader or burner) over a network with Paragon Net BurnerOctober 2, 2011 14 Email article | Print article Do you have a computer (desktop, notebook, or netbook) that does not have an optical drive? Or, maybe it has an optical drive but the optical drive is broken? Well, then, Paragon Net Burner may be for you. Paragon Net Burner is a software that aims to do one thing and one thing only: Allow users to share CD/DVD/HD-DVD/BD drives (readers and burners) over a network. Thus you do not have to spend extra cash purchasing drives for computers that do not have an optical drive, or have a broken optical drive – you can just share the optical drives you have with all computers on your network with Paragon Net Burner. These are all the types of optical drives Paragon Net Burner supports: - DVD+/-R (DL) - BD-R/RE (Blu-ray) How Paragon Net Burner works is it allows you to mount an optical drive from one computer (the computer that has the drive) onto another computer (the computer that does not have the drive); by mount I mean virtually mount, not physically mount. Once you have the optical drive mounted, you can use it normally just like you would if the actual physical optical drive was in the computer (i.e. you can use any burning program, read the disk, etc.). Of course you still need to physically insert/remove disks from the actual drive – Paragon Net Burner won’t magically insert/remove the disks for you. And take note that only one computer can access an optical drive at a time. In other words, while an optical drive is mounted on a remote computer, the local computer cannot use it – nor can you use the same optical drive on another remote computer (yes, you can share one optical with multiple computers, but only one computer can use it at a time). Paragon Net Burner utilizes a server-client relationship. In other words, it has a server component and a client component. The server component is installed on the computer that has an optical drive and wants to share the optical drive with other computers on the network. The client component is installed on the computer(s) that don’t have an optical drive of their own. During installation of Paragon Net Burner you are asked if you want to do a full installation, install the server edition, or the client edition: If you are not tech savvy and don’t feel comfortable selecting which type of installation to do, you can do a full installation on both the server (the computer with the optical drive) and the client (the computer(s) without the optical drive) and everything will work just fine. Once you install Paragon Net Burner on the server, all you have to do is make sure Paragon Net Burner is running (look for Paragon Net Burner’s icon in the system tray: ) – you need not do anything else on the server. After Paragon Net Burner has been installed on the server (and running on the server) and on the client, go to the client computer and run Paragon Net Burner; you will need to select the optical drive that you want to use: If no optical drive is found, try hitting the “Refresh” button or manually entering the IP address (local LAN IP) of the computer that has the optical drive. Once you have the optical drive selected, hit “Next” and the drive will be mounted on the client. If it is the first time you are mounting the drive, it will be treated as new hardware by your computer and it will first be installed (takes a few seconds). After the drive has been mounted, you can use it normally as if you had the actual drive in your computer (including being able to use burning programs): After you are done using the drive, you can easily unmount it via the right-click menu of Paragon Net Burner’s system tray icon: As you can see from the above screenshot, if you ever want to mount a drive again, right-click on the system tray icon, select “Mount optical drive” and start the process all over again. There are three things to note about Paragon Net Burner: - Paragon Net Burner is based on Rocket Division’s StarBurn SDK. So, during installation of Paragon Net Burner you may be asked to install StarBurn/StarPort/Rocket Division drivers – these drives are safe to install, so don’t worry about it. - If you are unable to properly find optical drives on the network, be sure to open the proper ports in your firewalls to make sure the firewall is not blocking anything. - You need to fill out a short form after which you are e-mailed the download link for Paragon Net Burner: Since Paragon Net Burner is aimed at businesses, the form asks you for a “Company Name”; if you are using Paragon Net Burner for home, just put something like “Home Use”. The e-mail you get is from “firstname.lastname@example.org” with the subject of “Your Product Information for Paragon Net Burner 2.0 – Free (English)”. In the e-mail is registration information and a download link: Even though you are provided with registration information I found there is no need and no place to enter the registration information. So, just download and install Paragon Net Burner without worrying about registering it. (Someone correct me if I am wrong.) That said, you can grab Paragon Net Burner from the following link: Version reviewed: v184.108.40.206 Supported OS: Windows XP/Vista/Server 2003/Server 2008 Windows 7 is not officially supported but it seems to work fine on Win7. Download size: 2.7 MB

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Student Launches Backpack Drive for N.J. Storm Victims Kids in shelters in New Jersey are working without the school supplies they need, after Hurricane Sandy destroyed their homes. When Laci Olivia contacted the American Red Cross to help with Hurricane Sandy relief, she found out students in New Jersey need basic school supplies. After speaking with a volunteer working at the Red Cross Shelter in Tuckerton, N.J., she learned something surprising. "The students there are without the necessary supplies for school, including backpacks, notebooks, pencils…" said Olivia, a student at Delaware Valley College. "These are all things that we take for granted, but to a child they represent normalcy, especially if you will be attending a new school due to your family’s home literally being washed away." She is spearheading a project to put together backpacks for these kids containing: - Three notebooks - Two folders - Five pencils in a pencil case - A package of crayons - A lunchbox - A ruler “People were severely affected by Hurricane Sandy,” said Olivia. “Many people have lost businesses, their homes, and in some cases even family members. Many organizations and individuals have made substantial efforts towards helping those affected by the storm. We really need to get involved in helping those displaced pick up the pieces.” Olivia said donations of clothing, blankets, nonperishables, and other supplies are pouring in at shelters, but the need for school supplies has not yet been addressed. She will deliver the backpacks to the Red Cross Shelter in Tuckerton, N.J. on Sunday, Nov. 18. How to help: Grab some friends and put a backpack together. Please bring all completed backpacks to House 1 (the first house on the right if you come in the New Britain Road entrance to the College) by Thursday, Nov. 15.

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Although uncommon, an entirely different group of factors plays a role when an athlete suffers a stroke. Head and neck trauma are often factors in stroke during athletic competitions. Direct head trauma can result in leakage from blood vessels, depriving large regions of the brain of necessary nutrients. Violent forward and backward movement of the head can result in tearing the inner lining of vital arteries responsible for directing blood to the brain. This condition, known as arterial dissection, can form a clot within the affected blood vessel or become a source of small clots. These smaller clots often move toward the brain as emboli and block other arteries. Treatment for arterial dissection involves the use of blood thinning medications and avoiding violent collision sports. Another common risk factor for stroke in athletes is the existence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO). A PFO is a hole between the upper chambers of the heart, the right and left atria. The foramen ovale forms in the fourth week of embryonic development and should close in the first three months after birth. When it does not close, it is considered patent or open. This abnormal channel allows direct passage of blood clots to the brain. These clots often originate in the legs and may result from immobilized lower extremities. PFOs can be treated with equal success by surgical closure or blood thinning medications. Athletes appear to do better with surgical closure and usually make a full recovery to return to sports. While considered rare, strokes do occur in athletes and treatment requires a different approach.

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Under the figure of a linen girdle is foretold the destruction of the Jews. Their obstinacy in sin brings all miseries upon them. Thus saith the Lord to me: Go, and get thee a linen girdle, and thou shalt put it about thy loins, and shalt not put it into water. And I got a girdle accoding to the word of the Lord, and put it about my loins. And the word of the Lord came to me the second time, saying: Take the girdle which thou hast got, which is about thy loins, and arise, and go to the Euphrates, and hide it there in a hole of the rock. And I went, and hid it by the Euphrates, as the Lord had commanded me. And it came to pass after many days, that the Lord said to me: Arise, go to the Euphrates, and take from thence the girdle, which I commanded thee to hide there. And I went to the Euphrates, and digged, and took the girdle out of the place where I had hid it: and behold the girdle was rotten, so that it was fit for no use. And the word of the Lord came to me, saying: Thus saith the Lord: after this manner will I make the pride of Juda, and the great pride of Jerusalem to rot. This wicked people, that will not hear my words, and that walk in the perverseness of their heart, and have gone after strange gods to serve them, and to adore them: and they shall be as this girdle which is fit for no use. For as the girdle sticketh close to the loins of a man, so have I brought close to me all of the house of Israel, and all the house of Juda, saith the Lord: that they might be my people, and for a name, and for a praise, and for a glory: but they would not hear. Thou shalt speak therefore to them this word: Thus saith the Lord God of Israel: Every bottle shall be filled with wine, and they shall say to thee: Do we not know that every bottle shall be filled with wine? And thou shalt say to them: Thus saith the Lord: Behold I will fill all the inhabitants of this land, and the kings of the race of David that sit upon his throne, and the priests, and the prophets, and all the inhabitants of Jerusalem. with drunkenness. And I will scatter them every man from his brother, and fathers and sons in like manner, saith the Lord: I will not spare, and I will not pardon: nor will I have mercy, but to destroy them. Hear ye, and give ear: Be not proud, for the Lord hath spoken. Give ye glory to the Lord your God, before it be dark, and before your feet stumble upon the dark mountains: you shall look for light, and he will turn it into the shadow of death, and into darkness. But if you will not hear this, my soul shall weep in secret for your pride: weeping it shall weep, and my eyes shall run down the tears, because the flock of the Lord is carried away captive. Say to the king, and to the queen: Humble yourselves, sit down: for the crown of your glory is come down from your head. The cities of the south are shut up, and there is none to open them: all Juda is carried away captive with an entire captivity. Lift up your eyes, and see, you that come from the north: where is the flock that is given thee, thy beautiful cattle? What wilt thou say when he shall visit thee? for thou hast taught them against thee, and instructed them against thy own head: shall not sorrows lay hold on thee, as a woman in labour? And if thou shalt say in thy heart: Why are these things come upon me? For the greatness of thy iniquity, thy nakedness is discovered, the soles of thy feet are defiled. If the Ethiopian can change his skin, or the leopard his spots: you may also do well, when you have learned evil. And I will scatter them as stubble, which is carried away by the wind in the desert. This is thy lot, and the portion of thy measure from me, saith the Lord, because thou hast forgotten me, and hast trusted in falsehood. Wherefore I have also bared my thighs against thy face, and thy shame hath appeared. I have seen thy adulteries, and thy neighing, the wickedness of thy fornication: and thy abominations, upon the hills in the field. Woe to thee, Jerusalem, wilt thou not be made clean after me: how long yet?

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The priesthood of Christ according to the order of Melchisedech excels the Levitical priesthood and puts an end both to that and to the law. For this Melchisedech was king of Salem, priest of the most high God, who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings, and blessed him: To whom also Abraham divided the tithes of all: who first indeed by interpretation, is king of justice: and then also king of Salem, that is, king of peace: Without father, without mother, without genealogy, having neither beginning of days nor end of life, but likened unto the Son of God, continueth a priest for ever. Now consider how great this man is, to whom also Abraham the patriarch gave tithes out of the principal things. And indeed they that are of the sons of Levi, who receive the priesthood, have a commandment to take tithes of the people according to the law, that is to say, of their brethren: though they themselves also came out of the loins of Abraham. Without father: Not that he had no father, etc., but that neither his father, nor his pedigree, nor his birth, nor his death, are set down in scripture. But he, whose pedigree is not numbered among them, received tithes of Abraham, and blessed him that had the promises. And without all contradiction, that which is less, is blessed by the better. And here indeed, men that die, receive thithes: but there he hath witness, that he liveth. And (as it may be said) even Levi who received tithes, paid tithes in Abraham: For he was yet in the loins of his father, when Melchisedech met him. If then perfection was by the Levitical priesthood, (for under it the people received the law,) what further need was there that another priest should rise according to the order of Melchisedech, and not be called according to the order of Aaron? For the priesthood being translated, it is necessary that a translation also be made of the law. For he, of whom these things are spoken, is of another tribe, of which no one attended on the altar. For it is evident that our Lord sprung out of Juda: in which tribe Moses spoke nothing concerning priests. And it is yet far more evident: if according to the similitude of Melchisedech there ariseth another priest, Who is made not according to the law of a carnal commandment, but according to the power of an indissoluble life: For he testifieth: Thou art a priest for ever, according to the order of Melchisedech. There is indeed a setting aside of the former commandment, because of the weakness and unprofitableness thereof: (For the law brought nothing to perfection,) but a bringing in of a better hope, by which we draw nigh to God. And inasmuch as it is not without an oath, (for the others indeed were made priests without an oath; But this with an oath, by him that said unto him: The Lord hath sworn, and he will not repent, Thou art a priest for ever.) By so much is Jesus made a surety of a better testament. And the others indeed were made many priests, because by reason of death they were not suffered to continue: But this, for that he continueth for ever, hath an everlasting priesthood, Whereby he is able also to save for ever them that come to God by him; always living to make intercession for us. Many priests: The apostle notes this difference between the high priests of the law, and our high priest Jesus Christ; that they being removed by death, made way for their successors; whereas our Lord Jesus is a priest for ever, and hath no successor; but liveth and concurreth for ever with his ministers, the priests of the new testament, in all their functions. Also, that no one priest of the law, nor all of them together, could offer that absolute sacrifice of everlasting redemption, which our one high priest Jesus Christ has offered once, and for ever. Make intercession: Christ, as man, continually maketh intercession for us, by representing his passion to his Father. For it was fitting that we should have such a high priest, holy, innocent, undefiled, separated from sinners, and made higher than the heavens; Who needeth not daily (as the other priests) to offer sacrifices first for his own sins, and then for the people' s: for this he did once, in offering himself. For the law maketh men priests, who have infirmity: but the word of the oath, which was since the law, the Son who is perfected for evermore.

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Newman, C. M. (2005) 'Economy and society in North-eastern market towns : Darlington and Northallerton in the later Middle Ages.', in North East England in the later Middle Ages. Woodbridge, England: Boydell & Brewer, pp. 17-40. Regions and regionalism in history. |Item Type:||Book chapter| |Full text:||Full text not available from this repository.| |Publisher Web site:||http://www.boydell.co.uk/43831279.HTM| |Record Created:||22 Oct 2008| |Last Modified:||08 Apr 2009 16:21| |Social bookmarking:||Export: EndNote, Zotero | BibTex| |Usage statistics||Look up in GoogleScholar | Find in a UK Library|

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Tables with many operations feel cluttered and focus is lost on the most common operation(s). For example, in the Views interface there are 4 possible operations, but "enable" is the most commonly used. Used to group related operations, most commonly used in tables. Other interfaces where there are multiple operations with one clear primary operation may also benefit from the drop button pattern. - Choose a sensible primary operation, the 80% operation. Often this is "edit". - Keep the task link text short; preferably 1 to 3 words. - Avoid similar labels such as "Edit menu" and "Edit menu links".

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There are many ways to effectively teach a dog. Not so long ago, most of the accepted methods for training were forceful or aversive. Unfortunately, some of these methods still are in use among the abusive and uneducated. One of the pioneers of gentle training techniques was Barbara Woodhouse. This English dog trainer was instrumental in paving the way for today’s nonaversive and positive methods of training. She was a genius at molding behaviors with lures and gently “modeling” a dog into positions without force. But even Woodhouse used some techniques that can be considered rough by today’s standards. If you have researched dog-training methodologies at all, you probably have noticed that a percentage of the available training books advocate the use of a “choke chain” (otherwise called the training collar). When used properly, this training device relies on aversion to get the dog’s attention or to make a correction when your dog doesn’t respond to a command correctly. A sharp snap of the leash tightens the collar around the dog’s neck, startling the dog with a momentary, low-level pain. The choke chain is not a training device for leash pullers, as is commonly thought, and when used incorrectly can, at the least, cause misalignment of the spine and trachea damage. At worst, it can cause brain damage and even death. Because there is such a high risk for misuse of this device (you may not realize that the choke chain should be worn with the free ring up, for instance), the training world probably would be much better off without it. Your efforts to train your dog should focus on building a bond and nurturing trust. This bond becomes the motivator that drives your dog to learn, focus and respond. Why would anyone want to use force or violence when positive reinforcement works so well? Why should your dog trust you if he knows that you are likely to hit him when he is unfocused or confused? That’s like your supervisor yelling at you when you have problems with a difficult task. Stress won’t help you concentrate or focus better. Abusive treatment of dogs in the name of training, just as abusive handling of employees in the name of supervision, doesn’t work. It does, however, tell us a lot about the trainer. For any method of dog training to be successful, it must be: Effective – If it’s not effective, what’s the point? Efficient – Both you and your dog will become frustrated if training takes too long. Enjoyable – Fun is an important ingredient in motivating both you and your dog. The proper execution of any training program is dependent on these three ingredients. But, ultimately, the most important ingredient in your training program is you, the owner. The trust you nurture in your dog will be evident in his willingness to look to you for leadership and his motivation to work with you in any and all situations. Those qualities are in your dog right now but cannot be developed through the use of harsh training methods. Dog training can be whatever you want it to be. If you rely on anger and force, the relationship and trust will suffer. If you rely on motivation and reward, while providing appropriate consequences for misdeeds, training just gets better and better. Julie Winkelman is a certified pet dog trainer and a certified dog trainer. Reach her at www.alphacanineacademy.com.

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A 2012 survey conducted by the Association for Pet Obesity Prevention found 52.5 percent of dogs and 58.3 percent of cats to be overweight or obese by their veterinarian. This translates to nearly 80 million dogs and cats in America with a weight problem. Dr. George Banta, chair of the Veterinary Technology department at Brown Mackie College - Akron and Dr. Mary Jo Wagner, attending veterinarian at Argosy University, Twin Cities, offer useful information for pet owners. How can you tell if your pet is overweight? “It’s not the number of pounds, it’s how the animal carries the weight,” says Banta. “The number on the Body Condition Score is more important than pounds.” The Body Condition Score offers a way to assess the condition of an animal, usually on a scale from one to five, taking into account height, weight, and relative proportions of muscle and fat. With a little knowledge, you can use sight and touch to figure your pet’s general condition. “When looking down on a dog or cat from above,” says Banta, “the body should slim to a discernable waist. An animal is too thin if you can see the spine or ribs; however, you should be able to feel them beneath the fur.” An animal of ideal weight will also display a pelvic tuck when viewed from the side. “Just like humans, when animals overeat, they face increased risk for health problems like diabetes, heart disease, gastrointestinal problems and cancer,” continues Banta. In fact, these risks also include a shortened life expectancy. Many owners feed pets according to the manufacturer’s suggested amounts; however, this instruction may not be right for your pet. “These guidelines are meant to cover all animals of a certain weight range,” says Wagner. “An owner must consider the age and activity level of each pet. The more active they are, the more calories they will burn in a day.” Metabolism rates vary in animals the same way they do in people. Metabolism is the body process in which food is broken down for energy; another factor that affects the amount of food a pet needs. Wagner advises owners to keep an eye on body condition to judge whether a pet is eating properly. “If your pet shows signs of being overweight, simply cut back the amount of food given at each meal. Then weigh the pet in two or three weeks to see if it has made a difference,” she says. Choosing the right food for your pet is important as well. Different brands of pet food contain varying amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrates and calories. “As a general rule, young, active dogs need high protein food,” says Wagner. “Older dogs need higher fiber to keep the gastrointestinal (GI) tract moving.” Ingredients listed on the package appear in descending order of volume; the first item on the list is most abundant in the food. Most of us love to give treats, but many of us don’t realize how many we offer each day. “A 40-pound dog is one quarter the size of a 160-pound person,” Wagner says. “They have smaller stomachs. Look at calories in everything your pet eats. After that, it’s simple math.” “Table scraps are a definite no. Zip, zilch, nada,” says Banta. “They are not good for two reasons. First, foods like chocolate, caffeine, grapes and raisins can be toxic to dogs. Second, the high fat content associated with table scraps, especially holiday trimmings, can lead to the onset of acute pancreatitis, which can be fatal.” He recommends offering a kibble of food or a carrot instead of a cookie. If you must give cookies, try breaking them in half. “Pets do enjoy treats as a reward; however, attention from you is also a reward. It’s important to praise animals. In some ways, spending time with them is better than a treat,” Wagner says.

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After spending tens of millions of dollars to defeat Democrats, U.S. Chamber of Commerce president Tom Donohue moved Wednesday to assure his board of directors that Washington’s biggest business lobby can still work with President Barack Obama and congressional Democrats. “Since the elections, we’ve been asked whether the Chamber will be able to work with the administration and those in Congress who criticized us. The answer is, of course we can. It’s already happening,” Donohue said in a speech to his board of directors, his first public remarks in the States since Election Day. “This is not personal with us, the whole question of how we get along. It’s about representing our members,” he said. For instance, he said, Chamber and top White House officials worked last week on Obama’s failed push to reach a free-trade agreement with South Korea. The Chamber will launch a major initiative to sell the public and policymakers on how global trade creates American jobs. Still, Donohue spent most of the speech outlining how the Chamber will beef up to fight some of Obama’s signature achievements, including health care and Wall Street reforms. Donohue railed against the “regulatory tsunami” created by the Obama administration. For example, the new health care law creates 183 agencies, commissions and panels while Wall Street reform calls for 540 new and suggested rules. For months, the Chamber has criticized the Democrats’ regulatory push, arguing that many of the new rules are unnecessary, costly and create uncertainty in the market, which is keeping companies from investing and hiring. “This is where government is going. Regulation is the vehicle by which some seek to control our economy, our businesses and our very lives – and left unchecked, it will fundamentally weaken our nation’s capacity to create jobs and opportunity,” Donohue said. To amplify that message, the Chamber will start a new group aimed at painting regulations as a tax on the American people. Pressed after his speech to explain the new group, Donohue offered few details, saying only that the work will be done using existing Chamber staff. Donohue said the Chamber will also push to renew the Bush tax cuts, rebuild the nation’s infrastructure, improve public education and fight efforts requiring the Chamber, and groups like it, to disclose more information about their donors.

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On this day in 1951, more than six years after the end of World War II in Europe, President Harry S. Truman signed a proclamation officially ending U.S. hostilities with Germany. The official end to the war came nine years, 10 months and 13 days after Congress had declared war on Nazi Germany. The lawmakers had responded to a declaration of war issued by the Third Reich in the aftermath of the Dec. 7, 1941, Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and other U.S. bases in the Pacific. The president explained why he had waited so long after the fighting had ended to act: It had always been America’s hope, Truman wrote, to create a treaty of peace with the government of a united and free Germany, but the postwar policies pursued by the Soviet Union “made it impossible.” After the war, the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union divided Germany into four zones of occupation. Berlin, while located wholly within the Soviet zone, was jointly occupied by the wartime allies and also subdivided into four sectors because of its symbolic importance as the nation’s historic capital and seat of the former Nazi government. The three western zones were merged to form the Federal Republic of Germany in May 1949, and the Soviets followed suit in October 1949 with the establishment of the German Democratic Republic. The East German regime began to falter in May 1989, when the removal of Hungary’s border fences punched a hole in the Iron Curtain, allowing tens of thousands of East Germans to flee to the West. Despite the grants of general sovereignty to both German states in 1955, neither of the two German governments held unrestricted sovereignty under international law until after they were reunified in October 1990.

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DWT’s David Oxenford and Rob Driscoll Present Seminar on The Basics of Music Licensing In Digital Media: Issues to Think About When Using Music in the Digital World, Including In Connection With User Generated Content Davis Wright Tremaine attorneys David Oxenford and Rob Driscoll conducted a seminar - Using Music in Digital Media: Business and Legal Issues - on June 16, 2010 in New York City. The seminar was presented to attorneys from committees of the New York State and New York City bar associations. In the seminar, Dave and Rob discussed the music licensing issues that can arise when music is used in digital media - touching on everything from royalties for the streaming of music by Internet radio stations, to the use of music in video productions or in advertisements that may be displayed online, to the occasional use of music by a business on its website to enhance the "stickiness" of that site. The PowerPoint presentation from the seminar is available here. Many of the issues that were covered in the seminar are discussed in Dave and Rob's memo the on The Basics of Using Music in Digital Media, available by clicking on this link. Another topic that was discussed was the use of music in user-generated content, and how website operators can avoid liability that may arise from the posting on their sites of content using music and other copyrighted materials by users over whom the site owner has no control. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act provides protection for those who host sites where such content is posted, but certain formalities need to be observed by the site owner to insure that they receive the law's full protection. Site owners cannot encourage the posting of copyrighted content unless the appropriate clearances have been obtained, they cannot have actual knowledge of the infringing content, they cannot receive a direct financial benefit from the infringement, and they must act promptly to remove infringing content if notified that it is on their site. To make this notification possible, to provide a "safe harbor" under the DMCA, a website owner needs to place a notice on its website in a "location accessible to the public," and register with the Copyright Office, the name of a person to be contacted by a copyright owner if the owner finds its content being used on the site without permission. This notice must provide the contact person's address, phone number and email address. Information about registering the contact person with the Copyright Office, a list of those website operators who have registered, and a link to the form to be used to register a contact person, can be found here.

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Survey data is a snapshot of a population, a moment captured in numbers, like vital signs: height, weight, temperature, blood pressure, etc. People build trend lines and watch for changes, shifting strategies as they make educated guesses about what’s going on. What’s holding steady? What’s spiking? What’s on the decline? Just as a thermometer makes no judgment, the Pew Research Center provides data about the changing world around us. We don’t advocate for outcomes or recommend policies. Rather, we provide an updated record so that others can make those pronouncements and recommendations based on facts. The latest in our health research series is being released today. Health Online 2013 finds that internet access and interest in online health resources are holding steady in the U.S. For a quick overview, read on… What is new? 1 in 3 U.S. adults use the internet to diagnose themselves or someone else – and a clinician is more likely than not to confirm their suspicions. This is the first time we – or anyone else – has measured this in a straightforward, national survey question. 1 in 4 people looking online for health info have hit a pay wall. This is the first data I know of that begins to answer the important question: what is the public impact of closed-access journals? We added three new health topics: - 11% of internet users have looked online for information about how to control their health care costs. - 14% of internet users have looked online for information about caring for an aging relative or friend. - 16% of internet users have looked online for information about a drug they saw advertised. (A full list of all the health topics we’ve included, 2002-10, is available here.) What has changed? The percentage of people who have consulted online reviews of drugs and medical treatments dropped (and I don’t know why — do you have a theory? Please post a comment.) Related: why aren’t health care review sites catching on? Pew Internet has tracked a boom in consumer reviews of other services and products — why not health care? What to keep an eye on? One of my favorite survey questions is asked of all adults and attempts to capture a broad portrait of health care resources that someone might tap into when they’re sick. It’s a useful question for keeping online resources in perspective. I think it’s also going to prove useful in the coming years as the landscape shifts and people have more opportunities to connect with clinicians online. How fast will that ”Yes, online” group grow? Or will care always be hands-on at its core — and therefore we should see growth in the “Yes, both” category? Speaking of keeping things in perspective, I think it’s important to remind ourselves that there are pockets of people who remain offline. Internet access drives information access. Here’s a table from the Appendix that digs even deeper: In other words, 64% of college educated adults in the U.S. have researched a specific disease online, compared with just 16% of U.S. adults who have not completed high school. These are just a few highlights — please read the report, ask questions, and tell us what you think: How’s the patient doing, based on this new set of vital signs? What do you prescribe?

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Fewer rare sea turtles will die on the swordfish industry's longlines in Hawaii under an agreement between environmental groups and the government. The agreement settles a lawsuit challenging the federal government's plans that would have dramatically increase the number of turtles that could be killed. The Turtle Island Restoration Network, Center for Biological Diversity and KAHEA sued the National Marine Fisheries Service for allowing 46 imperiled Pacific loggerhead turtles to be hooked last year. The new court-ordered settlement caps the number at 17 per year. Meanwhile the National Marine Fisheries Service is weighing whether loggerheads need more protection under the Endangered Species Act. "It made absolutely no sense to have one arm of the National Marine Fisheries Service increasing the lethal capture of loggerheads, while the other arm is in the process of determining whether loggerheads should be uplisted from threatened to endangered," said Todd Steiner, biologist and executive director of Turtle Island Restoration Network. "With extinction looming, these animals need more protection, not less." "With this decision, Hawaii's public-trust ocean resources can be better managed for our collective best interest, and not just the interests of this commercial fishery," said KAHEA program director Marti Townsend. "This is a victory not just for the turtles, but for Hawaii's people who rely on a healthy, functioning ocean ecosystem." Conservation groups represented by Earthjustice filed a federal lawsuit challenging a 2009 rule allowing the swordfish fleet to catch nearly three times as many loggerhead sea turtles as previously permitted. This settlement freezes the number at the previous cap of 17 while the government conducts additional environmental studies and decides whether or not to classify the loggerhead as endangered, rather than its current, less-protective status of threatened. For leatherback turtles, the bycatch limit remains at 16 per year. In 2010, eight Pacific leatherbacks and seven loggerheads were caught in the longline fishery, according to the National Marine Fisheries Service. There have already been 4 loggerheads captured in 2011, which has sea turtle conservationists concerned. "Sea turtles have been swimming the oceans since the time of dinosaurs. But without a change in management, they won't survive our voracious quest for swordfish and tuna," said Miyoko Sakashita, oceans director at the Center for Biological Diversity. "If loggerheads are going to survive in the North Pacific, we need to stop killing them in our fisheries." "Pacific loggerhead sea turtles are nearly extinct, so this bycatch rollback helps right a serious wrong," said Teri Shore, program director at Turtle Island Restoration Network. "We can't allow these rare sea turtles to disappear for a plate of swordfish. It's tragic that it took a lawsuit to correct this fishery problem." Swordfish longline vessels trail up to 60 miles of fishing line suspended in the water with floats, with as many as 1,000 baited hooks deployed at regular intervals. Sea turtles become hooked while trying to take bait or become entangled while swimming through the nearly invisible lines. These encounters can drown the turtles or leave them with serious injuries. Sea birds such as albatross dive for the bait and become hooked; marine mammals, including endangered humpback whales and false killer whales, also sometimes become hooked when they swim through the floating lines.

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Researchers and theorists in the Transhumanist movement will meet in Melbourne Australia this May to bring together thinkers from across the world to explore the implications of a broad range of emerging technologies poised to transform the ways in which we live. The conference will address topics in AI, robotics, genetics, nanotechnology, biotechnology, life extension and the technological singularity. Speakers will include; Dr Aubrey de Grey Chief Science Officer of the SENS Foundation, artist and designer Natasha Vita-More director of the Transhumanist Arts and Culture World Center and president of the Extropy Institute and many others. We have seen all too often in the media times when new technologies are presented in an inaccurate or sensational way leading to public misunderstandings and fear. Interestingly one of the main goals of the conference is to strategize methods for ensuring that the increased public awareness of these ideas and technologies are presented in a positive light. Find Out More www.hplusconf.com.au

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Volume 4 Number 2 ©The Author(s) 2002 The Continuity Framework: A Tool for Building Home, School, and Community Partnerships AbstractWe will need to become savvy about how to build relationships, how to nurture growing, evolving things. All of us will need better skills in listening, communicating, and facilitating groups, because these are the talents that build strong relationships. (Wheatley, 1992, p. 38) In the face of today's challenging social and family issues, many new efforts are underway to help children and families. One solution that many communities have adopted is the establishment of a collaborative partnership that involves all the relevant partners—home, school, and community—in the planning and monitoring of services for children. Unfortunately, achieving a strong partnership with meaningful participation can often be difficult and time-consuming. This article focuses on a set of training materials that has been developed to assist community partnerships in their efforts. These materials highlight eight elements of continuity and successful partnerships: (1) families as partners, (2) shared leadership, (3) comprehensive/responsive services, (4) culture and home language, (5) communication, (6) knowledge and skill development, (7) appropriate care and education, and (8) evaluation of partnership success. Results from a field study that included more than 200 reviewers and 8 pilot sites are summarized. Results indicate that a majority of reviewers found the training materials easy to understand, relevant to their work, and up-to-date. In addition, data gathered from the pilot sites indicate that the partnerships found the materials practical and useful for addressing a variety of issues, including time constraints, communication gaps, differences in professional training, and funding limitations. Communities face a host of problems that threaten the health and well-being of their children and families. Poverty, unemployment, inadequate care/education, and poor health care are just a few of the difficult issues that communities must confront. What makes these issues particularly challenging is that children and families who experience one problem are often likely to experience other problems as well. Compounding the problem is that delivery of services to help children and families is typically fragmented and scattered. Even efforts designed to increase the quality and supply of services to children and families have, at times, created greater fragmentation and discontinuity. In previous years, those who sought to improve outcomes for children concentrated only on the child. Today, however, many service providers have come to understand that the best way to serve and preserve children is to serve and preserve the supportive networks that benefit children (Family Support America, 1996). An extensive body of research identifies the elements that contribute to children's well-being, beginning with those closest to the child and moving outward to encompass the family, early care/education, the neighborhood, the community, and beyond. This ecological perspective (Bronfenbrenner, 1979) has motivated a growing number of communities to focus more closely on the need for collaboration--engaging in a process that allows the community to address many problems at once rather than one at a time. One solution that many communities have adopted is the establishment of a collaborative partnership involving all the relevant partners--home, school, and service providers--in the planning and monitoring of services for children (Kagan, 1992; Hoffman, 1991). The goal of most of these collaboration initiatives is to improve child outcomes, recognizing that many of the child's needs are closely linked to needs of the family and the community. Challenges to Collaboration Community collaboratives/partnerships represent one of the most challenging--yet one of the most effective--efforts for creating a flexible, comprehensive system that meets the needs of children and families. They involve new relationships among service providers and the children and families they serve. They require time, resources, and the willingness of collaborating agencies to learn about and establish trust with each other. In short, they require change (Bruner, Kunesh, & Knuth, 1992). As a result of the new roles and responsibilities that service providers must assume, collaboratives/partnerships encounter many common difficulties, including (Melaville, Blank, & Asayesh, 1996): - staff or agency representatives who are resistant to relinquishing power; - policies and regulations within individual agencies that make it difficult to coordinate services, information, and resources; - differences in prior knowledge, training, or experience that make it difficult for members to communicate and work together; and - lack of time to meet and plan together. Many factors contribute to the success or failure of a community collaborative, and no two collaboratives operate in exactly the same way. However, certain guidelines seem to help smooth the way for a more successful partnership, including (North Central Regional Educational Laboratory, 1993): - involve all key stakeholders; - establish a shared vision of how the partnership will operate and expected outcomes for the children and families served; - build in ownership at all levels; - establish communication and decision-making processes that are open and allow conflict to be addressed constructively; - institutionalize changes through established policies, procedures, and program mandates; - provide adequate time for partners to meet, plan, and carry out activities. The process of establishing and maintaining a collaborative partnership is not easy, and in the end, each partnership must find a way to proceed that is consistent with its community and unique set of circumstances. However, a number of resources and tools are available to help communities get started creating an effective system for delivering services. In this article, we describe one such tool that assembles elements essential to building a successful collaborative partnership. Development of Continuity Framework Materials For the past eight years, the 10 Regional Educational Laboratories (RELs) serving each region of the country have studied effective strategies for strengthening collaboration and increasing continuity among programs for young children and their families. The RELs are overseen by the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Educational Research and Improvement [now the Institute of Education Sciences], and their primary purpose is ensuring that those involved in educational improvement have access to the best information from research and practice. During the contract period of 1995-2000, the RELs established a program called the Laboratory Network Program (LNP), which convened representatives from each Laboratory as a national network working on common issues. In 1995, the Early Childhood LNP developed Continuity in Early Childhood: A Framework for Home, School, and Community Linkages (U.S. Department of Education, 1995), a document designed with two key purposes in mind: first, an emphasis on the need for children and families to receive comprehensive and responsive services, reflected in the eight elements of continuity outlined in the Framework (see Figure 1). Taken together, the elements are intended to promote a comprehensive understanding of continuity and transition during early childhood. Second, the Framework offered a set of guidelines that partnerships could use to compare and assess their current policies and practices, as well as identify areas in need of improvement. Figure 1. Elements of Continuity (U.S.Department of Education, 1995) An extensive field review of the Framework indicated that although the document was helpful and informative, many community partnerships continued to have difficulty "getting started." As a result, a Trainer's Guide was developed to support the use of the Framework and assist community partnerships in the first stages. These materials were developed by the Early Childhood LNP in collaboration with the National Center for Early Development & Learning. The Trainer's Guide provides an overview of the content and potential uses of the Framework and includes all activities and materials necessary to conduct training sessions. The Guide itself consists of four training sessions that are organized around the eight elements of continuity. The materials are designed so that a local partnership has everything needed to conduct the training: background information, scripts, handouts, transparencies, sample agendas, and checklists for additional equipment and supplies: - The first session, Understanding Continuity, is designed to introduce participants to the Framework document and help participants develop a greater understanding and appreciation for continuity. - The second session, Developing a Continuity Team, highlights the importance of broad representation and shared leadership among partnership members. - The third session, Planning for Continuity, emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to service delivery and encourages participants to examine their current partnership practices and policies. - The final session, Formalizing Continuity, focuses on the importance of effective communication among group members and provides participants with an opportunity to formulate action plans. The Guide is designed to be a flexible training tool, adaptable to meet the needs of a particular audience. The intended audience includes local partnerships for children and families (including Smart Start partnerships in North Carolina), Head Start Program representatives, public schools, and communities. The overall objectives of the training are (1) to enhance the collaborative's knowledge and understanding of continuity, (2) to strengthen and support collaborative groups in their efforts to work as partners, and (3) to maximize the benefit they might receive from using the Framework. What follows is a description of the field test that was designed to assess the use and effectiveness of the Trainer's Guide. The field test focused exclusively on the Framework materials--no other instructional sources were employed. We will present the major findings of the field test and summarize recommendations based on those findings. In addition, we will highlight the work of several collaborative partnerships that took part in the field study, and we will describe some of the problems they encountered, how they used the Framework materials to address those problems, and where they are today. Specifically, the evaluation will explore: - To what extent is the information contained in the Framework and Trainer's Guide relevant and useful to community partnerships? - What is the perceived impact of the training and Framework on partnership activities? - How do partnerships incorporate elements of the Framework into their ongoing activities? - Of the review sites that indicated interest in the training materials, what proportion actually conducted the training? The overall usefulness and effectiveness of the Trainer's Guide was studied in two phases. Phase One consisted of document review and feedback from individuals working in the early childhood field. In Phase Two of field testing, the training was actually piloted in eight partnership sites. Phase One: Document Review Reviewers for the Trainer's Guide were solicited through the Laboratory Network Program (LNP) and at conferences related to early childhood issues. Three hundred thirteen individuals/organizations requested a set of the Framework materials (participant manual, Trainer's Guide, and a sample color transparency) and feedback form. Feedback questions centered on four areas: (1) information's relevancy and accuracy, (2) format and organization of the Trainer's Guide, (3) specific training needs, and (4) possible barriers to conducting training. Of the 313 requesting materials, 215 (68.7%) reviewers returned feedback forms. Twenty-one percent (N = 45) of the respondents were members of a Smart Start partnership (North Carolina initiative), 19% (N = 40) worked in Head Start agencies, and 11% (N = 24) worked in family resource centers. Others included representatives from state agencies, school personnel, and university faculty. A majority (89%) of the respondents indicated that they are actively involved in a community partnership. Final Follow-up with Select Reviewer Sites. Of the original 215 organizations/individuals who reviewed the Framework materials, 80 indicated an interest in conducting the training in its entirety and requested a complete set of transparencies. (The original materials included one sample color transparency, and the REL offered a complete set of Framework transparencies to all organizations making the request.) Approximately one year after receiving the materials, interviews were conducted with representatives who received transparencies. The purpose of these follow-up telephone calls was to determine if the materials had been used and the degree to which outside support or assistance might be needed to conduct the training. Phase Two: Pilot Training During the second phase of the field testing, the training was piloted in eight collaborative partnerships from across the nation (see Table 1). These sites were recruited through the LNP and selected based on their interest in the project. To assist with logistical details, a liaison, identified at each site, coordinated training dates and assisted with data collection. Sites varied according to demographics, partnership maturity, and sponsoring or lead agency. |Site Location||Community Type||Sponsor/Lead Agency| |Beaufort, SC||Rural||Success by 6| |Dothan, AL||Urban||Family Resource Center| |Walnut Cove, NC||Rural||Smart Start| |Valdosta, GA||Rural||Family Connections/County Commission| |Wheeling, WV||Rural||Head Start| |Troy, NC||Rural||Smart Start| |Concord, WV||Rural||Family Resource Center| Five of the partnerships described themselves as existing collaboratives (two years or more), while the remaining three indicated that they were in the planning stages of building a collaborative partnership. Sponsors of the partnerships included Smart Start (2); Head Start, family resource centers (2); Success by 6; a public school system; and a county task force. Across the eight sites, a total of 160 individuals participated in the training. Approximately 64% of the attendees were White, 27% were African American, and the remainder were either Hispanic, American Indian/Alaskan Native, or multiracial. Several of the partnerships invited persons who were not part of the collaborative partnership to attend the training. As a result, slightly more than half (54%) of the participants reported that they were current members of the partnership. The majority of these had been members less than one year (53%). Early childhood specialists represented the largest group attending the training (29%), followed by program administrators (18%), teachers/caregivers (14%), and parents (10%). Other groups represented included policy makers, members of the business community, and university faculty. Each of the sites conducted the entire training course in the fall; however, there was some variability in delivery of training. For example, some partnerships conducted the training as described in the Trainer's Guide--two complete, consecutive days of training. Other partnerships modified the training schedule to meet the needs of its members and used other formats such as one day of training followed two weeks later by a second day of training. At the conclusion of training, participants were asked to provide feedback on specific elements of the training, including organization, training content, and materials/resources. In addition, participants were asked to comment on their satisfaction with the training and the overall usefulness of the training materials. This information, along with information gathered from the review sites, was used to revise the Trainer's Guide. In the six months following the training, partnership activities were studied to determine the degree to which the collaboratives incorporated content from the Framework into their regular activities. Materials studied included a record of stakeholder attendance and meeting minutes documenting partnership activities. At the end of this period, a follow-up survey was sent to participants at each pilot site. Survey questions focused on three major areas: (1) impact of the training, (2) impact of the Framework materials, and (3) overall familiarity with Framework materials. In addition to the final survey with individuals who participated in the training, a final interview was conducted with seven site liaisons (one liaison was unavailable for interview). Interview questions focused on the original goal of the partnership, reasons for participating in the field study, and impact of the training and Framework materials. The data were analyzed to determine general response patterns and to identify logical changes or improvements to the Trainer's Guide. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used to analyze data from the review sites and the pilot sites. Phase One: Document Review Analyses of data from reviewer sites were conducted on 215 surveys. Table 2 summarizes Trainer's Guide as easy to understand, relevant to their work, accurate, and up-to-date. |Survey Statement||Agreed or Strongly Agreed with Statement| |Information is accurate and up to date.||94.9% (4.54)| |Format is easy to understand and follow.||93.9% (4.49)| |Training materials were easy to understand and follow.||92.5% (4.46)| |Information is relevant to my work.||89.3% (4.41)| |I would be comfortable using the materials.||83.3% (4.29)| |*Note: According to the scale, 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree. Mean scores are presented in parentheses.| A series of open-ended questions provided respondents with an opportunity to provide more specific information and feedback. When asked what parts of the training were most useful, of those who responded, approximately 30% reported that the materials were the most useful part of the training. Reviewers specifically mentioned handouts, transparencies, and checklists. Another 22% reported that the information focusing on the need to include families and share leadership responsibilities was most useful. Reviewers also were asked to identify the greatest training need within their partnerships. Of those who responded, more than one-third (34%) reported that they often need assistance identifying and including community stakeholders. Reviewers cited family members and members of the business community as groups that often are poorly represented at partnership meetings. Other topics representing challenges to partnerships included developing the team, sharing leadership responsibilities, and involving families in meaningful ways. In terms of barriers or factors that would influence the use of training, most of the respondents (75%) cited time as the greatest barrier to conducting training. This factor was followed by a lack of funding (68%), the unavailability of a trainer (45%), and lack of interest of collaborative partners (39%). Final Follow-up with Select Reviewer Sites. Of the 80 individuals/organizations who requested a complete set of transparencies, 68 were located for follow-up interviews (85%). For the remaining 12, attempts to contact the site were unsuccessful; either the person requesting the transparencies was no longer there, or the materials were never received. Interviews revealed that 23 of the respondents had conducted training using the Framework and accompanying materials. Of those who stated that they had conducted the training, only two (less than 10%) had used the training in its entirety. Most had conducted at least one part of the training, selecting the portions most useful for their work. "Families as Partners," "Shared Leadership," and "Comprehensive and Responsive Services" were the elements from the Framework most often used for training. An additional 17% said that although they had not conducted the training as designed, they had adapted the materials or used them in other circumstances. Examples of how they had adapted the materials included using the exercises, overheads, major concepts, and other information in training activities. Head Start agencies were the primary sponsors for half of the training events. Public schools, area education associations, state departments of education, local partnerships, child development centers, and related-type centers were listed as sponsors or lead agencies for the remaining training activities. Training participants included staff and administrators at Head Start agencies, preschool and child care providers, local education agencies, schools, school improvement teams, state departments of education staff, local family service agencies and boards of directors, and parents. All who said they had used the training materials were asked to comment on the usefulness of the training. The majority of respondents rated the training as "very useful" or "useful," and all said they would recommend the training to others. Particular aspects of the training that respondents liked included: - professional quality, clarity of materials, and sequencing of content of the Framework; - handouts, activities, and overheads; - content and the ability to present the material at multiple skill levels; and - ease of use of the Framework. There were suggestions for improving the training. Four respondents said the course was "too long," especially if used in school systems or with parents. Others maintained a need for greater emphasis on action planning and implementation, "more written support materials (research, position support, background), and additional copies of key pieces of materials that helped shape the Framework." Phase Two: Pilot Training In terms of the training quality and overall effectiveness, most of the participants rated the training sessions as either "good" or "excellent." Participants tended to rate the second day of training as higher in quality and more effective than the first day of training (M = 4.392 and M = 4.17, respectively, based on a 5-point scale). Participants also evaluated the effects of the training and estimated its impact on future partnership practices. Using a four-point Likert-type scale, participants rated the extent to which they agreed with each statement. Table 3 summarizes participants' appraisal of the training and reinforces the focus of the original training objectives. Objective 1: To enhance the collaborative's knowledge and understanding of continuity |As a result of the training, I believe that I am motivated to build and strengthen continuity efforts in my community.||3.44||.65| |As a result of the training, I believe that I have a better understanding of continuity and why it is important.||3.41||.65| |I believe that this training will have an impact on increasing awareness of new skills and knowledge for our team.||3.31||63| Objective 2: To strengthen and support collaborative groups in their efforts to works as partners |As a result of the training, I believe that I am better able to participate as a member of a home, school, and community partnership.||3.40||.65| |I believe that this training will have an impact on how decisions are made and the planning we do for services.||3.25||.59| |I believe that this training will have an impact on changing/enhancing the quality of community practices.||3.23||.58| Objective 3: To maximize the benefit the collaborative might receive from using the Framework |As a result of the training, I believe that I am better able to use the Framework as a tool for exploring continuity and transition||3.26||.63| |I believe that this training will have an impact on positively affecting outcomes for children and families.||3.31||.63| |*Note: According to the scale, 1 = strongly disagree and 4 = strongly agree.| In addition to participant ratings immediately following the training, data were collected on regular partnership activities after the training. Analysis of materials such as meeting minutes revealed that during the six months following completion of the training, five of the eight sites reported that they continued to use the Framework materials. Exactly how the materials were used varied from site to site. Two of the sites selected specific elements of the Framework as their priority concerns for the coming year. They then organized subcommittees to review the partnerships' practices with respect to those elements and make recommendations for improving existing services. Another partnership used the materials to provide training to other agencies and organizations not directly involved with the partnership. The remaining two partnerships used the Framework as a resource for improving transition practices with their communities. At the end of the six months, a final survey was distributed to participants at the last partnership meeting of the year, and surveys were mailed to those not in attendance at the final meeting. Approximately half of the individuals who participated in the training (81 of 160) responded to the survey. Participants were asked to rate the extent to which the Framework materials had had an impact on partnership practices. On a four-point scale (4 = "a great deal," 3 = "some," 2 = "very little," and 1 = "not at all"), the majority of respondents (88.6%) reported that the training had "impacted" their knowledge and skill development "some" or a "great deal." Respondents also thought that the Framework had at least "some" impact on the knowledge and skills development of their partnership (83%) and community (72%). The majority (97.4%) speculated that the Framework would have at least some future impact. Finally, participants were asked to indicate the single greatest impact they experienced as a result of the training. Approximately 41% reported that as a result of the training they felt more motivated to build or strengthen efforts to support continuity of services for children in their communities. Thirty-five percent of the respondents said they had a better understanding of continuity and its importance; 17% felt that the training prepared them to be better members of their partnership; and 7% said that the training gave them a greater understanding of the Framework as a tool. Stokes County Partnership for Children, King, NC An ongoing goal of the Stokes County Partnership for Children is to create a system that encourages service providers to work together and promotes continuity for children and their families. Members of the partnership began by using the Framework to build their own knowledge and skills about continuity; however, they soon recognized the need to inform others of the importance of continuity in children's lives. As a result, the Partnership conducted a series of focus groups and meetings among parents and family members within the community. They used information from Elements 3 (Comprehensive/Responsive Services) and 7 (Developmentally Appropriate Care/Education) to explain what was needed to support continuity and its potential benefits for children. These meetings were also an opportunity to inform families of the various resources and supports available within the community. Later, the focus groups were expanded to include all stakeholders (e.g., child care, kindergarten, Head Start, school administrators, special needs coordinators, etc). The information gathered from these meetings has been used to guide the development and implementation of policies and practices that promote continuity. Final Interview with Liaisons. In the final interview conducted with site liaisons, five of the seven liaisons reported that the overall goal of their partnership is to improve services for children and their families by connecting agencies and strengthening the collaborative bonds between those agencies. Three of the liaisons specifically mentioned the need to improve transitions and create a system of responsive and comprehensive services. In addition, liaisons were asked to talk about their reasons for participating in the field-test process. At least three of the liaisons cited low levels of collaboration across agencies and indicated that partnership meetings were used primarily as a time for sharing information. Others saw the training as an opportunity to invite additional partners to the table and begin a discussion of how they could better work together. Finally, liaisons were asked to rate the extent to which the Framework materials had been helpful in accomplishing their overall partnership goal. Using a five-point scale, five of the liaisons rated the Framework materials as either "helpful" (4) or "very helpful" (5). The remaining two liaisons rated the Framework materials as at least "somewhat helpful" (3). Developing and maintaining a community collaborative is hard work, and it is a challenge that requires a great deal of commitment and cooperation from those involved. Training and resource materials available to help community partnerships build a more responsive system must address such issues as time constraints, communication gaps, differences in professional training, and funding limitations. Given these challenges, the Continuity Framework and its Trainer's Guide seem to be important and useful tools for helping partnerships increase collaboration and involvement. Data gathered from participant ratings and key-informant interviews indicated that the training was helpful in a number of ways. A feature of the training mentioned by many of the participants was the fact that the experience helped "level the playing field." That is, it provided stakeholders with a common language to use as they worked together. As illustrated in the following example, stakeholders often come from a variety of agencies and backgrounds, which can be a major impediment when a community must begin to work together and coordinate its efforts. The case studies in the sidebars highlight the work of four collaborative partnerships that took part in the field study. These case studies discuss some of the problems they encountered, how they used the Framework materials to address those problems, and where they are today. Bovill, Idaho, Collaborative Bovill is a small town (population 310) located in the north central part of the state. Bovill has no resident doctor or dentist. At the time, there also was no child care center or preschool available to children. (The closest one was 35 miles away.) In 1998, various members of the community decided that they wanted to do something to help improve the situation for children. This group of citizens brought together parents and virtually every local organization to work on a plan that would support the learning needs of children and their families. Part of this effort was a proposal submitted to the J.A. and Kathryn Albertson Foundation that would help fund an early learning center. In 1999, they were awarded a grant, and they began the work to open the Bovill Early Childhood Community Learning Center. However, once the work began, members of the partnership found that they did not have a common vocabulary to talk about the issues of early childhood education. There were also difficulties associated with establishing a partnership, such as "Who else should be included?" and "How do you get started?" In an effort to "get started" and begin the planning process, the partnership elected to participate in the field testing of the Framework materials. Framework training was provided over two consecutive days and built into the inservice training schedule of the elementary school. In addition to staff and faculty from the elementary school, representatives from other agencies and organizations participated, including the health department, the Idaho Department of Disabilities, news media, schools, early childhood education, Even Start, parents, university students, attorneys, community leaders, and businesses. According the site liaison, the Framework materials were used: - To improve awareness of key issues in providing high-quality services. The Framework provides direction to help develop a program that really works. - To provide a common language and for internal communication enhancement. Now everyone "speaks the same language." - As an external communication tool. According to the liaison, "it is so much easier to talk with funding sources when you use the structure of the elements as a base." - To validate their progress toward providing the best practices in early childhood education. - As a piece of the Bovill Elementary School improvement plan. Positive impact on individual partnership members was cited as another basis for success of the training. Many indicated they had a better understanding of continuity and were more motivated to continue to work on the difficult issues that often arise as part of the collaborative process. An added value of the training was the opportunity to spend time together and develop relationships with persons from other agencies. Often, these individual relationships help form the basis for collaborative work within the partnership. Based on the sites that continued to use the materials, the Continuity Framework and its Trainer's Guide seem to be equally useful to both existing and newly established partnerships. A common experience in the maturation of partnerships is that they are prone to lose initial momentum, often stagnating into "easy" roles such as simple information sharing. A serendipitous discovery of this study is that such partnerships evidenced rejuvenation of their efforts after participating in the training (see the Valdosta, Georgia, example). Valdosta, Georgia, Collaborative The Lowndes County/Valdosta Commission for Children and Youth has been in existence for more than a decade, and during this time, the partnership has experienced various "ups and downs." According to site liaison Vickie Elliott, cycles are a normal part of the collaborative process, "They may be the result of staff turnover or changes in the board chair and/or board members." She reports that participation in the training provided members with practical, research-based information. This information served as a reminder to members that they were doing good work and that their work was important. Since the training, the partnership has continued to use Framework materials as a reference and resource. For example, during a recent meeting, members began a discussion regarding the evaluation of partnership activities. They used Element 8: Evaluation of Partnership Success to help shape and guide this discussion. In addition, the partnership has applied for and received a 21st Century Learning Community grant. Because of the knowledge and understanding they gained during the training, members requested funds for a case manager position to be based at each school and conducting home visits. It is hoped that this strategy will facilitate communication and create greater continuity of services for students and families. Finally, the data indicate that change takes place slowly. Participants reported that the training had had some impact on their community but felt that the greatest impact was yet to come. Bringing everyone to the table is not enough. True collaboration that produces continuity in services for children takes place over a long period of time, as agencies that have not previously worked together begin to get to know each other and slowly modify procedures and practices. Marshall County Tadpole Team, Wheeling, WV Efforts to collaborate are often driven by the realization that single agencies cannot solve problems alone. Partners must be willing to jointly plan and implement new ventures, as well as pool resources such as money and personnel. Nowhere is this need to collaborate and pool resources more crucial than in Marshall County, WV. Located in the northern part of West Virginia, Marshall County remains a predominantly rural county. With a population of approximately 36,000, Marshall County has seen a decline in the number of residents over the past two to three years, largely attributed to the economic hardships of the area. This part of West Virginia relies heavily on the coal and steel industries, and as these industries have fallen on hard times, so too have many families. As a result, many families have moved away to find other employment; however, many others have sought support from social services agencies within the community. In order to make the most of the limited resources and support available within the county, many of the local agencies (e.g., Northern Panhandle Head Start, Starting Points Center, Tadpoles Team) came together to form a community collaborative. Although their collaborative meetings began more as a time for sharing information, members soon realized that to be a true "working group," they would need to broaden the meeting agendas and formalize the collaborative relationships. Using the Framework materials as an assessment tool, members worked through each element identifying the gaps in services and generating ideas for possible programs and procedures to address those gaps. This shift encouraged members to devote meeting times to discussing specific issues facing the community. Moreover, it encouraged members to formalize the partnership with written agreements. These agreements have allowed members to make a solid commitment to the collaborative, as well as clarify specific roles and responsibilities for services. Beyond the content of the training and issues related to the collaborative process, the field study underscored the importance of training structure and design. Many study participants praised the Framework materials for flexibility and relevance to a variety of contexts. The training materials were designed so that particular attention was devoted to issues such as target audience attributes (e.g., varied educational and professional development backgrounds), which dictate the appropriate level of sophistication as well as the need for course module structure (i.e., overall organization and scripting) to be highly adaptable to local training needs. The field studies indicate that community partnerships benefit from training and technical assistance that help with the process of getting started, as well as recapturing momentum and focus. Additional research is needed to document the ongoing efforts of these communities and explore whether the Framework materials continue to have an impact on community practices and outcomes, as many of the participants predicted. Further study also is needed to determine what other kinds of training or technical assistance might be useful to these partnerships as they work to build capacity and expand or grow new programs. Bronfenbrenner, Urie. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bruner, Charles; Kunesh, Linda; & Knuth, Randy. (1992). What does research say about interagency collaboration? [Online]. Oak Brook, IL: North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. Available: http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/stw_esys/8agcycol.htm [2002, October 22].Editor's Note: this url is no longer active. Family Support America. (1996). Making the case for family support [Online]. Chicago: Author. Available: http://www.familysupportamerica.org/content/pub_proddef.htm [2002, October 22]. Editor's Note: this url is no longer active. Hoffman, Stevie (Ed.). (1991). Educational partnerships: Home-school-community [Special issue]. Elementary School Journal, 91(3). Kagan, Sharon Lynn. (1992). The strategic importance of linkages and the transition between early childhood programs and early elementary school. In Sticking together: Strengthening linkages and the transition between early childhood education and early elementary school (Summary of a National Policy Forum). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. ED 351 152. Kunesh, Linda. (1994). Integrating community services for children, youth, and families. Oak Brook, IL: North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. Melaville, Atelia; Blank, Martin; & Asayesh, Gelareh. (1996). Together we can: A guide for crafting a profamily system of education and human services (Rev. ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Available: http://eric-web.tc.columbia.edu/families/TWC/ Editor's Note: this url is no longer active.[2002, October 22]. ED 443 164. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. (1993). NCREL's policy briefs: Integrating community services for young children and their families. Oak Brook, IL: Author. Available: http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/envrnmnt/go/93-3toc.htm [2002, October 22]. U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1995). Continuity in early childhood: A framework for home, school, and community linkages [Online]. Washington, DC: Author. Available: http://www.sedl.org/prep/hsclinkages.pdf [2002, October 22]. ED 395 664. Wheatley, Margaret J. (1992). Leadership and the new science. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. Dr. Glyn Brown is a senior program specialist with SERVE Regional Educational Laboratory. She studied at the University of Alabama (B.S.), the University of Southern Mississippi (M.S.), and completed her Ph.D. in Family and Child Development at Auburn University. Prior to coming to SERVE, Dr. Brown worked as a children's therapist in a community mental health program. As a program specialist with SERVE, Dr. Brown provides training and direct consultation to school personnel, child care providers, and community partnerships. SERVE Regional Educational Laboratory 1203 Governor's Square Blvd., Suite 400 Tallahassee, FL 32301 Carolynn Amwake, a program specialist at the SERVE Regional Educational Laboratory, has extensive experience working with families, child care providers, teachers, administrators, and community partners. She received her B.S. from Radford University in early childhood education and special education and has taught children with special needs in elementary schools, children's homes, and child care centers. Her experiences as an educator and parent led to an interest in improving the quality and continuity of early childhood transitions for both children and families. SERVE Regional Educational Laboratory 1203 Governor's Square Blvd., Suite 400 Tallahassee, FL 32301 Timothy Speth is a research associate at Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory (NWREL). He received his B.S. in psychology from South Dakota State University and his M.A. from San Diego State University. He has extensive training and experience in research design, statistics, and program evaluation. Mr. Speth is currently involved with several research and evaluation projects throughout the Northwest, as a Research Associate of NWREL's Child and Family Program. He is the primary external evaluator for six Alaska schools participating in the Comprehensive School Reform Demonstration Project (CSRD) and assists in CSRD-related activities throughout the Northwest. Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory 101 S.W. Main Street, Suite 500 Portland, OR 97204-3297 Catherine Scott-Little, Ph.D., is director of the Expanded Learning Opportunities Project for SERVE. Dr. Little completed her graduate work in human development at the University of Maryland, College Park. Her undergraduate degree in child development and family relations is from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Prior to joining SERVE, Dr. Little was deputy director of a large Head Start program in Fort Worth, Texas, and she has also served as director for a child development center serving homeless families in the Washington, DC, area. SERVE Regional Educational Laboratory P.O. Box 5367 Greensboro, NC 27435

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How hot is it where you are? Tell your stories at CNN's iReport. (CNN) -- For many Americans, this summer has been miserably hot. Heat advisories and warnings have been issued from coast to coast, with high temperatures often reaching into the triple digits, and July went into the record books as the hottest month ever for the continental United States. But in certain parts of the world, this is the norm -- or maybe even on the cool side. Try Kuwait City, for instance. In July, its average high temperature is 116 degrees Fahrenheit. Or Timbuktu in Mali, where the highs average 108 in May and was once recorded at 130. 130! That ranks fifth on the all-time list. The highest temperature ever recorded on the planet was in 1922, when a thermometer in El Azizia, Libya, hit 136. Some dispute that mark, saying it was improperly measured. If that's true, the record would be the 134, reached nine years earlier in Death Valley, California. But the world's hottest place might not be any of these, according to a team of scientists from the University of Montana. It says the highest temperatures on Earth are found in areas that don't even have weather stations. "The Earth's hot deserts -- such as the Sahara, the Gobi, the Sonoran and the Lut -- are climatically harsh and so remote that access for routine measurements and maintenance of a weather station is impractical," said David Mildrexler, lead author of a recent study that used NASA satellites to detect the Earth's hottest surface temperatures. The satellites detect the infrared energy emitted by land. And over a seven-year period, from 2003 to 2009, they found Iran's Lut Desert to be the hottest place on Earth. The Lut Desert had the highest recorded surface temperature in five of the seven years, topping out at 159 degrees in 2005. Other notable annual highs came from Queensland, Australia (156 degrees in 2003) and China's Turpan Basin (152 degrees in 2008). It's important to stress that surface temperatures are naturally higher than the air temperatures measured by weather stations. Air temperatures have to be measured by thermometers placed off the ground and shielded from sunlight, according to global meteorological standards. But the study shows that today's modern records might not necessarily be the most accurate. "Most of the places that call themselves the hottest on Earth are not even serious contenders," co-author Steve Running said. The world's highest recorded air temperatures 1. El Azizia, Libya (136 degrees Fahrenheit) 2. Death Valley, California (134) 3. Ghadames, Libya (131) 3. Kebili, Tunisia (131) 5. Timbuktu, Mali (130) 5. Araouane, Mali (130) 7. Tirat Tsvi, Israel (129) 8. Ahwaz, Iran (128) 8. Agha Jari, Iran (128) 10. Wadi Halfa, Sudan (127) Highest recorded air temperature (by continent) Africa: El Azizia, Libya (136) North America: Death Valley, California (134) Asia: Tirat Tsvi, Israel (129) Australia: Cloncurry, Queensland (128*) Europe: Seville, Spain (122) South America: Rivadavia, Argentina (120) Antarctica: Vanda Station, Scott Coast (59) Sources: NOAA, World Meteorological Organization * This temperature was measured using the techniques available at the time of recording, which are different to the standard techniques currently used in Australia. The most likely Australian record using standard equipment is an observation of 123 degrees, recorded at Oodnadatta, South Australia.

