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HuggingFaceFW

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|[This is a MPIWG MPDL language technology service]| Become (p. p.) of Become Become (v. i.) To pass from one state to another; to enter into some state or condition, by a change from another state, or by assuming or receiving new properties or qualities, additional matter, or a new character. Become (v. i.) To come; to get. Become (v. t.) To suit or be suitable to; to be congruous with; to befit; to accord with, in character or circumstances; to be worthy of, or proper for; to cause to appear well; -- said of persons and things.

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http://mpdl-service.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/mpiwg-mpdl-lt-web/lt/GetDictionaryEntries?query=become&queryDisplay=become&language=en&outputFormat=html&outputType=morphCompact&outputType=dictFull

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Use this member function to write data from a buffer to the file associated with the CArchive object. void WriteString( LPCTSTR lpsz ); - Specifies a pointer to a buffer containing a null-terminated text string. The terminating null character ('\0') is not written to the file; nor is a newline automatically written. WriteString throws an exception in response to several conditions, including the disk-full condition. Write is also available, but rather than terminating on a null character, it writes the requested number of bytes to the file. CFile myFile("myfile", CFile::modeCreate | CFile::modeReadWrite); CString str1="String1", str2="String2", str; // Create a storing archive. CArchive arStore(&myFile, CArchive::store); // Write str1 and str2 to the archive arStore.WriteString( str1 ); arStore.WriteString( "\n" ); arStore.WriteString( str2 ); arStore.WriteString( "\n" ); // Close the storing archive arStore.Close(); // Create a loading archive. myFile.SeekToBegin(); CArchive arLoad(&myFile, CArchive::load); // Verify the two strings are in the archive. arLoad.ReadString( str ); ASSERT( str == str1 ); arLoad.ReadString( str ); ASSERT( str == str2 );

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http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/0ck300ac(v=vs.71).aspx

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While it's more likely that the protesters at the Occupy sites throughout the world are listening to the strains of Radiohead, Coldplay, Kanye West and Tennessee Ernie Ford, there is a great tradition in America and, heck, the world when it comes to musicians speaking out. Obviously, these aren't the only protest singers, but they are among the most essential, the ones your record collection needs because they didn't just stand up to the man, they made it into the collective consciousness and you will be seen as far more worldly for knowing their names. Most political music is about as entertaining as a speech. As much as I may detest certain Supreme Court rulings or certain politicians, I hate them even more when they make musicians I like lousy! 25) Woody Guthrie: His guitar said it all: This Machine Kills Fascists. He traveled the country letting people know they weren't alone, that they had a voice and that as long as you held onto your spirit and your values, you had more than the opposition. Added bonus, his voice makes Bob Dylan's sound like Sinatra. Dust Bowl Ballads on vinyl came with an album cover made of very thick cardboard. 24) Odetta: Often lost in the shuffle, human rights activist Odetta had the unfortunate circumstance of being a folksinger before it was the trendy thing to be and then not a rocker once that became the trend. So, she is considered an influence on names we all know better and has been the recipient of many awards hailing her works. When you're known by one name — Bruce, Madonna, Prince, Joyce — you're part of a special 1%! 23) Pete Seeger: Bruce Springsteen helped bring new attention to old Pete Seeger. He was a member of the Weavers, who had the honor of being blacklisted during the McCarthy Era. Despite being 92 years old, Seeger has continued to play a prominent part in standing up for human rights, environmental causes and songs about turning and overcoming! I saw him in concert once and he was fun to watch. 22) Joan Baez: While Baez is known for her rather sober readings of folk songs, she is actually very funny. Her engaging appearance in the Bob Dylan documentary No Direction Home made you wish the documentary had been about her and that she'd been the one to send ol' nasty pants packing back in 1965. 21) Bob Dylan: Bob eventually deserted protest for the higher arts of timeless weirdness, but he wrote so much in those early years that it didn't really matter. He'd written enough solid protest tunes to keep people playing them for decades. "Masters of War"? That's a hot one! 20) Phil Ochs: Stuck often playing in the shadow of Bob Dylan, Ochs was every bit as entertaining and insightful in his own write. But where Dylan was a self-preservationist, Ochs was a bleeding heart. He unraveled. But not before he recorded great anthems and eventually his own imagistic reveries. Pardon me for preferring "Rehearsals for Retirement," "Pleasures of the Harbor" and "Gas Station Women" to the important stuff. 19) John Lennon: Yeah, yeah, Lennon was the millionaire who said "Imagine no possessions," and he couldn't decide if he was "in" or "out" when it came to destructive revolutions, but that's what made him so engaging. He was human. Music alone doesn't change the world. It eases the path to enlightenment. It changes people's hearts and works subtly on the mind. That's why politicians consider it so dangerous. It's intangible. You catch more flies with loud guitars than you do with propaganda. 18) The Clash: For all the junk written about these guys, they really did write songs that made you want to fight the power or at least smash up your room. While "The Call Up" was specific, "London Calling," "Clampdown" and others gave people the impression that the individual had more power than they initially believed. It was nice of them to charge less for their records. 16) Green Day: It's pretty amazing to think that at a time when most bands wouldn't touch politics, Green Day, only one of the biggest bands in the world, went out of their way to prove they were reading the newspaper! Almost makes me want to check out what all the fuss is about. 14) Bruce Springsteen: Since around Darkness On the Edge of Town, there's been a sense that Bruce never felt comfortable with the trappings of success. It didn't stop him from grabbing the brass ring, but it made him suspicious of it. For every "Born In the U.S.A." fist-pump, there was a donation to a local food bank. And if his listeners didn't catch on to the story in the verses, he eventually slowed the tune down until no one could miss the message. But, truth told, we missed the band. 13) Patti Smith: Some people lead by example. Sure, "People Got the Power" is a nice thought. But her best music was always the weird stuff. Anyone who begins their debut album with "Jesus died for somebody's sins but not mine" is surely looking for trouble. But "Radio Ethopia"? That bit of noise is true protest. 12) Michael Franti: Each of Franti's projects, from the Beatnigs to The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy to Spearhead, have been socially conscious. He does not like to wear shoes. Are shoes a sign of imperialism? Around here at Yahoo!, we hate pants! 11) Steve Earle: He's stood up against the death penalty. He's held a critical eye towards the post 9-11 world. And he increasingly sings like he's got a bad cramp. Which actually makes him more interesting. 10) Tom Morello: A member of Rage Against The Machine and now an acoustic performer known as The Nightwatchman, Morello has performed at Occupy Wall Street protests and Occupy LA, and at concerts in support of collective bargaining rights in Madison, Wisconsin. His guitar says "Whatever It Takes." 9) Billy Bragg: If you had a voice like Billy's, you might be inclined to sing about world affairs, too. He doesn't exactly have the kind of voice you'd want singing in your ear. He sounds like he'd probably gob into it. 8) PJ Harvey: Her problems are more with England it seems. Which is fair enough. It's her part of the world. Is she really a protest singer? She sings loud enough. 7) Ani DiFranco: It's called living by example. She's her own boss. She makes her own rules. She does what she wants. By doing so, she makes all the performers who signed on the dotted line look like company men. Except for the guy in Fugazi. 6) Bikini Kill: Last I checked there were only three women on the Supreme Court. I'm not real good at math, but I'm pretty sure women make up more than 3/9ths of the population. I think they have a right to be annoyed. Imagine the cow men would be having if the numbers were reversed. Argue this point below and prove my point! 5) Bob Marley: With such toe-tappers as "Slave Drive," "Concrete Jungle," "Revolution," "War" and "Get Up Stand Up" (the unofficial anthem of Amnesty International), Marley wrote songs that will likely be sung long after the rest of us are worm food. So much for thinking positive. 4) Fela: The life of Fela Kuti is so controversial and crazy that it has been transformed into a three-time Tony Award-winning musical. The Nigerian musical leader was a pioneer of Afrobeat and a human rights activist, though his personal life had its ups and downs. Trust the art, not the artist. 3) Public Enemy: With a voice that sounded like he was speaking to us from the mountain, Chuck D could make anything seem serious. After speaking out about the issues that concerned him, he even managed to write a song, "Welcome to the Terrordome," that dealt with all his group's own problems, putting the "meta" back into the music! 2) John Trudell: Native American-Mexican poet-musician political activist, John Trudell has served as the chairman of the American Indian Movement. It was Jackson Browne, a songwriter who went from love to geo-political topics himself, who encouraged Trudell to pursue the musical world. Bob Dylan has championed him. He toured with Peter Gabriel for the WOMAD tour. If you like people who talk a lot in their music, you'll love him. 1) Victor Jara: Far too complex to get into here, Victor Jara's life was one that inspired musicians from U2 and the Clash to Jackson Browne and Marty Willson-Piper of the Church to all sing songs in tribute to him, a man whose awful, violent death became a rallying cry for anyone with a conscience.

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http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/list-of-the-day/twenty-five-essential-protest-singers-212502995.html

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Taipei (The China Post/ANN) - China feels like it has been tricked by the Taiwanese government, a top national security official claimed yesterday. The Chinese government has yet to make any response to the inauguration speech of Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou because it had expected Ma to follow Kuomintang (KMT) honourary chairman Wu Bo-hsiung's "one China" stance. That Ma did not do so has probably broken the trust built up in the cross-strait relations over the past few years, and it will take some time before China and Taiwan could resume past interactions, the anonymous official said. The Taiwanese government's current worry is that the misunderstanding might interfere with the negotiation processes of the economic cooperation framework agreement (ECFA). If Taiwan wants to see progress in signing free trade agreements with other countries in the future, it is necessary that cross-strait relations be as stable and trusting as they have been in the past, the national security source pointed out. According to the official, the misunderstanding that Wu was relating a stance favouring China on behalf of Ma led the Chinese government to expect the president to follow suit in his inauguration speech. Ma not only did not mention the Chinese stance on the "one China" concept, he re-emphasised the ruling Kuomintang's belief that the ROC is in fact the only China. Higher officials in the Taiwanese government are currently studying methods of solving the conflict in cross-strait relations without contradicting Ma's inauguration speech, the national security official said.

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http://my.news.yahoo.com/chinas-trust-broken-ma-ying-jeous-inauguration-speech-041001733.html

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Jerry Nelson, the Man Behind the ‘Sesame Street’ Count, Has Passed It’s a sad day for lovers of ‘Sesame Street’ everywhere — Jerry Nelson, the puppeteer who gave Count von Count his voice passed away Thursday of unspecified causes at the age of 78. In addition to the Count, Nelson also voiced Sherlock Hemlock, the Amazing Mumford and other characters for the show, as well as numerous other well-loved Muppets from a variety of other shows. Nelson was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, but grew up in Washington D.C. He began puppeteering under Bil Baird (who also trained Jim Henson), and his first work with The Muppets was on ‘The Jimmy Dean Show,’ where he found himself providing the voice for Rowlf in Frank Oz’s absence. When that show was over he took a break from working with Henson for a while, but came back to work on ‘Sesame Street.’ On the show, he was the first person to provide the voice for Snuffleupagus. He also provided the voice for Emmett in ‘Emmett Otter’s Jug Band Christmas.’ For ‘Fraggle Rock,’ he performed voices for Gobo Fraggle, Pa Gorg and the unforgettable Marjory the Trash Heap. This is merely a smattering of the characters Nelson brought to life over the years, and the work that he has done won’t soon be forgotten. In honor of Nelson, here is a video of the Count counting his feelings. Thanks again, for bringing smiles and laughter to children for over 40 years.

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Webcast: Evidence-based Review of Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Speaker: Jane Case-Smith, EdD, OTR/L, FAOTA Earn 1 contact hour (1 NBCOT PDU) This webcast presentation summarizes the up-to-date research evidence for interventions used by occupational therapy practitioners with children with ASD. The current research evidence for sensory integrative, sensory-based, social skills, behavioral, relationship-based, and comprehensive interventions is explained, including what we know about effectiveness with different levels of severity and age groups. Themes that emerge across intervention trials are identified and described. These themes define elements that are central to effective intervention, including: intensity of services, family roles and support, strategies for increasing child engagement, and models of practice. At the conclusion of the session, learners will be able to: - Identify the evidence for sensory, social, relationship based, educational and behavioral interventions that are applied by occupational therapists to children with autism spectrum disorder. - Identify themes of the interventions most effective with this population. - Identify key principles reflected in the research on autism interventions. Click here for speaker bios and more detailed information on this course. Target Audience: Occupational Therapists and Occupational Therapy Assistants Learning Level: Intermediate Occupational Therapy Classification Code for Continuing Education Category 2: Occupational Therapy Process, Evaluation and Intervention Category 3: Professional Issues, Contemporary Issues and Trends An e-mail address is required for ordering a Webcast. Once your order has been placed, you will receive an e-mail confirmation within 2 business days granting you access to the exam. Expedited ordering is available by calling 877-404-AOTA. An additional $15 processing fee will be charged. Click here for Customer Service Q&A to find information on shipping, technical requirements, examination, return policy, and more.

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G.P.O (General Post Office) in Bangalore is a very well known landmark in Bangalore. It is the central post office which caters to the postal need so people of Bangalore through its branches through out the city. The design of GPO building is a mixture of traditional and modern architecture. The podium and the sides of the building are of fine chiseled stone masonry with huge pillars and corridors in the front. The central hall has an imposing height of 28 feet. The building has three domes, cast in R.C.C. and veneered with stones. Two of them are small and one on the above the front side of the building is very huge. In Oct 1988, Govt of India released 4 stamps on monumental postal buildings. One of them was on Bangalore G.P.O.

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As I was reading the best sentence in the Al Quran, I also pondered in what context this sentence was revealed to Prophet Muhammad by Allah swt. I went to read further up to verse 26 and 27 which are as follows: Allah disdains not to use the similitude of things, lowest as well as highest. Those who believe know that it is truth from their Lord; but those who reject Faith say: "What means Allah by this similitude?" By it He causes many to stray, and many He leads into the right path; but He causes not to stray, except those who forsake (the path),- Allah swt will not shy away from bringing any example- be it a learning from a mosquito or anything above it. Only the perverted transgressors (sinners) will question “What does God intend with this example?” Allah will lead them astray. It is because they forsake the path of truth. Those who break Allah’s Covenant after it is ratified, and who sunder what Allah Has ordered to be joined, and do mischief on earth: These cause loss (only) to themselves. Here Allah swt is referring to those who had believed but still doing sins. The root meaning of الْفَاسِقِينَ Al faasiqeen is fasaq which means debauch/looseness/lustfulness/obscene. A person who is married and has a looseness of joining with other women considered as faasiqeen. In other words, those who had pledge to be believers and enters into sin thereafter are also considered as faasiqeen in the ‘eyes’ of Allah swt. How can ye reject the faith in Allah.- seeing that ye were without life, and He gave you life; then will He cause you to die, and will again bring you to life; and again to Him will ye return. How can you reject God when you were dead and He brought you to life? Then He makes you die, then He brings you to life, then to Him you return. And Allah swt cite an event way back before creation of Adam (alaihis salaam). That is verse 2:30 – The best sentence of the al Quran. Allah swt defended you and me from the Angels and if He had listened to the Angels, He could have put our creation on hold. And we would not have experienced life and live in non-existence. By this citation Allah swt wants our gratitude towards Him. So give thanks to Allah swt and follow His guidance (Al Quran). Truly man is, to his Lord, ungrateful 100: 6

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http://mylifepage.blogspot.com/2011_07_01_archive.html

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Do you want to make this quilt? This is the fourth block in a series of 12 that make the Semi-improv 9-patch quilt. - 1 charm pack (a charm pack is typically a 42 x 5 in squares) - cream cotton fabric for the background - cotton solids scraps in matching colours All blocks are a variation of churn dash or monkey wrench, a 9-patch block. The finished block size is 12 1/2 inches. The finished size will be obtained after 2 improv patchwork iterations. Red = pattern charm square Black = contrasting fabric White = background fabric - one charm square to 4 1/2 in for the centre of contrasting fabric - four 4 1/2 in x 2 1/2 in of the pattern fabric - four 4 1/2 in x 2 1/2 in of the contrasting fabric - two 4 7/8 inches for the corners in the background fabric - trim two charm squares to 4 7/8 in squares for the corners in the pattern fabric Important: Keep the tiny bits when trimming the charm squares to 4 1/2 inches. They’ll be used later. Making the corner triangles Place both pattern 4 7/8 square and background square with right sides together. Mark a diagonal as per picture. Stitch 1/4 in from the line on both sides of the diagonal. Cut through the diagonal. Open and press. Stitch together on rows and then the rows together. The fourth block is done.

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What: Sex and the Mind-Body-Spirit Connection When: Saturday, November 15, 2008 9:00 AM – 12:00 PM Where: All Souls Unitarian Church, 5805 E. 56th St., Indianapolis, IN 46226 How does brain function impact our sexual behavior? How do men and women experience pleasure differently? How does our spirituality influence our sexuality? How do the media, school, and contemporary culture impact our experience of sexuality? Investigate these questions and re-imagine your own sexuality within this holistic and interactive approach that features a panel discussion, multimedia presentations, personal journaling, as well as small- and large-group dialogue. Panelists include Steve Clapp, president of the Christian Community and author of Faith Matters: Teenagers, Religion, and Sexuality; Leslie Montgomery, director of programs for Planned Parenthood of Indiana and an experienced sex educator for youth and families; Dr. Michael Reece, director of the Center for Sexual Health Promotion and professor of sexual health at Indiana University; and Stephanie Sanders, associate director/scientist at the Kinsey Institute and professor of gender studies at Indiana University. Kathleen Baldwin, certified sexuality educator with the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists, and owner of Tell Kathleen Anything, LLC, will moderate. This program is intended for adult audiences. Free. Presented by Planned Parenthood of Indiana; Christian Community; Indiana University Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction; and Indiana University Center for Sexual Health Promotion. Questions? Call 317-637-4343 or e-mail email@example.com. Dr. Debby Herbenick is a sex researcher at Indiana University, sexual health educator at The Kinsey Institute, columnist, and author of five books about sex and love. Learn more about her work at www.sexualhealth.indiana.edu. As is the experience for most sex educators, people are frequently asking me “how did you get into this line of work?” I think that’s understandable since most high school career days don’t include my chosen profession. While many people [...]

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http://mysexprofessor.com/uncategorized/indianapolis-area-event-sex-and-the-mind-body-spirit-connection/

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The National Severe Storms Laboratory serves the nation by working to improve the leadtime and accuracy of severe weather warnings and forecasts in order to save lives and reduce property damage. NSSL scientists are committed to their mission to understand the causes of severe weather and explore new ways to use weather information to assist National Weather Service forecasters and federal, university, and private sector partners. This description of a site outside SERC has not been vetted by SERC staff and may be incomplete or incorrect. If you have information we can use to flesh out or correct this record let us know.

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http://nagt.org/resources/43523.html

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Historical Aerial Photographs Prior to the trial, Jan Schlichtmann, the plaintiffs attorney, hired a consulting firm to acquire and analyze historic aerial photographs of the Riley 15-acre property to estimate the times when the various drums, barrels, and debris piles first appeared. The consultants took this analysis and compared it to the 1985 field mapping of the debris piles, drums, and tanks on the 15-acre property by John Drobinski, a geologist hired by Schlichtmann. Drobinski's field map can be downloaded from the trial documents collection and excerpts of his deposition can be downloaded from the trial testimony collection. What Are Aerial Photographs and How Are They Used? Aerial photographs like the ones shown below routinely are taken by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Geological Survey to make topographic maps, record temporal changes in crop patterns, map geology and mineral resources, and evaluate floodplains. A specialized aircraft with sophisticated cameras is used to take photographs using black & white or color infrared film. The aircraft flies along flight lines that overlap slightly while the camera takes photographs at time intervals that allow the images to overlap. Because of the overlap is from two different positions in the sky, the overlapping portions of adjacent images can be viewed in 3-D. A stereoscope is needed to see the images in 3-D, which produces a static visual image that is similar to looking at a 3-D movie using red and blue glasses. Thus, tree tops and buildings appear to be higher than surrounding ground, whereas stream channels and wetlands appear to be lower. Aerial Photographs of the Woburn Wells G and H Area The collection below is a subset of those compiled by Maura Metheny for her dissertation research at Ohio State University. Four sets of photographs (May 1954, May 1969, April 1981, and March 1986) are suitable for 3-D viewing. To do this, print the images on high-quality paper or photographic paper and view them under a stereoscope. An inexpensive plastic 'pocket' stereoscope works well. The sequence of images below document changes in land use, construction of municipal wells G and H and other structures, changes in the wetland, and the appearance of drums and underground storage tanks along the access road between Salem Street and Olympia Avenue on the west side of the river. Detailed information about the dates, resolution, scales, and ordering numbers of the sets of aerial photographs shown below is available in this Excel file (Excel 19kB Jan22 07). - May 13, 1954 Photographs: 2414, 2415, 2416, 2417 northern image Full Resolution ( 28.5MB Mar14 07)north-central image Full Resolution ( 29.3MB Mar14 07)south-central image Full Resolution ( 28.3MB Mar14 07)southern image Full Resolution ( 28.5MB Mar14 07) - April 29, 1963 Photographs: 278, 279 western image Full Resolution ( 288kB Mar15 07)eastern image Full Resolution ( 208kB Mar15 07) - April 6, 1965 photograph: 233 Full Resolution ( 269kB Mar15 07) - May 1, 1969 photographs: 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687 south image Full Resolution ( 288kB Mar15 07)south-central image Full Resolution ( 284kB Mar15 07)north-central image Full Resolution ( 281kB Mar15 07)north image Full Resolution ( 273kB Mar15 07) - July 3, 1971 photograph: 126 Full Resolution ( 377kB Mar15 07) - April 23, 1978 photographs: 104 north and south north images Full Resolution ( 73kB Mar15 07)south image Full Resolution ( 77kB Mar15 07) - April 13, 1981 photographs: 19-5, 19-6, 19-7 south image Full Resolution ( 205kB Mar15 07)middle image Full Resolution ( 196kB Mar15 07)north image Full Resolution ( 196kB Mar15 07)

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Aylam from Occupied Palestine was over for a visit in Manchester. She came over to our place and cooked us three amazing middle east dishes. The first dish was an Aubergine dip called Baba Ghanoush. She learnt this recipe from a friend’s mother who is Jewish and Mizrachy (a Jew who migrated to Israel from an Arab country). Baba ghanoush, baba ganush, baba ghannouj or baba ghannoug (Arabicبابا غنوج bābā ġanūj) is a Lebanese dish of aubergine mashed and mixed with olive oil and seasonings. Often, it is eaten as a dip with khubz or pita bread, and is sometimes added to other dishes. It is usually of an earthy light-brown colour. It is popular in the Levant and Egypt. Ingredients: 2 medium-large black Aubergines, Juice from 1 fresh Lemon, 3 cloves of garlic, Unmixed Tahini sauce, 1 bunch of parsley (finely chopped) , ground cumin, ground black pepper, salt

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Women don’t make 77 cents to a man’s dollar. They make more like 93 cents, as long as they don’t major in art history To think that Apple won’t use its experience to disrupt other markets is short sighted. It might take time, but Apple is more than capable of continuing to innovate and drive markets in new directions. This is the year you figure out your number. Right? It’s not all that difficult, really. Yet by some estimates fewer than half of Americans have ever tried to divine how much money they will need in the bank in order to retire comfortably. The banking sector still faces big challenges, but greater transparency will boost investor confidence and also encourage banks to manage risk better internally. News Corp.’s blockbuster deal to buy 49% of the Yankees Entertainment and Sports (YES) Network is the latest confirmation that televised sports has become one of the hottest areas in the media world. Social media and big data are being used in an innovative new payday loan banking model that’s more Silicon Valley than Wall Street. As Hurricane Sandy continues to batter the Eastern seaboard of the U.S., one thing is for certain: insurance companies will be ponying up for billions of dollars in property damage caused by high winds. Five months after going public in one of the most controversial IPOs in U.S. history, social networking titan Facebook finally delivered some good news on Tuesday, reporting earnings results that impressed Wall Street. A recent consumer survey found that 41% of respondents had less than $500 in savings available on short notice. While historians will be debating the effect of the counterinsurgency campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan for decades to come, the young officers and noncommissioned officers charged with carrying out those missions are returning … Rent-seeking is a phrase increasingly in vogue by folks without real jobs. Wikipedia defines it as “an attempt to obtain economic rent by manipulating the social or political environment in which economic activities occur, rather than by creating new wealth.” Synonym: the U.S. defense industry and its allies, c. 2012. This ad appeared on page 15 of Sunday’s New York Times. In stark terms, using a recent comment by Defense Secretary Leon Panetta, it warns of impending cataclysm. It urges New York City readers to prepare for doom…by buying a cabin in the Catskills, “located less than two hours from New York City.” The website linked to the ad … Tuesday’s Wall Street Journal story of how Chinese state bank (China Development Bank) is pumping $1.7 billion into two long-stalled redevelopment projects in the San Francisco Bay area – namely, Hunter’s Point (a Navy base until …

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As part of our Amazing Experiences Sweepstakes, National Aquarium in Washington, DC is giving one lucky winner the opportunity to name and have a behind-the-scenes “meet and greet” with our newest baby loggerhead turtle, arriving this month! In order to help save these magnificent sea turtles from extinction, National Aquarium participates in the Loggerhead Head Start Program, run by the North Carolina Aquarium in Pine Knoll, that gives these baby sea turtles a better chance at survival in the wild. Sea turtle hatchlings found stranded far from the ocean, spend time in aquariums where they can safely grow. After being given a clean bill of health and an extra boost of nutrition, they are tagged and released back to the ocean! Sea turtles have a challenging life. Most weighing just 20 grams at birth, they face many natural predators both on the sandy beaches where they hatch and in the oceans where they dwell. Because of their low survival rate, they have been classified as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. After a two years of growth, National Aquarium staff returns them to North Carolina for release. Eventually, these turtles could weigh up to 200 pounds! So – Want a chance to meet our newest turtle? There are five great ways to be entered to win! - Purchase any full price ticket online for a December visit - Make a donation of $25 or more - Purchase or renew your membership online - Buy a gift ticket online - Adopt an Animal Click here to find out all the details about our Amazing Experiences Sweepstakes! Stay tuned for more features on our once-in-a-lifetime sweepstakes prizes! Winners will be announced on our Facebook page starting December 17!

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Rectal Swabs a Promising Supplement to E. Coli Test Submitting tissue samples via surface mail may present challenges to swine practitioners due to public health and perception concerns and regulatory restrictions. This study evaluated alternative sampling techniques for Escherichia coli (E. coli) in cases of weaned pig diarrhea. Fifteen pigs from four sites were sampled. Two rectal swabs, two intestinal swabs and a tissue sample were collected from each pig. Rectal swabs and tissue from each pig were cultured for E. coli, and tissues were evaluated for lesions at the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. E. coli was isolated from all cases using both rectal swabs and intestinal tissue. Rectal swabs yielded E. coli with both toxin and pili genes in pigs with clinical signs. However, genotyping results from the rectal swabs and the intestinal tissue did not agree at the pig level in 64% of the cases, suggesting that multiple samples are required to characterize the E. coli population at the farm. Rectal swabs and tissue samples provide advantages and disadvantages to the practitioner. Tissue samples offer the ability to necropsy the pig and view lesions and other pathogens. E. coli is a pervasive organism in that presence doesn’t always equal disease, so tissue analysis provides an opportunity to verify diagnosis. Rectal swabs allow healthy pigs to be sampled or acute cases to be pursued where practitioners may be reluctant to euthanize pigs. Rectal swab use helps avoid the need to euthanize the pig thus salvaging its value. Rectal swabs also allow larger sample size and justify running more antibiotic sensitivity tests due to costs saved from not euthanizing pigs or shipping tissue samples. Rectal swabbing may also provide an opportunity to submit more samples to better characterize the E. coli population without euthanizing additional pigs. This clinical tool may be used as a supplemental diagnostic method to tissue submission and give a cost-effective means of increasing the sample size in difficult E. coli cases. It will not replace tissue samples from acutely affected pigs as primary diagnostic samples, however. Researchers: Locke Karriker, DVM and Anna Johnson, Iowa State University. For more information, contact Karriker by phone (515) 294-2283, fax (515) 294-1072 or e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org. Airborne Spread of Flu Virus is Feasible University of Minnesota research suggests that swine influenza virus can be detected in aerosols generated from infected pigs and that airborne spread is possible. Swine influenza virus is an important respiratory pathogen that causes low mortality but high morbidity that impacts pig performance. The virus is known to spread through nose-to-nose contact and droplets, but little is known about the dynamics of airborne transmission within and between herds. In a study at the University of Minnesota research farm, air samples were collected from 7-week-old pigs experimentally infected and housed in isolation rooms. In addition to the air samples, all pigs were individually sampled daily to correlate individual pig shedding with the likelihood of virus detection in the air. Results indicated that a minimum number of infected pigs need to be actively shedding the virus in order to produce sufficient aerosols to be detectable in the air. The virus was first detected in the air when at least four of 11 pigs were simultaneously shedding virus. Detection of the virus in air samples under experimental conditions was possible for six days (Figure 1), which coincided with the course of the active infection. Since the pigs in the study were fully susceptible to influenza infections, pigs with different degrees of maternal immunity against influenza were measured for airborne detection of the virus. Virus was detected in pigs with partial immunity as well as those without immunity, but no influenza virus was detected in pigs that had protective levels of maternal antibodies. Results indicated that influenza virus may be found in aerosols generated from infected pigs, but that immunity plays a role in the generation of infectious aerosols and therefore in the risk of airborne transmission. More research is needed to understand the role of aerosol transmission under field conditions, according to researcher Cesar Corzo, DVM. Researchers: Cesar Corzo, DVM, Marie Gramer, DVM, Bob Morrison, DVM, and Montse Torremorell, DVM, University of Minnesota; and Scott Dee, DVM, Pipestone (MN) Veterinary Clinic. For more information, contact Torremorell by phone (612) 625-1233, fax (612) 625-1210 or e-mail: email@example.com. PRRS Vaccine Reduces Shedding in Field Study One of the crucial challenges in the PRRS regional elimination projects is reinfection of pig units due to area spread of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of PRRS modified-live-virus (MLV) vaccine on viral shedding and on dynamics of PRRS infection in pig groups raised under field conditions. The study consisted of two groups of 1,000 pigs each. Ten percent of the pigs in each room were inoculated with a field strain of the PRRS virus. Rooms featured separate ventilation and strict adoption of scientifically valid biosecurity protocols to avoid movement of pathogens between rooms. At eight and 36 days post-inoculation (DPI), all pigs in the challenge-vaccine group were inoculated with a PRRS MLV vaccine. Pigs in the challenge-control group were inoculated with a placebo. Following the challenge, blood and oral fluid samples were collected from each room at 0, 8, 36, 70, 96 and 118 DPI for detection of PRRS virus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Screening for PRRS virus antibodies was also performed on blood serum samples using an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) test. Tonsil scraping samples were collected from both groups at 70, 96 and 118 DPI. Air samples were collected six times per week from 0 to 118 DPI and tested for PRRS virus using a PCR assay. Test results suggested that there was no difference in the PRRS infection dynamics as measured by viremia (infection in the bloodstream) and seroconversion between the vaccinated and the control group pigs. There was no difference in the frequency of tonsil scraping samples testing positive for PRRS by PCR for the two rooms of pigs. However, the challenge-vaccine group had a significant reduction in the amount of PRRS virus shed in the air and the number of days in which PRRS virus could be detected in air samples. PRRS virus was detected in the challenge-control group for up to 70 days post infection, compared to 45 days in the challenge-vaccine group. The proportion of oral fluid PCR-positive samples detected at 36 DPI was lower in the challenge-vaccine group. PRRS MLV vaccines might provide assistance in regional elimination of PRRS virus by decreasing the amount of virus shed from infected pig populations. Researchers: Scott Dee, DVM, and Joel Nerem, DVM, Pipestone (MN) Veterinary Clinic; Jean Paul Cano, DVM, and Tom Wetzell, DVM, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.; Daniel Linhares, DVM, and Montse Torremorell, DVM, Leman Chair, University of Minnesota. For more information, contact Torremorell by phone (612) 625-1233 or e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org. Young Pigs can be Source of Influenza Virus Even though swine influenza virus is a common cause of respiratory disease in pigs, information has been lacking on transmission and epidemiology within pig populations. Anecdotal evidence would suggest that influenza viruses tend to circulate in swine breeding herds for an extended period of time. New research at the University of Minnesota identified neonatal pigs as a potential reservoir for influenza virus in swine breeding herds. Following intensive sampling in selected commercial herds, neonatal pigs were found to be infected with influenza virus, while the adult animals (sows and gilts) sampled within these populations were not infected. The prevalence of infection in neonatal pigs was typically low (less than 10%) but tended to be higher as pigs approached weaning age. Additionally, pigs weaned from an infected breeding herd served as a source of virus for their respective nursery/wean-to-finish herd. This means neonatal and weaned pigs can serve as a source of influenza virus within herds and across herds. This preliminary finding can help guide future research concerning influenza virus epidemiology and control. Researchers: Matt Allerson, DVM; Montse Torremorell, DVM; and Marie Gramer, DVM, University of Minnesota. For more information, contact Torremorell by phone (612) 625-1233, fax (612) 625-1210 or e-mail: email@example.com.