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Sports-car brand’s hybrid-electric push is part of a broader focus on fuel efficiency. Most automakers have dipped a toe into the slowly emerging and extremely limited plug-in hybrid electric market by producing just a single model. According to British magazine Autocar, Porsche plans to introduce plug-in versions of all of its models based on technology developed for the 2014 Panamera S E-Hybrid introduced at the 2013 Shanghai Auto Show. A Porsche representative revealed that new hybrid platforms that combine an electric motor and clutches in one unit has been adapted to fit into all of the company’s future cars, including the 911 and Cayman. It uses the same electric motor and clutch assembly slotted between the engine and transmission in the current Panamera and Cayenne hybrids, but adds a more powerful motor and battery. The new hybrid technology is a step beyond the unit used in the Panamera S E-Hybrid and will be more powerful than its 94-horsepower hybrid-electric motor. The next-generation system will also be supported by a more energy-dense battery pack and more lightweight wire looms that use aluminum instead of copper. Our semiregular roundup of the latest automotive news and musings from around the Web. Unlike other posts on this blog, these are truly notes, but they're worth a few moments of your precious time. Capping off this week, we take a look at proposed changes to blood alcohol limits, Tesla's latest court battle over a North Carolina dealership and Acura's plan to build the next NSX in Ohio. Meet the BMW 2 Series, aka the new BMW 1 Series – wait, what? After the 2014 BMW 2-Series was spotted in camouflage lapping the Nurburgring racetrack in Germany earlier this year, the first uncovered images of the new model were released this week. Specifically, the pictures (see them at Car and Driver) show the 235i in M Sport trim. As opposed to the 1-Series, which had distinctive, squared-off front- and rear-end treatments, the 2-Series more closely echoes the current 3- and coming 4-Series BMWs. The M235i, as it's likely to be known, will have a 3.0-liter turbocharged straight-six engine producing around 320 horsepower and will sit above a base 228i with a 2.0-liter 240-horsepower turbocharged 4-cylinder. An M2 follow-up to the well-received 1M coupe could top 360 horsepower. An official reveal of the 2-Series is expected to occur near the end of this year, with production beginning as we head into 2014. The creation and coming debut of the 2-Series is a major step in BMW’s overhaul of its lineup. With the end goal of creating a line of easy-to-distinguish models offering something for everyone – sound familiar, MINI fans? – BMW is coding coupes as even-numbered models and sedans under odd numbers. The accelerator actually pushes back against your foot if you're trying to goose it too hard. In a market surrounded by relatively high gas prices, nearly every car on sale has an "eco" feature of some sort. From simple dashboard indicators to sophisticated engine stop-start systems, automakers are employing a wide range of technologies designed to help drivers squeeze every mile out of each tank of gas. But none is as annoying as Infiniti’s Eco Pedal, which takes an overly aggressive approach to saving fuel. Parent company Nissan noted that with the Eco Pedal feature engaged, “Each time the driver steps on the accelerator, a counter push-back control mechanism is activated if the system detects excess pressure.” In other words, as I found out while testing a 2013 Infiniti M Hybrid with the feature, if you push the accelerator too hard and the Eco Pedal determines you’re driving in a fuel-inefficient manner, it pushes right back. This is now a trend: Fail to fix someone's luxury car in China, and soon the vehicle may be bashed to bits. Not in China. This week, a man parked his Maserati Quattroporte by the steps of the Qingdao Auto Show and proceeded to beat the car with sledgehammers in front of a crowd. The purpose, according to China Car Times, was to show the owner's frustration with a local Maserati distributor that repaired his car, unsuccessfully, with used parts instead of the new ones he ordered. Luxury cars in China face huge import tariffs, and this particular Maserati cost a whopping $423,000 when new in 2011, or roughly 3.5 times more than a typical Quattroporte in the U.S. That makes the story even crazier. Next installment gets bigger, faster, more social. When the sixth installment of "Gran Turismo" hits store shelves this holiday season for the PlayStation 3, it will include 1,200 cars, 33 tracks in 71 layouts, a new track editor with 10 square kilometers of scenery, and more ways to connect with friends and rivals. The new installment will add to the franchise's current sales of 70 million copies, continuing its run as one of the biggest sellers on the PlayStation family of consoles. Polyphony Digital, Sony and 10 manufacturers brought journalists out to the Silverstone Circuit in England for some hands-on time with a prototype copy of the new game. GT6 gets a new game engine and a new rendering program. Creator Kazunori Yamauchi says the title will have 50 times the dynamic range of the previous game. That means that the background and foreground images blur when they're supposed to -- at speed -- and clear up when you slow down. GT6 also uses a newer, more accurate physics engine including better programming for the suspension damping, tire deformation and aerodynamic parts. Polyphony Digital partnered with Yokohama tire and KW Automotive for a more accurate representation. Only Mitsubishi and Subaru were able to earn 'acceptable' and 'good' ratings on the small overlap test conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. The IIHS, a nonprofit organization of insurance companies, found that 11 of 13 new models that were crashed in the group's small overlap test scored "marginal" or "poor." The 2013 Mitsubishi Outlander Sport rated "acceptable," and the 2014 Subaru Forester posted the only "good" score. As with the group's two other tests, first involving midsize luxury cars in August 2012 and another evaluating midsize family sedans in December, the latest results show a serious safety flaw that many automakers have not addressed in their most popular cars. The small overlap test modifies the group's standard offset frontal impact test, in which a car strikes a 5-foot tall barrier at 40 mph. The previous offset test strikes 40 percent of a car's frontal area, while the new test hits just 25 percent. This kind of impact, the IIHS says, occurs in about a quarter of all frontal crashes in which front passengers are seriously or fatally injured. We tease VW fans around the nation's capital with a forbidden European fruit. The later release of the Scirocco R only further teased the Volkswagen faithful, but year after year, those hopes have been dashed. Recently, pictures of a Scirocco R at Volkswagen of America’s Northern Virginia headquarters raised the eyebrows of enthusiasts and set off yet another round of "will they, won’t they?" chatter. I’m not following the online conversation right now, however; I’m too busy driving that Scirocco R and experiencing firsthand why Volkswagen should – and won’t – bring it to the U.S. Now that I’ve got your attention, let me get the ritual "reading of the specs" out of the way: The engine is a turbocharged 2.0-liter TSI 4-cylinder, good for 261 horsepower and 258 lb-ft of torque in a compact 3-door hatchback with an attractive, shooting-brake-style body. Explore New Cars More on MSN Autos About Exhaust Notes Cars are cool, and here at MSN Autos we love everything about them, but we also know they're more than simply speed and style: a car is an essential tool, a much-needed accessory to help you get through your day-to-day life. What you drive is also one of the most important investments you can make, so we'll help you navigate your way through the car buying and ownership experiences. We strive to be your daily destination for news, notes, tips and tricks from across the automotive world. So whether it's through original content from our world-class journalists or the latest buzz from the far corners of the Web, Exhaust Notes helps you make sense of your automotive world. Have a story idea? Tip us off at firstname.lastname@example.org. Clifford Atiyeh has spent his entire life driving cars he doesn't own. Raised in Volvos, he has grown to love fast, irresponsible vehicles of all kinds. He is the senior news editor at MSN Autos and also reports for Car and Driver, Road & Track, The Boston Globe and other publications. In the garage: 21-speed Iron Horse, 2002 Jeep Wrangler X (not his) Doug Newcomb has covered car technology for over 20 years for outlets ranging from Rolling Stone to Edmunds.com. In 2008, he published his first book, "Car Audio for Dummies" (Wiley). He lives and drives in Hood River, Ore., with his wife and two kids, who share his passion for cars and technology. In the garage: 1996 Chevrolet Impala SS, two 1984 Chevrolet Blazers, 2008 Honda CR-V James Tate learned to drive stick at age 13 in a 1988 Land Cruiser - in La Paz, Bolivia. He's since been a mechanic, on a pit crew and has wrenched on every car he's owned since his first 1989 Honda CRX Si (and won't stop until the car is a 1973 Porsche 911 RS). His work has appeared in Car and Driver, Popular Mechanics, Automobile and others. In the garage: 1995 Porsche 911 Carrera, 1988 BMW M5

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Significant lack of attendance in a course of study might reasonably be expected to negatively affect academic performance and, ultimately, a student's grade in that course. Grade reduction may result from absences in the following situations: - Failure of the student to attend make-up sessions as assigned for the completion of make-up work. - Failure to complete make-up assignments satisfactorily within a reasonable time. - If points or percentages for attendance and/or participation are given, the denial of those points or percentages for absenteeism is a reasonable practice.

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ADJT. AND INSP. GENERAL'S OFFICE. Numbers 71. Richmond, June 14, 1861. * * * * * IV. Captains Dorsey's and Murray's companies of the Virginia State forces are transferred to the Provisional Army of the Confederate States, and will proceed at once to Harper's Ferry where they will join the eight other companies of Maryland Volunteers now in service, and with them constitute a regiment of the Maryland Line. * * * * * By command of the Secretary of War: HARPER'S FERRY, June 14, 1861. President JEFFERSON DAVIS: Your dispatch was received last night. Two regiments, under Colonel Hill, have already left for Winchester. The command is prepared to follow, but has been detained from the want of motive power on the railroad. I have burnt the Potomac bridge. J. E. JOHNSTON. GROVE'S LANDING, June 14, 1861. General S. COOPER. Adjutant-General, C. S. Army, Richmond, Va.: SIR: I have carefully examined the various points of defense on James River below here as far as it was possible with my own eyes. When that could not be done I have inquired of the steam-boat captains in the habit of running on this river, and I am satisfied that if the guns were taken from Fort Powhatan and placed at Day's Point, just below Burwell's Bay, they would be much more useful. No ship, I am told, could pass that point if protected by a battery. It is on the right bank of James River. If this be ordered, and done at once, it would strengthen us here very much. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. BANKHEAD MAGRUDER. The Harriet Lane is now lying off this point, and several visits have been made to it for the purpose of utilizing it, which has been done. If we do not occupy it at once it will be occupied by the enemy, who will establish a base, then attempt to seize the railroad. As it can be done by us with the greatest ease, I respectfully recommend that it be done at once. I also see from this point the necessity of the steamer Teazer, now in our naval service, anchoring at night between this point and the Stone House wharf, and keeping in the day at or near Stone House wharf, to prevent the steam canal-boats of the enemy, which carry 1,000 men each, from stealing up in the night and landing large bodies of troops without the knowledge of any one, which they can do if the utmost vigilance is not enjoined on the commander of this vessel to prevent it. J. B. M.

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Sam Adams Dinner http://samadamsdinner.eventbrite.com/ Today’s Tax Day Tea Party rallies across the country bring us back to why the tea party movement came about. Three years ago saw the threat to our country and we came together because we believe in smaller government, lower taxes, and the free market system. We united behind our beliefs and our love of country, and the principals of the tea party movement were founded. Over the past three years we have educated ourselves about the constitution, politics and campaigns. We have poured our hearts into working the election cycles. We have waited for the 2012 primary to come and we voted with our hearts for the candidates we felt represented our values best. But now that the primary is over and we know who our nominees are for the November election we must come together for the general election. Beyond the election there are forces working against our country, the main stream media is gaining ground in demonizing the tea party movement. Credo a progressive think tank funded by George Soros has mounted a full out assault on the tea party, the title on their website reads “Take down of the tea party”. Let alone what Obama has done to our country over the past 3 ½ years. The Washington Post recently published an article about the tea party movement being fractured and how it will be essentially giving the democrats the victory in November. The Washington Post attributes this to the tea party’s history of attacking candidates on the Republican side. With that being said we know there are candidates on the Republican side that we are disappointed with that will be on the ballot this November. However we have to remember how politics works, and by giving control of the house back to democrats will only give more power to Obama if he is re-elected. We must have a strategy to save the republic. We must work to defeat Barak Obama, maintain control of the house and God willing take control of the Senate. Should we gain control of the senate and maintain the house of representative we are in better position to put pressure on the “Rhinos” to vote with the tea party agenda. Where does the path to victory begin? It starts with the Sam Adams dinner, the dinner is the first step for all of us come together so that we can unify and more importantly work together to bring about a victory in November. We can all agree that the country can not withstand four more years of the Obama administration; this is our moment to band together to restore liberty and change the course of our country. Please join us May 24th for the 1st Annual Sam Adams dinner. Steve Balich, Samantha Neitzke & Vivienne Porter Homer/Lockport Tea Party Coordinators Leave a Reply

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A couple of months ago, I wrote about different modes of horror, and while enjoying the Library of America collection Shirley Jackson: Novels and Stories, it got me thinking about how Jackson employed (and mastered) the art of identification in her stories. The Library of America collection, selected by Joyce Carol Oates, contains forty-nine of Jackson’s stories. Except for the previously-unpublished works, the collection effectively spans the entire twenty-year period in which Jackson wrote before her untimely death in 1965. The stories range in length from what today would be considered flash fiction (like the two-page Colloquoy) to Jackson’s short novels (including the classic The Haunting of Hill House). The book starts with Jackson’s earliest stories that were originally collected in The Lottery and Other Stories, and when I think of Shirley Jackson, these are without a doubt my favorites. As a genre, horror has a great many tropes: moonlit streets, foggy nights, sexy gentlemen with a dark side, the unrelenting psychopath, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. However, most of the stories that rely on these tropes tend to either utilize revulsion or dread to induce the delightful frisson of horror. For folks who look for their horror to be splatterpunk blood-fests, or for sexy vampires lurking languidly in the night, most of Shirley Jackson’s work would disappoint. The reason for that is that she utilizes every tool of the horror trade like a scalpel, and in her earliest works the tool she most relied on was identification (or realization). Most of the stories collected in the original The Lottery and Other Stories (and which are now reprinted) have zero supernatural elements, depict no violence, and arguably lack the thriller-tension that most readers think of as horror. If it were not for the subtle manipulation of the reader’s morality, these stories would be utterly forgettable slice-of-life or Americana stories, accurate, in their representation of small-town life but insignificant as to the broader human condition. However, what makes Jackson unique in my view is the way that she can ellicit abject horror and revulsion from these utterly plebian events. Consider Flower Garden, which on its face tracks the musings of a young Mrs. Winning, a 1940′s housewife, as she goes about her life in a small country town. She interacts with people like her neighbors, the grocer, her family. Shortly into the story, we learn that a new woman (a Mrs. MacLane) has moved into town from the city, and that she has a son of an age with Mrs. Winning’s boy. However, as the story proceeds, Jackson shows us the underside of small-town life, with its small-town prejudices. As the newcomer forms a friendship with one of the town’s few African American families, the “respectable” portion of small-town society begins to draw away. What Jackson does amazingly in this story is in the way that she portrays Mrs. Winning’s rationalization of their ostracization. Mrs. Winning isn’t guilty of any such prejudice: no, that’s only for more small-minded people. But ultimately, she adopts a similar stance to the other townsfolk and effectively isolates poor Mrs. MacLane in this new community. The story works because Jackson makes us care – deeply – about the characters, both Mrs. Winning (who we know isn’t all bad) and Mrs. MacLane (who is the victim). Jackson accomplishes this using three tools: There is nothing to suggest that Flower Garden is a horror story: there is no violence, no fear, no physical tension of any kind. There are no ghosts or other supernatural elements. Yet it leaves the reader horrified at the underlying truth dramatized through the story’s actors. It ensures that we not only understand the author’s message but that we recognize it as an inevitable (and morally repugnant) consequence of human nature. And nowhere does Jackson come out and spell this message out for us: it is in the pauses between her characters’ thoughts, in the punctuation of her sentences, in the selection of her words. The story leaves us uneasy because it is all too easy to see ourselves in it. Jackson applies this pattern in many of her works, and I find that it is put to best effect in her short stories. There, she evokes similar sensations of horror, disgust, revulsion, and tragic catharsis but with admirable economy. In her later novels, Jackson employed more supernatural (or ambiguously supernatural) elements, which often serve as sleight-of-hand to provide us a cozy rationalization for the real cause of our horror. Of course, even this interpretation is likely an over-simplification because even in her “supernatural” stories, Jackson leaves everything delightfully ambiguous: perhaps we need to blame our terror on ghosts and demons because the alternative – that humanity itself produces such horror – is too unsettling. For anyone looking for an excellent author – whether a literary/mainstream author, or for one of the greatest horror writers ever to put pen to paper – I strongly recommend Shirley Jackson. Having come to her stories some sixty years after they were first published, I often wonder how my modern values affect my interpretation. I suspect, however, that the themes that Jackson addresses are universal and timeless. The foibles of humanity, the petty iniquities of small-town life, the dark secrets that lurk unspoken in our hearts: these never go away. It is easy to paint a black and white moralizing picture and say a character’s actions are morally repugnant: that does not mean those actions are unrealistic, or that they are not presented in cathartic and artistic fashion. Jackson offers no easy solutions. In fact, she doesn’t offer any solutions at all. But she raises questions that go to the heart of what we value as individuals, as a community, and as a broader society. That alone makes her worth reading. The fact that her works are fun, and unsettling, and in some cases absolutely horrifying, makes it that much better.

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Using the Moon as a High-Fidelity Analogue Environment to Study Biological and Behavioural Effects of Long-Duration Space Exploration Goswami, Nandu and Roma, Peter G. and De Boever, Patrick and Clément, Gilles and Hargens, Alan R. and Loeppky, Jack A. and Evans, Joyce M. and Stein, T. Peter and Blaber, Andrew P. and Van Loon, Jack J.W.A. and Mano, Tadaaki and Iwase, Satoshi and Reitz, Guenther and Hinghofer-Szalkay, Helmut G. (2012) Using the Moon as a High-Fidelity Analogue Environment to Study Biological and Behavioural Effects of Long-Duration Space Exploration. Planetary and Space Science, Epub ahead of print (in press). Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2012.07.030. Full text not available from this repository. Due to its proximity to Earth, the Moon is a promising candidate for the location of an extra-terrestrial human colony. In addition to being a high-fidelity platform for research on reduced gravity, radiation risk, and circadian disruption, the Moon qualifies as an isolated, confined, and extreme (ICE) environment suitable as an analogue for studying the psychosocial effects of long-duration human space exploration missions and understanding these processes. In contrast, the various Antarctic research outposts such as Concordia and McMurdo serve as valuable platforms for studying biobehavioral adaptations to ICE environments, but are still Earth-bound, and thus lack the low-gravity and radiation risks of space. The International Space Station (ISS), itself now considered an analogue environment for long-duration missions, better approximates the habitable infrastructure limitations of a lunar colony than most Antarctic settlements in an altered gravity setting. However, the ISS is still protected against cosmic radiation by the earth magnetic field, which prevents high exposures due to solar particle events and reduces exposures to galactic cosmic radiation. On Moon the ICE environments are strengthened, radiations of all energies are present capable of inducing performance degradation, as well as reduced gravity and lunar dust. The interaction of reduced gravity, radiation exposure, and ICE conditions may affect biology and behavior--and ultimately mission success--in ways the scientific and operational communities have yet to appreciate, therefore a long-term or permanent human presence on the Moon would ultimately provide invaluable high-fidelity opportunities for integrated multidisciplinary research and for preparations of a manned mission to Mars. |Title:||Using the Moon as a High-Fidelity Analogue Environment to Study Biological and Behavioural Effects of Long-Duration Space Exploration| |Journal or Publication Title:||Planetary and Space Science| |In Open Access:||No| |In ISI Web of Science:||Yes| |Volume:||Epub ahead of print (in press)| |Keywords:||Physiology, Orthostatic tolerance, Muscle deconditioning, Behavioural health, Psychosocial adaptation, Radiation, Lunar dust, Genes, Proteomics| |HGF - Research field:||Aeronautics, Space and Transport, Aeronautics, Space and Transport| |HGF - Program:||Space, Raumfahrt| |HGF - Program Themes:||W EW - Erforschung des Weltraums, R EW - Erforschung des Weltraums| |DLR - Research area:||Space, Raumfahrt| |DLR - Program:||W EW - Erforschung des Weltraums, R EW - Erforschung des Weltraums| |DLR - Research theme (Project):||W - Vorhaben MSL-Radiation (old), R - Vorhaben MSL-Radiation| |Institutes and Institutions:||Institute of Aerospace Medicine > Radiation Biology| |Deposited By:||Kerstin Kopp| |Deposited On:||27 Aug 2012 08:05| |Last Modified:||07 Feb 2013 20:40| Repository Staff Only: item control page

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Back to the Hub. Tutorials - a list of tutorials. Learn by doing. Guides - a list of informative guides. Make something useful. Projects - a list of community projects. Help others out. Tasks - for advanced users to collaborate on software tasks. Datasheets - a frambozenier.org documentation project. Education - a place to share your group's project and find useful learning sites. Community - links to the community elsewhere on the web. Games - all kinds of computer games. Types of Game HTML5 - Games to play in a web browser.

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The Unwritten Order of Things- Boyd K. Packer BOYD K. PACKER BYU Devotional Address, October 15, 1996 in the Marriott Center I speak to you today as a teacher. I reflect the influence of a teacher that I knew more than fifty years ago. As is often the case, the influence of that teacher did not center on the subject he taught. Dr. Schaefer was a professor of mathematics at Washington State University at Pullman, Washington. He was quite unimpressive in appearance. I don’t remember his first name, but I shall never forget the first thing he said the first day we met. It was during World War II. We were in pilot training and had been sent to the university for what we were told would be a crash course in meteorology, weather, navigation, physics, aerodynamics, and other technical subjects. We thought the title “Crash course” was not very encouraging to student pilots. The word intense would have been better. The pressure was enormous because those who failed the course would be washed out of the pilot program. I was in competition with cadets, many of whom had been to college; some of them had had some advanced training, while I had barely escaped from high school. Dr. Schaefer was to take us from basic mathematics through calculus in just a matter of weeks. I thought it was hopeless, until that first few minutes in the first class. He began the class with this announcement: “While many of you have had some college, even advanced courses in what we are to study, it will be my purpose to teach the beginners. I am asking those of you who know the subject to be patient while I teach the basics to those who do not.” Encouraged by what he said and more by how he taught, I was able to pass that course with reasonable ease. It might otherwise have been impossible. When I decided to become a teacher, Dr. Schaefer’s example inspired me to try to the best of my ability to teach basic, simple truths in the most understandable way. I have learned how very difficult it is to simplify. Years after the war, I returned to Washington State University and found Dr. Schaefer. He, of course, did not remember me. I was just one of many hundreds of cadets in his classes. I thanked him for what he had taught me. The math and calculus had long since faded away, but not his example as a teacher. So, following that example, today I want to tell you something about the Church. The things that I shall tell you are not explained in the scriptures, although they conform to the principles taught in the scriptures. A principle is an enduring truth, a law, a rule you can adopt to help you in making decisions. Generally principles are not spelled out in detail. That leaves you free to adapt and to find your way with an enduring truth, a principle, as an anchor. The things I am going to tell you are not explained in our handbooks or manuals either. Even if they were, most of you don’t have handbooks—not the Melchizedek Priesthood or Relief Society handbooks and the others—because they are given only to the leaders. I will be speaking about what I call the “unwritten order of things.” My lesson might be entitled “The Ordinary Things about the Church Which Every Member Should Know.” Although they are very ordinary things, they are, nevertheless, very important! We somehow assume that everybody knows all the ordinary things already. If you do know them, you must have learned them through observation and experience, for they are not written anywhere and they are not taught in classes. So, as we continue, if you are ones that know it all, be patient while I teach those who do not—and take a nap. The basic foundation of knowledge and testimony never changes—the testimony that God the Father lives, that Jesus is the Christ, that the Holy Ghost inspires us, that there has been a restoration, that the fullness of the gospel and the same organization that existed in the primitive church have been revealed to us. Those things are taught everywhere and always—in our classes, the scriptures, the handbooks and the manuals—in everything we do. The fundamental doctrine and instructions on the organization of the Church are likewise found in the scriptures. In addition, there is another source of knowledge relating to what makes the Church work: We learn from experience and observation. If you learn about these things that are not written down, the unwritten order of things, you will be better qualified to be a leader—and you are going to be a leader. The most important positions of leadership are in the home—the father, mother, wife, husband, older brother and sister. Then, in the Church, positions of leadership and teaching opportunities are available as nowhere else on earth. While the things I will talk about are not written, they are really quite easily learned. Just be alert to the unwritten order of things and take an interest in them, and you will find that you will increase your ability and your value to the Lord. Before I give you a few samples of this unwritten order of things, let me remind you what the Lord said: “My house is a house of order, saith the Lord God” (D&C 132:18; emphasis added). And he told his prophet: “See that all these things are done in wisdom and order; for it is not requisite that a man should run faster than he has strength. And again, it is expedient that he should be diligent, that thereby he might win the prize; therefore, all things must be done in order” (Mosiah 4:27; emphasis added). Paul told the Corinthians that “all things” were to “be done decently and in order” (see 1 Cor. 14:40; emphasis added). We’ll return to that in a moment or two. The things I am going to tell you about are not so rigid that the Church will fall apart if they are not strictly observed all the time. But they do set a tone, a standard, of dignity and order and will improve our meetings and classwork; they will improve the activities. If you know them and understand them, they will greatly improve your life. Our meetings should be conducted in such a way that members may be refreshed spiritually and remain attuned to the Spirit as they meet the challenges of life. We are to establish conditions under which members can, through inspiration, solve their own problems. There are simple things that help in that regard, and things that hinder. Alma taught “that by small and simple things are great things brought to pass; and small means in many instances doth confound the wise” (Alma 37:6). I give as my first illustration of this unwritten order of things so simple a thing as this: The one who presides in a meeting should sit on the stand and sit close to the one conducting. It is a bit difficult to preside over a meeting from the congregation. The one who presides is responsible for the conduct of the meeting and has the right and the responsibility to receive inspiration and may be prompted to adjust or correct something that goes on in the meeting. That is true whether it be an auxiliary meeting presided over by the sisters or any of our meetings. A new stake president sometimes will ask, “Must I sit on the stand in every meeting in the stake? May I not sit with my family?” I tell him, “While you preside, you are to sit on the stand.” I am tempted to say, but I don’t, “I can’t have that privilege; why should you?” Another example: If you watch the First Presidency, you will see that the first counselor always sits on the right of the president; the second counselor on the left. That is a demonstration of doing things “decently and in order,” as Paul told us. Ordinarily, but not always, if the presiding officer speaks, it will be at the end of the meeting. Then clarification or correction can be given. I have had that experience many times at the close of meetings, “Well, brother or sister somebody said such and such, and I’m sure they meant such and such.” Another illustration: We do not aspire to calls in the Church, nor do we ask to be released. We are called to positions in the Church by inspiration. Even if the call is presented in a clumsy way, it is not wise for us to refuse the call. We must presuppose that the call comes from the Lord. The fifth article of faith tells us that we “must be called of God, by prophecy, and by the laying on of hands by those who are in authority, to preach the Gospel and administer in the ordinances thereof.” If some circumstance makes it difficult for you to continue to serve, you are free to consult with the leader who called you. We do not call ourselves and we do not release ourselves. Sometimes a leader or a teacher enjoys the prominence of a presiding position so much that, even after serving for a long time, they do not want to be released. That is a sign that a release is timely. We should do as we are called. We should accept the calls and accept a release by the same authority. When President J. Reuben Clark was called as second counselor in the First Presidency after having served for many years as first counselor, he responded at the Solemn Assembly where the sustaining of the new First Presidency took place: “In the service of the Lord, it is not where you serve but how. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, one takes the place to which one is duly called, which place one neither seeks nor declines” (CR, Apr. 1951, p. 154). The Church had been taught a very valuable lesson in the unwritten order of things. I learned years ago that we do not choose where we serve—we just answer the call. Soon after our marriage, I was called as an assistant stake clerk. My bishop did not want to release me as Gospel Doctrine teacher. He told me that I had much more to offer as a teacher than in the very obscure assignment as assistant stake clerk. But he knew that, under the unwritten order of things, the stake president presided and that his call took precedence. I cannot tell you all that I learned in that calling. I was able to see how a presidency works. I was the witness to revelation in the calling and the releasing of stake and ward officers. By watching our stake president, I learned by observation and experience many things that are not in the handbook. It was in that calling that I first met members of the Twelve and others of the Brethren as they came to conference. It was a time of training in the unwritten order of things. I was on a plane once with President Kimball who, I think, served for 19 years as a stake clerk. A member that lived in the stake at that time was on the plane. He said to me, “If I’d known that our stake clerk was going to be President of the Church, I’d have treated him a lot better.” Brother Kimball was actually serving as second counselor in the stake presidency when the stake clerk moved. They called a clerk and that clerk moved. Brother Kimball had taken over the responsibility. Brother Melvin J. Ballard came to conference, and he said, “You shouldn’t have to be the second counselor and the stake clerk at the same time. You choose which you would rather be.” Brother Kimball was not used to having a choice. He wanted to have Brother Ballard tell him, but Brother Ballard said, “No, you choose.” So Brother Kimball said, “I have a typewriter. [Very few people had typewriters then.] I know the system. I think I can make a bigger contribution if I stay as the stake clerk.” And so it was. In those days the stake clerk received a small stipend, a little monthly something or other, I suppose to buy supplies. A sister, who knew him well, wrote and said, “Spencer, I’m surprised at you—to take a calling just because there is money involved.” Then she said, “If you don’t change your attitude, within two months, you’ll apostatize from the Church.” Well, she was a little off in her timing! Now an example: On one occasion Elder Harold B. Lee presided over our stake conference. Between sessions we had lunch at the home of President Zundell. Donna and I arrived a little late because we had gone home to check on our young children. Elder Lee had come to the car to retrieve something from his car and was on the walk when we arrived. I am sure we were very visibly moved to be able to talk personally and to shake hands with an Apostle. He gestured toward the house and said, speaking of the stake presidency who were assembled there, “They are great men. Never fail to learn from men such as these.” And I had been taught something of the unwritten order of things by an Apostle. There is so much you can learn by watching experienced leaders in the wards and stakes in which you live. There is so much you can learn by listening to the older brethren and sisters who have had a lifetime of experience in the school of the unwritten. Another illustration. There is an order of things as to where we go for counsel or blessings. It is simple—we go to our parents. When they are no longer available, if it is a blessing, then we may go to our home teacher. For counsel, you go to your bishop. He may choose to send you to his file leader—the stake president. But we do not go to the General Authorities. We do not write to them for counsel or suppose that someone in a more prominent position will give a more inspired blessing. If we could get this one thing taught in the Church, great power would rest upon us. President Joseph F. Smith taught that should there be sickness in a home and should there be present “apostles, or even members of the first presidency of the Church, . . . the father is there. It is his right and it is his duty to preside” (Gospel Doctrine, p. 286). There is one authorized “end run” around the bishop, the stake president, the General Authority, and everyone else in our line of authority. That is to our Father in Heaven in prayer. If we do that, we will in most instances solve our own problems. Another principle: Revelation in the Church is vertical. It generally confines itself to the administrative or geographic boundaries or limitations assigned to the one who is called. For instance, a bishop who is trying to solve a problem will not get revelation by counseling with a bishop from another ward or stake to whom he is related or with whom he might work at the office. My experience has taught me that revelation comes from above, not from the side. However more experienced or older or however more spiritual someone to the side may appear to be, it is better to go up through proper channels. Principle: A prime attribute of a good leader is to be a good follower. In a meeting with bishops, a new and struggling bishop once asked me, “How do I get people to follow me? I have called nine sisters to be president of the Primary and none has accepted.” There was a good humor and pleasant spirit in the meeting which made it an ideal teaching moment. I answered that I doubted that he had “called” any of the nine sisters. He must only have asked or invited them. I told him that if he had earnestly prayed and counseled with his counselors as to who should preside over the Primary, the first sister would have accepted the call. Perhaps he might have discovered in the interview some reason why it was not advisable or timely for that sister to serve and excused her from serving. But surely not more than one or two. If that many sisters turned down the call, something was out of order—the unwritten order. Because there was such good spirit in the meeting, I said to him, “Bishop, I know something else about you. You’re not a good follower, are you? Aren’t you the one who is always questioning what the stake president asks of his bishops?” The other bishops in the room started to chuckle and nodded their heads—he was the one. He chuckled and said he supposed that was right. I said, “Perhaps the reason your members don’t follow their leader is because you don’t follow yours. An essential attribute of a leader in the Church is faithful and loyal followship. That is just the order of things—the unwritten order of things.” When I was a young man, Elder Spencer W. Kimball came to our conference and he told this experience. When he was a stake president in Safford, Arizona, there was a vacancy in the office of superintendent of Young Men in the stake, as the office was then called. He left his office one day, went a few steps down the street, and had a conversation with the owner of a business. He said, “Jack, how would you like to be superintendent of the stake Young Men’s organization?” Jack replied: “Aw, Spencer, you don’t mean me.” Spencer replied, “Of course I do. You get along well with the youth.” He tried to convince him, but the man turned him down. Later in the day, after smoldering with his failure and finally remembering what Jacob had said in the Book of Mormon—“having first obtained mine errand from the Lord” (Jacob 1:17)--he returned to Jack. Calling him “brother” and by his last name, he said, “We have a vacancy in a stake office. My counselors and I have discussed it; we’ve prayed about it for some time. Sunday we knelt down together and asked the Lord for inspiration about who should be called to that position. We received the inspiration that you should be called. As a servant of the Lord, I am here to deliver that call.” Jack said, “Well, Spencer, if you are going to put it that way . . .” “Well, I am putting it that way.” You know the result. It helps to follow the proper order of things, even the unwritten order. I have on my desk a letter from a brother who is greatly bothered because he was not called to office properly. He accepted the call and is willing to serve, but he said his bishop did not consult his wife first and otherwise did not handle it properly. When I respond to him, I will try to teach him something of the unwritten order of things as it relates to being a little patient with how things are done in the Church. In the first section of the Doctrine and Covenants, the Lord admonished every man to “speak in the name of God the Lord, even the Savior of the world” (D&C 1:20). I think I’ll point out to him that he may one day be a bishop, overburdened with problems in the ward and with an extra burden of personal cares, and suggest that he give now what he would appreciate receiving then. Another point of order: Bishops should not yield the arrangement of meetings to members. They should not yield the arrangement for funerals or missionary farewells to families. It is not the proper order of things for members or families to expect to decide who will speak and for how long. Suggestions are in order, of course, but the bishop should not turn the meeting over to them. We are worried about the drift that is occurring in our meetings. Funerals could and should be the most spiritually impressive. They are becoming informal family reunions in front of ward members. Often the Spirit is repulsed by humorous experiences or jokes when the time could be devoted to teaching the things of the Spirit, even the sacred things. When the family insists that several family members speak in a funeral, we hear about the deceased instead of about the Atonement, the Resurrection, and the comforting promises revealed in the scriptures. Now it’s all right to have a family member speak at a funeral, but if they do, their remarks should be in keeping with the spirit of the meeting. I have told my Brethren in that day when my funeral is held, if any of them who speak talk about me, I will raise up and correct them. The gospel is to be preached. I know of no meeting where the congregation is in a better state of readiness to receive revelation and inspiration from a speaker than they are at a funeral. This privilege is being taken away from us because we don’t understand the order of things—the unwritten order of things—that relates to the administration of the Church and the reception of the Spirit. Our bishops should not give our meetings away. That is true of our missionary farewells. We’re deeply worried that they now have become kind of reunions in front of ward members. The depth of spiritual training and teaching which could go on is being lost. We have failed to remember that it is a sacrament meeting and that the bishop presides. There are many things I could say about such matters as wearing Sunday best. Do you know what “Sunday best” means? It used to be the case. Now we see ever more informal, even slouchy, clothing in our meetings, even in sacrament meeting, that leads to informal and slouchy conduct. It bothers me to see on a sacrament meeting program that Liz and Bill and Dave will participate. Ought it not be Elizabeth and William and David? It bothers me more to be asked to sustain Buck or Butch or Chuck to the high council. I just say, Can’t we have the full names on that important record? There is a formality, a dignity, that we are losing—and it is at great cost. There is something to what Paul said about doing things “decently and in order.” Well, there is so much I want to tell you about the unwritten order of things, but then these are things that you must learn for yourself. If we could only put you in the circumstance where you begin to observe, begin to get that training, then you will know how the Church is to operate and why it operates that way. You will find that it conforms to the principles which are outlined in the scriptures. If you will just “treasure up in your minds continually the words of life,” the Lord will bless you and give “you in the very hour” what you should say and what you should do (D&C 84:85). Learn about this great pattern—the teachings that come to us from just watching and participating. Soon after Spain had been opened for the preaching of the gospel, I was in Barcelona. Two of the first missionaries sent to Spain were sent to Barcelona to open the city. They had appealed to President Smith Griffin for forty chairs. He was in Paris at the time, and he didn’t know why they wanted forty chairs when they had no members. He hesitated at the expense, but he thought he would encourage the missionaries. So he approved the forty chairs. When we arrived at the meeting hall, upstairs in a business building, the forty chairs were filled. There were people standing. The elders had arranged for their first convert, a middle-aged man who worked in a fish market, to conduct the meeting. We watched as they taught him what to do, sometimes standing up to whisper to him. Brother Byish nervously got through the meeting with their assistance. And then, as he stood to close, the Spirit of the Lord fell upon him and he preached with great power and at some length. It was an inspired testimony, an unforgettable moment. The two young elders, both converts from South America, had somehow learned something of the unwritten order of things. They were putting the Church in place in proper order in Barcelona. Now there are four stakes in that city. And so it goes. The Lord uses the ordinary Saints, the rank and file, to move his work along. Isn’t it strange that princes and kings And clowns that caper in sawdust rings And just plain folks like you and me Are builders for eternity? To each is given a bag of tools, A shapeless mass and a book of rules, And each must build ere life has flown, A stumbling-block or a stepping stone. · R. L. Sharpe, “Stumbling-Block or Stepping Stone” The Church will move on, and it moves on just because the rank and file learn by observation, learn by teaching, learn by experience. Most of all, we learn because we are motivated by the Spirit. One day, of course, you who are young now will lead the Church. If in the intervening time you will learn and study the unwritten order of things, the power of the Lord will be upon you to the end that you might be the useful servant. I bear witness that this is His Church, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and, as the Lord said, that all “might speak in the name of God the Lord, even the Savior of the world” (D&C 1:20). I invoke his blessings upon you and bear witness to you in the name of Jesus Christ, amen.

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Posted on August 29th, 2007 Happy 90th birthday, EMU! Well, almost. The college will officially turn 90 years old on Oct. 15, 2007. Eastern Mennonite School (as it was called then) began its first classes with six students enrolled on Oct. 15, 1917. ‘Shenandoah Welcome’ – Returning students, faculty and staff greeted new members of the EMU community in a recessional following the convocation. (Photo by Jim Bishop) “As is true for most schools of that era, our beginnings were rather inauspicious,” EMU President Loren Swartzendruber noted in a convocation address on the opening day of fall semester classes Wednesday, Aug. 29. “Planning for a new school had begun more than a decade earlier, but it took many years and a lot of hard work to gather the money, personnel and facilities for the dream to become a reality,” he said. Tuition for that first year, 1917-18, was “a whopping $30, $15 per term,” the president said. “Room and board was actually more expensive than tuition. Students paid $149 for tuition, room and board for the year.” “To be sure, the EMU of 2007 is very different than the Eastern Mennonite School of 1917,” Swartzendruber told students, faculty and staff gathered in Lehman Auditorium. “We survived the Great Depression, two World Wars and many other challenges. There were no international students in 1917, and there certainly was no cross-cultural requirement. That first class of six students comprised four women and two men; the current gender ratio is 60:40, which mirrors the national averages.” Swartzendruber told students that “searching out wisdom” should be a primary objective of their EMU experience. Learning Outside the Classroom “We know from national research that fully half of what students learn during the college years, and probably in graduate school, occurs outside the formal classroom,” the president said. “That doesn’t mean that faculty members aren’t important. In fact, a distinct advantage of a place like EMU is the multiple opportunities to interact with professors outside the classroom,” he added. Swartzendruber noted that since 1917, this campus has been a place for millions of “sacred conversations.” “In some ways, for me, that is the essence of a liberal arts education in the context of a faith-based university,” he said. “Sometimes it is conversations between generations — in which those with more life experience, typically faculty/staff, converse with the next generation, typically students. But, conversations are two-way interactions, and meaningful conversations are based on mutual trust and respect, he said. Those conversations happen in the classroom, in the faculty member’s offices, with supervisors in work-study jobs and informally over coffee. They happen during late-night bull sessions in the residence halls or with roommates who share an apartment. “Just like every year since 1917, again in 2007-08 we will have sacred conversations about many topics — the role of faith in our lives and vocations, what does it mean to be a university in the Christian tradition that also invites dialog with those of other faith traditions, how do we in the Christian tradition, as followers of Jesus, live in peacemakers in a violent world?” Personal Dialog, Not Electronic Interaction Swartzendruber cautioned against substituting electronic interaction, such as Facebook, MySpace or text messaging, for meaningful personal dialog, noting that “they simply can’t be the primary medium for conversation about important matters.” “I invite all of us to sink our roots deep into this community at EMU for the months or years that we are here,” he said. “Give primary attention to your present environment – academic requirements, physical well-being, social interactions and sacred conversations.” During the convocation, the assembly sang “What is This Place” (HWB No. 1), “Strong Son of God, Immortal Love” (HWB No. 488) and the university hymn, “Christ of the Mountain.” Student Government Association co-presidents Lindsey Grosh and Sarah Roth gave a welcome to campus. Julie A. Haushalter of EMU’s campus ministries team led a blessing on the new academic year for all students, faculty and staff. EMU’s fall semester runs through Dec. 14.

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Maxthreads Architectural Design and Planning designed the Dublin’s Parlour Pavillion in Ireland. Description from the architects: Dublin’s Parlour Outdoor pavillion The objective of this project is to design a new public civic space for Dublin. The Parlour will have a strong social cultural and environmental character and have a countrywide profile for holding an intense and varied programme of music and other outdoor events including markets and monster ceils. The design concept derived from the flux/ flow of the mass pedestrian transportation point of the O2. Aim of the project is to create a strong, sculptural element with a distinctive roof form that will be prominent when viewed from large open space. Or the near by offices. The pavilion. Proposed pavilion is to accommodate a large semi-outdoor indoor performance stage and seating area for hosing the music and other outdoor events. At the same the pavilion acts as a device which can re-organise the flux of large amount of visitors and pedestrians through the central open space. The challenge of the pavilion is to create: 1. Using aluminium as light weight structural system to create long span, column free roof structure which can cover up to 700 square meters. 2. Eco-friendly design 3. A distinctive and iconic building on site. |Architecture Design||Maxthreads Architectural Design and Planning|

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Journal of Discourses/17/30 |←All Men to be Judged Out of the Books—Adam the Ancient of Days—In the Days of Enoch the Righteous Gathered Together from the Ends of the Earth to One Place—The Great Prophet Joseph Smith Raised up by God to Reveal Hidden Mysteries|| Journal of Discourses by Volume 17, THE GOSPEL OF CHRIST UNPOPULAR IN EVERY AGE OF THE WORLD—WE HAVE TO LIVE BY FAITH—GOD HAS DECREED THAT HIS KINGDOM WILL BE ESTABLISHED—THE PRIESTHOOD CONFERRED UPON JOSEPH SMITH BY HOLY ANGELS—ALL BLESSINGS TO BE OBTAINED FROM THE GOD THE SAINTS WORSHIP |Individual Salvation—The Success of the Work of the Lord not Dependent on Man—Encourage Home Manufacture—Build Temples—Safety on the Old Ship Zion→| | DISCOURSE BY ELDER WILFORD WOODRUFF, DELIVERED AT THE SEMI-ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS, IN THE NEW TABERNACLE, SALT LAKE CITY, WEDNESDAY OCTOBER 7, 1874 (Reported by David W. Evans.) (Online document scan Journal of Discourses, Volume 17) I did not have the privilege of listening to all the remarks of Elder Taylor this forenoon, yet to what I did hear I can bear testimony of its truth. I always delight in seeing a man valiant in the testimony of Jesus Christ. There is something glorious in the principles of the Gospel. I always did, from my boyhood, hope and pray that I might live long enough in the earth to find some man who would have sufficient courage and independence of mind to believe in the same doctrine and Gospel that Jesus Christ taught, and I have lived long enough to see, hear and partake of it, and I glory in it, because it is true. The religion or Gospel of Jesus Christ is a very unpopular thing, and has been in every age of the world. Show me a man who was ever inspired of the Lord God of Israel to do a work for him who was popular. You can not find such a man in the whole history of the world. You may take Noah, who was about a hundred and twenty years building an ark, and how many friends did he have? I think about seven in all. Lot was very unpopular the morning he left Sodom and Gomorrah, and so have been all the Patriarchs and Prophets in every age of the world. Jesus Christ, when he came to Jerusalem, the Son of God, the Savior of the world, the great Shiloh of the Jews, came to his own father's house, yet there was not a man more despised in all Judea and Jerusalem than was Jesus Christ, from the day of his birth until he came to the cross. Why is this? Because men love darkness rather than light—because their deeds are evil. The Lord Almighty, in the last days, has set his hand to carry out and fulfill his words for the past five or six thousand years, given through the mouths of his servants the Prophets and Apostles whenever he has had them on the earth. He has commenced this work and he will perform it, for, as brother Taylor has justly said, there is no power on the earth that can stay his hand, for the simple reason that God controls the destinies of all men—kings, princes, rulers, presidents, statesmen, governors, nations, tongues and people, upon the face of the whole earth, and men are placed in a position where they are under the necessity of exercising faith in God in order to build up his kingdom. Read the eleventh chapter of Hebrews, and you will find that, beginning with the creation of the world, everything has been accomplished by faith. The whole of the work of all the ancient Patriarchs and Prophets was accomplished by the exercise of this principle; and it is just so in the last dispensation of the fullness of times. When God sent angels to Joseph Smith, he knew and understood, by the teachings given unto him, what he had to perform in a measure. The Lord called him to do a work, and raised him up for this purpose. Was Joseph Smith popular among men? No, never, he was persecuted until the day of his death, until he sealed his testimony with his blood. But the persecution against him, and the unbelief of the world, do not make the truth of God without effect. The Lord has carried out and fulfilled all these prophecies from the commencement until now; there never has been a jot or tittle allowed to fall unfulfilled; there never was a revelation, from the days of father Adam until this, given by the inspiration of the Holy Ghost through the mouth of Patriarch or Prophet that will fall unfulfilled. Though the heavens and the earth pass away, these things will not fail of their fulfillment, and, as brother Taylor has said, the world cannot stay the work of God. They never have done, and they never will. This is a different dispensation from all others. God has set to his hand to build up his kingdom and Zion, and that kingdom and Zion must be built up, or the revelations of God will fall unfulfilled. The Bible is full of these teachings, and they must have their fulfillment, and I bear testimony to their truth. The Bible is true, and its prophecies were spoken by holy men of old as they were moved upon by the Holy Ghost. The revelations of Isaiah concerning the building up of the Zion of God in the last days will have their fulfillment. The house of God will be established upon the tops of the mountains, and all nations must flow unto it. Zion must arise and put on her beautiful garments, she must be clothed with the glory of her God. The Temple of God has got to be built also upon the tops of the mountains; the Gospel must be preached to every nation under heaven before the end shall come. The world say they do not believe these things; that is true, we do not expect them, we never have expected them to believe them, but the unbelief of the world does not change the work of God. We have to live by faith. When Moroni hid in the earth the record which the Book of Mormon was translated from, four hundred years after Christ came in the flesh, he did it by faith, as much so as Noah built the ark. He looked forward and saw that record come forth in the last days, in fulfillment of the sayings of Ezekiel and of the saying of Isaiah, when the stick of Joseph should be put with the stick of Judah, and they should become one stick in the hands of the servants of the Lord before the eyes of the world, and when the truth should spring out of the earth and righteousness look down from heaven. These things were to be a beginning of the great work of God preparatory to the gathering of the twelve tribes of Israel in the latter days. That work has come forth, just as everything has been fulfilled which has been done by faith and by the commandment of God. When Joseph Smith began to receive revelations from God he was a boy, an illiterate youth; and had he not had faith and the inspiration of the Almighty upon him, he never could have had power and courage to go forth and introduce the Gospel of Jesus Christ in the midst of a generation of false doctrine, ignorance and darkness. But God preserved, inspired and sustained him, and caused him to live upon the earth until he had planted this kingdom, in fulfillment of the revelations. He organized the Church, he received the holy Priesthood from the hands of angels sent from God—men who had held the Aaronic and Melchizedec Priesthood in other generations upon the earth; they conferred upon Joseph all the powers and keys of the Priesthood necessary to build up the kingdom of God upon the earth, and he lived long enough to organize that kingdom, and it will never be thrown down any more forever. The revelations of God to us have been encouraging, and we have seen them fulfilled, and we shall continue to do so until the end. I will say to the Latter-day Saints, that we are in the same position that other generations have been—we have got to walk by faith, we must have confidence in the fulfillment of the revelations of God. No man or woman on the face of the earth will ever be disappointed with regard to the fulfillment of the word of the Lord, for he has uttered decrees, made covenants, and through his servants the Prophets has declared his word and will concerning the world and its inhabitants, and not one of his sayings will fail, all must be fulfilled. If it could be otherwise, the Zion of God would never be built up; but God has decreed that his kingdom will be established, that Zion will arise and shine, and that every weapon formed against her will be broken. The prayers of hundreds and thousands of Saints, dwelling in these valleys of the mountains, daily ascend into the ears of the Lord of Sabaoth, beseeching him to fulfill his word upon the earth and to sustain his servants. Do not the Saints pray for anybody else? Yes, they pray for everybody—for President Grant, Judge McKean, the Governor of Utah, and every man holding official positions here, as well as for Brigham Young and the Apostles. These prayers ascend before the Lord and they will be heard and answered. Talk about Brigham Young and Joseph Smith, how many have said to Joseph Smith—"How on the earth do you govern and control this people? How easy you do it!" Our enemies, to-day, look at Brigham Young, and they say—"If he would only die Mormonism would stop;" but in this they are mistaken. This work does not depend upon President Young; it did not depend upon Joseph Smith. All the world thought if they could only slay Joseph Smith there would be an end of Mormonism, and so there would have been had it not been the work of God Almighty; if it had been the work of man it would long since have ceased to exist on the earth. The power that has sustained this work from the beginning sustains it now. As brother Taylor has said, all the holy Prophets and Apostles who have been slain on the earth for the testimony of Jesus and the word of God, and who now sit on the right hand of God in the heavens, are just as much engaged in carrying on the work of God here as when they lived in the flesh, and more so, because they have more light and power. And Jesus Christ, himself, who died on the cross, and after his resureection [resurrection] visited the other sheep of his fold on this continent, and offered the Gospel to Jew and Gentile, that same Jesus is pleading with the Father to-day, and has been from the day his body lay in the tomb, to carry out and fulfill his purposes and to accomplish his work in our day and generation. We are not alone in our efforts to carry on the work of God. If the eyes of the world were open, they would see that there are more for us than against us. We are only, in one sense of the word, worms of the dust in the hands of God. This work does not depend on any man or set of men. The Lord Almighty has set his hand to accomplish his purposes, and he is feeling after the honest and meek throughout the world, in order to find those who are willing to take hold and help to build up his kingdom in the latter days. He has found a few, and he will find many more. How has it been with Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, the Apostles, and thousands of the Elders of Israel who have gone forth to preach the Gospel to the world without purse or scrip, offering the word of life and salvation without money and without price? They have carried their knapsacks on their backs, or with valise in hand have traveled thousands and thousands of miles for this purpose. They have been inspired to do this by the power of the Most High God, and that inspiration has sustained them all the way through; it has upheld this Church from the time it came forth until this hour, and will unto its consummation. We came in here on the 24th of July, 1847, having been driven from our homes, the graves of our fathers, and from lands we purchased from the general Government because of the word of God and the testimony of Jesus Christ, or, in other words, because of our religion. We came here and found a barren desert, containing nothing but a few roving Indians, coyote wolves, crickets and grasshoppers. There was no mark of the Anglo Saxon race or of the white man here then, but the whole region of country was a desert of the most forbidding and desolate character. Now when strangers come up to Zion on this great highway, cast up in fulfillment of the revelations of God, what do they see? They see no longer a desert, but a belt, for six hundred miles, of cities, towns, villages, orchards, fields and crops. Who has done this? The Lord God of Israel has inspired his Saints to do it. President Young has been led, guided, counselled and moved upon by the Holy Ghost and by the revelations of Jesus Christ, and that which strangers now behold in this Tabernacle, and throughout this Territory is in fulfillment of that volume of revelation which you can read in the prophecies of Isaiah and others of the Prophets and Patriarchs. These things are true and your eyes can see them, whether you believe them or not has nothing to do with it. I will tell you that if this work had not been of God, and God had not borne testimony to the preaching of the Elders, we might have preached until we had been as old as Methuselah and we could not have gathered the people from almost every nation under heaven as we have done, according to the predictions of the ancient Prophets contained in the Bible. But the Lord has never disappointed anybody so far as his work is concerned. It did not stop after the death of Joseph, and it never will on account of the death of any man, Prophet, Apostle or any other man, for it is in the hands of God, and he has decreed that it shall stand for ever, and that it shall extend until its dominion becomes universal. We do not see to-day what we saw twenty-four years ago, and we do not see to-day what will be seen twenty-four years hence; there will be no stoppage to the building up of the Zion of God, or to the carrying out of his work. Joseph Smith was a Prophet of God, raised up by the Lord Almighty, and the inspiration of God guided and sustained him to the day of his death. He sealed his testimony with his blood, and that testimony is in force upon all the world. This record which I hold in my hands (Book of Doctrine and Covenants) contains the revelations of God, and in one of them the Lord says—"Let earth and hell combine against you, and they shall not prevail, the kingdom is yours—I have given it into your hands—and you are called upon to build it up." The Lord is at the helm to govern, guide and control this work, and he will do so unto the end. Now when men undertake to fight against this work, as brother Taylor has said, they fight against God; it is not against Brigham Young, the Apostles or this people alone, but it is against God. Every man will be rewarded according to his works. Our prayers go up before God day and night, that he will execute justice, judgment, righteousness and truth, that he will sustain everything that leads to good, and does good, and that he will overthrow all that lead to evil and do evil; and we are assured by revelation that the Lord will hear and answer our prayers. The Lord is with this people; but as Latter-day Saints, I do not think that we always prize our privileges. We are called upon to perform a work; the Lord has placed this work in our hands, and we are held responsible before the heavens and the earth to use the talents—the light and truth, which have been committed into our hands. What is this life? What are the things of this life? The Latter-day Saints are living for things the other side of the vail, the same as all servants of God have done in every age of the world. Now is it not a curiosity that so few of the human family have an interest in eternal things—things the other side of the vail? Bless your souls, our lives here are only a few days in duration, but on the other side of the vail we shall live eternally, we shall live and exist just as long as our Creator will exist, and our eternal destiny depends upon the manner in which we spend our short lives here in the flesh. Will it not pay any man, any Prophet, Apostle or Saint, in this or any other age of the world, to be true and faithful to his God, to magnify his calling, to be valiant in the testimony of Jesus Christ, to preach the Gospel, to bear record of the things of the kingdom to Jew and Gentile in his day and generation? Yes, it will pay men to do right, and men will sorrow and bitterly regret taking any course in this or any other generation against God or his work. What have been the afflictions of the Jews who rejected Jesus Christ? Why every word spoken concerning them by Moses and Jesus has had its fulfillment until the present day, for hundreds of years past and gone. They have been a hiss and a by-word, and trodden under the feet of the Gentiles, in fulfillment of the words of Jesus Christ, and they will continue in their present position until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in. Jesus offered his Gospel to the Jews in his day, but in these latter days it has been offered first to the Gentiles, thus fulfilling the saying that the first shall be last and the last shall be first; and when the Gentiles count themselves unworthy of eternal life, the Gospel will go to the House of Israel and they will receive it. The Gentiles should heed the warning given them by the Apostle Paul, lest they fall through the example of unbelief as did the Jews, who were broken off because they rejected the Messiah, and refused the message of salvation which he delivered unto them. From that day to this they have been scattered, peeled and afflicted; their city was overthrown and their Temples destroyed, and the land of their fathers has been in the hands of Gentile nations until to-day. The Lord has said—"Vengeance is mine and I will repay," and we may rest assured that the Lord will reward those who seek to destroy the lives of his people and to overthrow his kingdom. Vengeance is in the hands of the Almighty. "I will fight your battles," saith the Lord. We do not seek any man's hurt, however much of an enemy he may be to us, we leave him in the hands of God, we know that he will reward him, and the reward will be all that God, Saints, angels, devils or wicked men can ask, and it will be all that any man can want. When we undertake to fight against God we have to pay for it. Men will have to pay for every sin committed in the flesh; no matter what they do, they will have to be accountable for it. If a man does right, is valiant in the testimony of Jesus Christ, obeys the Gospel, and keeps his covenants, when he passes to the other side of the vail he has an entrance into the presence of God and the Lamb; having kept celestial law he enters into celestial glory, he is preserved by that law, and he participates in that glory through the endless ages of eternity. It pays any man under heaven to obey and be faithful to the law of God the few days he spends in the flesh. I say to the world, to every sect under heaven, if you ever obtain any blessings in the eternal worlds from anybody at all it will be from the God the Latter-day Saints worship, for God made us all; whether we are Methodists, Baptists, Mormons or anything else we are all the children of one parent. Then why should we persecute one another because of our religion? It is folly in the highest degree. We live in a land and under a constitution which guarantees the right to worship God according to the dictates of conscience to every sect, party, name and denomination under heaven, then why should we be so narrow-minded as to hate or seek to persecute or kill our neighbor because he differs from us in religion? We worship God and we are Latter-day Saints because we know that the Gospel which has been revealed in these latter days is true. We have received it and have realized the promises made to those who would obey it. The Holy Ghost and the testimony of Jesus Christ never deceived us, and we have received that testimony while abroad in almost every nation under heaven. By this power we have been gathered. That is the reason we are Mormons, as the world call us. We know this work is true, we know it is the Gospel of Jesus Christ. We would not persecute, abuse, or quarrel with any man because of his religious views. A man's religion, let it be what it will, is between him and his God. He is going to the eternal world, and he will receive his reward, and there is no reason or use in quarreling about religion, and we have never felt to do this in our lives. Whatever may have been said concerning us, our Tabernacles—this and others—have been open to every minister who came along, no matter to what sect or party he belonged. We are not afraid of our doctrines, and we are not afraid to have our children hear the doctrines of others. If any man has got a truth that we have not got, let us have it. Truth is what we are after, and we are not afraid of the doctrines of any man; we are willing to stand by the revelations of God. These are the feelings of the Latter-day Saints. When our Methodist friends came to this city, erected their tent and held their big camp meeting, what was the course pursued by the Latter-day Saints? The President of the Church, the Twelve Apostles and citizens with their wives and children gave them a congregation of many thousands, and we sat in their tent and listened to them while they abused us just as much as they pleased. We believe in giving every man the privilege of saying what he pleases, we have always been willing to let every man express his sentiments here among us. We are not afraid of them. If we have not the truth, that is what we are after, we want it. But we know that we have it, that the Gospel as restored, revealed through Joseph Smith, is the truth of God, and we know that the Lord has set to his hand to build up Zion, and he is going to do it. We bear record of this because we know it is true. I pray that God will bless the Latter-day Saints. I pray that we may prize our privileges, that we may enjoy the spirit of our calling, and that the Holy Ghost may enlighten our minds continually, that we may not walk in the dark but in the light. I pray that the Spirit of God may bear record to the stranger within our gates. I am satisfied that it does, and it has done more or less for the forty years that are past and gone. But it is the same to-day as it was in the days of Jesus. He told Nicodemus that light had come into the world, but men loved darkness rather than light because their deeds were evil, and here is where condemnation comes in, but we can not help that. My brethren and I have traveled a great many thousands of miles to preach the Gospel to our fellow-men; we have done this because we know this Gospel is true. We are willing to stand by this Gospel, this testimony and this work in life and in death, in time and in eternity. We shall meet the strangers who come here and visit us, on the other side of the vail; they will meet us there, and if they never know before, they will know then that our testimony is true. I pray God our heavenly Father that he will bear testimony by his Holy Spirit to the meek and honest among the children of men, that they may receive the truth and be prepared to inherit eternal life, for Jesus' sake. Amen.

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16 January 2008 - 13 April 2008 In this exhibition Josef Koudelka reveals a side of himself we rarely see because it is usually covered up by the striking aesthetic quality of his photographs. With time this apparent globetrotter has shown himself to be an engage photographer whose now world-renowned, fundamental subject matter is, internally, always related to his native land, whether as a conscious message or out of a subconscious need. In this work the local dimension meets the universal. The retrospective takes stock of all the stages of Koudelka’s work and its main thematic areas. The exhibition opens with a set of rare original prints from the late 1950s and early 1960s. They are followed by two parallel topics from the 1960s – Koudelka’s key series Gypsies, a fascinating encounter with this special ethnic group, and, on the other hand, his work for respected Czech theatres, consisting of photographs with intricate structures. In Prague, Koudelka met important figures in the arts, such as the theatre directors Otomar Krejca and Jan Grossman and the writer-dramatists Josef Topol and Václav Havel, who helped to maintain the continuity of Czech culture when it was under heavy ideological pressure from the totalitarian state. An important part of Koudelka’s work is the Invasion series made in Prague, in August 1968. Shortly afterwards, in 1970, he emigrated, and the resultant feelings of being uprooted found expression in photographs which, as a series, are called Exiles. The two series, Invasion and Exiles, may be understood as a whole that is related to the Czech situation, its causes and effects. With increasing frequency and gravity his work came to include both politics (as concern for public affairs) and his own personal themes of searching and finding, all within the problematic reality of the contemporary world. Shortly after leaving his homeland he began to work with Magnum Photos, and, in 1974, became the only Czech full member of this international agency. After returning to Czechoslovakia for the first time since his departure, Koudelka photographed the devastation of the natural environment in the Ore Mountains of Bohemia, from 1990 to 1994. The photographs exhibited and published as The Black Triangle, tie in to the set made with a panoramic camera in the northern France, an area that has also been greatly affected by human intervention. These photographs became part of Koudelka’s large project called Chaos, which the current retrospective concludes with. In the devastated landscape of today, the photographer has found “tragic untamed beauty”, the search for which may be understood as Koudelka’s lifelong topic.

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In this section we will describe some basis of hardware involved in Nano. Block Diagram Power Supply Jz4720 support 3 different boot sources. The boot sequence is controlled by boot_sel pin values [1:0]. The configuration of BOOT_SEL1 and BOOT_SEL1 [1:0] is showed as below: |0||0||Boot from external ROM at CS4| |0||1||Boot from USB device| |1||0||Boot from 512 page size NAND flash at CS1| |1||1||Boot from 2048 page size NAND flash at CS1| Arquitectura General It is necessary, for the operation of the Nanonote Board to store many sections of executable programs in volatile and non-volatile memories. The volatile memories are used like Random Access Memories (RAM) due to its low access time and unlimited number of Read/Write cycles. On the other hand, the Non-volatile memories (NAND, SD) stores for long periods of time the required information to operate the Embedded System. Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a way of setting up communication between a computer and peripheral devices. USB is intended to replace many varieties of serial and parallel ports. USB can connect computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards, PDAs, gamepads and joysticks, scanners, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, and external hard drives. For many of those devices, USB has become the standard connection method. A USB system has an asymmetric design, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology. Additional USB hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. A USB host may have multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports. Up to 127 devices, including the hub devices, may be connected to a single host controller. Serial and JTAG The NAND in the Ben NanoNote: - Has pages that are 4096 bytes in length - Has blocks that are 128 pages in length - Has 4096 blocks of storage in total - 4096 × 128 × 4096 = 2147483648 bytes ( 2 GB) root@ben:/# cat /proc/mtd dev: size erasesize name mtd0: 00400000 00080000 "NAND BOOT partition" mtd1: 00400000 00080000 "NAND KERNEL partition" mtd2: 7f800000 00080000 "NAND ROOTFS partition" - size is the capacity of the partition in bytes. 7f800000 is just shy of 2 GB - erasesize is the block size. 00080000 is 512 KB ( 128 × 4096 byte pages) Samsung K9GAG08X0M NAND flash chip, hardware info 1 Page = (4K + 128)Bytes 1 Block = 128 Pages (512K + 16K) Bytes 1 Devie = (512K + 16K) Bytes x 4,096 Blocks 1 Device = (4K+128)B x 128Pages x 4,096 Blocks = 16,896 Mbits - NanoNote partitions |Name||Size||Block offset||Page offset| - NanoNote partitions AFTER OpenWrt_Software_Image#Image_2010-11-17, we change the rootfs to 512M |Name||Size||Block offset||Page offset| PCB 08.50 (ben) Micro-SD pins on testpads Pin TP note ------------------ #1 TP14 data2 #2 TP15 cd/data3 / _CS #3 TP17 cmd / mosi #4 sdVCC switched by Q4 (fet?) controlled via line from cpu (on TP11) #5 TP16 clock #6 GND #7 TP12 data0 / miso #8 TP13 data1 Serial pins System information GPIO pins The Jz4720 has only a limited number of pins as outputs to the board. Furthermore, several functions take up gpio pins which are therefore not usable for other functions. Those devices are the sdram and nand controller, lcd controller and mmc+sd controller. Below is a table showing how they are used. Please complete this table. The missing entries are not connected to a pad in the Jz4720. Port A - 01 sdram data 0 - 03 sdram data 1 - 05 sdram data 2 - 07 sdram data 3 - 08 sdram data 4 - 09 sdram data 5 - 10 sdram data 6 - 11 sdram data 7 - 12 sdram data 8 - 13 sdram data 9 - 15 sdram data 10 - 17 sdram data 11 - 22 sdram data 12 - 26 sdram data 13 - 28 sdram data 14 - 30 sdram data 15 Port B - 00 sdram address 0 - 01 sdram address 1 - 02 sdram address 2 - 03 sdram address 3 - 04 sdram address 4 - 05 sdram address 5 - 06 sdram address 6 - 07 sdram address 7 - 08 sdram address 8 - 09 sdram address 9 - 10 sdram address 10 - 11 sdram address 11 - 12 sdram address 12 - 13 sdram address 13 - 14 sdram address 14 - 15 nand command latch - 16 nand address latch - 17 SHDN_HOST??? - 18 TP23 (free) - 19 sdram dcs - 20 sdram ras - 21 sdram cas - 22 ??? - 23 sdram cke - 24 sdram cko - 25 sdram cs1 - 26 sdram cs2 - 27 USB ID - 28 ??? - 29 Audio output enable - 30 TP25 (free) - 31 ??? Port C - 00 lcd data 0 - 01 lcd data 1 - 02 lcd data 2 - 03 lcd data 3 - 04 lcd data 4 - 05 lcd data 5 - 06 lcd data 6 - 07 lcd data 7 - 08 TP 35 (unused) - 09 TP 36 (unused) - 10 keyboard out 0 - 11 keyboard out 1 - 12 keyboard out 2 - 13 keyboard out 3 - 14 keyboard out 4 - 15 keyboard out 5 - 16 keyboard out 6 - 17 keyboard out 7 - 18 lcd pixel clock - 19 lcd hsync - 20 lcd vsync - 21 LCD SPI chipselect - 22 LCD SPI data - 23 LCD SPI clock - 24 sdram write enable 1 - 27 Charge detect - 28 nand read enable - 29 nand write enable - 30 nand flash ready/busy - 31 select uart or jtag on pad 147; not a gpio pin Port D - 00 SD Card detect - 02 SD Card power enable - 04 Speaker AMP enable - 06 Shutdown detect - 08 SD Card command - 09 SD Card clock - 10 SD Card data 1 - 11 SD Card data 2 - 12 SD Card data 3 - 13 SD Card data 4 - 15 TP 38 (free) - 18 Keyboard in 1 - 19 Keyboard in 2 - 20 Keyboard in 3 - 21 Keyboard in 4 - 22 Keyboard in 5 - 23 Keyboard in 6 (i2c?) - 24 Keyboard in 7 (i2c?) - 25 uart transmit - 26 Keyboard in 8 (uart receive) - 27 Buzzer, controlled with pwm4. Piezo-electric buzzer; not related to soundcard output. - 28 USB detect - 29 power button Test Points Under Battery This page is to describe all test pins under battery label. You may want to probe or discover them as long as you tear off battery label. Also this whole page you can reference to the schematic of AVT2 RC1 Reference Board. - TP 9, V33, system voltage 3.3V when power on - TP 12, SDD0, MSC_D0/GPD10(in/out) of jz4720, MSC data bit 0, Please see MicroSD. - TP 13, SDD1, MSC_D1/GPD11(in/out) of jz4720, MSC data bit 1, Please see MicroSD. - TP 14, SDD2, MSC_D2/GPD12(in/out) of jz4720, MSC data bit 2, Please see MicroSD. - TP 15, SDD3, MSC_D3/GPD13(in/out) of jz4720, MSC data bit 3, Please see MicroSD. - TP 16, SDCLK, MSC_CLK/GPD9(out) of jz4720, MSC clock output, Please see MicroSD. - TP 17, SDCMD, MSC_CMD/GPD8(in/out) of jz4720, MSC command, Please see MicroSD. - TP 19, CS1_N, CS1_/GPB25(out) of jz4720, This connects to NAND (NAND chip enable). - TP 20, CS2_N, CS2_/GPB26(out) of jz4720, This connects to NAND (NAND chip enable 2). - TP 24, POP, GPB29(out) of jz4720, This pin is the purpose on eliminate POP sound free. Please also see Audio IN OUT. - TP 25 COB TEST, GPB30 of jz4720, Purpose during production test. - TP 26, FWE_N, FWE_/GPC29(out) of jz4720, This connects to NAND WE_(NAND flash write enable). Please see NAND. - TP 29, FRB_N, FRB_/GPC30(in) of jz4720, This connects to NAND FRB(NAND flash ready/busy). Please see NAND. - TP 32, CHARGE_N, GPC27(in) of jz4720, Through this input pin that shows if charging or not. Please see Power Supply Circuit & Battery Charger. - TP 39, LCD0, pin 16 of CON2 FPC connector, GPC0(out) of jz4720, Please see LCD. - TP 40, LCD1, pin 15 of CON2 FPC connector, GPC1(out) of jz4720, Please see LCD. - TP 41, LCD2, pin 14 of CON2 FPC connector, GPC2(out) of jz4720, Please see LCD. - TP 42, LCD3, pin 13 of CON2 FPC connector, GPC3(out) of jz4720, Please see LCD. - TP 43, LCD4, pin 12 of CON2 FPC connector, GPC4(out) of jz4720, Please see LCD. - TP 44, LCD5, pin 11 of CON2 FPC connector, GPC5(out) of jz4720, Please see LCD. - TP 45, LCD6, pin 10 of CON2 FPC connector, GPC6(out) of jz4720, Please see LCD. - TP 46, LCD7, pin 9 of CON2 FPC connector, GPC7(out) of jz4720, Please see LCD. - TP 47, LCDDCLK, pin 17 of CON2 FPC connector, GPC18(out) of jz4720, Please see LCD. - TP 48, VSYNC, pin 18 of CON2 FPC connector, GPC20(out) of jz4720, Please see LCD. - TP 49, HSYNC, pin 19 of CON2 FPC connector, GPC19(out) of jz4720, Please see LCD. - TP 50, LCDCS, pin 20 of CON2 FPC connector, GPC21(out) of jz4720, Please see LCD. - TP 51, LCDSCL, pin 21 of CON2 FPC connector, GPC22(out) of jz4720, Please see LCD. - TP 52, LCDSDA, pin 22 of CON2 FPC connector, GPC23(in/out) of jz4720, Please see LCD. - TP 60, KEYOUT2, GPC11(out) of jz4720, Please see Keyboard. - TP 62, KEYOUT4, GPC13(out) of jz4720, Please see Keyboard. - TP 63, KEYOUT5, GPC14(out) of jz4720, Please see Keyboard. - TP 64, KEYOUT6, GPC15(out) of jz4720, Please see Keyboard. - TP 66, KEYOUT8, GPC17(out) of jz4720, Please see Keyboard. - TP 67, KEYIN1, GPD18(in) of jz4720, Please see Keyboard. - TP 74, KEYIN8, GPD26(in) of jz4720, Serial console RXD pin in, Please see Serial console. - TP 75, TXD, GPD25(out) of jz4720, Serial console TXD pin out, Please see Serial console. - TP 76, GND, System ground, Please see Serial console. - TP 79, USBDET, GPD28(input) of jz4720, Jz4720 can detect a "LOW" status during usb host cable is plug in.

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en

2012 DA14 asteroid© Leonid Elenin / ISON-NM Observatory Meteorite fragments that hit Russia’s Urals© AFP 2013/ Oleg Kargopolov/ 74.ru - Meteorite Hits Central Russia, Hurting Hundreds - Meteorite Wreaks Havoc Across Russia's Regions - Some 400 Injured in Russian Meteor Shower - Asteroid Close Call is a ‘Celestial Torpedo’ - Tunguska-Size Asteroid to Make Closest Fly-by in History MOSCOW, February 15 (RIA Novosti) – The meteorite that hit Russia’s Urals on Friday morning was not debris from the 2012 DA14 asteroid which is due to pass close by the Earth later the same day, the European Space Agency (ESA) said. The agency’s experts confirmed there is no link between the meteorite and the asteroid, ESA said on its official Twitter, but provided no details of its analysis. The 2012 DA14, which is roughly 50 meters (165 feet) in size, will pass 27,000 kilometers (17,100 miles) from the Earth – closer than satellites in the geosynchronous orbit, which is 36,000 kilometers. The 2012 DA14 flyby will take place at 19:24 GMT, about 16 hours after the meteorite incident in Chelyabinsk Region which left at least 400 injured, mostly from glass broken by the shock wave as the meteorite flew past. The asteroid was linked to the meteor by numerous media reports. Tatiana Bordovitsina, an astronomy professor at Tomsk State University in western Siberia, told RIA Novosti two hours before the ESA statement that the meteorite could have been debris preceding the asteroid, but said a more thorough examination of the incident was needed. NASA confirmed that 2012 DA14 is not on collision course with the planet, but said if the asteroid hit the Earth, the resulting explosion would be 1,000 times more powerful than the nuclear bomb that obliterated Hiroshima in 1945. Add to blog You may place this material on your blog by copying the link. Image Galleries: New "Watercolors" Train Exhibition in the Moscow Metro Infographics: The Origin of Geomagnetic Storms Cartoons: Dreams of Space The failure of the Islamist political parties who came to power in the dramatic events of the Arab Spring would allow the military to reenter the political arena. Political Islam was successful in the opposition, but it could fail in power, as the negative experience of Egypt and Iraq have shown.

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en

UK mountain run abandoned as participants seek shelter from appalling conditions Saturday, October 25, 2008 A fell running event, the Original Mountain Marathon, has been abandoned under appalling weather conditions, which left a number of competitors stranded. The event's abandonment was confirmed (according to web reports) at midday by race director Jen Longbottom. The runners were taking part in the Original Mountain Marathon (OMM), until flooding and heavy rain forced them to stop. Around three hundred people were forced to take shelter at the nearby Honister Slate Mine. "The weather is absolutely horrendous and it's a scene of chaos up here," stated Mark Weir, the owner of the slate mine. "I believe there were up to about two thousand people who entered this race and I advised the organizers not to go ahead with the event." "The mountain rescue teams are still trying to account for everyone," added Weir. "We have had people coming in throughout the day in pretty bad states. They are dripping wet through and very cold. Our staff are helping to transport them off the mountain pass and down to Cockermouth where the emergency services are taking over. But we need more help and more buses as there are still plenty of people up here." 12 people have suffered from hypothermia, and one of them has been taken to the nearby Cumberland Infirmary Hospital for treatment. - "Floods strand hundreds of runners" — , October 25, 2008 - "Rescue operation launched for hundreds of runners stranded by floods" — , October 25, 2008 - "The Race is Called Off" — , October 25, 2008

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en

|This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the French Wikipedia. (December 2008)| |— Department —| |• President of the General Council||Augustin Bonrepaux (PS)| |• Total||4,890 km2 (1,890 sq mi)| |• Density||30/km2 ( 79/sq mi)| |Time zone||CET (UTC+1)| |• Summer (DST)||CEST (UTC+2)| |^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2| Foix is the administrative capital of the Ariège. It is an ancient medieval town with a fortress Chateau de Foix perched on a hill overlooking it. The fortress has been attacked many times without capture, including an attempt by Simon de Montfort. It has also been used as a prison, and the names of English prisoners of war can still be seen on the cell walls. Another famous chateau in the Ariège is Montségur, located on a rocky outcrop at a height of 1200 metres (3,900 ft). During the Albigensian Crusade and siege of 1244 AD the chateau was largely destroyed, with more than two hundred Cathar priests burnt at the stake as heretics. The chateau was gradually rebuilt by Royalists over a period of the next three hundred years. The start of the seventeenth century saw the area ravaged by wars between Protestants and Catholics. In 1621 Huguenot forces ruined the church at La Tour-du-Crieu. In 1629 Pamiers was sacked by Henry of Condé following uprisings that left several hundred dead in the city. This was also the period during which the abbeys at Foix, Tarascon-sur-Ariège, Saint-Girons, Saverdun and Le Mas-d'Azil were torched and destroyed. The nineteenth century was a time of strong industrial growth, supported in Ariège by an abundant supply of water power. The department also benefitted from its significant reserves of iron ore. The growth of iron based industries were a feature of the period, with the establishment in 1817 of a steel manufacturing plant at Pamiers which has been a principal driver of the local economy ever since. Other representative examples of the iron based industry that developed in Ariège during the nineteenth century include the forges at Montgaillard and the blast furnaces at Tarascon-sur-Ariège. Description of the department's industrial development during the nineteenth century should also include mention of the paper industry at Saint-Girons and the textile industry in the Pays d'Olmes. Towns of particular historical interest in the département include Pamiers, host to a large commercial centre and three churches. Mirepoix is a medieval town, as is Saint-Lizier situated on a hilltop with winding streets, fine views and a church with cloisters that are noteworthy. Saint-Girons is an agricultural centre with a Saturday market. The geography is dominated by the Pyrenees mountains, which form the border between France and Spain. There are hundreds of miles of well-marked paths which allow exploration of the magnificent Pyrenees mountains. The high mountains are easily accessible via good roads, cable cars or by foot. There are a number of lodges providing high level mountain accommodation that are comfortable, warm and with good meals. There are also a number of fresh water lakes which provide a variety of activities including, walking, swimming, fishing, canoeing, sailboarding and picnicking. The Ariege has several of its own downhill ski resorts, the three largest being Ax-Bonascre, Les Monts D'Olmes and Guzet-Neige. There are many cross country ski-ing resorts, one of the best being at Plateau de Beille, near Les Cabannes. The Pyrenees mountain range forms a fantastic backdrop to the entire Ariège Department, rising some 10,000 feet (3000m) in the Montcalm Massif, along the border with Andorra and Spain. The highest peaks are clearly visible visible from Toulouse in the Haute Garonne. It is one of the least populated and most unspoiled regions of France. The locals enjoy keeping traditions alive, especially old farming techniques. Consequently, as fewer insecticides, for example, have been used, the flora and fauna of the area continue to be rich in both diversity and numbers. Butterflies are common and birds are numerous; particularly noticeable are large birds of prey, including the magnificent Griffon vultures. There are also many unspoiled villages and hamlets tucked away in the valleys close to the department's border with Spain – Seix, Cominac and Aulus Les Bain are examples – together with picturesque mountain villages, most notably Aleu which comes alive in the holiday season. Ariège stands on the eastern limit of oceanic dominance over rainfall, but other influences are felt: - Mediterranean – particularly visible in the vegetation of the foothills and of the valley of the Ariège river towards Tarascon, and in the Pays de Sault; - Continental – in the Pyrenean valleys, with many storms and big differences of temperature between day and night. There is no great tendency to summer drought as the flow of air from the north-west brings rain throughout the year. Rainfall is moderate on the foothills and in some sheltered valleys, measuring 700 to 1,000 mm per year, but increases significantly in the higher valleys with levels between 1,000 mm and 1,800 mm. The slopes exposed to the north-west, such as Aulus and Orlu, are, as one would expect, the wettest, together with the frontal ridges that meet air flow from the southwest (giving rise to the Foehn effect). Snow cover is common over 1,000 metres, lasting several months above 1,500 to 2,000 metres. Some periglacial areas exist over 2,500 m but the only true glacier in Ariège is that of Mont Valier, near Castillon-en-Couserans. Temperatures are mild in the foothills, e.g. at the city of Foix (400 metres) the average is 5 °C in January and 19 °C in July. However, they decline rapidly with elevation, e.g. at l'Hospitalet-près-l'Andorre (1,430 m) it is 0 °C in January and 14 °C in July. The inhabitants of the department are called Ariégeois. The department has 151,477 inhabitants, or 146,289 as the population without double counting. The populations of the arrondissements (double-counting) are : - Foix – 53,595 - Pamiers – 69,664 - Saint Girons – 28,218 The populations of the principal towns (double-counting) are : - Pamiers – 15,702 - Foix – 9,994 - Lavelanet – 7,068 - Saint Girons – 7,019 The Ariege department is a largely unknown department which is situated next to the Aude in the most southern part of the Midi-Pyrenees region and shares its borders with the Aude, Andorra, Haute Garonne and the Pyrenees Orientales. This is predominantly a farming area as the soil is rich and fertile and yet more than 50% of the Ariège is mountainous, with 490 965 hectares being covered by forests. |Number of businesses||19 750||15 November 2006| |Rate of business creation||10.4% (Ariège) 9.3% (Midi-Pyrénées) 9.3% (France)||2003| |Unemployment rate||10.4% (Ariège) 9.1% (Midi-Pyrénées) 9% (France)||September 2006| |Value of Exports||450 M€||2005| |Value of Imports||368 M€||2005| |source : Ariège Expansion| The Ariège Chamber of Commerce and Industry is situated at Foix. The department’s Economic Development Agency (ARIEGE EXPANSION) is at Verniolle. The department has established three ‘business incubators’ to support enterprise in Ariège. The department has two parliamentary constituencies and twenty-two cantons. Broadly speaking, Ariège has been firmly held by the Socialist Party since the days of the Third Republic, although in recent years the right has managed to make some inroads. Nevertheless, the department remains one of the most left-wing departments in France, and the left holds all but three of the department's 22 cantons. The President of the General Council is Augustin Bonrepaux of the Socialist Party. |Union for a Popular Movement||2| Ariégeois gastronomy is based on the cooking of Pyrenean regional food, such as cheese or charcuterie from the mountain country. The Azinat is the local and typical dish of Ariege. The department is also well advanced in the field of organic farming. The castle of Foix Cathedral of Saint-Antonin at Pamiers Cathedral de Saint-Lizier Covered shopfronts at Mirepoix According to the general census of the population of 8 March 1999, 26.5% of available housing in the department consists of second homes. |Year||Town||Population without double-counting||Number of dwellings||Second homes||% of dwellings being second homes| Famous people - Fabien Barthez, football player, winner of the World Football Cup 1998 and born at Lavelanet - Pierre Bayle (1647–1706), philosopher and writer, born at Carla-Bayle (then known as Carla-le-Comte; the commune changed its name in his honour) - Théophile Delcassé (1852–1923), politician, minister, ambassador, born at Pamiers - Jacques Dupont (born in 1928), cyclist, holder of the Olympic record, born at Lézat-sur-Lèze - Gabriel Fauré (1845–1924), composer, born at Pamiers - Jacques Fournier (1285–1342), bishop of Pamiers then of Mirepoix, pope under the name Benedict XII from 1336 to 1342 (Avignon), born at Canté near Saverdun - Claude Piquemal (born in 1939), athlete and sprinter, Olympic medalist, born at Siguer - Marie Laforêt, born Maïténa Marie Brigitte Doumenach (in 1939), actress and singer. See also - Cantons of the Ariège department - Communes of the Ariège department - Arrondissements of the Ariège department - Census 2009, French National Institute of Statistics - http://www.atlaspol.com/MDPY/ariege.htm Political atlas of Ariège (in French), consulted 30 June 2009 - Census site, INSEE, figures as at 8 March 1999 - Estimates of the intermediate census, INSEE, figures as at 1 July 2005 |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ariège| - (French)Conseil general website - (French)Prefecture website - (French)Trekking in Ariege Pyrenees website - (French)Photography Panoramics 360° website - (French)Photography Panoramics 360° website 2

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en

A bullock cart or ox cart is a two-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle pulled by oxen (draught cattle). It is a means of transportation used since ancient times in many parts of the world. They are still used today where modern vehicles are too expensive or the infrastructure does not favor them. Used especially for carrying goods, the bullock cart is pulled by one or several oxen (bullocks). The cart (also known as a jinker) is attached to a bullock team by a special chain attached to yokes, but a rope may also be used for one or two animals. The driver and any other passengers sit on the front of the cart, while load is placed in the back. Traditionally the cargo was usually agrarian goods and lumber. Costa Rica In Costa Rica, ox carts (carretas in the Spanish language) were an important aspect of the daily life and commerce, especially between 1850 to 1935, developing a unique construction and decoration tradition that is still being developed. Costa Rican parades and traditional celebrations are not complete without a traditional ox cart parade. In 1988, the traditional ox cart was declared as National Symbol of Work by the Costa Rican government. In 2005, the "Oxherding and Oxcart Traditions in Costa Rica" were included in UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. In Indonesia, Bullock Carts are commonly used in the rural parts of the country, where it is used for transporting goods and carriages and also people. But it is mostly common in Indonesia that there are Horse Car than Bullock Carts on the streets of Indonesia. Bullock carts were widely used in Malaysia before the introduction of automobiles, and many are still used today. These included passenger vehicles, now used especially for tourists. Passenger carts are usually equipped with awnings for protection against sun and rain, and are often gaily decorated. See also |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ox-drawn carts|

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en

Topography of Flores |Location||South East Asia| |Archipelago||Lesser Sunda Islands| |Area||13,540 km2 (5,228 sq mi)| |Highest elevation||2,370 m (7,780 ft)| |Highest point||Poco Mandasawu| |Province||East Nusa Tenggara| |Largest city||Maumere (pop. 70,000)| |Population||1,831,000 (as of 2010)| |Density||135 /km2 (350 /sq mi)| Flores is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, an island arc with an estimated area of 14,300 km² extending east from the Java island of Indonesia. The population was 1,831,000 in the 2010 census and the largest town is Maumere. Flores is Portuguese for "flowers". Flores is located east of Sumbawa and Komodo and west of Lembata and the Alor Archipelago. To the southeast is Timor. To the south, across the Sumba strait, is Sumba and to the north, beyond the Flores Sea, is Sulawesi. Homo floresiensis In September 2004, at Liang Bua Cave in western Flores, paleoanthropologists discovered small skeletons that they described as a previously unknown hominid species, Homo floresiensis. These are informally named hobbits and appear to have stood about 1 m (3.3 ft) tall. The most complete individual (LB1) is dated as 18,000 years old. The Dominican order was extremely important in this island, as well as in the neighbouring islands of Timor and Solor. When in 1613 the Dutch attacked the Fortres of Solor, the population of this fort, led by the Dominicans, moved to the harbor town of Larantuka, on the eastern coast of Flores. This population was mixed, of Portuguese and local islanders descent and Larantuqueiros, Topasses (people that wear heats) or, as Dutch knew them, the 'Black Portuguese' (Swarte Portugueezen). The Larantuqueiros or Topasses became the dominant sandalwood trading people of the region for the next 200 years. This group used Portuguese as the language for worship, Malay as the language of trade and a mixed dialect as mother tongue. This was observed by William Dampier, a British Brigadier visiting the Island in 1699: - These [the Topasses] have no Forts, but depend on their Alliance with the Natives: And indeed they are already so mixt, that it is hard to distinguish whether they are Portugueze or Indians. Their Language is Portugueze; and the religion they have, is Romish. They seem in Words to acknowledge the King of Portugal for their Sovereign; yet they will not accept any Officers sent by him. They speak indifferently the Malayan and their own native Languages, as well as Portugueze. In 1846, Dutch and Portuguese initiated negotiations towards delimiting the territories but these negotiations led to nowhere. In 1851 the new governor of Timor, Solor and Flores, Lima Lopes, faced with an impoverished administration, agreed to sell eastern Flores and the nearby islands to Dutch in return for a payment of 200,000 Florins. Lima Lopes did so without the consent of Lisbon and was dismissed in disgrace, but his agreement was not rescinded and in 1854 Portugal ceded all its historical claims on Flores. After this, Flores became part of the territory of Dutch East Indies. Flores is part of the East Nusa Tenggara province. The island along with smaller minor islands are split into eight regencies (local government districts); from west to east these are: Manggarai Barat (West Manggarai), Manggarai Tengah (Central Manggarai), Manggarai Timur (East Manggarai), Ngada, Nagekeo, Ende, Sikka and Flores Timur (East Flores). It has 39.1% of the provincial population as of 2010, and the most Indonesians of all islands in the province. However, Timor including the nation of East Timor is more populated. It is the island with the 9th most Indonesians. Among all islands containing Indonesian territory, it is the 10th most populous after Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, New Guinea, Bali, Madura, Lombok, and Timor. |Manggarai Regency||Ruteng||1958||UU 69/1958||1,545.97||292,037| |Sikka Regency||Maumere||1958||UU 69/1958||1,731.92||300,301| |Ngada Regency||Bajawa||1958||UU 69/1958||1,620.92||142,254| |Ende Regency||Ende||1958||UU 69/1958||2,046.62||260,428| |East Flores Regency||Larantuka||1958||UU 69/1958||1,812.85||232,312| |West Manggarai Regency||Labuan Bajo||2003||UU 8/2003||2,947.50||221,430| |Nagekeo Regency||Mbay||2007||UU 2/2007||1,416.96||129,956| |East Manggarai Regency||Borong||2007||UU 36/2007||2,502.24||252,754| Flora and fauna The west coast of Flores is one of the few places, aside from the island of Komodo itself, where the Komodo dragon can be found in the wild, and is part of Komodo National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kelimutu National Park is the second national park designated on Flores to protect endangered species. The Flores giant rat is also endemic to the island, and Verhoeven's giant tree rat was formerly present. These giant rodents are considered examples of island gigantism. Flores was also the habitat of several extinct dwarf forms of the proboscidean Stegodon, the most recent (Stegodon florensis insularis) disappearing approximately 12 000 years ago. It is speculated by scientists that limited resources and an absence of advanced predators made the few megafaunal species that reached the island subject to insular dwarfism. There are many languages spoken on the island of Flores, all of them belonging to the Austronesian family. In the centre of the island in the districts of Ngada, Nagekeo, and Ende there is what is variously called the Central Flores Dialect Chain or the Central Flores Linkage. Within this area there are slight linguistic differences in almost every village. At least six separate languages are identifiable. These are from west to east: Ngadha, Nage, Keo, Ende, Lio and Palu'e, which is spoken on the island with the same name of the north coast of Flores. Locals would probably also add So'a and Bajawa to this list, which anthropologists have labeled dialects of Ngadha. Flores is almost entirely Roman Catholic and represents one of the "religious borders" created by the Catholic expansion in the Pacific and the spread of Islam from the west across Indonesia. In other places in Indonesia, such as in the Maluku Islands and Sulawesi, the divide is less rigid and has been the source of bloody sectarian clashes. The most famous tourist attraction in Flores is Kelimutu, a volcano containing three colored lakes, located in the district of Ende close to the town of Moni. These crater lakes are in the caldera of a volcano, and fed by a volcanic gas source, resulting in highly acidic water. The colored lakes change colors on an irregular basis, depending on the oxidation state of the lake from bright red through green and blue. There are snorkelling and diving locations along the north coast of Flores, most notably Maumere and Riung. However, due to the destructive practice of local fishermen using bombs to fish, and locals selling shells to tourists, combined with the after effects of a devastating tsunami in 1992, the reefs have slowly been destroyed. Labuan Bajo (on the western tip of Flores) is a town often used by tourists as a base to visit Komodo and Rinca. Labuanbajo also attracts scuba divers, as whale sharks inhabit the waters around Labuanbajo. In addition to tourism, the main economic activities on Flores are agriculture, fishing and seaweed production. The primary food crops being grown on Flores are rice, maize, sweet potato and cassava, while the main cash crops are coffee, coconut, candle nut and cashew. Flores is one of the newest origins for Indonesian coffee. Previously, most Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) from Flores was blended with other origins. Now, demand is growing for this coffee because of its heavy body and sweet chocolate, floral and woody notes. An ancient Ngada megalith See also - Monk, K.A.; Fretes, Y., Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 7. ISBN 962-593-076-0. - "Out of the Ashes - Chapter 1". Epress.anu.edu.au. 1914-06-25. Retrieved 2012-07-25. - L, Klemen (1999-2000). "The Lesser Sunda Islands 1941-1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942. - "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010". Ntt.bps.go.id. Retrieved 2012-07-25. - Van Den Bergh, G. D.; Rokhus Due Awe; Morwood, M. J.; Sutikna, T.; Jatmiko; Wahyu Saptomo, E. (May 2008). "The youngest Stegodon remains in Southeast Asia from the Late Pleistocene archaeological site Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia". Quaternary International 182 (1): 16–48. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.001. Retrieved 27 November 2011. - "Hobbits" Were Pygmy Ancestors, Not New Species, Study Says, National Geographic, 21 August 2006. - Pasternack. Keli Mutu Volcanic Lakes, University of California Davis. - East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Retrieved 8 August 2008. - Arabica Producing Regions of Indonesia, Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia. Retrieved 8 August 2008. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Flores, Indonesia| - L, Klemen (1999-2000). "Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942".

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|— Village —| |• Mayor||Josh Blanchard| |• Total||2.07 sq mi (5.36 km2)| |• Land||1.97 sq mi (5.10 km2)| |• Water||0.10 sq mi (0.26 km2)| |Elevation||1,090 ft (332.2 m)| |• Estimate (2011)||2,508| |• Density||1,265.5/sq mi (488.6/km2)| |Time zone||EST (UTC-5)| |• Summer (DST)||EDT (UTC-4)| |GNIS feature ID||1064680| |This section does not cite any references or sources. (August 2009)| Long before white settlers entered the area, Adena and Hopewell Indians inhabited the area of Fredericktown. Early settlers found three mounds and earthworks located on nearby hilltops. While the Raleigh Mound and Stackhouse Mound and Works are preserved today, the third mound, located by what is presently the Baptist Church, was demolished. Both preserved mounds were most likely ceremonial structures and they are oriented towards the Sun's movements. When settlers arrived, the sites were abandoned with few other traces of the Natives who lived there. There were a few scattered Native Americans living nearby along what was then the periphery of Indian Lands established by the Greenville Treaty Line. The first white settler was John Kerr who in 1807 bought and planned the town, and built a mill on the North Branch of the Kokosing River. Growth was sluggish until the Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark Railroad came through the village in 1853. A grain elevator, foundry, and other small trading businesses were built, helping to establish Fredericktown more firmly as the local business center than the nearby crossroad settlements of Batemantown, Waterford, and Ankeneytown. Around World War II a small airplane paneling factory was built and later reverted to furniture manufacturing. In the last half of the 20th century, a few light manufacturing operations and the largest privately owned general construction contractor in Ohio, Kokosing Construction , were established. The National FFA Organization Official Dress Jacket has its origins in Fredericktown. In 1933 FFA members from the local chapter arrived at the national convention in blue corduroy jackets with the FFA emblem on the back. That same year national delegates voted to adopt it as the official dress. Today more than 50,000 are manufactured yearly for FFA members. Fredericktown is located at. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.07 square miles (5.36 km2), of which, 1.97 square miles (5.10 km2) is land and 0.10 square miles (0.26 km2) is water. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $36,354, and the median income for a family was $45,345. Males had a median income of $34,028 versus $21,858 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,138. About 5.7% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.2% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over. 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 2,493 people, 1,050 households, and 691 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,265.5 inhabitants per square mile (488.6 /km2). There were 1,133 housing units at an average density of 575.1 per square mile (222.0 /km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.0% White, 0.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.3% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population. There were 1,050 households out of which 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.0% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.2% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.91. The median age in the village was 37.6 years. 25.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.9% were from 25 to 44; 24.6% were from 45 to 64; and 15.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.7% male and 51.3% female. Fredericktown hosts the annual street fair called the 'Tomato Show', typically the first weekend in September. Major events include the Baby Crawl Contest, Bathtub Races, Little Miss Tomato Contest, Pedal Tractor Pulls, 5 mile run, and more. An event put on annually by the Fredericktown Parks and Recreation District at Community Park, is the Fourth of July festival. This event consists of children's rides, free swimming at Sockman Lake, a softball tournament and of course fireworks. - "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2013-01-06. - "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2013-01-06. - "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2013-01-06. - "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. - "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 3. http://censusviewer.com/free-maps-and-data-links/ Retrieved: 2012-10-21 - Fredericktown Village Portal - Fredericktown Community Fire District - Fredericktown Schools - Fredericktown Historical Society, 11/9/05 - National FFA Organization History, 11/11/05 - Tomato Show - Fredericktown Recreation District

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German destroyer Z11 Bernd von Arnim |Career (Nazi Germany)| |Name:||Z11 Bernd von Arnim| |Namesake:||Bernd von Arnim| |Ordered:||9 January 1935| |Laid down:||26 April 1935| |Launched:||8 July 1936| |Completed:||6 December 1938| |Fate:||Scuttled, 13 April 1940| |General characteristics as built| |Class & type:||Type 1934A-class destroyer| |Displacement:||2,171 long tons (2,206 t)| |Length:||119 m (390 ft 5 in) o/a 114 m (374 ft 0 in) w/l |Beam:||11.3 m (37 ft 1 in)| |Draft:||4.23 m (13 ft 11 in)| |Installed power:||70,000 shp (52,000 kW)| |Propulsion:||2 shafts, 2 × Wagner geared steam turbines 6 × water-tube boilers |Speed:||36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph)| |Range:||1,825 nmi (3,380 km; 2,100 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph)| |Armament:||5 × 1 - 12.7 cm (5 in) guns 2 × 2 - 3.7 cm (1.5 in) guns 6 × 1 - 2 cm (0.79 in) guns 2 × 4 - 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes 32–64 depth charges, 4 throwers and 6 individual racks Z11 Bernd von Arnim was a Type 1934A-class destroyer built for the German Navy (Kriegsmarine) in the late 1930s. At the beginning of World War II, the ship was initially deployed to blockade the Polish coast, but she was quickly transferred to the German Bight to lay minefields in German waters. In late 1939 the ship made one successful minelaying sortie off the English coast that claimed one British warship and seven merchant ships. During the early stages of the Norwegian Campaign, Bernd von Arnim fought the British destroyer Glowworm while transporting troops to the Narvik area in early April 1940, but neither ship was damaged during the action. The ship fought in both naval Battles of Narvik several days later and had to be scuttled after she exhausted her ammunition. Design and description Bernd von Arnim had an overall length of 119 meters (390 ft 5 in) and was 114 meters (374 ft 0 in) long at the waterline. The ship had a beam of 11.3 meters (37 ft 1 in), and a maximum draft of 4.23 meters (13 ft 11 in). She displaced 2,171 long tons (2,206 t) at standard load and 3,190 long tons (3,240 t) at deep load. The Wagner geared steam turbines were designed to produce 70,000 shaft horsepower (52,199 kW) which would propel the ship at 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph). Steam was provided to the turbines by six high-pressure Benson boilers with superheaters. Bernd von Arnim carried a maximum of 752 metric tons (740 long tons) of fuel oil which was intended to give a range of 4,400 nautical miles (8,100 km; 5,100 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph), but the ship proved top-heavy in service and 30% of the fuel had to be retained as ballast low in the ship. The effective range proved to be only 1,530 nmi (2,830 km; 1,760 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). Bernd von Arnim carried five 12.7 cm SK C/34 guns in single mounts with gun shields, two each superimposed, fore and aft. The fifth gun was carried on top of the rear deckhouse. Her anti-aircraft armament consisted of four 3.7 cm SK C/30 guns in two twin mounts abreast the rear funnel and six 2 cm C/30 guns in single mounts. The ship carried eight above-water 53.3-centimeter (21.0 in) torpedo tubes in two power-operated mounts. Four depth charge throwers were mounted on the sides of the rear deckhouse and they were supplemented by six racks for individual depth charges on the sides of the stern. Enough depth charges were carried for either two or four patterns of 16 charges each. Mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 60 mines. 'GHG' (Gruppenhorchgerät) passive hydrophones were fitted to detect submarines. The ship was ordered on 4 August 1934 and laid down at Germania, Kiel on 26 March 1935 as yard number G537. She was launched on 8 July 1936 and completed on 6 July 1938. When World War II began in September 1939, Bernd von Arnim was initially deployed in the Baltic to operate against the Polish Navy and to enforce a blockade of Poland, but she was soon transferred to the German Bight where she joined her sisters in laying defensive minefields. The ship also patrolled the Skagerrak to inspect neutral shipping for contraband goods. Bernd von Arnim joined the other destroyers in laying minefields off the British coast in November, when Bernd von Arnim, Hermann Künne and Wilhelm Heidkamp laid about 180 magnetic mines in the middle of the Thames Estuary on the night of 17/18 November. The destroyer HMS Gipsy, one trawler, and seven other ships totalling 27,565 Gross Register Tons (GRT) were sunk by this minefield. Four days later, she was one of the destroyers escorting the battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst through the North Sea to break out into the North Atlantic. Together with her sisters Hans Lody and Erich Giese, Bernd von Arnim was to lay a minefield off Cromer during the night of 6/7 December, but she had trouble with two of her boilers and had to shut them down. The ship was ordered to return to port while the other two destroyers continued their mission. Norwegian Campaign Bernd von Arnim was allocated to Group 1 for the Norwegian portion of Operation Weserübung in April 1940. The group's task was to transport the 139th Mountain Infantry Regiment (139. Gebirgsjäger Regiment) and the headquarters of the 3rd Mountain Division (3. Gebirgs-Division) to seize Narvik. The ships began loading troops on 6 April and set sail the next day. Bernd von Arnim was spotted by the British destroyer Glowworm in a storm on the morning of 8 April and the ship turned away to the north-west at full speed after laying a smoke screen. The German ship was suffering damage from the heavy seas at 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph) and was forced to reduce speed to 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph) after she had lost two men overboard. The British destroyer was better suited for the conditions and began to close on Bernd von Arnim. Lieutenant Commander (Korvettenkapitän) Curt Rechel, captain of von Arnim, turned his ship to the north-east, closer to the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper. The ships exchanged fire without effect for an hour until Hipper came within range and sank Glowworm shortly afterward. The German destroyers reached the Ofotfjord on the morning of 9 April and Commodore Friedrich Bonte took his flagship Wilhelm Heidkamp, Bernd von Arnim and Georg Thiele down the fjord to Narvik. A heavy snowstorm allowed von Arnim and Thiele to enter the harbor without challenge and tie up at a pier. The mountain troops immediately began disembarking, but the ship was spotted by the coast defense ship Norge a few minutes later. The latter ship immediately opened fire and was able to fire approximately 13 shells at 600–800 meters (660–870 yd) range before von Arnim was able to fire seven torpedoes. Only two struck the Norwegian ship, but they detonated one or more of the ship's magazines and she immediately capsized and sank. None of the Norwegian shells hit either of the two German destroyers due to the darkness and falling snow, despite the short range. Von Arnim lowered boats to rescue the surviving Norwegian sailors and was able to pick up 96 men together with boats from the merchantmen in harbor. Von Arnim and Thiele were the first to refuel from the single tanker that had made it safely to Narvik and later moved to the Ballangenfjord, a southern arm of the Ofotfjord, closer to the entrance. Shortly before dawn on 10 April, the five destroyers of the British 2nd Destroyer Flotilla surprised the five German destroyers in Narvik harbor. They torpedoed two destroyers and badly damaged the other three while suffering only minor damage themselves. As they were beginning to withdraw they encountered the three destroyers of the 4th Flotilla which had been alerted in the Herjansfjord when the British began their attack. The Germans opened fire first, but the gunnery for both sides was not effective due to the mist and the smoke screen laid by the British as they retreated down the Ofotfjord. The German ships had to turn away to avoid a salvo of three torpedoes fired by one of the destroyers in Narvik, but von Arnim and Thiele had also been alerted and were coming up to engage the British. The two German destroyers crossed the T of the British flotilla and were able to fire full broadsides at a range of only 4,000 meters (13,000 ft). They first engaged the British flagship, HMS Hardy, and badly damaged her. Both of her forward guns were knocked out and the forward superstructure was set afire. Hardy was forced to beach herself lest she sink, and the German ships switched their fire to HMS Havock, the next ship in line. Their fire was relatively ineffective and both sides fired torpedoes without scoring any hits. Havock pulled out and dropped to the rear to fight off any pursuit by the ships of the 4th Flotilla. This placed HMS Hunter in the lead and she was quickly set on fire by the German ships. Thiele probably also hit her with a torpedo and she was rammed from behind by HMS Hotspur when the latter ship lost steering control. Hotspur was able to disengage, but Hunter capsized shortly afterward. The three remaining British ships were able to escape from the Germans under the cover of a smoke screen. Von Arnim had been hit by five British shells, which had knocked out one boiler. This was repaired by the morning of 13 April and she received six torpedoes from the badly damaged destroyers. On the night of 12 April, Commander Erich Bey, the senior surviving German officer, received word to expect an attack the following day by British capital ships escorted by a large number of destroyers and supported by carrier aircraft. The battleship Warspite and nine destroyers duly appeared on 13 April, although earlier than Commander Bey had expected, and caught the Germans out of position. The five operable destroyers, including Bernd von Arnim, charged out of Narvik harbor and engaged the British ships. Although no hits were scored, they did inflict splinter damage on several of the destroyers. The ship was able to make a torpedo attack on the British destroyers before being driven off, but her torpedoes all missed. Lack of ammunition forced the German ships to retreat to the Rombaksfjorden (the easternmost branch of the Ofotfjord), east of Narvik, where they might attempt to ambush pursuing British destroyers. Von Arnim had exhausted her ammunition and she was beached at the head of the fjord. Her crew placed demolition charges and abandoned the ship. By the time the British reached the ship she had rolled over onto her side. The ship's crew joined the German troops ashore and participated in the campaign until the British evacuated the area in June. - Groener, p. 199 - Whitley, p. 18 - Koop and Schmolke, p. 26 - Whitley, p. 215 - Whitley, pp. 71–72 - Whitley, p. 204 - Koop and Schmolke, p. 91 - Rohwer, pp. 2–3, 5, 7 - Rohwer, p. 9 - Whitley, p. 89 - Hervieux, p. 112 - Whitley, pp. 89–90 - Whitley, p. 96 - Haarr, pp. 91–93 - Haarr, p. 323 - Haarr, pp. 327 - Haarr, p. 334 - Whitley, p. 99 - Harr, pp. 339–43 - Haarr, pp. 344–47 - Whitley, p. 101 - Haarr, pp. 356–57, 362, 366 - Whitley, p. 103 - Haarr, pp. 368, 373–74 - Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Volume 1: Major Surface Warships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-790-9. - Hervieux, Pierre (1980). "German Destroyer Minelaying Operations Off the English Coast (1940–1941)". In Roberts, John. Warship IV. Greenwich, England: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 110–16. ISBN 0-87021-979-0. - Haarr, Geirr H. (2009). The German Invasion of Norway, April 1940. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-310-9. - Koop, Gerhard; Schmolke, Klaus-Peter (2003). German Destroyers of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-307-1. - Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939-1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2. - Whitley, M. J. (1991). German Destroyers of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-302-8.

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A jack-o'-lantern, one of the symbols of Halloween |Also called||All Hallows' Eve All Saints' Eve |Observed by||Western Christians & many non-Christians around the world| |Celebrations||Trick-or-treating/guising, costume parties, making jack-o'-lanterns, lighting bonfires, divination, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, fireworks displays| |Observances||Church services, prayer, fasting, and vigils| |Related to||Samhain, Hop-tu-Naa, Calan Gaeaf, Kalan Gwav, Day of the Dead, All Saints' Day (cf. vigils)| Halloween or Hallowe'en (a contraction of "All Hallows' Evening"), also known as All Hallows' Eve, is a yearly celebration observed in a number of countries on October 31, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows (or All Saints) and the day initiating the triduum of Hallowmas. According to many scholars, All Hallows' Eve is a Christianised feast originally influenced by western European harvest festivals, and festivals of the dead with possible pagan roots, particularly the Celtic Samhain. Other scholars maintain that it originated independently of Samhain and has solely Christian roots. Typical festive Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (also known as "guising"), attending costume parties, carving pumpkins into jack-o'-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, playing pranks, telling scary stories, and watching horror films. The word Halloween was first used in the 16th century and represents a Scottish variant of the fuller All Hallows' Eve ('evening'), that is, the night before All Hallows' Day. Although the phrase All Hallows' is found in Old English (ealra hālgena mæssedæg, mass-day of all saints), All Hallows' Eve is itself not seen until 1556. Celtic influences Though the origin of the word Halloween is Christian, the holiday is commonly thought to have pagan roots. Historian Nicholas Rogers, exploring the origins of Halloween, notes that while "some folklorists have detected its origins in the Roman feast of Pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called Parentalia, it is more typically linked to the Celtic festival of Samhain", which comes from the Old Irish for "summer's end". Samhain (pronounced SAH-win or SOW-in) was the first and most important of the four quarter days in the medieval Gaelic (Irish, Scottish and Manx) calendar. It was held on or about October 31 – November 1 and kindred festivals were held at the same time of year in other Celtic lands; for example the Brythonic Calan Gaeaf (in Wales), Kalan Gwav (in Cornwall) and Kalan Goañv (in Brittany). Samhain is mentioned in some of the earliest Irish literature and many important events in Irish mythology happen or begin on Samhain. It marked the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter or the 'darker half' of the year. This was a time for stock-taking and preparing for the cold winter ahead; cattle were brought back down from the summer pastures and livestock were slaughtered. In much of the Gaelic world, bonfires were lit and there were rituals involving them. Some of these rituals hint that they may once have involved human sacrifice. Divination games or rituals were also done at Samhain. Samhain (like Beltane) was seen as a time when the 'door' to the Otherworld opened enough for the souls of the dead, and other beings such as fairies, to come into our world. The souls of the dead were said to revisit their homes on Samhain. Feasts were had, at which the souls of dead kin were beckoned to attend and a place set at the table for them. Lewis Spence described it as a "feast of the dead" and "festival of the fairies". However, harmful spirits and fairies were also thought to be active at Samhain. People took steps to allay or ward-off these harmful spirits/fairies, which is thought to have influenced today's Halloween customs. Before the 20th century, wearing costumes at Samhain was done in parts of Ireland, Mann, the Scottish Highlands and islands, and Wales. Wearing costumes may have originated as a means of disguising oneself from these harmful spirits/fairies, although some suggest that the custom comes from a Christian or Christianized belief (see below). In Ireland, people went about before nightfall collecting for Samhain feasts and sometimes wore costumes while doing so. In the 19th century on Ireland's southern coast, a man dressed as a white mare would lead youths door-to-door collecting food; by giving them food, the household could expect good fortune from the 'Muck Olla'. In Moray during the 18th century, boys called at each house in their village asking for fuel for the Samhain bonfire. The modern custom of trick-or-treating may have come from these practices. Alternatively, it may come from the Christian custom of souling (see below). Making jack-o'-lanterns at Halloween may also have sprung from Samhain and Celtic beliefs. Turnip lanterns, sometimes with faces carved into them, were made on Samhain in the 19th century in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. As well as being used to light one's way while outside on Samhain night, they may also have been used to represent the spirits/fairies and/or to protect oneself and one's home from them. Another legend is that a trickster named Jack decided one day to trick the Devil. He trapped the Devil in a pumpkin and paraded him around town. Eventually, Jack let the Devil out and the Devil put a curse on Jack and forever made him a spirit in hell. On Halloween, Jack is released to terrorize the country all night. To protect themselves, the Irish would place a pumpkin with a face outside to scare Jack into believing it was the Devil. However, a Christian origin has also been proposed. Christian influences Halloween is also thought to have been influenced by the Christian holy days of All Saints' Day (also known as All Hallows, Hallowmas or Hallowtide) on November 1 and All Souls' Day on November 2. They are a time for honoring the saints and praying for the recently departed who had yet to reach Heaven. All Saints was introduced in the year 609, but was originally celebrated on May 13. In 835, it was switched to November 1 (the same date as Samhain) at the behest of Pope Gregory IV. Some have suggested this was due to Celtic influence, while others suggest it was a Germanic idea. By the end of the 12th century they had become holy days of obligation across Europe and involved such traditions as ringing bells for the souls in purgatory. "Souling", the custom of baking and sharing soul cakes for "all crysten christened souls", has been suggested as the origin of trick-or-treating. Groups of poor people, often children, would go door-to-door on All Saints/All Souls collecting soul cakes, originally as a means of praying for souls in purgatory. Similar practices for the souls of the dead were found as far south as Italy. Shakespeare mentions the practice in his comedy The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1593), when Speed accuses his master of "puling [whimpering or whining] like a beggar at Hallowmas." The custom of wearing costumes has been linked to All Saints/All Souls by Prince Sorie Conteh, who wrote: "It was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until All Saints' Day, and All Hallows' Eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving to the next world. In order to avoid being recognised by any soul that might be seeking such vengeance, people would don masks or costumes to disguise their identities". In Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, Nicholas Rogers explained Halloween jack-o'-lanterns as originally being representations of souls in purgatory. In Brittany children would set candles in skulls in graveyards. In Britain, these customs came under attack during the Reformation as Protestants berated purgatory as a "popish" doctrine incompatible with the notion of predestination. The rising popularity of Guy Fawkes Night (5 November) from 1605 onward, saw many Halloween traditions appropriated by that holiday instead, and Halloween's popularity waned in Britain, with the noteworthy exception of Scotland. There and in Ireland, the rebellious Guy Fawkes was not viewed with the same criminality as in England, and they had been celebrating Samhain and Halloween since at least the early Middle Ages, and the Scottish kirk took a more pragmatic approach to Halloween, seeing it as important to the life cycle and rites of passage of communities and thus ensuring its survival in the country. Spread to North America North American almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was celebrated there. The Puritans of New England, for example, maintained strong opposition to Halloween and it was not until the mass Irish and Scottish immigration during the 19th century that it was brought to North America in earnest. Confined to the immigrant communities during the mid-19th century, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and by the first decade of the 20th century it was being celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial and religious backgrounds. Development of artifacts and symbols associated with Halloween formed over time. The turnip has traditionally been used in Ireland and Scotland at Halloween, but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger – making it easier to carve than a turnip. Subsequently, the mass marketing of various size pumpkins in autumn, in both the corporate and local markets, has made pumpkins universally available for this purpose. The American tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837 and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century. The modern imagery of Halloween comes from many sources, including national customs, works of Gothic and horror literature (such as the novels Frankenstein and Dracula) and classic horror films (such as Frankenstein and The Mummy). One of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet John Mayne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at Halloween; "What fearfu' pranks ensue!", as well as the supernatural associated with the night, "Bogies" (ghosts), influencing Robert Burns' Halloween 1785. Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks and scarecrows, are also prevalent. Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween. Trick-or-treating and guising Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, "Trick or treat?" The word "trick" refers to "threat" to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given. In Scotland and Ireland, guising – children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins – is a traditional Halloween custom, and is recorded in Scotland at Halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit and money. The practice of Guising at Halloween in North America is first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario reported children going "guising" around the neighborhood. American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book length history of Halloween in the US; The Book of Hallowe'en (1919), and references souling in the chapter "Hallowe'en in America": The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to study old traditions, and hold a Scotch party, using Burn's poem Hallowe'en as a guide; or to go a-souling as the English used. In short, no custom that was once honored at Hallowe'en is out of fashion now. In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; "Americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. All Halloween customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries". While the first reference to "guising" in North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920. The earliest known use in print of the term "trick or treat" appears in 1927, from Blackie, Alberta, Canada: Hallowe'en provided an opportunity for real strenuous fun. No real damage was done except to the temper of some who had to hunt for wagon wheels, gates, wagons, barrels, etc., much of which decorated the front street. The youthful tormentors were at back door and front demanding edible plunder by the word “trick or treat” to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away rejoicing. The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but not trick-or-treating. The editor of a collection of over 3,000 vintage Halloween postcards writes, "There are cards which mention the custom [of trick-or-treating] or show children in costumes at the doors, but as far as we can tell they were printed later than the 1920s and more than likely even the 1930s. Tricksters of various sorts are shown on the early postcards, but not the means of appeasing them". Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice until the 1930s, with the first U.S. appearances of the term in 1934, and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939. Halloween costumes are traditionally modeled after supernatural figures such as monsters, ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. Over time, in the United States the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses. Dressing up in costumes and going "guising" was prevalent in Ireland and Scotland at Halloween by the late 19th century. Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children. The first mass-produced Halloween costumes appeared in stores in the 1930s when trick-or-treating was becoming popular in the United States. Halloween costume parties generally fall on or around October 31, often on the Friday or Saturday before Halloween. "Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF" is a fundraising program to support UNICEF, a United Nations Programme that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries. Started as a local event in a Northeast Philadelphia neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools (or in modern times, corporate sponsors like Hallmark, at their licensed stores) to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small-change donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children have collected more than $118 million for UNICEF since its inception. In Canada, in 2006, UNICEF decided to discontinue their Halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program. Games and other activities There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween parties. One common game is dunking or apple bobbing, which may be called "dooking" in Scotland in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. The practice is thought by some to have derived from the Roman practices in celebration of Pomona. A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a very sticky face. Some games traditionally played at Halloween are forms of divination. A traditional Scottish form of divining one's future spouse is to carve an apple in one long strip, then toss the peel over one's shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse's name. Unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. However, if they were destined to die before marriage, a skull would appear. The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards from the late 19th century and early 20th century. Another game/superstition that was enjoyed in the early 1900s involved walnut shells. People would write fortunes in milk on white paper. After drying, the paper was folded and placed in walnut shells. When the shell was warmed, milk would turn brown therefore the writing would appear on what looked like blank paper. Folks would also play fortune teller. In order to play this game, symbols were cut out of paper and placed on a platter. Someone would enter a dark room and was ordered to put her hand on a piece of ice then lay it on a platter. Her "fortune" would stick to the hand. Paper symbols included: dollar sign-wealth, button-bachelorhood, thimble-spinsterhood, clothespin- poverty, rice-wedding, umbrella- journey, caldron-trouble, 4-leaf clover- good luck, penny-fortune, ring-early marriage, and key-fame. The telling of ghost stories and viewing of horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties. Episodes of television series and Halloween-themed specials (with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before Halloween, while new horror films are often released theatrically before Halloween to take advantage of the atmosphere. Haunted attractions Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. Most attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses. Origins of these paid scare venues are difficult to pinpoint, but it is generally accepted that they were first commonly used by the Junior Chamber International (Jaycees) for fundraising. They include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides, and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown. Haunted attractions in the United States bring in an estimate $300–500 million each year, and draw some 400,000 customers, although press sources writing in 2005 speculated that the industry had reached its peak at that time. This maturing and growth within the industry has led to technically more advanced special effects and costuming, comparable with that of Hollywood films. Because Halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts. At one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples in the United States. While there is evidence of such incidents, they are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children's Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children's candy. One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish: báirín breac), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of Epiphany. List of foods associated with Halloween: - Barmbrack (Ireland) - Bonfire toffee (Great Britain) - Candy apples/toffee apples (Great Britain & Ireland) - Candy corn, candy pumpkins (North America) - Caramel apples - Caramel corn - Colcannon (Ireland) - Novelty candy shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc. - Pumpkin, pumpkin pie, pumpkin bread - Roasted pumpkin seeds - Roasted sweet corn - Soul cakes - Scary Faced Pizza Religious observances On Hallowe'en (All Hallows' Eve), in Poland, believers are taught to pray out loud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might find comfort; in Spain, Christian priests toll their church bells in order to allow their congregants to remember the dead on All Hallows' Eve. The Christian Church traditionally observed Hallowe'en through a vigil "when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself." This church service is known as the Vigil of All Hallows or the Vigil of All Saints; an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to further spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout Christendom. After the service, "suitable festivities and entertainments" often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for All Hallows' Day. Christian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In the Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions associated with All Hallow's Eve. Some of these practises include praying, fasting and attending worship services. Father, All-Powerful and Ever-Living God, today we rejoice in the holy men and women of every time and place. May their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. We ask this through Christ our Lord. Amen. —All Hallow's Eve Prayer from the Liturgy of the Hours Other Protestant Christians also celebrate All Hallows' Eve as Reformation Day, a day to remember the Protestant Reformation, alongside All Hallow's Eve or independently from it. Often, "Harvest Festivals" or "Reformation Festivals" are held as well, in which children dress up as Bible characters or Reformers. Father Gabriele Amorth, an exorcist in Rome, has said, "if English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that." In more recent years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a "Saint Fest" on Halloween. Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. Many Christians ascribe no negative significance to Halloween, treating it as a fun event devoted to "imaginary spooks" and handing out candy. To these Christians, Halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners' heritage. In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween's Christian connection is sometimes cited, and Halloween celebrations are common in Catholic parochial schools throughout North America and in Ireland. Some Christians feel concerned about the modern celebration of Halloween, and reject it because they feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganism, the occult, or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs. A response among some fundamentalist and conservative evangelical churches in recent years has been the use of "Hell houses", themed pamphlets, or comic-style tracts such as those created by Jack T. Chick in order to make use of Halloween's popularity as an opportunity for evangelism. Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith, believing it to have originated as a pagan "Festival of the Dead". According to Alfred J. Kolatch in the Second Jewish Book of Why Halloween is not technically permitted by Jewish Halakha because it violate Leviticus 18:3 forbidding Jews from partaking in gentile customs. Nevertheless many American Jews celebrate it as a secular holiday, disconnected from its pagan and Christian origins. Reform Rabbi Jeffrey Goldwasser, of the Central Conference of American Rabbis has said that “There is no religious reason why contemporary Jews should not celebrate Halloween as it is commonly observed" while Orthodox Rabbi Michael Broyde has argued against Jews sending their children trick or treating or otherwise observing the holiday. Around the world The traditions and importance of Halloween vary greatly among countries that observe it. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going "guising", holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays. Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations. This larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as South America, Australia, New Zealand, (most) continental Europe, Japan, and other parts of East Asia. See also - "BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English 'hallowed' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe'en." - The Book of Occasional Services 2003. Church Publishing, Inc. 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Service for All Hallows' Eve: This service may be used on the evening of October 31, known as All Hallows' Eve. Suitable festivities and entertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be made to a cemetery or burial place." - Anne E. Kitch (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Church Publishing, Inc. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "All Hallow's Eve, which later became known as Halloween, is celebrated on the night before All Saints' Day, November 1. Use this simple prayer service in conjunction with Halloween festivities to mark the Christian roots of this festival." - The Paulist Liturgy Planning Guide. Paulist Press. 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Rather than compete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of including children in the celebration of these vigil Masses. For example, children might be encouraged to wear Halloween costumes representing their patron saint or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the Halloween celebrations and the celebration of All Saints' Day." - Thomas Thomson, Charles Annandale (1896). A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times: From the Union of the kingdoms, 1706, to the present time. Blackie. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Of the stated rustic festivals peculiar to Scotland the most important was Hallowe'en, a contraction for All-hallow Evening, or the evening of All-Saints Day, the annual return of which was a season for joy and festivity." - Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Halloween, also called All Hallows' Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. The pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows' Eve, celebrated on the same date." - "BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "It is widely believed that many Hallowe'en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church." - Nicholas Rogers (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right." - Austrian information. 1965. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "The feasts of Hallowe'en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other heathen customs intertwined with Christian practice." - "BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions also claims that Hallowe'en "absorbed and adopted the Celtic new year festival, the eve and day of Samhain". However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November." - The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 1989. ISBN 0-19-861186-2. - Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Samhain and the Celtic Origins of Halloween". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 11–21. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. - Hutton, Ronald. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996) - A Pocket Guide To Superstitions Of The British Isles (Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd; Reprint edition: 4 November 2004) ISBN 0-14-051549-6 - All Hallows' Eve BBC. Retrieved 31 October 2011. - Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p.407 - Frazer, Sir James George. The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. Forgotten Books, 2008. pp.663–664 - Monaghan, p.41 - O'Halpin, Andy. Ireland: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford University Press, 2006. p.236 - "Halloween". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 21 September 2012. - McNeill, F. Marian. The Silver Bough, Vol. 3. William MacLellan. pp.11–46 - Spence, Lewis (1945). The Magic Arts in Celtic Britain. p.88. ISBN 0-09-474300-2 - Hutton, pp.380–382 - MacLeod, Sharon. Celtic Myth and Religion. McFarland, 2011. pp.61, 175 - Hutton, pp.365–368 - Hutton, p.382 - Hill, Christopher. Holidays and Holy Nights. Quest Books, 2003. p.56 - Rogers, p.57 - Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 22, 27. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. - Hutton, p.364 - Rogers, Nicholas (2001). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–30. ISBN 0-19-514691-3. - "Halloween". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 October 2012. - Hutton, pp.374–375 - "Ask Anne", Washington Post, 21 November 1948, p. S11. - The Two Gentlemen of Verona Act 2, Scene 1. - Prince Sorie Conteh (2009). Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: Interreligious Encounters and Dialogue. Cambria Press. Retrieved 31 October 2011. - "Kalan -Goañv ha Marv". Tartanplace.com. 12 July 2001. Retrieved 1 November 2012. - Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 37–38. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. - Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 49–50. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. - Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, p. 74. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. - The Oxford companion to American food and drink p.269. Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2011 - Frank Leslie's popular monthly, Volume 40, November 1895, p. 540-543. Books.google.com. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011. - Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Great Carbuncle," in "Twice-Told Tales", 1837: Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say'st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o'-lantern! - As late as 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities. "The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially," The New York Times, 24 November 1895, p. 27. "Odd Ornaments for Table," The New York Times, 21 October 1900, p. 12. - Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Halloween Goes to Hollywood". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 103–124. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. - Thomas Crawford Burns: a study of the poems and songs Stanford University Press, 1960 - Simpson, Jacqueline All Saints' Day in Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, Howarth, G. and Leeman, O. (2001)London Routledge ISBN 0-415-18825-3, p.14 Halloween is closely associated in folklore with death and the supernatural. - Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) "Coming Over:Halloween in North America". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. p.76. Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-514691-3 - Ruth Edna Kelley, The Book of Hallowe'en, Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co., 1919, chapter 15, p.127. "Hallowe'en in America." - Kelley, Ruth Edna. "Hallowe'en in America". - Theo. E. Wright, "A Halloween Story," St. Nicholas, October 1915, p. 1144. Mae McGuire Telford, "What Shall We Do Halloween?" Ladies Home Journal, October 1920, p. 135. - "'Trick or Treat' Is Demand," Herald (Lethbridge, Alberta), November 4, 1927, p. 5, dateline Blackie, Alberta, Nov. 3. - For examples, see the websites Postcard & Greeting Card Museum: Halloween Gallery, Antique Hallowe'en Postcards, Vintage Halloween Postcards, and Morticia's Morgue Antique Halloween Postcards[dead link]. - E-mail from Louise and Gary Carpentier, 29 May 2007, editors of Halloween Postcards Catalog (CD-ROM), G & L Postcards. - "Halloween Pranks Keep Police on Hop," Oregon Journal (Portland, Oregon), 1 November 1934: Other young goblins and ghosts, employing modern shakedown methods, successfully worked the "trick or treat" system in all parts of the city. Pretty Boy John Doe rang the door bells and his gang waited his signal. It was his plan to proceed cautiously at first and give a citizen every opportunity to comply with his demands before pulling any rough stuff. "Madam, we are here for the usual purpose, 'trick or treat.'" This is the old demand of the little people who go out to have some innocent fun. Many women have some apples, cookies or doughnuts for them, but they call rather early and the "treat" is given out gladly. - Doris Hudson Moss, "A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?" The American Home, November 1939, p. 48. Moss was a California-based writer. - Beauchemin, Genevieve; CTV.ca News Staff (31 May 2006). "UNICEF to end Halloween 'orange box' program". CTV. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2006. - "History of the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Campaign". UNICEF Canada. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009. - Apple dookers make record attempt, BBC News, 2 October 2008 - McNeill, F. Marian (1961, 1990) The Silver Bough, Vol. 3. William MacLellan, Glasgow ISBN 0-948474-04-1 pp.11–46 - "Vintage Halloween Cards". Vintage Holiday Crafts. Retrieved 28 October 2009. - Green Bay Press Gazette, 27 October 1916 - Associated Press (30 October 2005). "Haunted house business getting frightfully hard". MSNBC.com. MSNBC. Retrieved 18 November 2008. - Greg Ryan (17 September 2008). "A Model of Mayhem". Hudson Valley Magazine. Retrieved 6 October 2008. - Wilson, Craig (12 October 2006). "Haunted houses get really scary". USAToday.com. - Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Razor in the Apple: Struggle for Safe and Sane Halloween, c. 1920–1990," Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 78–102. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. - "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Pins and Needles in Halloween Candy". Snopes.com. Retrieved 31 October 2008. - Nixon, Robin (27 October 2010). "Poisoned Halloween Candy: Trick, Treat or Myth? – LiveScience". LiveScience.com. Retrieved 23 January 2011. - "Halloween Food:Scary Faced Pizza". - Bannatyne, Lesley Pratt (1 August 1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 1565543467. Retrieved 1 November 2012. "Polish Catholics taught their children to pray out loud as they walked through the woods so that the souls of the dead could hear them and be comforted. Priests in tiny Spanish villages still ring their church bells to remind parishioners to honor the dead on All Hallows Eve." - "BBC - Religions - Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself." - Dr. Andrew James Harvey (31 October 2012). "'All Hallows' Eve'". The Patriot Post. Retrieved 1 November 2011. ""The vigil of the hallows" refers to the prayer service the evening before the celebration of All Hallows or Saints Day. Or "Halloween" for short -- a fixture on the liturgical calendar of the Christian West since the seventh century." - "Vigil of All Saints". Catholic News Agency. 31 October 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "The Vigil is based on the monastic office of Vigils (or Matins), when the monks would arise in the middle of the night to pray. On major feast days, they would have an extended service of readings (scriptural, patristic, and from lives of the saints) in addition to chanting the psalms. This all would be done in the dark, of course, and was an opportunity to listen carefully to the Word of God as well as the words of the Church Fathers and great saints. The Vigil of All Saints is an adaptation of this ancient practice, using the canonical office of Compline at the end." - "Night of Light Beginnings". Cor et Lumen Christi Community. Retrieved 2 November 2012. "In its first year - 2000 AD - over 1000 people participated from several countries. This included special All Saints Vigil masses, extended periods of Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and parties for children. In our second year 10,000 participated. Since these modest beginnings, the Night of Light has been adopted in many countries around the world with vast numbers involved each year from a Cathedral in India to a convent in New Zealand; from Churches in the USA and Europe to Africa; in Schools, churches, homes and church halls all ages have got involved. Although it began in the Catholic Church it has been taken up be other Christians who while keeping it's essentials have adapted it to suit their own traditions." - "Here's to the Soulcakers going about their mysterious mummery". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 November 2012. "One that has grown over the past decade is the so-called Night of Light, on All Hallows’ Eve, October 31. It was invented in 2000, in leafy Chertsey, Surrey, when perhaps 1,000 people took part. Now it is a worldwide movement, popular in Africa and the United States. The heart of the Night of Light is an all-night vigil of prayer, but there is room for children’s fun too: sweets, perhaps a bonfire and dressing up as St George or St Lucy. The minimum gesture is to put a lighted candle in the window, which is in itself too exciting for some proponents of health and safety. The inventor of the Night of Light is Damian Stayne, the founder of a year-round religious community called Cor et Lumen Christi – heart and light of Christ. This new movement is Catholic, orthodox and charismatic – emphasising the work of the Holy Spirit." - Armentrout, Donald S.; Slocum, Robert Boak (1999). An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 7. ISBN 0898692113. Retrieved 1 November 2012. "The BOS notes that "suitable festivities and entertainments" may precede of follow the service, and there may be a visit to a cemetery or burial place." - Infeld, Joanna (1 December 2008). In-Formation. D & J Holdings LLC. p. 150. ISBN 0976051249. Retrieved 1 November 2012. "My folks are Polish and they celebrate Halloween in a different way. It is time to remember your dead and visit the cemetery and graves of your loved ones." - "Bishop Challenges Supermarkets to Lighten up Halloween". The Church of England. Retrieved 28 October 2009. "Christianity needs to make clear its positive message for young people. It's high time we reclaimed the Christian aspects of Halloween," says the Bishop, explaining the background to his letter." - "Halloween and All Saints Day". newadvent.org. n.d. Retrieved 22 October 2006. - "Halloween Prayers: Prayers and Collects for All Hallows Eve". Ancient and Future Catholics. 2001. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Father, All-Powerful and Ever-Living God, today we rejoice in the holy men and women of every time and place. May their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. We ask this through Christ our Lord. Amen." - "Reformation Day". Retrieved 22 October 2009 - "Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship". The General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church. 21 October 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006. - Travis Allen (2011). "Christians and Halloween". John F. MacArthur. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Other Christians will opt for Halloween alternatives called "Harvest Festivals", "Hallelujah Night" or "Reformation Festivals"--the kids dress up as farmers, Bible characters, or Reformation heroes." - Gyles Brandreth, "The Devil is gaining ground" Sunday Telegraph (London), 11 March 2000. - "Salem 'Saint Fest' restores Christian message to Halloween". www.rcab.org. n.d. Archived from the original on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006. - "Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints 1 November". All Saints Parish. n.d. Retrieved 22 November 2006. - Halloween's Christian Roots AmericanCatholic.org. Retrieved on 24 October 2007. - Halloween: What's a Christian to Do? (1998) by Steve Russo. - "'Trick?' or 'Treat?' – Unmasking Halloween". The Restored Church of God. n.d. Retrieved 21 September 2007. - "Jews and Halloween". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-03-05. - Name (required) (2011-10-30). "Halloween and Judaism: a contradiction or a coalition?". Haamnews.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2013-03-05. - Halloween fire calls 'every 90 seconds' UTV News Retrieved 22 November 2010 - McCann, Chris (28 October 2010). "Halloween firework injuries are on the increase". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 22 November 2010. - Paul Kent (27 October 2010). "Calls for Halloween holiday in Australia". The Herald Sun. - Denton, Hannah (30 October 2010). "Safe treats for kids on year's scariest night". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 November 2010. - Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, p.164. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8 Further reading - Diane C. Arkins, Halloween: Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear, Pelican Publishing Company (2000). 96 pages. ISBN 1-56554-712-8 - Diane C. Arkins, Halloween Merrymaking: An Illustrated Celebration Of Fun, Food, And Frolics From Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 112 pages. ISBN 1-58980-113-X - Lesley Bannatyne, Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History, Facts on File (1990, Pelican Publishing Company, 1998). 180 pages. ISBN 1-56554-346-7 - Lesley Bannatyne, A Halloween Reader. Stories, Poems and Plays from Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 272 pages. ISBN 1-58980-176-8 - Phyllis Galembo, Dressed for Thrills: 100 Years of Halloween Costumes and Masquerade, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (2002). 128 pages. ISBN 0-8109-3291-1 - Editha Hörandner (ed.), Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo, Volkskunde (Münster in Westfalen), LIT Verlag Münster (2005). 308 pages. ISBN 3-8258-8889-4 - Lisa Morton, The Halloween Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company (2003). 240 pages. ISBN 0-7864-1524-X - Nicholas Rogers, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, Oxford University Press, USA (2002). ISBN 0-19-514691-3 - Jack Santino (ed.), Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, University of Tennessee Press (1994). 280 pages. ISBN 0-87049-813-4 |Find more about Halloween at Wikipedia's sister projects| |Definitions and translations from Wiktionary| |Media from Commons| |News stories from Wikinews| |Source texts from Wikisource| |Travel information from Wikivoyage|