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Two teachers at Norview High School in Norfolk, VA were recently put on administrative leave by the school after a parent complained about a video that she saw in Government class. The video informed its audience on how to assert their constitutional rights during various encounters with police, such as during a car or house search. It was accompanied by a one page handout about a person’s rights when stopped and arrested by the police. When the girl came home after school that day, she told her mother “You won’t believe what we are learning in Government. They are teaching us how to hide our drugs.” The woman promptly called the school to complain about what was taught to her daughter, and the teachers were subsequently suspended. There are two things that are rather irksome about these series of events. First, why are parents are so ready to jump to conclusions and act on those assumptions? It’s a little hard to believe that teachers would be lecturing their students on the best way to hide drugs from the police. If the girl’s mother had just inquired as to what was actually taught that day, it would have been clear that this was Government class as usual, just an exercise in educating youth on the Constitution. Second, and more importantly, why are schools eager to appease parents at the drop of a hat? These are institutions filled with education professionals: teachers know what their students should learn and what the appropriate materials for teaching them are. A school’s administration should trust that the teacher is making reasonable choices as to how a child is taught and with what. In response to a parent’s complaint, they should first research the allegations. The administration at Norview High School, for instance, could have a gotten a copy of the leaflet given to students. They also could have watched the video to see if anything inappropriate was shown. Instead, the school acquiesced to the demands of one uninformed parent. Sometimes, Mother doesn’t know what’s best. That’s why we have schools and teachers. Unfortunately, this is not a new problem. Schools all over the country have bowed down to raging parents over something they don’t think is appropriate for their child. It’s a distressing thought that a parent’s misunderstanding about a certain book or a particular lesson in school can translate into a child’s incomplete education. Learning about an individual’s constitutional rights enhances one’s education and can even make for a better citizen. School administrators need to have more confidence in themselves and their teachers. They need to stick to what they believe is important for a child’s education.

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Schools and Students Private schools in 1999–2000 were located primarily in central cities (42 percent) and the urban fringe or large towns (40 percent) (table 2). About 18 percent of private schools were found in rural areas. In contrast, 24 percent of all public schools were in central city locations, 45 percent in the urban fringe or large towns, and 31 percent in rural areas. Most schools—61 percent of private and 71 percent of public—were elementary, but 10 percent of private schools and 25 percent of public schools were secondary. Finally, a much higher proportion of private schools (30 percent) were combined schools (usually grades K–12 or 1–12), compared with only 4 percent of public schools. Figures and Tables Table 2: Percentage distribution of schools according to community type and level, by sector and private school type: 1999-2000 Table S2: Standard errors for the percentage distribution of schools according to community type and level, by sector and private school type: 1999-2000

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legal defense monitoring group Green and Black Cross Legal Support The Activists’ Legal Project provides information about the law to people who are thinking of taking direct action, or who have taken direct action. Fairford coach action – those detained on the way to Fairford Airforce base who have issued a judicial review of the detention. Human Rights & Civil Liberties Liberty, the civil liberties organisation’s website. Liberty’s human rights website. Statewatch monitors the state and civil liberties in the UK and Europe. The Public Law Project undertakes specialist research, training and information, advice and representation in public law to access justice for poor and disadvantaged people. Amnesty International UK Coalition Against the Terrorism Acts: Information and campaigning against the Terrorism Act 2000 and the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001. Defy-ID is an adhoc network of groups and individuals prepared for active resistance to increasing surveillance and the introduction of identity or ‘entitlement’ cards in the UK. Everything you never wanted to know about the UK ID card. Privacy International is a human rights group, a watchdog on surveillance and privacy invasions by governments and corporations. Legal resource centre for UK political activists with an animal rights slant. Legal resource centre for UK political activists with an Anti-nuclear slant. Basic Law for Road Protestors, second edition by Peter Gray. Environmental Law Foundation: A national charity that secures environmental justice for communities and individuals through a network of legal and technical experts. Prisons, Prisoners Support & Miscarriages of Justice Anarchist Black Cross Support group for anarchists, black liberation activists, anti-fascists and others we feel an affinity with who have ended up in prison. Earth Liberation Prisoners Supports people who have been arrested and imprisoned for acts of direct action in defence of animals and the earth. Vegan Prisoners Support Group assists vegan animal rights prisoners either held in police custody or within the prison system. Innocent are committed to fighting miscarriages of justice in general and campaigning on behalf of specific cases. Miscarriages of Justice UK Founded by Paddy Hill, one of the Birmingham 6, they fight for people who are wrongly imprisoned. The Campaign Against Prison Slavery exists to challenge and bring about an end to forced prison labour, and to expose the companies that exploit it. The national federation of services supporting families of prisoners Official Prison Service Website Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC). The official body responsible for investigating suspected miscarriages of criminal justice in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Official Home Office police website – links to individual forces and general information. Deaths in Custody or by Police INQUEST: Advice, campaigning and information for bereaved people facing Coroner’s Inquests, especially those involving deaths in custody (Police, prison, detained patients). Roger Sylvester Justice Campaign Campaigns to establish how Roger, a fit and healthy 30 year old man came to a horrific and premature death after being detained by the police. A film about the struggle for justice by the families of people that have died in police custody. Refugees and Asylum Seekers National Coalition of Anti-Deportation Campaigns: Bringing Together Families and Individuals Fighting Deportation Release: Drugs and the law and human rights. Advice on the drug laws. The Advisory Service for Squatters. Friends, Families & Travellers: Advice for all travellers. Shelter Housing Advice. Index on Censorship: website events on free expression and censorship around the world. Internet rights and wrongs. A general description of how the UK legal system works from an academic institution. Another guide to how the UK legal system works from Law Librarian in an academic institution. Yet another introduction to the English legal system from a barrister, also available in Spanish An official advice site with mainstream but useful advice. UK Acts of Parliament 1988 onwards. UK Secondary legislation (Statutory Instruments) from 1987 onwards Official website of the courts – useful general information. Official website of the criminal courts – useful general information. The Government’s portal with links to all Government sites. The Legal Services Commission – the replacement for the Legal Aid Board, for funding cases. Law Society: firms of solicitors. List of Solicitors in England and Wales. Bar Council: Barristers. List of Barristers in England and Wales. Law Centres Federation – free legal advice. The National Association of Citizens Advice Bureaux – free advice. A useful portal to many legal websites. Ombudsmen services available to individuals who believes that they have received an injustice from a public body. Scottish Law Society – includes a guide to Scots law. A charity providing fee advice on Scottish law.

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Christian leaders who are themselves divided over homosexuality have joined forces to oppose a proposed Ugandan law that calls for the death penalty for some homosexual behavior. "Our Christian faith recognizes violence, harassment and unjust treatment of any human being as a betrayal of Jesus' commandment to love our neighbors as ourselves," reads the statement released Monday (Dec. 7) and signed by dozens of leaders. "As followers of the teachings of Christ, we must express profound dismay at a bill currently before the Parliament in Uganda." The bill calls for those convicted of involvement in homosexual acts to be sentenced to life in prison and those convicted of "aggravated homosexuality" to receive the death penalty. Signatories include Jim Wallis, president of Sojourners; the Rev. Samuel Rodriguez, president of the National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference; Bryan N. Massingale, president of the Catholic Theological Society of America; evangelical activist Brian McLaren; Jim Winkler, general secretary of the United Methodist General Board of Church and Society; and Thomas P. Melady, former U.S. ambassador to Uganda and the Vatican. The joint statement, organized by Faith in Public Life and Catholics in Alliance for the Common Good, follows a declaration by Episcopal Church Presiding Bishop Katharine Jefferts Schori that "potential impingement on basic human rights" are threatened by the proposed Ugandan legislation. "...(A)ttempts to export the culture wars of North America to another context represent the very worst of colonial behavior," she said in her Dec. 4 statement. "We deeply lament this reality, and repent of any way in which we have participated in this sin."

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Resources for living well This obesity primer consists of 10 booklets that address adult obesity in the primary care setting. It offers practical recommendations on evaluating patients for health risks related to weight, understanding medication and surgical options, improving communication and counseling, and making office environments more accommodating to obese patients. American Medical Association (AMA) This guide provides a set of generic principles that can be used as the basis for planning, delivering, and evaluating public health activities aimed at changing health-related behaviors. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) These validated patient survey tools work to assess patient and health care professional attitudes, wishes, and needs in diabetes management, a vital and valuable part of patient-centred quality of care improvement. DAWN (Diabetes Attitutes, Wishes, and Needs) Study This guide for health care professionals provides comprehensive diabetes information on prevention and control and cardiovascular disease. California Medical Association Foundation This website provides access to program models, tools, and resources to enable health care professionals to provide self-management support for adults with diabetes in real world clinical and community settings. En español Robert Wood Johnson Foundation These handouts provide facilitators with tools to implement the DPP intervention using strategies to achieve nutrition, physical activity and weight loss goals. En español Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) This kit contains resources for health care teams that want to begin offering group visits for their patients. Group visits offer staff a new and more satisfying way to interact with patients that makes efficient use of resources, improves access, and uses group process to help motivate behavior change and improve outcomes. Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) This guide details the steps to using change interventions with diabetes patients to move them toward disease self-management. En español California Diabetes Program This brochure for health care professionals details the steps to using change interventions with diabetes patients to move them toward disease self-management. En español California Diabetes Program Living a Balanced Life with Diabetes: A Toolkit Addressing Psychosocial Issues for American Indian and Alaska Native Peoples can help health care professionals address psychosocial issues with American Indian and Alaska Native Peoples. The toolkit contains a variety of culturally appropriate materials. National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) - Help Me Select one: I Am A - Health care professional Remove - Age Select one: Type of Resource - Printable documents Remove - Language Select one:

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7.2. Fractional Polarization and Projected Field Morphology Multi-frequency radio continuum polarimetric imaging determines both the fraction of the total intensity which is linear polarized at a given frequency, and after a proper correction has been made for Faraday rotation as discussed below, the projected magnetic field structure in the radio source. The theoretical maximum fractional polarization, FP, for optically thin synchrotron emission from a population of relativistic electrons with a power-law energy distribution and an isotropic pitch angle distribution in a uniform magnetic field is: FP = (1 - ) / (5/3 - ), or 72% for = -0.7 (Pacholcyzk 1970). Fractional polarizations are high in Cygnus A, with typical values between 10% and 40%, and reaching as high as 70% in the jet and hotspots at high resolution (Carilli et al. 1989a). The projected magnetic field distribution across the radio lobes is shown in figure 9. The projected fields generally follow parallel to the edges of the source, to the bright ridges in the hotspots, to the filamentary structure in the lobes, and along the jet. Figure 9. The contours are of total intensity from Cygnus A at 8 GHz, 0.35" resolution. The vectors show the projected magnetic field distribution across the source derived from the polarized emission after correction for Faraday rotation, reproduced from Perley and Carilli (1996). Laing (1980) presents an analytic model for magnetic fields in radio galaxies which explains very nicely the observed fractional polarization and projected field structure in Cygnus A. His model involves simple kinematic dynamo processes in the radio source, i.e. shear and/or compression by turbulent fluid motions of a magnetic field which is `frozen-in' to the fluid due to the very high conductivity of a collision-less plasma. Compression and shear can result in the creation of `Laing cells' from a fully tangled initial field distribution. Such cells correspond to regions of highly anisotropically tangled field where one dimension of the turbulence is `re-organized' by compression or shear. In certain projections this can result in observed fractional polarizations approaching the theoretical maximum. The simple analytic model of Laing has been verified by 3D hydrodynamic simulations of radio jets with passive magnetic fields, including the field morphology in the jets, hotspots, and filamentary structure in the lobes (Clarke 1992, Mathews and Scheuer 1991, Cox et al. 1991). Perley and Carilli (1996) present polarization images of Cygnus A at 8 GHz, 0.4" resolution. They find very high fractional polarizations in the radio lobes, approaching 70% in some areas, and projected fields which follow parallel to the axis of the radio lobes. The implication is a very well ordered field in the lobes with the dominant field component projecting along the long axis of the lobe, as expected for example if the field is stretched by shear flow down the lobes. This suggests that the fluid dynamics in the lobes is not magnetically dominated (Blandford 1996).

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Community Cares welcomes this week's guest blogger, Diane Serratore, Executive Director of People to People. It’s a fact. Hungry kids can’t learn. And kids who have difficulty learning will have difficulty being successful in school. Kids who are not successful in school are more likely to be unsuccessful in life. That’s why People to People -- Rockland’s Food Pantry – is stepping up its efforts to provide struggling families with what they need to help their kids begin the day with a nutritious breakfast. Yes, there are vital federal- and state-funded programs that provide subsidized breakfast and lunch to children from low-income households. Too often, though, kids are too embarrassed to be seen participating in them. People to People is not alone in focusing efforts on providing nutritious breakfasts to at-risk kids. Kellogg’s recently kicked off its “Share Your Breakfast” promotion with ads and coupons. For every coupon redeemed, Kellogg’s will donate funds (up to $200,000) to Action for Healthy Kids. Kellogg’s has also established National Breakfast Week to be held March 4 to 10, 2013. Though People to People is not affiliated with Kellogg’s or Action for Healthy Kids (its only New York state affiliate is in New York City), People to People enthusiastically supports efforts to provide children from low-income families with nutritious breakfasts. That’s why People to People is launching Rockland County Healthy Breakfast Week to be held March 4 to 10, 2013 to coincide with Kellogg’s national awareness initiative. The People to People Healthy Breakfast Week can be supported in many ways: - Churches, libraries, firehouses, village and town halls can place collection boxes in entranceways. - Civic and youth organizations (Rotary Clubs, Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts) can organize food drives at area supermarkets. - Community organizations can hold Pancake Breakfasts or other events to raise funds for PtoP to purchase nutritious breakfast foods. - Individuals can use Kellogg’s coupons to purchase breakfast cereals and then donate those items to PtoP. In addition, financial contributions to support Healthy Breakfast Week can be made directly to People to People (via its website at www.peopletopeopleinc.org) or by calling Swati Shah, Finance Director, at 845-623-4900, ext. 210. One in five Rockland children lives in poverty. One in five kids in our nation goes without breakfast every day. How many more times are we going to hear that “our children are our future” before we do something about assuring that our children don’t start the day hungry? If not now, when? About the Community Cares Blog and the Rockland Community Foundation The Community Cares Blog, hosted by the Rockland Community Foundation, celebrates the spirit of giving in our community. Each week, we will post a story of philanthropy or shine a spotlight on an activity that is making a difference in the lives of our neighbors. We invite Rockland non-profits, individuals and businesses to contribute to the Community Cares blog by sending an email to email@example.com. As the umbrella charitable organization for the county, the Rockland Community Foundation is working to connect donors with the causes they care about most. Our grants support a wide range of interests and, with the support of Rockland residents and businesses, we are committed a path of growth that will enable us to help the non-profit community continue their vital work. You can learn more by visiting us at http://www.rocklandgives.org.

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Oshkosh, WI…(July 15, 2010) Flood, fire and wind created a whirlwind of activity for local American Red Cross Chapters. Throughout most of Northeast Wisconsin, trained volunteers have been activated to support local relief efforts and to provide immediate emergency needs. Several Damage Assessment Teams have been going door-to-door in affected neighborhoods. They discuss the storm damage with home owners and/or renters and provide guidance, literature, offer a clean-up kit as well as comfort and hope. In addition, U.S.Bank, our “Ready When the Time Comes” partnership was activated. The program consists of trained bank employees who are released from normal work-day activities to support local disaster relief efforts. Lindsay Geffers, the US Bank facilitator received the call early this morning and leapt into action. They provided several volunteers who had been given disaster assessment information previously. They attended the morning briefing, received maps, clean-up kits and more and were then dispatched along with a more experienced Red Cross staff member or volunteer to comb affected neighborhoods, she “I never realized how important it was to let the community know they have support and assistance if they need it. It’s amazing to see how people can persevere through disasters – especially those that have flooded before.” Additional clean-up kits with basic cleaning supplies are available at Red Cross offices and via mobile units. If people are in need of assistance, they are encouraged to call their local Red Cross. All disaster assistance is free as a gift to the American people, from the American people. To financially support local disaster relief efforts, please call 1-800-RED-CROSS or by visiting www.redcross.org. About:The Northeast Wisconsin American Red Cross is a regional grouping of five chapters serving 20 counties with a mission to prevent, prepare for and respond to disasters throughout the East Central Wisconsin, Fond du Lac County, Lakeland, Outagamie and Scenic Shores Chapters. To learn more about Red Cross programs, volunteer opportunities, and how you can help, contact the Northeast region at 920-231-3590 or visit www.NewRedCross.org The American Red Cross shelters, feeds and provides emotional support to victims of disasters; supplies nearly half of the nation’s blood; teaches lifesaving skills; provides international humanitarian aid; and supports military members and their families. The Red Cross is a charitable organization — not a government agency — and depends on volunteers and the generosity of the American public to perform its mission.

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A reader in Buffalo resonated with a recent column, in which I opined that a punishment is worthless unless it establishes a permanent memory. When said reader's son began kindergarten, he would work himself into a tantrum every morning. His “problem with transitions” caused him to miss the bus, so Mom ended up driving him to school. To her credit, Mom did not allow emotion to drive her response to the problem. Realizing that her son's morning meltdowns needed to be nipped in the proverbial bud, she considered her options and came up with a game plan. She sat her son down and calmly told him that he was free to throw morning tantrums, but for no longer than 15 minutes. When a tantrum started, she was going to set a timer. When it rang, he had to stop, compose himself and proceed cooperatively to the bus stop. If a morning meltdown lasted past the bell, Mom was going to confine him to his room after school and put him to bed immediately after dinner. If he missed his bus because of a tantrum, he would spend a week in his room, during which time he could join the family for meals, family outings and school. Mom writes: “The next day, he threw a tantrum and missed the bus. I drove him to school, came home and cleaned his room of anything and everything entertaining, including books. He spent the full seven days in there. He never missed his bus again, and he never threw another tantrum.” Notwithstanding that the boy in question experienced no physical pain, mental torture or discomfort other than prolonged boredom, this sort of discipline horrifies some people. I suppose they identify with the child and share in his seven days of unease. I suggest that the more rational response is to share in the boy's success. He stopped throwing tantrums! Who, pray tell, was the primary beneficiary of the boy's confinement? Why, the boy! Misbehavior of any sort is a burden to the person misbehaving. That applies to humans of all ages. Chronic misbehavior prevents a child from growing up. Adults who chronically misbehave have not grown up. As such, parents have an obligation to do all they can to help their children release themselves from the bondage of misbehavior. It is nothing short of narcissistic for a parent to become angry at a child for misbehaving, as if the person most inconvenienced is the parent. In this story, the mother was determined, not angry. Who, pray tell, was the happier little boy — the tantrum-throwing one or the tantrum-free one? Why, the latter! Relieved of his burden, the little fellow was able to take a giant step toward maturity. That always feels good, at any age. Would any amount of talk and understanding have resolved this problem? I doubt it. In fact, my experience leads me to believe that talk and understanding would have made the problem worse, not better. Intent aside, that approach might well have conveyed to the boy that he had a valid reason for throwing tantrums. When this little boy is older, he will no doubt remember his seven days. Will he be grateful or resentful? That's a no-brainer.

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By Duncan Bartlett BBC News, Japan A Japanese legend claims that Jesus escaped Jerusalem and made his way to Aomori in Japan where he became a rice farmer. Christians say the story is nonsense. However, a monument there known as the Grave of Christ attracts curious visitors from all over the world. To reach the Grave of Christ or Kristo no Hakka as it is known locally, you need to head deep into the northern countryside of Japan, a place of paddy fields and apple orchards. The Grave of Christ has become an international tourist attraction Halfway up a remote mountain surrounded by a thicket of bamboo lies a mound of bare earth marked with a large wooden cross. Most visitors peer at the grave curiously and pose in front of the cross for a photograph before heading off for apple ice cream at the nearby cafe. But some pilgrims leave coins in front of the grave in thanks for answered prayers. The cross is a confusing symbol because according to the local legend, Jesus did not die at Calvary. His place was taken by one of his brothers, who for some reason is now buried by his side in Japan. The story goes that after escaping Jerusalem, Jesus made his way across Russia and Siberia to Aomori in the far north of Japan where he became a rice farmer, married, had a family and died peacefully at the age of 114. A villager hinted that I might be able to meet one of Jesus' descendents - a Mr Sajiro Sawaguchi, who is now in his 80s. His family owns the land on which the grave stands and his house is at the foot of the mountain. I set off to find him but was told he was too ill to speak to me. However, his grandson Junichiro Sawaguchi did agree to talk. Was I about to meet someone with a true touch of the divine? The tubby middle-aged gentleman in glasses who spoke to me did not seem particularly Messianic. "Actually, my family are Buddhists not Christians," said Mr Sawaguchi. Local legend says Mr Sawaguchi (r) is a living descendant of Jesus "And I don't claim to be a descendent of Jesus although I know some people have said my grandfather is connected to the legend. However, when I was a young child, my mother drew the sign of a cross upon my forehead as a symbol of good fortune," he told me. Certainly the cross has brought good fortune to the villagers, who make money from the visitors and the media who seek out the grave. It has become the region's only internationally recognised tourist attraction. However the legend of Jesus the rice farmer does not stretch back very far. It only began in the 1930s with the discovery of what were claimed to be ancient Hebrew documents detailing Jesus' life and death in Japan. Those documents have now mysteriously disappeared and the grave has never been excavated. I asked a village official, Masaoki Sato, if he realised that the grave might cause offence to Christians who believe in Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection. "We're not saying that the story is true or what is written in the Bible is wrong," he politely explained. "All we are saying is that this is a very interesting old legend. It's up to the people who come here to decide how they interpret it." Ritual and tradition Many Japanese find it hard to make sense of Christianity. Schools are banned from teaching any religion and people are generally more interested in ritual and tradition than theology. However, Christian-style weddings are enormously popular. They are often held in hotels which have special chapels, complete with crosses and stained glass windows. Foreign students are sometimes hired to play the part of the priest, although the whole event has no official sanction from any church. Churchy-looking buildings have other entertainment purposes too. In the city of Nagoya, I went to a theme restaurant where diners could choose either to have dinner in the chapel, seated on pews and surrounded by paintings of Jesus and the saints, or on the floor below, which is decorated like a prison, complete with metal bars around each table. Only 1% of Japan is officially Christian. However, there are some lively churches, such as the New Life Ministry in Tokyo. When I arrived on Sunday afternoon it was packed with young worshippers, clapping along to songs of praise and raising their hands in joy. I met Pastor Shintaro Watanabe, who was dressed in a floral Hawaiian shirt and had an almost permanent smile on his face. Wasn't he shocked by the legend of Jesus' grave? He laughed and said it was just a silly story which caused him no particular offence. "I suppose that many Japanese people feel respect for Jesus and the Bible," said the pastor. "The legend ties in with that. Perhaps it shows that people are looking to make a connection with Jesus in some way." His church is trying to satisfy that spiritual curiosity, just as countless missionaries to Japan have attempted before. Yet many Christians have discovered that the Japanese view of religion can be rather baffling - as the grave of Christ the rice farmer reveals. From Our Own Correspondent was broadcast on Saturday, 9 September, 2006 at 1130 BST on BBC Radio 4. Please check the programme schedules for World Service transmission times.

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Paypal is the world's leading online payment service Web payment firm Paypal has said it will block "unsafe browsers" from using its service as part of wider anti-phishing efforts. Customers will first be warned that a browser is unsafe but could then be blocked if they continue using it. Paypal said it was "an alarming fact that there is a significant set of users who use very old and vulnerable browsers such as Internet Explorer 4". Phishing attacks trick users into handing over sensitive data. Paypal said some users were still using Internet Explorer 3 , released more than 10 years ago. It lacks many of the security and safety features needed to protect users from phishing and other online attacks. Paypal said it supported the use of Extended Validation SSL Certificates. Browsers which support the technology highlight the address bar in green when users are on a site that has been deemed legitimate. The latest version of Internet Explorer support EV SSL certificates, while Firefox 2 supports it with an add-on but Apple's Safari browser for Mac and PCs does not. "By displaying the green glow and company name, these newer browsers make it much easier for users to determine whether or not they're on the site that they thought they were visiting," said Paypal. The steps were outlined in a white paper on managing phishing, written by the firm's chief information security officer Michael Barrett and Dan Levy, director of risk management. In it, they said: "In our view letting users view the PayPal site on [an unsafe] browser is equal to a car manufacturer allowing drivers to buy one of their vehicles without seatbelts." Paypal described the battle against phishing as a "fast-moving chess match with the criminal community".