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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2012)| |— 2nd District of Vienna —| |• District Director||Gerhard Kubik (SPÖ)| |• First Deputy||Rudolf Kauba (SPÖ)| |• Second Deputy||Adolf Hasch (Green)| | • Representation |SPÖ 26, FPÖ 13, Green 13, ÖVP 7, KPÖ 1 |• Total||19.27 km2 (7.44 sq mi)| |• Density||5,100/km2 ( 13,000/sq mi)| Leopoldstadt (Austro-Bavarian: Leopoidstod, "Leopold-Town") is the 2nd municipal District of Vienna (German: 2. Bezirk). There are 97,677 inhabitants (as of 2012-01-01) over 19.27 km2 (7 sq mi). It is situated in the heart of the city and, together with Brigittenau (20th district), forms a large island surrounded by the Danube Canal and, to the north, the Danube. It is named after Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. Due to its relatively high percentage of Jewish inhabitants (38.5 per cent in 1923, i.e. before the Holocaust), Leopoldstadt gained the nickname Mazzesinsel ("Matzoh Island"). This context was a significant aspect for the district twinning with the New York City borough Brooklyn in 2007. Places of interest include the Wiener Prater (from Latin pratum "meadow"), former imperial hunting grounds to which the public was denied access until 1766. The area of the Prater closest to the city centre contains a large amusement park, known as the Volksprater ("People's Prater") or Wurstelprater (after the Harlequin-type figure of Hanswurst), and at its entrance there is the giant Wiener Riesenrad Ferris wheel opened in 1897 which features prominently in the movie The Third Man and which has become one of Vienna's trademarks. There is also a miniature steam railway ("Liliputbahn") which, on its track through the woodland parallel to the Hauptallee, passes Vienna's Ernst-Happel-Stadion. The Schweizerhaus ("Swiss Hut"), an establishment boasting a huge beer garden, sells the original Czech Budweiser draught beer. The owners claim that, back in the 1920s, the potato crisp was invented there. Nearby you can find the "Republic of Kugelmugel", a micronation proclaimed in 1984 that became a landmark of the area. Another, smaller, park in Leopoldstadt is the topiary-type Augarten, which is the home of the Vienna Boys' Choir and of a porcelain manufactory ("Augarten-Porzellan"). Sadly, its distinguishing marks are two disused Flak towers built towards the end of the Second World War. For features of this versatile district not listed here, see the bottom-linked Leopoldstadt Category page. Jewish Leopoldstadt |This section does not cite any references or sources. (September 2012)| In 1625 Rabbi Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller became the rabbi of Vienna. At the time the Jews of Vienna were scattered throughout the city, not having a central community. Heller obtained for the Jews the right to establish a central Jewish community in Leopoldstadt, which was already then a suburb of Vienna. He was instrumental in reorganizing the community, and he drew up its constitution. By the mid-17th century, part of the built-up area was the Jewish ghetto. At that time the area was called "Im Werd", with the Jewish population living in an area called "Unterer Werd". The hatred that Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor held for the Jews led to the forceful expulsion and destruction of the Jewish community (gesera), with the popular support of the local non-Jewish population. As a thanksgiving for the expulsion, the inhabitants renamed the area Leopoldstadt ("Leopold's city"), after the emperor. During the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Jewish immigrants from eastern parts of the realm again flocked to Leopoldstadt, owing to the proximity of the Nordbahnhof railway station, which was one of the main train stations at which migrants from other parts of the empire arrived in Vienna. The high number of Jewish inhabitants led to the area being called Mazzesinsel ("Island of Matzo", a type of unleavened bread). Several important synagogues were located there, including the Schiff Shul, the Leopoldstädter Tempel, the Türkischer Tempel, the Polnische Schul, and the Pazmanitentempel, as well as yeshivas. None of the synagogues escaped the destruction during the Kristallnacht pogroms of November 1938 following the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany. The Jewish population was increasingly isolated and terrorised and was finally deported and exterminated in concentration camps such as Auschwitz. The once thriving communal life was completely destroyed. Only a handful of survivors were able to hide until the end of the war, from an original population of several thousands. With the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989 and renewed immigration from Eastern Europe, especially the former Soviet Union, the Jewish population of Leopoldstadt was able to grow again. Today, many members of Vienna's Jewish community live there again, and there are a number of shops selling kosher food. Several parts of the old residential areas have been gentrified, resulting in a gentle shift from Leopoldstadt's traditional, predominantly working class roots towards a somewhat wealthier population. Coat of Arms (Crest) The arms of the Leopoldstadt district, since the retirement of Brigittenau from the 2nd District, contains three parts, symbolizing the former independent communities: - Saint Leopold in the upper left part (heraldic: upper right) part, symbolizes the historical Leopoldstadt, the former Lower Werd, the area between Augarten, Taborstraße and the Danube Canal. He is in a blue skirt and a red sheath dress; on his head, he wears the Austrian Herzogshut hat. In his hands, he holds the banner of Erzherzogtums Austria below the Enns, and also a church model that symbolizes the patronage of the parish church. - The upper right (heraldic: upper left) part of the crest represents the district section Jägerzeile, the area around today's Praterstraße. It shows the silver Hubertusallee deer on a green meadow. The deer wears 12-point golden antlers, with a golden cross standing out in the middle. As a symbol of the hunt, the deer gives the earlier meaning of the Prater and the Danube as a hunting area. - The lower part of the coat of arms stands for the district section Zwischenbrücken. It shows a red tongue on a blue background, surrounded by a golden halo, which has five gold stars. The emblem symbolizes St. John of Nepomuk, the patron saint of bridges, and stands for the original among several poor Danube and its bridges, the area extending from the Danube 1870-1875 regulators around bridge between rich and extends north bridge (and since 1900 became part of the 20th district). Arts and culture - Wiener Prater - Johann Strauss residence (Vienna Museum) - Augarten Bridge - Agricultural products market, today Odeon (see below) - Leopold Church - "Mexico Church" - Tegetthoff Monument - Vienna Crime Museum - District Museum Leopoldstadt Leopoldstadt is devoted to the museum district, in particular the arts. The focus is on, inter alia, the Theater in Leopoldstadt, the Carl-Theater, the Leopoldstädter Theater, the Prater and the Jewish Ghetto. The Museum für Unterhaltungskunst covers the history of clowns, artists and circuses; whereas the Museum des Blindenwesens in his exhibition shows the development of teaching and lessons for the blind and Braille. The Wiener Kriminalmuseum ("Vienna Crime Museum"), connected with the Museum of the Vienna Federal Police Directorate, brings the visitor the history of the judiciary and the police and crime from the late Middle Ages forward. Two major museums in Vienna have branch offices in Leopoldstadt. The Vienna Museum (formerly the Museum of the City of Vienna) operates the Prater Museum (next to the Ferris wheel) on the history of the Wurstelprater amusement park and also allows visits to the home of the "Waltz King" Johann Strauss the Younger in the Praterstraße. The Belvedere has also two branch offices in the 2nd District: Augarten Contemporary (contemporary art) and the neighboring Gustinus-Ambrosi Museum. The Augarten porcelain factory is in the foyer of the castle, for regular porcelain. In the great hall of the former Agricultural Products Exchange (Taborstraße 10), the team of Serapions Ensembles to Erwin Piplits and Ulrike Kaufmann with the assistance of the City Council until 1988, created the "Odeon", a flexible theater recordable space of considerable proportions. Here are the Serapionsensemble and other artists. The name is reminiscent of the 1845 opened, in 1848 spent "Odeon", which was the largest, several thousand people making ballroom of Vienna (4641 square meters of floor space); in the present, in the quarter after the stock market is located. Outdoor cinema & former cinemas As a traditional theater district, Leopoldstadt had, in the middle of the 20th Century, numerous cinemas. As a result of the spread of television in Austria from the late 1950s, cinemas began to close in the 1960s, by which the 2nd District was severely affected. By and by, Leopold townspeople cinemas were closed, and now there is no single regular cinema in the district area. Even the UCI opened in 1999, at the Mehrsälekino Lassallestraße, was already closed three years later because of poor attendance. The former cinemas, in the order of closure, are: - Stern (Rotensterngasse 7a), –1962 - Adria (Am Tabor 22), –1964 - Diana (Praterstraße 25), –1968 - Luna (Taborstraße 69), –1971 - Planetarium Studio 2 (Oswald Thomas Platz 1, at the Planetarium), –1972 - Augarten (Malzgasse 2), –1973 - Nestroy (Nestroyplatz, im Nestroyhof), –1975 - Wohlmuth (Wohlmuthstraße 15–17), –1979 - Filmpalast (Prater, near Wiener Riesenrad), –1981 (abgebrannt); aka Lustspieltheater, Lustspielkino, Leopoldstädter Volkskino und Tegethoff - Helios (Taborstraße 36), –1983 - Münstedt Kino Palast (Prater), –1984 - Panorama Center 1-3 (Praterstern, in Schnellbahnviadukt), –1993; first Mehrsälekino of Vienna. - Tabor (Taborstraße 8), –1996 - Prater Nonstop (Prater), –1997; Sexkino - UCI (Lassallestraße 7a), –2002; 1999 opened as Mehrsälekino This development is however an increasing demand for outdoor summer cinema, since the early 1990s, before the Vienna City Hall every summer, the Film Festival at the Vienna City Hall Square takes place. In the 2nd District, there are currently four summer open-air cinemas: - Kino unter Sternen ("Cinema under the stars") - Augarten, beim Flakturm - Kino wie noch nie ("Cinema as never before") - Augartenspitz, Obere Augartenstraße 1 - Prater Film Festival (Kaiserweise, before the Wiener Riesenrad) - Sommerkino Tribüne Krieau ("Summer movie gallery") - Trabrennplatz Krieau In Augarten (Obere Augartenstraße 1), the Austrian film archive established here and at the Metro Cinema (1st district) shows historical films and scientific research. District partnership Notable residents - Basilio Calafati (1800–1878), magician in Vienna Wurstelprater - Otto Erich Deutsch (1883–1967), musicologist - Carl Djerassi - Brigitte Ederer (1956-), Austrian politician (SPÖ) - Bernd Fasching - Viktor Frankl (1905–1997), Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist, Holocaust survivor - Sigmund Freud, psychoanalist - Bernhard Gál, artist, composer - Jazz Gitti (1946-), Austrian musician and singer - Karl Goldmark (1830–1915), composer - Clemens Haipl (1969-) - Theodor Herzl - Andreas Mailath-Pokorny (1959-), Austrian politician (SPÖ) - Lise Meitner, scientist - Johann Nestroy - Klaus Nüchtern (1961-), Austrian journalist - Arthur Schnitzler - Arnold Schönberg, composer - Jura Soyfer - Marie Langer, psychoanalist - Max Steiner, film composer - Melissa Dines, philanthropist - Ursula Stenzel - Johann Strauss I, composer - Johann Strauss II, composer - Hannes Swoboda (1946-), Austrian politician (SPÖ) - Klaus Werner-Lobo (1967-), Austrian author and politician (Greens) - Billy Wilder (1906–2002), American film director and producer - Alexander von Zemlinsky, composer See also - "Statistik Austria – Bevölkerung zu Jahresbeginn seit 2002 nach Politischen Bezirken", Statistik Austria. - Partnership with Brooklyn: scroll down to New York City, then proceed to Brooklyn on the list of sister cities in New York. - Office for Theatre - in the 2nd cinema District. - [Parts of this article were translated from German Wikipedia.] - "Wien - 2. Bezirk/Leopoldstadt", Wien.gv.at, 2008, webpage (15 subpages): Wien.gv.at-leopoldstadt (in German). - Ruth Beckermann: Die Mazzesinsel – Juden in der Wiener Leopoldstadt 1918-38 ("Matzoh Island - Jews in the Viennese Leopoldstadt 1918-38"). Löcker Verlag, Vienna 1984, ISBN 978-3-85409-068-7. - Gertrude Brinek (Hg.): Leopoldstadt: Geschichten einer widersprüchlichen Liebe ("Leopoldstadt: Tales of a Contradictory Love"). Science Press, Vienna 1999, ISBN 3-900574-13-8. - Felix Czeike: Wiener Bezirkskulturführer: II. Leopoldstadt ("Viennese District Culture: II. Leopoldstadt"). Jugend und Volk, Vienna 1980, ISBN 3-7141-6225-9 - Werner Hanak, Mechtild Widrich (Hg.): Wien II. Leopoldstadt. Die andere Heimatkunde ("Vienna II. Leopoldstadt: The Other Local Lore"). Brandstätter, Vienna 1999, ISBN 3-85447-684-1. - Christine Klusacek, Kurt Wimmer: Leopoldstadt. Eine Insel mitten in der Stadt ("Leopoldstadt: An Island Amidst the City"). Mohl, Vienna 1978, ISBN 3-900272-29-8. Media related to Leopoldstadt at Wikimedia Commons - An entry from the aeiou Encyclopedia (in English) - Leopoldstadt Online — a private online project (in German) - Zwi Perez Chajes School — homepage of the Jewish gymnasium - The Schweizerhaus homepage (includes an English translation)

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List of earthquakes in Haiti This is a list of earthquakes in Haiti. Some of them have been very destructive to the country. List of major earthquakes - 1564 quake destroyed of Concepción de la Vega and Santiago de los Caballeros. - 1701: On November 9, severe destruction occurred and "[p]art of the area along the north shore of the Tiburon Peninsula from Logane to Petit Goave sank into the sea". - 1751 Port-au-Prince earthquake (18 October): According to French historian Moreau de Saint-Méry, "only one masonry building had not collapsed" in Port-au-Prince, Haiti's capital city. - 1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake (3 June): The city was leveled in this magnitude 7.5 quake, which killed over 200 people. - 1783: A strong quake partially destroyed the church in Santiago. - 1842 Cap-Haitien earthquake (7 May): An earthquake destroyed the city of Cap-Haïtien and other towns in the north of Haiti and the Dominican Republic; this earthquake also destroyed the Sans-Souci Palace. 10,000 people were killed. It has been estimated that its magnitude was 8.1. - 1946 Dominican Republic earthquake (4 August): This 8.0-magnitude quake in Samaná also shook Haiti horrifically, producing a tsunami that killed 1,600 people. - 2010 Haiti earthquake (12 January):. The epicentre of this magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake was near Léogâne, approximately 25 km (16 miles) west of Port-au-Prince. at a depth of 13 km (8.1 miles). The United States Geological Survey recorded a series of at least 33 aftershocks, 14 of which were between magnitudes 5.0 and 5.9. The International Red Cross estimated that about three million people were affected by the quake; the Haitian Government reports that over 316,000 people had been identified as dead, an estimated 300,000 injured, and an estimated 1,000,000 homeless. 12 January 2010 earthquake Eric Calais, a geophysicist at Purdue University who has researched in the area for years, and Ross Stein of the United States Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California, and colleagues have independently calculated that the earthquake has increased the risk on other segments of the Enriquillo fault and perhaps on other faults, although the quake probably did not increase the risk (which is already known to be high) of a major tremor on the Septentrional fault. Stein suggests that if the calculations are right—noting that they may well not be—something may be "fundamentally locked in some fashion, on pretty much all scales, and might be capable of popping off something large". Historical accounts, although not precise, suggest that there has been a sequence of quakes progressing westwards along the fault, starting with an earthquake in the Dominican Republic in 2010. There are concerns that the 12 January earthquake could be the beginning of a new long-term sequence of both earthquakes and tsunamis: "the whole region is fearful". See also - Enriquillo – Plantain Garden fault zone - List of earthquakes - Map of 'Earthquakes in Haiti', compiled from the list above. - Prepetit, Claude (9 October 2008), "Tremblements de terre en Haïti, mythe ou réalité ?[[Category:Articles containing French language text]]", Le Matin, N° 33082 Wikilink embedded in URL title (help), quoting Moreau de Saint-Méry, Médéric Louis Élie, Description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie française de l'Ile Saint Domingue and J. M. Jan, bishop of Cap-Haïtien (1972), Documentation religieuse, Éditions Henri Deschamps. http://haitimega.com/Cap_Haitien-Cap_Haitian_Earthquake_of_May_7_1842/84144788150681600/article_84481504601309194.jsp - "What caused the devastating Haiti earthquake?". LiveScience.com. 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-12. - "Major Caribbean Earthquakes And Tsunamis A Real Risk". Science Daily. Feb. 8, 2005. Retrieved 2010-09-12. - "USGS Magnitude 7.0 – HAITI REGION". Retrieved 13 January 2010. - Millar, Lisa (2010-01-17). "Tens of thousands isolated at quake epicentre". ABC News. Retrieved 2010-01-18. - Earthquake Center, USGS. "Latest Earthquakes M5.0+ in the World – Past 7 days". Earthquake Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 January 2010. - "Red Cross: 3M Haitians Affected by Quake". CBS News. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010. - "Haitians recall 2010 quake "hell" as death toll raised. Many survivors of the earthquake were left with permanent disabilities including limb amputation, spinal cord injury and severe fractures. Traditionally disability was not well received in Haiti. [[Team Zaryen]], a Haitian Amputee Soccer Team has been challenging that negative association by showing their success on the pitch.". Rueters. 2011-01-12. Wikilink embedded in URL title (help) - New York Times: A Deadly Quake in a Seismic Hot Zone

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|Elevation||4,095 m (13,435 ft)| |Prominence||4,095 m (13,435 ft) |Listing||Country high point John Whitehead (highest peak) Mount Kinabalu (Malay: Gunung Kinabalu) is a prominent mountain on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is located in the East Malaysian state of Sabah and is protected as Kinabalu National Park, a World Heritage Site. Kinabalu is the highest peak in Borneo's Crocker Range and is the highest mountain in the Malay Archipelago. Mount Kinabalu is also the 20th most prominent mountain in the world by topographic prominence. In 1997, a re-survey using satellite technology established its summit (known as Low's Peak) height at 4,095 metres (13,435 ft) above sea level, which is some 6 metres (20 ft) less than the previously thought and hitherto published figure of 4,101 metres (13,455 ft). Mount Kinabalu includes the Kinabalu montane alpine meadows ecoregion in the montane grasslands and shrublands biome. The mountain and its surroundings are among the most important biological sites in the world, with between 5000 and 6000 species of plants, 326 species of birds, and more than 100 mammalian species identified. Among this rich collection of wildlife are famous species such as the gigantic Rafflesia plants and the orangutan. Mount Kinabalu has been accorded UNESCO World Heritage status. Low's Peak can be climbed quite easily by a person in good physical condition and there is no need for mountaineering equipment at any point on the main route. Other peaks along the massif, however, require rock climbing skills. Significantly, Mount Kinabalu along with other upland areas of the Crocker Range is well-known worldwide for its tremendous botanical and biological species biodiversity with plants of Himalayan, Australasian, and Indomalayan origin. A recent botanical survey of the mountain estimated a staggering 5,000 to 6,000 plant species (excluding mosses and liverworts but including ferns), which is more than all of Europe and North America (excluding tropical regions of Mexico) combined. It is therefore one of the world's most important biological sites. The flora covers the mountain in zones of different types of habitat as one climbs up, beginning with a lowland belt of fig trees and insectivorous pitcher plants. Then between 2,600 to 3,200 m (8,530 to 10,499 ft) is a layer of short trees such the conifer Dacrydium gibbsiae and dwarf shrubs, mosses, lichens, liverworts, and ferns. Finally many of the world's richest variety of orchids are found on the high rockier slopes. These plants have high levels of endemism (i.e. species which are found only within Kinabalu Park and are not found anywhere else in the world). The orchids are the best-known example with over 800 species including some of the highly-valued Paphiopedilum slipper orchids, but there are also over 600 species of ferns (more than the whole of Africa's 500 species) of which 50 are found nowhere else, and the richest collection in the world for the Nepenthes pitcher plants (five of the thirteen are found nowhere else on earth) which reach spectacular proportions (the largest-pitchered in the world being the endemic Nepenthes rajah). The parasitic Rafflesia plant, which has the largest single flower in the world, is also found in Kinabalu (particularly Rafflesia keithii whose flower grows to 94 centimetres (37 in) in diameter), though it should be noted that blooms of the flower are rare and difficult to find. Meanwhile another Rafflesia species, Rafflesia tengku-adlinii, can be found on the neighbouring Mount Trus Madi and the nearby Maliau Basin. Its incredible biodiversity in plant life is due to a combination of several unique factors: its setting in one of the richest plant regions of the world (the tropical biogeographical region known as western Malesia which comprises the island of Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and the island of Borneo), the fact that the mountain covers a wide climatic range from near sea level to freezing ground conditions near the summit, the jagged terrain and diversity of rocks and soils, the high levels of rainfall (averaging about 2,700 millimetres (110 in) a year at park HQ), and the climatic instability caused by periods of glaciation and catastrophic droughts which result in evolution and speciation. This diversity is greatest in the lowland regions (consisting of lowland dipterocarp forests, so called because the tree family Dipterocarpaceae are dominant). However, most of Kinabalu's endemic species are found in the mountain forests, particularly on ultramafic soils (i.e. soils which are low in phosphates and high in iron and metals poisonous to many plants; this high toxic content gave rise to the development of distinctive plant species found nowhere else). The variety of plant life is also habitat for a great variety of birds and animals. There are some 326 species of birds in Kinabalu Park, including the spectacular Rhinoceros Hornbill, Mountain Serpent-eagle, Dulit Frogmouth, Eyebrowed Jungle Flycatcher, and Bare-headed Laughingthrush. Twenty-four birds are mainly found on the mountain and one, the Bornean Spiderhunter, is a pure endemic. The mountain is home to some 100 mammalian species mostly living high in the trees, including one of the four great apes, the orangutan (though sightings of these are uncommon; estimates of its numbers in the park range from 25 to 120). Other mammals include three kinds of deer, the Malayan Weasel (Mustela nudipes), Oriental Small-clawed Otter (Aonyx cinerea), and Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis). Endemic mammals include the Black Shrew (Suncus ater) and Bornean Ferret-badger (Melogale everetti). Threats and preservation The steep mountainsides with poor soil are not suitable for farming or for the timber industry so the habitats and animal life of Kinabalu remain largely intact, with about a third of the original habitat now degraded. Kinabalu Park was established in 1964 and the nearby mountains were protected as the Crocker Range National Park in 1984. However even national park status does not guarantee full protection, as logging permits were granted on Trus Madi in 1984. Mount Kinabalu is essentially a massive pluton formed from granodiorite which is intrusive into sedimentary and ultrabasic rocks, and forms the central part, or core, of the Kinabalu massif. The granodiorite is intrusive into strongly folded strata, probably of Eocene to Miocene age, and associated ultrabasic and basic igneous rocks. It was pushed up from the earth's crust as molten rock millions of years ago. In geological terms, it is a very young mountain as the granodiorite cooled and hardened only about 10 million years ago. The present landform is considered to be a mid-Pliocene peneplain, arched and deeply dissected, through which the Kinabalu granodiorite body has risen in isostatic adjustment. It is still pushing up at the rate of 5 mm per annum. During the Pleistocene Epoch of about 100,000 years ago, the massive mountain was covered by huge sheets of ice and glaciers which flowed down its slopes, scouring its surface in the process and creating the 1,800-metre (5,900 ft) deep Low's Gully (named after Hugh Low) on its north side. Its granite composition and the glacial formative processes are readily apparent when viewing its craggy rocky peaks. British colonial administrator Hugh Low made the first recorded ascent of Mount Kinabalu's summit plateau in March 1851. Low did not scale the mountain's highest peak, however, considering it "inaccessible to any but winged animals". In April and July 1858, Low was accompanied on two further ascents by Spenser St. John, the British Consul in Brunei. The highest point of Mount Kinabalu was finally reached in 1888 by zoologist John Whitehead. British botanist Lilian Gibbs became the first woman and the first botanist to summit Mount Kinabalu in February 1910. Botanist E. J. H. Corner led two important expeditions of the Royal Society of Great Britain to the mountain in 1961 and 1964. Kinabalu National Park was established in 1964. The park was designated a natural World Heritage Site in 2000. Climbing route Climbers must be accompanied by accredited guides at all times due to national park regulations. There are two main starting points for the climb: the Timpohon Gate (located 5.5 km from Kinabalu Park Headquarters, at an altitude of 1,866 metres (6,122 ft)), and the Mesilau Nature Resort. The latter starting point is slightly higher in elevation, but crosses a ridge, adding about two kilometres to the ascent and making the total elevation gain slightly higher. The two trails meet about two kilometres before Laban Rata. Accommodation is available inside the park or outside near the headquarters. Sabah Parks has privatised Mount Kinabalu activities to an organisation called Sutera Sanctuary Lodges (also known as Sutera Harbour). The mountain may be climbed on a single day trip, or hikers may (usually) stay one night at Laban Rata Resthouse at 3,270 metres (10,730 ft) to complete the climb in 2 days, finishing the ascent and descending on the second day. The majority of climbers begin the ascent on day one of a two-day hike from Timpohon gate at 1,866 metres (6,122 ft), reaching this location either by minibus or by walking, and then walk to Laban Rata. Most people accomplish this part of the climb in 3 to 6 hours. Since there are no roads, the supplies for the Laban Rata Resthouse are carried by porters, who bring up to 35 kilograms of supplies on their backs. Hot food and beverages are available at Laban Rata. Most rooms have no hot water in the bathrooms and whilst the dining area is heated, most rooms are not. The last 2 kilometres (6,600 ft), from the Laban Rata Resthouse at 3,270 metres (10,730 ft) to Low's Peak (summit) at 4,095.2 metres (13,436 ft), takes between 2 and 4 hours. The last part of the climb is on naked granite rock. Given the high altitude, some people may suffer from altitude sickness and should return immediately to the bottom of the mountain, as breathing and any further movement becomes increasingly difficult. Low's gully Low's Gully (named after Hugh Low) is a 1,800-metre (5,900 ft) deep gorge on the north side of Mount Kinabalu, one of the least explored and most inhospitable places on earth. In 1994 two British Army officers were severely criticised after having led a party of 10 adventurers that required extensive rescue efforts from both the RAF and the Malaysian army. Five members of the party were trapped for 16 days and did not eat for five days before being rescued. The breakaway party of five successfully completed the world's first descent of the gully in three days. There are two stories that led to the main beliefs in the origin of the mountain's name. The first derivation of the word Kinabalu is extracted from the short form for the Kadazan Dusun word 'Aki Nabalu', meaning "the revered place of the dead". The second source states that the name "Kinabalu" actually means "Cina Balu" (which would fully mean "A Chinese Widow"). Due to the lingual influence among the Kadazan Dusun of Sabah, the pronunciation for the word "cina" (chee-na) was changed to "Kina" (kee-na). It was told that a Chinese prince, was cast away to Borneo when his ship sank in the middle of the South China Sea. He was subsequently rescued by the natives from a nearby village. As he recovered, he was slowly accepted as one of the people of the village. Eventually, he fell in love with a local woman, and married her. Years went by, and he started to feel homesick. So he asked permission from his newly-found family to go back to China to visit his parents (the Emperor and Empress of China). To his wife, he promised that as soon as he was done with his family duties in China, he would come back to Borneo to take her and their children back to China. When he made his return to China, he was given a grand welcome by his family. However, to his dismay, his parents disagreed with him about taking his Bornean wife back to China. Worse, they told him that he was already betrothed to a princess of a neighbouring kingdom. Having no choice (due to high respect towards his parents), he obeyed with a heavy heart. Meanwhile, back in Borneo, his wife grew more and more anxious. Eventually, she decided that she will wait for her husband's ship. However, since the village was situated far away from the coast, she couldn't afford to come to the shore and wait for him daily. Instead she decided to climb to the top of the highest mountain near her village, so that she could have a better view of the ships sailing in the South China Sea. Thus, she was then seen climbing up the mountain at every sunrise, returning only at night to attend to her growing children. Eventually her efforts took their toll. She fell ill, and died at the top of the cold mountain while waiting for her husband. The spirit of the mountain, having observed her for years, was extremely touched by her loyalty towards her husband. Out of admiration for this woman, the spirit of the mountain turned her into a stone. Her face was made to face the South China Sea, so that she could wait forever for her dear husband's return. The people in her hometown who heard about this were also gravely touched by this. Thus, they decided to name the mountain "Kinabalu" in remembrance of her. To them, the mountain is a symbol of the everlasting love and loyalty that should be taken as a good example by women. See also - Given the definition of the Malay Archipelago excluding New Guinea, where about 22 mountains exceed 4100 m. - "World Top 50 Most Prominent Peaks" Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2011-11-21. - Phillipps, A. & F. Liew 2000. Globetrotter Visitor's Guide – Kinabalu Park. New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd. - Eight Southeast Asian Destinations You Shouldn't Miss - Mount Kinabalu National Park ... revered abode of the dead - Parris, B. S., R. S. Beaman, and J. H. Beaman. 1992. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 1. Ferns and Fern Allies. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. 165 pp + 5 pl. - Wood, J. J., J. H. Beaman, and R. S. Beaman. 1993. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu. 2. Orchids. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. xii + 411 pp + 84 pl. - Beaman, J. H., and R. S. Beaman. 1998. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu. 3. Gymnosperms and Non-Orchid Monocotyledons. Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd.; Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. xii + 220 pp + 25 pl. - Beaman, J. H., C. Anderson, and R. S. Beaman. 2001. The plants of Mount Kinabalu. 4: Dicotyledon families Acanthaceae to Lythraceae. xiv + 570 pp + 45 pl. Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd.; Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. - Beaman, J. H., and C. Anderson. 2004. The plants of Mount Kinabalu. 5: Dicotyledon families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. xiv + 609 pp + 40 pl. Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd.; Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. - Kurata, S. 1976. Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah National Parks Publications No. 2, Sabah National Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu. - Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1998 ['1996']. Pitcher plants of Mt. Kinabalu in Sabah. The Sarawak Museum Journal 50(71): 145–171. - Blakemore, R.J., C. Csuzdi, M.T. Ito, N. Kaneko, T. Kawaguchi & M. Schilthuizen 2007. PDF (16.4 KiB) Zootaxa 1613: 23–44. - "Kinabalu montane alpine meadows". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. - Hiung, C. S., R. Mandalam, and C. Chin. 2004. The Hugh Low Trail: The Quest for the Historical Trail to the Summit of Kinabalu. The Sabah Society, Kota Kinabalu. - Kinabalu Park. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. - Cymerman, A; Rock, PB. Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments. A Handbook for Medical Officers. USARIEM-TN94-2. US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report. Retrieved 2009-03-05. - The Independent, 21 September 1994, Leaders of lost expedition criticised, by Mary Braid - McIlroy, N. 2011. Man versus mountain. The West Australian, 9 July 2011. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mount Kinabalu| - Mount Kinabalu travel guide from Wikivoyage - Sabah Parks website - Mount Kinabalu Information - Climbing Mount Kinabalu - Plants of Mount Kinabalu

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|Birth name||Norman Percevel Rockwell| February 3, 1894| New York City |Died||November 8, 1978 |Training||National Academy of Design Art Students League Norman Percevel Rockwell (February 3, 1894 – November 8, 1978) was a 20th-century American painter and illustrator. His works enjoy a broad popular appeal in the United States for their reflection of American culture. Rockwell is most famous for the cover illustrations of everyday life scenarios he created for The Saturday Evening Post magazine for more than four decades. Among the best-known of Rockwell's works are the Willie Gillis series, Rosie the Riveter, Saying Grace (1951), The Problem We All Live With, and the Four Freedoms series. He is also noted for his work for the Boy Scouts of America (BSA); producing covers for their publication Boys' Life, calendars, and other illustrations. Life and works Early life Norman Rockwell was born on February 3, 1894, in New York City to Jarvis Waring Rockwell and Anne Mary "Nancy" (born Hill) Rockwell. His earliest American ancestor was John Rockwell (1588–1662), from Somerset, England, who immigrated to America probably in 1635 aboard the ship Hopewell and became one of the first settlers of Windsor, Connecticut. He had one brother, Jarvis Waring Rockwell, Jr., older by a year and a half. Jarvis Waring, Sr., was the manager of the New York office of a Philadelphia textile firm, George Wood, Sons & Company, where he spent his entire career. Norman transferred from high school to the Chase Art School at the age of 14. He then went on to the National Academy of Design and finally to the Art Students League. There, he was taught by Thomas Fogarty, George Bridgman, and Frank Vincent DuMond; his early works were produced for St. Nicholas Magazine, the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) publication Boys' Life and other juvenile publications. Joseph Csatari carried on his legacy and style for the BSA. As a student, Rockwell was given smaller, less important jobs. His first major breakthrough came in 1912 at age eighteen with his first book illustration for Carl H. Claudy's Tell Me Why: Stories about Mother Nature. In 1913, the nineteen-year-old Rockwell became the art editor for Boys' Life, published by the Boy Scouts of America, a post he held for three years (1913–1916). As part of that position, he painted several covers, beginning with his first published magazine cover, Scout at Ship's Wheel, appearing on the Boys' Life September 1913 edition. World War I During World War I, he tried to enlist into the U.S. Navy but was refused entry because, at 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and 140 pounds (64 kg) he was eight pounds underweight. To compensate, he spent one night gorging himself on bananas, liquids and doughnuts, and weighed enough to enlist the next day. However, he was given the role of a military artist and did not see any action during his tour of duty. Rockwell's family moved to New Rochelle, New York when Norman was 21 years old and shared a studio with the cartoonist Clyde Forsythe, who worked for The Saturday Evening Post. With Forsythe's help, he submitted his first successful cover painting to the Post in 1916, Mother's Day Off (published on May 20). He followed that success with Circus Barker and Strongman (published on June 3), Gramps at the Plate (August 5), Redhead Loves Hatty Perkins (September 16), People in a Theatre Balcony (October 14) and Man Playing Santa (December 9). Rockwell was published eight times total on the Post cover within the first twelve months. Norman Rockwell published a total of 323 original covers for The Saturday Evening Post over 47 years. His Sharp Harmony appeared on the cover of the issue dated September 26, 1936; it depicts a barber and three clients, enjoying an a cappella song. The image was adopted by SPEBSQSA in its promotion of the art. Rockwell's success on the cover of the Post led to covers for other magazines of the day, most notably The Literary Digest, The Country Gentleman, Leslie's Weekly, Judge, Peoples Popular Monthly and Life Magazine. Personal life Rockwell married his first wife, Irene O'Connor, in 1916. Irene was Rockwell's model in Mother Tucking Children into Bed, published on the cover of The Literary Digest on January 19, 1921. However, the couple were divorced in 1930. Depressed, he moved briefly to Alhambra, California as a guest of his old friend Clyde Forsythe. There he painted some of his best-known paintings including "The Doctor and the Doll". While there he met and married schoolteacher Mary Barstow. The couple returned to New York shortly after their marriage. They had three children: Jarvis Waring, Thomas Rhodes and Peter Barstow. The family lived at 24 Lord Kitchener Road in the Bonnie Crest neighborhood of New Rochelle, New York. Rockwell and his wife were not very religious, although they were members of St. John's Wilmot Church, an Episcopal church near their home, and had their sons baptized there as well. Rockwell moved to Arlington, Vermont, in 1939 where his work began to reflect small-town life. In 1953, the Rockwell family moved to Stockbridge, Massachusetts, so that his wife could be treated at the Austen Riggs Center, a psychiatric hospital at 25 Main Street, down Main Street from where Rockwell set up his studio. Rockwell himself received psychiatric treatment from the analyst Erik Erikson, who was on staff at Riggs. Erikson is said to have told the artist that he painted his happiness, but did not live it. In 1959, Mary Barstow Rockwell died unexpectedly of a heart attack. World War II In 1943, during World War II, Rockwell painted the Four Freedoms series, which was completed in seven months and resulted in his losing 15 pounds. The series was inspired by a speech by Franklin D. Roosevelt, in which he described four principles for universal rights: Freedom from Want, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship, and Freedom from Fear. The paintings were published in 1943 by The Saturday Evening Post. The United States Department of the Treasury later promoted war bonds by exhibiting the originals in 16 cities. Rockwell himself considered "Freedom of Speech" to be the best of the four. That same year, a fire in his studio destroyed numerous original paintings, costumes, and props. Shortly after the war, Rockwell was contacted by writer Elliott Caplin, brother of cartoonist Al Capp, with the suggestion that the three of them should make a daily comic strip together, with Caplin and his brother writing and Rockwell drawing. King Features Syndicate is reported to have promised a $1,000/week deal, knowing that a Capp-Rockwell collaboration would gain strong public interest. However, the project was ultimately aborted as it turned out that Rockwell, known for his perfectionism as an artist, could not deliver material as fast as required of him for a daily comic strip. During the late 1940s, Norman Rockwell spent the winter months as artist-in-residence at Otis College of Art and Design. Students occasionally were models for his Saturday Evening Post covers. In 1949, Rockwell donated an original Post cover, "April Fool", to be raffled off in a library fund raiser. In 1959, his wife Mary died unexpectedly from a heart attack, and Rockwell took time off from his work to grieve. It was during that break that he and his son Thomas produced his autobiography, My Adventures as an Illustrator, which was published in 1960. The Post printed excerpts from this book in eight consecutive issues, the first containing Rockwell's famous Triple Self-Portrait. Later career Rockwell married his third wife, retired Milton Academy English teacher Mary Leete "Molly" Punderson, on October 25, 1961. His last painting for the Post was published in 1963, marking the end of a publishing relationship that had included 321 cover paintings. He spent the next ten years painting for Look magazine, where his work depicted his interests in civil rights, poverty and space exploration. In 1968, Rockwell was commissioned to do an album cover portrait of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper for their record The Live Adventures of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper. During his long career, he was commissioned to paint the portraits for Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon, as well as those of foreign figures, including Gamal Abdel Nasser and Jawaharlal Nehru. One of his last works was a portrait of Judy Garland in 1969. A custodianship of his original paintings and drawings was established with Rockwell's help near his home in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and the Norman Rockwell Museum is still open today year round. Norman Rockwell Museum is the authoritative source for all things Norman Rockwell. The museum's collection is the world's largest, including more than 700 original Rockwell paintings, drawings, and studies. The Rockwell Center for American Visual Studies at the Norman Rockwell Museum is a national research institute dedicated to American illustration art. When he began suffering poor health, he placed his studio and the contents with the Norman Rockwell Museum, which was formerly known as the Stockbridge Historical Society and even more formerly known as the Old Corner house, in a trust. For "vivid and affectionate portraits of our country," Rockwell received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States of America's highest civilian honor, in 1977. Body of work Norman Rockwell was a prolific artist, producing over 4,000 original works in his lifetime. Most of his works are either in public collections, or have been destroyed in fire or other misfortunes. Rockwell was also commissioned to illustrate over 40 books including Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. His annual contributions for the Boy Scouts' calendars between 1925 and 1976 (Rockwell was a 1939 recipient of the Silver Buffalo Award, the highest adult award given by the Boy Scouts of America), were only slightly overshadowed by his most popular of calendar works: the "Four Seasons" illustrations for Brown & Bigelow that were published for 17 years beginning in 1947 and reproduced in various styles and sizes since 1964. Illustrations for booklets, catalogs, posters (particularly movie promotions), sheet music, stamps, playing cards, and murals (including "Yankee Doodle Dandy" and "God Bless the Hills", which was completed in 1936 for the Nassau Inn in Princeton, New Jersey) rounded out Rockwell's œuvre as an illustrator. In 1969, as a tribute to Rockwell's 75th-year birthday, officials of Brown & Bigelow and the Boy Scouts of America asked Rockwell to pose in Beyond the Easel, the calendar illustration that year. Rockwell's work was dismissed by serious art critics in his lifetime. Many of his works appear overly sweet in modern critics' eyes, especially the Saturday Evening Post covers, which tend toward idealistic or sentimentalized portrayals of American life – this has led to the often-deprecatory adjective "Rockwellesque". Consequently, Rockwell is not considered a "serious painter" by some contemporary artists, who often regard his work as bourgeois and kitsch. Writer Vladimir Nabokov sneered that Rockwell's brilliant technique was put to "banal" use, and wrote in his book Pnin: "That Dalí is really Norman Rockwell's twin brother kidnapped by Gypsies in babyhood". He is called an "illustrator" instead of an artist by some critics, a designation he did not mind, as it was what he called himself. However, in his later years, Rockwell began receiving more attention as a painter when he chose more serious subjects such as the series on racism for Look magazine. One example of this more serious work is The Problem We All Live With, which dealt with the issue of school racial integration. The painting depicts a young African American girl, Ruby Bridges, flanked by white federal marshals, walking to school past a wall defaced by racist graffiti. Rockwell's work was exhibited at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 2001. Rockwell's Breaking Home Ties sold for $15.4 million at a 2006 Sotheby's auction. A twelve-city U.S. tour of Rockwell's works took place in 2008. In 2008, Rockwell was named the official state artist of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. - In the film Empire of the Sun, a young boy (played by Christian Bale) is put to bed by his loving parents in a scene also inspired by a Rockwell painting—a reproduction of which is later kept by the young boy during his captivity in a prison camp ("Freedom from Fear", 1943). - The 1994 film Forrest Gump includes a shot in a school that re-creates Rockwell's "Girl with Black Eye" with young Forrest in place of the girl. Much of the film drew heavy visual inspiration from Rockwell's art. - Film director George Lucas owns Rockwell's original of "The Peach Crop", and his colleague Steven Spielberg owns a sketch of Rockwell's Triple Self-Portrait. Each of the artworks hangs in the respective filmmaker's workspace. Rockwell is a major character in an episode of Lucas’ Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, “Passion for Life.” - In 2005, Target Co. sold Marshall Field's to Federated Department Stores and the Federated discovered a reproduction of Rockwell's The Clock Mender, which depicted the great clocks of the Marshall Field and Company Building on display. Rockwell had donated the painting depicted on the cover of the November 3, 1945 Saturday Evening Post to the store in 1948. - On Norman Rockwell's birthday, February 3, 2010, Google featured Rockwell's iconic image of young love "Boy and Girl Gazing at the Moon", which is also known as "Puppy Love", on its home page. The response was so great that day that the Norman Rockwell museum's servers went down under the onslaught. - "Dreamland", a track from Canadian alternative rock band Our Lady Peace's 2009 album Burn Burn, was inspired by Rockwell's paintings. Major works - Scout at Ship's Wheel (first published magazine cover illustration, Boys' Life, September 1913) - Santa and Scouts in Snow (1913) - Boy and Baby Carriage (1916; first Saturday Evening Post cover) - Circus Barker and Strongman (1916) - Gramps at the Plate (1916) - Redhead Loves Hatty Perkins (1916) - People in a Theatre Balcony (1916) - Tain't You (1917; first Life magazine cover) - Cousin Reginald Goes to the Country (1917; first Country Gentleman cover) - Santa and Expense Book (1920) - Mother Tucking Children into Bed (1921; first wife Irene is the model) - No Swimming (1921) - Santa with Elves (1922) - Doctor and Doll (1929) - Deadline (1938) - The Four Freedoms (1943) - Rosie the Riveter (1943) - Going and Coming (1947) - Bottom of the Sixth (or The Three Umpires; 1949) - The New Television Set (1949) - Saying Grace (1951) - The Young Lady with the Shiner (1953) - Girl at Mirror (1954) - Breaking Home Ties (1954) - The Marriage License (1955) - The Scoutmaster (1956) - The Runaway (1958) - A Family Tree (1959) - Triple Self-Portrait (1960) - Golden Rule (1961) - The Problem We All Live With (1964) - Southern Justice (Murder in Mississippi) (1965) - New Kids in the Neighborhood (1967) - Russian Schoolroom (1967) - The Rookie - Spirit of 76 (1976) (stolen in 1978 but recovered in 2001 by the FBI's Robert King Wittman) Other collections - Norman Rockwell World War II posters, hosted by the University of North Texas Libraries Digital Collections - Rockwell Collection at the National Museum of American Illustration - Norman Rockwell and the Art of Scouting at the National Scouting Museum, Irving, TX See also - James K. Van Brunt, a frequent model for Rockwell - William Obanhein, another one of Rockwell's models who would later become famous elsewhere - Norman Rockwell's World... An American Dream, a 1972 short documentary film - "Alex Ross Biography". alexrossart.com. Retrieved February 13, 2012. - About the Saturday Evening Post[dead link] - Boughton, James (1903). Genealogy of the families of John Rockwell, of Stamford, Connecticut 1641, and Ralph Keeler, of Hartford, Connecticut 1939. W.F. Jones. p. 441. - Roberts, Gary Boyd, and David Curtis Dearborn (1998). Notable Kin: An Anthology of Columns First Published in the NEHGS Nexus, 1986–1995. Boston, Massachusetts: Carl Boyer in cooperation with the New England Historic Genealogical Society. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-936124-20-9. - Claridge, Laura P. (2001). Norman Rockwell: A Life. New York, New York: Random House. p. 20,29. ISBN 978-0-375-50453-2. - Rockwell, Margaret (1998). Norman Rockwell's Growing Up in America. Metro Books. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-1-56799-598-5. - SSDI. – SS#: 177-01-3581. - Claridge. – p.30,47,150. - Rockwell, Norman, and Thomas Rockwell (1988). Norman Rockwell, My Adventures as an Illustrator. Abrams. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8109-1563-3. - "Rockwell and Csatari: A tour de force". Scouting magazine: 6. March–April, 2008. - "A personal recollection". City of Alhambra. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - Kamp, David (November 2009). "Norman Rockwell’s American Dream". Vanityfair.com. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - "A portrait of Norman Rockwell - Berkshire Eagle Online". Berkshireeagle.com. July 3, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - Elliott Caplin: Al Capp Remembered (1994) - Gherman, Beverly (2000) "Norman Rockwell Storyteller with a brush" - Claridge, p. 581 - Kamp, David. "Erratum: Norman Rockwell Actually Did Rock Well". Vanity Fair. Retrieved February 24, 2011. - Official List of Silver Buffalo award Recipients (Retrieved July 17, 2007) - William Hillcourt (1977). Norman Rockwell's World of Scouting. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-1582-0. - Jim Windolf (February 2008). "Keys to the Kingdom". Vanityfair.com. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - "Solomon, Deborah, In Praise of Bad Art". New York Times. January 24, 1999. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - "Art of Illustration". Norman Rockwell Museum. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - "Norman Rockwell Wins Medal of Freedom". Massmoments.org. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - Miller, Michelle (November 12, 2010). "Ruby Bridges, Rockwell Muse, Goes Back to School". CBS Evening News with Katie Couric (CBS Interactive Inc.). Retrieved November 13, 2010. - Norman Rockwell at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.[dead link] - Gates, Anita (November 24, 1999). "Looking Beyond the Myth-Making Easel of Mr. Thanksgiving". New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - RICHARD CORLISS (June 24, 2001). "The World According to Gump". Time.com. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - Aronovich, Hannah (April 20, 2006). "Field's, Federated and More Feuds". Gothamist. Retrieved April 4, 2008. - "Norman Rockwell Of Field's Store Goes Missing". NBC5.com. April 21, 2006. Retrieved April 4, 2008. - Aronovich, Hannah (April 20, 2006). "Field's, Federated and More Feuds". Gothamist. Retrieved September 21, 2009. - "Dreamland". Songfacts.com. Retrieved May 5, 2010. - "Rosie the Riveter". Rosie the Riveter. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - NRM, p. 109 - "The norman rockwell collection". Web.me.com. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - "Norman Rockwell: Southern Justice (Murder in Mississippi)". Artchive.com. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - "Museum > Exhibitions - Norman Rockwell and the Art of Scouting". Irving, Texas, USA: National Scouting Museum. Retrieved 16 August 2012. Further reading - Buechner, Thomas S (1992). The Norman Rockwell Treasury. Galahad. ISBN 0-88365-411-3. - Finch, Christopher (1990). Norman Rockwell: 332 Magazine Covers. Abbeville Publishing Group. ISBN 0-89660-000-9. - Christopher, Finch (1985). Norman Rockwell's America. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-8071-1. - Gherman, Beverly (2000). Norman Rockwell: Storyteller with a Brush. ISBN 0-689-82001-1. - Hennessey, Maureen Hart; Larson, Judy L. (1999). Norman Rockwell: Pictures for the American People. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-6392-2. - Rockwell, Tom (2005). Best of Norman Rockwell. Courage Books. ISBN 0-7624-2415-X. - Schick, Ron (2009). Norman Rockwell: Behind the Camera. Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 978-0-316-00693-4. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Norman Rockwell| |Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Norman Rockwell| - Booknotes interview with Laura Claridge on Norman Rockwell: A Life, December 2, 2001. - Gallery of classic graphic design featuring the illustrations of Norman Rockwell. - Art Directors Club biography, portrait and images of work - Norman Rockwell at Find a Grave - Footage of Norman Rockwell sketching a couple - America, Illustrated – by The New York Times - Norman Rockwell: Once upon a time there Was the American Dream by Tiziano Thomas Dossena, Bridge Puglia USA, April 2011

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Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition (United Kingdom) |This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the United Kingdom Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition, or the Official Opposition, in the United Kingdom is led by the Leader of the Opposition. This is usually the political party with the second-largest number of seats in the House of Commons, as the largest party will usually form Her Majesty's Government. Since May 2010, the Official Opposition has been the Labour Party. The phrase His Majesty's Opposition was coined in 1826, before the advent of the modern two-party system, when Parliament consisted more of interests, relationships and factions rather than the highly coherent political parties of today (although the Whigs and Tories were the two main parties). Attacking the Foreign Secretary, George Canning, in the House of Commons, John Hobhouse said, "It is said to be hard on His Majesty's Ministers to raise objections of this character but it is more hard on His Majesty's Opposition to compel them to take this course." The phrase was widely welcomed and has been in use ever since. Opposition days Whilst most days in the House of Commons are set aside for government business, twenty days in each session are set aside for opposition debates. Of these days, seventeen are at the disposal of the Leader of the Opposition and three can be used by the leader of the smaller, or Tertiary, opposition party (for most recent history this has been the Liberal Democrats). Leader of the Opposition The Leader of Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition is often seen as the Prime Minister-in-waiting; as well as his salary as an MP, he or she receives a statutory salary and perquisites like those of a cabinet minister, including appointment as a Privy Councillor. Since 1915, the Leader of the Opposition has, like the Prime Minister, always been a member of the House of Commons. Before that a member of the House of Lords sometimes took on the role, although often there was no overall Leader of the Opposition. Although there has never been a dispute as to who holds the position, under the Ministerial and other Salaries Act 1975, the Speaker’s decision on the identity of the Leader of the Opposition is final. The current Leader of the Opposition is Ed Miliband, elected leader of the Labour Party on 25 September 2010. Ministers' Questions Prime Minister's Questions The most public parliamentary function of the Leader of the Opposition is Prime Minister's Questions (PMQs), currently a 30-minute session held on Wednesday at 12 PM when Parliament is sitting. The Leader of the Opposition has six questions, which he usually splits into two sets. Other backbench opposition MPs also have the right to question the Prime Minister; they are selected either through a ballot, or by "catching the Speaker's eye". By convention, other Shadow Cabinet members do not question the Prime Minister at PMQs, except when standing-in for the Leader. Other Ministers' Questions Every government department is subjected to questions in the House of Commons and the House of Lords. As with PMQs, the official opposition spokesmen are allocated a number of questions, and in addition backbench MPs are free to ask questions. In the House of Lords, opposition spokespeople also question the government. This is one of the reasons why every government department (and opposition shadow department) has at least one member of parliament and one peer in it. As is usual with Westminster systems, and other statutory assemblies and councils in the UK, the government and its supporters sit to the Speaker's right, whilst the Opposition parties sit to his/her left. Currently, members from the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties (which form the Government in coalition) sit to the Speaker's right, and members from the Labour Party and other minor parties sit to the Speaker's left. See also - Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom) - Official Opposition frontbench - Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom) - Parliamentary opposition - List of British shadow cabinets

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A Photoshop contest, or sometimes photochop contest, is an online game, in which a website or user of an Internet forum will post a starting image — usually a photograph — and ask others to manipulate the image using some kind of graphics editing software, such as Photoshop, Corel Photopaint, The GIMP, Paint Shop Pro, Paint.NET or Microsoft Paint. While Photoshop is the industry standard image editing program, Adobe discourages use of "Photoshop" to refer to anything other than Adobe's photo editing software, to prevent its trademark from becoming a genericized trademark. A large part of the humor in many of these contests involves the use of internet memes. Such contests are nowadays finding increasing participations in many blogs. A more "underground" variety of these image manipulation jokes involves the blending of celebrity faces with nude or pornographic images, often combined with references to movies, music, magazines and other forms of related popular culture. Photoshop tennis Photoshop tennis (also known as Photoshop Pong or Photoshop battle (similar in its function to a "DJ battle" in hip hop music)) is a game played through sequential alternating photoshopping of an image. Photoshop tennis originated in graphics-related internet forums in the late-1990s/early-2000s, and shares an earlier history with online image games such as SITO's "PANIC" (started January, 1994). The game was made popular by art director Jim Coudal in 2001 as "Photoshop Tennis". The matches on coudal.com have since been renamed Layer Tennis, as they are no longer restricted to the use of Adobe Photoshop. Each match of Photoshop tennis is generally played with two competing players. The players pick a starting image, or one is "served" by a player, then another player makes some sort of alteration to the image in any chosen image editor (matches are not exclusive to Adobe Photoshop). He or she then sends that altered image to the other player or players, usually via e-mail or by posting the image to a Photoshop tennis forum, who then edits that image and sends it back to the first player. This process goes back and forth until a predetermined number of rounds have elapsed, or the players otherwise wish to end the game. When the final round is over, there may be an independent judge who determines who has played the best shots, and declares that person the winner, or players may play without a clear winner. Sometimes extra rules can be enforced, such as sticking to one particular software package, or keeping to a particular theme. A landscape photo composited and manipulated in Photoshop. Photos composited and manipulated in Photoshop. See also - Adobe Photoshop - E-mail art - Photo editing - Something Awful's "Photoshop Phriday" - SITO Panic and Photoshop Tennis - Schreve, Jenn (2001-09-27). "Anyone for Photoshop Tennis?". Wired News. Retrieved 2007-10-27. - Coudal Partners' Layer Tennis - StreetFire Photochops - Something Awful's Photoshop Phriday feature - Photoshop contests

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Sabermetrics is the specialized analysis of baseball through objective evidence, especially baseball statistics that measure in-game activity. The term is derived from the acronym SABR, which stands for the Society for American Baseball Research. It was coined by Bill James, who is one of its pioneers and is often considered its most prominent advocate and public face. General principles The Sabermetric Manifesto by David Grabiner (1994) begins: Bill James defined sabermetrics as "the search for objective knowledge about baseball." Thus, sabermetrics attempts to answer objective questions about baseball, such as "which player on the Red Sox contributed the most to the team's offense?" or "How many home runs will Ken Griffey hit next year?" It cannot deal with the subjective judgments which are also important to the game, such as "Who is your favorite player?" or "That was a great game." It may, however, attempt to settle questions such as "Was Willie Mays faster than Mickey Mantle?" by establishing several possible parameters for examining speed in objective studies (how many triples each man hit, how many bases each man stole, how many times he was caught stealing) and then reaching a tentative conclusion on the basis of these individual studies. Sabermetricians frequently question traditional measures of baseball skill. For instance, they doubt that batting average is as useful as conventional wisdom says it is because team batting average provides a relatively poor fit for team runs scored. Sabermetric reasoning would say that runs win ballgames, and that a good measure of a player's worth is his ability to help his team score more runs than the opposing team. This may imply that the traditional RBI (runs batted in) is an effective metric; however, sabermetricians also reject RBI, for a number of reasons. Rather, sabermetric measures are usually phrased in terms of either runs or team wins. For example, a player might be described as being worth 54 offensive runs more than a replacement-level player at the same position over the course of a full season, as the sabermetric statistic VORP can indicate. Sabermetrics is concerned both with determining the value of a player or team in current or past seasons and with attempting to predict the value of a player or team in the future. Many areas of study are still in development, specifically in the area of performance measurement. Early history Sabermetrics research began in the middle of the 20th century. Earnshaw Cook was one of the earliest researchers of sabermetrics. Cook gathered the majority of his research in his 1964 book, Percentage Baseball. The book was the first of its kind to gain national media attention, although it was widely criticized and not accepted by most baseball organizations. - Base runs (BsR) - Batting average on balls in play (BABIP) - Defense independent pitching statistics (DIPS) - Defensive Runs Saved (DRS) - Equivalent average (EQA) - Fantasy batter value (FBV) - Late-inning pressure situations (LIPS) - On-base plus slugging (OPS) - PECOTA (Player empirical comparison and optimization test algorithm) - Peripheral ERA (PERA) - Pythagorean expectation - Range factor - Runs created - Secondary average - Similarity score - Speed Score - Super linear weights - Total player rating, or Batter-Fielder Wins (TPR, BFW); Total Pitcher Index, or Pitcher Wins (TPI, PW) - Ultimate zone rating (UZR) - Value over replacement player (VORP) - Win shares - Wins above replacement (WAR) Notable proponents - Russ Brandon: Team President and CEO of the Buffalo Bills is going to incorporate Sabermetrics to contracts, and use in conjunction with scouting and player analysis beginning in 2013. - Sandy Alderson: Former General Manager of the Oakland Athletics, Alderson began focusing on sabermetric principles toward obtaining relatively undervalued players in 1995. He became GM of the New York Mets in late 2010. - Billy Beane: Athletics' General Manager since 1997. Although not a public proponent of sabermetrics, it has been widely noted that Beane has steered the team during his tenure according to sabermetric principles. In 2003, Michael Lewis published Moneyball about Billy Beane's use of a more quantitative approach. In 2011, a film based on Lewis' book which dramatised Beane's use of sabermetrics was released, starring Brad Pitt in the role of Beane. - Carson Cistulli: Senior editor of FanGraphs, member of the BBWAA - Earnshaw Cook: Early researcher and proponent of statistical baseball research. His 1964 book Percentage Baseball was the first book of baseball statistics studies to gain national media attention. - Paul DePodesta: A key figure in Michael Lewis' book Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game as Beane's assistant in Oakland. - Theo Epstein: President of Baseball Operations for the Chicago Cubs. As GM of the Red Sox, Epstein hired sabermetrician Bill James. - Bill James: Widely considered the father of sabermetrics due to his extensive series of books, although a number of less well known SABR researchers in the early 1970s provided a foundation for his work. He began publishing his Baseball Abstracts in 1977 to study some questions about baseball he found interesting, and their eclectic mix of essays based on new kinds of statistics soon became popular with a generation of thinking baseball fans. He discontinued the Abstracts after the 1988 edition, but continued to be active in the field. His two Historical Baseball Abstract editions and Win Shares book have continued to advance the field of sabermetrics, 25 years after he began. In 2002 James was hired as a special advisor to the Boston Red Sox. - Christina Kahrl: Co-founder of Baseball Prospectus and current ESPN columnist, Kahrl puts an emphasis on advanced baseball analytics. - Sean Lahman: Created a database of baseball statistics from existing sources and in the mid-1990s made it available for free download on the Internet, providing access to statistical data in electronic form for the first time. - Voros McCracken: Developed a system called Defense Independent Pitching Statistics (DIPS) to evaluate a pitcher based purely on his ability. - Rob Neyer: Senior writer at ESPN.com and national baseball editor of SBNation and former assistant to Bill James, he has worked to popularize sabermetrics since the mid-1980s. Neyer has authored or co-authored several books about baseball, and his journalistic writing focuses on sabermetric methods for looking at baseball players' and teams' performance. - Joe Posnanski: A popular baseball writer and a proponent of sabermetrics. - Nate Silver: Writer and former managing partner of Baseball Prospectus, inventor of PECOTA. Later applied sabermetric statistical models to the study of politics, particularly elections, and published the results on his blog FiveThirtyEight (later affiliated with The New York Times). - David Smith: Founded Retrosheet in 1989, with the objective of computerizing the box score of every major league baseball game ever played, in order to more accurately collect and compare the statistics of the game. - Tom Tango: Runs the Tango on Baseball sabermetrics website. In particular, he has worked in the area of defense independent pitching statistics. - Eric Walker: Former aerospace engineer turned baseball writer, who played an important part in the early acceptance of sabermetrics within the Oakland Athletics organization. GM Sandy Alderson hired Walker in order to get "some Bill James-like stuff that was proprietary to us." - Keith Woolner: Creator of VORP, or Value over Replacement Player, is a former writer for sabermetric group/website Baseball Prospectus. He was hired in 2007 by the Cleveland Indians as their Manager of Baseball Research & Analytics. - Craig R. Wright: A statistician for the Texas Rangers, was the first front office employee in Major League Baseball to work under the title "Sabermetrician." - Baseball Prospectus is an annual publication and web site produced by a group of sabermetricians who originally met over the Internet. Several Baseball Prospectus authors have invented or improved upon widely relied upon sabermetric measures and techniques. The website publishes analytical articles as well as advanced statistics and projections for individuals and teams. This group also publishes other books that use and seek to popularize sabermetric techniques, including Baseball Between the Numbers and It Ain't Over 'til It's Over. - The Hardball Times is a website as well as an annual volume that evaluates the preceding major league season and presents original research articles on various sabermetric topics. The website also publishes original research on baseball. - FanGraphs is a website that publishes advanced baseball statistics as well as graphics that evaluate and track the performance of players and teams. The site also favors the analysis of play-by-play data and PITCHf/x. It draws on some of the advanced baseball metrics developed by well-known sabermetricians such as Tom Tango and Mitchel Lichtman. - Beyond the Boxscore is a part of SB Nation and specializes in sabermetric analysis and research. It has also launched the careers of many successful sabermetricians. - SABR is the Society for American Baseball Research, founded in 1971, and the root of the term sabermetrics. Statistical study, however, is only a small component of SABR members' research, which also focuses on diverse issues including ballparks, the Negro Leagues, rules changes, and the desegregation of baseball as a mirror of American culture. - Fielding Bible Awards are voted on by a panel of sabermetically inclined writers to recognize the best defensive player for each fielding position. It provides an alternative to the Gold Glove Awards, the traditional measurement of fielding excellence. - Baseball Think Factory is a web forum that includes extensive coverage of and commentary on baseball, usually from the perspective of sabermetrics. Popular culture - Moneyball, the 2011 film about Billy Beane's use of sabermetrics to build the Oakland Athletics. The film is based on Michael Lewis' book of the same name. - The season 3 Numb3rs episode "Hardball" focuses on sabermetrics, and the season 1 episode "Sacrifice" also covers the subject. - "MoneyBART", the third episode of The Simpsons' 22nd season, in which Lisa utilizes sabermetrics to coach Bart's Little League Baseball team. See also - Fielding Bible Award - Win Shares by Bill James - Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame? by Bill James - Total Baseball by John Thorn and Pete Palmer - The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract - Moneyball, by Michael Lewis - APBRmetrics, the basketball equivalent - Lewis, Michael M. (2003). Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-05765-8. - Grabiner, David J. "The Sabermetric Manifesto". The Baseball Archive. - Jarvis, J. (2003-09-29). "A Survey of Baseball Player Performance Evaluation Measures". Retrieved 2007-11-02. - Albert, James; Jay M. Bennett (2001). Curve Ball: Baseball, Statistics, and the Role of Chance in the Game. Springer. pp. 170–171. ISBN 0-387-98816-5. - Kipen, D. (June 1, 2003). "Billy Beane's brand-new ballgame". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 2, 2007. - Neyer, Rob (November 5, 2002). "Red Sox hire James in advisory capacity". ESPN.com. Retrieved March 7, 2009. - Shanahan, M. (May 23, 2005). Retrieved November 2, 2007 His numbers are in the ballpark The Boston Globe - "Bill James, Beyond Baseball". Think Tank with Ben Wattenberg. PBS. June 28, 2005. Retrieved November 2, 2007. - Ackman, D. (May 20, 2007). "Sultan of Stats". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 2, 2007. - Jaffe, C. (October 22, 2007). "Rob Neyer Interview". The Hardball Times. Retrieved November 2, 2007. - Lewis, M. Moneyball. pp. 58–63. - "Baseball Prospectus". Retrieved 2012-03-04. - Baseball Between the Numbers. 2006. ISBN 0-465-00596-9. - Goldman, Steven (2007). It Ain't Over 'til It's Over. ISBN 0-465-00285-4.

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South Africa national rugby union team |Union||South African Rugby Union| |Nickname(s)||Springboks, Springbokke, Boks, Bokke, Amabokoboko| |Emblem(s)||the Springbok and the Protea| |Captain(s)||Jean De Villiers| |Most caps||John Smit (111)| |Top scorer||Percy Montgomery (893)| |Most tries||Bryan Habana (47) (correct as at 25 November 2012) |South Africa 0 – 4 British Isles (30 July 1891) | South Africa 134 – 3 Uruguay (11 June 2005) | England 53 – 3 South Africa (23 November 2002) |Appearances||5/7 (First in 1995)| |Best result||Champions, 1995 & 2007| The South Africa national rugby union team (known as the Springboks) represents South Africa in rugby union. They compete in the annual Rugby Championship, along with southern-hemisphere counterparts Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. They have won this championship on three occasions in sixteen years. They are currently ranked second in the world by the International Rugby Board, and were named 2008 World Team of the Year at the Laureus World Sports Awards. Although South Africa was instrumental in the creation of the Rugby World Cup competition, the Springboks did not compete in the first two World Cups in 1987 and 1991 because of anti-apartheid sporting boycotts of South Africa. The team made its World Cup debut in 1995, when the newly democratic South Africa hosted the tournament. The Springboks then defeated the All Blacks 15–12 in the final, which is now remembered as one of the greatest moments in South Africa's sporting history, and a watershed moment in the post-Apartheid nation-building process. South Africa regained their title as champions 12 years later, when they defeated England 15–6 in the 2007 final. As a result of the 2007 World Cup tournament the Springboks were promoted to first place in the IRB World Rankings, a position they held until July the following year when New Zealand regained the top spot. The Springboks play in green and gold jerseys, and their emblems are the Springbok and the Protea. The side has been playing international rugby since 1891, when a British Isles side toured the nation, playing South Africa in their first Test on 30 July. South Africa was coached by Jake White, who led the Boks to the 2007 World Cup title, announcing his resignation effectively from the end of 2007. His replacement's (Peter de Villiers) contract expired in 2011, following a 11–9 defeat to Australia in the Rugby World Cup quarter-final, who then stated he would not be signing a new deal. The previous captain was John Smit, who before he retired in 2011 played hooker for most of his career, although he has also been a prop, mainly in 2008 and 2009. Due to Smit being unavailable for the November 2010 Tests after surgery, lock Victor Matfield took Smit's place as captain for that tour. The current captain is Jean de Villiers. Early years First internationals The first British Isles tour took place in 1891, with the trip financially underwritten by Cape Colony Prime Minister Cecil Rhodes. These were the first representative games played by South African sides, who were still learning the game. The tourists played and won a total of twenty matches, conceding only one point in the process. South Africa's first Tests were played, although South Africa did not exist as political unit until 1910. In a notable event of the tour, the British side presented the Currie Cup to Griqualand West, the province they thought produced the best performance on the tour. The British Isles' success continued on their 21 game tour of 1896. The British Isles won three out of the four Tests against South Africa. South Africa's play improved markedly from 1891. Their forwards were particularly impressive, and their first Test win in the final game was a pointer to the future. For the first time South Africa had worn myrtle green shirts, which their captain, Barry Heatlie, borrowed from his Old Diocesans club. Rugby was given a huge boost by the early Lions tours, which created great interest in the South African press. Rugby was so popular that in 1902 there was a temporary ceasefire in the Second Boer War so that a game could be played between British and Boer forces. The game had spread among the Afrikaner population through POW games during the Boer War, and afterwards Stellenbosch University became a training ground for future players and administrators. In 1903 the British Isles lost a series for the first time in South Africa, drawing the opening two Tests before losing the last 8–0. In all, the tourists won just 11 of their 22 tour games. By contrast, South Africa would not lose another series—home or away—until 1956. Paul Roos was the captain of the first South African team to tour the British Isles and France. The team was largely dominated by players from Western Province, and took place over 1906–07. The team played 29 matches; including Tests against all four Home Nations. England managed a draw, but Scotland was the only one of the Home unions to gain a victory. During this tour the nickname Springboks was first used. There is often confusion as to the springbok symbol being worn before the name was invented, but this may be down to the fact the tour manager, J.C. Carden, spoke of having no 'uniforms or blazers' with the icon, though he did not appear to mean the jerseys. It was reported in the Daily Mail on 20 September 1906, seven days before the first match, that 'The team's colours will be myrtle green with gold collar... and will have embroidered in mouse-coloured silk on the left breast a Springbok'. Carden later stated: |“||...No uniforms or blazers had been provided... That night I spoke to Roos and Carolin and pointed out that the witty London Press would invent some funny name for us if we did not invent one ourselves. We thereupon agreed to call ourselves Springboks and to tell Pressmen that we desired to be so named. I remember this distinctly, for Paul (Roos) reminded us that "Springbokken" was the correct plural. However, the Daily Mail, after our first practice, called us the Springboks and the name stuck. I at once ordered the dark green, gold-edged blazers...||”| Newspaper reporters were to call the team "De Springbokken", and later The Daily Mail printed an article referring to the "Springboks". The team thereafter wore blazers with a springbok on the left breast pocket. Historically the term 'Springbok' was applied to any team or individual representing South Africa in international competition regardless of sporting discipline. This tradition was abandoned with the advent of South Africa's new democratic government in 1994. The trip helped heal wounds after the Boer War and instilled a sense of national pride among South Africans. The South Africans crossed the channel to play an unofficial match against a 'France' team drawn from the two Parisian clubs: Stade Français and Racing Club de France. The official French team were in England at the time. The Springboks won 55–6 and scored 13 tries in the process. The 1910 British Isles tour of South Africa was the first to include representatives from all four Home unions. The team performed moderately against the non-test parties, claiming victories in just over half their matches. The tourists won just one of their three Tests. Inter war By the first World War New Zealand and South Africa had established themselves as rugby's two greatest powers. A New Zealand Army match tour of South Africa in 1919 paved the way for a Springbok tour to New Zealand and Australia in 1921. The tour was billed as "The World Championship of Rugby". The All Blacks won the first Test 13–5, which included a try by All Blacks winger Jack Steel who had sprinted 50 metres with the ball trapped between his right hand and back to score. The Springboks recovered to win the second Test 9–5 thanks to a Gerhard Morkel drop-goal. The final Test was drawn 0–0 after being played in terrible conditions—resulting in a series draw. The 1924 British and Irish Lions team to South Africa struggled with injuries and won only nine of 21 games. They lost all four Tests to the Springboks, but despite the results, the tour produced some attractive rugby. This was the first side to pick up the name Lions, apparently picked up from the Lions embroidered on their ties. The All Blacks first toured South Africa in 1928, and again the Test series finished level. Despite playing most of the second half with only 14 men, with a dominant scrum and fly-half Bennie Osler, the Springboks won the first Test 17–0 to inflict the All Blacks' heaviest defeat since 1893. The All Blacks rebounded to win the second Test 7–6. After a Springbok win in the third Test, the Springboks needed to win the fourth to secure a series victory. The New Zealanders bought back Mark Nicholls for his only Test of the series, and their captain Maurice Brownlie told the team a week before the Test that "Under no circumstances whatever is anyone of you so much as to touch a rugby ball until we play the Springboks in the last test." Their tactics were successful and the All Blacks won 13–5 to draw the series. Despite winning South Africa's second Grand Slam, the Springbok tourists of 1931–32 were an unloved team. They had a jumbo pack and a kicking fly-half in captain Bennie Osler. Their tactics of kicking for territory earned them criticism both in South Africa and abroad. It was successful however, the team winning against England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, as well as defeating all their Welsh opponents for the first time. In 1937 South Africa toured New Zealand and Australia and broke the deadlock with a series win in New Zealand. Their 2–1 series win prompted them to be called "the best team to ever leave New Zealand". Despite the All Blacks winning the first Test, the Springboks' won in the third Test 17–6 and scored five tries to none. The All Blacks' loss was considered a humiliation in New Zealand. The British Isles toured South Africa again in 1938, winning more than half of their normal matches. The Springboks easily claimed the first two tests. But the tourists recorded a surprise win in the third Test, the first Lions win in South Africa since 1910. Post-war era Danie Craven was appointed coach in 1949, and started his coaching career with a bang. The Springboks won ten matches in a row, including a 4–0 whitewash of New Zealand on their 1949 tour to South Africa. Prop Okey Geffin helped kick the Springboks to victory—they won all four Tests despite the All Blacks scoring more tries in three of them. The 1951–52 team that toured Europe was considered amongst the finest Springbok sides to tour. The team won the Grand Slam as well as defeating France. Hennie Muller captained the side after original captain Basil Kenyon suffered a serious eye injury. The South African highlight of the tour was a 44–0 defeat of Scotland. The defeat of Scotland included nine tries, and was a record at the time. The team finished with only one loss, to London Counties, from 31 matches. In 1954, Australia toured South Africa for the second time and although they lost the series they were given a standing ovation after defeating South Africa 18–14 in a thrilling 2nd Test at Newlands. Wallaby Captain John Solomon was chaired off the field by two South African players. This was the first Springbok defeat for 15 years. During their 1955 tour to South Africa, the Lions won 19 and drew one from the 25 fixtures. The four-test series ended in a draw. In 1956 the All Blacks won its first series over the Springboks, in what Chris Hewett called "in the most bitterly fought series in history." Surprise selection Don Clarke from Waikato—nicknamed the Boot—kicked the decisive penalties in the final Tests. South Africa had defeated France 25–3 at Colombes Stadium in 1952, and when France toured South Africa in 1958 they were not expected to compete. Georges Duthen described the mood of the French players before their first Test in 1958: "They were going into battle. A Battle for France. And they hadn't a hope..." France exceeded expectations and drew 3–3 with after a drop goal to French scrum-half Pierre Danos and unconverted try to South Africa's Butch Lochner. The French then secured a Test series victory in South Africa with their 9–5 victory in front of 90,000 spectators in Johannesburg. The French feared the South African forwards, especially their scrum, and focused much of their training before the series on improving the "South African" style of their forwards. The decisive moment of the match was French forward Jean Barthe's tackle on Jan Prinsloo near the French try-line prevented a certain try. The momentum then swung to France who scored drop-goals—one each to Pierre Lacaze and Roger Martine—to secure the historic victory. Even before the apartheid laws were passed after 1948, sporting teams going to South Africa had felt it necessary to exclude non-white players. New Zealand rugby teams in particular had done this, and the exclusion of George Nepia and Jimmy Mill from the 1928 All Blacks tour, and the dropping of Ranji Wilson from the New Zealand Army team nine years before that, had attracted little comment at the time. However, in 1960 international criticism of apartheid grew in the wake of the The Wind of Change speech and the Sharpeville massacre. From this point onward, the Springboks were increasingly the target of international controversy and protest. The All Blacks toured in 1960, despite a campaign based on the slogan of "No Maoris, No Tour", and a 150,000 signature petition opposing it. The Springboks avenged their 1956 series defeat by winning the Test series 2–1 with a Test drawn. The first match was won 13–0 by the Springboks with two tries to Hennie van Zyl. New Zealand journalist Noel Holmes said after the match "I hang my head in shame for having suggested that your forwards might be slow, even unfit." The All Blacks won the second Test 11–3 which they did so with a dominant forward pack and the tactical kicking of Don Clarke. The players selected for the third and fourth Tests formed the core of Springboks side for the next three seasons. The third Test was drawn 11–11 after a last minute sideline conversion from All Black Don Clarke. The deciding Test was won 8–3 by the Springboks with the decisive try scored by Martin Pelser. Later that same year the Springboks themselves toured, and led by Avril Malan they defeated all four Home unions for their fourth Grand Slam. On a four-month, 34 game sweep through Europe they played a ruthless, forward-oriented game in which intimidation was a key part, and opposition players suffered a string of controversial injuries. However, they lost their final game 6–0 against the Barbarians in Cardiff, beaten when perhaps the Barbarians' pack played an uncharacteristically pragmatic game. In 1962 the British Isles, won 16 of their 25 games on their tour to South Africa, but did not do so well in the Tests—losing all three. In 1963 the touring Wallabies beat the Springboks in consecutive Tests, the first team to do so since the 1896 British team. Wales toured South Africa and played several games and one Test in 1964—their first overseas tour. They lost the Test against South Africa in Durban 24–3, their biggest defeat in 40 years. At the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) annual general meeting that year, the outgoing WRU President D. Ewart Davies declared that "it was evident from the experience of the South African Tour that a much more positive attitude to the game was required in Wales... Players must be prepared to learn, and indeed re-learn, to the absolute point of mastery, the basic principles of Rugby Union football." South Africa had a disastrous year in 1965, losing on tour to Ireland, Scotland, Australia (twice) and New Zealand (three times) while winning just once against New Zealand. The planned 1967 tour by the All Blacks was cancelled by the New Zealand Rugby Football Union after the South African government refused to allow Maori players. In 1968 the Lions toured and won 15 of their 16 provincial matches, but lost three Tests and drew one. Next year the 1969 Springbok tour to Britain and Ireland found a new spirit and confidence had developed in Home nations rugby, and the tourists lost two of their seven games in Wales—against Newport and a composite side from Monmouthshire. Wales nearly claimed their first win against the Springboks as the game ended 6–6. The Springboks lost the Test matches against England and Scotland, drawing the one against Ireland. Throughout the tour however, large anti-apartheid demonstrations were a feature, and many matches had to be played behind barbed wire fences. In 1970 the All Blacks toured South Africa once again—after the 1967 stand-off, the South African government now agreed to treat Maoris in the team, and Maori spectators, as 'honorary whites'. The Springboks won the test series 3–1. The Springbok tour of Australia in 1971 began with matches in Perth, then Adelaide and Melbourne. The Springboks won all three Tests, scoring 18–6, 14–6, and 19–11. As in Britain three years before however, massive anti-apartheid demonstrations greeted the team, and they had to be transported by the Royal Australian Air Force after the trade unions refused to service planes or trains transporting them. Although a tour of New Zealand had been planned for 1973, it was blocked by New Zealand Prime Minister Norman Kirk on the grounds of public safety. The Lions team that toured South Africa in 1974 led by Willie John McBride was unbeaten over 22 games, and triumphed 3–0 (with one drawn) in the Test series. A key feature was the Lions' infamous '99 call'. Lions management had decided that the Springboks dominated their opponents with physical aggression, so decided "to get their retaliation in first". At the call of '99' each Lions player would attack their nearest rival player. The idea was that a South African referee would be unlikely to send off all of the Lions. At the "battle of Boet Erasmus Stadium"—one of the most violent matches in rugby history—JPR Williams famously ran over half of the pitch and launched himself at 'Moaner' van Heerden after such a call. The 1976 All Blacks tour of South Africa went ahead, and the Springboks won by three Tests to one, but coming shortly after the Soweto riots the tour attracted international condemnation and 28 countries boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics in protest, and the next year, in 1977, the Commonwealth signed the Gleneagles Agreement, which discouraged any sporting contact with South Africa. In response to the growing pressure the segregated South African rugby unions merged in 1977. Four years later Errol Tobias would became the first non-white South African to represent his country when he took the field against Ireland. A planned 1979 Springbok tour of France was stopped by the French government, who announced that it was inappropriate for South African teams to tour France. The Lions toured South Africa in 1980. The team completed a flawless non-Test record, winning 14 out of 14 non-Test matches on the tour. But they lost the first three Tests before winning the last one. The 1981 tour of New Zealand went ahead in defiance of the Gleneagles Agreement. South Africa lost the series 2–1, but the tour and the massive civil disruption in New Zealand had ramifications far beyond rugby. South Africa sought to counteract its sporting isolation by inviting the South American Jaguars to tour. The team contained mainly Argentinian players, whose national team had struggled to attract strong international opposition. Eight matches were played between the two teams in the early 1980s—all awarded Test status. In 1985, a planned All Black tour of South Africa was stopped by the New Zealand High Court. A rebel tour took place the next year by a team known as the Cavaliers. The team was not sanctioned by the New Zealand Rugby Football Union, yet consisted of all but two of the original squad that had been selected. For some of the tests, the team was advertised, inside South Africa as the All Blacks whilst at the others they were advertised as the New Zealand Cavaliers. The Springboks won the series 3–1. In 1989, a World XV sanctioned by the International Rugby Board went on a mini-tour of South Africa. All traditional rugby nations bar New Zealand supplied players to the team with ten Welshmen, eight Frenchmen, six Australians, four Englishmen, one Scot and one Irishman. From 1990 to 1991 the legal apparatus of apartheid was abolished, and the Springboks were readmitted to international rugby in 1992. They struggled to return to their pre-isolation standards, and in their first games after readmission the Springboks were defeated 27–24 by New Zealand on 15 August 1992 and also suffered a 26–3 loss to Australia the following month. Ian McIntosh was sacked as national coach following a series defeat to the All Blacks in New Zealand in mid-1994. In October of that year, Kitch Christie accepted an offer to take over from McIntosh. South Africa was selected to host the 1995 Rugby World Cup, and there was a remarkable surge of support for the Springboks among the white and black communities in the lead-up to the tournament. This was the first major event to be held in what Archbishop Desmond Tutu had dubbed "the Rainbow Nation." South Africans of all colours got behind the slogan coined by Edward Griffiths, then CEO of the rugby federation: "one team, one country". Wearing a Springbok shirt, Nelson Mandela presented the trophy to captain Francois Pienaar, a white Afrikaner. The gesture was widely seen as a major step towards the reconciliation of white and black South Africans. Mandela's enthusiasm and support for the Springboks is portrayed in the 2009 film Invictus. SARFU President Louis Luyt caused controversy at the post-match dinner by declaring that the Springboks would have won the previous two World Cups if they had been allowed to compete. The day after the World Cup victory, the Xhosa word for Springbok, Amabokoboko! appeared as the headline of The Sowetan's sports page. A series of crises followed in 1995 through 1997 as it became clear that South African rugby was an unreformed element of the new Rainbow Nation. The team was also struck by tragedy, as Christie, who had led them to victory in all 14 Tests he coached, was forced to resign in 1996 after battling leukaemia for more than a decade. An on-field slump saw South African sides struggle in the new Super 12 and Tri-Nations competitions. Under new coach John Hart and the captaincy of Sean Fitzpatrick, the All Blacks won a Test series in South Africa for the first time in 1996. Fitzpatrick even rated the series win higher than the 1987 World Cup victory in which he had participated. The 1997 Lions completed their South African tour with only two losses in total, winning the Test series two games to one. Coach Andre Markgraaff was fired in 1997 over a racial comment he made. Despite a successful career as a player, Markgraaff's replacement Carel du Plessis led the team to successive defeats in the British and Irish Lions 1997 tour and the 1997 Tri Nations Series. He was replaced later in 1997 by Nick Mallett, who went on to coach the unbeaten 1997 South Africa rugby union tour of Britain and France in late 1997. In 1998 Mallett and new captain Gary Teichmann tied the then-existing record of the 1965–69 All Blacks for longest Test winning streak, winning 17 consecutive Tests, including the 1998 Tri-Nations. In the same year, South Africa mourned as Christie's illness claimed his life. The Springboks entered the 1999 Rugby World Cup competition with little hope. Reverting to a kicking game and forward strength, they showed they were still a force to be reckoned with, losing to eventual champions Australia in a tense semi-final at Twickenham. New millennium At Twickenham in November 2002 England defeated South Africa 53–3, which was their worst ever loss, after Springbok Jannes Labuschagne was red-carded after 23 minutes and the Boks played three quarters of the match one man short. An increasingly frustrated South African side began physically targeting England players during the match, with footage showing captain Corné Krige as a leader. In the 2002 and 2003 seasons, the Springboks also lost by record margins to France, Scotland and New Zealand. They defeated Argentina by only one point, and were eliminated from the 2003 World Cup in the quarter final round – their worst ever showing in a World Cup record of two gold and one bronze from five appearances. During a pre-World Cup training camp, there was a highly publicised dispute between Geo Cronjé (an Afrikaner) and Quinton Davids (a coloured). Both were dropped from the team, and Cronjé was called before a tribunal to answer charges that his actions in the dispute were racially motivated. Cronjé was eventually cleared. Later, the Boks were sent to a military-style boot camp in the South African bush called Kamp Staaldraad (literal English translation "Camp Steel-wire", idiomatically "Camp Barbed Wire"). After the World Cup, then- coach Rudolph Straeuli was under fire, not only because of the team's poor results, but because of his role in organising Kamp Staaldraad. He eventually resigned, and in February 2004 Jake White was named as new national coach. The Springboks then swept Ireland in a two-Test series and defeated Wales during their opponents' June 2004 tours of the Southern Hemisphere. Next came a win in the most closely contested Tri Nations in history—their only Tri Nations trophy since 1998. In November 2004, the Springboks went on a Grand Slam tour of the Home Nations. They were decisively defeated by England, and lost controversially to Ireland. They then won a hard-fought match against Wales, and prevailed comfortably against Scotland. The Springbok resurgence was honoured with a sweep of the major International Rugby Board awards. The Boks were named Team of the Year, White Coach of the Year, and flanker Schalk Burger Player of the Year. In 2005 the Springboks defeated an embarrassed Uruguay by a world record margin. Zimbabwean-born new cap, Tonderai Chavanga, scored a record six tries in the match, surpassing Stefan Terblanche's previous record of five. The side finished second in the Tri-Nations that year, losing their final match to New Zealand. The springboks thought they had the match before Keven Mealamu scored the match winning try for the All Blacks in the 27–31 loss. The year ended positively with close victories away from home against Argentina, among others. With several new players aboard, the 2006 Springboks defeated Scotland twice in South Africa, before a loss in a closely contested match to France ended their long undefeated home record. A very bad start to the 2006 Tri Nations Series saw them lose 49–0 to the Wallabies. The Springboks put together better games in the following two matches, losing in the final minutes in the second test against Australia. Answering the call from many South African supporters to play a more expansive style of rugby, coach Jake White fielded a far more adventurous team. They broke South Africa's five game losing streak by beating the All Blacks 21–20 at Royal Bafokeng Stadium—the first time a Test match had been played at this rural venue near Rustenburg. The All Blacks' defeat to the South Africans was their only loss of the year. The highlight of South Africa's tour to Europe was the 24–15 win over England at Twickenham, after a loss to Ireland and one to England the previous week. A South Africa XV also played a World XV on this tour at the Walkers Stadium in Leicester. In July 2006, Springbok coach Jake White told the press he had been unable to pick some white players for his squad "because of transformation"—a reference to the ANC government’s policies attempting to redress the racial imbalances in national sport. Rugby World Cup 2007 Grouped in Pool A at the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France, they opened their campaign in Paris with a 59–7 victory over Samoa. Next up was England at the Stade de France, where the Springboks triumphed 36–-0. The third pool game against Tonga in Lens was more competitive and they narrowly won 30–25. The final pool game against the USA in Montpellier produced a 64–15 win. Having won all their pool games, they advanced to the quarter finals to defeat Fiji 37–20 before accounting for Argentina 37–13 in the semi-finals. They prevailed 15–6 over England to lift the Webb Ellis Cup for a second time on 20 October 2007. Some members of the English media claimed that the match was controversial because they felt that an England try was disallowed by the Australian fourth official. The Springboks won the match joining Australia as the only other national team to have won the trophy twice. After the World Cup 2008 was a mixed year for the Springboks. Going into the year as world champions, they were under pressure to perform. In January 2008, history was made when Peter de Villiers was appointed as the first non-white coach of the Springboks. De Villiers's first squad included ten of colour and managed two victories against Wales (43–17 and 37–21) and one against Italy (26–0) in Incoming Tours. They had an ultimately disappointing Tri Nations ending up last with only two wins. They did manage a historic triumph in Dunedin, a city in which they had never tasted victory in over 100 years. The Springboks did enough to beat Wales and Scotland before thrashing England on the end of year tour . This was good preparation for the upcoming British and Irish Lions Tour. 2009: A full trophy cabinet and a disappointing tour The 2009 season began as one of the more successful in the post-apartheid history of South African rugby. The Boks' 2009 international campaign began with a closely fought 2–1 series win over the Lions. They followed it up with a convincing win in the Tri Nations, sweeping the All Blacks and losing only to the Wallabies in Brisbane. In the process, they added the Freedom Cup (against New Zealand) and the Mandela Challenge Plate (against Australia) to their trophy cabinet. However, the Boks' busy year finally took its toll when they toured Europe in the November Test window. They lost their top spot in the IRB rankings with a loss to France, while a midweek side lost two non-Tests to Leicester Tigers and Saracens. The first-string Boks returned to defeat Italy, but were beaten by Ireland to close out the year. On 6 November 2010, the Springboks had the honour of being the first Test team to play Ireland at their new home of Aviva Stadium. Because of the historic significance of this match, the Boks had agreed to wear their change strip to allow Ireland to wear their regular green. (Normally, the home team changes in case of a colour clash.) The match was the opener of their first attempted Grand Slam tour since 2004, with the Ireland match followed by encounters with Wales, Scotland and England. The Boks followed the tour up with a match against the Barbarians. The Boks began their 2010 Test campaign on 5 June, defeating Wales 34–31 at Kings Park Stadium, Durban. Controversy arose prior to the game as Bath-based Butch James was withdrawn from the team at the last minute due to the refusal of Premier Rugby, which runs England's Premiership, to grant James permission on the grounds that the match fell outside the IRB-recognised June Test window. The victory over Wales was achieved without some of the regular Springbok stalwarts such as Fourie du Preez, Bakkies Botha, Schalk Burger, Pierre Spies, Bryan Habana and JP Pietersen. Afer defeating Wales, the Springboks headed back to Cape Town to play against France on 12 June for their second international in 2010, which they won 42–17. The Springbok victory over the French was their first since 2005. Victor Matfield believes the victory will give the Springboks a psychological advantage over the French as they may meet in the knock out stages of the Rugby World Cup 2011. The crushing victory over the French was achieved through five tries with Pierre Spies, Guthro Steenkamp, and Francois Louw each scoring one try and Gio Aplon, the 75 kg wing, scoring two tries. Their final preparations for the 2010 Tri-Nations tournament includes two internationals against Italy. In the first test a lacklustre Springbok team beat Italy by 29–13. The Springboks acquitted themselves much better in the second test crushing the Azzuri 55–11. The Boks were widely fancied to beat the All Blacks at Eden Park in Auckland in the first Tri-Nations test of 2010. The Boks had only previously won twice at Eden park, the last time being in 1937. However, the first test of the 2010 Tri Nations campaign turned out to be a nightmare for the Boks. They went down 32–12 and in the process conceded four tries. Since then, the Boks lost consecutive tests to again succeed both the Tri-Nations trophy and Freedom Cup to the world number one ranked All Blacks, as well as lose the Mandela Plate and second place IRB World Ranking to Australia. 2011 and the Rugby World Cup The Springboks kicked off their 2011 test season with controversy, with 21 high-profile players omitted from the away leg of the 2011 Tri Nations, leaving only captain John Smit and Morné Steyn as regular members of the starting XV amongst a largely second-string side. Media sources claimed that the Boks players were simply being rested in preparation for the upcoming World Cup, thus creating outcry that the 2011 Tri Nations was being turned into a farce by the Springboks. The Boks subsequently lost both of their away games. The home leg saw the return of the first-choice players, and the Boks went on to lose to Australia in Durban, but win 18–5 against New Zealand in Port Elizabeth. The Springboks finished the 2011 Tri Nations with just a single win. The South Africans entered the 2011 Rugby World Cup with a quiet confidence, even though they were drawn in the "Pool of Death" against Wales, Samoa, Fiji and Namibia. Despite a very close opening encounter against Wales, which was won 17–16, the Springboks went on to top their group, registering convincing wins against Fiji and Namibia before winning another close match against Samoa 13–5. The Springboks then went on to face Australia in a highly controversial quarter-final match, ultimately losing 11–9. The South African fans and pundits went on to criticise referee Bryce Lawrence for "one-sided" refereeing, claiming that Australian openside David Pocock was allowed to "reduce the breakdown to a farce". Regardless, the defending champions were knocked-out at the quarter-finals. Following the World Cup exit, several stalwarts of the 2007 World Cup-winning side and the 2011 squad went on to announce retirements or moves abroad. This included captain John Smit, influential lock pairing Victor Matfield and Bakkies Botha, and scrum-half Fourie du Preez. Apartheid and transformation Even before the apartheid laws were introduced to South Africa in 1948 the Springboks had been an all white team. The team became a symbol of racial division within South Africa, and following the first open elections in 1994, the ruling African National Congress (ANC) instituted a policy of transformation in South African sport. In this context transformation can be defined as "a complete alternation of the appearance or character of South African rugby", and one aim is to transform the Springboks into a team more representative of South Africa's race and class. South Africa's World Cup winning side of 1995 fielded only one non-white player (Chester Williams). This continued in the team's biggest matches of the 1999 and 2003 World Cups, and in the 2007 World Cup final the team fielded two non-white players (Bryan Habana and JP Pietersen). South African Rugby Union president Oregan Hoskins considered the number of non-white players in the 2007 World Cup squad too low, and in 2008 the first non-white coach of the side was appointed. The political pressure on rugby coaches and administrators to select non-white players is strong; 16 of the 35 new Springboks appointed by former coach Jake White were non-white. ANC Minister of Parliament Butana Komphela expressed a view held by many politicians in the country when he said "Sport cannot be excluded from imperatives of empowerment and transformation." Currently, 15 of the 49 players in training for the World Cup are non-white. Controversy over the emblem Since the demise of apartheid the ruling African National Congress has wanted to replace the Springbok across all national teams, as emblem of the racially segregated sporting codes, with a neutral symbol that would represent a decisive break with a repressive past. The king protea as South Africa's national flower was chosen for this purpose, so that the national cricket team became known as the Proteas, for example. A similar change was envisioned for the national rugby squad's springbok emblem. Paul Roos's team had first introduced the Springbok in 1906, and it had promoted a measure of unity among white English and Afrikaans-speaking players after the two Anglo-Boer Wars of the late 19th century. The Springbok was regarded as representing both the exclusion of players who were not designated white under apartheid legislation and, by extension, of apartheid itself. Although the Springbok was adopted briefly by the first coloured national rugby team in 1939 and by their first black counterparts in 1950, it became exclusively associated with segregated sporting codes afterwards. South African rugby officials in particular, and the national rugby team itself, have an historical association with racism from 1906 on. The first rugby Springboks initially refused to play against a Devon side that included Jimmy Peters, the first black player to represent England. Legendary official, national coach, and Springbok scrumhalf Danie Craven had acquiesced with government officials who had demanded that Māori players be excluded from visiting All Black teams. Craven had also indicated that the Springbok was exclusively tied to the white identity of the national rugby team. As a result of political pressure the national rugby team jersey from 1992 on featured a king protea alongside the springbok. As portrayed in the film Invictus, pressure to replace the Springbok as emblem for the rugby team came to a head in 1994, just before the Rugby World Cup that would take place in South Africa. As a result of Nelson Mandela's direct interference, the ANC's executive decided not to do away with the emblem at the time, but to reappropriate it. After the national team won the 1995 Rugby World Cup, black rugby pioneer Dan Qeqe said that "The Springboks play for all of us". In March 2004 the South African Sports Commission ratified a decision that the protea be the official rugby emblem on blazers and caps, with the concession that the springbok could remain on the team jersey. And in November 2007 the ANC's special conference at Polokwane again endorsed the need for a single symbol for all sporting codes. While detractors like Qondisa Ngwenya foresaw a loss of revenue from dumping the springbok emblem, others like Cheeky Watson urged the need for an alternative, unifying symbol. South Africa play in green jerseys, white shorts and green socks. Their jersey is embroidered with the SA Rugby logo on the upper left corner and the flag of South Africa on the sleeve and traditionally has a gold collar. The strip is made by Canterbury of New Zealand and their current shirt sponsor is South African banking giant ABSA. The green jersey was first adopted when the British Isles toured South Africa in 1896. On their first tour to Great Britain and Ireland in 1906–07 the South Africa wore a green jersey with white collar, blue shorts, and blue socks. A replica shirt was worn in 2006 against Ireland in Dublin to mark the centenary of the tour. When Australia first toured South Africa in 1933, the visitors wore sky blue jerseys to avoid confusion, as at the time, both wore dark green strips. In 1953, when Australia toured again, the Springboks wore white jerseys for the test matches. In 1961 Australia changed their jersey to gold to avoid further colour clashes. The Springbok nickname and logo also dates from the 1906–7 tour of Britain. The springbok was chosen to represent the team by tour captain Paul Roos in an attempt to prevent the British press from inventing their own name. The logo was not restricted to the white team alone, the first coloured national team used the springbok in 1939 and the first black team in 1950. After the fall of apartheid in 1992 a wreath of proteas was added to the logo. When the ANC was elected in 1994 the team's name was not changed to the Proteas like that of other South African sporting teams only because of the intervention of President Nelson Mandela. The movie Invictus starring Morgan Freeman and Matt Damon depicts this story. In December 2008, the SARU decided to place the protea on the left side of the Boks' jersey, in line with other South African national teams, and move the springbok to the right of the jersey. The new jersey was worn for the first time during the British and Irish Lions' 2009 tour of South Africa. Home grounds The Springboks do not use a national stadium as their home, but play out of a number of venues throughout South Africa. The 60,000 seat Ellis Park Stadium in Johannesburg (known commercially as Coca-Cola Park) was the main venue for the 1995 World Cup, where the Springboks defeated the All Blacks in the final. Other regular venues for tests include Pretoria's Loftus Versfeld Stadium, DHL Newlands in Cape Town, Mr Price Kings Park in Durban, Vodacom Park in Bloemfontein, and the EPRU Stadium in Port Elizabeth. The Springboks played their first test match at Soccer City on 21 August 2010, a Tri Nations match against New Zealand. The first South African international took place at Port Elizabeth's St George’s Park Cricket Ground in 1891. Ellis Park was built in 1928, and in 1955 hosted a record 100,000 people in a Test between South Africa and the British and Irish Lions. The Springboks are said to have a notable advantage over touring sides when playing at high altitude on the Highveld. Games at Ellis Park, Loftus Versfeld, or Vodacom Park are said to present physical problems, and to influence a match in a number of other ways, such as the ball travelling further when kicked. Experts disagree on whether touring team's traditionally poor performances at altitude are more due to a state of mind rather than an actual physical challenge. |Top 25 Rankings as of 15 April 2013| |*Change from the previous week| |South Africa's Historical Rankings| |Source: IRB - Graph updated to 15 April 2013| Rugby Championship South Africa's only annual tournament is The Rugby Championship (formerly Tri-Nations) competed against Argentina, Australia, New Zealand since 1996. South Africa has won the tournament three times; in 1998 and 2004 and 2009. South Africa also participates in the Mandela Challenge Plate with Australia, and the Freedom Cup with New Zealand as part of the Rugby Championship. |Tri Nations (1996 — 2011)| |Rugby Championship (2012 — )| Updated: 7 Oct 2012 World Cup South Africa did not participate in the 1987 and 1991 World Cups because of the sporting boycott that apartheid brought against them. South Africa's introduction to the event was as hosts. They defeated defending champions Australia 27–18 in the opening match, and went on to defeat the All Blacks 15–12 after extra time in the 1995 Rugby World Cup Final, with a drop goal from 40 metres by Joel Stransky. In 1999 South Africa suffered their first World Cup loss when they were defeated 21–27 by Australia in their semi-final; they went on to defeat the All Blacks 22–18 in the third-fourth play-off match. The worst ever South African performance at a World Cup was in 2003 when they lost a pool game to England, and then were knocked out of the tournament by the All Blacks in their quarter-final. In 2007 the Springboks defeated Fiji in the quarter-finals and Argentina in the semi-finals. They then defeated England in the final 15–6 to win the tournament for a second time. In 2011 the Springboks were defeated by Australia 9–11 in the quarter-finals after winning all four their pool games. Until the 1990s South Africa were considered one of the most successful rugby nations in Test match history, with a positive win-loss ratio against every Test playing nation including their traditional rivals, New Zealand. However, for the last twenty years whilst the Springboks have managed to maintain their positive win-loss ratio, they have failed to do so against New Zealand. South Africa are currently ranked number two in the world rankings. When the ranking system was introduced in October 2003 South Africa were ranked sixth. Their ranking fluctuated until victory in the 2007 Rugby World Cup briefly sent them to the top of the rankings. Since then, the top two rankings changed ultimately remaining with the All Blacks since November 2009 when the Boks lost to France on their end-of-year tour and most recently regained second position after defeating Australia in Pretoria. |British and Irish Lions||46||23||17||6||50.00%| |South American Jaguars||8||7||1||0||87.50%| See List of South Africa national rugby union players for a complete list of every player to have represented the Springboks. Current squad On 24 April 2013, the following players were awarded Springbok contracts for 2013: - Caps updated 24 November 2012 Recent Call Ups The following players have been part of the Springbok squad during 2012 but are not part of the current squad due to either injury or non-selection. Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by the International Rugby Board. Individual records South Africa's most capped player is John Smit with 111 caps, placing him joint-sixth with Philippe Sella of France on the all-time list in international rugby. Victor Matfield is the most-capped lock for any nation in rugby history, with all of his 110 appearances at that position; although Fabien Pelous of France retired with 118 caps, only 100 were as a lock. The most-capped back is Percy Montgomery, whose 102 caps made him the country's leader until first being equalled by John Smit and later surpassed by Matfield, but was regained by Smit. Montgomery also holds the South African record for Test points with 893, which at the time of his international retirement placed him sixth on the all-time list of Test point scorers (he now stands ninth). The most points Montgomery ever scored in a single international was 35 against Namibia in 2007—this is also a South African record. Fly-half Jannie de Beer holds the world record for dropped goals in a Test match (5, during the 44–21 quarter-final win over England in the 1999 Rugby World Cup) On 1 August during the 2009 Tri Nations tournament, Morné Steyn set a number of records during the second Test between the Springboks and the All Blacks. The Springboks won 31–19, with Steyn scoring all South Africa's points – 1 try, 1 conversion, 8 penalties. This gave him records for: - Most points scored by any player in a Tri Nations match, surpassing Andrew Mehrtens (All Blacks vs. Australia, 1999). - Most points ever scored by an individual in a Test against the All Blacks, passing Christophe Lamaison's 29 (France, 1999). - World record for most points scored by a player who has scored all their team's points. - South African record for penalties in a test (8) – beating the seven achieved twice by Montgomery. - Steyn also holds the Springbok record for the fastest 100 points (8 Test matches) Although statistics on the success rate of kicks at goal were not kept until the late 1980s, it is believed that Steyn also holds the record for most consecutive successful kicks at goal in Tests. He had a streak of 41 successful kicks at goal, which started during the Boks' Test against Italy on 19 June 2010 and ended on 6 November 2010 against Ireland. The world's most-capped captain is John Smit, who has captained South Africa in 82 of his 110 Tests. The world's most-capped lock pairing is that of Victor Matfield and Bakkies Botha, who have started together in 62 Tests. Smit also played 46 consecutive matches for South Africa, which is a record. Notable players Eleven former South African international players have been inducted into either the International Rugby Hall of Fame or the IRB Hall of Fame. Six are members of the International Rugby Hall of Fame only; two are members of the IRB Hall of Fame only, and four are members of both Halls of Fame. Barry "Fairy" Heatlie, who played in the late 19th century and into the early 20th, was one of the early greats of South African rugby. He appeared for Western Province 34 times between 1890 and 1904, with 28 of them being Currie Cup wins. He also played six Tests for South Africa against the Lions in 1891, 1896, and 1903, and also captained the side to their only two Test wins of the 1890s. Arguably his greatest legacy to South African rugby is the green jersey; he is credited with introducing the colour for South Africa's 1903 Test against the Lions at Newlands. He was inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame in 2009. Bennie Osler played 17 consecutive Tests between 1924 and 1933. Playing at fly-half, his first Test was against the touring British team in 1924. He also played in the series against the All Blacks in 1928, but most notably captained the Springboks on their Grand Slam tour of 1931–32 when they defeated all four Home Nations. His last Tests were the five played against Australia when they toured to South Africa in 1933. Osler was inducted to the International Rugby Hall of Fame in 2007 and the IRB Hall of Fame in 2009. Making his Test debut in Olser's Grand Slam winning team in 1931 was scrum-half Danie Craven. Craven played several positions including fly-half, scrum-half, centre and even number eight. However Craven was most famous for popularising the dive pass. As well as winning a Grand Slam with Osler's team, Craven toured with 1937 Springboks to New Zealand where they achieved their first series victory over New Zealand. His last act as player was captaining South Africa in a Test series against the Lions. Craven's involvement with the Springboks continued after his playing retirement, and he coached them to a 4–0 series win over the touring All Blacks in 1949. He was elected President of the South African Rugby Board in 1956, a position he held until the post-apartheid South African Rugby Union was formed in 1991. Craven was instrumental in the formation of the South African Rugby Union and became its first Executive President. Such was Craven's influence in South African rugby he became known as "Mr Rugby", was inducted into the International Hall of Fame in 1997, and was in the second class of inductees into the IRB Hall of Fame in 2007; behind Rugby School and William Webb Ellis. The man most credited with inventing modern number 8 play was Hennie Muller, inducted into the International Hall of Fame in 2001. He played 13 Tests between 1949 and 1953, and in the process won a 4–0 series victory over the All Blacks and a Grand Slam tour of Britain and Ireland. He was nicknamed Windhond (greyhound) for his speed around the field. When writing about the 1949 series against the All Blacks, Harding and Williams wrote: "(Okey) Geffin won the series, perhaps, but Muller made it possible." Of Muller's 13 Tests, he only lost one—against Australia in 1953. Named South Africa's player of the 20th Century in 2000, Frik du Preez played 38 Tests between 1961 and 1971. Du Preez could play both flanker or lock and was one of the most dominant forwards of the 1960s, but was especially well known for his all round skills. Danie Craven said of du Preez, "To my mind he could have played any position on a rugby field with equal brilliance." He was inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame in 1997 and the IRB Hall of Fame in 2009. Morne du Plessis played 22 Tests for South Africa between 1971 and 1980. His debut was at Number 8 in South Africa's series win over Australia in 1971. He went on to captain South Africa and became part of the only father-son pair to captain South Africa—his father had captained South Africa in 1949. He led South Africa to a 3–1 series win over the All Blacks in 1976 and a series win over the British and Irish Lions in 1980 by the same margin. Du Plessis would be inducted into the International Hall of Fame in 1999. International Hall of Fame inductees Naas Botha, inducted in 2005, and Danie Gerber, inducted in 2007, both had careers interrupted by South Africa's sporting isolation in the 1980s and early 1990s. Botha made his Test debut against the South American Jaguars in 1980. Playing at fly-half, Botha played 28 Tests and scored 312 Test points before his international retirement in 1992. Botha contributed significantly to the Springboks 1980 series win over the Lions, and also played for the World XV in the IRB Centenary Match at Twickenham. Gerber also made his debut in 1980, and scored 19 tries in his 24 Tests before retiring in 1992. He scored a hat-trick against England in 1984, and played alongside Botha in the World XV team in 1986. In South Africa's first Test since the fall of apartheid, against the All Blacks in 1992, he scored twice. Two players that straddled the amateur and professional eras were Francois Pienaar and Joost van der Westhuizen. Both first played for the Springboks in 1993. Pienaar was named captain in his first Test against France, and went on to captain the side to the 1995 World Cup. It was there he captained South Africa to the World Cup title, and received the trophy from Nelson Mandela who was wearing his number 6 jersey. Nelson Mandela later wrote "It was under Francois Pienaar's inspiring leadership that rugby became the pride of the entire country. Francois brought the nation together." Pienaar entered the International Hall of Fame in 2005, and was inducted into the IRB Hall in 2011 alongside all other World Cup-winning captains from the inaugural event in 1987 through 2007 (minus the previously inducted Australian John Eales). Joost van der Westhuizen also participated in the 1995 World cup victory, but went on to play in two more World Cups. Playing at scrum-half, van der Westhuizen played 89 Tests for South Africa and scored 38 tries. At the time of his retirement following the 2003 World Cup he was South Africa's leading try scorer and most capped player. He entered the International Hall of Fame two years after Pienaar, in 2007. The newest Springbok player to enter the IRB Hall is John Smit, inducted in 2011 alongside Pienaar. The captain of the 2007 World Cup winners, Smit (as noted earlier) ended his international career as the most-capped Springbok in history. The role and definition of the South Africa coach has varied significantly over the team's history. Hence a comprehensive list of coaches, or head selectors, is impossible. The following table is a list of coaches since the 1949 All Blacks tour to South Africa: |Hennie Muller||1960–1961, 1963, 1965||44%| |Boy Louw||1960–1961, 1965||67%| |Izak van Heerden||1962||75%| |Felix du Plessis||1964||100%| |Ian Kirkpatrick||1967, 1974||60%| |Johan Claassen||1964, 1970–1974||50%| |Carel du Plessis||1997||37%| |Peter de Villiers||2008–2011||62%| |Heyneke Meyer||2012–||58.33% (as at 24 November 2012)| Both World Cup-winning coaches, Christie and White, were inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame in 2011 alongside all other World Cup-winning head coaches through the 2007 edition. See also |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: South Africa national rugby union team| - List of Springboks - Rugby union in South Africa - South Africa national sevens team - South African rugby union captains - South Africa vs Argentina - South Africa vs Australia - South Africa vs England - South Africa vs France - South Africa vs Ireland - South Africa vs Italy - South Africa vs New Zealand - South Africa vs Scotland - South Africa vs Wales - Allen, Dean (2003). "Beating them at their own game: rugby, the Anglo-Boer War and Afrikaner nationalism, 1899–1948". International Journal of the History of Sport (University of Ulster) 27 (2): 172–189. - Allen, Dean (2007). "Tours of Reconciliation: Rugby, War and Reconstruction in South Africa, 1891–1907". Sport in History (Stellenbosch University) 20 (3): 37–57. - Bolligelo, Alana (6 November 2006). Tracing the development of professionalism in South African Rugby: 1995–2004. Stellenbosch University. Retrieved 13 April 2008.[dead link] - Dine, Philip (2001). French Rugby Football – Cultural History. Berg. ISBN 1-85973-327-1. - Farquharson, Karen; Marjoribanks, Timothy (2003). "Transforming the Springboks: Re-imagining the South African Nation through Sport". Social Dynamics 29 (1): 27–48. - Harding, Grant; Williams, David (2000). The Toughest of Them All: New Zealand and South Africa: The Struggle for Rugby Supremacy. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-029577-1. - Howitt, Bob (2005). SANZAR Saga – Ten Years of Super 12 and Tri-Nations Rugby. Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 1-86950-566-2. - McLean, Terry (1987). New Zealand Rugby Legends. Moa Publications. ISBN 0-908570-15-5. - Nauright, John (1997). Sport, Cultures, and Identities in South Africa. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-7185-0072-5. - Palenski, Ron (2003). Century in Black – 100 Years of All Black Test Rugby. Hodder Moa Beckett Publishers Limited. ISBN 1-86958-937-8. - Parker, A.C. (1970). The Springboks, 1891–1970. London: Cassell & Company Ltd. ISBN 0-304-93591-3. - Potter, Alex; Duthen, Georges (1961). The Rise of French Rugby. Wellington: A. H. & A. W. REED. - Smith, David; Williams, Gareth (1980). Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-0766-3. - Van Der Merwe, Floris (1992). "Sport and games in Boer prisoner-of-war camps during the Anglo-Boer war, 1899–1902". International Journal of the History of Sport (University of Stellenbosch) 9 (3): 439–454. doi:10.1080/09523369208713806. - "Winners archive – South Africa Rugby Team". Retrieved 4 September 2011. - "Statsguru / Player analysis / John Smit / Test matches: Match list". ESPN Scrum. Retrieved 7 October 2010. In this list, matches in which Smit appeared as a hooker are marked with "H", and those in which he was a prop are marked with "P". - "Matfield Named Springbok Captain for End-of-Year Tour" (Press release). 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Retrieved 26 April 2008. - Allen (2007), pg 182 - Parker (2009), pg 32 - Eberl, Nikolaus (30 October 2007). "Bafana Bafana need to put a sting in their tale". businessday.co.za. Retrieved 26 April 2008.[dead link] - Thomsen, Ian (14 November 1995). "World Champions Face Next Test: Springboks Blossom, Flowers of a New Land". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2008. - Allen (2007), pg 183 - "Springboks in Paris 1907–2007... part II". rugby-pioneers.blogs.com. 26 October 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2008. - "Africanders Contre Francois" (in French). Sports Universel Illustrés. January 1907. Retrieved 26 April 2008. - "1910 – South Africa". lionsrugby.com. Retrieved 26 April 2008.[dead link] - Standley, James (4 November 2004). "History favours Springbok slam". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 26 April 2008. - The All Blacks had first played Test rugby in 1903, and toured the British Isles in 1905. By 1921 they had won 19 Tests, drawn two and lost three. - Harding (2000) pg 16 - Zavos, Spiro (9 August 1997). "The Passion That Keeps An Old Rivalry Burning". Sydney Morning Herald. p. 52. - Harding (2000), pg 18 - Harding (2000), pg 20–21 - Davies, Sean (18 May 2005). "Early history of the Lions". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2008. - "1924 – South Africa". lionsrugby.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2008. - They were known as 'British Isles Rugby Union Team'—an official name that stayed with them into the 1950s. - "The Lions History – Part 1". planet-rugby.com. 24 May 2001. Retrieved 30 April 2008. - Harding (2000), pg 23 - Harding (2000), pg 25 - Harding (2000), pg 28 - McLean (1987), pg 162 - "Six Grand Slam successes". tvnz.co.nz. 24 November 2005. Retrieved 2 May 2008. - Massie, Allan (27 January 2003). "Rugby's great leap forward". The Scotsman. UK. Retrieved 2 May 2008. - "Dragons & Springboks: The first 100 years". wru.co.uk. 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Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 10 September 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2008. - Harding (2000), pg 65 - Harding (2000), pg 67 - Harding (2000), pg 69 - Harding (2000), pg 70 - Harding (2000), pg 71 - Harding (2000), pg 72 - Smith (1980), pg 368 - "Rugby Chronology". rfu.com. Retrieved 28 August 2007. - "Call to honour Maori denied AB caps", 22 April 2009, NZ Herald - Reid, Neil (9 May 2010). "Bee Gee: I never felt I was an honorary white". Sunday News. Retrieved 12 November 2011. - Brown, Michael (18 April 2010). "Rugby: Once was hatred". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 12 November 2011. - "Stopping the 1973 tour". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2008. - Doyle, Paul (6 October 2007). "Small Talk: JPR Williams". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 18 May 2008. - "Cavaliers rugby tour, 1986". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 23 October 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2008. - Carlin, John (2008). Playing the Enemy. New York: Penguin. pp. 110–113, 172. ISBN 978-1-59420-174-5. - "OSM's sporting plaques". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 23 May 2010. - "All Blacks and food poisoning before the 1995 Rugby World Cup final". Google. Retrieved 2 July 2010. - Independent Online. "News – World Rugby: Syndicate link to Kiwi poisoning of '95 (Page 1 of 2)". Iol.co.za. Retrieved 2 July 2010. - Sports Digital Media (11 June 2008). "Rugby World Cup 2011 The Unofficial Rugby World cup website". Worldcupweb.com. Retrieved 2 July 2010. - Green, Nick (5 October 2003). "Inside the mind of an All Black". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 23 May 2010. - Palenski (2003), pg 206 - This record was surpassed by Lithuania in 2010, but remains a record for "Tier 1" rugby nations. "Lithuania set new Rugby World Record". International Rugby Board. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010. - Standley, James (23 November 2002). "England rout sorry Springboks". BBC News. - "Krige in the spotlight". BBC Sport. 28 November 2002. Retrieved 6 August 2006. - "SA to play in Aviva rugby opener". BBC Sport. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2009. - "Springbok end-of-year fixtures confirmed". South African Rugby Union. 29 January 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2010. - Rees, Paul (4 June 2010). "Dispute over Butch James shows players' welfare is being ignored". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 8 June 2010. - "Boks relishing underdog tag – De Villiers". Supersport. 4 June 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2010. - "Aplon’s brace buries hapless French". Supersport. 12 June 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2010. - "Victor looking for RWC psychological boost". Supersport. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2010. - "Springboks too strong for gutsy Italy". Scrum. 19 June 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2010. - "Springboks blow Italy away". Scrum. 26 June 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2010. - "Boks acknowledged as greatest challenge". Super Sport. 7 July 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010. - "Boks bullied into defeat". Super Sport. Retrieved 14 July 2010. - Bolligelo (2006), pg 40 - Colquhoun, Andy (21 October 2007). "Springboks keep up search for the right blend of colour coordination". The Observer (UK). Retrieved 13 April 2008. - Evans, Ian (16 January 2008). "Symbol of unity: the Springbok vs the Protea.". The Independent (London). Retrieved 13 May 2011. - Quintal, Angela (16 October 2008). "'I also want to vomit on Bok jersey'.". Independent Online (Cape Town & Johannesburg). Retrieved 13 May 2011. - Fletcher, Iain (2 August 2003). "Pioneer who broke through all-white barrier". The Independent (London). Retrieved 13 May 2011. - McLook (7 September 2010). "1965 Springboks – last three tour matches.". Springbok Rugby. McLook's Letterdash Board. Retrieved 13 May 2011. - "Flower power to replace Springbok emblem.". Independent Online (Cape Town & Johannesburg). 14 March 2004. Retrieved 13 May 2011. - Bills, Peter (29 April 2009). "Cheeky Watson: 'I am disappointed in the integrity and character of the people leading South African rugby'.". The Independent (London). Retrieved 13 May 2011. - Evans, Ian (16 January 2008). "Symbol of unity: the Springbok vs the Protea". The Independent (UK). Retrieved 12 February 2008. - "Boks to wear original strip against Irish". IOL. Retrieved 5 November 2006. - "History of the ARU". Australian Rugby Union. Retrieved 6 August 2006. - Nicoll, Ruaridh (21 October 2007). "Strains show as nation cheers on the Boks". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 12 February 2008. - "Springbok badge to move to right". South African Rugby Union. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2009.[dead link] - "New Springbok jersey to be launched in time for British & Irish Lions tour". South African Rugby Union. 21 January 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2009.[dead link] - "The History of Ellis Park". eliispark.co.za. Archived from the original on 16 March 2007. 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|Regions with significant populations| |New York, Massachusetts, Michigan, Louisiana, Ohio, Iowa, Texas| |Related ethnic groups| Syrian Americans are residents of the United States of Syrian ancestry or nationality. This group includes Americans of Syrian ancestry, Syrian first generation immigrants, or descendants of Syrians who emigrated to the United States. Syrian Americans may be members of a number of differing ethnicities, including Arabs, Assyrians/Syriacs, Antiochian Greeks, Kurds, Armenians and Circassians. It is believed that the first significant wave of Syrian immigrants to arrive in the United States was in 1880. Many of the earliest Syrian Americans settled in New York, Boston, and Detroit. Immigration from Syria to the United States suffered a long hiatus after the United States Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924, which restricted immigration. More than 40 years later, the Immigration Act of 1965, abolished the quotas and immigration from Syria to the United States saw a surge. An estimated 64,600 Syrians emigrated to the United States between 1961 and 2000. The overwhelming majority of Syrian immigrants to the US from 1880 to 1960 were Christian, a minority were Jewish, whereas Muslim Syrians arrived in the United States chiefly after 1965. According to the United States 2000 Census, there were 142,897 Americans of Syrian ancestry, about 12% of the Arab population in the United States. The first Syrian immigrants arrived in the United States from Ottoman Syria. Most of them came from Christian villages around Mount Lebanon, while around 5-10% were Muslims of different sects. A small number were also Palestinians. According to historian Philip Hitti, approximately 90,000 "Syrians" arrived in the United States between 1899 and 1919. An estimated 1,000 official entries per year came from the governorates of Damascus and Aleppo, which are governorates in modern-day Syria, in the period between 1900 and 1916. Early immigrants settled mainly in Eastern United States, in the cities of New York, Boston and Detroit and the Paterson, New Jersey area. In the 1920s, the majority of immigrants from Mount Lebanon began to refer themselves as "Lebanese" instead of "Syrians". Syrians, like most immigrants to the United States, were motivated to immigrate to the United States to pursue the American Dream of economic success. Many Christian Syrians had immigrated to the United States seeking religious freedom and an escape from Ottoman hegemony. Thousands of immigrants returned to Syria after making money in the United States; these immigrants told tales which inspired further waves of immigrants. Many settlers also sent for their relatives. Although the number of Syrian immigrants was not sizable, the Ottoman government set constraints on emigration in order to maintain its populace in Greater Syria. The United States Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924, which greatly reduced Syrian immigration to the United States. However, the quotas were annulled by the Immigration Act of 1965, which opened the doors again to Syrian immigrants. 4,600 Syrians immigrated to the United States in the mid-1960s. Due to the Arab-Israeli and religious conflicts in Syria during this period, many Syrians immigrated to the United States seeking a democratic haven, where they could live in freedom without political suppression. An estimated 64,600 Syrians immigrated to the United States in the period between 1961 and 2000, of which ten percent have been admitted under the refugee acts. According to the United States 2000 Census, there are 142,897 Americans of Syrian ancestry living in the United States. New York City has the biggest concentration of Syrian Americans in the United States. Other urban areas, including Boston, Dearborn, New Orleans, Toledo, Cedar Rapids, and Houston have large Syrian populations. Syrian Americans are also numerous in Southern California (i.e. the Los Angeles and San Diego areas) and Arizona, many are descendants of farm laborers invited with their farm skills to irrigate the deserts in the early 20th century.. Many recent Syrian immigrants are medical doctors who studied at Damascus and Aleppo Universities and pursued their residencies and fellowships in the United States. The traditional clothing of the first Syrian immigrants in the United States, along with their occupation as peddlers, led to some xenophobia. Dr. A. J. McLaughlin, the United States health officer at Marine Hospital, described Syrians as "parasites in their peddling habits." However, Syrians reacted quickly to assimilate fully into their new culture. Immigrants Anglicized their names, adopted the English language and common Christian denominations. Syrians did not congregate in urban enclaves; many of the immigrants who had worked as peddlers were able to interact with Americans on a daily basis. This helped them to absorb and learn the language and customs of their new homeland. Additionally, military service during World War I and World War II helped accelerate assimilation. Assimilation of early Syrian immigrants was so successful that it has become difficult to recognize the ancestors of many families which have become completely Americanized. Post 1965 Immigration was mostly Muslim, and unlike their Christian counterparts they faced a somewhat greater difficulty in assimilating because of their Islamic faith and the "back to the roots" trend that gripped America in the 1960s and 1970s. Generally, they are not overly desirous of giving up their identity as Arabs, which might be a result of the bloom in multiculturalism to respect their Islamic religious customs and traditions in the United States. Christian Syrian Americans arrived in the United States in the late 19th century. Most Christian Syrian Americans are Greek Orthodox. There are also many Catholic Syrian Americans; most branches of Catholicism are of the Eastern rite, such as Maronite Catholics, Melkite Greek Catholics, Armenian Catholics, Syrian Catholics, and Assyrian Chaldean Catholics. There are only few minor differences between the different branches of Catholicism; such differences include the language/s church services are conducted, and the belief in papal infallibility. A few Christian Syrian Americans are Protestant. There are also members of the Assyrian Church of the East and Ancient Church of the East. The first Syrian American church was founded in Brooklyn, New York in 1895 by Saint Raphael of Brooklyn. There are currently hundreds of Eastern Orthodox churches and missions in the United States. Saint Nicholas and Saint George are popular saints for the Orthodox. Muslim Syrian Americans arrived chiefly after 1965. The largest sect in Islam is the Sunni sect, forming 74% of the Muslim Syrian population. The second largest sect in Islam in Syria is the Alawite sect, a religious sect that originated in Shia Islam but separated from other Shiite Islam groups in the ninth and tenth centuries. Most, if not all, Alawi Syrians come from the rural areas of Latakia Governorate. Muslim Syrian Americans have often found it difficult practicing their religion in the United States; For example, some Muslims, who are required to pray five times a day as part of Muslim rite, argue that there aren't enough mosques in the United States. Druzes form the third largest sect in Syria, which is a relatively small esoteric monotheistic religious sect. Early Syrian immigrants included Druze peddlers. Muslim Syrian Americans have often found it difficult practicing their religion in the United States; Syrian Jews first immigrated to the United States around 1908 and settled mostly in New York. Initially they lived on the Lower East Side; later settlements were in Bensonhurst and Ocean Parkway in Flatbush, Brooklyn. The Syrian Jewish community estimates its population at around 50,000. Early Syrian Americans were not involved politically. Business owners were usually Republican, meanwhile labor workers were usually Democrats. Second generation Syrian Americans were the first to be elected for political roles. In light of the Arab-Israeli conflict, many Syrian Americans tried to affect American foreign policy by joining Arab political groups in the United States. In the early 1970s, the National Association of Arab-Americans was formed to negate the stereotypes commonly associated with Arabs in American media. Syrian Americans were also part of the Arab American Institute, established in 1985, which supports and promotes Arab American candidates, or candidates commiserative with Arabs and Arab Americans, for office. Mitch Daniels, the current Governor of Indiana, is a descendant of Syrian immigrants with relatives in Homs. The majority of the early Syrian immigrants arrived in the United States seeking better jobs; they usually engaged in basic commerce, especially peddling. Syrian American peddlers found their jobs comfortable since peddling required little training and mediocre vocabulary. Syrian American peddlers served as the distribution medium for the products of small manufacturers. Syrian peddlers traded mostly in dry goods, primarily clothing. Networks of Syrian traders and peddlers across the United States aided the distribution of Syrian settlements; by 1902, Syrians could be found working in Seattle, Washington. Most of these peddlers were successful, and, with time, and after raising enough capital, some became importers and wholesalers, recruiting newcomers and supplying them with merchandise. By 1908, there were 3,000 Syrian-owned businesses in the United States. By 1910, the first Syrian millionaires had emerged. Syrian Americans gradually started to work in various métiers; many worked as physicians, lawyers, and engineers. Many Syrian Americans also worked in the bustling auto industry, bringing about large Syrian American gatherings in areas like Dearborn, Michigan. Later Syrian emigrants served in fields like banking, medicine, and computer science. Syrian Americans have a different occupational distribution than all Americans. According to the 2000 census, 42% of the Syrian Americans worked in management and professional occupations, compared with 34% of their counterparts in the total population; additionally, more Syrian Americans worked in sales than all American workers. However, Syrian Americans worked less in the other work domains like farming, transportation, construction, etc. than all American workers. According to the American Medical Association (AMA) and the Syrian American Medical Society (SAMS) which represents the American health care provoiders of Syrian descent www.sams-usa.net there are estimated 4000 Syrian physicians practicing in the United States representing 0.4% of the health workforce and 1.6% of international medical graduates. However the reported number of Syrian American phyicians does not include the second and third generation of Syrian descent, therefore it is estimated that there are 10,000 Syrian American physicians practice in the United States. Arabi M, Sankri-Tarbichi AG. The metrics of Syrian physicians' brain drain to the United States. Avicenna J Med [serial online] 2012 [cited 2012 Oct 27];2:1-2. Available from: http://www.avicennajmed.com/text.asp?2012/2/1/1/94802. The median level of earnings for Syrian men and women is higher than the national earning median; employed Syrian men earned an average $46,058 per year, compared with $37,057 for all Americans and $41,687 for Arab Americans. Syrian American families also had a higher median income than all families and lower poverty rates than those of the general population. Syrians value strong family ties. Unlike young Americans, young Syrians find leaving their family unnecessary to set up their independence; the reason being, is that Syrian society just like Southwest Asia, North Africa and the wider Eastern world, places great emphasis on the group rather than the individual. In the West the individual is key and the group is secondary. Respect and social status are important in Syrian societies. Men are respected for their financial success or their honesty and sincerity. Syrians are characterized by their magnanimity and graciousness, ethics which are integral to Syrian life." However, much of the Syrian traditions have diminished with time, mainly due to the fast pace of life in America which encourages individual independence. Syrians consider eating an important aspect of social life. There are many Syrian dishes which have become popular in the United States. Unlike many Western foods, Syrian foods take more time to cook, are less expensive and usually more healthy. Pita bread (khubz), which is round flat bread, and hummus, a dip made of ground chickpeas, sesame tahini, lemon juice, and garlic, are two popular Syrian foods. Baba ghanoush, or eggplant spreads, is also a dish made by Syrians. Popular Syrian salads include tabbouleh and fattoush. The Syrian cuisine includes other dishes like stuffed zucchini (mahshe), dolma, kebab, kibbeh, kibbeh nayyeh, mujaddara, shawarma, and shanklish. Syrians often serve selections of appetizers, known as meze, before the main course. Za'atar, minced beef, and cheese manakish are popular hors d'œuvre. Syrians are also well known for their cheese. A popular Syrian drink is the arak beverage. One of the popular desserts made by Syrians is the baklava, which is made of filo pastry filled with chopped nuts and soaked in honey. Syrian music includes several genres and styles of music ranging from Arab classical to Arabic pop music and from secular to sacred music. Syrian music is characterized by an emphasis on melody and rhythm, as opposed to harmony. There are some genres of Syrian music that are polyphonic, but typically, most Syrian and Arabic music is homophonic. Syrian music is also characterized by the predominance of vocal music. The prototypical Arabic music ensemble in Egypt and Syria is known as the takht, and relies on a number of musical instruments that represent a standardized tone system, and are played with generally standardized performance techniques, thus displaying similar details in construction and design. Such musical instruments include the oud, kanun, rabab, ney, violin, riq and tableh. The Jews of Syria sang pizmonim. Modern Syrian music has incorporated instruments from the West, including the electric guitar, cello, double bass and oboe, and incorporated influences from jazz and other foreign musical styles. Traditional clothing Traditional dress is not very common with Syrian Americans, and even native Syrians; modern Western clothing is conventional in both Syria and the United States. Ethnic dance performers wear a shirwal, which are loose, baggy pants with an elastic waist. Some Muslim Syrian women wear a hijab, which is a headscarf worn by Muslim women to cover their hair. There are various styles of hijab. Syrian Americans celebrate many religious holidays. Christian Syrian Americans celebrate most Christian holidays usually celebrated in the United States. They celebrate Christmas and Easter, but since most Syrians are Eastern Orthodox, they celebrate Easter on a different Sunday than most other Americans. Some Christians celebrate various Saints' days. Syrian American Jews celebrate the Jewish holidays, such as Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Purim, Passover and Shavuot. Few Syrians celebrate Syria's independence day, April 17. As American citizens, many Syrians celebrate American holidays like Memorial Day, Independence Day, and Thanksgiving Day. Muslim Syrian Americans celebrate three main Muslim holidays: Ramadan, Eid ul-Fitr (Lesser Bairam), and Eid ul-Adha (Greater Bairam). Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic year, during which Muslims fast from dawn to sunset; Muslims resort to self-discipline to cleanse themselves spiritually. After Ramadan is over, Muslims celebrate Eid ul-Fitr, when Muslims break their fasting and revel exuberantly. Muslims also celebrate Eid ul-Adha (which means The Festival of Sacrifice) 70 days after at the end of the Islamic year, a holiday which is held along with the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Hajj. Dating and marriage Syrian Americans prefer traditional relationships and disfavor casual dating. Muslims can only date after completing their marriage contact, kitabt al-kitab (Arabic: كتابة الكتاب, which means "writing the book"), a period that ranges from a few months to a year or more to get used to living with one another. After this time period, a wedding takes place and fulfills the marriage. Muslims tend to marry other Muslims only. Unable to find other suitable Muslim Syrian Americans, many Muslim Syrian American have married other Muslim Americans. Syrian American marriages are usually very strong; this is reflected by the low divorce rates among Syrian Americans, which are below the average rates in the United States. Generally, Syrian American partners tend to have more children than average American partners; Syrian American partners also tend to have children at early stages of their marriages. According to the United States 2000 Census, almost 62% of Syrian American households were married-couple households. Syrian Americans, including the earliest immigrants, have always placed a high premium on education. Like many other Americans, Syrian Americans view education as a necessity. Generally, Syrian and other Arab Americans are more highly educated than the average American. In the 2000 census it was reported that the proportion of Syrian Americans to achieve a bachelor's degree or higher is one and a half times that of the total American population. Many Syrian Americans now work as engineers, scientists, pharmacists, and physicians. Syrians are mainly Arabic speakers. While some may speak the formal literary Arabic, many Syrians speak Syrian Arabic, a dialect which belongs to the Levantine Arabic family of dialects. There are also sub-dialects in Syrian Arabic; for example, people from Aleppo have a distinct and distinguishable accent, one that differs considerably from that of people from Homs or Al-Hasakah. Syrians can usually comprehend and understand the dialects of most Arabs, especially those who speak any form of Levantine Arabic. Many old Syrian American families have lost their linguistic traditions because many parents do not teach their children Arabic. Newer immigrants, however, maintain their language traditions. The 2000 census shows that 79.9% of Syrian Americans speak English "very well". Throughout the United States, there are schools which offer Arabic language classes; there are also some Eastern Orthodox churches which hold Arabic services. Notable people and contributions Sometimes some confusion occurs between Greater Syria and the modern Syria when determining the place of origin of the earliest Syrian Americans. However, the following list comprises notable Americans who are originally people of modern Syrian heritage. - Paula Abdul (born June 19, 1962), is a television personality, jewelry designer, multi-platinum Grammy-winning singer, and Emmy Award-winning choreographer. According to Abdul, she has sold over 53 million records to date. Abdul found renewed fame as a judge on the highly rated television series American Idol. - F. Murray Abraham (born October 24, 1939), is an actor who won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Antonio Salieri in the 1984 film Amadeus. His career after Amadeus inspired the name of the phenomenon dubbed "F. Murray Abraham syndrome", attributed to actors who, after winning an Oscar, have difficulty obtaining comparable success and recognition despite having recognizable talent. - Moustapha Akkad (July 1, 1930 – November 11, 2005), was a film director and producer originally from Aleppo; Akkad is best known for producing the series of Halloween films, and for directing the Lion of the Desert and Mohammad, Messenger of God films. - Malek Jandali (born December 25, 1972), is an award-winning composer and pianist originally from Homs; Jandali is best known for arranging the oldest music notation in the world of Ugarit in his album Echoes from Ugarit. - Tige Andrews (March 19, 1920 – January 27, 2007), was an Emmy-nominated character actor who was best known for his role as "Captain Adam Greer" on the television series The Mod Squad. - Paul Anka (born July 30, 1941), is a singer and song writer. Anka rose to fame after many successful 1950s songs, earning him the status of a teen idol. (Some sources, such as The Canadian Encyclopedia and Time magazine, suggest that Anka is of Syrian descent, while other sources, including Anka's official website, suggest that he is of Lebanese descent.) - Michael Ansara (born April 15, 1922), is a stage, screen and voice actor. - Rosemary Barkett (born 1939), was the first woman to serve on the Florida Supreme Court, and the first woman Chief Justice of that court. She currently serves as a federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. - Mitch Daniels (born April 7, 1949), is the current Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana. - Hala Gorani (born March 1, 1970), is a news anchor and correspondent for CNN International. - Dan Hedaya (born July 24, 1940), is a prolific character actor notable for his many Italian American film roles. - Robert M. Isaac (born January 27, 1928), is the former Republican Mayor of Colorado Springs, Colorado. Elected in 1979, he was the first elected Mayor of the history of Colorado Springs, serving through 1997. - Alan Jabbour (born 1942), is a folklorist and a musician. - Steve Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011), was the co-founder and former CEO of Apple, the largest Disney shareholder, and a member of Disney's Board of Directors. Jobs is considered a leading figure in both the computer and entertainment industries. - Mohja Kahf (born 1967), poet and author - Peter Lupus (born June 17, 1932), is a bodybuilder and actor, known primarily for "Mission: Impossible". - Kurtis Mantronik (born September 4, 1965), is a hip-hop, electro funk, and dance music artist, DJ, remixer, and producer. Mantronik was the leader of the old-school band Mantronix. - Jack Marshall (born 1936), is an author and poet. - Louay M. Safi (born September 15, 1955), is a scholar and Human Rights activist, and a vocal critic of the Far Right. Author of numerous books and articles, Safi is active in the debate on nuclear race, social and political development, and Islam-West issues. He is the chairman of the Syrian American Congress. - Jerry Seinfeld (born April 29, 1954), is a comedian, actor, and writer, best known for playing a semi-fictional version of himself in the long-running sitcom Seinfeld, which he co-created and executively produced. - Teri Hatcher (born December 8, 1964), is an actress known for her television roles as Susan Mayer on the ABC comedy-drama series Desperate Housewives, and Lois Lane on Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman. Hatcher is Syrian from her mother's side. - Yasser Seirawan (born March 24, 1960), is a chess grandmaster and 4-time US-champion. Seirawan is the 69th best chess player in the world and the 2nd in the United States. - Mona Simpson (born June 14, 1957), is a novelist and essayist; Simpson is also a sister of Steve Jobs. - Kelly Slater (born February 11, 1972), is a successful professional surfer and an 11 time world champion. - Wafa Sultan (born 1958), is a well-known secular activist and vocal critic of Islam. In 2006, Sultan was chosen by Time Magazine to be on the Time 100 list of the 100 most influential people in 2006. - Vic Tayback (January 6, 1930 – May 25, 1990), was an actor who won two Golden Globe Awards for his role in the television series Alice. - Fawwaz Ulaby, is the R. Jamieson and Betty Williams Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan, and the former vice president for research. - M.Safwan Badr, is a Professor of Internal Medicine and Chief of Pulmonary/Critical Care and Sleep Medicine at the Wayne State University, and the president elect of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). See also - U.S. Census Bureau: Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2005[dead link] - "Lebanese and Syrian Americans". Utica College. Retrieved 2007-05-06. - "Immigrants, by Country of Birth: 1961 to 2005". United States Census. Archived from the original on 2007-04-03. Retrieved 2007-04-29. - A Community of Many Worlds: Arab Americans in New York City, Museum of the City of New York/Syracuse University Press, 2002 - Naff (1993), p. 3 - Ernest McCarus (1992). The Development of Arab-American Identity (Hardcoover ed.). University of Michigan Press. pp. 24, 25. ISBN 0-472-10439-X. - Hitti, Philip (2005) . The Syrians in America. Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-59333-176-2. - "Syrian Americans". Everyculture.com. Retrieved 2007-05-21. - Samovar & Porter (1994), p. 83 - Suleiman (1999), pp. 1-21 - McCarus, Ernest (1994). The Development of Arab-American Identity. University of Michigan Press. p. 26. ISBN 0-472-10439-X. - Samovar & Porter (1994), p. 84 - "Religion in Syria - Christianity". About.com. Retrieved 2007-05-22. - "St. Raphael of Brooklyn". Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America. Retrieved 2007-05-22. - "Orthodox Churches (Parishes)". The Antiochian Orthodox Church. Retrieved 2007-05-30. - Williams, Raymond (1996). Christian Pluralism in the United States: The Indian Experience. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-521-57016-6. - "Syria". The World Factbook. 2007. - "Religion in Syria - Alawi Islam". About.com. Retrieved 2007-05-22. - Zenner, Walter (2000). A Global Community: The Jews from Aleppo, Syria. Wayne State University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-8143-2791-5. - Kornfeld, Alana B. Elias. "Syrian Jews mark 100 years in U.S.". Jewish News of Greater Phoenix. Retrieved 2007-05-20. - Samovar & Porter (1994), p. 85 - The Arab Americans: a history by Gregory Orfalea, pg 224 - Naff, Alixa (1993). Becoming American: The Early Arab Immigrant Experience. Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-585-10809-4. - Levinson, David; Ember, Melvin (1997). American Immigrant Cultures: Builders of a Nation. Simon & Schuster Macmillan. p. 580. ISBN 0-02-897213-9. - Giggie, John; Winston, Diane (2002). Faith in the Market: Religion and the Rise of Urban Commercial Culture. Rutgers University Press. p. 204. ISBN 0-8135-3099-7. - "We the People of Arab Ancestry in the United States". United States Census. Retrieved 2007-05-20. - Davis, Scott (2002). The Road from Damascus: A Journey Through Syria. Cune Press. ISBN 978-1-885942-84-5. - Mahdi, Ali Akbar (2003). Teen Life in the Middle East. Greenwood Press. pp. 189–191. ISBN 0-313-31893-X. - Toumar, Habib Hassan (2003). The Music of the Arabs. Amadeus. ISBN 1-57467-081-6. - "Holidays". US Embassy in Damascus. Retrieved 2007-05-24. - Eichner, Itamar (2006-11-17). "Israeli minister, American Idol". YNetNew.com. Retrieved 2006-05-20. - Rocchio, Christopher (2007-03-14). "Paula Abdul dishes on Antonella Barba, 'Idol,' and her media portrayal". RealityTVWorld.com. Retrieved 2006-05-20. - Zeidler, Sue. "Is winning an Oscar a curse or a blessing?". Film.com. Retrieved 2007-05-20. - "Moustapaha Akkad". The Daily Telegraph (London). 2005-11-12. Retrieved 2007-05-20. - "Malek Jandali". National Public Radio (Houston). 2010-10-08. Retrieved 2010-10-08. - "'Mod Squad' actor Tige Andrews, 86, dies". USA Today. 2006-02-05. Retrieved 2006-05-20. - "Paul Anka". Historyofrock.com. Retrieved 2007-05-20. - "Anka, Paul". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2007-03-26. - "Paul the Comforter". Time. 1961-11-03. Retrieved 2007-03-26. - Leiby, Richard (2005-04-05). "Paul Anka's Deutsch Treat". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-03-26. - "FAQ". PaulAnka.com. Retrieved 2007-03-26. - "Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels". Official Indiana state site. Retrieved 2006-05-20. - Abbas, Faisal (2006-01-17). "Q&A with CNN’s Hala Gorani". Asharq Al-Awsat. Retrieved 2006-05-20. - "Dan Hedaya". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-05-20. - "Steve Jobs' Magic Kingdom". BusinessWeek. 2006-01-06. Retrieved 2006-09-20. - Burrows, Peter (2004-11-04). "Steve Jobs: He Thinks Different". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2006-09-20. - "Jerry Seinfeld". Vividseats.com. Retrieved 2006-05-20. - "Yasser Seirawan". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2006-05-20. - Abinader, Elmaz. "Children of al-Mahjar: Arab American Literature Spans a Century". USINFO. Archived from the original on 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2007-05-20. - Campbell, Duncan (2004-06-18). "Steve Jobs". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2006-05-20. - "Surf for Peace". Surfer Magazine. Retrieved 2009-06-17. - Nomani, Asra (2006-04-30). "Wafa Sultan". Time. Retrieved 2006-05-20. - "The TIME 100, 2006". Time. Retrieved 2006-05-20. - Maslin, Janet. "Vic Tayback". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-05-20. - Abu-Laban, Baha; Suleiman, Michael (1989). Arab Americans: Continuity and Change. AAUG monograph series. Belmont, Massachusetts: Association of Arab-American University Graduates. ISBN 978-0-937694-82-4. - Kayal, Philip; Kayal, Joseph (1975). The Syrian Lebanese in America: A Study in Religion and Assimilation. The Immigrant Heritage of America series. [New York], Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-8412-1. - Naff, Alixa (1985). Becoming American: The Early Arab Immigrant Experience. Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-585-10809-4. - Saliba, Najib (1992). Emigration from Syria and the Syrian-Lebanese Community of Worcester, MA. Ligonier, Pennsylvania: Antakya Press. ISBN 0-9624190-1-X. - Saliba Jerry Seinfeld Ticketsinventory.com Retrieved 2006-05-20. Missing or empty - Samovar, L. A.; Porter, R. E. (1994). Intercultural Communication: A Reader. Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-64440-6. - Suleiman, Michael (1999). Arabs in America: Building a New Future. NetLibrary. ISBN 0-585-36553-9. - Younis, Adele L. (1989). The Coming of the Arabic-Speaking People to the United States. Staten Island, New York: Center for Migration Studies. ISBN 978-0-934733-40-3. OCLC 31516579.