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Jim Lake and Maria Rivera, at the University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), report their finding in the Sept. 9 issue of the journal Nature. Scientists refer to both bacteria and Archaea as "prokaryotes"--a cell type that has no distinct nucleus to contain the genetic material, DNA, and few other specialized components. More-complex cells, known as "eukaryotes," contain a well-defined nucleus as well as compartmentalized "organelles" that carry out metabolism and transport molecules throughout the cell. Yeast cells are some of the most-primitive eukaryotes, whereas the highly specialized cells of human beings and other mammals are among the most complex. "A major unsolved question in biology has been where eukaryotes came from, where we came from," Lake said. "The answer is that we have two parents, and we now know who those parents were." Further, he added, the results provide a new picture of evolutionary pathways. "At least 2 billion years ago, ancestors of these two diverse prokaryotic groups fused their genomes to form the first eukaryote, and in the processes two different branches of the tree of life were fused to form the ring of life," Lake said. The work is part of an effort supported by the National Science Foundation--the federal agency that supports research and education across all disciplines of science and engineering--to re-examine historical schemes for classifying Earth's living creatures, a process that was once based on easily observable traits. Microbes, plants or animals wer Contact: Leslie Fink National Science Foundation

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Tag: "among" at biology news New Cancer Switch Discovered By Duke Medical Center Pharmacologists ...cer-killing drugs, which is a major cause of death among cancer patients. The scientists discovered that some mutant BCR-ABL genes eliminated both the cancer-causing and anti-apoptosis capabilities of the cells. However, they found one mutant that did activate the oncogene ras and did block apoptosis, but ... Computer Program For Quicker, More Detailed Mapping ...nome. "The maps we've made using this program are among the highest-resolutionmaps that have been made to date, but they're not detailed enough to allowsequencing the whole genome. Next, we'll do more of the same but with fivetimes the number of markers so that we can use the maps for sequencing,"said Mye... NADC Examines TB In Cattle and Swine ...larly to all threetuberculins with small variation among the responses. Cattle tested positivelyfor M. bovis most often when the Mexican tuberculin was used. Butthe research team concluded that there was no need to standardize the tuberculins. Plans are being made to use swine in studies by the NADC tea... Humble Pocket Gophers Shed Light On The Genetic Fortitude Of Cheetahs ...ains. The pocket gopher, small and squat, scurries among tunnels in the American West. Unbeknownst to eithe...rs and elephant seals, may have little variability among their immune systems and thus may be more vulnerable to outbreaks of disease. "Genetic variation is ... Protein Glitch May Be Early Problem In Inherited Alzheimer's ...nce the formation of plaques in the brain that are among the earliest signs of Alzheimer's disease. Hopkins researchers currently are looking at mice in which the gene for presenilin is knocked out so that presenilin's function may be revealed by its absence. Scientists estimate that 15 percent of Alzheime... Bark Beetle Infestation Spurs Multifaceted Study ...e wood were a conglomerate of immigrants. Included among theseworkers were large numbers of Chinese laborers. "The archaeologists don't want to disturb the archaeological sitesor destroy the tree stumps which can give them information about dates,"says Taylor. "I'm looking at the tree stumps to try to re... Hawaiian Whales Show 'No Overt Response' To Sounds Of ATOC Simulation ...er ATOC speaker, also found no sign of disturbance among marine mammals, including elephant seals and seve...ATOC sources is that if adverse effects are noted among marine mammals, the experiment will be modified or halted. "ATOC is an important international st... Duke Ecologist Says Logging Is Creating 'Mahogany Deserts' ... that mahogany trees there were sparsely dispersed among otherspecies at an average density of one tree per hectare (about 2.5 acres),though occasionally in clumps of up to 20 mahoganies per acre. Mahoganytrees grow so big and wide that they must be spaced far apart to "keepfrom crowding each other out," s... Component In Soy Products May Be Substitute For Estrogen Treatment ... believed to play a role inlow breast-cancer rates among women in Southeast Asia where soy proteinis regularly consumed. "Although this is a relatively short-term study for evaluating changesin bone parameters, the results suggest a potential role for soybean isoflavonesin maintaining bone health, particu... NCAR Scientist Models Earth's Climate and Vegetation Patterns At Last Glacial Peak ...hich plant types our ancestors would have wandered among during the last glacial maximum (LGM) 21,000 years ago. Felzer presented his work on Wednesday, October 30, at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America in Denver. These models present a world blanketed by massive ice sheets over Canada... An Equal Opportunity Extinction? Cincinnati Geologists Find Global Impact from Permian Die ...currences of articulate brachiopods. This groupwas among the hardest hit during the extinction event. "They...an another. Hisanalysis showed no clear difference among regions. Temperateareas were hit just as hard as tropical ones. Secondly, he looked at distinct envi... Study Examines How Mechanisms Evolve To Regulate Bee Development ...lehormone affects the well-known division of labor among worker honey bees,which plays a key role in the ecological success of the species. This project, however, looked specifically at how juvenile hormone affectsthe behavior of the stockier, bigger-winged drones in an attempt to gaininsight into the evo... Genetic Makeup May Explain Why Some Women Smokers Develop Breast Cancer While Others Don't, UB Study in JAMA Reports ... found between genotypes and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women who smoked. Christine Am...lation could affect the incidence of breast cancer among smokers, the researchers used data from an earlier case-control study of the disease. Extensive dat... Impact of Meteorites, Drop in Sea Level Caused Mass Extinctions 65 Million Years Ago ...nctions in Earth's history, and its cause has been among the most contentious, hotly debated issues in pale... important because it may result in more agreement among proponents of different end-Cretaceous extinction scenarios." However, the scientists -- pal... Researchers Develop Model Using Birds As Indicator Of Wetlands Health ...will be a useful tool toprovide a quick comparison among wetlands as well as a way tomonitor the health of one particular wetland over time. As part of his Ph.D. research, he also hopes to refine themodel and extend his work with birds to other types of wetlandenvironments. For example, U.S. EPA researcher... Researcher Discovers Key Brain Center For Speech ...ulaabout the size of a pencil tip eraser. One step among the many brain processesfrom generating the concept to uttering the word, this tiny area seems tobe necessary for coordinating the sounds of speech.... Siblicide In Nature: Study Of Galapagos Seabird Finds Death Can Ensure Species Survival ...erson, who first began examining siblicide in 1984 among the boobies that nest on Isla Espanola , the Galapagos most southeastern island, was why. Why engage in a behavior that would seemingly condemn the species to extinction? Why lay two eggs if the goal was only one child? "Siblicide demands an e... Scientists Discover Smallest Frog ...ge-striped black frog living under leaf litter and among the roots of ferns in a humid rainforest on the western slope of Cuba's Monte Iberia. Hedges and Cuban scientist Alberto Estrada gave the frog the scientific name Eleutherodactylus iberia . Those two words are more than three times longer than the... World's Experts Plan Global Locator Service For Environmental Information ...ion they need." The agreement was reached among representatives to the Global Information Society initiative, which was convened at the suggestion of Vice President Gore and organized by the G7 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States, and the European Commission). The... Robots, Virtual Reality & Other "Smart" Tools Soon Will Help Physicians Heal Patients ...s apart participating in live surgery -- these are among early 21st century technologies doctors and engineers are dreaming about and developing now. "We're encouraging close collaboration between engineers and surgeons to rapidly develop research and technology that can provide more precise inform... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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The bodies of a Canadian couple and their two daughters were found late Tuesday in the basement of their house that plunged into a massive sinkhole, CNN affiliates reported. "They were found very close to one another, some of them lying on the couch in the family room in the basement, where we were told that they'd be," said Michel C. Doré, Quebec's associate deputy public security minister, who was on the scene, told CNN affiliate CBC. Yvon Desrochers, uncle of homeowner Richard Préfontaine, told the CBC on Tuesday feared his nephew and his family were in the basement watching the Montreal Canadiens-Pittsburgh Penguins hockey playoff game Monday night when the ground gave way beneath the home, about 40 miles northeast of Montreal. Besides Préfontaine, those in the home were his wife, Lyne Charbonneau, and their two daughters, Amélie, 12, and Anaïs, 9. The family’s dog was found alive – caked in mud – in the sinkhole earlier Tuesday. The hole was about 500 yards long and forced the evacuation of five other homes in the town of Saint-Jude, in a rural area near the Yamaska River. While there was no official word on the cause of the sinkhole, geologist Judith Patterson told CNN affiliate CTV that the sinkhole looked like a kind of landslide known as a “lateral spread.” The region has soils known as “quick clay” that can liquefy, leading to a landslide or sinkhole, she told CTV. "These clays, they're stable when they're undisturbed. But once they're disturbed, then they become very hazardous," she told CTV.

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A novel two-step immunotherapy approach has shown clinically beneficial responses in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Following Lifestyle Recommendations Reduces Risk of Cancer Death People who follow the diet and lifestyle recommendations laid out by the WCRF and the AICR have a 20 percent reduced risk of dying from cancer. UCSF Launches Social Networking Site for Patients and Families with Hereditary Cancers For Immediate Release May 14, 2013 UCSF Launches Social Networking Site for Patients and Families... Genomic Test May Help Guide Prostate Cancer Treatment The Oncotype DX® Prostate Cancer Test strongly predicts aggressiveness of disease. Statins Linked to Lower Risk of Liver Cancer in Hepatitis C People infected with chronic hepatitis C are less likely to develop liver cancer if they are taking statins. Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a type of targeted therapy that delivers radiation directly to cancer cells.... Urinary Incontinence Overview The urinary tract includes the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. The kidneys... Advanced Directives Living Wills Every competent adult has, in most cases, the freedom to accept or refuse medical treatment.... Caregivers What is Caregiving and Who are Caregivers? Caregivers are individuals who provide care to chronically... Chemotherapy for Older Patients: What You Should Know About the Risk of Infection As you may already know, chemotherapy works by attacking the rapidly dividing cells it finds in the body,... An ongoing series highlighting complementary therapies, adapted from The Complete Guide to Complementary... Clear and precise Mohs surgery provides a tissue-sparing approach to skin cancer surgery. By Eleanor Mayfield Michele Kelsey... Chemical Reaction Chemicals may be disrupting our hormones—and our health. By Laurie Wertich Exposure to synthetic chemicals... College Kids Kick Cancer By Diana Price College kids and cancer—not two topics most of us would immediately connect. And yet... Cooking with Fruits and Vegetables In the introduction to Ripe: A Fresh, Colorful Approach to Fruits and Vegetables (Running Press, 2011;... Annual meeting brings together cancer experts from around the world. Kari Bohlke, ScD The 2011 Annual... Bone Fractures in Breast Cancer Patients More Frequent with Femara than with Tamoxifen Researchers affiliated with the BIG I-98 Collaborative and International Breast Study Groups... Single Treatment with High-intensity Focused Ultrasound Effective for Localized Prostate Cancer Researchers from McMaster University in Canada have reported that high-intensity focused... Marital Separation Impacts Cancer Survival Researchers from the University of Indiana and the Fox Chase Cancer Center... 2009 Oncology Conference Coverage View up-to-date coverage of the 2009 Oncology Conference here.

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In home networking, the fastest way -- in terms of data speed -- to connect devices together is via network cables. However, running cables properly, which involves making networking ports and connector heads, is no easy task. This is part of the reason the wireless network (Wi-Fi) has become so popular. But chances are, there's a spot in your home that the Wi-Fi signal can't reach, because of distance or thick walls. This is when a power-line connection can be a useful alternative. Power-line adapters basically turn the electrical wiring of a home into network cables for a computer network. You need at least two power-line adapters to form the first power-line connection. The first adapter is connected to the router and the second to the Ethernet-ready device at the far end. There are some routers on the market, such as the D-Link DHP-1320, that have built-in support for power-line connectivity, meaning you can skip the first adapter. After the first connection, you just need one more adapter to add another Ethernet-ready device to the home network. Apart from the ability to bridge the network through thick walls, power-line connections are also a lot more stable than Wi-Fi signal and have as low latency and a regular Ethernet wired connections. Currently there are two main standards for power-line networking, HomePlug AV and Powerline AV 500. They offer speed caps of 200Mbps and 500Mbps, respectively. The following is the list of top five power-line adapters on the market. This list is sorted by the review date, starting with the most recently reviewed. It will be updated as more devices are reviewed.… Read more

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Sudden death syndrome--an umbrella term for a range of heart conditions that can lead to cardiac arrest--is notorious for striking those who seem most fit. That is because the condition, thought to be largely hereditary, is often triggered by overexertion. Tragically for some, the first symptom can be cardiac arrest. It's possible, though costly, to screen for SDS. In fact, after soccer prodigy John Marshall died of a sudden heart attack at age 16 in 1994, the day before he was set to join Everton, testing became compulsory for professional athletes in several countries. Good thing, especially for those who don't have the means that professional athletes do, that a doctor at Tel Aviv University may have just made testing for the condition far simpler and more affordable. "There is such a significant overlap between what's normal and abnormal on an ECG [electrocardiogram] that we need additional screening parameters," Dr. Sami Viskin, a cardiologist at the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, said yesterday in a university press release. "This test, when done on people with strong symptoms, can really give...doctors a yardstick to compare those at risk for sudden death syndrome to those who would otherwise go on to live a healthy life." Named after the doctor, the Viskin Test is easy on the patient, who simply undergoes a baseline ECG while resting in the supine position, and is then asked to stand quickly and remain still during continuous ECG recording.… Read more

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Microsoft has completed moving its Hotmail.com users over to Outlook.com, and executives are now claiming the company has 400 million active Outlook.com accounts as a result. Microsoft announced the completion of the Hotmail-Outlook.com transition on May 2. The company added that it's migrated 150 petabyes of e-mail over the past six weeks. As part of the announcement, Microsoft also said it's adding two new features to Outlook.com: SMTP Send, making it easier to send mail from different e-mail addresses, and deeper SkyDrive integration. The new SMTP Send support streamlines the process of sending … Read more When Outlook.com was initially released, there were a couple of ways to access it on your Android phone. Microsoft then released an official Outlook.com Android app, but it was really just a rebranded version of the old Hotmail app. Yesterday, Microsoft released a new version of the Outlook.com app with a completely new interface that's more consistent with Outlook.com for the Web. It has a great new look and some new features, but the ability to add multiple accounts is somewhat hidden. Here's how you can add multiple accounts to the new Outlook.com for Android app:… Read more Outlook and Hotmail users can blame the recent outage on an overheated data center, Microsoft says. On Tuesday at around 1:30 p.m. PT, the two online e-mail services suffered a service disruption, rendering them inaccessible to many users. Microsoft started to bring them back online the rest of the day and on into Wednesday. But access wasn't fully restored until 5:43 a.m. yesterday, according to the company. Outlook and Hotmail are up and running once again. A problem had rendered both online e-mail services inaccessible to many users since yesterday. But Microsoft's status page now shows both of them are back in business. The page gives no details as to what caused the outages or how they were resolved. Hotmail, Outlook, and SkyDrive were all hit by downtime yesterday, starting at around 2:30 p.m. PT. Many users had taken to Twitter to report the outage and express their frustration over the inability to access their e-mail. Microsoft's status page shows that the problem … Read more A handful of Microsoft Web services have been inaccessible for hours this afternoon, including Hotmail and Outlook. Frustrated users of the e-mail services and cloud storage service SkyDrive complain about the services' hours-long inaccessibility. #hotmail its my own fault for not leaving you a long time ago, but man its miserable not being able to get your email— Michael Fish (@MFishFinancial) March 13, 2013 Come on #hotmail I want to check my emails! You've been down for AGES!— Catriona MacIntyre (@catmac6) March 13, 2013 Microsoft announced earlier this week that it is closing Hotmail and moving the "hundreds of millions" still using it to Outlook.com by this summer. The move isn't unexpected, but perhaps more sudden than some anticipated. Hotmail users, once they move (or are moved) will get Outlook.com's clean, Metro-Style interface for their mail -- and ultimately, calendars. (For a walk-through of the user-interface changes Hotmail users will see, check out this Microsoft FAQ.) Leaked from today's 404 episode: - How a movie changed one man's vision forever. - Google's stock breaks $800 for the first time. - Report: OfficeMax, Office Depot discussing merger. - Microsoft moves Outlook.com out of preview. - Dow 14,000: Stocks near new crest. Microsoft announced Tuesday that its Outlook.com browser-based e-mail service has moved out of its preview stage and is now available globally. First introduced last July, Outlook.com is Microsoft's boldest e-mail move since Google launched Gmail in 2004 and a clear answer to it. As I said in my First Take, the simple interface, Skydrive integration, and promise of mega storage will remind you of Google's product while the People Hub and vaguely Windows 8 look and feel give Outlook.com a distinct identity. Microsoft designed Outlook.com to replace its Hotmail product, which it acquired in … Read more

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Raw Beef McD Style You'd really think they would have learned. On a recent Fast Food Fever photo shoot, 2 of the Big&Tastys we sampled weren't cooked. Now I'm not a rocket burger scientist, but I do know raw burgers cause problems both financially and physically - come on McDonald's! Cook that meat!!! Get Your Daily RDA of Fast Food Facts Just found a great resource that tells you the nutritional content of your fast food. Apparently, a Big Mac has 590 calories and 31 grams of fat. I felt my arteries hardening as I read it, but but I'll be damned if I could stop looking up my favorite foods! Resident Finds Rubber Glove In Bun Look's like if you're in Stamford, you might want to watch out for Rubber gloves in your bun (pun intended). "The lawsuit states Jerry became seriously ill and suffered severe physical and emotional pain and suffering." I guess if you do get a rubber glove in your bun it could be painful. Fast Food CANCER! "Scientists have found a clue to the chemical reaction that may cause potato chips, french fries and other fried or baked starchy foods to build up high levels of a possible cancer-causing substance." Oh mama! Cigarettes and now this? Maybe I should just start smoking my Big Macs? Can fast-food titans thrive on healthful fare? Looks like our beloved artery-clogging fast food might be getting healthier. Remember, if you're confused about the fat content in your food, just rub it on a piece of paper. If the paper turns clear, that's your window to weight gain!

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The test team views the use of a pulley as an intermediate step only, and has planned to shift to a reliance on windlasses like those that apparently were used to hoist sails on Egyptian ships. "The whole approach has been to downgrade the technology," Gharib said. "We first wanted to show that a kite could raise a huge weight at all. Now that we're raising larger and larger stones, we're also preparing to replace the steel scaffolding with wooden poles and the steel pulleys with wooden pulleys like the ones they may have used on Egyptian ships." For Gharib, the idea of accomplishing heavy tasks with limited manpower is appealing from an engineer's standpoint because it makes more logistical sense. "You can imagine how hard it is to coordinate the activities of hundreds if not thousands of laborers to accomplish an intricate task," said Gharib. "It's one thing to send thousands of soldiers to attack another army on a battlefield. But an engineering project requires everything to be put precisely into place. "I prefer to think of the technology as simple, with relatively few people involved," he explained. Gharib and Graff came up with a way of building a simple structure around the obelisk, with a pulley system mounted in front of the stone. That way, the base of the obelisk would drag on the ground for a few feet as the kite lifted the stone, and the stone would be quite stable once it was pulled upright into a vertical position. If the obelisk were raised with the base as a pivot, the stone would tend to swing past the vertical position and fall the other way. The top of the obelisk is tied with ropes threaded through the pulleys and attached to the kite. The operation is guided by a couple of workers using ropes attached to the pulleys. No one has found any evidence that the ancient Egyptians moved stones or any other objects with kites and pulleys. But Clemmons has found some tantalizing hints that the project is on the right track. On a building frieze in a Cairo museum, there is a wing pattern in bas-relief that does not resemble any living bird. Directly below are several men standing near vertical objects that could be ropes. Gharib's interest in the project is mainly to demonstrate that the technique may be viable. "We're not Egyptologists," he said. "We're mainly interested in determining whether there is a possibility that the Egyptians were aware of wind power, and whether they used it to make their lives better." Now that Gharib and his team have successfully raised the four-ton concrete obelisk, they plan to further test the approach using a ten-ton stone, and perhaps an even heavier one after that. Eventually they hope to obtain permission to try using their technique to raise one of the obelisks that still lie in an Egyptian quarry. "In fact, we may not even need a kite. It could be we can get along with just a drag chute," Gharib said. An important question is: Was there enough wind in Egypt for a kite or a drag chute to fly? Probably so, as steady winds of up to 30 miles per hour are not unusual in the areas where pyramids and obelisks were found. (c) 2001 Caltech SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES

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Facilitator's Guide for THE BELOVED COMMUNITY A film by Pamela Calvert/Plain Speech At the fenceline of Canada's "Chemical Valley," girls are being born at twice the rate of boys. How do you stay in the home you love when the price you pay may be your children's future? PLANNING A SCREENING Topics and Issues Relevant to THE BELOVED COMMUNITY As you plan your screening, you might consider speakers, panelists, or discussion leaders who have expertise in one or more of the following - Children's Health - Community Organizing - Corporate Social Responsibility - Endocrine Disruptors - Environmental Justice - Green Chemistry - Human Rights - Native Culture, History & Land Rights - Precautionary Principle - Reproductive Health - Toxic Exposure & Health Impacts - Workplace Health and Safety As You Plan Your Event A screening of THE BELOVED COMMUNITY can be used to spark interest in any of the topics listed above, as well as to inspire individual and community action. Using the checklist below will help ensure a high quality and high impact event. Set realistic goals. Will you host a single screening or use the film to spur ongoing efforts? Will you steer a panel or discussion toward a specific topic or let the participants pursue whatever issues they choose? Be sure to include your event partners in the decision making process. Being clear about your goals will make it much easier to structure the event, target publicity, and evaluate results. Structure your event to match your goals. Do you need an outside facilitator? If your goal is to share information beyond what is included in the film, are there local experts on the topic who should be present? How many participants do you want? (Large groups are appropriate for information exchange. Small groups allow for more intensive dialogue and action plans.) Arrange to involve all stakeholders. It is especially important that people be allowed to speak for themselves. We encourage you to seek out 'unlikely alliances' and push your own comfort zone, going out of your way to invite representatives of all the constituencies with a potential stake in building a healthy and sustainable community. Once the group is assembled, make sure that all participants have a chance to be heard and are treated with respect. Choose an accessible venue. If you are bringing together different constituencies, is your venue 'neutral territory'? Is it in a part of town that is reachable by various kinds of transportation? Does the physical configuration of the room allow for the kind of discussion you hope to have? Can everyone easily see the screen and hear the film? Is the room comfortable? Leave time for feelings. When the lights come up, people may have a strong emotional response to the film. This is where people make the empathetic connections that make all the following work possible, so it's important to encourage that personal response before moving on to questions of strategy. The conversation will naturally flow into "What do we do now?" Leave time to plan for action. If you want your screening to have lasting impact, it is important to leave time to plan action. People will be looking for something that is immediate, concrete, and local. Planning next steps can help people leave the room feeling energized and optimistic, even when the discussion has been difficult. It's also important to be prepared to facilitate networking. Provide a sign-in sheet at the door so people can share contact information like email addresses. Let participants know exactly how that information will (and won't) be shared. Let participants know whether or not press will be present. Facilitating a Discussion of THE BELOVED COMMUNITY People who feel safe, encouraged, respected and challenged are likely to share openly and thoughtfully. As a facilitator you can encourage that kind of participation. Here's how: View the film before your event. This will both give yourself time to reflect so you aren't dealing with raw emotions at the same time that you are trying to facilitate a discussion, as well as letting you check the DVD and equipment to make sure there are no technical glitches. You may want to refer to the Discussion Guide to get you started. You don't need to be an expert on globalization or environmental justice to lead an event, but knowing the basics can help you keep a discussion on track and gently correct misstatements of fact. Prior to your event, take time to check the Background Information and Suggested Resources in the film guide handout. Be clear about your role. Being a facilitator is not the same as being a teacher. A teacher's job is to convey specific information. In contrast, a facilitator remains neutral, helping move the discussion along without imposing her or his views on the dialogue. Know who might be present. It isn't always possible to know exactly who might attend a screening, but if you know what kinds of groups are present in your community, you might be able to predict who might be represented. You can also keep in mind that issues can play out very differently for different groups of people. Factors like geography, age, race, religion and class can all have an impact on comfort levels, speaking styles and prior knowledge. Take care not to assume that all members of a particular group share the same point of view. BELOVED COMMUNITY is a co-production of Plain Speech and Detroit Public Television, and is distributed by California Newsreel. All rights reserved. For more information: firstname.lastname@example.org www.newsreel.org guide was developed with the support and participation of many people. Special thanks to Elizabeth Crowe and Ron Plain.

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Update: As of yesterday, there have been no new donations. This translates as terrible and there is a very real chance both Newstalgia and the Archive from which all these posts come will disappear. Thousands of hours of historic audio, photos and historic papers will cease to exist. That sounds dire, because it is. I need your help. I can't do it alone. I can no longer afford to. Right now, we stand at a little less than half our bare-bones minimum goal of $5,000.00 in order to keep Newstalgia and the Archives afloat. If you can help, make a donation for any amount you are comfortable with. Every dollar and every penny is crucial in chipping away at this emergency. Please donate what you can. It is desperately needed right now. You can make a difference. A curious mix of optimism and pessimism for this week, ending on April 26th in 1964. On the optimistic side - President Johnson announced to the world that the U.S. would make substantial reductions in Nuclear Weapons and Uranium enrichment production. Simultaneously, it was announced by Nikita Khruschev via Radio Moscow, that the Soviet Union would do the same thing. The news was greeted with a sense of relief and UN General Secretary U Thant offered an evaluation on what was deemed a hopeful sign towards an easing of Cold War tensions. On the Pessimistic side - tensions were brewing between the U.S. and Cuba as Cuban Premier Fidel Castro vowed to down any U.S. Reconnaissance planes flying over Cuban territory as it had been doing since 1962. On the optimistic side - Sec. of State Dean Rusk returned from a fact-finding mission to Saigon and offered an upbeat assessment of the situation in Vietnam, saying the South Vietnamese Army could handle themselves nicely. On the Pessimistic side - Defense Secretary Robert McNamara conceded it will "take time" for any progress to be made in Vietnam and that the South Vietnamese Army is running a defensive strategy rather than an offensive one. Oh well. Meanwhile - the four year long negotiations between the Railroads and the Unions was finally at the settlement stage. And just in the nick of time, as the settlement averted a threatened strike. President Johnson went on a brief tour of the Appalachia region, hitting the towns and cities worst hit by poverty and unemployment, touting his War on Poverty legislation. He was greeted with waves of enthusiasm. Not so enthusiastic were reports from Capitol Hill saying the 1964 Civil Rights Bill was at a standstill, making the future unclear for passage of the Legislation. And the much publicized "Stall-ins", threatened for Opening day of the New York Worlds Fair on April 22nd, didn't materialize. But that didn't stop some 300 Civil Rights demonstrators from being arrested from the Fair opening anyway. All this in one week, ending on April 26th 1964, as reported on the ABC Radio Voices In The Headlines program.

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Death, Disease, Turmoil ‘Occupying’ Occupy Movement Nationwide How far the Occupy Movement has drifted from it’s original purpose…to call attention to the alledged ’99%’, it has become worse than the Veteran Tent city that grew up in Washington D.C. after WWI. It is now almost routine for reports of rape, shootings, murders, disease, riots and other anti-social behavior coming from in or around the Occupy Movement nationwide. Another man has been shot and killed near the Occupy Oakland camp, vet committed suicide in Vermont, and now New York City officials report the uprising of what is called “occupy TB’ or tuberculosis, near the Occupy Park. Poor sanitation, poor health of many of the protestors, and the onset of winter have aggravated the conditions. The Occupy movement across America is fast becoming looking like a camp of homeless people, who refuse to work or get a job, and just sit around expecting help from others. And now, it’s begun to hinder their health.

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Refraction and Acceleration Name: Christopher S. Why is it that when light travels from a more dense to a less dense medium, its speed is higher? I've read answers to this question in your archives but, sadly, still don't get it. One answer (Jasjeet S Bagla) says that we must not ask the question because light is massless, hence questions of acceleration don't make sense. It does, however, seem to be OK to talk about different speeds of light. If you start at one speed and end at a higher one, why is one not allowed to talk about acceleration? Bagla goes on to say that it depends on how the em fields behave in a given medium. It begs the question: what is it about, say, Perspex and air that makes light accelerate, oops, travel at different speeds? If you're dealing with the same ray of light, one is forced to speak of acceleration, no? What other explanation is there for final velocity>initial velocity? Arthur Smith mentioned a very small "evanescent" component that travels ahead at c. Where can I learn more about this? Sorry for the long question. I understand that F=ma and if there is no m, you cannot talk about a, but, again, you have one velocity higher than another for the same thing. I need to know more than "that's just the way em fields are!" An explanation that satisfies me relates to travel through an interactive medium. When light interacts with an atom, the photon of light is absorbed and then emitted. For a moment, the energy of the light is within the atom. This causes a slight delay. Light travels at the standard speed of light until interacting with another atom. It is absorbed and emitted, causing another slight delay. The average effect is taking more time to travel a meter through glass than through air. This works like a slower speed. An individual photon does not actually slow down. It gets delayed repeatedly by the atoms of the medium. A more dense medium has more atoms per meter to Dr. Ken Mellendorf Illinois Central College Congratulations! on not being willing to accept "that is just the way em fields are!" The answer to your inquiry is not all that simple (my opinion), but I won't try to do so in the limited space allowed here, not to say my own limitations of knowledge. Like so many "simple" physics questions, I find the most lucid, but accurate, explanation in Richard Feynman's, "Lectures on Physics" which most libraries will have. Volume I, Chapter 31-1 through 31-6, which describes refraction, dispersion, diffraction. The "answer" has to do with how matter alters the electric field of incident radiation, but I won't pretend to be able to do a better job than Feynman. The answer is that you are not dealing with the same ray of light. In vacuum a photon just keeps going at the speed of light. In a medium, however, it interacts with the atoms, often being absorbed while bumping an atomic or molecular motion into a higher energy state. The excited atom/molecule then can jump to a lower energy state, emitting a photon while doing so. This can obviously make light appear to travel slower in a In detail, it is a very complicated question, requiring at least a graduate course in electromagnetism to begin to understand. Why, for example do the emitted photons tend to travel in the same direction? Best, Richard J. Plano Click here to return to the Physics Archives Update: June 2012

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SCHOOL TECH: iPads For Newton High School | News Newton High School students will begin classes next Fall with iPads provided by the school and the Iowa Speedway Foundation. All students grades 9 through 12 will have an iPad to use for their school work. Superintendent of the Newton School District, Steve McDermott says the total cost of the project will be about $900,000 over two years. The majority of the cost is being covered by the school district, but the Iowa Speedway Foundation has donated enough money for a full classroom set of devices, which is about 20 to 25 iPads and cases. “We are delighted to help Newton High School acquire enough iPads so that every student will have access to these important learning devices,” says Speedway president Stan Clement. “The new technology available today is necessary for learning, and we know iPads can help with classroom projects and advanced studies. In this day and age, school district budgets are tight, and we felt it was our duty to step up and help the school get to 100 percent of the number of iPads they needed.” Students and parents will have to go through training sessions on the iPads before they’re rolled out to all students for the Fall 2013 semester.