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United Nations Special Commission United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was an inspection regime created by the United Nations to ensure Iraq's compliance with policies concerning Iraqi production and use of weapons of mass destruction after the Gulf War. Between 1991 and 1997 its director was Rolf Ekéus; from 1997 to 1999 its director was Richard Butler. United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was an inspection regime created with the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 in April 1991 to oversee Iraq's compliance with the destruction of Iraqi chemical, biological, and missile weapons facilities and to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency’s efforts to eliminate nuclear weapon facilities all in the aftermath of the Gulf War. The UNSCOM inspection regime was packaged with several other UN Security Council requirements, namely, that Iraq’s ruling regime formally recognize Kuwait as an independent state and pay out war reparations for the destruction inflicted in the Gulf War, including the firing of Kuwaiti oil supplies and destruction of public infrastructure. Until the UN Security Council saw that Iraq’s weapons programs had been aborted and Iraqi leaders had allowed monitoring systems to be installed, the UN’s aforementioned sanctions would continue to be imposed on Iraq. The commission found corroborating evidence that Rihab Rashid Taha, an Iraqi microbiologist educated in England, had produced biological weapons for Iraq in the 1980s. The destruction of proscribed weapons and the associated facilities was carried out mainly by Iraq, under constant supervision by UNSCOM. Inspectors withdrew in 1998, and disbanded the following year amid allegations that the United States had used the commission's resources to spy on the Iraqi military. Weapons inspector Scott Ritter later stated that Operation Rockingham had cherry-picked evidence found by the United Nations Special Commission; evidence, he says, that was later used as part of the casus belli for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The successor of the United Nations Special Commission was the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission. The United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was headed by Rolf Ekéus and later Richard Butler. During several visits to Iraq by the United Nations Special Committee (UNSCOM), set up after the 1990 invasion of Kuwait to inspect Iraqi weapons facilities, weapons inspectors were told by Rihab Rashid Taha that the al-Hakam germ warfare center was a chicken-feed plant. "There were a few things that were peculiar about this animal-feed production plant," Charles Duelfer, UNSCOM's deputy executive chairman, later told reporters, "beginning with the extensive air defenses surrounding it." The powers given to UNSCOM inspectors in Iraq were: “unrestricted freedom of movement without advance notice in Iraq”; the “right to unimpeded access to any site or facility for the purpose of the on-site inspection...whether such site or facility be above or below ground”; “the right to request, receive, examine, and copy any record data, or information...relevant to” UNSCOM’s activities; and the “right to take and analyze samples of any kind as well as to remove and export samples for off-site analysis. Acceptance of the intrusion of the UNSCOM’s inspectors on the part of the Iraqi regime was slow coming. But with the threat of punitive military action looming from the international community, and particularly the U.S., Saddam Husain begrudgingly allowed UNSCOM’s inspectors into the country to begin their work. Between 1991 and 1995, UN inspectors uncovered a massive program to develop biological and nuclear weapons. A large amount of equipment was confiscated and destroyed. Iraq by and large refused to cooperate with UNSCOM and its inspections as mandated by UN SC Res. 687 until June 1992, ten months after deadline, at which time the Iraqi government submitted “full, final and complete reports” on all of its weapons of mass destruction programs. These reports, however, were found to be incomplete and deficient, and at the same time UN inspectors were subjected to harassment and threats on the part of the Iraqi regime. United Nations Security Council Resolution 699 was also passed in 1991, declaring that Iraq was responsible for all funding of UNSCOM’s inspections in Iraq. In 1995, UNSCOM's principal weapons inspector Dr. Rod Barton showed Taha documents obtained by UNSCOM from Israel that showed the Iraqi government had just purchased 10 tons of growth media from a British company called Oxoid. Growth media is a mixture of sugar, proteins and minerals that allows microscopic life to grow. It is used in hospitals, where swabs from patients are placed in dishes containing growth media for diagnostic purposes. Iraq's hospital consumption of growth media was just 200 kg a year; yet in 1988, Iraq imported 39 tons of it. Shown this evidence by UNSCOM, Taha admitted to inspectors that she had grown 19,000 litres of botulism toxin; 8,000 litres of anthrax; 2,000 litres of aflatoxins, which can cause liver cancer; clostridium perfringens, a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene; and ricin, a castor bean derivative which can kill by inhibiting protein synthesis. She also admitted conducting research into cholera, salmonella, foot and mouth disease, and camel pox, a disease that uses the same growth techniques as smallpox, but which is safer for researchers to work with. It was because of the discovery of Taha's work with camel pox that the US and British intelligence services feared Saddam Hussein may have been planning to weaponize the smallpox virus. Iraq had a smallpox outbreak in the 1970s and UNSCOM scientists believe the government would have retained contaminated material. UNSCOM learned that, in August 1990, after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, Taha's team was ordered to set up a program to weaponize the biological agents. By January 1991, a team of 100 scientists and support staff had filled 157 bombs and 16 missile warheads with botulin toxin, and 50 bombs and five missile warheads with anthrax. In an interview with the BBC, Taha denied the Iraqi government had weaponized the bacteria. "We never intended to use it," she told journalist Jane Corbin of the BBC's Panorama program. "We never wanted to cause harm or damage to anybody." UNSCOM found the munitions dumped in a river near al-Hakam. UNSCOM also discovered that Taha's team had conducted inhalation experiments on donkeys from England and on beagles from Germany. The inspectors seized photographs showing beagles having convulsions inside sealed containers. The al-Hakam germ warfare center, headed by the British-educated Iraqi biologist Dr. Rihab Rashid Taha, was blown up by UNSCOM in 1996. According to a 1999 report from the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency, the normally mild-mannered Taha exploded into violent rages whenever UNSCOM questioned her about al-Hakam, shouting, screaming and, on one occasion, smashing a chair, while insisting that al-Hakam was a chicken-feed plant. Iraq charged that the commission was a cover for US espionage and refused UNSCOM access to certain sites, such as Baath Party headquarters. Although Ekéus has said that he resisted attempts at such espionage, many allegations have since been made against the agency commission under Butler, charges which Butler has denied. Within the UN establishment in Iraq, UNSCOM was not without its critics, with the UN's humanitarian staff informally calling the inspectors 'UN-Scum'. In return, the UN's humanitarian staff were called "bunny-huggers". Also in 1996, the Iraqi ruling regime agreed to the terms of United Security Council Resolution 986, an oil-for-supplies agreement in which Iraq was allowed to sell $2 billion worth of oil every six months as a ways to purchase supplies for its increasingly impoverished and malnourished population. This agreement also allowed the UN to oversee the use and management of oil revenues, and to see that some of the funds went to pay war reparations and for the work of UNSCOM in Iraq during this period. The distribution of supplies purchased with oil revenues was also to be supervised by UN inspectors to ensure fair and equal distribution throughout the Iraqi population. 1998 Airstrikes Security Council Meeting On the evening of 15 December 1998 the Security Council convened to consider two letters from weapons inspectors. The IAEA report by Mohamed El Baradei stated that Iraq "has provided the necessary level of cooperation to enable... [our] activities to be completed efficiently and effectively". The UNSCOM report, authored by Richard Butler, deplored the restrictions, lack of disclosure, and concealment. While conceding that "[i]n statistical terms, the majority of the inspections of facilities and sites under the ongoing monitoring system were carried out with Iraq's cooperation," his letter listed a number of instances where unspecificed "undeclared dual-capable items" had been discovered, and where inspections had been held up so that buildings could be cleared of sensitive material. Since Operation Desert Fox had already begun at the time of the meeting (just hours after the inspectors had been evacuated), the Security Council debated about who was to blame for the military action, rather than whether they should authorize it. The Iraqi representative said: |“||I speak to you now while rockets and bombs are falling on the cities and the villages of Iraq... At a time when the Security Council... was discussing [the] reports..., and before the Council reached any conclusion on this subject, the United States and Britain launched their attack against Iraq. The two Powers requested a suspension of the informal meeting of the Security Council and their pretext for aggression was that one of the two reports -- the UNSCOM report -- emphasized the lack of full cooperation by Iraq with UNSCOM... Time and again we have warned against the partiality and lack of objectivity of the United Nations Special Commission... The UNSCOM Executive Chairman singled out in his report yesterday five incidents out of a total of 300 inspection operations... The exaggerated uproar about Iraqi weapons of mass destruction is nothing but a great lie.||”| The Russian ambassador added: |“||We believe that although there are certain problems..., the current crisis was created artificially... On the night of 15 December this year, [Butler] presented a report that gave a distorted picture of the real state of affairs and concluded that there was a lack of full cooperation on the part of Iraq. That conclusion was not borne out by the facts. Without any consultations with the Security Council, Richard Butler then evacuated the entire Special Commission staff from Iraq. At the same time, there was an absolutely unacceptable leak of the report to the communications media, which received the text before the members of the Security Council themselves... It is symbolic that precisely at the time when Richard Butler... was attempting to defend the conclusions reached in his report, we were informed about the strike against Iraq, and the justification for that unilateral act was precisely the report which had been presented by the Executive Chairman of the Special Commission.||”| The view of the Council was split, with several countries placing the responsibility on Iraq. The United States declared that "Iraq's policy of unremitting defiance and non-compliance necessitated the resort to military force". The United Kingdom stated that the objectives of the action were "to degrade Iraq's capability to build and use weapons of mass destruction, and to diminish the military threat Iraq poses to its neighbours. The targets chosen, therefore, are targets connected with his military capability, his weapons of mass destruction and his ability to threaten his neighbours." 1999: End of UNSCOM In December 1999, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1284, replacing UNSCOM with the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission. Four countries — among them Russia, France and China — abstained from voting on Res. 1284, which led the Iraqi regime to reject the resolution because they saw the resolution as a way for the UN to claim Iraq as a “protectorate.” UNSCOM’s intention of identifying and eliminating Iraqi weapons programs resulted in numerous successes, illustrating the “value of a system approach to biological arms verification,” as former UNSCOM Historian Stephen Black has written. But the overall effect of the UN sanctions on Iraqi in the 1990s proved devastating to an already crumbling country. Malnutrition rates among Iraqis increased and infant mortality rates soared, exacting a heavy toll on the people of Iraq not part of the ruling regime’s patrimonial “shadow state.” Allegations of CIA infiltration of UNSCOM Evidence that UNSCOM had been used by US intelligence to penetrate Iraqi security and track President Saddam Hussein's movements emerged in January 1999. An investigation by the Washington Post claimed that CIA engineers, working as UN technicians, installed equipment to spy on Iraqi sites without Butler's knowledge, and that this explained the unidentified "burst transmissions" that had been noted by the inspectors. Former UN weapons inspector Scott Ritter later accused some UNSCOM personnel of spying, and also alleged that the purpose of the spying was to target Saddam in the bombing. Butler, on the other hand, denied allegations that foreign intelligence agencies "piggybacked" UNSCOM and questioned the factual accuracy of several of Ritter's statements. On 31 August 1998, Ritter said: "Iraq still has proscribed weapons capability. There needs to be a careful distinction here. Iraq today is challenging the special commission to come up with a weapon and say where is the weapon in Iraq, and yet part of their efforts to conceal their capabilities, I believe, have been to disassemble weapons into various components and to hide these components throughout Iraq. I think the danger right now is that without effective inspections, without effective monitoring, Iraq can in a very short period of time measure the months, reconstitute chemical biological weapons, long-range ballistic missiles to deliver these weapons, and even certain aspects of their nuclear weaponization program." Almost a year later, in June 1999, Ritter responded to an interviewer saying: "When you ask the question, 'Does Iraq possess militarily viable biological or chemical weapons?' the answer is no! It is a resounding NO. Can Iraq produce today chemical weapons on a meaningful scale? No! Can Iraq produce biological weapons on a meaningful scale? No! Ballistic missiles? No! It is 'no' across the board. So from a qualitative standpoint, Iraq has been disarmed. Iraq today possesses no meaningful weapons of mass destruction capability. Butler resigned from UNSCOM on 30 June 1999. See also - In Shifting Sands: The Truth About Unscom and the Disarming of Iraq - documentary film directed by Scott Ritter - Iraq disarmament crisis and Iraq disarmament timeline 1990–2003 - UNSCOM personnel: Rolf Ekéus, Richard Butler (diplomat), Charles A. Duelfer, Scott Ritter, Corinne Heraud, Alexander Coker - United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 S-RES-687(1991) page 3 on 3 April 1991 (retrieved 2008-04-10) - Zilinskas, Raymond A., “UNSCOM and the UNSCOM Experience in Iraq,” Politics and the Life Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Aug., 1995), 230-231 - Tripp, Charles, “A History of Iraq,” (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 250 - What Happened to Saddam's WMD? Arms Control Today September, 2003 - Chief U.N. weapons inspector rejects spying allegations CNN January 6, 1999 - US silence on new Iraq spying allegations BBC News January 7, 1999 - Black, Stephen, “UNSCOM and the Iraqi Biological Weapons Program: Implications for Arms Control,” Politics and the Life Sciences,” Vol. 18, No. 1 (Mar., 1999), pp. 62-63 - Tripp, 250-251 - Zilinskas, 230 - "The Inspections Maze". Christian Science Monitor. 2002. Retrieved 2006-04-28.[dead link] - "Baghdad prevents inspections at Baath party headquarters". Arabic News.com. 12/11/1998. Retrieved 2006-04-28. - Wright, Susan (2002). Biological Warfare and Disarmament. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 272. ISBN 0-7425-2469-8. - Varadarajan, Siddharth (26 February 1998). "'UNSCUM' versus 'Bunny-huggers' in Iraq". The Times of India. - Tripp, 252 - United Nations Security Council PV S-PV-3955 on 1998-12-16 (retrieved 2007-04-04) - "LETTER DATED 15 DECEMBER 1998 FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ADDRESSED TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL". Un.org. Retrieved 2011-06-19. - United Nations Security Council S-1998-1172 on 1998-12-15 (retrieved 2007-04-04) - Julian Borger (17 December 1998). "Missile blitz on Iraq". The Guardian. - United Nations Security Council PV S-PV-3955 page 2 on 1998-12-16 (retrieved 2007-04-04) - United Nations Security Council PV S-PV-3955 page 3 on 1998-12-16 (retrieved 2007-04-04) - United Nations Security Council PV S-PV-3955 page 8 on 1998-12-16 (retrieved 2007-04-04) - United Nations Security Council PV S-PV-3955 page 5 on 1998-12-16 (retrieved 2007-04-04) - Tripp, 269 - Black, 68 - Graham-Brown, Sarah, “Sanctioning Iraq: A Failed Policy, Middle East Report, No. 215 (Summer, 2000), pp. 8-10 - Halliday, Denis J., “The Impact of the UN Sanctions on the People of Iraq,” Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Winter, 1999), pp. 29-33 - Mark Tran (7 January 1999). "UN 'spied on Iraq'". The Guardian. - Barton Gellman (2 March 1999). "U.S. Spied On Iraq Via U.N". Washington Post. - Julian Borger (3 March 1999). "UN 'kept in dark' about US spying in Iraq". The Guardian. - "Unscom 'infiltrated by spies'". BBC News. March 23, 1999. Retrieved 2006-04-28. - "The Lessons and Legacy of UNSCOM, an Interview with Ambassador Richard Butler". Arms Control Today. June 1999. - Arons, Nicholas (June 24, 1999). "Interview with Scot Ritter". Federation of American Scientists, June 24, 1999. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

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Young Woodley (1928 film) |Directed by||Thomas Bentley| |Produced by||Thomas Bentley |Written by||John Van Druten (play) |Distributed by||Regal Pictures| |Running time||8,162 feet| Young Woodley is a 1928 British silent drama film directed by Thomas Bentley and starring Marjorie Hume, Sam Livesey and Robin Irvine. The film was never released, and was subsequently remade by Bentley as a sound film Young Woodley in 1930. It was made at Cricklewood Studios. It was based on the play Young Woodley by John Van Druten. This silent version was released to the home movie market running 8 x 200 ft reels, standard 8mm on Amber Stock. The wife of a school headmaster becomes romantically involved with one of his pupils. - Marjorie Hume as Laura Simmons - Sam Livesey as Doctor Simmons - Robin Irvine as Woodley - Carl Harbord as Ainger - Gerald Rawlinson as Vining - John Cromer as Mr Woodley - Tom Helmore as Milner - Dorothy Black as Francesca - "BFI | Film & TV Database | YOUNG WOODLEY (1928)". Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk. 2009-04-16. Retrieved 2013-01-19. - Wood p.66 - Wood, Linda. British Films, 1927-1939. British Film Institute, 1986. |This article related to a British film of the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

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Alton Company v. United States (315 U.S. 15) United States Supreme Court ALTON COMPANY v. UNITED STATES (315 U.S. 15) Argued: Dec. 19-22, 1941. --- Decided: Jan 12, 1942 Appeals from the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Michigan. Mr. Amos M. Mathews, of Chicago, Ill., for Alton R. Co. et al. Messrs. Francis Biddle, Atty. Gen., and Daniel W. Knowlton, of Washington, D.C., for the United States and Interstate Commerce Commission. Mr. George S. Dixon, of Detroit, Mich., for John P. Fleming, doing business, etc. Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court. |This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).|

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We have 8 completed crocodile games This crocodile lives in the drain of the city. His mission is eating all the food that the people throw in there. He must to do it in order to keep the drains clean of food. Games: crocodile, animal, water, food, You are a little hungry crocodile. You are traveling around the world looking for juicy flies. However, you will face many dangers and enemies, so you have to be careful. Good luck! Games: crocodile, skill, platforms, animal, You are surfing an endless wave where you find lots of obstacles which do not allow you to do your best movements. Now, you have to avoid them if you want to arrive to the goal. Games: surf, crocodile, sharks, sea animals, Game based on the 'Animal Planet' series. You're Archie, The explorer. Your goal is to cross the river carrying first aid kits. Do it fast and show your skills. Games: kids, adventure, animal, animal planet, In this game you play the late Steve Irwin, the famous adventurer. The food supplies at the zoo have run low and your favourite crocodile is hungry; you'll have to feed it babies. Games: crocodile, blood, celebrities, sadists, In this game you have to help Kiara save Kovu from the crocodiles which are passing underneath the branch which she's hanging from. You'll have to jump on their backs in order to get to her. Games: kids, animal, water, jump, Miepie wants to eat a pie but it has a little problem: Droevie has sent his crocodiles to kill him! Help Miepie to eat that pie and survive to all attacks from the crocodiles. Games: cakes, kids, food, simple, Arnold is an electrician who works in underground pipes. One day he was working when suddenly he got trapped in a frightining place. It is full of crocodiles and dangers. Help him to escape from that place. Games: platforms, crocodile, dinosaur, pipes,

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Family: Cupressaceae, Cypress view all from this family Description Evergreen tree with a slender trunk and narrow crown. Assumes a shrubby growth form in exposed sites. Bark dark brown to gray, furrowed, fibrous, 3 cm. thick (1.2 in.) splitting into long strands. Shoots occasionally reaching 10 mm. (.4 in.) Ovulate cones up to 25 mm. long (1.0 in.) Staminate cones 3-4 mm. long (.12 - .1 in.). Dimensions Height: 10-15 m. (30-50 ft.) Diameter: 0.9 m. (3 ft.). Habitat Mountains, Scrub, shrub & brushlands. Discussion One of the most widespread of the California Cypresses. Named for the founder and director of Harvard University's Arnold Arboretum, Charles Sprague Sargent. Mr. Sargent authored the 14-volume Silva of North America.

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The significance of Alabama Unionists during the Civil War and Reconstruction has long been a subject of study among scholars. Largely centered in northern Alabama and to a lesser degree in the southeast region and in Montgomery and Mobile, Unionists were important both militarily and politically. Until recently, however, the details of this phenomenon have remained less well known, largely because the term Unionist (both then and now) has been used to refer to a range of different individuals and positions. In the broadest sense, Unionist has meant any white person who opposed secession (including those who later supported the Confederacy) and those who came to support the Union during the war despite having originally supported the Confederacy. This broad definition includes a very wide range of Alabamians—from the most well-to-do planters who ultimately become officers in the Confederate Army to the subsistence farmer who deserted the southern cause midway through the war. It is also possible to define Unionism more narrowly, confining the label to those individuals who resisted both secession and the Confederacy during the war. Such unconditional loyalists probably represented no more than 15 percent of Alabama's adult white population. They were mostly nonslaveholding farmers (though a small minority owned slaves) living in the northern third of the state. A few Unionists also lived in the piney woods and coastal plain further south. In many respects, these men and women were very much like their neighbors who supported the Confederate cause. The reasons they remained loyal to the Union were also quite diverse. Many saw secession as illegal, whereas others felt that it would dishonor the American Revolution and their own ancestors. Still others were certain that secession would end in political or military disaster. Many were influenced by the respected figures in their families or neighborhoods. Unionism in Alabama arose under the pressures of the presidential election of 1860. Nine months before, the state legislature had directed that, in the event of a Republican's election, a state secession convention would be called. By directly linking the presidential election to secession, the legislature fostered a political atmosphere that was particularly hostile to Unionists. Newspaper editorials and participants at community meetings condemned as traitors those who canvassed for Illinois senator Stephen Douglas, the nominee of the regular Democratic Party, rather than the southern-rights Democratic nominee, John Breckinridge. In the election, fully 80 percent of Alabama's eligible voters participated, giving Breckinridge a substantial victory, with 54 percent of the vote. John Bell, the Constitutional Union candidate who was supported by a number of Alabamians hostile to secession, received 31 percent of the vote. Douglas, the candidate most associated with a strongly Unionist position, polled slightly more than 15 percent. Republican Abraham Lincoln was not even on the ballot in Alabama. As promised, Alabama secessionists called a convention in the wake of Lincoln's election. The campaign for convention delegates provoked heated and sometimes violent debates among neighbors, forcing many to defend their positions in public. Of the 100 delegates elected, 53 were secessionists and 47 were cooperationists, a term that refers to the delegates' desire to secede only in "cooperation" with other southern states. In fact, the men elected on this platform represented a wide range of ideas about if, when, and under what circumstances to cooperate with secession and included a minority faction—probably less than one-third (the vast majority of them from the northern third of the state)—of unconditional Unionists who opposed secession outright. These delegates convened in Montgomery on January 7, 1861, and debated secession for four days. On January 11, 1861, the convention passed Alabama's Ordinance of Secession by a vote of 61 to 39. Many of those who voted against the ordinance, however, ultimately did support secession, and four immediately reversed themselves and signed with the majority. Among the opposition, 33 delegates subsequently signed the "Address to the People of Alabama," in which they pledged to consult with their supporters and then act on their wishes. Ten signatories of the address signed the ordinance to satisfy their constituents. Other delegates who rejected the ordinance eventually took active part in the war. Only three signers—Henry C. Sanford of Cherokee County, Elliot P. Jones of Fayette County, and Robert Guttery of Walker County—never signed the ordinance and maintained their Unionism throughout the war. Only two wartime Unionists—R. S. Watkins of Franklin County and Christopher C. Sheats of Winston County—signed neither the "Address" nor the Ordinance of Secession. Most of the men and women who supported the Union after Alabama's secession faced great difficulties. Many were ostracized and ridiculed by neighbors, called before community vigilance committees for questioning and intimidation, or actually harmed for endorsing the Union. Such treatment was most commonly meted out to those who publicly asserted their views; those who kept quiet and did not interfere with volunteering were often left alone during the first year of the war. After Confederate conscription began in April 1862, however, community tolerance of Unionists waned. Individuals who resisted the draft, for whatever reason, were subject to arrest and imprisonment. Family members who supported resisters were frequently threatened with violence or exile by conscript cavalry who hoped to pressure men to come in from the woods or mountains and surrender. In addition, it was not at all uncommon for the families of Unionists to be targeted for punitive foraging or arson by Confederate forces or local conscript cavalry. After the Union Army invaded Alabama in early 1862, Unionists had more opportunities to flee behind Union lines for safety and the possibility of employment as soldiers, spies, or laborers. Most well known of Alabama's Union troops was the First Alabama Cavalry, U.S.A., organized in late 1862 by Brig. Gen. Grenville M. Dodge, stationed at Corinth, Mississippi. The regiment served mostly in northern Alabama, western Tennessee, and northeastern Mississippi, though it marched with Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman to Savannah in 1864. Alabama Unionists also joined other federal regiments, particularly those from Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio. Those who remained at home, both within Union-occupied territory and behind Confederate lines, also actively assisted Union forces as spies and guides. In some cases, they collaborated with local African Americans (most often their own slaves) to aid and abet the Union Army or pro-Union men in their neighborhoods. Moreover, African Americans from Alabama also crossed the Union lines to serve as laborers and soldiers, and after the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect in 1863, many were inducted into United States Colored Troops regiments. Almost 5,000 African Americans, or 6 percent of Alabama's black male population between the ages of 18 and 45, volunteered in the Union ranks. As was the case throughout the South, by the midpoint of the war Alabama's original Unionists were increasingly joined in their dissent by deserters from the Confederate Army, mostly men whose families were struggling at home without their labor. Disillusioned by the realities of warfare, angered by the inequities of service under laws exempting slaveowners and selected professionals, such Alabamians generally wanted the war to end more than they desired Union victory, though some did cross lines and join the Union army rather than desert and avoid service altogether. A small peace movement also emerged at this time among men who had originally opposed secession but later supported the state. After the war, Unionists continued to struggle politically and socially, for their wartime activities had alienated them from their now-defeated neighbors. Most eagerly joined the Union League and the Republican Party. Some wartime Unionists helped reintroduce the Methodist-Episcopal Church (as contrasted with the Methodist-Episcopal Church, South) to northern Alabama, finding there a more hospitable environment for worship. Many campaigned strenuously to convince the president and Congress to limit the political rights of former Confederates. They also sought positions of local and state authority for others who had supported the Union during the war. At this point, a number of men who had originally opposed secession but supported the state in 1861, as well as citizens who had become disillusioned with the war, also moved to the fore of political life in Alabama. These moderates were, in general, encouraged by Pres. Andrew Johnson, who appointed such men to positions of political authority in the immediate post-war provisional governments he established. The Republican Party in Alabama was populated by such individuals, as well as core Unionists who had served in the Union Army or otherwise actively resisted the Confederacy. Both groups were referred to by their Democratic opponents as sc alawags. Under Congressional Reconstruction (1867-74) wartime loyalists gained greater political power than they had under Presidential Reconstruction, taking leading roles in the constitutional convention of 1867, the Freedmen's Bureau, and the Republican-dominated state legislature. Most also supported, though sometimes reluctantly, voting rights for African Americans as a means to gain political power over former Confederates. For their continued association with northern Republicans and support for African American equality, white Unionists were targeted for intimidation and physical violence by the Ku Klux Klan and other anti-Reconstruction vigilantes. As elsewhere in the South, Alabama Unionists and their Republican allies (white and black, northern and southern) received little in the way of federal assistance to defend against the onslaught of violence. As their party was overwhelmed by the Democratic opposition, Unionists retreated from the forefront of state politics, though those in communities with substantial loyalist populations continued in positions of local political leadership well into the late nineteenth century. Barney, William L. The Secessionist Impulse: Alabama and Mississippi in 1860. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974. Fitzgerald, Michael W. The Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agri cultural Change During Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989. Mills, Gary B. Southern Loyalists in the Civil War: The Southern Claims Commission. A Composite Directory of Case Files Created by the U.S. Commissioner of Claims, 1871-1880, including those appealed to the War Claims Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Court of Claims. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc. 1994. Rogers, William Warren, Jr. The Confederate Home Front: Montgomery During the Civil War. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1999. Storey, Margaret M. Loyalty and Loss: Alabama's Unionists in the Civil War and Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004. Margaret M. Storey Published December 14, 2007 Last updated October 3, 2011

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Analysis company Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) has forecast that the annual value of renewable energy capacity installed worldwide will rise in real terms from $195 billion in 2010 to $395 billion in 2020 and then $460 billion in 2030. It also stated that China would be spending just under $50 billion a year on green energy projects by 2014, while developing economies such as India, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America would see growth rates of between 10% and 18% between 2010 and 2020. BNEF director of commodity market research Guy Turner remarked: “These results indicate that last year’s record renewable energy investment was no one-off, despite the recent economic gloom.” Last month, Saeed Mohammed al-Tayer, the vice chairman of Dubai’s Supreme Council of Energy, revealed that the Emirate intended to build a new solar park as part of its efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 30% by 2030. BRITAIN’S oil and gas industry is set for a recruitment boom, despite claims the Chancellor’s tax hike is continuing to dent business confidence in the North Sea, it was revealed yesterday. The annual oil and gas survey, published by Aberdeen and Grampian Chamber of Commerce, says that the supplementary tax increase, announced by George Osborne to fund the government’s 1p cut in fuel duty, has had a negative impact on confidence and investment in the UK Continental Shelf. More than half of oil and gas companies surveyed reported that confidence remained weak and had impacted adversely on future North Sea investment. But, despite the continuing uncertainty, the report also reveals a dramatic change in recruitment plans by both major operators and contract companies in the North Sea. A total of 88 per cent of operators expect to increase their staff during the coming year – double the prediction made last November before the announcement of the shock tax increase. And the recruitment activity among the operators is being driven by expansion plans, according to the author of the report, Cliff Lockyer, from the Fraser of Allander Institute. His report also reveals that, in the battle to retain staff, some oil firms have been forced to offer 10 per cent pay rises to key employees as well as a range of fringe benefits – from free gym membership to extra days off – to prevent them being poached by rival companies. According to the report, 63 per cent of operating companies have reported rising activity this year with 50 per cent anticipating the need to increase operations during the coming year and the other 50 per cent anticipating at a least a standstill in current operations. In 2011 every single operator has also reported increasing the numbers of direct staff employed, while last year 29 per cent reported reducing the size of their workforces. The prospects for recruitment are even more bullish in forecasts for the next three years. The report states: “In the current survey 88 per cent (43 per cent in the previous survey) of operators expect to increase and 12.5 per cent to reduce their core staff and 63 per cent (57 per cent) to increase their contract staff over the next three years.” Mr Lockyer said that the ability to recruit personnel in a range of skills, including project engineers, technicians and skilled trades, remained a major problem throughout the North Sea. During the year, 95 per cent of contractors and 88 per cent of operators increased their pay rates in an effort to retain staff. The average pay increase was 5.9 per cent for operators and 7.4 per cent for contractors. But some companies increased their pay by more than 10 per cent to retain key employees. Our client is a dynamic E&P company with highly successful producing assets and an aggressive exploration and development program. The company is well known for it’s friendly and supportive culture and commitment to technical excellence and innovation. This is a great opportunity to join an international developer and distributor on cutting edge solar PV products With a turnover of over 1 billion euros and current supply of + 500MW this is truly an established business within solar and energy projects. They have offices throughout Europe and globally and are expanding at a fantastic rate They are looking for a skilled and experienced Solar Business Development and Sales Associate to drive their business and develop and expand their networks of accredited installers (mid-level) and commercial clients You should have a passion and drive to work for an international practice and realise the opportunities that come with this. PV and Solar Thermal renewables experience is additionally helpful As the chase for oil and gas moves further north, the oil services industry follows. Today Aker Solutions announces plans to establish a large engineering office in Tromsø as part of the company’s northern Norway strategy. The new office will gather knowledge and expertise related to the northern region. It will become involved in engineering and maintenance and modification projects on the entire Norwegian continental shelf and abroad, and be an integral part of Aker Solutions’ international competence network. “We believe in the reserves potential on the Norwegian continental shelf and in the Arctic. If the marked continues to develop positively and we are successful in our efforts to win work with customers in the region, we believe that we will have a substantial engineering hub in the North with 2-300 employees in three to five years,” says executive chairman of Aker Solutions, Øyvind Eriksen. The establishment of the Tromsø office is part of Aker Solutions’ overall strategy to increase the company’s footprint in the northern regions of Norway, driven by an increasing number of interesting field development opportunities offshore northern Norway and in the Barents Sea. Aker Solutions have worked closely with suppliers in northern Norway for many years. The Tromsø office will now develop a sourcing strategy for Aker Solutions in northern Norway and further strengthen our relationships with suppliers in the north. Tromsø is the largest city in this part of Norway and a regional centre with good connections to other key locations in the north and to other Aker Solutions offices in Norway. The university in Tromsø is becoming increasingly involved in oil and gas related research and education programmes, which is expected to fit well with Aker Solutions’ future competence requirements. Elsewhere in northern Norway, Aker Solutions is in the process of building up a subsea service base – housing engineers, technical staff and field operators – in Hammerfest to support the Goliath subsea field development. Aker Solutions has also recently acquired the Narvik-based well technology business X3M Invent. Aker Solutions is also considering establishing an engineering office in Sandnessjøen to support the company’s modifications and operations services business. “In June the Norwegian government announced a petroleum policy that clearly spelt out an expectation to the oil industry that activity at sea should have ripple effects on land through job and value creation. We support this drive because it makes business sense to both us and our customers,” adds Øyvind Eriksen. Aker Solutions is currently looking for suitable permanent office premises in the city. Recruitment for engineers for the Tromsø office will also start this winter. Aker Solutions today has offices and operations in the following Norwegian locations: Arendal, Asker, Bergen, Egersund, Fornebu, Hammerfest, Horten, Kristiansand, Kristiansund, Lier, Midsund, Moss, Narvik, Oslo, Porsgrunn, Stavanger, Trondheim and Ågotnes. Source: Aker Solutions Execute Piping Discipline engineering activities under the direction of a Lead or Senior Engineer. Work under the supervision of senior engineers to ensure that asset or project discipline engineering activities are executed within budget and schedule, while maintaining technical integrity. • Review, prepare and/or check work output of discipline assigned personnel. • Achieve safety standards as defined in personal performance contract. • Carry out work in accordance with project Health, Safety, Environmental and Quality systems. • Execute engineering activities (Concept, Front End Engineering Development, Technical Study & Detailed Design) • Maintain the required technical quality of work. • Identify scope and schedule changes in accordance with the Change Control Process. • Provide planning and cost control on all scopes. • Ensure that designs comply with the relevant Codes, Standards, Regulations and Procedures. • Provide technical assistance to discipline assigned personnel as required. • Ensure, as far as is practically possible, that all assigned work is carried out in compliance with the agreed budget and schedule. • Develop awareness of technical developments, National and International standards and legislative requirements related to the discipline scope. • Prepare estimates and schedules and assist in their review. • Maintain good communication with the Client. • Maintain the discipline filing system. • Encourage lateral learning within the project. • Carry out site visits where necessary. Our client is a supplier, contractor and installer of solar energy projects. With experience in both ground-based and building integrated PV, they specialise in the built environment, helping property owners transform existing real estate assets into generators of electricity. Over the past 20 years the group’s low carbon interests have grown to include biofuels, natural gas, smart grid design, coal-based clean energy, energy efficiency and carbon-capturing algae. Encouraging a new generation of enthusiastic engineers is vital to supporting the country’s growth, asserts Paul Jackson, Chief Executive of Engineering UK The engineering sector is at the forefront of rebalancing the UK economy and meeting climate change and renewable energy targets. Success is dependent upon both investment – on a scale not known since reconstruction after World War II – and on significantly boosting the skill levels of the UK workforce. With almost half a million engineering enterprises in the UK employing 4.5 million people, the engineering industry is one of the most significant drivers of the UK economy today. Industry trade body, the EEF, forecasts 3.8% growth in manufacturing for this year, outstripping the 1.1% for the economy as a whole. Additionally, the manufacturing sector has shown its highest rate of growth for 16 years. As the low-carbon economy expands, the demand for skilled engineers will be considerable, and engineers are also in demand for some of the country’s major infrastructure projects, such as Crossrail and the Olympics, so this is a good time for graduates to go into engineering. Demand is such that the UK needs to recruit an additional 587,000 workers between by 2017; however, falling numbers of young people available to work means that the sector must act now to identify opportunities to attract and retain talent. The uptake of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) subjects is increasing. Applicant numbers for all STEM subject groups have increased over an eight year period, including last year. Overall, applicants to engineering are up 14.3% over an eight year period, with the UK’s figures rising to 15.9%. Additionally, figures published in August 2011 show an increase for the fifth consecutive year in the number of students studying A-Level physics, while applications for physics courses at university are also up by more than 17% on last year; according to the Institute of Physics, for the first time since 2002, physics is back in the top 10 most popular subjects. Read more here http://www.publicservice.co.uk/feature_story.asp?id=17715 Construction company Carillion has warned 4,500 staff their jobs are at risk because of government plans for a dramatic cut in solar energy subsidies. The company has begun a statutory 90-day consultation period in its energy services division prior to the anticipated slashing of feed-in tariffs. The tariffs, known as FITs and paid by energy companies to households and communities who produce electricity via solar panels on their roofs, would be more than halved under government proposals. Ministers are also proposing cutting the subsidies by 12 December instead of April 2012, the date the solar industry is calling for. It is feared the changes could pose problems for Carillion, whose business includes a project to install and manage 30,000 solar panels for local authority and social housing. It is understood that the number of redundancies at the firm, which employs 50,000 staff worldwide, will be well below 4,500, but Carillion said it was too early to speculate on what the final figure would be. The company said in a statement: “As a result of the government’s changes to feed-in tariffs for solar photovoltaic installations, Carillion Energy Services proposes to accelerate and widen [its restructuring] programme. “Our solar business was growing strongly, but we expect the government’s plans for much larger and earlier than expected cuts to feed-in tariffs to reduce the size of the solar PV market significantly. In order to react to the effects of this on our business, we have launched a statutory 90-day consultation process with our people on how we can reshape our business. “Until the consultation process is complete it is too early to speculate on how many people will be affected, especially as we will explore all opportunities for redeployment.” The plans to slash financial incentives for installing solar panels has provoked anger from green groups, with Friends of the Earth planning to mount a legal challenge. The Department of Energy and Climate Change acknowledged the proposed changes would be “very difficult” but insisted it wanted an enduring future for the solar industry. “If we left things as they are, the FIT budget would be eaten up entirely, and that would be even worse for those in this sector and those working on other technologies too,” a spokesman said. “We believe solar PV can have a strong and vibrant future in the UK and we are proposing changes to ensure a lasting FITs scheme to support that future.”

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From staff reports Limestone County is under a flood warning until 4:30 p.m. today. A statement from National Weather Service in Huntsville says 1 to 2 inches of rain are possible today. The rain falling onto an already saturated ground will run off and produce flooding of more area roads and highways, especially in and near flood-prone areas. Further rises in area rivers and streams levels could cause additional flooding problems. A flood warning means that flooding is imminent or has been reported. Stream rises will be slow and flash flooding is not expected Do not drive your vehicle into areas where the water covers the roadway. The water depth may be too great to allow your car to cross safely. Move to higher ground.

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Now you’re faced with a question: What is the quickest and easiest way to mark the engraving lines prior to staining the design elements? Stephen suggests the following method. - Correctly position the template on the concrete that has been stained with the base color (the light brown portion in the above photo.) - Use gray spray paint (flat) to lightly trace the cut lines. The photo shows examples using gray and black paint. This is for demo purposes only. Gray is much more forgiving on the job site since it resembles the color of the cut lines and decreases the need for extra touch ups with the Wasp. - Remove the template. You now have “coloring book” outlines of the design as shown in the photo. - Apply decorative concrete stain to each segment according to your design plan. - Apply concrete sealer. - Reposition the template using the paint outlines as a guide. - Engrave using KaleidoCrete tools. The spray paint will be removed by the engraving process. When you need templates or have questions about their use, give Stephen a call at 800-884-2114.

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THE GOOD SHEPHERD Story The Good Shepherd is a spy film directed by Robert De Niro and starring Matt Damon and Angelina Jolie. Laconic and self-contained, Edward Wilson heads CIA covert operations during the Bay of Pigs. The agency suspects that Castro was tipped, so Wilson looks for the leak. As he investigates, he recalls, in a series of flashbacks, his father's death, student days at Yale (poetry; Skull and Bones), recruitment into the fledgling OSS, truncated affairs, a shotgun marriage, cutting his teeth on spy craft in London, distance from his son, the emergence of the Cold War, and relationships with agency, British, and Soviet counterparts. We watch his idealism give way to something else: disclosing the nature of that something else is at the heart of the film's narration as he closes in on the leak. Edward Wilson, the only witness to his father's suicide and member of the Skull and Bones Society while a student at Yale, is a morally upright young man who values honor and discretion, qualities that help him to be recruited for a career in the newly founded Office of Strategic Services (OSS, the predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency). While working there, his ideals gradually turn to suspicion influenced by the Cold War paranoia present within the office. Eventually, he becomes an influential veteran operative, while his distrust of everyone around him increases to no end. His dedication to his work does not come without a price though, leading him to sacrifice his ideals and eventually his family.

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I created Hackerspace Passports to - help promote people visiting as many hackerspaces around the world as possible - increase collaboration - increase cross-pollination so we can all learn from one another - encourage all hackerspaces to support each other - (And it's fun.) These Hackerspace Passports look a lot like US Passports, but no fingerprints needed! And, rather than a requirement for passing borders, they are intended to encourage it! Hackerspace and hacker cons around the world have made their own stamps, so people can get their Hackerspace Passport stamped everywhere they go! I released the first 2600 of these at Chaos Communication Camp 2011, which seemed appropriate to me, since the previous Camp (in 2007) was the birthplace of the new wave of hackerspaces. I brought 3 stamps with me to Camp: - Hardware Hacking Tent (which I'm helping organize) - a stamp I made for CCCamp2011 The Hackerspace Passports cost me about €1 each, and that's what I sold them for. My hope was that all hackerspaces and all hacker conferences would make their own stamps, so that hackers can travel the world and share their stories with one another by showing off the stamps in their passport. It worked! Each page of the Hackerspace Passport can accommodate 4 stamps of 41mm x 47mm, or 1 stamp up to 89mm x 118mm. Below are some drafts for website badges to promote that your hackerspace has stamps to support these passports. Source link: Media:Passport-badges.svg Clicking on these badge buttons should link back to this wiki or to a custom page that your hackerspace uses to show off their stamps. Note: At this time these are not official buttons but just drafts. Button look subject to change. Check back often. Sample HTML Code to cut and paste into your site: <a href=https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Passport> <img src=https://www.noisebridge.net/images/1/11/Passport-badge-iron.png alt="Hackerspace Passports Accepted Here" title="Hackerspace Passports Accepted Here" border=0></a> Making Your Own Hackerspace Passports If you want to make your own Hackerspace Passports, then please do! If you make your own then you can do it any way you want! You can call it whatever you want! You can create your own artwork! You can make it any shape you want! You can do anything you wish, since it is yours! You can also grab the original artwork, and use it verbatim, or hack it for your purposes. The artwork is entirely free and open source. See the links, below, for the print-ready PDF, and also the source artwork. To make 2,600 of them, I used a local printer, named Valencia Printing, on Valencia St, in San Francisco. But any printer can print these. Of course, the fewer you make, the more expensive it is to make each one. Valencia Printing used 4-color printing on the inside pages, and used thick cardstock for the cover, using navy-blue and white ink on the cover. It would be even nicer (I think) if the cover were colored vinyl, with silver or gold embossed artwork (but Valenica Printing couldn't do that for me in the short amount of time I had to get 2,600 of them made between when I had the idea in July and before Chaos Camp in August-2011). Download the Passport artwork! Here is a link to the edit-able source:

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Report: Connecticut Drivers Likely To Fight Toll Ideas — Courant.comJan 20th, 2009 | By Environmental Headlines -- CT environmental news | Category: River, Tolls, Transportation Report: Connecticut Drivers Likely To Fight Toll Ideas — Courant.com: “Consultants studying the possibility of reinstating tolls on some Connecticut highways are warning that officials could face a tough battle from the public. The state Transportation Strategy Board is reviewing a report by Cambridge Systematics, a Massachusetts consultant expected to unveil the results of its $1 million analysis next month. Karen Burnaska, a member of the Transportation Strategy Board, said that a small state like Connecticut faces complex issues with tolls. “We have a lot to consider,” Burnaska said. “Connecticut has some very unique features and you can’t assume that what works on the Massachusetts Turnpike will work on I-95.”

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The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication. - Nesis, K. N. 1987. Cephalopods of the World: Squids, Cuttlefishes, Octopuses, and Allies. 351 - Steenstrup, J. 1887. Notae Teuthologicae, 7. Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, 1887. 67-126 - Sweeney, M. J. and C. F. E. Roper / N. A. Voss, M. Vecchione, R. B. Toll and M. J. Sweeney, eds. 1998. Classification, type localities and type repositories of recent Cephalopoda. Systematics and Biogeography of Cephalopods. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 586 (I-II). 561-599 - Verrill, A. E. 1880-1881. The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America. Part II. The smaller cephalopods, including the "squids" and the octopi, with other allied forms. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences 5(6):259-446, 33 pls. EOL content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. As a result, from time to time you may find pages on EOL that are confusing. To request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. Thank you!

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Scientists aim to describe a single 'tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. However, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. EOL reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific 'classifications'. Some species have been named more than once. Such duplicates are listed under synonyms. EOL also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages. marks the preferred classification for this taxon. EOL content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. As a result, from time to time you may find pages on EOL that are confusing. To request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. Thank you!

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The names chiseled onto city tenement building entrances are often pretty puzzling. The typical tenement is more than 100 years old. With the original builders long-gone, who can explain where some of these names come from, and why they were chosen? Like Novelty Court, on Driggs Avenue in Williamsburg. Actually, a little research turned up an explanation: this used to be the site of the Novelty Theater, according to Cinema Treasures, which disappeared from city directories by the 1920s. A. Segal’s (Secal’s?) Apartments are also in Williamsburg. But who was A. Segal, and why did he put his first initial and last name on his building? Blennerhasset sounds like Manhasset, a town in Long Island. I’ve never seen the name anywhere else but on this tenement near Columbia University. Who was Frances, and how would she feel about the terrible shape the building named for her is in, on Lexington Avenue in East Harlem?

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America protects its homeland with the most technologically advanced military force ever conceived. Although they fight 21st-century battles worldwide, the technology unleashed is directly descended from a war fought more than 140 years ago. This episode explores how the War between North and South was the first modern war, and the technology used in it was a quantum leap beyond any previous conflict. The machine gun, aerial reconnaissance, advanced battlefield medicine, instantaneous communication, ironclad ships, even the first aircraft carrier were all innovations developed during the Civil War. We’ll investigate improvements in weapons, sea power, transportation, troop conveyance, food processing, medical care, and telecommunications. At a time when the nation was divided, Civil War technology revolutionized the way war was waged. Today, those technological milestones have evolved to ensure that our modern military has no equal in the world. Archive for May, 2005 When Stacy insists her husband Mark get tests, House insists he can handle things. But despite the fact Mark’s tests prove negative, his steadily growing symptoms indicate he is dying. While House struggles with the mystery and makes increasing demands on his staff, Wilson worries about House’s emotional well-being, and Cuddy considers adding a new employee to the clinic. Built around “first look, first shot, first kill” design, the F/A-22 Raptor, the most advanced aircraft of its breed, is set to become the Air Dominance Fighter of the 21st century. Deadly and undetectable at long-range, this super-jet is the latest in 5th generation fighter technology. Capable of super-cruise and packing an array of deadly missile systems, this stealth jet blends dogfighting skill with precision-strike ground attack capability and can intercept and strike any target with near impunity. In the 1980s, as Cold War tensions heightened and US defense spending increased, the Air Force decided it needed a replacement fighter for its F15 Eagle. The Advanced Tactical Fighter program was born, and the largest, most expensive program of its kind hatched the Raptor. Follow the 25-year development of America’s deadliest fighter and see how stealth, super-cruise, and integrated avionics combine to create a fighter without equal. It’s Super! It’s Krazy! And it can be found in everything from carpet to computers, books to boats, shoes to the Space Shuttle. It’s even used in surgery! Without it, our material world would simply fall apart. In this episode, we’ll visit the stuck-up, tacky world of glue. Glue’s sticky trajectory spans human history and we’ll cover it all–from Neolithic cave dwellers who used animal glue to decorate ceremonial skulls to modern everyday glues and their uses, including Elmer’s glue, 3M’s masking and Scotch tape, and the super glues. Remember the Krazy Glue commercial in which a man held himself suspended from a hard hat that had just been glued to a beam? Well, that 1970s vintage ad understates the power of glue. With the help of a crane, we’re going to hoist a 6,000-pound pickup truck off the ground by a steel joint that’s been bonded with glue! House’s ex-girlfriend Stacy Warner returns – not for House but to get help for her ailing husband. While House decides whether or not to take her case, Cuddy forces him to present a lecture to a class of medical students. As he weaves the stories of three patients who all present with a similar symptom, House gives a lecture the students will never forget. The history of civilization has been built on the back of brick, and it’s been said that “architecture itself began when two bricks were put together well.” From great Egyptian temples to the Roman aqueducts, the Great Wall of China, and the dome of the Hagia Sophia, brick is one of the oldest, yet least celebrated, building materials manufactured by man. In this hard-packed episode, we explore brick’s past, highlighting defining moments, such as the Great London Fire of 1666, the zenith years of brick in the New York Hudson River Valley, and brick as an essential building block in infrastructure and industry. We’ll feature advancements through the ages as well as construction techniques, trends, and the future of brick construction. Essentially, brick is still just burnt clay…it has been around for thousands of years, but continues to serve as the backdrop of the modern age. House apparently triggers a stroke in a clinic patient, but the major topic of discussion is House’s imminent date with Cameron, The team must deal with the patient’s odd lifestyle, overbearing “friend,” and reluctant parents in order to stop the strokes and try to save his life. Meanwhile, Wilson, Cuddy and the team offer House and Cameron advice while laying odds on the outcome. During an meningitis outbreak which overwhelms the clinic, House is drawn to a single patient: a 12-year-old whose symptoms don’t quite match everyone else’s. House, Foreman, and Chase must devise ingenious ways and locations to treat the girl’s delicate condition in the middle of the chaos, and make an unexpected discovery. Meanwhile, House asks Cameron to come back to her job but she has one requirement that he might not be able to meet.

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The Chinook Arch November 14, 2001 The above photo was taken at evening twilight in Calgary, Alberta by Jeff McIntosh. On the lee (eastern) side of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and the province of Alberta in Canada, chinook winds occasionally bring respite from cold weather. Chinook is an Indian name meaning "snow eater." These warm, westerly winds result from downslope winds - air moving across the Rocky Mountains and down onto the prairies. During those cold, dull gray winter days, Albertans sometimes look toward the mountains for the Chinook Arch, a curved patch of blue sky (as shown above) that indicates that warm winds are approaching. Over this past weekend, a strong chinook was felt in Alberta and Montana. Chinooks typically occur from early November to late March.

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Street, S., 2002. Between the Ears, The Colour of Sound. Radio. BBC Radio 3. February 2002. 22:30. Full text not available from this repository. Three shorts: 'Listening to Lists', 'The Colour of Sound' and 'In a Child's Ear' 1. 'Listening to Lists' examines how writers artists and film-makers have used lists in their work. Includes interviews with poet Don Paterson, artist Emma Kay who reconstructs epic historical, geographical or fictional stories entirely from memory, and Peter Greenaway, director of the films 'Goole by Numbers', 'Drowning by Numbers', '1 - 100' and '26 Bathrooms'. 2. 'The Colour of Sound' Composer Jonathan Harvey, painter George Dannatt and poet and academic Sean Street help Peter White, who has been blind from birth, to consider how he perceives colour based on sound and music. 3. 'In a Child's Ear'. Poets and aurologists examine how babies make sense of the cacophony that greets them when they leave the womb. |Edition:||Saturday 09 Feb 02| |Series Name:||Between the Ears| |Subjects:||Social Sciences > Communication, Cultural and Media Studies| |Group:||Media School > Institute for Media and Communication Research| |Deposited By:||INVALID USER| |Deposited On:||05 Mar 2009 21:32| |Last Modified:||07 Mar 2013 15:03| |Repository Staff Only -| |BU Staff Only -| |Help Guide -||Editing Your Items in BURO|

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Tom Kamin (2012) Remote Central Heating Control. EngD thesis. Modern microcontroller technology allows for easy communication with a remote location over the Internet. In our thesis, we designed an embedded system, which allows the user to remotely control the central heating system through a web interface. The embedded system consists of a microcontroller development board Arduino Mega 2560, a network- based microcontroller module Wiznet W5100 and a DS1621 digital temperature sensor. The user interface consists of a matrix keyboard and a LCD character display. For the embedded system, we have developed software that allows the user to control and display the current ambient temperature on the LCD screen. Central heating is controlled by a power relay. We have developed a complementary information system in the form of a web interface that allows the user to monitor and adjust the ambient temperature and also monitor various embedded system's status data from a remote location. The web interface has been developed on ASP.NET platform. Administration pages have been added for the purpose of user and embedded system's data manipulation and storing. As a conclusion, we have designed a printed circuit board of our embedded system, but the circuit has not yet been etched. For the purposes of designing the printed circuit, CadSoft EAGLE PCB development tool has been used. Actions (login required)

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Menezes, Pradeep L and Kishore, * and Kailas, Satish V (2006) Studies on friction and transfer layer using inclined scratch. In: Tribology International, 39 (2). pp. 175-183. Restricted to Registered users only Download (562Kb) | Request a copy Friction influences the nature of transfer layer formed at the interface between die and sheet during forming. In the present investigation, basic studies were conducted using 'Inclined Scratch Test' to understand the mechanism of transfer layer formation during sliding of pins made of an Al-Mg alloy on EN8 steel flats of different surface roughness under dry and lubricated conditions. The surfaces produced can be categorized into three different types: (a) uni-directional (b) 8-ground and (c) random. Rubbing the EN8 flat in a uni-directional manner and a criss-cross manner on emery sheets produced the uni-directional and 8 ground surfaces. The random surfaces were produced by polishing the EN8 flats using various abrasive powders. The influence of the 'nature of surface roughness' on material transfer and coefficient of friction were investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy studies were performed on the contact surfaces of the Al-Mg alloy pins and EN8 steel flats to reveal the morphology of the transfer layer obtained. It was seen that the transfer layer is dependant on the coefficient of friction. The coefficient of friction, which has two components-the adhesion component and the plowing component, is controlled by the 'nature of surface'. A surface that promotes plane strain conditions near the surfaces increases the plowing component of friction. |Item Type:||Journal Article| |Additional Information:||Copyright for this article belongs to Elsevier.| |Keywords:||Friction; Nature of surface; Inclined scratch| |Department/Centre:||Division of Mechanical Sciences > Materials Engineering (formerly Metallurgy) Division of Mechanical Sciences > Mechanical Engineering |Date Deposited:||19 Jan 2006| |Last Modified:||19 Sep 2010 04:23| Actions (login required)

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http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/5163/

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Molecular approach to the phylogenetics of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) using partial sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA*1 Arango, Claudia P. (2003) Molecular approach to the phylogenetics of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) using partial sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA*1. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28 (3). pp. 588-600. |PDF (Published Version) - Repository staff only - Requires a PDF viewer such as GSview, Xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader| View at Publisher Website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(03)... The phylogenetic relationships among major evolutionary lineages of the sea spiders (subphylum Pycnogonida) were investigated using partial sequences of nuclear DNA, 18S, and 28S ribosomal genes. Topological differences were obtained with separate analyses of 18S and 28S, and estimates of phylogeny were found to be significantly different between a combined molecular data set (18S and 28S) and a subset of a morphological data matrix analyzed elsewhere. Colossendeidae played a major role in the conflicts; it was closely related to Callipallenidae or Nymphonidae with 18S or 28S, respectively, but related to Ammotheidae according to morphological characters. Austrodecidae was defined as a basal taxon for Pycnogonida by these molecular data. The 18S sequences were surprisingly conserved among pycnogonid taxa, suggesting either an unusual case of slow evolution of the gene, or an unexpected recent divergence of pycnogonid lineages. Notwithstanding difficulties such as non-optimal taxon sampling, this is the first attempt to reconstruct the pycnogonid phylogeny based on DNA. Continued studies of sequences and other characters should increase the reliability of the analyses and our understanding of the phylogenetics of sea spiders. |Item Type:||Article (Refereed Research - C1)| No current JCU email address available. |Keywords:||molecular approach; phylogenetics; sea spiders| |FoR Codes:||06 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES > 0603 Evolutionary Biology > 060399 Evolutionary Biology not elsewhere classified @ 100%| |SEO Codes:||97 EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE > 970106 Expanding Knowledge in the Biological Sciences @ 100%| |Deposited On:||29 Nov 2010 12:35| |Last Modified:||18 May 2013 01:16| Last 12 Months: 1 |Citation Counts with External Providers:| Repository Staff Only: item control page

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http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/13802/

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Taylor, Adam and Wlodarski, Brenda and Prior, Ian A. and Wilson, P. J. M. and Jarvis, Jonathan C. and Ranganath, L. R. and Gallagher, J. A. (2010) Ultrastructural examination of tissue in a patient with alkaptonuric arthropathy reveals a distinct pattern of binding of ochronotic pigment. Rheumatology, 49 (7). pp. 1412-1414. ISSN 1462-0324Full text not available from this repository. SIR, we report a female with known alkaptonuria (AKU) undergoing routine hip replacement surgery due to alkaptonuric arthropathy. AKU is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme that breaks down homogentisic acid (HGA), resulting in elevated circulation of HGA levels in the body. HGA is deposited as a polymerized pigment in collagenous connective tissues, predominantly in the weight-bearing joints . It has also been shown to affect other non-joint tissues [2, 3]. Ligamentous capsule was processed routinely for histology and electron microscopy. Macroscopically, ochronotic pigment was clearly visible alongside non-pigmented regions. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed the presence of extracellular pigmentation associated with the collagen fibres and also intracellular pigmentation within fibroblasts. This novel intracellular pigmentation appeared as numerous individual granules located within the cytoplasm of single fibroblasts (Fig. 1A). Extracellular pigmentation appeared as two distinct types: a granular deposition, similar to that within the cells, but also more homogeneous pigmentation that completely encrusted the collagen fibres. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that collagen fibres in transverse section had numerous electron-dense granules of ochronotic pigment associated with them. These granules varied in position and distribution among the fibres. Some had single granules of pigment located within the cross-section of … |Journal or Publication Title:||Rheumatology| |Departments:||Faculty of Health and Medicine > Medicine| |Deposited On:||12 Dec 2011 09:44| |Last Modified:||26 Jul 2012 19:59| Actions (login required)

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http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/51995/

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Chatfield, Steven P. and Stirnber, G. Petra and Forde, Brian G. and Leyser, H. M. Ottoline (2000) Hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Journal, 24 (2). pp. 159-169. ISSN 0960-7412Full text not available from this repository. Apically derived auxin has long been known to inhibit lateral bud growth, but since it appears not to enter the bud, it has been proposed that its inhibitory effect is mediated by a second messenger. Candidates include the plant hormones ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid. We have developed a new assay to study this phenomenon using the model plant Arabidopsis. The assay allows study of the effects of both apical and basal hormone applications on the growth of buds on excised nodal sections. We have shown that apical auxin can inhibit the growth of small buds, but larger buds were found to have lost competence to respond. We have used the assay with nodes from wild-type and hormone-signalling mutants to test the role of ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid in bud inhibition by apical auxin. Our data eliminate ethylene as a second messenger for auxin-mediated bud inhibition. Similarly, abscisic acid signalling is not to be required for auxin action, although basally applied abscisic can enhance inhibition by apical auxin and apically applied abscisic acid can reduce it. By contrast, basally applied cytokinin was found to release lateral buds from inhibition by apical auxin, while apically applied cytokinin dramatically increased the duration of inhibition. These results are consistent with cytokinin acting independently to regulate bud growth, rather than as a second messenger for auxin. However, in the absence of cytokinin-signalling mutants, a role for cytokinin as a second messenger for auxin cannot be ruled out. |Journal or Publication Title:||Plant Journal| |Subjects:||Q Science > QH Natural history > QH301 Biology| |Departments:||Faculty of Science and Technology > Lancaster Environment Centre| |Deposited By:||Prof Brian G Forde| |Deposited On:||19 May 2008 11:56| |Last Modified:||26 Jul 2012 18:28| Actions (login required)

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http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/8933/

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Geometric design projects for highways Schoon, John G. (2000) Geometric design projects for highways, Reston, US, American Society of Civil Engineers, 152pp. Full text not available from this repository. This book provides an overall perspective of how various elements contributing to highway design interact to create a basis for the preliminary route selection and design. It presents projects from the initial provision of a topographic map and specifications through to the investment and user cost estimates of a particular highway. Vertical and horizontal alignment, drainage issues, and potential environmental impacts are also discussed. Intended for use by senior undergraduate and graduate students, this edition: expands on environmental reporting concerns; presents a discussion of economic cost analysis and its applications; includes an outline of route selection and design methods aided by digital terrain and computerized alignment modeling; and furthers realism of design and evaluation in the classroom. |Subjects:||T Technology > TE Highway engineering. Roads and pavements H Social Sciences > HE Transportation and Communications Q Science > QA Mathematics |Divisions:||University Structure - Pre August 2011 > School of Civil Engineering and the Environment |Date Deposited:||11 Mar 2010| |Last Modified:||02 Mar 2012 13:02| |Contributors:||Schoon, John G. (Author) |Publisher:||American Society of Civil Engineers| |RDF:||RDF+N-Triples, RDF+N3, RDF+XML, Browse.| Actions (login required)

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http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/75074/

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Odeyinka, Henry and Ojo, G (2007) A conceptual framework for assessing risk impacts on clients' cash flow. In: The 3rd Conference for Postgraduate Researchers of the Built &Natural Environment (PRoBE), Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow. Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.. 10 pp. [Conference contribution] Full text not available from this repository. The need for a reliable prediction of client’s cash flow cannot be overemphasized. Undoubtedly, a prior knowledge of project cash flow requirements helps the client to anticipate his likely future financial commitments and to pro-actively plan for them as well. Different researchers have made efforts to provide simpler and quicker techniques to assist both the client and contractors in forecasting their cash flow. However, risk in construction has been identified as one of the inhibiting factors in achieving the desired level of accuracy of contractor’s and client’s cash flow forecast. This paper presents part of an on-going research aimed at assessing the impacts of risk on construction clients’ cash flow forecast. Based on a review of risk and cash flow management theoretical concepts as well as empirical evidences from previous studies, this paper attempts to develop a conceptual framework for assessing the impacts of risk on construction clients’ cash flow forecast. It is the intention that the conceptual framework will assist in developing a model which considers risk factors in forecasting clients’ cash flow. It is expected that the outcome of the research will provide a more reliable prediction of client’s cash flow as likely changes to client’s cash flow pattern due to risk occurrence are expected to be evident from the eventual model envisaged in the research. |Item Type:||Conference contribution (Paper)| |Keywords:||cash flow, client, conceptual framework, risk.| |Faculties and Schools:||Faculty of Art, Design and the Built Environment| Faculty of Art, Design and the Built Environment > School of the Built Environment |Research Institutes and Groups:||Built Environment Research Institute| Built Environment Research Institute > Centre for Sustainable Technologies (CST) |Deposited By:||Dr Henry Odeyinka| |Deposited On:||20 May 2010 13:30| |Last Modified:||20 May 2010 13:30| Repository Staff Only: item control page

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http://eprints.ulster.ac.uk/10763/

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FAUZIAH, CATUR KHUROTUL (2007) HUBUNGAN ANTARA RELIGIUSITAS DENGAN KEPUASAN HIDUP PADA LANJUT USIA. Other thesis, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Download (58Kb) | Preview Religiosity is an appreciation, confidence, experience or individual conscience against religious teachings are realized in practice worship and religious rituals. Terbinanya religiosity properly, can raises life satisfaction for the elderly. Where life satisfaction is a state which includes feelings of passion in it, have assertiveness and tough or resilient, the match between the desire to achievement of goals, have positive self concept, and mood calm. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between religiosity to life satisfaction in elderly. This study uses a quantitative approach. The subject of this research is the elderly who followed the routine recitation in boarding school Nurul Ulum. The sampling technique used is total sampling. With number of study subjects 50 people. Data collection methods used there are 2 kinds of scales are scales of religiosity and life satisfaction scale. Data collected and then analyzed by using correlation product moment using the computer program SPSS for Windows version 10. Results obtained from this study indicate that there is a relationship positive and highly significant correlation between religiosity to life satisfaction in advanced age (r = 0.419 p = 0.002). This means that the higher the religiosity which is owned the higher the person's life satisfaction, and vice versa the lower the religiosity of a person will get low life satisfaction. The effective contribution of religiosity to the satisfaction living elderly by 17.6%, while 82,4% influenced by other variables had not been examined. |Item Type:||Thesis (Other)| |Subjects:||B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology| |Divisions:||Faculty of Psychology > Department of Psychology| |Depositing User:||Zainul Afandi| |Date Deposited:||29 May 2012 09:29| |Last Modified:||29 May 2012 09:29| Actions (login required)

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http://eprints.umm.ac.id/6103/

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Rodrigues, A.S.L., Andelman, S.J., Bakarr, M.I., Boitani, L., Brooks, T.M., Cowling, R.M., Fishpool, L.D.C., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Gaston, K.J., Hoffmann, M., Long, J.S., Marquet, P.A., Pilgrim, J.D., Pressey, R.L., Schipper, J., Sechrest, W., Stuart, S.N., Underhill, L.G., Waller, R.W., Watts, M.E.J. and Yan, X. (2004) Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature, 428 (6983). pp. 640-643. ISSN 0028-0836Full text available as: The Fifth World Parks Congress in Durban, South Africa, announced in September 2003 that the global network of protected areas now covers 11.5% of the planet's land surface. This surpasses the 10% target proposed a decade earlier, at the Caracas Congress, for 9 out of 14 major terrestrial biomes. Such uniform targets based on percentage of area have become deeply embedded into national and international conservation planning. Although politically expedient, the scientific basis and conservation value of these targets have been questioned. In practice, however, little is known of how to set appropriate targets, or of the extent to which the current global protected area network fulfils its goal of protecting biodiversity. Here, we combine five global data sets on the distribution of species and protected areas to provide the first global gap analysis assessing the effectiveness of protected areas in representing species diversity. We show that the global network is far from complete, and demonstrate the inadequacy of uniform—that is, 'one size fits all'—conservation targets. |Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information:||© 2004 Nature Publishing Group| |Academic Units:||The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Science (Sheffield) > School of Biological Sciences (Sheffield) > Department of Animal and Plant Sciences (Sheffield)| |Depositing User:||Repository Officer| |Date Deposited:||12 Jan 2005| |Last Modified:||08 Feb 2013 16:47| Actions (login required)

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http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/233/

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Munck, Adelheid and David, Charles N. Cell proliferation and differentiation kinetics during spermatogenesis in Hydra carnea. In: Development Genes and Evolution, Vol. 194, No. 5: pp. 247-256 Spermatogenesis inHydra carnea was investigated. The cell proliferation and differentiation kinetics of intermediates in the spermatogenesis pathway were determined, using quantitative determinations of cell abundance, pulse and continuous labelling with3H-thymidine and nuclear DNA measurements. Testes develop in the ectoderm of male hydra as a result of interstitial cell proliferation. Gonial stem cells and proliferating spermatogonia have cell cycles of 28 h and 22 h, respectively. Stem cells undergo four, five or six cell divisions prior to meiosis which includes a premeiotic S+G2 phase of 20 h followed by a long meiotic prophase (22 h). Spermatid differentiation requires 12–29 h. When they first appear, testes contain only proliferating spermatogonia; meiotic and postmeiotic cells appear after 2 and 3 days, respectively and release of mature sperm begins after 4 days. Mature testes produce about 27,000 sperm per day over a period of 4–6 days: about 220 gonial stem cells per testis are required to support this level of sperm differentiation. Further results indicate that somatic (e.g. nematocyte) differentiation does not occur in testes although it continues normally in ectodermal tissue outside testes. Our results support the hypothesis that spermatogenesis is controlled locally in regions of the ectoderm where testes develop.

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http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3347/

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Election Reform Information Network St. Louis County Activity on Election ReformBoard of Election Commissioners of St. Louis County, Missouri According to the Missouri Secretary of State web site, "Voter registration and the conduct of elections are the responsibilities of boards of election commissioners in the counties of Clay, Jackson, Platte and St. Louis and in the cities of Kansas City and St. Louis. The county clerk serves as the election authority in all other counties of the state." The St. Louis County election board is by far the largest, with about 726,325 registered voters in 2000. St. Louis County uses punch cards. They tried optical scan, but found that it took 9 hours to scan 5000 absentee ballots, which would have only taken about half an hour for punch cards. The board is of the opinion that while optical scan works well in smaller jurisdictions, it would not work for St. Louis County because of the number of ballots that have to be counted. The board has also expressed concern that a uniform voting system would be adopted that would not be in their best interests; they want to be able to chose what works best for their voters. Several years ago, the board looked at the error-detection equipment that is currently being installed in Chicago, which provides voters an opportunity to correct their ballots and leave with the confidence that their vote will be counted. However the county balked at the $5 million price tag. Unfortunately, figures are the number of overvotes and undervotes are not kept, or are not made public. I also learned that there are no standards for manual recounts. A manual recount would have to be court-ordered, in which case the court would have to supply the recount criteria. This has not happened in many years, if ever. The state legislature writes election laws, not the election boards. However the board does lobby for and against laws that they feel would affect them. For example, the board takes a strong position against all early voting bills on the grounds that it will make their jobs more difficult but will not increase voter turnout. The board meets monthly, usually the third tuesday of the month at 2 pm, and it is officially open to the public although I have been their only visitor since the I started going in December. The meetings are brief but interesting and educational. In my opinion, election reform will need to be driven by the state and federal governments. From what I have seen and read so far, I think it's safe to say that in general, local election boards do not have the staff, the budget or the authority to enact massive reforms. Disclaimer: This should go without saying, but: The opinions expressed on this page are those of the author and not of the election board. The information on this page is based on what I have heard in the public meetings, and on answers to my questions which certain board members have been kind enough to answer. I am solely responsible for any inaccuracies that may appear on this page. As always, I welcome feedback; For contact info please see About ERIN.

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Información sobre riesgo, prevención, detección, síntomas, diagnosis, tratamiento y apoyo para el cáncer. Información sobre el tratamiento del cáncer incluyendo quirúrgica, quimioterapia, radioterapia, estudios clínicos, terapia con protón, medicina complementaria avanzadas. OncoLink se complace en ofrecer una amplia lista de lista completa de los agentes quimioterapéuticos más comúnmente usados??. Esta guía de referencia incluye información sobre la forma en que cada fármaco se administra, cómo funcionan, y los pacientes los efectos secundarios comunes pueden experimentar. Maneras que los pacientes de cáncer y las personas que le cuidan puedan enfrentar el cáncer, los efectos secundarios, nutrición, cuestiones en general sobre el apoyo para el cáncer, duelo/decisiones sobre el termino de vida, y experiencias compartidas por sobrevivientes. S. Jack Wei, MD Updated by: Lara Bonner Millar, MD The Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania Ultima Vez Modificado: 12 de diciembre del 2011 The pituitary gland is a small gland, approximately the size and shape of a pea. It is located between the eyes, behind the bridge of the nose, just below the brain. The pituitary lies within a bony depression in the skull called the sella turcica, which sits below the optic chiasm, the area where nerves from the eyes (the optic nerves) cross and enter the brain. It is often referred to as the "master" gland of the body, because it produces hormones (proteins that are released into the body that influence the function of other organs) that control several other glands throughout the body, including the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, and the sex organs (ovaries and testicles). The pituitary gland is divided into two main portions: the larger anterior pituitary (at the front) and the smaller posterior pituitary (at the back). Each of these portions has different functions, producing different types of hormones. It is rare for tumors to develop in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The pituitary itself is controlled by another gland called the hypothalamus, which sits just above the pituitary gland. In response to various signals from the body, the hypothalamus sends hormones directly down a channel to the pituitary gland, telling the pituitary to produce and release its hormones into the bloodstream so they can act on various organs throughout the body. In the posterior lobe, two different hormones are produced: In the anterior lobe, several different types of hormones are produced: Normally, cells in the body will grow and divide to replace old or damaged cells. This growth is highly regulated, and once enough cells are produced to replace the old ones, normal cells will stop dividing. Tumors occur when there is an error in this regulation, and cells continue to grow in an uncontrolled manner. Tumors can either be benign or malignant. Benign tumors represent uncontrolled growth; however, unlike malignant tumors, they typically do not invade into surrounding tissues or break off and spread beyond where they started. Malignant tumors, however, will grow uncontrolled in such a way that they invade and damage other tissues around them. They also gain the ability to break off from where they started and spread to other parts of the body, usually through the blood stream or through the lymphatic system where the lymph nodes are located. The vast majority of tumors in the pituitary gland are benign, and most of these are pituitary adenomas (see below). Other types of tumors (both benign and malignant) can develop in the pituitary gland, and these include teratomas, germinomas, and choriocarcinomas. Although malignant cancers can develop in the pituitary gland, they are very rare. In fact, only about 100 cases of malignant pituitary cancer have been reported in the medical literature. Pituitary adenomas are benign growths of glandular tissue that almost always grow from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Pituitary adenomas can be either non-secreting adenomas, meaning that they do not produce excess levels of hormones, or they can be secreting adenomas, meaning that they produce an excessive level of one or more of the hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland. There are two general types of pituitary adenomas. Adenomas that are at least 1cm in maximum dimension are called macroadenomas. These can exert pressure on nearby structures due to their increased size. Most commonly, because the pituitary gland sits right underneath the optic chiasm, macroadenomas can affect vision. This usually presents as loss of peripheral vision on both sides, but can also present as other patterns of vision loss. The pressure of pituitary macroadenomas can also lead to headaches, and invasion into nearby nerves can cause other neurologic signs, such as loss of motion of the eye. Most pituitary adenomas are microadenomas. These are small adenomas, less than 1 cm, in maximum dimension. If these cause symptoms, it is because they produce excessive amounts of hormones, although macroadenomas can also secrete and produce hormones. Depending on which hormones they secrete, the signs and symptoms of these adenomas can differ. For example, prolactin-secreting adenomas can result in milk production from the breast, while growth hormone-producing adenomas can cause acromegaly. Some adenomas do not produce any symptoms at all. Most of these are found incidentally during the workup of another unrelated problem. Many people may have pituitary adenomas and never know it because they do not have symptoms. In fact, some reports state that up to 16% of people undergoing autopsy after death have been found to have pituitary adenomas that they never knew about because the tumor did not cause any symptoms. Pituitary adenomas are indolent (slow growing) tumors, which account for 10–15% of all diagnosed intracranial neoplasms (tumors in the brain). Each year, there are approximately 2,000 cases of pituitary tumors in the United States. The cause of most pituitary tumors is unknown, although there may be a genetic factor. For example, there is a mutation in a specific gene that is associated with increased risk for developing pituitary adenomas. Pituitary tumors develop in 30% percent of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1). Mutations in the MEN-1 gene are rarely found in sporadic cases (which means cases that do not run in families) of pituitary tumors, but are almost always found in cases of familial pituitary tumors. Patients with MEN-1 are also at increased risk for developing parathyroid and pancreas tumors. Another gene called gsp may be involved in sporadic cases of pituitary tumor. Mutations in the gsp gene have been found in 10% of non-secreting pituitary adenomas, 40% of pituitary adenomas secreting growth hormone, and 5% of pituitary adenomas secreting ACTH. Aside from these genetic mutations, no other cause is known for pituitary tumors. Pituitary tumors are not associated with smoking or drinking and have not been linked with any viral infections. The risk of pituitary adenomas does increase with age, and they are slightly more likely to occur in women than men, although the exact reason for this is unknown. Given that the only known cause of pituitary adenomas is genetic mutation, there are no specific interventions that would be expected to reduce the risk of pituitary tumor formation. Most pituitary adenomas are discovered because they produce symptoms, either from direct pressure due to their large size (in the case of macroadenomas), or due to the hormones that they secrete. Occasionally, pituitary adenomas are detected when the brain is imaged for an unrelated reason. When a pituitary adenoma is suspected, the physician should perform a thorough history and physical examination. The physical exam should consist of a complete neurologic evaluation and examination for signs of excessive hormone secretion. A number of blood tests can be performed to look for excess production of hormones. Often, these hormones can be measured directly from a blood sample, although in some cases, additional tests are needed to distinguish if abnormalities on a blood test are due to a pituitary tumor or due to some other cause. Many of these tests are specific to the hormone that is being produced. These tests include a glucose suppression test used to detect pituitary adenomas that produce growth hormone, and a cortisol-stimulation test used to distinguish if abnormal blood cortisol levels are due to a secreting pituitary adenoma or due to a problem in the adrenal glands. In addition to blood tests, imaging of a suspected pituitary adenoma will be ordered. The most common type of imaging used is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which uses magnets to produce a very sharp picture of the inside of the head. Despite the high resolution of MRIs, small microadenomas may not be detectable on an MRI. In those cases, the only way to confirm the diagnosis is by obtaining a biopsy or by removing the tumor and examining it underneath a microscope. Less commonly, Computed Tomography (CT or CAT) scans are used. CT scans use x-rays to form a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body. The ability to detect pituitary tumors on CT scan is significantly worse than on MRI; however, large macroadenomas can sometimes be seen on CT scan. With the use of modern imaging techniques the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma is increasing. Ultimately, the only way to confirm a diagnosis of a pituitary adenoma is to examine the tissue underneath a microscope. In most cases of tumors or cancers in other parts of the body, this is done by obtaining a biopsy of the tumor. A biopsy is where a small piece of the suspected tumor is removed (i.e. with a needle, etc.) and examined underneath a microscope. Pituitary adenomas are an exception to this general rule. The accuracy of diagnosing pituitary adenomas through blood tests and radiographic imaging is very good, and often makes a biopsy unnecessary - especially since the pituitary gland is in a difficult area to reach and near a number of critical structures, such as the optic chiasm. Since many pituitary adenomas can be treated without surgery, by using medications or radiation, the issue of accessing this area of the body for biopsy may be irrelevant. There is no official or widely used staging system for pituitary adenomas. In general, pituitary adenomas are classified as either macroadenomas (larger) or microadenomas (smaller), and by whether they are secreting (adenomas that produce hormones, also called functional) or non-secreting (adenomas that do not produce hormones, also called non-functional ). Currently, the most common therapy for pituitary adenomas (excluding prolactin-secreting adenomas, also known as prolactinomas) is surgical resection. For non-secreting macroadenomas, surgery removes excess tissue and relieves pressure from the adenoma on surrounding tissues. For secreting adenomas, surgery often results in a rapid drop in the excessive hormone production. Surgery for pituitary tumors can be performed in several different ways. The most common approach is the transsphenoidal approach. In this procedure, an incision is made on the inside of the upper lip just above the teeth, or along the septum of the nose. The pituitary gland is accessed by cutting through the bond of the sphenoid sinus, which lies behind the nose and just in front of the pituitary gland. For microadenomas, this procedure has high overall cure rates with few complications. Occasionally, this surgery can lead to decreased hormone production from the pituitary gland, leaks of cerebral spinal fluid leading to meningitis, and possible loss of vision. These complications are rare and occur in less than 1% of transsphenoidal surgeries performed by an experienced neurosurgeon. The transsphenoidal approach is less optimal for larger tumors, particularly macroadenomas that are very fibrous or extend too far towards the back of the head. Recently, more pituitary surgeries have been performed endoscopically. Endoscopic surgery is performed by using a fiberoptic camera (the endoscope) to access the pituitary fossa (usually through the nostril in a transsphenoidal approach). Small instruments are passed through the small hole made by the endoscope and used to remove the pituitary adenoma. This procedure works well for small tumors and has the advantage of being less invasive than a transsphenoidal surgery, with a quicker patient recovery time and a low complication rate. However, this procedure may not be appropriate for larger tumors or tumors that are not in the appropriate position. For larger tumors with a large amount of extension beyond the normal pituitary gland, a craniotomy can be performed. A craniotomy requires the neurosurgeon to cut through the bones of the skull to access the pituitary gland. Although it may be the only type of surgery possible in some cases, there is a higher risk of neurologic complications and a longer recovery time for the patient as compared to the other surgeries. With any surgery to the pituitary gland, the development of central diabetes insipidus is fairly common. In diabetes insipidus, the pituitary gland does not produce enough anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), which leads to excessive loss of water in the urine. In most cases of post-operative diabetes insipidus, the problem goes away by itself after one to two weeks. Occasionally, however, this problem can be permanent. Treatment requires taking replacement ADH (also known as vasopressin), usually as a nasal spray. Radiation therapy can also be used in the treatment of pituitary adenomas, although in the majority of cases, it is not used as the first line of treatment. The radiation comes in the form of high energy x-rays that are delivered to the patient only in the areas at highest risk for cancer. These x-rays are similar to those used for diagnostic x-rays, only of a much higher energy. The high energy of x-rays in radiation therapy results in damage to the DNA of cells, causing the tumor cells to die. Although the overall control of pituitary tumors with radiation therapy is high, radiation does not remove the pressure that macroadenomas can exert on surrounding structures as surgery does, and hormone levels fall more slowly after radiation therapy than they do after surgery. In most cases, radiation therapy is reserved for patients who have disease left behind after surgical resection, for patients who have their pituitary adenoma come back after surgery, for patients whose adenomas are in a location such that surgical resection would carry a high rate of complications, or in patients who are not medically operable. Standard radiation (also called conventional radiotherapy) for pituitary adenomas is given daily, Monday through Friday, usually for 5 to 6 weeks. The radiation treatments themselves are short, lasting only a few minutes. Like diagnostic x-rays, radiation treatments cannot be seen, heard, or felt, and they do not hurt. Generally, the side effects of treatment are limited to the areas being treated. Most commonly, standard radiation treatment for pituitary adenomas can result in loss of hair and fatigue. Because the pituitary gland sits very closely to the optic nerves and optic chiasm, there is a risk that radiation treatments can cause loss of vision, although this is unusual in the hands of a skilled radiation oncologist. Compared to surgery, patients receiving radiation can experience hypopituitarism, where the pituitary has decreased production of one or more of the hormones that it usually releases. If this occurs, these hormones can be replaced in the form of medication. Finally, although the risk is low, radiation for pituitary tumors may cause cancers to form in the radiation field years after the radiation has been given. Stereotactic radiosurgery is a way of delivering radiation therapy to brain tumors in a very precise way. Often, this is done in order to treat a tumor with large doses of radiation over a few days, or even in a single treatment, rather than spreading the treatment out over a number of days as is done with standard radiation therapy. When performed in other parts of the brain, this technique can deliver high doses of radiation to a specific area of the brain while reducing the amount of radiation that is delivered to normal, healthy brain tissue. This treatment is generally considered only if the tumor is less than 3 to 4 cm in maximum dimension. Stereotactic radiosurgery has been tried in pituitary adenomas, and compared to standard radiation therapy, it results in more rapid decrease in hormone levels of secreting adenomas. However, because higher doses are delivered with each treatment, a higher rate of complications has been seen with stereotactic radiosurgery, particularly with regards to damage to the optic nerves and the optic chiasm. For this reason, stereotactic radiosurgery is not often used to treat pituitary adenomas. Occasionally, stereotactic radiosurgery can be used in situations where a pituitary adenoma has recurred after previous treatment. For some pituitary adenomas that secrete hormones, treatment with medication rather than surgery or radiation can be effective, and is often the first treatment tried for these types of adenomas. For pituitary adenomas that produce the hormone prolactin, the medication most commonly used is bromocriptine (Parlodel). Other drugs such as cabergoline (Dostinex), lisuride, and pergolide mesylate have also been used with some success. These drugs are similar to a chemical normally produced in the brain called dopamine that normally prevents the pituitary gland from producing prolactin until it is needed. These drugs result in reduced prolactin production in the pituitary adenoma and can actually lead to shrinkage of the tumor in the majority of patients. The rate at which these tumors shrink in response to medical therapy can be very variable, taking anywhere from days to months. If the medication is stopped, the adenoma will resume producing prolactin and can grow again. Therefore, medical therapy as the only treatment for a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma requires lifelong treatment. Approximately 10% to 20% of patients taking bromocriptine experience side effects from treatment. These can include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, low blood pressure, and headaches. Pituitary adenomas that produce a few other types of hormones can also be treated with medication. Adenomas that secrete growth hormone can be treated with drugs such as octreotide and lanreotide. These drugs can also be used to treat some adenomas that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone. While these drugs are being used in several studies, surgery still remains the treatment of choice in most of the US for these types of adenomas, with medical treatment reserved for cases where surgical resection has been unsuccessful. Occasionally, small non-secreting tumors are found in the pituitary gland when a patient is undergoing workup with an MRI scan for an unrelated reason. In these cases, where there are no symptoms from the adenoma, it is reasonable to simply follow these tumors with periodic physical examinations and MRIs. In general, treatment with a combination of surgery and radiation therapy is used for pituitary carcinoma. These are rare cancers, and unfortunately the ultimate outcome with either of these modalities is often poor, especially in the setting of disease that has spread to other part of the central nervous system (metastasized). Chemotherapy has been tried but has demonstrated little benefit. It is occasionally used to help palliate symptoms from pituitary carcinoma that has metastasized. Shortly after treatment for functional (secreting) pituitary adenomas, blood will be drawn to measure hormone levels in the body. If the hormone levels have returned to normal after therapy, the main follow-up will be repeat blood draws, measuring for hormone levels every 3-6 months for several years after treatment. MRIs of the head may also be performed as part of follow up for these tumors. For patients who are taking medication to treat a functional pituitary adenoma, follow-up visits to the doctor and blood draws may be even more frequent. In the case of non-functional (non-secreting) adenomas and pituitary carcinomas, follow-up MRIs of the head will be obtained for the first few years. The side effects of treatment, particularly radiation therapy, may take quite a while to develop, and it is not unusual for new side effects, such as decreased hormone production from the pituitary, to develop several years after treatment. Therefore, it is important to continue regular follow-up with your doctors after treatment. If side effects such as hypopituitarism do develop, you will need to take medications that will replace these hormones. The treatment of pituitary tumors should be a cooperative effort involving the patient, radiation oncologist, neurosurgeon, and neurologist. It is important that all patients with pituitary tumors know about their disease so that they can make an informed decision about their treatment. This article was intended to help answer some of the common questions patients face when they have a pituitary tumor. If you have any additional questions, please contact your doctor. Asa SL and Ezzat S. The pathogenesis of pituitary tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 2: 836-849, 2002. Della Casa S, Corsello SM, Satta MA, et al. Intracranial and spinal dissemination of an ACTH secreting pituitary neoplasia. Case report and review of the literature. Ann Endocrinol 58 (6): 503-9, 1997. Ezzat S, Asa SL, Couldwell WT, et al. The prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a systematic review. Cancer 101 (3): 613-9, 2004. Mitsumori M, Shrieve DC, Alexander E 3rd, Kaiser UB, Richardson GE, Black PM, et al. Initial clinical results of LINAC-based stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys1998; 42(3):573-80. Endocrine System Cancers Head and Neck Cancers Urinary Tract Cancers Bone Marrow Transplants General Treatment Concerns Newly Diagnosed Patients Causes and Prevention Legal and Financial Information for Patients Cancer Resource List Resources for Young Adults

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- Wind Sprint 7: Using an Oxygen Tank While Exercising - Wind Sprint 6: Using a Percussor for Airway Clearance Wind Sprint 15: Stretching Before Exercise Episode 15 of the CF Wind Sprint series demonstrates a series of stretches to be done before exercising. Stretching gets the blood flowing and helps prevent injuries. Stretching also can help people with cystic fibrosis get in some breathing exercises before they lift weights, run or do other types of exercise. This CF Wind Sprint is made possible by an unrestricted educational grant from Genentech to the Boomer Esiason Foundation.

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292. Bowdoin Snead was born before 1784 in Accomack County, Va.. He died on 1 Jul 1841 in Accomack County, Va.. He was married to Mary Unknown. Bowdoin Snead and Mary Unknown had the following children: +465 i. Betsy Snead. +466 ii. Ann Snead. Return to Table of Contents

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Computing & Networking Resources NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division 325 Broadway R/CSD Boulder, CO 80305 USA The Computing & Networking Resources group (CNRG) contributes to CSD's science mission by providing IT services to the division scientists and administration staff. The IT infrastructure includes web and FTP servers, remote access, email, office computers, enterprise software, conference room support, data storage, data exchange, networking, IT security, instrument computer assistance, field site networking, computer procurement, property system processing, and modeling computing support. Desktop computing is split almost evenly between the Windows and Mac operating systems. Most servers use the Linux operating system. Instrument computers mostly run the Windows operating systems, configured with instrument-specific software and drivers. CNRG staff collaborate with colleagues in ESRL and NOAA Research on many IT issues and often assume a leadership role in deployment of the Macintosh operating system in the research enterprise environment. Macintosh OS X