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Get ready for it. After the President’s truly historic spending spree, last year, with the electorate turning decisively against him because of his disastrous fiscal policies, Obama will make a sharp pivot to a deficit hawk position in his SOTU speech. And he will of course blame “the last eight years” for the country’s financial woes. He is hoping we all have horribly short memories: The nation’s historic debt and record deficits are a direct result of the President’s big-spending agenda. Debt: The President’s spending policies have drastically increased the national debt. Since taking office just one year ago, the President has increased the public debt by $1.47 trillion or 23 percent, from $6.3 trillion to $7.78 trillion. Under the Administrations’ budget, public debt will triple, jumping to $17.5 trillion dollars by 2019. Before Obama’s budget and “stimulus” were enacted, CBO estimated that the public debt in 2019 would be $9.34 trillion-or $8 trillion less than it is now projected to be under Obama. In addition, while the President prepares to tout his commitment to fiscal responsibility, he is encouraging Congress to pass a $1.9 trillion increase in the national debt limit, allowing the government to keep borrowing in order to keep on spending. Today, the cost of the national debt is $39,870 for every woman, man, and child in the U.S. Runaway Spending: The record amounts of debt are a direct result of huge spending increases by the Democrats in Congress and the White House. In one year controlling the White House and Congress, Democrats increased the annual deficit by 308 percent, from $458 billion to $1.4 trillion. A quick review of Democrat’s spending increases in 2009 shows why the deficit exploded. In 2009 alone, House Democrats passed $787 billion in “stimulus” spending (which will also add $347 billion in interest), two omnibus spending bills totaling more than $855 billion, and increased non-defense spending by 12 percent. Faced with declining revenues, the President has chosen the least responsible option by increasing spending and deficits rather than lowering federal expenditures. Deficits: Another result of Obama’s runaway spending is record breaking deficits for the next decade and beyond. Since Obama was inaugurated, the U.S. has had an average monthly deficit of $122.6 billion. By comparison, from the year 2000 until 2008, the average annual deficit was $196 billion. Unfortunately, the trend of increased federal deficits will not come to an end under the President’s budget. According to the President’s own estimates, his budget and spending plan will cause deficits to average $905 billion for each of the next ten years. Budget shortfalls incurred by the government fuel the rise in the nation’s debt because the government is forced to borrow money to meet the shortfall. In 2009, the budget deficit was $1.4 trillion-the first time in history the deficit exceeded $1 trillion and the first time the deficit exceeded 10 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) since World War II. Why Spending and Debt Hurt the Economy: When federal spending exceeds revenues the federal government usually does one of three things: increase taxes, print new money, or borrow money. Each of these possibilities is problematic and present different threats to the economy at large-especially during times of economic turmoil. Mike Pence appeared on MSNBC this morning to discuss the SOTU, and whether or not Obama has gotten the message from the American people, yet. Can You Blame Them? White House Tries New PR Campaign to Distract From Unpopular Job-Killing Agenda The Obama Administration’s response to the results of the Massachusetts special election is a new PR campaign, and a hastily put-together one at that. The New York Times says President Obama’s State of the Union address will now focus on “creating good jobs, addressing the deficit, helping the middle class and changing Washington,” with an accompanying slogan – “a new foundation” – to boot. But no tacking, no pivoting, no reset-button-pushing, and no speechmaking can paper over the broken status quo President Obama and Washington Democrats have come to represent. The people have spoken: Read the whole thing. Obama was against spending freezes before he was for them: Freezes After Huge Increases: The President’s plan to freeze some expenditures comes after a year of unprecedented discretionary increases which inflated current spending levels. In March, 2009, the President signed a $410 billion omnibus spending bill for FY 2009 that increased non-defense spending by $32 billion or 8.3 percent above the previous year. Less than two months ago, in December, he signed yet another, $447 billion omnibus which increased non-defense funding by 12 percent. Not all of those funding increases have taken effect, but the President has not proposed any rescissions. Between FY 2009 and FY 2010, non-defense discretionary funding increased 17.4 percent. In addition to the huge increases in regularly appropriated spending, Congress passed a $787 billion “stimulus” bill which included $311 billion in “emergency” discretionary appropriations. According to the House Budget Committee Republicans, if “stimulus” funding is included, non-defense discretionary funding has increased by 57 percent since Obama took office. Freezes Only a Portion of Discretionary Spending: According to reports, the Obama proposal will exempt discretionary “security” spending, including defense, homeland security, veterans, and foreign aid discretionary spending. Therefore, the discretionary spending subject to the freeze would be limited to portions of the Agriculture, CJS, Energy and Water, Financial Services, Interior, Labor-HHS-Education, Legislative Branch, and the Transportation and HUD spending bills. According to CBO, those eight appropriations bills account for less than $450 billion or roughly 12 percent of the $3.5 trillion the government will spend in FY 2010. While any type of spending freeze is a step in the right direction, the President’s proposal would be too limited to considerably reduce deficits, which will average $905 billion annually under Obama’s budget and $672 billion annually under current law over the next ten years. Ignores Huge, New Spending Programs: According to press reports, the proposal would exclude spending initiatives that might be passed between now and the start of FY 2011. This could include the potential cost of implementing a government takeover of health care, the $49.9 billion in discretionary costs associated with a national energy tax, and a second “stimulus” bill which could cost in upwards of $150 billion. In addition to the huge mandatory costs of the Democrats’ government takeover of health care, according to the Republican staff of the Appropriations Committee, the legislation could cost $150 billion in discretionary funding, costs which are not reflected in the CBO’s scores. Two CBO letters sent to House and Senate Congressional Leadership prior to consideration of their respective health care bills stated, “CBO has not completed an estimate of all the discretionary costs that would be associated with the legislation. Total costs would include those arising from the effects of the legislation on a variety of federal programs and agencies as well as from a number of new and existing programs subject to future appropriations.” Excludes Mandatory Spending: The spending freeze would not address mandatory spending, which will account for $1.9 trillion or 55 percent of all spending in FY 2010, according to CBO. For instance, Medicare is projected to be $528 billion or 15 percent of total spending, and CBO estimates that Medicaid will cost $270 billion and account for 8 percent of all federal spending. Funding for other smaller mandatory programs accounts for an additional $621 billion or 17 percent of federal spending in FY 2010. In addition, the freeze would exclude any funding designated as “emergency spending,” including mandatory and discretionary portions of the “stimulus” bill, which total almost $500 billion. None of these funds would be considered for a freeze under the proposal.

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Innovation. It’s the buzz word that I hope won’t get overused or abused. For the past few years, we have heard how it’s the driver to grow a business and the economy as a whole. And, while that is true, “innovation” is not so novel. In 1982, the federal government took a progressive, bold step and mandated set-aside funding for innovation in US small businesses. Since then the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program has been a launching pad for competitive small businesses with big ideas to solve tough problems. Annually, the feds invest about $2.5B in US small businesses to carry out R&D with a goal of commercialization. At any given time, there are about 6,500 active SBIR projects working to overcome a critical problem that has been identified by the federal government. In other words, all those R&D projects are not “technology push” ideas looking for a market. Quite the contrary, the federal government has done the market research and is positioned itself to be the ultimate customer for the technologies being developed or has identified industry needs the SBIR company can address. Sometimes, the market that the feds envisioned at the start of the project turns out not to be the best opportunity for the company. A terrific example of this is the SBIR Hall of Famer, iRobot. A couple of decades ago, in an effort to protect soldiers, the DOD SBIR funded a tiny company to develop a robot to go out to the field to seek and destroy landmines. That company completed the project successfully but hit the big time with products that vacuum our floors and pools. About one in ten proposals sent into the federal SBIR programs is funded. Winners are selected based on technical approach and the market applicability. SBIR companies are heavy hitters on delivering superb research results and at estimating the market potential of the project. They have excellent commercialization plans in place before launching the R&D phase – however, even with the best-intended plans, many SBIR companies fail at bringing product to market. Here is where MEP comes in. MEP has launched a pilot program to work with SBIR companies that have successfully completed their R&D. Through the SBIR-MEP Connections pilot, 25 early stage technology companies will receive support ranging from prototyping and plant layout to scouting services designed to locate solutions to technical issues. These companies will work closely with MEP to address their unique challenges. Together we will learn more about the needs of early stage technology companies and who knows, maybe one of these pilot companies will be the next iRobot.

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Attempts to relay mail by issuing a predefined combination of SMTP commands. The goal of this script is to tell if a SMTP server is vulnerable to mail relaying. An SMTP server that works as an open relay, is a email server that does not verify if the user is authorised to send email from the specified email address. Therefore, users would be able to send email originating from any third-party email address that they want. The checks are done based in combinations of MAIL FROM and RCPT TO commands. The list is hardcoded in the source file. The script will output all the working combinations that the server allows if nmap is in verbose mode otherwise the script will print the number of successful tests. The script will not output if the server requires authentication. If debug is enabled and an error occurrs while testing the target host, the error will be printed with the list of any combinations that were found prior to the error. Use this to change the IP address to be used (default is the target IP address) Define the destination email address to be used (without the domain, default is relaytest) or smtp-open-relay.domain Define the domain to be used in the anti-spam tests and EHLO command (default is nmap.scanme.org) Define the source email address to be used (without the domain, default is antispam) smbdomain, smbhash, smbnoguest, smbpassword, smbtype, smbusernameSee the documentation for the smbauth library. nmap --script smtp-open-relay.nse [--script-args smtp-open-relay.domain=<domain>,smtp-open-relay.ip=<address>,...] -p 25,465,587 <host> Host script results: | smtp-open-relay: Server is an open relay (1/16 tests) |_MAIL FROM:<email@example.com> -> RCPT TO:<firstname.lastname@example.org> Author: Arturo 'Buanzo' Busleiman License: Same as Nmap--See http://nmap.org/book/man-legal.html

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NERConnects – Drupal Gardens and Google Sites There are other hosted platform systems, such as wordpress.com and weebly, but we focused on these two for specific reasons. But we focused on these two for specific reasons. Google accounts are quite popular. One Google login will allow for more than one account to be hosted. Drupal Gardens is a popular platform among libraries (while the backend might look different, the general concept or organization is similar). Google Sites and Drupal Gardens are part of larger enterprises: they provide constant security upgrades, reliable product support, and both have large user communities. Both platforms allow for collaborative development with colleagues and both platforms make web pages that can be highly customized. So if you need to create a personal website for your CV, your association, or an event, using a hosted platform will save time and money. While both platforms have their drawbacks, there are resources available to help you become familiar and comfortable users. I’ve highlighted some for you below: Drupal Help Section – find forums, documentation, quick start guides http://www.drupalgardens.com/drupalgardens-help Drupal Blip TV channel- short videos on getting started http://blip.tv/drupalgardens Google’s Help Section https://support.google.com/sites/?hl=en Google’s training module on how to use Google Sites http://edutraining.googleapps.com/Training-Home/module-5-sites Let us know what you think we should focus on at the next NERConnects tech webinar session in October by filling out this 1 question survey (It’s short– I promise.).

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"Wild Man," Galactic feat. Big Chief Bo Dollis The past is never far removed in New Orleans. Case in point: this inspired pairing of new-breed funk fanatics Galactic with Big Chief Bo Dollis, who has been helping keep the Mardi Gras Indian tradition alive with the Wild Magnolias since the Sixties. "Little Liza Jane," Huey "Piano" Smith & His Clowns After recording for Little Richard, Lloyd Price and others, Huey "Piano" Smith became a bandleader himself, scoring hits including "Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu." "Little Liza Jane" is the Clowns' raucous version of one of the original standards of the New Orleans brass band tradition. "Mr. Big Stuff," Jean Knight Inducted into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame in 2007, New Orleans native Jean Knight is best known for her 1971 Stax single "Mr. Big Stuff," which spent five weeks atop the R&B chart and hit Number Two on the pop chart. Before the song hit, she was baking bread at Loyola University for a living. "Diggy Liggy Lo," Doug and Rusty Kershaw The brothers' biggest hit, "Louisiana Man," was broadcast from the Apollo 12 moon mission. Their second-biggest, "Diggy Liggy Lo," was a direct product of the family's upbringing on a houseboat in Cajun country: the couple in the song "fell in love at the fais do-do." "Tipitina," Professor Longhair Yes, the howling, rhumba-rhythm piano-pounder known as ‘Fess wrote the song that gave one of New Orleans' most beloved nightclubs its name. Henry Roeland Byrd was a one-man synthesis of New Orleans music, from Congo Square to Harry Connick, Jr. "Time Is on My Side," Irma Thomas Soul queen Irma Thomas has had several notable hits in her career – "It's Raining," "Ruler of My Heart" – but her signature song was, oddly, originally a B-side. Her version of Jerry Ragovoy's "Time Is on My Side" came out less than a year before the Rolling Stones', and it's still Irma's song. "Shake Your Hips," Slim Harpo Another Louisiana classic covered by the Stones (as "Hip Shake"), the sly "Shake Your Hips" was written and first recorded by Baton Rouge native Slim Harpo, who maintained his own trucking business until his premature death in 1970. "Be My Guest," Fats Domino The Fat Man was at least as instrumental in establishing rock & roll as Elvis was; with the tugging rhythm of "Be My Guest," he almost singlehandedly invented ska, as a generation of elder Jamaicans will attest. "Buttercup," Lucinda Williams Once named "America's Best Songwriter" by Time magazine, Lake Charles' Lucinda Williams is the daughter of the poet Miller Williams. The world-wise "Buttercup" kicked off her most recent album, 2011's Blessed. "Look-Ka Py Py," Meters Leo Nocentelli's chicken-scratch guitar on the Meters' classic soul instrumentals practically defined the sound of Southern funk. The band was a complete package of talent, with bassist George Porter Jr. and strummer Zigaboo Modeliste locked in syncopation while leader Art Neville held court on the keys. "Bon Ton Roulet," Clifton Chenier The "King of Zydeco," who died in 1987, played the accordion, but he was also credited with designing the frottoir, the percussive washboard worn over the shoulders. Crossing Cajun dance music with R&B, Chenier effectively invented zydeco itself, much as James Brown "invented" funk. "Bon Ton Roulet" is Chenier's 1967 version of the original song by Clarence Garlow, with whom he toured as the "Two Crazy Frenchmen." "I Walk on Guilded Splinters," Dr. John Though he moved to Los Angeles to become an in-demand session musician at age 23, Mac Rebennack is New Orleans Third Ward through and through. Before he hit the charts with 1973's "Right Place Wrong Time," before he reintroduced himself with this year's Locked Down (produced by the Black Keys' Dan Auerbach), the Night Tripper epitomized his voodoo-priest vibe on his classic "I Walk on Guilded Splinters." "Yellow Moon," Neville Brothers If the Marsalis family is the first family of New Orleans music, the Nevilles are a very close second. After solo hits like Aaron's "Tell It Like It Is" and group efforts including Art's work with the Meters, the family banded together, recording more than a dozen albums, including the definitive Yellow Moon in 1989 with longtime Crescent City producing fixture Daniel Lanois. "Suzie Q," Dale Hawkins Without Dale Hawkins, the pride of Gold Mine, Louisiana, John Fogerty might never have imagined being "born on the bayou." A creator of the swamp-rock sound, Hawkins' "Susie Q" combined rockabilly, R&B and a little hoodoo for one of rock's most enduring classics. "Sneakin' Sally Through the Alley," Lee Dorsey "Everything I do is funky like Lee Dorsey," rapped the Beastie Boys. The late New Orleans soul singer had a Number Seven pop hit (Number One R&B) with 1961's "Ya Ya." Though this protégé of Allen Toussaint never again reached that height, he left behind a string a excellent nuggets, including "Yes We Can," "Working in the Coal Mine" and "Sneakin' Sally Through the Alley." "Do Whatcha Wanna," Rebirth Brass Band Now celebrating 30 years together, the aptly named Rebirth Brass Band helped reinvigorate the great New Orleans second line tradition by infusing it with funk. Their 1991 signature song "Do Whatcha Wanna" might as well be a rallying cry for their wonderfully eccentric hometown. "A Milli," Lil Wayne Over the past couple of decades Louisiana has put its own unique stamp on hip hop, from Master P's fiercely independent No Limit label to the second line-style chants of bounce. Lil Wayne's rise to superstardom has been marked by innovative, wickedly risque raps like the one-of-a-kind "A Milli." "Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans," Louis Armstrong Anyone who's visited and fallen in love with the place knows just what songwriters Eddie DeLange and Louis Alter were getting at when they wrote this perennial local favorite. First sung by Billie Holiday in the 1947 movie New Orleans, the song was a careerlong staple of her co-star, Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong, one of the greatest ambassadors the state of Louisiana has ever produced. Read more: http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/born-on-the-bayou-exploring-louisiana-in-18-songs-20120611#ixzz1xhR4lNmE

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Last week, Montgomery County Executive Ike Leggett delivered his State of the County speech. Apparently, the county is in great shape. You can read a full transcript of what Leggett said here. In fact, the county is in such great shape, Leggett plans to put more money into expanding “Excel Beyond the Bell,” a “successful” (his word) after-school program that aids in closing the achievement gap. Leggett’s plan is to expand the program into all county middle schools. Well, who knew that this program closed gaps? Of course, I doubt that anyone can produce any real empirical evidence to support the use of the word “successful,” but then who cares about such things? But here is what I find really interesting: Next month, the county’s Office of Legislative Oversight will update a 2008 OLO report that basically concluded that while Montgomery County Public Schools narrowed some gaps, the school system missed closing gaps on a long list of key achievement outcomes. My prediction is the updated 2013 OLO report will come to the same conclusion. And so, before expanding anything and spending more money, wouldn’t it be wise to wait to see what the OLO report has to say? No one is that wise in a county with endless supplies of cash. Excel Beyond the Bell simply joins a long list of programs tripping over one another and claiming they close gaps. Perhaps what needs to be on OLO’s agenda next is a thorough review of all the program dollars we—taxpayers—pump into gap-closing programs and efforts. Wouldn’t that be interesting? And for the record, we live in a county that seems to have an endless supply of programs claiming “success” at closing gaps (somewhere out there in ‘Google-land’ you can find these programs saying they closed gaps). Here is my quick list—a baker’s dozen—of programs, or efforts, or “stuff” that makes the claim of closing gaps. (The list is in alphabetical order.): - Achieving Collegiate Excellence and Success: http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/aces/ - Business partnerships: http://www.114th.org/ - Downcounty Consortium: http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/schools/downcounty/about/ - Excel Beyond the Bell: http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/bulletin/article.aspx?id=269185 - Gapbusters: http://www.gapbuster.org/ - George B. Thomas Learning Academy: http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/departments/itv/Take10/Take10-03.shtm - Kennedy Cluster Project: http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/bulletin/article.aspx?id=42064 - Middle school culture: http://montgomeryschoolsmd.org/departments/sharedaccountability/reports/2012/Brief%20Closing%20the%20Gap_Final.pdf - Minority Scholars Program: http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/bulletin/article.aspx?id=287501 - Pre-K 12 Systems Approach: http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/MCPS_report.pdf - Seven Keys: http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/info/keys/documents/research.pdf - Study Circles: http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/departments/studycircles/aboutus/ - Union collaboration: http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/montgomery-teachers-union-wields-power/2012/02/13/gIQAMojD2R_story.html

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One of my favorite books, which is an easy read as well, is entitled Rise, Let Us Be on Our Way by Pope John Paul II. This work follows an earlier work entitled Gift and Mystery. Both narrate, in his own words, the life of Blessed John Paul II. Gift and Mystery is about his early years up to his priesthood ordination. Rise, Let Us Be on Our Way is the narration of his life from the time he was nominated as Auxiliary Bishop of Krakow until his election as the Bishop of Rome. In the last chapter of Rise, Let Us Be on Our Way, he ends with the following words: …On another occasion, to the same three disciples, Jesus said “Rise, and do not be afraid!” (Matt. 17:7). God’s love does not impose burdens upon us that we cannot carry, nor make demands of us that we cannot fulfill. For whatever He asks of us, He provides the help that is needed. I say this from the place to which the love of Christ Our Savior has led me, asking of me that I should leave my native land so as to bring forth fruit elsewhere through his grace — fruit that will last (cf. John 15:16). Echoing the words of our Lord and Master, I too say to each of you, dear brothers in the episcopate, “Rise, let us be on our way!” Let us go forth full of trust in Christ. He will accompany us as we journey toward the goal that He alone knows. These words were very prophetic for me, as the above book was given to me by a good priest friend of mine when I was sent here as Bishop Delaney’s co-adjutor in 2005, and succeeded him at his untimely death. I did, indeed, have to rise and be on my way, to follow the Lord where He called me to journey with you as the Shepherd here in our wonderful diocese. These last seven years have been years of great blessing for me personally as together, many things have been able to be accomplished as a response of faith to the Lord who calls us to be his people. I thank you for your generosity, faith, and love in so many ways. On Sept. 7, the above words of the Lord became a reality for me again when the Holy Father’s representative to our country, Archbishop Vigano, called me to let me know that Pope Benedict XVI has named me as the fourth Bishop of Orange in California. As I said to the staff at the Marywood Pastoral Center in Orange two weeks ago, I love the people of North Texas very much, and you indeed have become my family. This will be now a year of great transition, with the death of my mother, leaving here, and moving to Orange. But I trust in the same Lord who led me here among you, and now asks me to follow Him to the Diocese of Orange. Even though geographically very different in square miles than Fort Worth (one county of 700 square miles, as opposed to 28 counties of 24,000 square miles), the Catholic population is about 1,300,000 or 40 percent of the population. The Diocese of Orange has many of the same cultural groups that we have here, only more. There is the practice of a vibrant faith, where the challenge is building and expansion. And there is the recent purchase of the Crystal Cathedral (the future Christ Cathedral), which truly is a “gift from God” as Bishop Brown has noted, and it’s being shaped into a Catholic Cathedral. Many people have been asking what happens now in Fort Worth. After my Installation, Fort Worth will become an empty see or sede vacante. The new Diocesan Administrator will be elected by a group of senior priests from within the diocese known as the College of Consultors. The priest who is elected will then maintain the day-to-day activities of the diocese, but without the authority of a bishop. The diocese will then wait for a new bishop to be assigned from Pope Benedict XVI. Please begin praying, as will I, for the new Bishop of Fort Worth. With all of my heart, I thank you for your commitment of faith, and your goodness and support to me in moments of blessing and moments of challenge. Your stewardship of time, talent, and treasure are helping to take the Diocese of Fort Worth into a future full of hope, as we build on a legacy of faith and leadership since the diocese was founded in 1969. My installation as the Bishop of Orange will take place on December 9 and 10, with Evening Prayer on December 9 at 7:30 p.m. at the future Christ Cathedral Arboretum and the Installation Mass on December 10 at 2 p.m. at the University of California Irvine Bren Events Center. Please pray for me in these times of transition, as I do for you. I continue to live, with the help of God, the motto which came to me when I was appointed bishop: “Do everything in faith and love in Christ Jesus.” God bless you always.

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In January, I blogged about adding insulation to an older home. That article mentioned both spray-foam and blown cellulose, and specifically stated that spray-foam is popular and fast, but not always appropriate. Since it appears that spray-foam insulation is rapidly taking over the world, I wanted to follow up my last blog with additional comments to help homeowners decide where spray-foam should be applied. First of all, since I am a Preservation Architect, this blog will address older and historic homes, not new construction. For recently-built homes, you can go crazy and use whatever insulation is recommended for your specific needs. But if you own or manage an older home – please keep reading. Anybody can buy a can of spray-foam, bring it home, and spray it anywhere that they like. It’s that easy to use. But as I previously mentioned, older homes are normally built to “breathe” in order to expel excess moisture in wall and ceiling cavities. Plugging up these cavities with spray-foam could result in trapped moisture, damaged materials and could even promote mold growth. Spray-foam has many popular qualities: it’s easy to apply; it expands to fill cavities and small cracks; and it can bond to materials and become as strong as the structure itself. But these qualities can also harm older homes: spray-foam is wet applied, which means that it can introduce moisture wherever it is sprayed; it can expand too much and blow out plaster walls; and being able to bond to existing materials makes it almost impossible to remove later. Over the last year, I have talked with several spray-foam distributors who rebutted the negative aspects that I have listed here about spray-foam. Although it appears that newer brands of spray-foam may be addressing some of these issues, not all brands are equal, and there are still many lingering questions about its use in older homes. Because of this, the National Park Service (the Federal agency that oversees the weatherization of nationally-significant buildings) does not recommend spraying foam in wall or ceiling cavities, or spraying it directly on vulnerable materials such as wood or plaster. Even if your home is not nationally-significant, it is good advice to follow these NPS guidelines when insulating an older home. The NPS does state that spraying foam at pipe penetrations through foundation walls, at by-pass areas (e.g. where chimneys go through floors or ceilings) or where the foundation wall meets the first floor framing are acceptable locations. So it can be used, although in limited applications. To be safe, I would not spray foam insulation anywhere that you cannot see it, or on any important materials. What are your thoughts about using spray-foam? Do you have any experiences that you would like to share?

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|Publisher version (open access)||168 KB||Adobe Acrobat PDF||View/Open Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/807824 - Design of serially concatenated continuous phase modulation with symbol-wise interleaving - The University of Newcastle. Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science - In this letter we consider serially concatenated continuous phase modulation (SCCPM) schemes with symbolwise interleaving and an additional intra-symbol interleaving. We use extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart to optimize the outer code and intra-symbol interleaver. We show that, for various continuous phase modulation (CPM) parameters, the outer code with memory 2 may not always be the best choice. For CPM with modulation index ℎ = 1/2, considerable improvements can be achieved by moderately increasing the outer code memory. - IEEE Communications Letters Vol. 13, Issue 10, p. 785-787 - Publisher Link - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) continuous phase modulation; serially concatenated CPM; symbol wise interleaving; - Resource Type - journal article - Copyright © 2009 IEEE. Reprinted from IEEE Communications Letters. This material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of the University of Newcastle's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to firstname.lastname@example.org. By choosing to view this document, you agree to all provisions of the copyright laws protecting it. - Full Text

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|Author final version||178 KB||Adobe Acrobat PDF||View/Open Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/920829 - Stability of state estimation over sensor networks with Markovian fading channels Quevedo, Daniel E.; Johansson, Karl H. - Stochastic stability for centralized Kalman filtering over a wireless sensor network with correlated fading channels is studied. On their route to the gateway, sensor packets, possibly aggregated with measurements from several nodes, may be dropped because of fading links. By assuming the network states to be Markovian, we establish sufficient conditions that ensure the Kalman filter to be exponentially bounded in norm. In the one sensor case, this new stability condition is shown to include previous results obtained in the literature as special cases. The results also hold when applying power control, where the transmission power of each node is a nonlinear mapping of the network state and the channel gains. - 18th International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC) World Congress. Proceedings of the 18th World Congress: The International Federation of Automatic Control (Milano, Italy 28 August - 2 September, 2011) p. 12451-12456 - Publisher Link - International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC) fading communication channel - Resource Type - conference paper

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Out of necessity, much of the national media's coverage of the country's deepening foreclosure crisis takes a big-picture view, focusing on broad economic trends, maneuvering on Wall Street and the federal government's cleanup efforts. But behind those reports lie the stories of individual home and business owners coping with losses or assessing their chances of weathering the downturn. Likewise,and developers working in commercial real estate in the hardest hit cities have to wonder whether their markets have hit bottom yet and, if not, how much farther they have to fall. If retail follows rooftops, as the adage goes, what happens when those rooftops are on foreclosed homes? As it stands, the rash of foreclosures shows no sign of slowing yet. From February to March, foreclosure filings rose 5 percent across the country to a total of 234,685, according to RealtyTrac. That's a 57 percent hike from a year before. Overall, estimates of total foreclosures by the end of 2008 range as high as two million to three million homes. Complicating matters is the fact that home prices are still falling. The average single-family home in a U.S. metro area sold for $206,200 in the fourth quarter of 2007. Prices were down 2.7 percent year over year — the largest drop on record according to the National Association of Realtors. According to the Standard & Poor's/Case-Shiller index, nationwide home prices are down 18 percent from their 2006 peak. As a result, an estimated nine million homeowners are now in negative equity situations — they owe more for their mortgages than their houses are worth. Figures from the Census Bureau and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urbanshow that 471,000 new houses were on the market at the end of February — a 9.8-month supply at the current pace of home sales. And 4.1 million existing homes were up for sale at the end of March, according to the National Association of Realtors, a 9.9-month supply. But the damage has not been spread equally. Somehave been particularly hard hit by the crisis. So what's the view from the bottom? It turns out, it is not exactly the same. Detroit, Las Vegas and Stockton, Calif., are three very different markets. But they do have one thing in common. They are cities where foreclosure rates have climbed precipitously high, according to national tallies of bank repossessions and default and auction notices. And the retail markets in each city are feeling the aftereffects of the residential crisis. Yet the symptoms of the crisis cropping up in each city's commercial real estate market are far from uniform. They vary according to how these cities had fared before the foreclosure crisis, their relative strengths and weaknesses in retail offerings, and other macroeconomic drivers. Conversations with brokers and developers find diverging stories behind theheadlines, but a shared tendency to focus on the positive and a sense that opportunities can be found in even the most difficult of circumstances. Many view the correction in the housing market as a necessary return to normal — one that requires a little extra salesmanship but that can be overcome. “What can you do?” asks Barry Landau, a broker in Detroit. “You can curl up in a ball and die. Or you can make phone calls.”

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MIAMI Burger King Corp. said Wednesday it would limit the salt content within all Kids Meals advertised to children under 12 amid growing attention from health regulators and restaurants surrounding the sodium content in food. The nation's No. 2 burger chain said meals marketed to younger children would contain no more than 600 milligrams of sodium. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that children over the age 4 should consume less than 2,400 milligrams of sodium per ... It’s free but we need to know a little about you to continually improve our content. Registering allows you to unlock a portion of our premium online content. You can access more in-depth stories and analysis, as well as news not found on any other website or any other media outlet. You also get free eNewsletters, blogs, real-time polls, archives and more. Attention Print Subscribers: While you have already been granted free access to the NRN Digital and Print access package, for only a small additional amount, you can get NRN All Access, which includes premium reports such as the annual NRN Top 200 data. Either way, we ask that you register now. We promise it will only take a few minutes!

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My husband and i are in the process of phasing out processed foods, and over packaged household goods from kitchen to bathroom and beyond. By buying in bulk, making things from scratch, and choosing natural alternatives to housekeeping and toiletry products, we’ve made a big dent. Sometimes, however the most over packaged and chemical ridden things are hiding in plain sight. In this case, shaving gel was the culprit. For over a year, my husband has been using shaving soap with a shaving brush. He’s still using disposable razors, though – something i will be remedying for his birthday thanks to the recommendation of a fellow blogger friend, Susy Morris of Chiot’s Run. Check out this super great safety razor. A bit spendy for the initial investment, but anything could be better than the chinsy disposables he’s been using and filling the waste bin with. I must admit, he had a hard time making the switch from shaving foam to natural shaving soap. Shaving soap doesn’t have quite the same lather as its chemical and fragrance laced counterpart, but the shave is just as smooth. Natural kaolin clay creates a smooth slip for a close shave. So, although he misses the Santa Clause like foam, the health of his face makes up for it. Our shaving soap contains natural ingredients chosen for their soothing properties, key for maintaining skin health through daily shaving. - Neem oil: excellent for soothing dry and itchy skin as well as dermatitis and other skin problems - Sweet Almond oil: gentle for even baby skin, sweet almond oil is wonderful for use on the face - Chamomile: i infuse distilled water with a generous portion of chamomile to help calm stressed skin after a close shave - Clay: helpful in creating the slip needed for a good shave, kaolin clay also helps draw out impurities from dirty pores - Lemongrass essential oil: may help reduce pores - Lavender essential oil: the all around cure all, lavender has soothing and healing properties Are you interested in making the switch (for yourself or the man in your household) from packaged/processed/definitely not natural shaving gells and foams to all natural shaving soap? Making the switch includes an initial investment: but your health and the capacity of the land fill will benefit for years to come. Shaving brushes can be found at estate sales or at Amazon (and plenty of other places, i’m sure). We picked a budget brush, and also inherited our grandfather’s full shaving kit. You want to choose a brush with real badger hair for bristles and try to find one that comes with a little drying stand when you’re not using it: the hair needs to dry between uses. This is the razor i’ll be buying soon, again from Amazon. The last thing you’ll need is a dish to keep your soap in. You can use a mug, small bowl or any receptacle you choose. Convinced? Great! Head over to the shop and pick up a bar of shaving soap and enjoy getting that face, leg, armpit or bikini line silky smooth: naturally!

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en

Patients with delirium at The Miriam Hospital in Providence can now expect more from their day than lying quietly with a sitter. Thanks to a new sensory protocol, patients with delirium are returning to a normal state much more quickly. After attending a NICHE conference, Suzanne Brown, OTR-L, learned about new ways to promote movement and action among patients with delirium. In doing subsequent research to develop a curriculum for CNAs, she realized there was no protocol for assessment and treatment, in many cases. She was even more surprised to observe the med/surg unit and see that patients would be in the throes of full-blown delirium before staff modified their environment. "My colleagues in skilled nursing facilities, acute care hospital and home care were experiencing the same thing," she remarked. "There's just not a lot of literature on managing delirium. Most of what I could find only advised providing glasses and hearing aids and minimizing noise." While Brown said the medical team was doing a fantastic job of treating the underlying causes of delirium like UTIs or dementia, there was no system for managing the symptoms like agitation, poor concentration, inability to focus, wandering, etc. Approximately 65 percent of patients at The Miriam Hospital are over age 60, but delirium can affect patients of any age. Connection to Autism Brown's "aha moment" occurred when it hit her that children with autism display the exact same warning signs. Together with a multidisciplinary task force, including Martha Watson, MS, RN-BC, GCNS, staff at The Miriam Hospital studied the OT interventions that helped pediatric patients with sensory disorders and tried similar interventions. OT staff put a $24,000 grant from Lifespan Risk Management to use partially in creating a sensory toolkit and modifying the contents to fit different patient profiles. So, instead of the standard magazines and newspapers, patients had the option of utilizing yarn, squishy balls, fabric, playing cards, crossword puzzles and lavender oil. As many patients were previously engaging in activities that had no beginning or end (such as rolling blankets or picking at points in the air), items like sandpaper and lambs' wool provided sensory stimulation. CNAs reported that many patients expressed concern about their money so they experimented with constructing play currency out of paper. Small pocketbooks were created for women fixated on purses. One lady, a former seamstress, engaged the staff in conversations about fabrics and showed an interest in measuring, so her CNA equipped her with a tape measure. In addition to providing increased stimulation to patients, the initiative also launched reminiscence therapy. The toolkit jumpstarted conversations about the patients' interests and nurses customized their treatment. "From a nursing perspective, our previous education about delirium focused on medication management so this was a new approach," said Watson. "Our nurses who had autistic children picked up on what we were trying to do right away and made suggestions like using weighted blankets. This was also huge in building a collaborative relationship between nurses and OTs" Assessing for Hypoactive Delirium While Watson and Brown expected great success with the patients displaying the signs of hyperactive delirium, they were pleasantly surprised at the positive outcomes for those with hypoactive delirium. "Our patients in a hypoactive state in critical care reacted very well to the hands on communication and focus on touch," said Watson. "Even many in a medically fragile state began interacting. We had a better understanding of patients' emotions." According to Watson, hypoactive delirium is often missed because the patient is quiet. "Many lie in bed and don't say a word," she said. "They don't eat, don't use the bathroom and families always tell us to let them rest. "But, it could become fatal if the patient is in pain and we don't treat it quickly," she continued. "Sometimes these patients are misdianosed as depressed and we miss the opportunity to treat them." Watson admits to very "very intolerant" to statements about "pleasantly confused" patients. "We need to investigate," she said. "Sometimes these patients are confused, sometimes they're constipated. As a team, we need to assess behavior changes." Catching delirium in an earlier stage can be lifesaving for patients and hospitals can improve their quality indicators as well. Even something as simple as considering hypoactive delirium as a medical emergency or trying to draw sluggish patients back into reality can help prevent falls or pressure ulcers, Watson said. It also significantly reduces the hospital's use of restraints Though it's hard to connect the sensory therapy with any quality marker, the popularity of the sensory toolkits in the units and rave reviews from visiting families are evidence enough of the intervention's success. Today, the toolkits are updated as much as finances and infection control regulations allow and the only real challenge is finding the time to train new hires. "We try to convey a sense of responsibility to the CNAs," said Watson. "We owe it to our patients to modify their activities so we can pull them out of a delirious state. We've seen it happen where we have a permanent effect on the quality of their lives." Robin Hocevar is senior regional editor at ADVANCE.

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How much fun is it to be a child in your home? Do you ever stop to think about how the house looks from their point of view? My task for this week is to conduct a Child’s Eye Audit of our living space, to try and make the rooms more child- and play-friendly. The audit need only take a few minutes and might suggest simple changes to make to improve the play space. To conduct a child’s eye audit, sit or kneel down so you’re at your child’s eye-level and consider the following things. 1. Safety first. Most importantly, the room needs to be safe and it’s useful t0 review this aspect of your home from time to time as children grow taller, become more mobile or more adventurous. Think about what your child can reach, what you don’t want them to reach and make any necessary adjustments. 2. Child’s eye view. Sit back for a minute on the floor and scan the room. What’s visible to your child at their height, and what’s not? You might display all their lovely paintings on the wall and fridge door – but are they too high for your child to actually see? Is their view just of empty walls? Hang some art work at a lower level or set up a low shelf or table with a display of things they can enjoy. 3. Within reach. Consider how accessible your toys are. Do you have an enabling environment where your child can independently help themselves to toys and resources to use in their play or is everything out of reach? Try to find a balance so you can keep the space tidy whilst still allowing free access. Open shelving and low baskets work well for us with some materials such as paint stored higher up. 4. Ring the changes. Do you always have they same toys out? Sometimes putting away familiar toys and bringing out some forgotten ones can spark new creativity and fun. Don’t have a complete change of resources though, as children do like to know where favourite toys are. With Christmas on the way now is a good time to have a toy audit, donating ones your child has grown out of to the charity shop and getting ideas for their Christmas list. 5. Invitation to play. Do you have any toys that never get played with, or activities that you child rarely takes part in? What can you change to make things more inviting? If you’d like to encourage some more reading, perhaps you could set up a cosy reading corner or story tent – with comfy cushions, a basket of tempting books and a favourite teddy to share with? If your toy kitchen has been ignored for a while, add some new resources to catch your child’s eye: a muffin tin and paper cake cases, some jars of real dried pasta, a recipe book from your shelf or lay the table for a birthday tea and surprise your child with a new play possibility. Do you sometimes review things from your child’s point of view? What changes have you made to make your space more child- and play- friendly? Leave a comment and share an idea with us. I’m writing this at one o’clock in the afternoon and the sky is grey and the rain is tumbling down. It’s making me think about how the weather affects our play, and particularly I’m thinking about how much time we spend outdoors in autumn and winter. I don’t think there’s any question that playing outside is wonderful for children: the fresh air, the feeling of space, the sensory benefits of being in nature. I certainly know with my own two girls, and all the children I’ve looked after, that if we’re having a grumpy sort of day, getting outside – in the garden, park or just for a walk – most often is all that’s needed to lighten everyone’s mood. But it’s getting colder now, and windy and rainy and dark. If you’re the type who is happy to be outside all the time in all weathers, I really do salute you. I however am naturally inclined to prefer a hot cup of coffee and a warm blanket inside! We do play outside everyday, whatever the weather, but there’s no denying we play outdoors less in winter – which I’m guessing is the same for lots of you? So, I’m resolving to put more thought into getting out there and planning on bringing you some posts over the next few months that inspire us to venture out. I’d also like to invite you to share your ideas too. The Play Academy carnival on Friday is open to any of your posts and I’d also love to hear from you if you’d like to write a guest post here. (On any play subject in fact, not just on playing outside. You can e-mail me cathy (at) nurturestore (dot) co (dot) uk if you have an idea you’d like to write about). To start us off, my top three tips for getting outside, whatever the weather are… - Keep yourself warm. If you’re wearing the right clothes, you’re much more likely to enjoy your time outside. Pretty much all the children I know don’t care if it’s cold, windy or raining – they are active kids and just love being outside. So, to help everyone enjoy themselves outside, and to stop you cutting short the children’s outdoor fun because you’ve had enough, my first tip is to make sure you are wearing the right clothes. Layer up, don’t forget your hat and gloves and make sure you are cosy. - Get active. We’re going to shift our outdoor play away from fairy gardens and dinosaur world’s and include lots more active games. Hopscotch, skipping, what’s the time Mr. Wolf are great fun and will keep everyone on the move. - Audit your outdoor space. Now is a good time to review your garden and get it ready for the colder months. Think about what you play outside and re-locate things or make changes to suit the weather. We’ll move the sandpit and den to under our covered area and make sure there are lots of props outside ready to spark active play (bikes, balls, kites, hula hoops). We’re not likely to do as much water play outside, so I’ll be thinking of ways to bring this inside. What about you – are you an all weather family? How do you promote lots of outdoor play, whatever the weather? Back in January I resolved to make 2010 our Year of Play. I’ve been thinking about this again this month as L has started at school. In last week’s Play Academy link-up I talked about wanting to make sure the girls still have lots of opportunity for playing, as well as schooling. So this weeks Twitter Tips are dedicated to having a playful return to school. The Twitter Tips get tweeted on a Friday at 8.30pm and in previous weeks they’ve started great twitter conversations, with people swapping ideas. The main thing I love about blogging is it being a forum to get inspiration and encouragement from others, so please feel free to add your own ideas in the comments or on our Facebook page. Join in, swap ideas, go play! How to have a playful Back to School #goplay Twitter Tip #1If you’re using after school clubs check how playful they are: do they offer free play after a structured school day #goplay Twitter Tip #2Make the school run fun: cycle, scoot or play i-spy. Leave a little earlier to let the kids play a bit before class #goplay Twitter Tip #3 Set up a play invitation in the morning to entice the kids to play before they switch on the TV #goplay Twitter Tip #4 Rediscover some old school favourites such as conkers or fortune tellers #goplay Twitter Tip #5 Consider how many clubs to join so after school play time isn’t lost in a busy schedule. #goplay Twitter Tip #6 Encourage playground fun by packing a skipping rope in the book bag. Ready for Ten has a great skipping tutuorial #goplay Twitter Tip #7 Plan family time for the weekend: it doesn’t have to be expensive or extravagant but do make sure it happens. #goplay Twitter Tip #8 Consider screen time. Could your kids live without TV for an hour, a day, a week? What could they play instead? #goplay Twitter Tip #9 Locate the park nearest your school and stop off any day day you can on the way home. Enjoy some #playoutdoors #goplay Twitter Tip#10 Instead of only setting up a homework area set up a play area too. Add untoys & let them #goplay How do you feel about the balance between school and play time? How do you manage homework at the weekend? Do your kids attend a playful school? Happily shared with Top Ten Tuesday. Use the linky below to add your post to the Play Academy Our summer holidays are drawing to a close and my Little is starting school on Monday (oh my!). I feel very strongly that our play should keep going. B is moving up to the Juniors and although her school offers are great curriculum including play, art, music, drama and experiments I think it’s inevitable that her lessons will become more and more about schooling. September always feels like the start of the year to me, so I’m keeping in mind my resolution to make 2010 our Year of Play, and we’ll certainly be limiting our after school clubs and weekend commitments to allow plenty of time for playing. How do you feel about finding a balance between schooling (or home educating) and play? I’m looking forward to getting even more inspiration from your Play Academy ideas this week – hope you’ll add a link. 1. Add your post to the Linky below. Remember to link to the individual post rather than your homepage. If you are not a blogger please visit the NurtureStore Facebook page and share your photo there. 2. Go and visit some of the other blogs on the Linky. Leave a comment and say hi. Get ideas. Tell them you’re visiting from the Play Academy. 3. Add a link back from your own post to this Play Academy – your readers can then come and get ideas too. You can use the Play Academy badge if you like.(Grab the code from the column on the left.) 4. Come back next Friday and swap some more play ideas. The next Play Academy linky will be Friday 10th September.

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I am interested in Japan and the Japanese language. I lived in Sendai, Japan for a year from July 1998 through July 1999. As with any student learning Japanese, I have thousands of flashcards of vocabulary words and characters I have made, studied, and forgotten over the years. In the past few years, while studying at DePaul University's Japanese Language Program , I started typing the flashcards into a Japanese word processor and printing out the flashcards. More recently, I have started working on Java applications to help anyone with a web browser study Japanese. I have been working for over a year now on Java Kanji Flashcard 500, a program that lets you study the 500 most commonly occurring kanji. These kanji account for 85% of the kanji you will find in a newspaper. Each kanji includes the meaning, reading, stroke order animation, and example compounds. You don't need a Japanese system to use this program! Please try it and let me know what you think! As of June 23 (1999) Kiki's Kanji Dictionary is online, just two weeks after I wrote the following. I am working on a Java program that will combine Jim Breen's two main Japanese dictionaries, EDICT, a Japanese-English dictionary, with KANJIDIC, a Kanji dictionary, to brovide a browsable Kanji Dictionary. Here's the original Japanese HTML version. The problem with current web "search" dictionaries is they only help you find a single word. I want to help people learn relations between kanji, and take advantage of serendipity. This example of my Compound Explorer Concept demonstrates how kanji readings can be learned by examining many compunds that use the same readings. Imagine if all the kanji were links to other pages! Here's a Japanese HTML version. I have many files containing vocabulary lists from textbooks and reference materials I have purchased. These are mostly probably copyrighted somehow, but I do have some generic lists you may find useful. You will need a browser that can display Japanese to see the following pages: Well, that's it for now.

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People of Northwest Public Radio Thu January 19, 2012 How Property Taxes Climb, Even If Home Value Drops Millions of homeowners are finding out that their property taxes are either holding steady or climbing, even as their house may be worth much less. There may not be much they can do about it. In Ohio, Cuyahoga County's fiscal officer, Wade Steen, has been taking many calls from unhappy homeowners. He says they most often live in a community where voters passed a recent levy. That's a property tax measure that boosts funding for things such as schools and libraries. "Shaker Heights comes to mind, where the voters have voted for those school levies, which is going to naturally raise the taxes that they pay," Steen says. With about $3,700 paid per $100,000 of home value, the Cleveland-area community of Shaker Heights has the highest property tax rates in the state. Voters approved major school levies in 2006 and 2010. Some residents may grumble, but most enjoy what levies provide. "We have garbage pickup in our backyard. If they miss my house, and I call, they'll make a special run on another day," says Myra White, who's lived in Shaker since 1964. "On Halloween, there are firetrucks and police cars driving around. I guess that's just kind of for fun, but it's also like a patrolling thing. It's almost ... I hate to say this, but it's a little bit of a concierge environment." Levies are often the only recourse school districts and other agencies have for increased funding. Kevin O'Brien of the Great Lakes Environmental Finance Center says that's because the recession has forced states to slash budgets, sending less money to counties and municipalities. "This hurts communities. Not having the revenue that they anticipated from the prior years, and having to carry the same number of staff and the same body of services," O'Brien says. "So they have to find creative ways to cover the gap." Fixed Rate For Property Taxes Another reason for property taxes not see-sawing with home value could be state law. In the 1970s and '80s, many legislatures passed bills designed to keep property tax collections from automatically going up with inflation. "Voters fail to remember that through the '80s when property values were going up astronomically, their tax bills were holding fairly steady, maybe increasing modestly," Steen says. "But yet we never heard anyone say, 'Geez, my property value has doubled in five years. This is great, but my taxes aren't doubling.'" However, the flip side to these laws, which are found in nearly 40 states, is that when home values plummet, the assessment rate can increase to keep revenues at that fixed rate. That's what's happening now. Cracking Down On Old Assessments Homeowners might also take their government to task if it doesn't do annual assessments. "I live in Virginia, and they reassess property every year, but right across the river in Maryland, they're on a three-year assessment cycle," says Jacqueline Byers, who heads research for the National Association of Counties. "So what can really happen to them is that their property taxes will be high, even in a down economy because they're using data for the value of their property that's two, three years old." In other words, the assessment in Byers' example would be based on years when home values were higher, and therefore do not reflect the current value. So what can homeowners do? In most cases, people can challenge their assessment — if they feel it's not accurate and can back up that claim. Ohio's Cuyahoga County projects 26,000 property valuation complaints this year, almost twice the number from 2011.

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People of Northwest Public Radio Business Support Profiles Thu February 23, 2012 Puget Sound Energy Puget Sound Energy has been meeting the Puget Sound region’s energy needs for more than 135 years. They embrace the responsibility to provide safe, reliable, reasonably priced energy service to their customers in Washington State. PSE works to provide habitat for wildlife, protect birds and fish, and encourages green energy; a few of the ways PSE is making a difference.

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Published : 2013-02-21 19:26 Updated : 2013-02-21 19:26 The government was one step behind when it hurriedly arranged a meeting on Thursday with officials of domestic food companies to rein in soaring food prices. Food companies have already raised the prices of a wide array of products, ranging from flour and soy sauce to kimchi, tofu and soju. For instance, Samyang Corp. raised the prices of its flour products by up to 9 percent on Wednesday. It was the last among major flour producers to raise prices. The increase in flour prices pushed cookie companies to raise prices, transferring the cost increase to consumers. Earlier this month, Daesang FnF jacked up the prices of its kimchi products by an average 7.6 percent. Last month, CJ CheilJedang Corp. increased the prices of its soy sauces by 7.1 percent on average, while Lotte Chilsung Beverage Co. raised its soju price by 8.8 percent. Most of the companies that joined in the rush to hike prices said their move was inevitable given the surge in international cereal prices since last summer. But this explanation does not hold much water. Last year, the Food Price Index compiled by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization marked an average of 211.7, down from 227.6 a year ago. The drop was led by a sharp fall in sugar and dairy price indices. But other commodities, including cereals and oil and fats, also contributed to the decline. In case of cereals, global prices did surge in July last year. But they have since moved southward. The companies’ price hikes are all the more unjustifiable given the sharp appreciation of the Korean currency since last June. The won-dollar ratio stood at 1,180.3 in May but fell to 1,070.6 at the year-end. The strong won, combined with the downward trend in global food prices, boosted the profits of domestic food companies. According to reports, the operating profits of CJ Cheiljedang, Lotte Chilsung Beverage and Daehan Flour Mill jumped by 45 percent, 68 percent and 920 percent, respectively, last year. The Korea Rural Economic Institute recently forecast that international cereal prices would drop further due to an increase in global output. It expects import prices of beans, corn and wheat to fall by 10 percent, 6 percent and 2.4 percent, respectively, in the second quarter compared with the previous quarter. The circumstances lead us to suspect that food companies sought to gain undue profits by taking advantage of the lax oversight by government officials during the political transition period. If cereal prices drop down the road, they will have to lower their prices accordingly.

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Christopher Carroll, The Unbearable Truth of War Simone Weil once wrote that “nothing of all that the peoples of Europe have produced is worth the first known poem to have appeared among them.” She was referring to the Iliad, and, judging by the recent raft of translations, adaptations, and novelizations of the poem, we would seem to agree. Four new English versions, all published within a few months of each other, enter a market already glutted with Iliads, many of them—like Richmond Lattimore’s recently reissued classic 1951 translation and Robert Fagles’s widely used 1991 rendering—still vital. Now, the New York Theatre Workshop has staged An Iliad (up through April 1), a play that compresses the entire epic into a one-man, hundred-minute performance. While translations abound, dramatizations of the Iliad are fairly uncommon. Of course the poem has inspired countless plays—Aeschylus, for instance, called his tragedies “scraps from Homer’s banquet.” But these typically focus on a single episode, like the Greeks’ efforts to persuade Achilles to return to battle in Book 9. The entirety of Homer’s text runs to over 15,600 lines and would take about 24 hours to recite from beginning to end; it also has hundreds of characters—men, women, gods, demigods, a crying baby, and two immortal, talking horses, among others. Remarkably, An Iliad’s ultra-condensed script—co-written by the actor Denis O’Hare and the theater director Lisa Peterson—not only attempts to encompass almost all of this, but it also places that burden on a single character. Photo: Denis O’Hare as The Poet in the New York Theatre Workshop’s An Iliad

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Scope and Content Note Uncommon Knowledge video tapes, Date (inclusive): 1996-2010 Collection number: 2001C109 123 manuscript boxes, 3 card file boxes, 54 videotape reels, digital files 56.2 linear feet) Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace Stanford, California 94305-6010 Abstract: Relates to various aspects of American foreign and domestic policy. Television program sponsored by the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace. Physical Location: Hoover Institution Archives Collection is open for research. The Hoover Institution Archives only allows access to copies of audiovisual items. To listen to sound recordings or to view videos or films during your visit, please contact the Archives at least two working days before your arrival. We will then advise you of the accessibility of the material you wish to see or hear. Please note that not all audiovisual material is immediately accessible. For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Archives. [Identification of item], Uncommon Knowledge video tapes, [Box number], Hoover Institution Archives. Acquired between 2001 and 2011. For the broadcast years, most of the videotapes and audio tapes were acquired directly from Uncommon Knowledge production staff in a series of increments. Some tapes were obtained from storage at the Hoover Press. Additional videotapes were acquired from the Bay Area Video Coalition in San Francisco, California and the PBS Media Library in Alexandria, Virginia in 2009. For the webcast years, video programs are received directly from Stanford Video. Transcripts were captured from various websites by Hoover Archives staff. Transcripts were captured by Hoover Archives staff from the Uncommon Knowledge website (http://www.hoover.org/multimedia/uk/) and the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine since December 2008. Uncommon Knowledge is still being broadcast; video will continue to be deposited at the Hoover Institution Archives. Materials may have been added to the collection since this finding aid was prepared. To determine if this has occurred, find the collection in Stanford University's online catalog at . Materials have been added to the collection if the number of boxes listed in the online catalog is larger than the number of boxes listed in this finding aid. Peter Robinson papers, Hoover Institution Archives Uncommon Knowledge is a public policy talk show produced by the Hoover Institution. It features Hoover research fellow Peter M. Robinson discussing national and international economic, political, and social issues with political leaders, distinguished scholars, leading journalists, and others. William F. Buckley Jr. designated it as the successor to his television program, Uncommon Knowledge was broadcast as a weekly half-hour television program from 1996 to June 2005. The first four seasons were broadcast on KTEH-TV, a Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) affiliate in San Jose, California; beginning with the Winter/Spring 2000 season it was carried by PBS stations throughout the United States. It was also carried internationally by National Public Radio (NPR) Worldwide. Beginning in 2006, Uncommon Knowledge became an exclusive on the web, offered through National Review Online, FORA.tv, and the Hoover Institution website. The unedited webcasts are typically between 30 and 40 minutes in duration. During the broadcast years, each program in the season was assigned a sequential number, and with each new season, the numbering started with the next even hundred: - 1996: 1-13 - 1997: 101-113 - Winter 1998: 201-213 - 1998-1999: 301-326 - 1999-2000: 401-426 - 2000-2001: 501-539 - 2001-2002: 601-639 - 2002-2003: 701-739 - 2003-2004: 801-839 - 2004-2005: 901-939 After the program shifted to webcasting, the PBS program numbering was discontinued and Hoover Archives staff assigned each program a sequential number: - 2006: WUK06 01-04 - 2007: WUK07 01-10 - 2008: WUK08 01-24 - 2009: WUK09 01-25 - 2010: WUK10 01-25 Host Peter M. Robinson writes about business and politics, and edits the Hoover Institution's quarterly journal, the Hoover Digest. He has written three books: How Ronald Reagan Changed My Life (Regan Books, 2003); It's My Party: A Republican's Messy Love Affair with the GOP (Warner Books, 2000); and the best-selling business book Snapshots from Hell: The Making of an MBA (Warner Books, 1994; still available in paperback). In 1979, he graduated summa cum laude from Dartmouth College, where he majored in English. He went on to study politics, philosophy, and economics at Oxford University, graduating in 1982. Robinson spent six years in the White House, serving from 1982 to 1983 as chief speechwriter to Vice President George H. W. Bush and from 1983 to 1988 as special assistant and speechwriter to President Ronald Reagan. He wrote the historic Berlin Wall address in which President Reagan called on General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall!" After the White House, Robinson attended the Stanford University Graduate School of Business, where the journal he kept formed the basis for Snapshots from Hell. He graduated with an MBA in 1990. He then spent a year in New York City with Fox Television, reporting to the owner of the company, Rupert Murdoch. He spent a second year in Washington, D.C., with the Securities and Exchange Commission, where he served as the director of the Office of Public Affairs, Policy Evaluation, and Research. In 1993, Robinson joined the Hoover Scope and Content Note The collection includes videorecordings, audio recordings, and transcripts of programs. Most recordings represent edited programs, though a few of the webcasts are unedited. Unedited webcast versions do not have lower third graphics (name/title) nor a Hoover watermark, and have a 4:3 aspect ratio (vs. 16:9 pillarbox for edited shows). Videotape formats in the collection include VHS, Betacam SP, Digital Betacam, one-inch videotape, D3, DVCAM, miniDV, and DVD. Sound recording formats are limited to audio CD. Transcripts are file-based (RTF or PDF). Full descriptions of all programs are taken verbatim from the Uncommon Knowledge website. Dates listed for each program are the date the program was taped. Where the Uncommon Knowledge web site information differs from the label on a video tape, the label information has been used. The two Collections of Programs series consist of programs grouped around particular themes by the Uncommon Knowledge staff. The one-inch videotapes usually contain more than one program per reel. For unidentified programs, the information in the container list is taken from the labels on the videotapes. They may contain clips from multiple programs. Uncommon Knowledge is an ongoing program, additional material continues to be added to the collection. Box List by Format Loose on shelf - Programs on one-inch Videoreels Box 1-22 - Individual Programs on VHS Videocassettes, 1996-2005. Television programs arranged by program number Box 23-25 - Unedited Programs on VHS Videocassettes Box 26 - Collections of Programs on VHS Videocassettes, 1996-1998. Television programs grouped together as thematic collections, arranged by collection number Box 27-43 - Individual Programs on Betacam SP Videocassettes, 1997-2002. Television programs arranged by program number Box 44-48 - Collections of Programs on Betacam SP Videocassettes, 1996-1998. Television programs grouped together as thematic collections, arranged by collection number Box 49-55 - Individual Programs on D-3 Videocassettes Box 56 - Individual Programs on CD-ROM (Audio only) Box 57-60, 63-117 - Individual Programs on Digital Betacam Videocassettes, 2000-2001. Television programs arranged by program Box 118 - Individual Programs on miniDV, DVCPro, DVCam Videocassettes Box 119-120 - Individual Programs on DVD (MPEG4s and Flash) Box 61-62 - Research Materials for Individual Programs Reading Room workstation - Program Transcripts The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the repository's online public access catalog. United States--Foreign relations--1989- United States--Politics and government--1989- Genres and Forms of Material Other Index Terms Related to this Collection Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace.

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Memoirs, other writings, deposition, and correspondence, relating to King Michael, Romanian participation in World War II, the transition of Romania from monarchy to communist regime, and Romanian emigre affairs. Includes a dissertation on Swiss Jacques M. Vergotti was born in 1915. A Major in the Romanian Army, he served as aide to Michael I, King of Romania, between 1941-1947. He witnessed the last year of the Romanian monarchy and the palace coup of December 30, 1947, when the King was overthrown and the Popular Republic of Romania was proclaimed. He was one of the few people allowed to leave the country together with the King, whose aide he was for one more year. He then emigrated to the US and has lived there since. 3 manuscript boxes 1.25 linear feet) For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Archives. Collection open for research.

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This collection consists of digital images of the correspondence of John Muir from 1856-1914. The vast majority of the letters were sent and received by Muir, although the collection also includes some correspondence of selected family members and colleagues. Muir’s correspondence offers a unique first-hand perspective on his thoughts and experiences, as well as those of his correspondents, which include many notable figures in scientific, literary, and political circles of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The correspondence forms part of the John Muir Papers microfilm set that filmed letters located at over 35 institutions. A Scottish-born journalist and naturalist, John Muir (1838-1914) studied botany and geology at the University of Wisconsin (1861-1863). He worked for awhile as a mill hand at the Trout Broom Factory in Meaford, Canada (1864-1866), then at an Indianapolis carriage factory (1866-1867), until an accident temporarily blinded him and directed his thoughts toward full-time nature study. Striking out on foot for South America, Muir walked to the Gulf of Mexico (September 1867-January 1868), but a long illness in Florida led him to change his plans and turn his interests westward. Muir arrived by ship at San Francisco (March 1868), walked to the Sierra Nevada Mountains and began a five year wilderness sojourn (1868-1873) during which he made his year-round home in the Yosemite Valley. Working as a sheepherder and lumberman when he needed money for supplies, Muir investigated the length and breadth of the Sierra range, focusing most of his attention on glaciation and its impact on mountain topography. He began to publish newspaper articles about what he saw in the California mountains and these articles brought him to the attention of such intellectuals as Asa Gray and Ralph Waldo Emerson, both of whom sought him out during their visits to California. Encouraged by Jeanne Carr, wife of his one-time botany professor, Ezra S. Carr, Muir took up nature writing as a profession (1872). He set up winter headquarters in Oakland and began a pattern of spring and summer mountaineering followed by winter writing based upon his travel journals that he held to until 1880. His treks took him to Mount Shasta (1874, 1875 & 1877), the Great Basin (1876, 1877, 1878), southern California and the Coast Range (1877), and southern Alaska (1879). Muir found that he could finance his modest bachelor lifestyle with revenue from contributions published in various San Francisco newspapers and magazines. During this period he launched the first lobbying effort to protect Sierra forests from wasteful lumbering Some of the materials in the John Muir Correspondence Collection may be protected by the U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.) and/or by the copyright or neighboring rights laws of other nations. Additionally, the reproduction of some materials may be restricted by privacy or publicity rights. Responsibility for making an independent legal assessment of an item and securing any necessary permissions ultimately rests with persons desiring to reproduce or use the item.

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Services to remember Sept. 11 Updated: October 2, 2012 9:33AM Members of the Tri-State Fire Protection District invite communities to this year’s Remembrance Memorial located at 419 Plainfield Road in Darien. At 6:30 p.m. Sunday, they will remember the 11th year anniversary of Sept. 11. The Remembrance Memorial will consist of an 8 foot I-beam brought back from Ground Zero in New York, an eternal flame that flows through the water of a reflection pool which represents the safety and stability found through community service. Walkways of Honor surround the memorial where visitors may pause to contemplate and reflect on the events of Sept. 11. Visit tristatefd.com website to view pictures of the memorial. Eleven years after the terror attacks on America, citizens and first responders of La Grange and surrounding suburbs will come together in a commemoration ceremony to honor the victims of Sept. 11, 2001. The ceremony will take place at 8 a.m. Sept. 11 at the Robert E. Coulter, Jr., Post 1941 in La Grange. Light refreshments served immediately after the ceremony. The commemoration ceremony honors the victims of the attacks on the World Trade Center, Pentagon, airline flight takeovers and the American military service personnel who have died in the war against terrorism while other members of the service continue to fight. American Legion posts across America are energizing their communities to ensure that the innocent victims will never be forgotten. “We must not forget all of those who gave their lives for this great country,” said Post Cmdr. Al Krenz. The ceremony will begin with recognition of emergency-service personnel who have remained strong throughout the entire ordeal on the attack of America and who have upheld the honor of patriotism. There will be a number of different events during the ceremony, including the placement of a ceremonial wreath to commemorate past war fighters who are now deceased.