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- Year Published: 1866 - Language: English - Country of Origin: Russia - Source: Dostoyevsky, F. (1866). Crime and Punishment. Moscow, Russia: The Russian Messenger. - Flesch–Kincaid Level: 7.2 - Word Count: 7,803 Dostoyevsky, F. (1866). Part 3, Chapter 5. Crime and Punishment (Lit2Go Edition). Retrieved May 18, 2013, from Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. "Part 3, Chapter 5." Crime and Punishment. Lit2Go Edition. 1866. Web. <>. May 18, 2013. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, "Part 3, Chapter 5," Crime and Punishment, Lit2Go Edition, (1866), accessed May 18, 2013,. Raskolnikov was already entering the room. He came in looking as though he had the utmost difficulty not to burst out laughing again. Behind him Razumihin strode in gawky and awkward, shamefaced and red as a peony, with an utterly crestfallen and ferocious expression. His face and whole figure really were ridiculous at that moment and amply justified Raskolnikov’s laughter. Raskolnikov, not waiting for an introduction, bowed to Porfiry Petrovitch, who stood in the middle of the room looking inquiringly at them. He held out his hand and shook hands, still apparently making desperate efforts to subdue his mirth and utter a few words to introduce himself. But he had no sooner succeeded in assuming a serious air and muttering something when he suddenly glanced again as though accidentally at Razumihin, and could no longer control himself: his stifled laughter broke out the more irresistibly the more he tried to restrain it. The extraordinary ferocity with which Razumihin received this “spontaneous” mirth gave the whole scene the appearance of most genuine fun and naturalness. Razumihin strengthened this impression as though on purpose. “Fool! You fiend,” he roared, waving his arm which at once struck a little round table with an empty tea-glass on it. Everything was sent flying and crashing. “But why break chairs, gentlemen? You know it’s a loss to the Crown,” Porfiry Petrovitch quoted gaily. Raskolnikov was still laughing, with his hand in Porfiry Petrovitch’s, but anxious not to overdo it, awaited the right moment to put a natural end to it. Razumihin, completely put to confusion by upsetting the table and smashing the glass, gazed gloomily at the fragments, cursed and turned sharply to the window where he stood looking out with his back to the company with a fiercely scowling countenance, seeing nothing. Porfiry Petrovitch laughed and was ready to go on laughing, but obviously looked for explanations. Zametov had been sitting in the corner, but he rose at the visitors’ entrance and was standing in expectation with a smile on his lips, though he looked with surprise and even it seemed incredulity at the whole scene and at Raskolnikov with a certain embarrassment. Zametov’s unexpected presence struck Raskolnikov unpleasantly. “I’ve got to think of that,” he thought. “Excuse me, please,” he began, affecting extreme embarrassment. “Raskolnikov.” “Not at all, very pleasant to see you… and how pleasantly you’ve come in…. Why, won’t he even say good-morning?” Porfiry Petrovitch nodded at Razumihin. “Upon my honour I don’t know why he is in such a rage with me. I only told him as we came along that he was like Romeo… and proved it. And that was all, I think!” “Pig!” ejaculated Razumihin, without turning round. “There must have been very grave grounds for it, if he is so furious at the word,” Porfiry laughed. “Oh, you sharp lawyer!... Damn you all!” snapped Razumihin, and suddenly bursting out laughing himself, he went up to Porfiry with a more cheerful face as though nothing had happened. “That’ll do! We are all fools. To come to business. This is my friend Rodion Romanovitch Raskolnikov; in the first place he has heard of you and wants to make your acquaintance, and secondly, he has a little matter of business with you. Bah! Zametov, what brought you here? Have you met before? Have you known each other long?” “What does this mean?” thought Raskolnikov uneasily. Zametov seemed taken aback, but not very much so. “Why, it was at your rooms we met yesterday,” he said easily. “Then I have been spared the trouble. All last week he was begging me to introduce him to you. Porfiry and you have sniffed each other out without me. Where is your tobacco?” Porfiry Petrovitch was wearing a dressing-gown, very clean linen, and trodden-down slippers. He was a man of about five and thirty, short, stout even to corpulence, and clean shaven. He wore his hair cut short and had a large round head, particularly prominent at the back. His soft, round, rather snub-nosed face was of a sickly yellowish colour, but had a vigorous and rather ironical expression. It would have been good-natured except for a look in the eyes, which shone with a watery, mawkish light under almost white, blinking eyelashes. The expression of those eyes was strangely out of keeping with his somewhat womanish figure, and gave it something far more serious than could be guessed at first sight. As soon as Porfiry Petrovitch heard that his visitor had a little matter of business with him, he begged him to sit down on the sofa and sat down himself on the other end, waiting for him to explain his business, with that careful and over-serious attention which is at once oppressive and embarrassing, especially to a stranger, and especially if what you are discussing is in your opinion of far too little importance for such exceptional solemnity. But in brief and coherent phrases Raskolnikov explained his business clearly and exactly, and was so well satisfied with himself that he even succeeded in taking a good look at Porfiry. Porfiry Petrovitch did not once take his eyes off him. Razumihin, sitting opposite at the same table, listened warmly and impatiently, looking from one to the other every moment with rather excessive interest. “Fool,” Raskolnikov swore to himself. “You have to give information to the police,” Porfiry replied, with a most businesslike air, “that having learnt of this incident, that is of the murder, you beg to inform the lawyer in charge of the case that such and such things belong to you, and that you desire to redeem them… or… but they will write to you.” “That’s just the point, that at the present moment,” Raskolnikov tried his utmost to feign embarrassment, “I am not quite in funds… and even this trifling sum is beyond me… I only wanted, you see, for the present to declare that the things are mine, and that when I have money….” “That’s no matter,” answered Porfiry Petrovitch, receiving his explanation of his pecuniary position coldly, “but you can, if you prefer, write straight to me, to say, that having been informed of the matter, and claiming such and such as your property, you beg…” “On an ordinary sheet of paper?” Raskolnikov interrupted eagerly, again interested in the financial side of the question. “Oh, the most ordinary,” and suddenly Porfiry Petrovitch looked with obvious irony at him, screwing up his eyes and, as it were, winking at him. But perhaps it was Raskolnikov’s fancy, for it all lasted but a moment. There was certainly something of the sort, Raskolnikov could have sworn he winked at him, goodness knows why. “He knows,” flashed through his mind like lightning. “Forgive my troubling you about such trifles,” he went on, a little disconcerted, “the things are only worth five roubles, but I prize them particularly for the sake of those from whom they came to me, and I must confess that I was alarmed when I heard…” “That’s why you were so much struck when I mentioned to Zossimov that Porfiry was inquiring for everyone who had pledges!” Razumihin put in with obvious intention. This was really unbearable. Raskolnikov could not help glancing at him with a flash of vindictive anger in his black eyes, but immediately recollected himself. “You seem to be jeering at me, brother?” he said to him, with a well-feigned irritability. “I dare say I do seem to you absurdly anxious about such trash; but you mustn’t think me selfish or grasping for that, and these two things may be anything but trash in my eyes. I told you just now that the silver watch, though it’s not worth a cent, is the only thing left us of my father’s. You may laugh at me, but my mother is here,” he turned suddenly to Porfiry, “and if she knew,” he turned again hurriedly to Razumihin, carefully making his voice tremble, “that the watch was lost, she would be in despair! You know what women are!” “Not a bit of it! I didn’t mean that at all! Quite the contrary!” shouted Razumihin distressed. “Was it right? Was it natural? Did I overdo it?” Raskolnikov asked himself in a tremor. “Why did I say that about women?” “Oh, your mother is with you?” Porfiry Petrovitch inquired. “When did she come?” Porfiry paused as though reflecting. “Your things would not in any case be lost,” he went on calmly and coldly. “I have been expecting you here for some time.” And as though that was a matter of no importance, he carefully offered the ash-tray to Razumihin, who was ruthlessly scattering cigarette ash over the carpet. Raskolnikov shuddered, but Porfiry did not seem to be looking at him, and was still concerned with Razumihin’s cigarette. “What? Expecting him? Why, did you know that he had pledges there?” cried Razumihin. Porfiry Petrovitch addressed himself to Raskolnikov. “Your things, the ring and the watch, were wrapped up together, and on the paper your name was legibly written in pencil, together with the date on which you left them with her…” “How observant you are!” Raskolnikov smiled awkwardly, doing his very utmost to look him straight in the face, but he failed, and suddenly added: “I say that because I suppose there were a great many pledges… that it must be difficult to remember them all…. But you remember them all so clearly, and… and…” “Stupid! Feeble!” he thought. “Why did I add that?” “But we know all who had pledges, and you are the only one who hasn’t come forward,” Porfiry answered with hardly perceptible irony. “I haven’t been quite well.” “I heard that too. I heard, indeed, that you were in great distress about something. You look pale still.” “I am not pale at all…. No, I am quite well,” Raskolnikov snapped out rudely and angrily, completely changing his tone. His anger was mounting, he could not repress it. “And in my anger I shall betray myself,” flashed through his mind again. “Why are they torturing me?” “Not quite well!” Razumihin caught him up. “What next! He was unconscious and delirious all yesterday. Would you believe, Porfiry, as soon as our backs were turned, he dressed, though he could hardly stand, and gave us the slip and went off on a spree somewhere till midnight, delirious all the time! Would you believe it! Extraordinary!” “Really delirious? You don’t say so!” Porfiry shook his head in a womanish way. “Nonsense! Don’t you believe it! But you don’t believe it anyway,” Raskolnikov let slip in his anger. But Porfiry Petrovitch did not seem to catch those strange words. “But how could you have gone out if you hadn’t been delirious?” Razumihin got hot suddenly. “What did you go out for? What was the object of it? And why on the sly? Were you in your senses when you did it? Now that all danger is over I can speak plainly.” “I was awfully sick of them yesterday.” Raskolnikov addressed Porfiry suddenly with a smile of insolent defiance, “I ran away from them to take lodgings where they wouldn’t find me, and took a lot of money with me. Mr. Zametov there saw it. I say, Mr. Zametov, was I sensible or delirious yesterday; settle our dispute.” He could have strangled Zametov at that moment, so hateful were his expression and his silence to him. “In my opinion you talked sensibly and even artfully, but you were extremely irritable,” Zametov pronounced dryly. “And Nikodim Fomitch was telling me to-day,” put in Porfiry Petrovitch, “that he met you very late last night in the lodging of a man who had been run over.” “And there,” said Razumihin, “weren’t you mad then? You gave your last penny to the widow for the funeral. If you wanted to help, give fifteen or twenty even, but keep three roubles for yourself at least, but he flung away all the twenty-five at once!” “Maybe I found a treasure somewhere and you know nothing of it? So that’s why I was liberal yesterday…. Mr. Zametov knows I’ve found a treasure! Excuse us, please, for disturbing you for half an hour with such trivialities,” he said, turning to Porfiry Petrovitch, with trembling lips. “We are boring you, aren’t we?” “Oh no, quite the contrary, quite the contrary! If only you knew how you interest me! It’s interesting to look on and listen… and I am really glad you have come forward at last.” “But you might give us some tea! My throat’s dry,” cried Razumihin. “Capital idea! Perhaps we will all keep you company. Wouldn’t you like… something more essential before tea?” “Get along with you!” Porfiry Petrovitch went out to order tea. Raskolnikov’s thoughts were in a whirl. He was in terrible exasperation. “The worst of it is they don’t disguise it; they don’t care to stand on ceremony! And how if you didn’t know me at all, did you come to talk to Nikodim Fomitch about me? So they don’t care to hide that they are tracking me like a pack of dogs. They simply spit in my face.” He was shaking with rage. “Come, strike me openly, don’t play with me like a cat with a mouse. It’s hardly civil, Porfiry Petrovitch, but perhaps I won’t allow it! I shall get up and throw the whole truth in your ugly faces, and you’ll see how I despise you.” He could hardly breathe. “And what if it’s only my fancy? What if I am mistaken, and through inexperience I get angry and don’t keep up my nasty part? Perhaps it’s all unintentional. All their phrases are the usual ones, but there is something about them…. It all might be said, but there is something. Why did he say bluntly, ‘With her’? Why did Zametov add that I spoke artfully? Why do they speak in that tone? Yes, the tone…. Razumihin is sitting here, why does he see nothing? That innocent blockhead never does see anything! Feverish again! Did Porfiry wink at me just now? Of course it’s nonsense! What could he wink for? Are they trying to upset my nerves or are they teasing me? Either it’s ill fancy or they know! Even Zametov is rude…. Is Zametov rude? Zametov has changed his mind. I foresaw he would change his mind! He is at home here, while it’s my first visit. Porfiry does not consider him a visitor; sits with his back to him. They’re as thick as thieves, no doubt, over me! Not a doubt they were talking about me before we came. Do they know about the flat? If only they’d make haste! When I said that I ran away to take a flat he let it pass…. I put that in cleverly about a flat, it may be of use afterwards…. Delirious, indeed… ha-ha-ha! He knows all about last night! He didn’t know of my mother’s arrival! The hag had written the date on in pencil! You are wrong, you won’t catch me! There are no facts… it’s all supposition! You produce facts! The flat even isn’t a fact but delirium. I know what to say to them…. Do they know about the flat? I won’t go without finding out. What did I come for? But my being angry now, maybe is a fact! Fool, how irritable I am! Perhaps that’s right; to play the invalid…. He is feeling me. He will try to catch me. Why did I come?” All this flashed like lightning through his mind. Porfiry Petrovitch returned quickly. He became suddenly more jovial. “Your party yesterday, brother, has left my head rather…. And I am out of sorts altogether,” he began in quite a different tone, laughing to Razumihin. “Was it interesting? I left you yesterday at the most interesting point. Who got the best of it?” “Oh, no one, of course. They got on to everlasting questions, floated off into space.” “Only fancy, Rodya, what we got on to yesterday. Whether there is such a thing as crime. I told you that we talked our heads off.” “What is there strange? It’s an everyday social question,” Raskolnikov answered casually. “The question wasn’t put quite like that,” observed Porfiry. “Not quite, that’s true,” Razumihin agreed at once, getting warm and hurried as usual. “Listen, Rodion, and tell us your opinion, I want to hear it. I was fighting tooth and nail with them and wanted you to help me. I told them you were coming…. It began with the socialist doctrine. You know their doctrine; crime is a protest against the abnormality of the social organisation and nothing more, and nothing more; no other causes admitted!...” “You are wrong there,” cried Porfiry Petrovitch; he was noticeably animated and kept laughing as he looked at Razumihin, which made him more excited than ever. “Nothing is admitted,” Razumihin interrupted with heat. “I am not wrong. I’ll show you their pamphlets. Everything with them is ‘the influence of environment,’ and nothing else. Their favourite phrase! From which it follows that, if society is normally organised, all crime will cease at once, since there will be nothing to protest against and all men will become righteous in one instant. Human nature is not taken into account, it is excluded, it’s not supposed to exist! They don’t recognise that humanity, developing by a historical living process, will become at last a normal society, but they believe that a social system that has come out of some mathematical brain is going to organise all humanity at once and make it just and sinless in an instant, quicker than any living process! That’s why they instinctively dislike history, ‘nothing but ugliness and stupidity in it,’ and they explain it all as stupidity! That’s why they so dislike the living process of life; they don’t want a living soul! The living soul demands life, the soul won’t obey the rules of mechanics, the soul is an object of suspicion, the soul is retrograde! But what they want though it smells of death and can be made of India-rubber, at least is not alive, has no will, is servile and won’t revolt! And it comes in the end to their reducing everything to the building of walls and the planning of rooms and passages in a phalanstery! The phalanstery is ready, indeed, but your human nature is not ready for the phalanstery—it wants life, it hasn’t completed its vital process, it’s too soon for the graveyard! You can’t skip over nature by logic. Logic presupposes three possibilities, but there are millions! Cut away a million, and reduce it all to the question of comfort! That’s the easiest solution of the problem! It’s seductively clear and you musn’t think about it. That’s the great thing, you mustn’t think! The whole secret of life in two pages of print!” “Now he is off, beating the drum! Catch hold of him, do!” laughed Porfiry. “Can you imagine,” he turned to Raskolnikov, “six people holding forth like that last night, in one room, with punch as a preliminary! No, brother, you are wrong, environment accounts for a great deal in crime; I can assure you of that.” “Oh, I know it does, but just tell me: a man of forty violates a child of ten; was it environment drove him to it?” “Well, strictly speaking, it did,” Porfiry observed with noteworthy gravity; “a crime of that nature may be very well ascribed to the influence of environment.” Razumihin was almost in a frenzy. “Oh, if you like,” he roared. “I’ll prove to you that your white eyelashes may very well be ascribed to the Church of Ivan the Great’s being two hundred and fifty feet high, and I will prove it clearly, exactly, progressively, and even with a Liberal tendency! I undertake to! Will you bet on it?” “Done! Let’s hear, please, how he will prove it!” “He is always humbugging, confound him,” cried Razumihin, jumping up and gesticulating. “What’s the use of talking to you? He does all that on purpose; you don’t know him, Rodion! He took their side yesterday, simply to make fools of them. And the things he said yesterday! And they were delighted! He can keep it up for a fortnight together. Last year he persuaded us that he was going into a monastery: he stuck to it for two months. Not long ago he took it into his head to declare he was going to get married, that he had everything ready for the wedding. He ordered new clothes indeed. We all began to congratulate him. There was no bride, nothing, all pure fantasy!” “Ah, you are wrong! I got the clothes before. It was the new clothes in fact that made me think of taking you in.” “Are you such a good dissembler?” Raskolnikov asked carelessly. “You wouldn’t have supposed it, eh? Wait a bit, I shall take you in, too. Ha-ha-ha! No, I’ll tell you the truth. All these questions about crime, environment, children, recall to my mind an article of yours which interested me at the time. ‘On Crime’... or something of the sort, I forget the title, I read it with pleasure two months ago in the Periodical Review.” “My article? In the Periodical Review?” Raskolnikov asked in astonishment. “I certainly did write an article upon a book six months ago when I left the university, but I sent it to the Weekly Review.” “But it came out in the Periodical.” “And the Weekly Review ceased to exist, so that’s why it wasn’t printed at the time.” “That’s true; but when it ceased to exist, the Weekly Review was amalgamated with the Periodical, and so your article appeared two months ago in the latter. Didn’t you know?” Raskolnikov had not known. “Why, you might get some money out of them for the article! What a strange person you are! You lead such a solitary life that you know nothing of matters that concern you directly. It’s a fact, I assure you.” “Bravo, Rodya! I knew nothing about it either!” cried Razumihin. “I’ll run to-day to the reading-room and ask for the number. Two months ago? What was the date? It doesn’t matter though, I will find it. Think of not telling us!” “How did you find out that the article was mine? It’s only signed with an initial.” “I only learnt it by chance, the other day. Through the editor; I know him…. I was very much interested.” “I analysed, if I remember, the psychology of a criminal before and after the crime.” “Yes, and you maintained that the perpetration of a crime is always accompanied by illness. Very, very original, but… it was not that part of your article that interested me so much, but an idea at the end of the article which I regret to say you merely suggested without working it out clearly. There is, if you recollect, a suggestion that there are certain persons who can… that is, not precisely are able to, but have a perfect right to commit breaches of morality and crimes, and that the law is not for them.” Raskolnikov smiled at the exaggerated and intentional distortion of his idea. “What? What do you mean? A right to crime? But not because of the influence of environment?” Razumihin inquired with some alarm even. “No, not exactly because of it,” answered Porfiry. “In his article all men are divided into ‘ordinary’ and ‘extraordinary.’ Ordinary men have to live in submission, have no right to transgress the law, because, don’t you see, they are ordinary. But extraordinary men have a right to commit any crime and to transgress the law in any way, just because they are extraordinary. That was your idea, if I am not mistaken?” “What do you mean? That can’t be right?” Razumihin muttered in bewilderment. Raskolnikov smiled again. He saw the point at once, and knew where they wanted to drive him. He decided to take up the challenge. “That wasn’t quite my contention,” he began simply and modestly. “Yet I admit that you have stated it almost correctly; perhaps, if you like, perfectly so.” (It almost gave him pleasure to admit this.) “The only difference is that I don’t contend that extraordinary people are always bound to commit breaches of morals, as you call it. In fact, I doubt whether such an argument could be published. I simply hinted that an ‘extraordinary’ man has the right… that is not an official right, but an inner right to decide in his own conscience to overstep… certain obstacles, and only in case it is essential for the practical fulfilment of his idea (sometimes, perhaps, of benefit to the whole of humanity). You say that my article isn’t definite; I am ready to make it as clear as I can. Perhaps I am right in thinking you want me to; very well. I maintain that if the discoveries of Kepler and Newton could not have been made known except by sacrificing the lives of one, a dozen, a hundred, or more men, Newton would have had the right, would indeed have been in duty bound… to eliminate the dozen or the hundred men for the sake of making his discoveries known to the whole of humanity. But it does not follow from that that Newton had a right to murder people right and left and to steal every day in the market. Then, I remember, I maintain in my article that all… well, legislators and leaders of men, such as Lycurgus, Solon, Mahomet, Napoleon, and so on, were all without exception criminals, from the very fact that, making a new law, they transgressed the ancient one, handed down from their ancestors and held sacred by the people, and they did not stop short at bloodshed either, if that bloodshed—often of innocent persons fighting bravely in defence of ancient law—were of use to their cause. It’s remarkable, in fact, that the majority, indeed, of these benefactors and leaders of humanity were guilty of terrible carnage. In short, I maintain that all great men or even men a little out of the common, that is to say capable of giving some new word, must from their very nature be criminals—more or less, of course. Otherwise it’s hard for them to get out of the common rut; and to remain in the common rut is what they can’t submit to, from their very nature again, and to my mind they ought not, indeed, to submit to it. You see that there is nothing particularly new in all that. The same thing has been printed and read a thousand times before. As for my division of people into ordinary and extraordinary, I acknowledge that it’s somewhat arbitrary, but I don’t insist upon exact numbers. I only believe in my leading idea that men are in general divided by a law of nature into two categories, inferior (ordinary), that is, so to say, material that serves only to reproduce its kind, and men who have the gift or the talent to utter a new word. There are, of course, innumerable sub-divisions, but the distinguishing features of both categories are fairly well marked. The first category, generally speaking, are men conservative in temperament and law-abiding; they live under control and love to be controlled. To my thinking it is their duty to be controlled, because that’s their vocation, and there is nothing humiliating in it for them. The second category all transgress the law; they are destroyers or disposed to destruction according to their capacities. The crimes of these men are of course relative and varied; for the most part they seek in very varied ways the destruction of the present for the sake of the better. But if such a one is forced for the sake of his idea to step over a corpse or wade through blood, he can, I maintain, find within himself, in his conscience, a sanction for wading through blood—that depends on the idea and its dimensions, note that. It’s only in that sense I speak of their right to crime in my article (you remember it began with the legal question). There’s no need for such anxiety, however; the masses will scarcely ever admit this right, they punish them or hang them (more or less), and in doing so fulfil quite justly their conservative vocation. But the same masses set these criminals on a pedestal in the next generation and worship them (more or less). The first category is always the man of the present, the second the man of the future. The first preserve the world and people it, the second move the world and lead it to its goal. Each class has an equal right to exist. In fact, all have equal rights with me—and _vive la guerre éternelle_—till the New Jerusalem, of course!” “Then you believe in the New Jerusalem, do you?” “I do,” Raskolnikov answered firmly; as he said these words and during the whole preceding tirade he kept his eyes on one spot on the carpet. “And… and do you believe in God? Excuse my curiosity.” “I do,” repeated Raskolnikov, raising his eyes to Porfiry. “And… do you believe in Lazarus’ rising from the dead?” “I… I do. Why do you ask all this?” “You believe it literally?” “You don’t say so…. I asked from curiosity. Excuse me. But let us go back to the question; they are not always executed. Some, on the contrary…” “Triumph in their lifetime? Oh, yes, some attain their ends in this life, and then…” “They begin executing other people?” “If it’s necessary; indeed, for the most part they do. Your remark is very witty.” “Thank you. But tell me this: how do you distinguish those extraordinary people from the ordinary ones? Are there signs at their birth? I feel there ought to be more exactitude, more external definition. Excuse the natural anxiety of a practical law-abiding citizen, but couldn’t they adopt a special uniform, for instance, couldn’t they wear something, be branded in some way? For you know if confusion arises and a member of one category imagines that he belongs to the other, begins to ‘eliminate obstacles’ as you so happily expressed it, then…” “Oh, that very often happens! That remark is wittier than the other.” “No reason to; but take note that the mistake can only arise in the first category, that is among the ordinary people (as I perhaps unfortunately called them). In spite of their predisposition to obedience very many of them, through a playfulness of nature, sometimes vouchsafed even to the cow, like to imagine themselves advanced people, ‘destroyers,’ and to push themselves into the ‘new movement,’ and this quite sincerely. Meanwhile the really new people are very often unobserved by them, or even despised as reactionaries of grovelling tendencies. But I don’t think there is any considerable danger here, and you really need not be uneasy for they never go very far. Of course, they might have a thrashing sometimes for letting their fancy run away with them and to teach them their place, but no more; in fact, even this isn’t necessary as they castigate themselves, for they are very conscientious: some perform this service for one another and others chastise themselves with their own hands…. They will impose various public acts of penitence upon themselves with a beautiful and edifying effect; in fact you’ve nothing to be uneasy about…. It’s a law of nature.” “Well, you have certainly set my mind more at rest on that score; but there’s another thing worries me. Tell me, please, are there many people who have the right to kill others, these extraordinary people? I am ready to bow down to them, of course, but you must admit it’s alarming if there are a great many of them, eh?” “Oh, you needn’t worry about that either,” Raskolnikov went on in the same tone. “People with new ideas, people with the faintest capacity for saying something new, are extremely few in number, extraordinarily so in fact. One thing only is clear, that the appearance of all these grades and sub-divisions of men must follow with unfailing regularity some law of nature. That law, of course, is unknown at present, but I am convinced that it exists, and one day may become known. The vast mass of mankind is mere material, and only exists in order by some great effort, by some mysterious process, by means of some crossing of races and stocks, to bring into the world at last perhaps one man out of a thousand with a spark of independence. One in ten thousand perhaps—I speak roughly, approximately—is born with some independence, and with still greater independence one in a hundred thousand. The man of genius is one of millions, and the great geniuses, the crown of humanity, appear on earth perhaps one in many thousand millions. In fact I have not peeped into the retort in which all this takes place. But there certainly is and must be a definite law, it cannot be a matter of chance.” “Why, are you both joking?” Razumihin cried at last. “There you sit, making fun of one another. Are you serious, Rodya?” Raskolnikov raised his pale and almost mournful face and made no reply. And the unconcealed, persistent, nervous, and discourteous sarcasm of Porfiry seemed strange to Razumihin beside that quiet and mournful face. “Well, brother, if you are really serious… You are right, of course, in saying that it’s not new, that it’s like what we’ve read and heard a thousand times already; but what is really original in all this, and is exclusively your own, to my horror, is that you sanction bloodshed in the name of conscience, and, excuse my saying so, with such fanaticism…. That, I take it, is the point of your article. But that sanction of bloodshed by conscience is to my mind… more terrible than the official, legal sanction of bloodshed….” “You are quite right, it is more terrible,” Porfiry agreed. “Yes, you must have exaggerated! There is some mistake, I shall read it. You can’t think that! I shall read it.” “All that is not in the article, there’s only a hint of it,” said Raskolnikov. “Yes, yes.” Porfiry couldn’t sit still. “Your attitude to crime is pretty clear to me now, but… excuse me for my impertinence (I am really ashamed to be worrying you like this), you see, you’ve removed my anxiety as to the two grades getting mixed, but… there are various practical possibilities that make me uneasy! What if some man or youth imagines that he is a Lycurgus or Mahomet—a future one of course—and suppose he begins to remove all obstacles…. He has some great enterprise before him and needs money for it… and tries to get it… do you see?” Zametov gave a sudden guffaw in his corner. Raskolnikov did not even raise his eyes to him. “I must admit,” he went on calmly, “that such cases certainly must arise. The vain and foolish are particularly apt to fall into that snare; young people especially.” “Yes, you see. Well then?” “What then?” Raskolnikov smiled in reply; “that’s not my fault. So it is and so it always will be. He said just now (he nodded at Razumihin) that I sanction bloodshed. Society is too well protected by prisons, banishment, criminal investigators, penal servitude. There’s no need to be uneasy. You have but to catch the thief.” “And what if we do catch him?” “Then he gets what he deserves.” “You are certainly logical. But what of his conscience?” “Why do you care about that?” “Simply from humanity.” “If he has a conscience he will suffer for his mistake. That will be his punishment—as well as the prison.” “But the real geniuses,” asked Razumihin frowning, “those who have the right to murder? Oughtn’t they to suffer at all even for the blood they’ve shed?” “Why the word ought? It’s not a matter of permission or prohibition. He will suffer if he is sorry for his victim. Pain and suffering are always inevitable for a large intelligence and a deep heart. The really great men must, I think, have great sadness on earth,” he added dreamily, not in the tone of the conversation. He raised his eyes, looked earnestly at them all, smiled, and took his cap. He was too quiet by comparison with his manner at his entrance, and he felt this. Everyone got up. “Well, you may abuse me, be angry with me if you like,” Porfiry Petrovitch began again, “but I can’t resist. Allow me one little question (I know I am troubling you). There is just one little notion I want to express, simply that I may not forget it.” “Very good, tell me your little notion,” Raskolnikov stood waiting, pale and grave before him. “Well, you see… I really don’t know how to express it properly…. It’s a playful, psychological idea…. When you were writing your article, surely you couldn’t have helped, he-he! fancying yourself… just a little, an ‘extraordinary’ man, uttering a new word in your sense…. That’s so, isn’t it?” “Quite possibly,” Raskolnikov answered contemptuously. Razumihin made a movement. “And, if so, could you bring yourself in case of worldly difficulties and hardship or for some service to humanity—to overstep obstacles?... For instance, to rob and murder?” And again he winked with his left eye, and laughed noiselessly just as before. “If I did I certainly should not tell you,” Raskolnikov answered with defiant and haughty contempt. “No, I was only interested on account of your article, from a literary point of view…” “Foo! how obvious and insolent that is!” Raskolnikov thought with repulsion. “Allow me to observe,” he answered dryly, “that I don’t consider myself a Mahomet or a Napoleon, nor any personage of that kind, and not being one of them I cannot tell you how I should act.” “Oh, come, don’t we all think ourselves Napoleons now in Russia?” Porfiry Petrovitch said with alarming familiarity. Something peculiar betrayed itself in the very intonation of his voice. “Perhaps it was one of these future Napoleons who did for Alyona Ivanovna last week?” Zametov blurted out from the corner. Raskolnikov did not speak, but looked firmly and intently at Porfiry. Razumihin was scowling gloomily. He seemed before this to be noticing something. He looked angrily around. There was a minute of gloomy silence. Raskolnikov turned to go. “Are you going already?” Porfiry said amiably, holding out his hand with excessive politeness. “Very, very glad of your acquaintance. As for your request, have no uneasiness, write just as I told you, or, better still, come to me there yourself in a day or two… to-morrow, indeed. I shall be there at eleven o’clock for certain. We’ll arrange it all; we’ll have a talk. As one of the last to be there, you might perhaps be able to tell us something,” he added with a most good-natured expression. “You want to cross-examine me officially in due form?” Raskolnikov asked sharply. “Oh, why? That’s not necessary for the present. You misunderstand me. I lose no opportunity, you see, and… I’ve talked with all who had pledges…. I obtained evidence from some of them, and you are the last…. Yes, by the way,” he cried, seemingly suddenly delighted, “I just remember, what was I thinking of?” he turned to Razumihin, “you were talking my ears off about that Nikolay… of course, I know, I know very well,” he turned to Raskolnikov, “that the fellow is innocent, but what is one to do? We had to trouble Dmitri too…. This is the point, this is all: when you went up the stairs it was past seven, wasn’t it?” “Yes,” answered Raskolnikov, with an unpleasant sensation at the very moment he spoke that he need not have said it. “Then when you went upstairs between seven and eight, didn’t you see in a flat that stood open on a second storey, do you remember? two workmen or at least one of them? They were painting there, didn’t you notice them? It’s very, very important for them.” “Painters? No, I didn’t see them,” Raskolnikov answered slowly, as though ransacking his memory, while at the same instant he was racking every nerve, almost swooning with anxiety to conjecture as quickly as possible where the trap lay and not to overlook anything. “No, I didn’t see them, and I don’t think I noticed a flat like that open…. But on the fourth storey” (he had mastered the trap now and was triumphant) “I remember now that someone was moving out of the flat opposite Alyona Ivanovna’s…. I remember… I remember it clearly. Some porters were carrying out a sofa and they squeezed me against the wall. But painters… no, I don’t remember that there were any painters, and I don’t think that there was a flat open anywhere, no, there wasn’t.” “What do you mean?” Razumihin shouted suddenly, as though he had reflected and realised. “Why, it was on the day of the murder the painters were at work, and he was there three days before? What are you asking?” “Foo! I have muddled it!” Porfiry slapped himself on the forehead. “Deuce take it! This business is turning my brain!” he addressed Raskolnikov somewhat apologetically. “It would be such a great thing for us to find out whether anyone had seen them between seven and eight at the flat, so I fancied you could perhaps have told us something…. I quite muddled it.” “Then you should be more careful,” Razumihin observed grimly. The last words were uttered in the passage. Porfiry Petrovitch saw them to the door with excessive politeness. They went out into the street gloomy and sullen, and for some steps they did not say a word. Raskolnikov drew a deep breath.

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etd AT Indian Institute of Science > Centres under the Director (formely kown as Division of Information Sciences) > Supercomputer Education and Research Centre (serc) > Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: |Title: ||On The Issues Of Supporting On-Demand Streaming Application Over Peer-to-Peer Networks| |Authors: ||Kalapriya, K| |Advisors: ||Nandy, S K| |Keywords: ||Peer to Peer Networks| End System Multicast (ESM) On-Demand Streaming Applications Black Board System P2P Networks - Clustering Algorithms Expanding Window Control Protocol (EWCP) |Submitted Date: ||Jun-2007| |Series/Report no.: ||G22212| |Abstract: ||Bandwidth and resource constraints at the server side is a limitation for deployment of streaming media applications. Resource constraints at the server side often leads to saturation of resources during sudden increase in requests. End System Multicast (ESM) is used to overcome the problem of resource saturation. Resources such as storage, bandwidth available at the end systems are utilized to deliver streaming media. In ESM, the end-systems (also known as peers) form a network which is commonly known as Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network. These peers that receive the stream in turn act as routable components and forward the stream to other requests. These peers do not possess server like characteristics. The peers differ from the server in the following ways: (a) they join and exit the system at will (b) unlike servers, they are not reliable source of media. This induces instability in the network. Therefore, streaming media solution over such unstable peer network is a challenging task. Two kinds of media streaming is supported by ESM, namely, live streaming media and on-demand streaming media. ESM is well studied to support live streaming media. In this thesis we explore the effectiveness of using ESM to support on-demand streaming media over P2P network. There are two major issues to support on-demand streaming video.They are: (a)unlike live streaming, every request should be served from the beginning of the stream and (b) instability in the network due to peer characteristics (particularly transience of peers). In our work, late arriving peers can join the existing stream if the initial segments can be served to these peers. In this scheme, a single stream is used to serve multiple requests and therefore the throughput increases. We propose patching mechanism in which the initial segments of media are temporarily cached in the peers as patches. The peers as they join, contribute storage and this storage space is used to cache the initial segments. The patching mechanism is controlled by Expanding Window Control Protocol (EWCP). EWCP defines a “virtual window” that logically represents the aggregated cache contributed by the peers. The window expands as the peer contribute more resources. Larger the window size more is the number of clients that can be served by a single stream. GAP is formed when contiguous segments of media is lost. GAP limits the expansion of the virtual window. We explore the conditions that lead to the formation of GAP. GAP is formed due to the transience and non-cooperation of peers. Transience of peers coupled with real time nature of the application requires fast failure recovery algorithms and methods to overcome loss of media segments. We propose an efficient peer management protocol that provides constant failure recovery time. We explore several redundancy techniques to overcome the problem of loss of video segments during transience of peers. Peer characteristics (duration, resource contribution etc.) have significant impact on performance.The design of peer management protocol must include peer characteristics to increase its effectiveness. In this thesis we present detailed analysis of the relationship between the peer characteristics and performance. Our results indicate that peer characteristics and realtime nature of the application control the performance of the system. Based on our study, we propose algorithms that considers these parameters and increase the performance of the system. Finally, we bring all the pieces of our work together into a comprehensive system architecture for streaming media over P2P networks. We have implemented a prototype Black-Board System (BBS), a distance program utility that reflects the main concepts of our work. We show that algorithms that exploit peer characteristics performs well in P2P networks.| |Appears in Collections:||Supercomputer Education and Research Centre (serc)| Items in etd@IISc are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.

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Do you have poor muscle tone? 3. Are you prone to weight gain, particularly around the midsection? 4. Do you frequently feel weak and tired without any 5. Is your recovery from exercise slow? 6. Do you have a low sex drive or symptoms of sexual dysfunction? 7. Do you feel depressed, irritable or unmotivated? 8. Do you have difficulty coping with stress? 9. Do you have trouble getting a good night's sleep? 10. Do you smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol regularly or take prescription medicines? If you answered "yes" to any two of these ten questions, chances are your testosterone levels are less than optimal. How can you know? The answer is simple: Test yourself in the comfort and privacy of your very own home. to being more convenient and less costly than standard laboratory serum tests, recent medical research has proven salivary hormone testing to be far more accurate when it comes to measuring bio-available testosterone and a number of other key, male hormones. (6) Prohormones - A Better Option for Men with Reduced or Borderline Levels of Testosterone. While the soon-to-be-released topical testosterone medication, AndroGel (7), will eliminate the need for painful injections and irritating patches for the few men who have been diagnosed with hypogonadism, but there is a kinder (and smarter) alternative for men who do not need or do not qualify for testosterone replacement therapy. That alternative is ProMale. Based on innovative European technology, ProMale is an all-natural, non-prescription product developed several years ago by an U.S. physician for use in his own medical What does ProMale do? It provides for the effective application of prohormones (steroid hormone precursors)-the basic, raw materials a man's body needs to produce testosterone. While ProMale is not intended as a treatment for hypogonadism, it offers a safe, effective and accessible treatment option to the millions of men who are interested in maximizing their physical, mental and sexual potential. The more specific benefits associated with the use of ProMale and high levels of testosterone in include: (8-13) o Improved mood and overall sense of well-being. o Increased muscle mass and strength. An enhanced sex drive and function. o Better memory, concentration and visual o Improved cardiac health through the natural reduction of cholesterol, blood pressure and blood sugar. o Increased tolerance to stress. As an all-natural topical prohormone formula, ProMale differs from testosterone replacement medications in several important ways. First, it does not replace testosterone directly. As a result, ProMale does not suppress the body's own ability to produce testosterone and is far less likely to promote the onset of testicular atrophy (a common side effect linked to the use of prescription Second, prohormone formulas like ProMale can never push a man's testosterone levels too high because the important 17 and 3 beta hydroxysteroid enzymes that are used to convert prohormones into testosterone are "rate limited." This means that regardless of the quantity of prohormones delivered to the body, only a fixed amount of these will ever be converted to In addition, prohormones can always be synergistically used in conjunction with any other natural or pharmaceutical therapies to stimulate the body's own ability to produce testosterone. And last, but certainly not least, prohormones cross the blood/brain barrier more quickly than testosterone does. As a result, they may be more effective in enhancing cognitive and sexual functions than testosterone itself. (14-19) A Prohormone Primer: in the testes, testosterone is the end result of a series of biochemical steps that all start and fundamentally depend on cholesterol (the primary material from which all steroid hormones are created). Before it can become testosterone, however cholesterol must be chemically converted into several different prohormones in the following order-progesterone, DHEA, androstenedione and androstenediol. (20) Like estrogen, progesterone is also considered a female hormone. Still, the male body requires it to create a variety of important stress hormones such as cortisol and DHEA. Like testosterone, progesterone levels decline with age and as a result of stress. In addition, laboratory studies and clinical evidence show that progesterone plays an important role in buffering the hormonal effects of high estrogen by opposing the activity of estrogens on a cellular level. This particular prohormone may also inhibit the abnormal growth of prostate cells by interfering with the 5-alpha reductase enzyme, which converts testosterone to DHT. (21) Produced in the adrenal glands, DHEA plays an important role in male hormone production. Like testosterone and progesterone, DHEA levels significantly decline over time-and in response to chronic This particular prohormone has many well-documented benefits, the most notable of which is to boost immune function, mood and libido. In clinical practice, DHEA has proven to be very effective in supporting and restoring healthy adrenal function, improving energy and enhancing overall health and well being. Androstenedione and 4-Androstenediol prohormones, androstenedione (AD) and 4-androstenediol (4AD), are effective in enhancing testosterone production because they are only one, small biochemical step away from testosterone. And it is for this reason that AD and 4-AD can have such a strong and positive effect on male health and well-being. While the hormones progesterone and DHEA are necessary in the testosterone production cycle, they cannot be used reliably to support testosterone production. (23-24) (andro-4-ene,3,17 dione) and (4AD) (4-androstene-3beta, 17 beta-diol) are naturally-occurring steroid hormones found in some plants and in all animals. In mammals, they are produced in the gonads and adrenal glands and can be directly measured in the blood stream. Based on the most recent research, 4AD is considered the preferred andro prohormone for use by men. 4AD is not only more readily converted to testosterone than AD, it is not directly converted to estrogen, which in high amounts can adversely effect male health. [Widely-recognized as a female hormone, most men are surprised to learn that estrogen is also present in their bodies. Produced in very small amounts as a by-product of the testosterone conversion process, normal levels of male estrogen encourage a strong libido and healthy brain function. High estrogen levels, on the other hand, can lead to the suppression of testosterone production and a reduced testosterone supply. High estrogen levels can also contribute to fatty weight gain, prostate enlargement and a higher incidence of heart disease.] Prohormones in Olympic History - The Birth of a "Secret First synthesized in the 1930's, androstenedione was first studied by Dr. Charles Kochian (a world-renowned expert in steroid hormones) who discovered its anabolic and androgenic properties. Dr. Kochian's findings remained relatively unrecognized, however, until the Berlin Wall fell and many of East Germany's highly-advanced athletic training and nutrition secrets were revealed. What was determined? That during the 1970's and 1980's, the country's most victorious Olympians were using an AD nasal spray to boost their testosterone levels and, as a result, their athletic performance. The effects of this nasal spray included large, fleeting-and virtually undetectable-elevations in testosterone. And it was these significant and sudden increases in serum testosterone that served to enhance the athlete's muscle strength prior to a competitive event. (29) Because it plays a key role in determining energy, mood, libido, muscular and sexual development, testosterone is the most important hormone in the male body. But as part of the natural metabolic process, testosterone can be readily converted into the end hormones estrogen and DHT. The production of these two hormone by-products can sometimes cause side effects (such as increased body fat, an enlarged prostate or increased hair loss.) Chemically very similar to AD and 4-AD, norandrostenedione and norandrostenediol convert to nortestosterone. While the range of nortestosterone's benefits are somewhat more limited than those of testosterone, this hormone does not convert to DHT or estrogen and is therefore a better option for androgen-sensitive men. Nortestosterone is also a better choice for men who specifically seek the anabolic effects of testosterone such as increased muscle size, strength, quicker recovery from training and injury. - Making the Right Choices When it comes to deciding on which kind of prohormone product you should be using, there are a few basic rules to follow: If you choose to use an oral product avoid the use of Androstenedione opting instead for Androstenediol. A study published in the February 9, 2000 issue of The Journal of the American Medical Association provided interesting data on the effectiveness of oral androstenedione. Study results showed no increase in testosterone levels and a moderate increase in estrogen levels among subjects taking 100mg dose of androstenedione. After being given a relatively large (300mg) dose of androstenedione, a short (two-hour) but measurable (34%) increase in testosterone resulted (30). Unfortunately, this increase was accompanied by an even more significant rise in estrogen. As previously mentioned, sustained high levels of estrogen can increase a man's risk of obesity, prostate disorders and cardiovascular disease. Because the use of oral androstenedione appears to promote increased levels of estrogen and has only short-term effects on testosterone, it is a less than optimal choice for restoring healthy testosterone balance. In comparison, research studies have shown that androstenediol is much more effectively converted to testosterone and does not elevate estrogen. (31) The Oral Dosing of Prohormones is Costly, Inefficient and Potentially Unhealthy. Before any oral prohormone can enter into the blood stream, it must first be metabolized in the liver where enzymes such as aromatase (which converts androstenedione and testosterone to estrogen) destroy a full 95% of the prohormone dose. For this reason, large doses of androstenedione are needed to elevate testosterone. And even small doses cause significant estrogen increases. (32) High doses of oral prohormones can also reduce levels of good (HDL) cholesterol. And the extremely high amounts of steroid metabolites found in the urine after a small (50mg) oral dose of androstenedione, suggest that oral prohormones may be damaging to the liver. (33) because oral prohormones are so rapidly metabolized, they offer only small and fleeting (two to three hour) increases in testosterone-even when large doses are taken. In order to achieve the desired effects, repetitive (three to four times daily) high dosing is required. The Advantages of Sublingual Delivery New delivery systems such as cyclodextrin tablets and liposomal sprays enhance the transport of prohormones through the mucus membranes of the mouth. This sublingual approach to prohormone delivery by-passes liver metabolism, allowing for their rapid absorption, directly into the blood stream. Consequently, prohormones delivered sublingually are safer and more effective than those taken orally. Recent studies have shown that at a 25mg dose cyclodextrin-based androstenediol raises testosterone 300% more effectively than a 300mg dose of oral androstenedione. In addition, the low dose cyclodextrins have no effect on estrogen levels. (34-37) the rapid and short-acting effects (two-three hours) of sublingual prohormones make them an impractical choice for long-term testosterone restoration. (Ed.- See section after references called IAS notes). For Optimum Absorption and Results. Using the skin as a natural reservoir for delivering a continuous flow of prohormones to the body, a next generation of topical products have quickly become the delivery system of choice. In addition to maintaining their original potency, by-passing entirely the destructive effects of the liver, transdermal prohormones are absorbed evenly and quickly (within forty-five minutes of application) into the skin. Perhaps more importantly, their effects are not fast or fleeting, transdermal prohormones enter the bloodstream slowly and consistently. In addition, transdermal delivery offers several other significant advantages over both oral and sublingual products. advantages include: (38-40) single, morning application is simply all that is required. Because they are applied to the skin and not swallowed, transdermal prohormones do not pass through the liver; they therefore provide for higher potency at a lower (and ultimately more economical) dose. Continuous Support of Healthy Because transdermal prohormones are absorbed evenly over time, topical delivery provides continuous support for the testosterone production process. It is this "steady-state" approach to testosterone enhancement has been shown most clinically effective in maximizing the overall benefits of prohormone use. Transdermal delivery does not create the unnatural hormone "spikes" that typically accompany the use of oral and sublingual products. As well as negatively influencing a man's overall health and well-being, low testosterone has also been linked to the onset of diabetes, osteoporosis, prostate disorders, Alzheimer's and cardiovascular disease. As a result, millions of men around the world have been safely undergoing testosterone-related treatment for more than fifty years. And with the vast amount of scientific data that has been compiled over the past decade alone, the benefits of testosterone restoration can no longer be scientifically questioned. (41-42) there is virtually no scientific evidence to suggest that testosterone restoration causes prostate cancer, testosterone and prohormone therapies remain controversial due to their possible role in worsening an undiagnosed prostate cancer. (43-47) Some controversy has also been created by a few members of the media, medical profession and government who question the ethics and safety of prohormone use. Unfortunately, the vast majority of these individuals do not know-or understand-the significant differences between prohormones and anabolic steroids. (Ed. We recommend reading Dr. Wright's article in this Bulletin regarding lowering hormone related Anabolic steroids are synthetically derived, frequently-abused and used with great health risks to artificially enhance athletic performance and strength. Prohormones are naturally present in the body, abuse-proof and can be safely used to restore healthy levels of testosterone. (48-50) A Transdermal, Multi-Prohormone Formula for Men. ProMaleTM is a rejuvenative topical prohormone formula specifically designed for the aging male. Formulated according to the same standards of purity and quality found in prescription medications, ProMale uses a percutaneous (through the skin) gel matrix to deliver these important o Androstenediol-to enhance the androgenic effects of testosterone (increased libido, sexual function and improved mood) and norandrostenedione-to enhance the anabolic effects of nortestosterone (increased strength and lean mass) o DHEA-as a buffer against stress its estrogen and prostate protecting effects. ProMale is most effective when used by [men who suffer from symptoms related to reduced or borderline levels of testosterone]. The product is for [those who want to restore their youthful vigor and vitality] as well as those who simply have an [interest in building lean mass and enhancing their overall athletic performance]. ProMale should not used by men be with pre-existing, hormone-dependent cancers (such as a prostate), those with unstable blood pressure or those under the age of twenty-five. Any man over fifty years of age should have a baseline prostate exam and PSA measurement prior to using ProMale for the first time. Enhancing the Effects of In order to maximize the effects of ProMale-or any other testosterone-enhancing product-it is important to follow a hormonally-balancing dietary plan and to adhere to an appropriate fitness program. For additional information on diet and exercise, please read the Anti-Aging Zone by Dr. Barry Sears (51) and refer to the Spring 2000 issue of the IAS Anti-Aging Bulletin. Outlined below are a few fundamental suggestions that can help you restore and maintain healthy levels of testosterone: (52-60) o Take steps to buffer and release mental o Get at least one hour of exposure to sunlight daily (especially during winter). Sunlight plays an important role in regulating testosterone release in the brain. o Support your body's natural, hormonal circadian rhythms by going to bed and waking up early. o Limit your alcohol intake to one glass of red wine daily. o Reduce or eliminate your use of testosterone-reducing medications, especially diuretics, anti-fungals and cholesterol lowering drugs. o Slim down. Excess body fat raises estrogen and inhibits testosterone production. A Basic Dietary Strategy: As the saying goes, "You are what you eat!" If you want to maintain high level of testosterone, don't forget to pay attention to these important dietary rules: amounts of protein. "Protein" in Latin means "above all else." Know that adequate protein is a dietary necessity as it stimulates testosterone release. And it's the fundamental building block for muscle repair Eat more vegetables. Especially green, leafy and cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Swiss chard, Brussels sprouts and cabbage. These vegetables contain phytochemicals essential for healthy metabolism of estrogen (Ed.- For further information see Jonathan Wright MD's article in this same issue). Limit your intake of refined, high-carbohydrate These include simple sugars such as cookies, candy and ice cream; and starches such as breads, potatoes and pasta. Excess intake of these carbohydrates raise blood sugar rapidly, creating chronically elevated levels of the hormones insulin and cortisol. These two hormones oppose the action of testosterone and diminish its production. Eat healthy fats. such as (the Omega 3 fatty acids found in fish and flaxseed) and saturated fats are essential for normal testosterone production. All steroid hormones are produced from cholesterol and when fats are deficient in the diet, this process will be inhibited. Studies clearly indicate that low fat diets result in lower testosterone levels. Those higher in protein, lower in carbohydrate, and moderate in fat cause the greatest sustained levels of testosterone. (Ed.- An interesting tip was given to me recently, how can you tell if a fat will be good or bad for you? Well- it'll probably be bad if it congeals at room temperature). Take a high-quality, multi-vitamin mineral supplement. Vitamins A, E, C and B6 and zinc are all used by the body in converting prohormones to testosterone. In fact, of all the minerals found in the body, zinc is the most crucial for testosterone production. Zinc deficiency is very common in the U.S. population, especially among athletes and the aged. Not only is zinc absent in most commercially-processed foods, it can be depleted from the body by alcohol and many prescription medications including Notes on Exercise: Adequate exercise helps keep men feeling and looking fit by naturally stimulating testosterone release-and by preventing its' breakdown. The duration, intensity and frequency of exercise all determine a man's levels of testosterone. Be aware that testosterone levels increase most with short, periodic, more intense activity. They decrease with prolonged, frequent activity. Studies show testosterone levels increase with forty-five to sixty minutes of exercise. After this time, however, testosterone levels begin to decline. (61-65). Healthy levels of testosterone are necessary for muscle growth and repair. Since frequent, extended training doesn't allow sufficient time for testosterone levels to recover, symptoms of over-training may develop. These symptoms include muscle soreness, diminished performance, fatigue, immune suppression and Guidelines for Increasing Muscle and Maximizing the Effects of Exercise on Testosterone: o Focus on low-volume, high-intensity strength o Limit your exercise sessions to sixty minutes or less. Exercise at high-intensity no more than two-three times weekly. o Do all aerobic exercise (except for warm-ups and cool-downs) on separate days (or at least separate times during the day) from strength training. o For optimum fitness, change your exercise regimen every eight to twelve weeks. Testosterone levels reach a peak during a man's early twenties. Aging and lifestyle factors such as stress, improper diet, physical inactivity, smoking, drinking and the use of prescription medications can significantly reduce these levels. While most physicians have not yet recognized the wide spread incidence of low testosterone, millions of men are suffering from a variety of debilitating symptoms which range from sexual dysfunction to depression and fatigue. Currently, the more subtle symptoms of low testosterone are commonly attributed to stress or the natural process of aging. As a result, many symptomatic men are walking around undiagnosed and untreated. However, thanks to recent innovation in hormone testing and prohormone delivery techniques, the incidence of low testosterone can now be significantly reduced- without the use of prescription medications. We thank Dr. Cohen for his first article in the IAS Anti-Aging Bulletin, maintaining "healthy" levels of testosterone may be the single most important factor an aging man can do (it's also important for women too!). IAS's introduction of ProMale cream allows for transdermal use and provides an excellent base for regular delivery of the prohormones mentioned in Dr. Cohen's article. Doses for ProMale cream are 2ml daily for a maximum period of 8-weeks, after that period an equal period of discontinued use should be applied. This allows each bottle of ProMale to supply 72-days of Prohormone delivery. Occasional use of AndroSpray, the sublingual spray that provides androstenedione and androstenediol can be considered as a way of boosting energy levels through short bursts of testosterone levels, this could be in addition to the regular base use of ProMale. Be aware that certain countries have made DHEA, androstenedione and androstenediol controlled substances, and even though they exist in small quantities in the ProMale cream this could be problematic. The usual IAS terms and conditions apply and IAS will always inform you if it knows of any countries that have taken these steps. To the best of our knowledge DHEA is a controlled substance in Australia, Canada, EU, New Zealand and Norway. Androstenediol and Androstenedione is a controlled substance in Norway, and may be a controlled substance in Australia and Canada. We look forward to further transdermal prohormone delivery systems and indeed further articles from Dr. Cohen. going to expand the possibility of both saliva and blood testing laboratory services to its members. This not only can allow for accurate and regular examinations for "complete" anti-aging packages but at a simple level can provide you with a reference point. I.E. Are my testosterone levels increasing, declining Currently, an "at-home" saliva test kit is available that can test for testosterone levels. This can also test for estradiol, cortisol or DHEA. (Please see back page for further details). Basically, you buy a kit, follow the simple instructions and send the salvia stick off to the laboratory (there is nothing else to pay!). The lab will then analyze your sample and send you a report of your hormone level. Such results should be kept and over a period of time you can see the changes for yourself! 1) Endocrine aspects of aging in the male. Gooren LJ; Mol Cell Endocrinol 1998 Oct 25;145(1-2):153-9. 2) Androgen deficiency and aging in men. Swerdloff RS, Wang C; West J Med 1993 Nov;159(5):579-85. 3) Decreased bio-available testosterone in aging and normal men. Nankin Hr, Calkins; J Clin Endocrino Metab 1986;63:1418. 4) Free Testosterone. Frank Stanczyk, PhD; Quest Diagnostic Laboratory. 5) Current status of testosterone replacement therapy in men. Winters SJ; Arch Fam Med 1999 May-Jun;8(3):257-63. 6) Salivary testosterone measurements: reliability across hours, days, and weeks; Dabbs JM Jr. Physiology and Behavior 48: 83-86, 1990. 7) Androgel prescribing information: Unimed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Buffalo Grove, IL 60089-1864, 2/28/00. 8) Bioavailable testosterone and depressed mood in older men: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Barrett-Connor E, Von Muhlen DG, Kritz-Silverstein D; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999 Feb; 84(2):573-7. 9) Relations of endogenous anabolic hormones and physical activity to bone mineral density and lean body mass in elderly men. Rudman D, Drinka PJ, Wilson CR, et. al.; J Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994 May;40(5):653-61. 10) The effects of exogenous testosterone on sexuality and mood of normal men. Anderson RA, Bancroft J, Wu FC; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992 Dec;75(6):1503-7. 11) Androgen treatment of middle-aged, obese men: effects on metabolism, muscle and adipose tissues. Marin P, Krotkiewski M, Bjorntorp P; Eur J Med 1992 Oct;1(6):329-36. 12) Male hormone replacement therapy including 'andropause'. Tenover J.L.; Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America (United States) 1998, 27/4 (969-987). 13) The association of hypotestosteronemia with coronary artery disease in men. Phillips GB, Pinkernell BH, Jing TY ; Arterioscler Thromb 1994 May;14(5):701-6. 14) Blaquier, J., Forchielli, E., and Dorfman, R. Acta Endocrinologica, 55, 697-704. 15) Use of 4-androstenediol to increase testosterone levels in humans. US Patent. #4,596,795. 16) F. Ungar, M. Gut, and R. Dorfman; J. Biol. Chem., 224, 191-200. 17) Safety and efficacy of prohormones administration on men. Ziegenfuss TN, et.al.; American Society Of Exercise Physiolgists 1999. 18) Supplement mimics testosterone's effects on brain. Endocrinology 1999;140:3383-3386. 19) Effect of androgens on the brain and other organs during development and aging. Swerdloff RS, Wang C, Hines M, Gorski R; Psychoneuroendocrinology 1992 Aug;17(4):375-83. 20) Testicular Steroidogenesis and androgen use and abuse. F.C.WU.; Bailliere Clinical Endocinology and Metabolism Chapter 7, 1992. 21) Progesterone inhibits growth of prostate cancer cells. Brent Formby, PhD. Sansum Medical Research Institute. 22) Mahesh, V.B., and Goldblatt, R.B. The in vivo conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione to testosterone in the human. Acta Endocrinol, 1962, 41: 400-406. 23) Testicular steroidogenesis and androgen use and abuse. F.C.WU.; Bailliere Clinical Endocinology and Metabolism Chapter 7, 1992. 24) Use of 4-androstenediol to increase testosterone levels in humans. US Patent. #4,596,795. 25) Direct effects of estrogens on the endocrine function of the mammalian testis. Moger WH; Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1980 Sep;58(9):1011-22. 26) Roles of estrogen and SHBG in prostate physiology. Farnsworth WE. Prostate 1996 Jan;28(1):17-23. 27) The association of hyperestrogenemia with coronary thrombosis in men. Phillips GB, Pinkernell BH, Jing TY; Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996 Nov;16(11):1383-7. 28)The relationship between aromatase activity and body fat distribution. Killinger DW; Perel E; Daniilescu D; Steroids Jul-Sep 1987, 50 (1-3) p61-72. 29) German patent DE 42 14953 A1; Hacker, R., Mattern, C.; Arrowdeen, Ltd.. 1995. 30) Oral androstenedione administration and serum testosterone concentrations in young men. B Leder; Christopher Longcope, et.al.; JAMA. 2000;283:779-782. 31) Use of 4-androstenediol to increase testosterone levels in humans. US Patent. #4,596,795. 32) Conversion of androgens to estrogens in cirrhosis of the liver. Gordon GG, Olivo J, Rafil F, Southren AL. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975 Jun;40(6):1018-26. 33) Over-the-counter anabolic steroids: excretion studies. Uralets V., Gillette, P; Manfred Donike Colgne Workshop on Dope Analysis, March 1998. 34) German patent DE 42 14953 A1; Hacker, R., Mattern, C.; Arrowdeen, Ltd.. 1995. 35) Sublingual androstenedione spray elevates testosterone levels naturally . Dean, W., English, J: Vitamin Research News, April/May 1998. 36) Sublingual administration of testosterone-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex simulates episodic androgen release in hypogonadal men. Stuenkel CA, Dudley RE, Yen SS; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991 May;72(5):1054-9 37) Effect on testosterone levels after the use of 4-androstenediol. Zeigenfuss TN; International Weightlifting Conference, Nov. 1998. 38) US Patent 51925157 Transdermal administration of testosterone across non-scrotal skin. 39) Transdermal testosterone therapy in the treatment of male hypogonadism. Ahmed SR, Boucher AE, Manni A, Santen RJ, Bartholomew M, Demers LM; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988 Mar;66(3):546-51. 40) Pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system. A. Wayne Meikle, N. Mazer, et. al.; J Clin Endoc and Metab. 1992, 4(3):623-628. 41) The Testosterone Syndrome. Shippen and Fryer; 1998 M. Evans and Company New York, NY 42) Acute anti-ischemic effect of testosterone in men with coronary artery disease. Rosano GM, Leonardo F, et. al.; Circulation 1999 Apr 6;99(13):1666-70. 43) Low serum testosterone and a younger age predict for a poor outcome in metastatic prostate cancer. Ribeiro M, Ruff P, Falkson G; Am J Clin Oncol 1997 Dec;20(6):605-8. 44) Effect of exogenous testosterone replacement on prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific membrane antigen levels in hypogonadal men. Douglas TH, Connelly R; J Surg Oncol 1995 Aug;59(4):246-50. 45. Serum testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations and the risk of prostate carcinoma: a longitudinal study. Heikkila R, Aho K; Cancer 1999 Jul 15;86(2):312-5. 46) Prostate size in hypogonadal men treated with a nonscrotal permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system. Meikle AW, Arver S; Urology 1997 Feb;49(2):191-6. 47) The effect of exogenous testosterone on total and free prostate specific antigen levels in healthy young men. Cooper CS, MacIndoe JH; J Urol 1996 Aug;156(2 Pt 1):438-41; discussion 441-2. 48) Testicular Steroidogenesis and androgen use and abuse. F.C.WU; Bailliere Clinical Endocinology and Metabolism Chapter 7. 1992. 49) Medical, legal, and societal implications of androstenedione use. Yesalis, C.E.; JAMA, June 2, 1999, 281: 21, 2043-2045. 50) Androgen use by athletes: a reevaluation of the health risks. Street C, Antonio A, Cudlipp, D. Can J Appl Phys. 1996;21(6):421-440. 51) The Anti-Aging Zone. Barry Sears; Harper Collins, 1999. 52) Circadian rhythm of hormones extinguished during prolonged physical stress, sleep and energy deficiency. V. Opstad; Eur J endocrinology 1994;131:46. 53) Type A behavior speeds testosterone decline. Joseph M. Zmuda . Oct 15th Am. J. Epidemiology. 54) Increased estrogen production in obese men. Schneider G; Kirschner M A; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48 (4). 1979. 633-638. 55) Androgens and abdominal obesity. Marin P, Arver S. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998 Oct;12(3):441-51. 56) Testosterone and cortisol in relationship to dietary nutrients and resistance exercise. Volek JS; J App Physio 1997;82:49. 57) Effects of acute hyperinsulinemia on testosterone serum concentrations in adult obese and normal-weight men. Pasquali R, Macor C; Metabolism 1997 May;46(5):526-9. 58) Dietary zinc deficiency alters 5-alpha-reduction and aromatization of testosterone and androgen and estrogen receptors in rat liver. Om Ae-Son; Chung Kyung-Won(a). Journal of Nutrition 126 ( 4 ): p 842-848 1996. 59) Effects of dietary zinc depletion on seminal volume and zinc loss, serum testosterone concentrations, and sperm morphology in young men. Hunt CD, Johnson PE, Herbel J, Mullen LK; Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Jul;56(1):148-57. 60) The influence of age, alcohol consumption, and body build on gonadal function in men. Sparrow D, Bosse R, Rowe JW; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980 Sep;51(3):508-12. 61)Testosterone administration to elderly men increases skeletal muscle strength and protein synthesis. Urban RJ; Bodenburg YH; et. al.; Am J Physiol 1995 Nov;269(5 Pt 1):E820-6. 62) Effect of testosterone treatment on body composition and muscle strength in men over 65 years of age. Snyder PJ, Peachey H; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999 Aug;84(8):2647-53. 63) Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis function In endurance-trained males. Hackney Ac, Sinning We; Int. J Sports Med 1990 Aug;11(4):298-303. 64) Reduced serum testosterone and prolactin levels in male distance runners. Wheeler GD, et al.; JAMA 1985;252:514. 65) The effect of weightlifting on serum testosterone and androstenedione in adult men and woman. Weiss LW, Cureton KJ. Med Sci Sports 1980;12: DISCLAIMER: ALL INFORMATION IS EDUCATIONAL AND PROVIDED UNDER IAS TERMS AND CONDITIONS. IT DOES NOT, AND SHOULD NOT, REPLACE THE ADVICE OF YOUR PHYSICIAN. Last Updated: Wednesday, March © 2002 International Antiaging Systems Precursors Article-Low Testosterone-The Unsuspected Epidemic Ingredients and Applications SUMMARY ABOUT SELECT TESTOSTERONE PRECURSORS (PDF Format) note that it is required that you have Acrobat Reader installed on your system to view the above documents. You can download the latest version by clicking

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Windows cannot open ETF files? When Windows cannot determine which application to use to open this file format type, the cause could be: We strongly recommend that you run a Instant Scan for related errors. The ETF file extension is used in ENIGMA - Environment for Notation using Intelligent Graphic Music Algorithms - to signify transportable files. ENIGMA transportable files are text-based and can be exported by different music composition applications. ETF files are similar to the MUS music notation files used in the Finale music program, but ETF files use encoded data rather than binary code. ETF files are used to transmit music data by email or via the Internet. ETF files can be edited with the appropriate software.The ETF extension is also used to identify Enriched Text Format files that are primarily used in email text messages. HTM - the files extension used for files created in the HTML language - have now largely replaced EFT email and Internet files. Windows and the Windows logo are trademarks of the Microsoft group of companies. Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. "To the developer gents over at FileCure: Thank you! I've been looking for a way to open my file, and this found the solution. Great stuff."

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Michael Bordo and John Landon-Lane have a new NBER working paper that conducts a historical analysis of the Federal Reserve’s exit strategies from 1920 – 2007. Here is the abstract: In this paper we provide some evidence on when central banks have shifted from expansionary to contractionary monetary policy after a recession has ended—the exit strategy. We examine the relationship between the timing of changes in several instruments of monetary policy and the timing of changes of selected real macro aggregates and price level (inflation) variables across U.S. business cycles from 1920-2007. We find, based on historical narratives, descriptive evidence and econometric analysis, that in the 1920s and the 1950s the Fed would generally tighten when the price level turned up. By contrast, since 1960 the Fed has generally tightened when unemployment peaked and this tightening often occurred after inflation began to rise. The Fed is often too late to prevent inflation. Non-gated link here.

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Johannes Brahms was the son of a double-bass player in the Hamburg orchestra. Brahms’s talent was recognized very early. The famous violinist, Joachim, soon introduced Brahms to Robert Schumann who, together with his wife Clara played a major role in establishing Brahms as a major composer. Brahms spent most of his life in Vienna, where he was generally considered the Beethoven’s successor. Brahms’s compositions combine the best of the traditional classical form with the innovative romantic harmonic ideas. More Johannes Brahms sheet music download on EveryNote.com

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"I can't help feeling wary when I hear anything said about the masses. First you take their faces from 'em by calling 'em the masses and then you accuse 'em of not having any faces." Social commentator, playwright, essayist, novelist, politician. J. B. Priestley was all of these things, and his legacy remains with us to this day. He was born John Boynton Priestley in Bradford, England to a schoolmaster and a mother who died when he was still young. A promising student, he attended Bradford Grammar School, but left at 16 to pursue a career as a writer. He began by working as a junior clerk, where he began to write poetry and letters for leisure. He was encouraged by other workers at the firm to continue writing. Like so many other 20th Century writers, the wars made their mark on Priestley. In 1914, he was called up and served in the Duke of Wellington's and Devon regiments, surviving the trenches, but just barely - a friend standing next to him at one point in the war was killed, while he survived. After the Great War, Priestley studied literature, history and political science at Bradford and Cambridge, attaining an M.A. in 1921. From 1922, he worked as a journalist in London, writing essays for various journals, including the New Statesman. In the 1920s, he also wrote some novels, but it was not until his offering of 1929, The Good Companions, that he acheived great success. He followed this with Angel Pavement, probably his most famous novel. Not content with success as a novelist, Priestley began in the 1930s to write plays, beginning with light comedies such as Dangerous Corner and Laburnum Grove. During the war, he gained the reputation, through his weekly radio broadcasts, as the voice of the populace. In these he aired his political opinions, which were largely left-wing. At the end of the war, Priestley wrote his best-known stage work, An Inspector Calls, a social fable and morality play with a strong warning at the end: "I tell you the truth, unless men can learn this lesson now, the time will come when it will be taught to them in fire and blood and anguish." This warning is made all the stronger when one realises that the play was set at the turn of the century, and Priestley had just seen the dropping of two atomic bombs on Japan. After the war, Priestley stood for Parliament, but was not elected. He was, however, made UK delegate to UNESCO from 1946 to 1947, and was well-known for his vocal support of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He wrote many essays at the early stages of the Cold War on various topics, but in particular, socialism and nuclear disarmament. He aimed his essays at the middle brow audience he had become so popular with through his plays and novels. Priestley married Emily Tempest in 1919, but she died in 1925. After her death, he married Mary Wyndham Lewis (commonly known as Jane), with whom he wrote Angel Pavement. In 1953, he married Jacquetta Hawkes, an archaeologist and writer with whom he wrote Down A Rainbow, a travel book about New Mexico. He refused both a knighthood and peerage, but accepted the Order of Merit in 1977. He published over 120 books and numerous plays. He died on August 14, 1984.

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He was an old farmer. The days of making war were over, yet he knew that he could still wield his great-grandfather's sword with more pure, exquisite skill than any of the young men who'd been styling themselves "knights" these days. He was old, that was true, but he'd been anointed by the King himself, and he still knew - no, he was absolutely certain! - he could still swing his sword with more assured grace than that with which he tilled his soy His modestly complicitous sons simultaneously praised and berated him whever they would tell stories of the zealous, legendary knight he was. He did not know if he was being served a backhanded compliment some days, or if the praise he received was for true. His weapons and armor were kept inside, near a warm fire, easy to notice even from the front door. Travellers stopping in for a meal (of these there were many; the old knight's hospitality had also weaved its way into the legends that the old man scarcely believed) would always notice his great-grandfather's sword above the mantel, its place of honour. The traveller would ask him, by all the gods, is that the greatsword Caliban, Slayer of the Scarlet Prince, and he would be forced to affirm it, indeed, that is the sword. In truth, he would much sooner avoid reliving tales of king and country, preferring instead to regale his guests with tales he'd heard as a boy, tales of dragons and kingdoms of beauty. Nevertheless, he was a gracious host, and would call his sons in from the field to recount his own stories of warring and whoring and thrones. It never failed - he would nod in the right places, laugh at a friendly jape, or laugh at the tendency his sons had to embellish small details to tell the stories in a more positive, more interesting light. As always, he would say, Aye, that was me, and that is the very sword you see above my mantel. After sufficient wine, and only after etiquette allowed, he would close the door on his suit and armor, and gaze emptily upon his soy fields. It was a fulfilling life. Still, not a day passed that he did not long for living: the clatter of hoof, the clash of steel, and the trumpeting of warhorns appealed to him. He knew that he enjoyed almost nothing more than preparing a good table for good friends, but his sons always molested the proceedings, deeming it necessary to bring in strange, outlandish foods to supper. His eldest son had taken a liking to a strange dish from the far lands called "pizza", and was of a mind to eat it once a week. The same son would find the same uneaten pizza in his father's place in the morning, when he rose to break his fast. The old man had nothing to do with new foods. But when the summer days grew so long that there was scarcely three hours of night, he would stand as straight as an arrow, gazing without seeing his fields, his mind hearkening back to the days of glory. Pizza would never do - great hunks of meat and cheese and bread, and large, stinking jugs of dark, eye-watering ale. Now there was food! And what better food to have after a day of hard work, be it cutting down fields, or cutting down men! Embittered by such thoughts, the old man glanced over his shoulder at the heavy oaken door of his modestly palatial house. His soy fields fled from his mind: all that remained was the urge to fly through the forests atop a horse, any horse, with only his sword and armor as company. There were inns and taverns along any and all roads, and he was well-known. He could still command. He knew it in his heart. Perhaps the days of being in the midst of battle were done - but that did not mean he had to relegate himself to a life of emptiness and small talk. Why do that, when he could just as easily command a force of freeriders into battle, and be so close to the battle that he could smell the blood and sweat of men? He did not want to dishonor the importance and fierce beauty of his great-grandfather's sword by leaving it to become a relic, a souvenir from times long past. Gods be damned, he was a knight, and though he was old, his mind was still as sharp as his blade, and he was strong enough of voice and body to wear his armor and become the knight he once was. Seeing the old farmer, his sons would call it lunacy that he would show a desire to wear his armor, and to sheathe his sword again. He shoved open the door, and went inside to stare at his sword. Taking it down from the mantel was like coming home after a long journey in a strange land. He closed the door on his soy fields, and began to search his house for his armor.

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