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Sharma, K K and Kumar, S M and Syamala, D and Devi, P (2003) Protocol for efficient plant regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated genetic transformation of pigeonpea. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 63 (4). pp. 289-294. ISSN 0019-5200. - Published Version Restricted to ICRISAT users only Download (565Kb) | Request a copy A simple, efficient, reproducible and genotype independent high frequency plant regeneration protocol has been developed from cotyledonary node explants from 12-d-old in vitro raised pigeonpea seedlings cultured on shoot induction medium [Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium + 2.0 mg L-1 benzyladenine]. Shoot-buds originated from the cut ends of the cotyledonary node explants and multiple adventitious shoots developed from 80% of the explants. They elongated rapidly on shoot elongation medium comprising the MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 gibberellic acid-A, rooted on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 indole butyric acid (IBA). The survival rate of the in vitro regenerated plantlets was over 70%. The cotyledonary node explants were co-cultivated with Agrobactcrlum tumefaciens strain C-58 harboring the binary plasmid, pCAMBIA1301 [conferring β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity and resistance to hygromycin], cultured on selection medium containing hygromycin to select putatively transformed shoots and rooted. About 24 putative TO transgenic plants have been produced and the stable expression and integration of the transgenes was confirmed by GUS assay, PCR and Southern blot hybridization with a transformation efficiency of over 45%. |Subjects:||Mandate crops > Pigeonpea| |Depositing User:||Ms Vibha Raju| |Date Deposited:||11 Nov 2011 05:43| |Last Modified:||11 Nov 2011 05:43| Actions (login required)

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It always staggers me when New Yorkers-and New York theater critics, to boot-prostrate themselves before the altar of British theater, howling: “Thank you! Thank you! We are so inferior! Show us the way! Oh, thank you, thank you, thank you.” To which the English, hurrying home with sacks full of awards and cash, reply: “No, thank you .” I don’t think I’ve ever quite experienced such a shocking display of Anglophilia as the conversation among the three theater critics of The New York Times -Ben Brantley, Vincent Canby and Peter Marks-in the Feb. 21 Arts and Leisure section. I’m sorry, attention must be paid. Messrs. Brantley, Canby and Marks, a vaudevillian act, were part of a special theater section on British theater (“Why London Now Dominates New York,” “A Parade of British Imports,” and so on). The Times celebration is part of the problem. If I were an American working and struggling in American theater, I’d be inclined to jump off Brooklyn Bridge with the farewell words: “Give us a break!” When was there ever a celebration of the enormous achievements and creativity of American theater? Messrs. Brantley, Canby and Marks-Anglophiles to a man-see only the superiority of London over New York as if they’re still colonized subjects. “Part of our embrace of the English is that in some ways we haven’t got over England,” said Mr. Marks, and no one disagreed. Gentlemen, get over it! The War of Independence was won some time ago. And all is by no means so rosy in England, or as dire here. Let me comment on a few of their points. Compared to the “energy” and “buzz” among English audiences, Broadway audiences “go anesthetized” and “they leave anesthetized.” Oh, really? Are the shaken New Yorkers coming out of, say, Death of a Salesman or Electra suffering from anesthesia? Hardly. In fact, the reverse is the truer picture: The dominantly middle-class audience in England is by no means as animated as its American counterpart. Every British director and actor I know pays tribute to the vibrant, un-English enthusiasm of New York audiences. Jonathan Kent, who runs the Almeida Theater in North London, is the director who brought the Ralph Fiennes Hamlet to Broadway, and the Diana Rigg Medea , among others. Here’s what he told me about American audiences: “We English too readily want to believe that Americans are less sophisticated than us. It’s nonsense . It’s just possible they’re less jaded than we are. English audiences have a certain knowledge, a heritage. We’re not as demonstrative as Americans, but then we’re not a demonstrative nation. But New Yorkers want to be there. They want to be part of the event. It’s not their 25th Hamlet this year. And it gives the play an exciting immediacy .” Then again, is American theater “conservative,” and English theater “fresher” and “younger”? Well, I wouldn’t say that the work of Tony Kushner, Wooster Group, Susan Lori Parks, Danny Hoch, Ellen Stewart’s La Mama, Richard Foreman’s Ontological-Hysteric Theater or Hedwig and the Angry Inch -to name a few-is conservative. Let it pass. The last thing English theater adds up to is “younger.” Would Messrs. Brantley, Canby and Marks say that The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie and Oklahoma , in repertory in the two main houses of the Royal National Theater, are young ? To be sure, the Royal Court import Shopping and Fucking was young. But was it fresh? Was it any good? We tend to see the best of English theater in New York. Is it all great-as great as we are led to believe? This season alone, more than a few of us have found David Hare’s The Blue Room no masterpiece; Martin Crimp’s modern version of The Misanthrope makes one wonder how they get away with such silliness in England; Beautiful Thing , Jonathan Harvey’s slice of London working-class life and adolescent gaydom, is little more than a cozy TV sitcom compared to Diana Son’s Stop Kiss ; and the pseudo-chic prestige import of Phèdre with Diana Rigg disappointed in its 19th-century acting histrionics. Of course we get to see some terrific English actors and writers. But why this craven need to overcelebrate them at the cost of American theater? One hundred and fifty years ago, New Yorkers caused an anti-British riot about theater. (I am encouraging another today.) The notorious 1849 Astor Place riots concerned a xenophobic rivalry over two productions of Macbeth . One starred the leading English thespian of his day, William Charles Macready; the other starred the American idol Edwin Forrest. Whether the riot was purely anti-English or against English hams on tour, I leave to scholars. Either way, there were 34 deaths and 100 injuries. You see, New Yorkers felt American theater counted in them days. The riots were the subject of a wonderfully funny Richard Nelson play, Two Shakespearean Actors . Mr. Nelson, an American, has had some half-dozen of his plays commissioned and subsidized by the Royal Shakespeare Company. The British system of Arts Council subsidy went unmentioned by Messrs. Brantley, Canby and Marks-yet it accounts for the most crucial difference in our two systems. Virtually every British import has originated in its subsidized theater-from Tom Stoppard’s plays to David Hare’s, to Conor McPherson’s The Weir , to Patrick Marber’s Closer . Tony Kushner’s seminal Angels in America was produced at the National Theater before New York producers brought it home to Broadway. That says as much-if not more-about unimaginative, Anglophile ruling elites of Broadway. They shop-buying anything stamped with the English good housekeeping seal of approval. Broadway producers should invest in American talent, risk far more, and trust the intelligence of American audiences. But look a little closer at the British scene: Its Arts Council is under serious attack from the anti-elite populist Cromwellians of the Blair government. Cutbacks in subsidy have meant the decimation of the once-thriving English regional theater. The American regional powerhouses of Chicago, Washington, Seattle and the West Coast axis are, in fact, producing more and far better theater than their English counterparts. To which one might also add that the proud Royal Shakespeare Company is in financial and artistic crisis; that a new generation of English actors and directors is in revolt against the stiffly rhetorical, emotionally dead acting style of its peers; and that no major theater in London reflects multiethnic England in the dynamic way that the Public Theater truly reflects New York. They have a theater culture, we don’t! I don’t think so. They say tomah-toe, we say tamay-ter. Let’s call the whole thing off. Meanwhile, may I ask Messrs. Brantley, Canby and Marks to raise their right hand and repeat after me: “We do solemnly swear never to genuflect before British theater again. We’ll cool it. We agree Anglophilia is blind. We have seen the error of our ways. We faithfully promise to celebrate American theater. Because it is worthy of celebration, too. Because it is the right thing to do.” Follow John Heilpern via RSS.

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It’s the moment developers, planning geeks, and perhaps the entire city without knowing it, has been waiting for all year: the unveiling of the city’s plans, first hinted at in the mayor’s State of the City address, to remake the face of Midtown Manhattan. It is big. No, really big. Bigger than almost anything the city has ever seen. Empire State Building big. While that will not be the case for every tower that is eventually built through the program, it could be for at least a few. The parameters, unveiled at Community Board 5 last night, are close to what had been previously hinted at, an area stretching from 39th Street up to 57th Street, emanating out from Grand Central. Fifth Avenue has been eliminated from the original study area, as has the northern reaches of Third and Lexington avenues, which were considered too residential. Still, the plan affects all or part of 74 blocks in the heart of the city. Far fewer of them will be developed because a provision in the plan limits development sites to only those that stretch the length of an entire avenue blockfront, and they must sit on a site that covers at least 25,000 square feet, or a little more than half an acre. Still, that is already the case for many Midtown towers, including landmarks like the Seagram and Lipstick buildings, for example. The bigger challenge would be emptying old towers of tenants so new buildings can be built. Just how big? As suggested at another public meeting last month, the focus of the rezoning is on the blocks surrounding Grand Central Terminal as well as the length of Park Avenue to 57th Street. Surrounding avenues will see their density bumped up slightly, from a floor area ratio of 15 to 18 (excuse the technical numbers for a moment). Park Avenue and the Grand Central subdistrict, which will expand one block north to 49th Street and two blocks south to 39th Street, between Madison and Lexington Avenues, will have an FAR of 21.6. A new Grand Central core district will be created for the blocks immediately around Grand Central with an FAR of 24. (See: map.) To put that all in perspective, the massive Pan Am/MetLife tower that currently looms over Grand Central has an FAR of 18. City Planning pointed to the old Bear Stearns headquarters around the corner, at 383 Madison Avenue, as having an FAR of 21.6. One Bryant Park, just down 42nd Street, hits 24 FAR, and is one of the biggest buildings in the city. Frank Ruchala, the project manager for the rezoning from the Department of City Planning, mapped out scenarios with towers rising between 575 feet and 700 feet on Park Avenue and between 700 and 800 feet around Grand Central, approaching the height of 30 Rockefeller Center. “We think that’s what’s appropriate to build the kinds of building we need,” Mr. Ruchala said. After all, this plan is predicated on preparing the Central Business District for a major modernization over the coming decades. But the fun does not end there. All these big new buildings can be built as of right, meaning no cumbersome public reviews. But should a developer wish to aim high, really high, they can go for an additional FAR bonus, a jump to 24 along Park and around Grand Central, while the Grand Central core subdistrict, the eleven small blocks around the train station, jumps up to a whopping 30 FAR, on par with the skyline defining Empire State Building (FAR of 33, the only thing in town that comes close). As if to drive this point home, City Planning’s presentation showed a spindly tower, which looked not unlike the MoMA tower it once rejected, piercing the skyline above Grand Central. To achieve this, a developer must submit to a special permit, requiring the standard (and often torturous) public reviews. There would be a considerable emphasis on quality design, both at the top of the building, which would almost certainly take a prominent place on the skyline, as well as at the base, where “a significant public space” would be required, as Edith Hsu-Chen, director of the Department of City Planning’s Manhattan office, put it. Mr. Ruchala framed it in terms of global competitiveness. “If you look around the world, you see iconic building being built in every major city,” he said. “We invented that.” He then showed a slide of the Chrysler Building, Seagram Building and Lever House. These greater heights do not come for free, however. For a boost ranging from 25 to 100 percent of the current zoning, developers would have to buy their air rights either from local landmarks or a city-sponsored Development Investment Bonus. The numbers are still far from final on this, but the project would hope to generate many millions of dollars to fund improvements to the streets and subways. The city has only identified two projects so far, the most critical of which seems to be better routes through the Grand Central subway stations for the Lexington Ave and No. 7 trains, though attention is also being paid to stops along 53rd Street. “The 4/5/6 is at 116 percent capacity,” Raju Mann, chair of the board’s transportation committee, pointed out warily. “We need to think seriously about solving this problem, and make sure there are sufficient resources to do so.” The other big public works project—of which there could be more, the city is still soliciting ideas—is the already controversial closure of Vanderbilt Avenue. A drawing of the plan reveals that the crosstown traffic lanes will remain open, essentially creating plazas out in front of the new and old buildings, similar to Times Square but without the traffic of 7th Avenue rushing by. Access to Grand Central would still be provided by the block between 43rd and 44th streets (just missing the slightly incensed Yale Club, two of whose members spoke at the hearing). As for those old buildings not quite big enough to cash in on all the new air rights being thrown around, if they were built before the 1961 zoning code, and thus have more FAR than current zoning might allow, developers will be allowed to tear down their buildings and build to the old densities, a move seen as helping replace many outdated buildings—nearly 80 percent in the area are older than 50 years, according to the city. While supportive of the idea, the community board was taken aback by many of the proposals. “The amount of density here is incredible, and I applaud the city for being ambitious” Mr. Mann said. “But I don’t think many of the issues have been thought through that will keep Midtown from being overwhelmed.” One of the biggest issues was the decision to allow bigger buildings if their designs were deemed to be of sufficient quality. There was widespread concern about who would determine that—the City Planning Commission and the City Council—and why every building in the district should not be held to the same standard if Midtown was so important to begin with, as the city officials kept insisting. “Thirty FAR scares the hell out of me,” board member Miele Rockefeller said. Member Matthew Scheid countered that “I’m fine with 30 FAR, but I don’t understand why it’s not 40 FAR or 25 FAR. You haven’t explained the rationale for the numbers.” As with a previous meeting, historic preservation was a hot topic, with many board members concerned that there would not be enough time for the Landmarks Preservation Commission to survey and protect buildings of historical or cultural significance. Especially now, given the economic incentive developers would have to tear down their buildings, since the rezoning has been outlined, the task would be even harder. “I think there’s wide recognition that this is a special area, and there are special buildings in this area,” Edward Klimerman said. There were also widespread concerns about whether the sale of development rights would be sufficient to cover the costs of the needed improvements. “The city paid for the improvements to Times Square,” land-use vice-chair Giuseppe Scalia pointed out. “Why are developers being given millions of square feet to do it here?” But the biggest issue was not so much policy as politics. The city is putting what it calls a sunrise provision into the plan, which means that no buildings can be built under the new zoning until five years from now, in the summer of 2017. This is meant as a protection for the city’s considerable investment in Hudson Yards—Mr. Ruchala called that “our top priority”—but that left many on the board wondering why this rezoning could not simply wait five years. Their explanation, at times implicit, occasionally explicit, was that the administration, and its partners in Big Real Estate did not feel it could wait. Ms. Hsu-Chen said simply that developers needed time to plan for their projects. “There was this idea that came out in the media that we were looking to destroy half of Midtown,” Mr. Ruchala said. “We’re not looking to do that, and we don’t think that’s possible. We’re looking to create some development for the future.”

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For more than two months now in the United States and even longer globally with protests in Egypt and Spain, for instance, a lot of attention has obviously been given to the movement to raise awareness of economic injustice. That being said, I still find a lot of people in the United States of America, the 99%, quite apathetic or at the very least unaware of the movement's developments or even how it has already changed a lot of public dialogue concerning the dismal state of economic affairs. It has educated many on subjects such as corporate personhood and the Glass-Steagall Act, and even brought more attention to alternative energy sources such as solar power in addition to economic statistics such as those highlighting the continued growing income disparity, for instance. For many of the first responders, a term used by an insightful Occupier in conversation the other night, this new way of thinking and keeping abreast of developments at the very least are daily parts of the lives of those engaged in this movement whether we occupy land, march in streets, write blogs, post video, teach workshops, perform, actively reach out to others in public, or a combination of some kind. In the spirit of expanding the awareness of what the movement is about, what it is accomplishing, what it's message is as it evolves, creativity with events, and more, I have opened a Facebook page entitled OCCUPY OUTREACH. Here is what it is about: The primary purpose of this page is to occupy an online space for sharing creative ideas and promoting created events that reach out to the global public in a variety of peaceful ways. Express yourself ethically,intelligently and simply from the heart! If you have an interest in creatively raising awareness and promoting the creative, ethical, peaceful, and intelligent elements of the Movement, I invite you to check it out. We've only just begun! IN PEACE... NOW,

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of POC Using Satellite Data calibrated with Transmissometer and POC Data from JGOFS/WOCE Our group has collected transmissometer data since the early 1980's all around the world during JGOFS (North Atlantic Bloom Experiment, Equatorial Pacific, Arabian Sea, Ross Sea, Antarctic Polar front Zone-Pacific sector), WOCE (Pacific, Indian and Southern Oceans), SAVE (South Atlantic), and other programs. Many of these data have been published and a synthesis of the WOCE and JGOFS data is performed as part of this NSF-SMP grant. These data include transmissometer measurements from 51 cruises and corrected data collected (1991-1995) and BATS Fig. 1. SeaTech instrument attenuation data from the areas noted above include 6678 profiles, beginning in 1983. Measurements were made using a SeaTech transmissometer interfaced with CTD rosette. A total of 16 different instruments were used on WOCE cruises (serial ##: 15, 63D, 100D, 102D, 114D, 115, 135, 148, 151D, 152D, 156, 173D, 203D, 264AD, 265D, 266D). measures the beam attenuation coefficient in the red spectral band (l = 660 nm). Attenuation of the light beam across the transmissometer's 25 cm path length (r) was obtained using the same procedure for all cruises making the data comparable and uniform. In brief, the percent transmission (Tr) of light was measured and was converted to beam attenuation (c) using the equation c = -Ln(Tr)/r. Beam attenuation (c) is the sum of attenuation due to particles (cp), water (cw), and colored dissolved organic matter (ccdom): c = cp + cw + ccdom. According to several studies, ccdom is small enough to be ignored in measurements at 660 nm in open waters. Attenuation due to water cw is essentially constant for this instrument at a factory-calibrated value of 0.364 1/m. Transmissometer Data reduction majority of original raw transmissometer data were acquired during both down and up casts of the CTD/rosette. The down trace is generally the preferred trace because the sensors are less obstructed during descent, However, water bottles are routinely tripped during the ascent, so it is essential to record transmissometer data at the time and depth of the bottle trip. Having both down and up traces provides an opportunity to compare the two profiles to check for instrumental errors in the data and to use the up trace if there are problems with the down trace. Temperature hysteresis can cause slight differences between down and up traces, especially where temperature gradients are large (Gardner et al., 1985; Bishop, 1986). Compared to the typical signal magnitude in surface waters, the hysteresis data were sampled at high frequency (30Hz) and binned to a standard 2 db pressure interval. The data reduction procedure was applied uniformly to all data. This procedure was quite complicated and consisted of several steps briefly Raw-data files were processed using customised software algorithms, which processed down and up casts stored in these files. This processing included: Pressure checking and filtering - due to ship heave during the cast the CTD-probe sometimes experienced a brief reverse excursion, so pressure values were checked for non-monotonic values and breaks were filtered; An initial large-spike removal was performed using two filter windows depending on depth. Window size was 0.274-1.245 1/m (15300-12000 counts of the raw data) for upper 100 m depth and 0.274-0.572 1/m (15300-14200 counts) below spike checking and removal was performed using a gradient binning - data were averaged over 2 db intervals centred at the even numbers (i.e. 0, 2, 4, 6, ... db pressure), but data between 2 and 6 db were often excluded because of air bubble contamination in surface waters; Instrument calibrations - data were recalculated from the volts to the physical units using the pre-cruise, during-cruise and post-cruise calibration values. When several during-cruise calibrations were made, those values were applied according to the most closely associated Smoothing by means of a running 5-point average; (this smoothing was not done in the transmissometer data stored in the JOGFS data base) Profile minimum determination. After the first step all data were loaded into a preliminary data base for visual checking and examination which included: Checking for remaining spikes likely representative of individual large particles (see Fig. Checking for the "nose"-feature, which sometimes occurs with SeaTech instruments. The "nose" is a smooth, roughly normally-distributed (with depth) peak in beam attenuation that occurs between 200-800 m water depth (see Fig. 3). The manufacturer believes it is due to condensation on electronic components inside the instrument (not on the windows) and is most likely to occur when the instrument has been heated in the sun on the ship deck prior to deployment. Up casts seldom had the Checking for excessive noise; Checking for the necessity of a uniform profile shift, which can occur due to "dirty windows," sensor trend or instrumental offsets; After the second step data were manually edited: Final removal of any remaining spikes which passed through the software filtration; Profile editing - when profiles with artefacts such as the "nose" had no associated up profile, we eliminated the "nose" portion of the data and used the surface data and deep-water data. Assessment of general cruise trends and minimal values Fig. 4. Instrumental trend The minimum value, its depth and the station bottom depth were plotted for each profile on every cruise. This allowed detection of any cruise-long decay in the instrument settings. This cruise trend assessment was based on the minimum signal values recorded only at open-ocean, deep-water stations (see Cruise trend correction and profile normalization has been made by shifting the entire profile so that the profile's minimum value in deepwater (from the zone deeper than 750 m and more than 750 m above the seafloor) was set equal to the cruise's minimum. For the shallow-water stations the cruise-mean minimum deep-water value was E. Final database loading was performed after all the above steps have been completed. The final database for each cruise was used for further global quality checks and map and section construction. Global Quality check twenty-plus years of measurements, multiple transmissometer units have been used to collect data. Sometimes instruments have been switched within the same cruise due to malfunction or use of multiple CTDs. Therefore it is necessary to determine the variability of the data caused by using of multiple instruments. Our basic assumption has been that deep-waters are highly stable and constant in terms of hydro-optical characteristics. We used the minimum beam c values measured in deep water as an absolute minimum value of every cruise. The manufacturer (Bartz, personal communication) has used this approach and we have used it in modified ways during processing of the JGOFS transmissometer data. It has been proven to be widely applicable as long as you have some stations in deep water. 5. Crossing points a means of comparing data between cruises (which could be seasons or years apart in time), we overlay beam c profiles obtained during different cruises where stations were located in close proximity (within 1° longitude-latitude circle) to each other. We called such points "crossings". A total of 24 crossings with two or more stations measured during different cruises were chosen: 10 in the Atlantic (22 stations), 10 in the Pacific (20 stations) and 4 in the Indian (8 stations) Oceans (see Fig. Comparison of the mid-water part of the beam c profiles (~1000 m - ~4000 m) shows very good agreement of data from different cruises for nearly all crossings (see Fig. 6). Reproducibility at crossings is better when the same instrument is used rather than different instruments, suggesting there may be some instrumental differences in the data at depth. Transmissometers may be perfectly calibrated in air over a range of temperatures, but it appears that there may be different responses to pressure that cannot be easily tested for without a simultaneous full-depth deployment of instruments. We have made a few simultaneous deployments of two SeaTech transmissometers from the same production batch and found that they produced identical profiles, but that does not guarantee that all SeaTech transmissometers used would track each other throughout the entire water column. The most important data come from the upper 100 m, where the signal is strongest, and although it is not possible to distinguish between temporal and instrumental differences from these data, we do not believe there is much difference in euphotic zone data obtained with different instruments. If differences exist, they appear to occur primarily in deeper water as differing instrumental responses 6. Crossing profiles Beam Attenuation coefficient Sections of transects and some maps we have processed are placed on this CD and also can be viewed on the project web-site. One can click on any cruise-line on the map or table listed at the bottom of each page and obtain an instant view of the section of beam attenuation along that transect. Placing the mouse pointer on or off the image switches the sections from 0-500 m to 0-6000 m water layers. Images and data can be downloaded as PDF files. Some sections are also displayed as POC concentration through a conversion Regressions for different regions/programs This large data set allows us to assess the relationship between POC and beam cp in different regions and during different seasons. Since beam cp is a function of particle size, shape and index of refraction, one might expect the beam cp to POC relation to vary regionally and temporally during the cycle of a bloom and spatially as regimes with different community structures are encountered. The beam c profiles exhibit very little structure below 200-300 m except on some continental margins. In areas where resuspension of bottom sediments creates bottom nepheloid layers the beam attenuation signal increases. Regression of beam cp vs. POC does not apply on those regions because most of the material in the water is fine-grain clays, not POC. published by our group using the data included in this W.D., P.E. Biscaye, J.R.V. Zaneveld and M.J. Richardson, 1985. Calibration and comparison of the LDGO nephelometer and the OSU transmissometer on the Nova Scotian Rise. Mar. Geol. 66:323-344. W.D., M.J. Richardson, I.D. Walsh, and B.L. Berglund, 1990. In-situ optical sensing of particles for determination of oceanic processes: what satellites can't see, but transmissometers can. Oceanography 3:11-17. W.D., I.D. Walsh, and M.J. Richardson, 1993. Biophysical forcing of particle production and distribution during a spring bloom in the North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. M.J., G.L. Weatherly, and W.D. Gardner, 1993. Benthic storms in the Argentine Basin. Deep-Sea Res. 40:957-987. E.P., W.D. Gardner, M. J. Richardson, and M. Kominz, 1994. Abyssal currents and advection of resuspended sediment along the northeastern Bermuda Rise. Mar. W.D., S.P. Chung, M.J. Richardson, and I.D. Walsh, 1995. The oceanic mixed-layer pump. Deep-Sea Res. II 42: 757-775. I.D., S.P. Chung, M.J. Richardson and W.D. Gardner, 1995. The diel cycle in the Integrated Particle Load in the Equatorial Pacific: A Comparison with Primary Production. Deep-Sea Res. II 42: 465-477. S.P., W.D. Gardner, M.J. Richardson, I.D.Walsh, and M.R. Landry, 1996. Beam attenuation and microorganisms: Spatial and temporal variations in small particles along 140° W during 1992 JGOFS-EqPac transects. Deep-Sea Res. II 43: 1205-1226. W.D., 1997. Visibility in the ocean and the effects of mixing, Quarterdeck 5: 4-9. M.J. and W.D. Gardner, 1997. Tools of the trade, Quarterdeck D., J. Aiken, W. Balch, R. Barber, J. Dunne, W. D. Gardner, C. Garside, C. Goyet, E. Johnson, D. Kirchman, M. McPhaden, J. Newton, E. Peltzer, L. Welling, J. White and J. Yoder, 1997. A meeting place of great ocean currents: shipboard observations of a convergent front at 2° N in the Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II I.D., W. D. Gardner, M. J. Richardson, S-P. Chung, C.A. Plattner and V. Asper, 1997. Particle dynamics as controlled by the flow field of the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II 44: 2025-2047. S.P. W.D. Gardner, M.R. Landry, M.J. Richardson and I.D. Walsh, 1998. Beam attenuation by microorganisms and detrital particles in the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophysical Research 103: 12,669-12,681. J.S., W.D. Gardner, M. J. Richardson and I.D. Walsh, 1998. Effects of monsoons on the seasonal and spatial distributions of POC and chlorophyll in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 45: 2103-2132. W.D., Gundersen, J.S., M. J. Richardson and I.D. Walsh, 1999. The role of diel variations in mixed-layer depth on the distribution, variation, and export of carbon and chlorophyll in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 46: 1833-1858. J., L.A. Codispoti, S.L. Smith, K. Wishner, C. Flagg, W.D. Gardner, S. Gaurin, S.W.A. Naqvi, V. Manghnani, L. Prosperie and. J. Gundersen, 1999. The oxygen minimum zone in the Arabian Sea during 1995. Deep Sea Res. II 46: 1903-1931. W.D., M.J. Richardson, and W.O. Smith, 2000. Seasonal Patterns of Water Column Particulate Organic Carbon and Fluxes in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res. II, 47: 3423-3449. W.D., J.C. Blakey, I.D. Walsh, M.J. Richardson, S. Pegau, J.R.V. Zaneveld, C. Roesler, M.C. Gregg, J.A. MacKinnon, H.M. Sosik and A.J. Williams, III, 2001 (May). Optics, particles, stratification and storms on the New England continental shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106: 9473-9497. E., W.S. Pegau, W.D. Gardner, J.R.V. Zaneveld, A.H.B. Barnard, M.S. Twardowski, G.C. Chang, and T.D. Dickey, 2001. The Spectral Particulate Attenuation and Particle Size Distribution in the Bottom Boundary Layer of a Continental Shelf, Journal of Geophysical Research, J., S. Gaurin, L.A. Codispoti, T. Takahashi, F.J. Millero, W.D. Gardner, and M.J Richardson, 2001. Seasonal evolution of the hydrographic properties during the Antarctic Circumpolar Current at 170° W during 1997-1998, 2001. Deep-Sea Res. II, 48: 3943-3972. W.D., M.J. Richardson, C.A. Carlson, and D.A. Hansell, A.V. Mishonov, 2003. Determining True Particulate Organic Carbon: Bottles, Pumps and Methodologies. Deep_Sea Research II, 50: 655 - 674. [PDF] A.V., W.D. Gardner, and M. J. Richardson, 2003. Remote sensing and surface POC concentration in the South Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research II, 50: 2997-3015. [PDF] Y., W.D. Gardner, and M. J. Richardson. Nepheloid layers on the central Louisiana shelf, Continental Shelf Res. (in revision). W.D. and M.J. Richardson, 1999. Temporal and spatial variability of particulate matter in the Ross Sea, Spring-Fall 1996-1997. Antarctic Journal of the U.S. W.D. A.V. Mishonov, and M.J. Richardson, 2004. Global POC Distribution Based on WOCE, JGOFS Transmissometer Profiles of Beam Attenuation. Deep-Sea Research II J.K.B. The correction and suspended particulate matter calibration of Sea Tech transmissometer data. Deep-Sea. Res. 1986; 33: 121-134.

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Welcome to Whale Wednesday, the first ever hump(back) day feature devoted to cetaceans. I'm taking a cue from Oceans4Ever, the masters of alliterative weekly features, like Make a Difference Monday and Freaky Fish Friday. Hopefully this will become a semi-regular feature -- what's not to love about whales, after all? Today, three scintillating stories about cetaceans: 1. The Seattle Times reports on the first scientific review of the effort to reintegrate Keiko, the "Free Willy" orca, into the wild. The paper, which appears in the journal Marine Mammal Science, shows that while Keiko wasn't accepted by other orcas and had to be fed frozen fish until he died in 2003, he lived a longer life span than any other captive male orca. Turns out Willy's freedom was only possible on screen -- having been captured at the age of 2, he had been held in captivity too long to make it on his own. 2. As Dot Earth reports today, a new study in Marine Mammal Research suggests that blue whales could be moving into old pre-whaling migratory patterns in the Pacific. 3. An interesting post at WaterNotes about Sarah's quest to learn every species of dolphin and whale. Did you know dolphins are technically whales? One of Sarah's favorite is the pilot whale. Mine has to be the blue whale. What's yours? - Victory! Delaware Becomes Seventh State in U.S. to Ban Shark Fin Trade! Posted Thu, May 16, 2013 - It's Endangered Species Day! Posted Fri, May 17, 2013 - Stocks Show Signs of Recovery, But Still Work to Do Posted Fri, May 17, 2013 - What Do Historic CO2 Levels Mean for the Oceans? Posted Tue, May 14, 2013 - U.S. Coast Guard Captures Illegal Fishermen in Texas Posted Tue, May 14, 2013

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At yesterday’s TedxOilSpill, I spoke to the crowd about the questions I hear most from people who don’t see eye to eye with me on why the disaster in the Gulf is our call to action. Here are my responses to the naysayers -- feel free to use these with any clean energy skeptic you come across. 1) Isn't the Deepwater drilling disaster just like an airplane crash? We don't shut down aviation when a plane crashes. No. In an airplane crash, most of the victims are those who were on the airplane. In this case, most of the victims are the millions of people living in the Gulf. This is more like the guy who built a campfire in the dry season, against regulations, and burned down the national forest and all the towns and cities alongside it. That's why we have regulations against building campfires during the dry season: Not because every camper burns down his campsite, but because all we need is one. We have laws against dry season campfires, and we should have laws against ocean oil drilling. 2) There are 3600 drilling platforms in the gulf. Are you going to shut them all down? We're not calling for a shutdown of the platforms, just of drilling. Once the wells are drilled, the risks go down. The pumping can continue, but the drilling has to stop. 3) So then isn't this just a deep-water problem? Can't we continue in the shallow water? Ocean drilling in shallow water is also very risky. One of the top three oil drilling disasters of all time, Ixtoc 1, was in 160 feet of water. And last August, the Montara rig blow-out near Australia, which took 11 weeks to control, was in just 250 feet of water.

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Giant Manta Ray Giant Manta Ray Manta birostris Divers often describe the experience of swimming beneath a manta ray as like being overtaken by a huge flying saucer. This ray is the biggest in the world, but like the biggest shark, the whale shark, it is a harmless consumer of plankton. When feeding, it swims along with its cavernous mouth wide open, beating its huge triangular wings slowly up and down. On either side of the mouth, which is at the front of the head, there are two long paddles, called cephalic lobes. These lobes help funnel plankton into the mouth. A stingerless whiplike tail trails behind. Giant manta rays tend to be found over high points like seamounts where currents bring plankton up to them. Small fish called remoras often travel attached to these giants, feeding on food scraps along the way. Giant mantas are ovoviviparous, so the eggs develop and hatch inside the mother. These rays can leap high out of the water, to escape predators, clean their skin of parasites or communicate.

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Topics covered: Ideal solutions Instructor/speaker: Moungi Bawendi, Keith Nelson The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. To make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at ocw.mit.edu. PROFESSOR: So. In the meantime, you've started looking at two phase equilibrium. So now we're starting to look at mixtures. And so now we have more than one constituent. And we have more than one phase present. Right? So you've started to look at things that look like this, where you've got, let's say, two components. Both in the gas phase. And now to try to figure out what the phase equilibria look like. Of course it's now a little bit more complicated than what you went through before, where you can get pressure temperature phase diagrams with just a single component. Now we want to worry about what's the composition. Of each of the components. In each of the phases. And what's the temperature and the pressure. Total and partial pressures and all of that. So you can really figure out everything about both phases. And there are all sorts of important reasons to do that, obviously lots of chemistry happens in liquid mixtures. Some in gas mixtures. Some where they're in equilibrium. All sorts of chemical processes. Distillation, for example, takes advantage of the properties of liquid and gas mixtures. Where one of them might be richer, will be richer, and the more volatile of the components. That can be used as a basis for purification. You mix ethanol and water together so you've got a liquid with a certain composition of each. The gas is going to be richer and the more volatile of the two, the ethanol. So in a distillation, where you put things up in the gas, more of the ethanol comes up. You could then collect that gas, right? And re-condense it, and make a new liquid. Which is much richer in ethanol than the original liquid was. Then you could make, then you could put some of them up into the gas phase. Where it will be still richer in ethanol. And then you could collect that and repeat the process. So the point is that properties of liquid gas, two-component or multi-component mixtures like this can be exploited. Basically, the different volatilities of the different components can be exploited for things like purification. Also if you want to calculate chemical equilibria in the liquid and gas phase, of course, now you've seen chemical equilibrium, so the amount of reaction depends on the composition. So of course if you want reactions to go, then this also can be exploited by looking at which phase might be richer in one reactant or another. And thereby pushing the equilibrium toward one direction or the other. OK. So. we've got some total temperature and pressure. And we have compositions. So in the gas phase, we've got mole fractions yA and yB. In the liquid phase we've got mole fractions xA and xB. So that's our system. One of the things that you established last time is that, so there are the total number of variables including the temperature and the pressure. And let's say the mole fraction of A in each of the liquid and gas phases, right? But then there are constraints. Because the chemical potentials have to be equal, right? Chemical potential of A has to be equal in the liquid and gas. Same with B. Those two constraints reduce the number of independent variables. So there'll be two in this case rather than four independent variables. If you control those, then everything else will follow. What that means is if you've got a, if you control, if you fix the temperature and the total pressure, everything else should be determinable. No more free variables. And then, what you saw is that in simple or ideal liquid mixtures, a result called Raoult's law would hold. Which just says that the partial pressure of A is equal to the mole fraction of A in the liquid times the pressure of pure A over the liquid. And so what this gives you is a diagram that looks like this. If we plot this versus xB, this is mole fraction of B in the liquid going from zero to one. Then we could construct a diagram of this sort. So this is the total pressure of A and B. The partial pressures are given by these lines. So this is our pA star and pB star. The pressures over the pure liquid A and B at the limits of mole fraction of B being zero and one. So in this situation, for example, A is the more volatile of the components. So it's partial pressure over its pure liquid. At this temperature. Is higher than the partial pressure of B over its pure liquid. A would be the ethanol, for example and B the water in that mixture. OK. Then you started looking at both the gas and the liquid phase in the same diagram. So this is the mole fraction of the liquid. If you look and see, well, OK now we should be able to determine the mole fraction in the gas as well. Again, if we note total temperature and pressure, everything else must follow. And so, you saw this worked out. Relation between p and yA, for example. The result was p is pA star times pB star over pA star plus pB star minus pA star times yA. And the point here is that unlike this case, where you have a linear relationship, the relationship between the pressure and the liquid mole fraction isn't linear. We can still plot it, of course. So if we do that, then we end up with a diagram that looks like the following. Now I'm going to keep both mole fractions, xB and yB, I've got some total pressure. I still have my linear relationship. And then I have a non-linear relationship between the pressure and the mole fraction in the gas phase. So let's just fill this in. Here is pA star still. Here's pB star. Of course, at the limits they're still, both mole fractions they're zero and one. OK. I believe this is this is where you ended up at the end of the last lecture. But it's probably not so clear exactly how you read something like this. And use it. It's extremely useful. You just have to kind of learn how to follow what happens in a diagram like this. And that's what I want to spend some of today doing. Is just, walking through what's happening physically, with a container with a mixture of the two. And how does that correspond to what gets read off the diagram under different conditions. So. Let's just start somewhere on a phase diagram like this. Let's start up here at some point one, so we're in the pure - well, not pure, you're in the all liquid phase. It's still a mixture. It's not a pure substance. pA star, pB star. There's the gas phase. So, if we start at one, and now there's some total pressure. And now we're going to reduce it. What happens? We start with a pure - with an all-liquid mixture. No gas. And now we're going to bring down the pressure. Allowing some of the liquid to go up into the gas phase. So, we can do that. And once we reach point two, then we find a coexistence curve. Now the liquid and gas are going to coexist. So this is the liquid phase. And that means that this must be xB. And it's xB at one, but it's also xB at two, and I want to emphasize that. So let's put our pressure for two. And if we go over here, this is telling us about the mole fraction in the gas phase. That's what these curves are, remember. So this is the one that's showing us the mole fraction in the liquid phase. This nonlinear one in the gas phase. So that means just reading off it, this is xB, that's the liquid mole fraction. Here's yB. The gas mole fraction. They're not the same, right, because of course the components have different volatility. A's more volatile. So that means that the mole fraction of B in the liquid phase is higher than the mole fraction of B in the gas phase. Because A is the more volatile component. So more, relatively more, of A, the mole fraction of A is going to be higher up in the gas phase. Which means the mole fraction of B is lower in the gas phase. So, yB less than xB if A is more volatile. OK, so now what's happening physically? Well, we started at a point where we only had the liquid present. So at our initial pressure, we just have all liquid. There's some xB at one. That's all there is, there isn't any gas yet. Now, what happened here? Well, now we lowered the pressure. So you could imagine, well, we made the box bigger. Now, if the liquid was under pressure, being squeezed by the box, right then you could make the box a little bit bigger. And there's still no gas. That's moving down like this. But then you get to a point where there's just barely any pressure on top of the liquid. And then you keep expanding the box. Now some gas is going to form. So now we're going to go to our case two. We've got a bigger box. And now, right around where this was, this is going to be liquid. And there's gas up here. So up here is yB at pressure two. Here's xB at pressure two. Liquid and gas. So that's where we are at point two here. Now, what happens if we keep going? Let's lower the pressure some more. Well, we can lower it and do this. But really if we want to see what's happening in each of the phases, we have to stay on the coexistence curves. Those are what tell us what the pressures are. What the partial pressure are going to be in each of the phases. In each of the two, in the liquid and the gas phases. So let's say we lower the pressure a little more. What's going to happen is, then we'll end up somewhere over here. In the liquid, and that'll correspond to something over here in the gas. So here's three. So now we're going to have, that's going to be xB at pressure three. And over here is going to be yB at pressure three. And all we've done, of course, is we've just expanded this further. So now we've got a still taller box. And the liquid is going to be a little lower because some of it has evaporated, formed the gas phase. So here's xB at three. Here's yB at three, here's our gas phase. Now we could decrease even further. And this is the sort of thing that you maybe can't do in real life. But I can do on a blackboard. I'm going to give myself more room on this curve, to finish this illustration. There. Beautiful. So now we can lower a little bit further, and what I want to illustrate is, if we keep going down, eventually we get to a pressure where now if we look over in the gas phase, we're at the same pressure, mole fraction that we had originally in the liquid phase. So let's make four even lower pressure. What does that mean? What it means is, we're running out of liquid. So what's supposed to happen is A is the more volatile component. So as we start opening up some room for gas to form, you get more of A in the gas phase. But of course, and the liquid is richer in B. But of course, eventually you run out of liquid. You make the box pretty big, and you run out, or you have the very last drop of liquid. So what's the mole fraction of B in the gas phase? It has to be the same as what it started in in the liquid phase. Because after all the total number of moles of A and B hasn't changed any. So if you take them all from the liquid and put them all up into the gas phase, it must be the same. So yB of four. Once you just have the last drop. So then yB of four is basically equal to xB of one. Because everything's now up in the gas phase. So in principle, there's still a tiny, tiny bit of xB at pressure four. Well, we could keep lowering the pressure. We could make the box a little bigger. Then the very last of the liquid is going to be gone. And what'll happen then is, we're all here. There's no more liquid. We're not going down on the coexistence curve any more. We don't have a liquid gas coexistence any more. We just have a gas phase. Of course, we can continue to lower the pressure. And then what we're doing is just going down here. So there's five. And five is the same as this only bigger. And so forth. OK, any questions about how this works? It's really important to just gain facility in reading these things and seeing, OK, what is it that this is telling you. And you can see it's not complicated to do it, but it takes a little bit of practice. OK. Now, of course, we could do exactly the same thing starting from the gas phase. And raising the pressure. And although you may anticipate that it's kind of pedantic, I really do want to illustrate something by it. So let me just imagine that we're going to do that. Let's start all in the gas phase. Up here's the liquid. pA star, pB star. And now let's start somewhere here. So we're down somewhere in the gas phase with some composition. So it's the same story, except now we're starting here. It's all gas. And we're going to start squeezing. We're increasing the pressure. And eventually here's one, will reach two, so of course here's our yB. We started with all gas, no liquid. So this is yB of one. It's the same as yB of two, I'm just raising the pressure enough to just reach the coexistence curve. And of course, out here tells us xB of two, right? So what is it saying? We've squeezed and started to form some liquid. And the liquid is richer in component B. Maybe it's ethanol water again. And we squeeze, and now we've got more water in the liquid phase than in the gas phase. Because water's the less volatile component. It's what's going to condense first. So the liquid is rich in the less volatile of the components. Now, obviously, we can continue in doing exactly the reverse of what I showed you. But all I want to really illustrate is, this is a strategy for purification of the less volatile component. Once you've done this, well now you've got some liquid. Now you could collect that liquid in a separate vessel. So let's collect the liquid mixture with xB of two. So it's got some mole fraction of B. So we've purified that. But now we're going to start, we've got pure liquid. Now let's make the vessel big. So it all goes into the gas phase. Then lower p. All gas. So we start with yB of three, which equals xB of two. In other words, it's the same mole fraction. So let's reconstruct that. So here's p of two. And now we're going to go to some new pressure. And the point is, now we're going to start, since the mole fraction in the gas phase that we're starting from is the same number as this was. So it's around here somewhere. That's yB of three equals xB of two. And we're down here. In other words, all we've done is make the container big enough so the pressure's low and it's all in the gas phase. That's all we have, is the gas. But the composition is whatever the composition is that we extracted here from the liquid. So this xB, which is the liquid mole fraction, is now yB, the gas mole fraction. Of course, the pressure is different. Lower than it was before. Great. Now let's increase. So here's three. And now let's increase the pressure to four. And of course what happens, now we've got coexistence. So here's liquid. Here's gas. So, now we're over here again. There's xB at pressure four. Pure still in component B. We can repeat the same procedure. Collect it. All liquid, put it in a new vessel. Expand it, lower the pressure, all goes back into the gas phase. Do it all again. And the point is, what you're doing is walking along here. Here to here. Then you start down here, and go from here to here. From here to here. And you can purify. Now, of course, the optimal procedure, you have to think a little bit. Because if you really do precisely what I said, you're going to have a mighty little bit of material each time you do that. So yes it'll be the little bit you've gotten at the end is going to be really pure, but there's not a whole lot of it. Because, remember, what we said is let's raise the pressure until we just start being on the coexistence curve. So we've still got mostly gas. Little bit of liquid. Now, I could raise the pressure a bit higher. So that in the interest of having more of the liquid, when I do that, though, the liquid that I have at this higher pressure won't be as enriched as it was down here. Now, I could still do this procedure. I could just do more of them. So it takes a little bit of judiciousness to figure out how to optimize that. In the end, though, you can continue to walk your way down through these coexistence curves and purify repeatedly the component B, the less volatile of them, and end up with some amount of it. And there'll be some balance between the amount that you feel like you need to end up with and how pure you need it to be. Any questions about how this works? So purification of less volatile components. Now, how much of each of these quantities in each of these phases? So, pertinent to this discussion, of course we need to know that. If you want to try to optimize a procedure like that, of course it's going to be crucial to be able to understand and calculate for any pressure that you decide to raise to, just how many moles do you have in each of the phases? So at the end of the day, you can figure out, OK, now when I reach a certain degree of purification, here's how much of the stuff I end up with. Well, that turns out to be reasonably straightforward to do. And so what I'll go through is a simple mathematical derivation. And it turns out that it allows you to just read right off the diagram how much of each material you're going to end up with. So, here's what happens. This is something called the lever rule. How much of each component is there in each phase? So let's consider a case like this. Let me draw yet once again, just to get the numbering consistent. With how we'll treat this. So we're going to start here. And I want to draw it right in the middle, so I've got plenty of room. And we're going to go up to some pressure. And somewhere out there, now I can go to my coexistence curves. Liquid. And gas. And I can read off my values. So this is the liquid xB. So I'm going to go up to some point two, here's xB of two. Here's yB of two. Great. Now let's get these written in. So let's just define terms a little bit. nA, nB. Or just our total number of moles. ng and n liquid, of course, total number of moles. In the gas and liquid phases. So let's just do the calculation for each of these two cases. We'll start with one. That's the easier case. Because then we have only the gas. So at one, all gas. It says pure gas in the notes, but of course that isn't the pure gas. It's the mixture of the two components. So. How many moles of A? Well it's the mole fraction of A in the gas. Times the total number of moles in the gas. Let me put one in here. Just to be clear. And since we have all gas, the number of moles in the gas is just the total number of moles. So this is just yA at one times n total. Let's just write that in. And of course n total is equal to nA plus nB. So now let's look at condition two. Now we have to look a little more carefully. Because we have a liquid gas mixture. So nA is equal to yA at pressure two. Times the number of moles of gas at pressure two. Plus xA, at pressure two, times the number of moles of liquid at pressure two. Now, of course, these things have to be equal. The total number of moles of A didn't change, right? So those are equal. Then yA of two times ng of two. Plus xA of two times n liquid of two, that's equal to yA of one times n total. Which is of course equal to yA of one times n gas at two plus n liquid at two. I suppose I could be, add that equality. Of course, it's an obvious one. But let me do it anyway. The total number of moles is equal to nA plus nB. But it's also equal to n liquid plus n gas. And that's all I'm taking advantage of here. And now I'm just going to rearrange the terms. So I'm going to write yA at one minus yA at two, times ng at two, is equal to, and I'm going to take the other terms, the xA term. xA of two minus yA of one times n liquid at two. So I've just rearranged the terms. And I've done that because now, I think I omitted something here. yA of one times ng. No, I forgot a bracket, is what I did. yA of one there. And I did this because now I want to do is look at the ratio of liquid to gas at pressure two. So, ratio of I'll put it gas to liquid, that's ng of two over n liquid at two. And that's just equal to xA of two minus yA at one minus yA at one minus yA at two. So what does it mean? It's the ratio of these lever arms. That's what it's telling me. I can look, so I raise the pressure up to two. And so here's xB at two, here's yB at two. And I'm here somewhere. And this little amount and this little amount, that's that difference. And it's just telling me that ratio of those arms is the ratio of the total number of moles of gas to liquid. And that's great. Because now when I go back to the problem that we were just looking at, where I say, well I'm going to purify the less volatile component by raising the pressure until I'm at coexistence starting in the gas phase. Raise the pressure, I've got some liquid. But I also want some finite amount of liquid. But I don't want to just, when I get the very, very first drop of liquid now collected, of course it's enriched in the less volatile component. But there may be a minuscule amount, right? So I'll raise the pressure a bit more. I'll go up in pressure. And now, of course, when I do that the amount of enrichment of the liquid isn't as big as it was if I just raised it up enough to barely have any liquid. Then I'd be out here. But I've got more material in the liquid phase to collect. And that's what this allows me to calculate. Is how much do I get in the end. So it's very handy. You can also see, if I go all the way to the limit where the mole fraction in the liquid at the end is equal to what it was in the gas when I started, what that says is that there's no more gas left any more. In other words, these two things are equal. If I go all the way to the point where I've got all the, this is the amount I started with, in the pure gas phase, now I keep raising it all the way. Until I've got the same mole fraction in the liquid. Of course, we know what that really means. That means that I've gone all the way from pure gas to pure liquid. And the mole fraction in that case has to be the same. And what this is just telling us mathematically is, when that happens this is zero. That means I don't have any gas left. Yeah. PROFESSOR: No. Because, so it's the mole fraction in the gas phase. But you've started with some amount that it's only going to go down from there. PROFESSOR: Yeah. Yeah. Any other questions? OK. Well, now what I want to do is just put up a slightly different kind of diagram, but different in an important way. Namely, instead of showing the mole fractions as a function of the pressure. And I haven't written it in, but all of these are at constant temperature, right? I've assumed the temperature is constant in all these things. Now let's consider the other possibility, the other simple possibility, which is, let's hold the pressure constant and vary the temperature. Of course, you know in the lab, that's usually what's easiest to do. Now, unfortunately, the arithmetic gets more complicated. It's not monumentally complicated, but here in this case, where you have one linear relationship, which is very convenient. From Raoult's law. And then you have one non-linear relationship there for the mole fraction of the gas. In the case of temperature, they're both, neither one is linear. Nevertheless, we can just sketch what the diagram looks like. And of course it's very useful to do that, and see how to read off it. And I should say the derivation of the curves isn't particularly complicated. It's not particularly more complicated than what I think you saw last time to derive this. There's no complicated math involved. But the point is, the derivation doesn't yield a linear relationship for either the gas or the liquid part of the coexistence curve. OK, so we're going to look at temperature and mole fraction phase diagrams. Again, a little more complicated mathematically but more practical in real use. And this is T. And here is the, sort of, form that these things take. So again, neither one is linear. Up here, now, of course if you raise the temperatures, that's where you end up with gas. If you lower the temperature, you condense and get the liquid. So, this is TA star. TB star. So now I want to stick with A as the more volatile component. At constant temperature, that meant that pA star is bigger than pB star. In other words, the vapor pressure over pure liquid A is higher than the vapor pressure over pure liquid B. Similarly, now I've got constant pressure and really what I'm looking at, let's say I'm at the limit where I've got the pure liquid. Or the pure A. And now I'm going to, let's say, raise the temperature until I'm at the liquid-gas equilibrium. That's just the boiling point. So if A is the more volatile component, it has the lower boiling point. And that's what this reflects. So higher pB star A corresponds to lower TA star A. Which is just the boiling point of pure A. So, this is called the bubble line. That's called the dew line. All that means is, let's say I'm at high temperature. I've got all gas. Right no coexistence, no liquid yet. And I start to cool things off. Just to where I just barely start to get liquid. What you see that as is, dew starts forming. A little bit of condensation. If you're outside, it means on the grass a little bit of dew is forming. Similarly, if I start at low temperature, all liquid now I start raising the temperature until I just start to boil. I just start to see the first bubbles forming. And so that's why these things have those names. So now let's just follow along what happens when I do the same sort of thing that I illustrated there. I want to start at one point in this phase diagram. And then start changing the conditions. So let's start here. So I'm going to start all in the liquid phase. That is, the temperature is low. Here's xB. And my original temperature. Now I'm going to raise it. So if I raise it a little bit, I reach a point at which I first start to boil. Start to find some gas above the liquid. And if I look right here, that'll be my composition. Let me raise it a little farther, now that we've already seen the lever rule and so forth. I'll raise it up to here. And that means that out here, I suppose I should do here. So, here is the liquid mole fraction at temperature two. xB at temperature two. This is yB at temperature two. The gas mole fraction. So as you should expect, what's going to happen here is that the gas, this is going to be lower in B. A, that means that the mole fraction of A must be higher in the gas phase. That's one minus yB. So xA is one minus -- yA, which is one minus yB higher in gas phase. Than xA, which is one minus xB. In other words, the less volatile component is enriched up in the gas phase. Now, what does that mean? That means I could follow the same sort of procedure that I indicated before when we looked at the pressure mole fraction phase diagram. Namely, I could do this and now I could take the gas phase. Which has less of B. It has more of A. And I can collect it. And then I can reduce the temperature. So it liquefies. So I can condense it, in other words. So now I'm going to start with, let's say I lower the temperature enough so I've got basically pure liquid. But its composition is the same as the gas here. Because of course that's what that liquid is formed from. I collected the gas and separated it. So now I could start all over again. Except instead of being here, I'll be down here. And then I can raise the temperature again. To some place where I choose. I could choose here, and go all the way to hear. A great amount of enrichment. But I know from the lever rule that if I do that, I'm going to have precious little material over here. So I might prefer to raise the temperature a little more. Still get a substantial amount of enrichment. And now I've got, in the gas phase, I'll further enriched in component A. And again I can collect the gas. Condense it. Now I'm out here somewhere, I've got all liquid and I'll raise the temperature again. And I can again keep walking my way over. And that's what happens during an ordinary distillation. Each step of the distillation walks along in the phase diagram at some selected point. And of course what you're doing is, you're always condensing the gas. And starting with fresh liquid that now is enriched in more volatile of the components. So of course if you're really purifying, say, ethanol from an ethanol water mixture, that's how you do it. Ethanol is the more volatile component. So a still is set up. It will boil the stuff and collect the gas and and condense it. And boil it again, and so forth. And the whole thing can be set up in a very efficient way. So you have essentially continuous distillation. Where you have a whole sequence of collection and condensation and reheating and so forth events. So then, in a practical way, it's possible to walk quite far along the distillation, the coexistence curve, and distill to really a high degree of purification. Any questions about how that works? OK. I'll leave till next time the discussion of the chemical potentials. But what we'll do, just to foreshadow a little bit, what I'll do at the beginning of the next lecture is what's at the end of your notes here. Which is just to say OK, now if we look at Raoult's law, it's straightforward to say what is the chemical potential for each of the substances in the liquid and the gas phase. Of course, it has to be equal. Given that, that's for an ideal solution. We can gain some insight from that. And then look at real solutions, non-ideal solutions, and understand a lot of their behavior as well. Just from starting from our understanding of what the chemical potential does even in a simple ideal mixture. So we'll look at the chemical potentials. And then we'll look at non-ideal solution mixtures next time. See you then.

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Topics covered: Encapsulation, inheritance, shadowing Instructor: Prof. Eric Grimson, Prof. John Guttag OPERATOR: The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. To make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at ocw.mit.edu. PROFESSOR: Last lecture we were talking about classes, and object-oriented programming, and we're going to come back to it today. I'm going to remind you, we were talking about it because we suggested it is a really powerful way of structuring systems, and that's really why we want to use it, It's a very common way of structuring systems. So today I'm going to pick up on a bunch of more nuanced, or more complex if you like, ways of leveraging the power of classes. But we're going to see a bunch of examples that are going to give us a sense. I'm going to talk about inheritance, we're going to talk about shadowing, we're going to talk about iterators. But before get to it, I want to start by just highlighting, sort of, what was the point of classes? So I'll remind you. A class, I said, was basically a template for an abstract data type. And this was really to drive home this idea of modularity. I want the ability to say, I've got a set of things that naturally belong together, I'm going to cluster them together, I want to treat it like it's a primitive, I want to treat it like it's a float or an int or a string. Is this going to be a point or a segment or something different like that. So it's really a way, as I said, of just trying to cluster data together. And this is a notion of modularity slash abstraction where I'm treating them as primitives. But the second thing we talked about is that we also have a set of methods, using the special name method because we're talking classes. But basically functions that are designed to deal with this data structure. We're trying to group those together as well. So we cluster data and methods. Second key thing we said was, in the ideal case, which unfortunately Python isn't, but we'll come back to that, in the ideal case, we would have data hiding, and by data hiding, which is sort of a version of encapsulation, what we meant was that you could only get to the internal pieces of that data structure through a proscribed method. Proscribed meaning it's something I set up. So data hiding saying, you would only access the parts through a method. And as we said, unfortunately Python does not enforce this. Meaning that I could create one of these data structures, ideally I'd have a method, that I'm going to see some examples of that I used to get the parts out, unfortunately in Python you could take the name the instance dot some internal variable you'll get it back. It is exposed. And this is actually just not a good idea. So I suggested in my very bad humor, that you practice computational hygiene and you only use appropriate methods to get the parts out. OK didn't laugh the joke last time, you're not going to laugh at it this time, I don't blame you. All right, and then the last piece of this is that we said the class is a template. When we call that class, it makes an instance. So class is used to make instances, meaning particular versions, of that structure, and we said inside the instances we have a set of attributes. Internal variables, methods, that are going to belong to that structure. OK, so with that in mind, here's what I want to do. I'm going to show you a set of examples, and I want to warn you ahead of time, the code handout today is a little longer than normal because we want to build essentially an extended example of a sequence of examples of classes. We're going to see the idea, of which we're gonna talk about, of inheritance or hierarchy, in which we can have classes that are specializations of other classes. We're gonna see how we can inherit methods, how we can shadow methods, how we can use methods in a variety of ways. So this is a way of suggesting you may find it more convenient to put notes on the code handout rather than in your own notes. Do whatever you like, but I just wanted to alert you, we're going to go through a little more code than normal. So, the little environment I'm going to build is an environment of people. I'll build a simple little simulation of people. So I'm going to start off with the first class, which I've got up on the screen, and it's on your handout as well, which is I'm going to build an instance, or a class rather, of persons. I'm going to draw a diagram, which I'm gonna try and see if I can do well, over here, of the different objects we're going to have. So I've got, a class, and by the way a class is an object. Instances are also objects, but classes are objects. We're gonna see why we want that in a second. Because I'm gonna build an object, sorry a class, called a person. Now, let's walk through some of the pieces here. The first one is, there's something a little different. Remember last time we had that keyword class and then a name, that name, in this case, person says this is the name for the class, and then we would have just had the semicolon and a bunch of internal things. Here I've got something in parens, and I want to stress this is not a variable. All right, this is not a def, this is a class. I'm going to come back to it, but what this is basically saying is that the person class is going to inherit from another class, which in this case is just the built-in Python object class. Hold on to that thought, it's going to make more sense when we look at a little more interesting example, but I want to highlight that. All right now, if we do this, as I said before, we can create a version of a person, let me just call it per, person. OK? And what we said last time is, when we wanted to create an instance inside of this class definition, we've got one of those built-in things called init. I'm gonna again remind you, some of the methods we have, Underbar underbar init is going to be the thing that creates the instance. Actually slightly misspeaking, actually Python creates the instance, but it's one thing that fills it in. So in this case, I'm going to give it 2 arguments: Frank Foobar Now, you might have said, wait a minute, init here has 3 arguments: self, family name, and first name. So again, just to remind you, what we said happens here is that when I call this class, person, I'm creating an instance. We'll draw a little instance diagram down here. I'm going to give it the name per. And I should have said inside of person, we've got a set of things. We've got our underbar underbar init, we've got, what else do I have up there? Family name. And a bunch of other methods, down to say. What happens inside of Python is, when we called the class definition, person, it creates an instance, there it is. Think of it as a pointer to a spot in memory, and then what we do is, we call, or find, that init method, up here, and we apply it. And the first argument self, points to the instance. So this object here is what self looks at. Now you can see what init's going to do. It says, oh, inside of self, which is pointing to here, let me bind a variable, which was, can read that very carefully, it's family underbar name, to the value I passed in, which was 4. Same thing with first name. OK, so the reason I'm stressing this is, self we do not supply explicitly, it is supplied as pointing to the instance, it's giving us that piece of memory. And that is what then gets created. So here's, now, the instance for per. OK, and I put a little label on there, I'm going to call that an isALink, because it is an instance of that class. God bless you. All right, so once we got this, let's look at what we can do with person. That's why I built person here. And as I said, I've already bound basically, those two pieces. If I want to get a value out, I can give person, or per, rather, this instance, a messaging. In this case I want to get family, what did I say, family name out, now, again I want to stress, what is happening here? per is an instance, it's this thing here. When I say per dot family name, I'm sending it a message, in essence what that does is, it says, from here it's going to go up the chain to this class object and find the appropriate method, which was family name. It is then going to apply that to self, which points to this instance. And that allows it, therefore, is you can see on the code, to look up under self, what's the binding for family name, and print it back up. So self is always going to point to the instance I want and I can use it. OK what else do we have in here? We can get the first name, that's not particularly interesting. We've got 2 other special methods: that's cmp and str. All right, cmp is our comparison method. And since I, I was about to say I blew it last time, I misspoke last time, a wonderful phrase that politicians like to use, I misspoke last time. Let me clarify again what cmp will do. Underbar underbar cmp is going to be the method you're going to use to compare two instances of an object. Now, let's back up for second. If I wanted to test equality, in fact I could use underbar underbar eq, under under. It's natural to think about an equality tester as returning a Boolean, it's either gonna be true or false, because something's either equal to or not. In many languages, comparisons also return Booleans, which is why I went down this slippery slope. For many languages, either it's greater than or it's not. But Python is different. Python use cmp, in fact it has a built in cmp, which is what we're relying on here. Where am I, right there. And what cmp returns is 1 of 3 values. Given 2 objects, it says if the first one is less than the second one, it returns -1, if it's equal it returns 0, if it's greater than, it returns 1. So it allows you this broader range of comparisons. And if you think about it, cmp, you could apply on integers, you could apply it on floats, apply it on strings. So it's overloaded, it has the ability to do all of those. And in this case what we're saying is, given 2 objects, let's create a tuple of the first, sorry, family and first name of ourselves, and other is another object, family and first name of that, and then just use cmp to compare them. All right, so it's going to use the base pieces. OK, so it gives me a way of doing comparisons. And str we saw last time as well, this is cmp does comparison, and str is our printed representation. OK. So what we've got now, is a simple little class. We've also got two methods there. I want to look at them, we're gonna come back to them, but they start to highlight things we can do with our classes. So I've built one simple version of it here, which is per. And notice I've got another method, right up here, called say. And say takes two arguments, for the moment the second argument, or the first argument's, not going to make a lot of sense, but say takes two arguments besides itself. It's going to take another object to which it's saying something and the thing to say. Since I only have one object here, I'm going to have person talk to himself. You may have met a few other undergraduates who have this behavior. I'll have him talk to himself and say, just some random message the faculty members occasionally worry about. OK, what does this thing do? Now you're going to see some of the power of this. Again, remember, I'm down here, I'm sending this the message say, it's going to go up the chain to find the say message in person. And what does say do, it says given another object and some string, it's going to return, oh, and interesting things, part of which you can't see on the screen. First what it does, is it gets first name of self. Remember self is pointing to this instance, so it's simply looks up that binding, which is Frank. It's going to create a string in which it adds to that the family name of self, and then another thing that says to, and then ah, I'm now going to send a message to the other object, saying give me your first name. Going to add that to the second piece, and you can see in this case it happens to be the same first and family name. And then at the end of it, which you can't see here but you can see in your handout, I just append the whole string, so it spits it out. What's the point of this, other than I can get it to say things? Notice, I can now reference values of the instance. But I can also get values of other instances, by sending in a message. And that's why we have that form right there. And then it glued all together. If you think about this for a second, you might say, wait a minute, actually you might have said wait a minute a while ago, why am I just using the variable name there in the function over here? Well in fact, I could've used the function here, first name open close, right? It would have done the same thing. But because I know I'm inside the instance, it's perfectly reasonable to just look up the value. OK, I could have, although I don't want you to do it, have done the same thing there and used underbar, sorry, first name underbar, sorry, first underbar name, but that's really breaking this contract that I want to happen. I should send the message to get the method back out. So again the standard practices is if you know you're inside the object, you can just access the values. If you're doing it with any other objects, send it a message to get it out. OK, now, that gives you an ability to say, let's look at one more example here, and then we're going to start building our hierarchy, which is, that this person can also sing. And we've got a little sing method here. And notice what it does, it's going to sing to somebody, I guess you're part of the Chorallaries. You're going to sing something, and notice what it does, it's simply going to use its say method, but add at the end of whatever's being said, just tra la la at the end. So this is now an example of a method using another method. Why would you want that? It's nice modularly. I have one method that's doing saying, I have another method that's just building on it. So if I have is person sing to themselves, not a highly recommended activity, it would help if I had it sing to itself, not sing to sing, sorry about that. Notice what it does. Looks like exactly like a say method, except it's got tra la la at the end. Don't worry I'm not going to sing to you. I'll simply say the words. Power of this, other than the silly examples. You see how I can access variables of the instance, how I can access variables of other instances, going to come back to that, and how I can use versions of my own methods to implement other methods. In this case sing is using say as part of what it wants to get out. OK, so we got a simple little example. Now, let's start adding some other pieces to this. OK, and what do I want to add. Find my spot here. OK, we're going to add an MIT person. Sorry, machine is -- do this, let's go down. OK so I'm going to add an MIT person. Look at the code for second. Aha! Notice what this says. MIT person says it inherits from person. That is, that's the first thing in parens up there. It says, you know, class of MIT person is person. What that is saying is, that this is a specialization of the person class. Or another way of saying it is, we have a super class, in this case it's person. And we have a subclass, in this case its MIT person. And we're going to walk through some examples, but what it says is that that subclass of MIT person can inherit the attributes of the person class. Can inherit the methods, it can inherit variables. OK, what does MIT person do? Well, here's 1 of the new things it does. It has a local variable called next id num, which is initially set to 0. See that up there. And then it's got some methods, it's got an init method, a get id method, a few other things. OK, let's run this. In particular, I go back down to this one. Let me just uncomment this and do it here. Assuming my machine will do what I want it to do, which it really doesn't seem to want to do today. Try one more time. Thank you, yep. Still not doing it for me, John. OK, we type it. No idea what Python doesn't like me today, but it doesn't. So we're gonna define p 1, I've lost my keyboard, indeed I have. Try one more time. p 1 MIT person, see how fast I can type here -- OK, now, let's look at what the code does, because again it's going to highlight some things. I called MIT person, push this up slightly, it's going to create an instance down here, I called p 1. And when I would do that, I'm gonna initialize it. So I've got, right up here, an initializer, init for MIT person, takes in the family name and the first name. Notice what it does. Huh. It says, if I'm sitting here at MIT person, I'm going to go up and inherit from person its init function and call it. And what am I calling it on? I'm calling it on self, which is pointing to this object, so I've still got it, and then I'm then going to apply the base initialization. And that does exactly what you'd expect, which is just going to create a binding for family name down here. As well as some other things. So this is an example of inheritance. MIT person inherits the init method from person, can get access to by simply referring to it, and I refer to it right there. And it's take the person class, get its init and apply it to my instance plus those things. So I'm just using the same piece of code Notice the second thing it does. It says inside of self, I'm going to bind the local variable id name to the value of next id name in MIT person. Self is down here, id num, sorry, not id name. I'm going to bind that to the value that I find my going up to here, which is 0, and having done that, I simply increment that value. OK? So what has this done? It says I now have captured in the class, a local variable that I can keep track of. And when I use it, every time I generate an example, let me build another one. I make p 2 another MIT person. OK, I can do things like saying, what is the id number for each of these. First one is 0, second one is 1, which makes sense, right? I'm just incrementing a global variable. Now, things I want you to see about this. Now that I've got a beginning of a hierarchy, I have this notion of inheritance. I can ask a function inside one class to use a function from a class that it can reach by going up the chain. I just did it there. I can ask it to go get values of variables, right, so that looks good. What else do we have in person or MIT person? Well, we can get the id number, we just did. We have a thing to do with this string. Notice it's going to print out something a little different. In fact, there's a kind of funky form there. Which just says, if I want to print it out, I'm gonna create, what this says to do is, I'm gonna create an output template that has that structure to it, but where I see that percent s I'm going to substitute this value for the first one, that value for the second. So if I say, what is p 1? It says ok, MIT person Fred Smith. On the other hand, if I said, what is per, which is that thing I build earlier, it had a different string method, which is just print out person, those pieces. All right, one last piece to this and we're going to add to it. Suppose I want Fred to say something. Say something to Jane. OK, he said it. Where's the say method? OK, Fred is an instance of an MIT person. where's the say method? Well, there isn't one there, but again, that's where the hierarchy comes in. Fred is this object here, I'm sending it the message say. That turns into going up the chain to this object, which is the class object, and saying find a say method and apply it to that instance. Fudge-knuckle, it ain't here. Don't worry about it, because it says if I can't find one there, I'm going to go up the chain to this method, sorry to this class, and look for a method there. Which there was one, I have a say method. It's going to use that say method. Apply to it. Well, you might say, OK, what happens if it isn't there? Well, that's where, remember I defined person to be an instance of an object, it will go up the chain one last time to the base object in Python to see is there a method there or not. Probably isn't a say method for an object, so at that point it's going to raise an exception or throw an error. But now you again see this idea that the inheritance lets you capture methods. Now you might say, why not just put a say method inside of MIT person? Well, if you wanted it to do something different, that would be the right thing to do. But the whole notion here's that I'm capturing modularity, I've got base methods up in my base class. If I just want to use them I'm just going to inherit them by following that chain, if you like, basically up the track. OK, so we've got an MIT person, we can use that. Let's add a little bit more to our hierarchy here. I'm going to create, if I can do this right, a specialization of an MIT person, which is an undergraduate. A special kind of MIT person. All right, so if I go back up here, even though my thing is not going to let me do it, let's build an undergraduate. OK, there's the class definition for an undergrad. We're just starting to see some of the pieces, right, so in an undergraduate, where am I here, an undergraduate. OK, it's also got an initialization function. So if I call undergrad, I'm gonna make an undergrad here, again let me go back down here, line ug 2 it's making undergrad, Jane Doe. Now, what happens when I do the initialization here? Notice what goes on. It simply calls the person initialization method. All right, so I'm down here. I'm going to call the person initialization method, what did do? Sorry, the MIT person method, it calls the person method. Just walking up the chain, that's going to do exactly what I did with all the other ones, so I now have a family name and a first name. So I can, for example, say family name and get it back out. All right? And then, other things that I can do, well I can set what year the person's in, I can figure out what year they're in, there's this unfortunate overflow error if you've hung around too long, but that's not going to happen to you. And I've now got a say method here, so let's look what happens if I ask the undergraduate to say something. OK, it's not a realistic dialogue I know, but, what did this method do? I asked this object to do a say. And notice what it does. It simply passes it back up to MIT person. There's that inheritance again. It's saying, I'm going to have my base say method say something. I'm going to say it to a person, but all I'm going to do because undergraduates in my experience, at least, are always very polite, I'm going to put "Excuse me but" at the front of it. OK, what am I trying to show you here? I know the jokes are awful, but what am I trying to show you here? That I can simply pass up the chain to get it. In fact, what method does the final say here? What class does it come from? Person class, yes, thank you. It goes all the way up to person, right, because MIT person didn't have a say. So I can simply walk up the chain until I find the method I want to have. Now this is an example of shadowing. Not a great example, but it's a beginning example of shadowing, in that this same method for an undergraduate, shadows the base say method, it happens to call it, but it changes it. It puts "Excuse me but" at the front, before it goes on to do something. Now again, I could have decided here to actually copy what the original say method did, stitch all the other things together. But again, that loses my modularity. I'd really to only have to change it in one place. So by putting my say method up in person, I can add these nuances to it, and it lets me have something that has that variation. If I decide I want to change what say does, I only have to change it in one place. It is in the person class definition, and everything else will follow through for free. OK, so now I've got an undergrad, right? Let's look at a couple of variations of what happens here. So first of all, I can -- yes? PROFESSOR 2: Shadowing here is often sometimes called overriding. PROFESSOR: Yes, thank you, because I'm going to do a pure example of shadowing in a second, John right. Also called overriding. Part of the reason I like the phrase shadow is, if you think about it as looking at it from this direction, you see this version of init before you see the other ones, or you see that version of say, but it is overriding the base say example. OK, so I can say, what does p 1, sorry, yes, what does undergrad look like? And I said wait a minute, MIT person, not undergrad, is that right? Well, where's the str method? I didn't define one in undergrad, so it again tracks up the chain and finds the str method here, so it's OK undergrads are MIT people most the time, so it's perfectly fine. OK, now, I have built into this also these cmp methods. So I've got two examples. I've got undergrad, or ug. And then I've got poor old Frank Foobar back there, per person. So suppose I want to compare them? What do you think happens here? Compare sounds weird, right, I compare an undergraduate to a person. I don't know what that's doing, some kind of weird psychological thing, but what do you think happens in terms of the code here if I run this. I know it's a little hard because you got a lot of code to look at. Do I have a cmp method defined somewhere? Yeah. So, it's hard to know what it's going to do, but let's look at it. Hmm. Now sometimes I type things and I got errors I don't expect, this one I did expect. So what happened here? Well let's talk about what happens if I do that comparison I was doing, what was I doing? Ug greater than per? What unwinds into is, I'm going to send to ug, that instance, a cmp method. This is really going to become something like ug dot under under cmp under under applied to per. I think that's close. What does that do? It says starting in ug, I'm going to look for the first cmp method I could find, which is actually sitting here. I had a cmp method in MIT person. If you look at your code, what does it do? It looks up the id numbers to compare them. Well the, ug has an id number because it was created along this chamber. Remember per over here was just created as a person. It doesn't have an id number, so that's why it complaints. Ok, happens if I do that? Compare per to ug. How many people think I get an error? Wow. How many people think I'm going to get either true or false out of this? A few brave hands. Why? Can I ask you, please? Why do you think I'm going to get a, doesn't matter whether it's true or false, why am I going to have something work this time that didn't work last time? PROFESSOR: Yeah, exactly. And in case you didn't hear it, thank you, great answer, sorry, terrible throw. In this case I'm using per, that's the first part, so it's not symmetric. It's gonna use per to do the look up. And as it was said there, per over here goes up and finds a cmp method here which it can apply. In that case, it simply looked at, remember, it took the tuples of first and last name which are both defined here, and did some comparison on that. So this is a way of again pointing out to you that the things are not always symmetric, and I have to be careful about where do I find the methods as I want to use them. Ok? All right. Let's add, I'm gonna do two more classes here. Let's add one more class, some people debate whether these are really people or not, but we're going to add a class called a professor. OK. Now what am I doing? I'm creating another version of class down here. Which again is an instance, or a subclass, sorry, not an instance, a subclass of an MIT person. I see that because I built it to be there. Again I've got an initialization that's going to call the person initialization, which we know is going to go up -- I keep saying that -- going to call the MIT person initialization, which is going to go up and call this one. So again I'm going to be able to find names. And I do a couple of other different things here. I'm gonna pass in a rank, full professor, associate professor, assistant professor, which I'm just going to bind locally. But I'm gonna add one other piece here, which is I'm gonna add a little dictionary on teaching. So when I create a professor, I'm gonna associate with it a dictionary that says, what have you been teaching? And then notice the methods I create. I've got a method here called add teaching, takes, obviously a pointer to the instance. A term, which will just be a string, and a subject. And let's look at what it does right here. OK. In fact the call I'm going to make, I'm not certain I'm going to be able to get away with it, my machine is still wonderfully broken, all right, it is, let me just show you what the calls would look like. As you can see here I'm not going to be able to do them. But I'm going to add teaching, as a method call with this with a string for term, and a subject number. What is this going to do? Yeah, I know I'm just worried if I restart Python, I may not be able to pull the thing back in, so I'm going to try and wing it, John, and see if I can make it happen. Right, what does that teaching do? It's got one of those try except methods. So what does it say it's going to do? It's going to go into the dictionary associated with teaching, under the value of term, and get out a list. And it's going to append to the end of the list the new subject. So it's going to be stored in there, is then going to be term, and a list of what I taught, in case I teach more than one thing each term. It's going to do that, but notice it's a try. If in fact there is no term currently in the dictionary, started out empty, it's going to throw an error, sorry, not throw an error, it's going to raise an exception. Which is a key error, in which case notice what I'm going to do, I'm not going to treat it as an error. I'm simply going to say, in that case, just start off with an empty, with an initial list with just that subject in and put it in the dictionary. As I add more things in, I'll just keep adding things to this dictionary under that term. And if I want to find out what I'm doing, well I can use get teaching, which says given the term, find the thing in the dictionary under that term and return it. If I get an error, I'm going to raise it, which says there is nothing for that term, and in that case I guess I'm just going to return none. OK? And then the other two pieces we're going to have here, and we want to look at a little more carefully, I just wanted to show you that example, is a professor can lecture, and a professor can say something. Look at the say method, because this now add one more nuance to what we want to do here. And I think in interest of making this go, let me actually, since I'm not going to get my machine to do this right, let me create a couple of professors. If I look at what that is, it's an MIT person because I didn't have any separate string thing there, and we will create a more important professor. What rank do you want, John? Do you want to stay full? PROFESSOR 2: Undergraduate. PROFESSOR: Undergraduate, right, a lot more fun I agree. Sorry about that, and we can again just see what that looks like. And that of course, we'll print out, he's also an MIT person. But now here's what I want to do. I want to say something to my good colleague Professor Guttag. Actually I'm going to start a separate -- I'm going to say something to a smart undergraduate. So if I say, remember we have ug defined as an undergraduate, let me do something a little different here. Well let, me do it that way. It says, I don't understand why you say you were enjoying 6.00. Not a good thing to say, right, but if I say to my good colleague Professor Guttag. I have to spell say right, I know, I need help with this, what can I say? We flatter each other all the time. It's part of what makes us feel good about ourselves. Why is the sky blue? I enjoyed your paper, but why is the sky blue? OK, terrible examples, but what's going on here? One more piece that I want to add. Here's my say method for professor, and now I'm actually taking advantage of to whom I am saying something. Notice again, what does it do? There's the self argument, that's just pointing to the instance of me. I'm passing in another argument, going to call it to who, in one case it was ug, in one case it was Guttag. And then the thing I want to say, ah, look what it does, it says, check the type. And the type is going to take that instance, I had an instance, for example, of a professor down here, and it's going to pick up what type of object it is. So if the type of the person I'm speaking to is undergrad, let's pause for second. Remember I started away back saying we're building abstract data types. Well, here's a great example of how I'm using exactly that, right? I've got int, I've got float, I now have ug, it's a type. So it's says if the object to whom I'm speaking is an undergrad, then use the same method from person where I'm going to put this on the front. On the other hand, if the object to whom I'm speaking is a professor, then I'm going to tag this on the front and use the underlying say method. On the other hand, if I'm speaking to somebody else, I'm just going to go lecture. All right, and when a professor lectures, they just put it's obvious on the end of things, as you may have noticed. What's the point I want you to see here? I'm now using the instances to help me to find what the code should do. I'm looking at the type. If the type is this, do that. If the type is this, do something different, ok? And I can now sort of build those pieces up. OK, I said one more class. Notice what we're doing. I know they're silly examples, but, sorry, they are cleverly designed examples to highlight key points. What I'm trying to do is show you how we have methods inherit methods, how have message shadow methods, how we have methods override methods, how we can use instances as types to define what the method should do. Let me show you one last class, because I'm gonna have one more piece that we want to use. And the last class is, sort of, once you've got a set of professors, you can have an aggregate of them. And I don't know, if a group of geese are gaggle, I don't know what a set of professors are, John. Flamers? I, you know, we've got to figure out what the right collective noun here is. We're going to call them a faculty for lack of a better term, right? Now the reason I want to show you this example is, this class, notice, it only is going to inherit from object. It actually makes sense. This is going to be a collection of things, but it's not a subclass of a particular kind of person. And what I want the faculty to do, is to be able to gather together a set of faculty. So if I go down here, grab this for second, and pull it down so you can see it. It looks like I'm not going to be able to run this because my machine is broken, but basically I'm gonna define a set of professors, and then I'm gonna create a new class called faculty. There's the definition of it. It's got an init. You can kind of see what it does. It's going to set up an internal variable called names, which is initially an empty list, internal variable called ids, which is empty, an internal variable called members, which is empty, and another special variable called place, which we're going to come back to in a second, initially bound to none. OK, I've got a method called add which I'm going to use down here to add professors to the course 6 faculty. Here's what I want to add to do. First of all, notice I'm going to check the type. If this is not a professor, I'm gonna raise an error, a type error, it's the wrong type of object to pass in. The second thing I'm gonna do is say, if that's okay, then let me go off and get the id number. Now remember, that's right up here, so I'm asking the instance of the professor to go up and get the id number. And I want to make sure I only have one instance of each professor in my faculty, so if the id number is in the list of ids already, I'm going to raise an error, sorry, raise an exception as well, saying I've got a duplicate id. OK? And the reason that's going to come up is, notice what I do now. Inside of the instant self, I take the variable names and I add to it the family name of the person I just added. OK, notice the form. I'm using the method, there's the parens to get the family name of the person. I'm just adding it to the list. I've got the id number, I've added the ids, and I add the object itself into members. So as I do this, what am I doing? I'm creating a list, actually several lists: a list of ids, a list of the actual instances, and a list of the family names. And as a cost I want to add, that's why I can check and see, is this in here already or not? Now, the last reason I want to do this is, I want to be able to support things like that. This is now different, right, this instance is a collection. I want to be able to do things like, for all the things in that collection, do something, like print out the family names. And to do that, I need two special forms: iter and next. OK, now let me see if I can say this cleanly. Whenever I use a for, in structure, even if it was on just a normal list you built, what Python is doing is returning an, what is called an iterator. Which is something that we talked earlier. It's keeping track of where are you in the list, and how do I get to the next thing in the list? I'm going to do the same thing here, and I'm going to create it for this particular structure. So this little thing iter, when I call a for something in, one of these instances, it calls iter, and notice what it does. It initializes place to 0. That was that variable I had up there. That's basically saying I'm at the beginning of the list. It's a pointer to the beginning of the list, and it returns self. Just gives me back a pointer to the instance. That now allows me at each step in that loop to call next. And what does next do? Next says, check to see if that value is too long, if it's longer than, for example, the list of names, raise an exception called stop iteration, which the for loop will use to say OK, I'm done. I'm going to break out of the for loop. Otherwise, what am I going to do? I'll increment place by 1, that's going to move me to the next place in the list, and then in this case I'll just return the instance itself, right? Members is a list of instances, place I've incremented by 1, I take 1 off of it, I get to it. So iter and next work together. Iter creates this method, that's going to give you a pointer to the place in the structure, and then next literally walks along the structure giving you the next element and returning elements in turn so you can do something with it. Right, so now what that says is, I can have classes that just have local variables. I can have classes that get methods from other variables, and I can also have classes that are collections. And I've supported that by adding in this last piece. OK once you have all of that, in principle we could start doing some fun things. So let's see what happens if we try and make all of this go. And let me, since I'm not going to be able to run it, let me simply do it this way. If I have my undergraduate, ug. I can -- sorry, let's not do it that way -- I can have undergraduate say things like -- all right, what did I just do wrong here? Do I not have undergrad defined? I do. Oh, I didn't have Grimson, sorry, it's me, isn't it? Thank you. The undergraduate very politely asks why he didn't understand, you can have the professor respond. Again, it simply puts a different thing into there. On the other hand, if Professor Guttag asks me something about understanding, I say I really like this paper on, you do not understand, it's a deep paper on programming languages 5, I think, John, isn't it? What else can you do with this thing, right? You can have an undergraduate talk to an undergraduate, in which case they're still polite. Or you could have -- sorry, let me do that the other way -- you could also have an undergraduate simply talk to a normal person. All right, but the good news is you know eventually you get it done, and when you're really done you can have the undergraduate be really happy about this, and so she sings to herself. OK it's a little silly, but notice what we've just illustrated. And this is where I want to pull it together. With a simple set of classes, and the following abilities, an ability to inherit methods from subclasses, sorry from superclasses, that is having this hierarchy of things. I can create a fairly complex kind of interaction. I can take advantage of the types of the objects to help me decide what to do. And if you think about that, I know it sounds very straightforward, but you would do exactly that if you were writing earlier code to deal with some numerical problem. All right, if the thing is an integer, do this, if it's a float, do that, if it's a string, do something else. I'm now giving you exactly the same ability, but the types now can be things that you could create. And what I've also got is now the ability to inherit those methods as they go up the chain. So another way of saying it is, things that you want to come away from here, are, in terms of these classes. We now have this idea of encapsulation. I'm gathering together data that naturally belongs as a unit, and I'm gathering together with it methods that apply to that unit. Just like we would have done with float or int. Ideally, we data hide, we don't happen to do it here, which is too bad. Basically we've got the idea of encapsulation. The second thing we've got is this idea of inheritance. Inheritance both meaning I can inherit attributes or field values. I can inherit methods by moving up the chain. I can also the shadow or override methods, so that I can specialise. And I do all of that with this nice hierarchy of classes. So what hopefully you've seen, between these two lectures, and we're going to come back to it in some subsequent lectures, is that this is now a different way of just structuring a computational system. Now, you'll also get arguments, polite arguments from faculty members or other experts about which is a better way of doing it. So I'll give you my bias, Professor Guttag will give you his bias next time around. My view, object-oriented system are great when you're trying to model systems that consist of a large number of units that interact in very specific ways. So, modeling a system of people's a great idea. Modeling a system of molecules is probably a great idea. Modeling a system where it is natural to associate things together and where the number of interactions between them is very controlled. These systems work really well. And we'll see some examples of that next week. Thanks.

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Complete the following test so you can be sure you understand the material. Your answers are private, and test results are not scored. When you create a new table in Datasheet view, you must define a primary key field. You can't use the Lookup Wizard to alter an existing value list. When you use a template to create a table, you must set data types for the fields in the new table. Which of the following is the correct syntax for a value list? 'Option 1','Option 2','Option 3' "Option 1";"Option 2";"Option 3" "Option 1":"Option 2":"Option 3"

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How is that even possible? I know! But in the article they say "it happens all the time." ;-) Years ago I saw a T.V. network news story about a passenger on a train in France who got his arm stuck in the toilet on the train. I can't remember what the reason was that he was toilet-diving.He wasn't able to dislodge his arm, even with help, so the train made an emergency stop so maintenance people to come and take apart the toilet to get the man free of it.The kicker of the story, for me, was that the comedian Jerry Lewis was on the train. He wasn't the one who got his hand stuck in the train toilet, but I remember thinking at the time, that's just like someone Jerry Lewis would do in one of his movies. And now he's on a train where it really happens.Word verification is "feast". Funny word verification. It definitely sounds from a JL movie! ...Your news story sounds as if it could have been from a JL story, not your word verification... Post a Comment

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Municipal bonds, often called munis, are debt obligations of U.S. states, cities, counties, or other political subdivisions of states. The two primary types of municipal bonds are general obligation and revenue. • A general obligation bond is used for general expenditures and is backed by the issuer’s full faith and credit (taxing and borrowing power). • A revenue bond is used to finance a specific public service project and is backed by the cash flow from that project. Examples are bonds to finance bridges, turnpikes, tunnels, water and sewer systems, schools, power plants, prisons, transportation systems, hospitals, sports complexes, and airports. This guide is not intended to provide investment advice, and you should not rely on statements in this guide when making investment decisions. Note: To return to the previous page, close this browser window.

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Museum of the Atacama Desert, Antofagasta, Chile "A window to the Universe" is one of the five permanent exhibitions installed at the Museum of the Atacama Desert (MDA), in Antofagasta (II Region of Chile). The MDA is built on the levelled area in front of the Huanchaca Ruins, the remains of a silver foundry from the beginning of the 19th century. The museum, which contains unique collections, presents to the visitor the whole history of the Atacama Desert, from its geological formation up to the present times, when it becomes an important site for ground-based astronomy. This exhibition was designed and donated by ESO as a contribution to the Region of Antofagasta. About the Image |Release date:||7 July 2010, 14:00| |Size:||2560 x 1815 px| About the Object • X - People and Events • X - Events

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School districts in California and New Mexico are trying to ban the popular snack food Flamin’ Hot Cheetos because they say it is a health hazard to students. School officials say the concern is their nutritional value, or lack thereof. Each bag of Flamin’ Hot Cheetos contains 26 grams of fat and a quarter of the mount of salt that’s recommended for the entire day. One school district in Illinois, which used to sell about 150,000 bags each year, has already taken the snack off its menu. “If children were to bring in snacks that are high in fat, high in calories, that’s their choice,” Rockford School District Interim Superintendent Robert Willis said. “We’re not going to be providing those kinds of foods.” On top of the artificial coloring and flavoring, some experts say the Cheetos are “hyperpalatable,” meaning they’re highly addictive. “Our brain is really hardwired to find things like fat and salt really rewarding and now we have foods that have them in such high levels that it can trigger an addictive process,” said Ashley Gearhardt, a clinical psychologist at the University of Michigan. Frito Lay, which makes and sells Cheetos, says it is “committed to responsible and ethical practices, which includes not marketing our products to children ages 12 and under.” “Got my fingers stained red and I can’t get them off me. You can catch me and my crew eating hot Cheetos and takis,” one boy raps in the video. Takis are a chili pepper- and lime-flavored corn snack. The video has already been viewed more than 3.3 million times and there are even Facebook fan pages dedicated to the snack. One fan page has more than 49,000 “likes,” with many fans posting photos and videos with the snack. “Don’t feel like leaving to get food,” one person writes. “So I’m eating Flamin’ Hot Cheetos.”

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As I become more and more interested in American history and archeology, I found this latest news about the USS Monitor quite fascinating: The Monitor finally sank around 1 a.m. on December 31. Twelve sailors and four officers would lose their lives. Periodicals like Harper's Weekly and Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper would later publish artists' renderings and poems about the tragedy, but for families of the victims there was little solace. The exact location of the Monitor's final resting place and the crewmen who perished would remain a mystery for more than a century . . . John Byrd, director of the laboratory, says that "sunken ships can be a very, very good environment for preserving remains" because of the protective coating of silt that forms over them. This was the case inside the Monitor, where tons of coal mixed with the silt, creating an anaerobic environment that prevented chemical reactions and animal activity from destroying the skeletons.

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Front Page Titles (by Subject) OF GIVING THE LIE - Essays of Montaigne, vol. 6 The Online Library of Liberty A project of Liberty Fund, Inc. OF GIVING THE LIE - Michel de Montaigne, Essays of Montaigne, vol. 6 Essays of Montaigne, vol. 6, trans. Charles Cotton, revised by William Carew Hazlett (New York: Edwin C. Hill, 1910). Part of: Essays of Montaigne, in 10 vols. About Liberty Fund: Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. The text is in the public domain. Fair use statement: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit. OF GIVING THE LIE WELL, BUT some one will say to me, this design of making a man’s self the subject of his writing, were indeed excusable in rare and famous men, who by their reputation had given others a curiosity to be fully informed of them. It is most true, I confess and know very well, that a mechanic will scarce lift his eyes from his work to look at an ordinary man, whereas a man will forsake his business and his shop to stare at an eminent person when he comes into a town. It misbecomes any other to give his own character, but him who has qualities worthy of imitation, and whose life and opinions may serve for example: Caesar and Xenophon had a just and solid foundation whereon to found their narrations, in the greatness of their own performances; and it were to be wished that we had the journals of Alexander the Great, the commentaries that Augustus, Cato, Sylla, Brutus, and others left of their actions; of such persons men love and contemplate the very statues even in copper and marble. This remonstrance is very true; but it very little concerns me:— “I repeat my poems only to my friends, and when bound to do so; not before every one and everywhere; there are plenty of reciters in the open market-place and at the baths.” I do not here form a statue to erect in the great square of a city, in a church, or any public place:— “I study not to make my pages swell with empty trifles; you and I are talking in private:” ’tis for some corner of a library, or to entertain a neighbor, a kinsman, a friend, who has a mind to renew his acquaintance and familiarity with me in this image of myself. Others have been encouraged to speak of themselves, because they found the subject worthy and rich; I, on the contrary, am the bolder, by reason the subject is so poor and sterile that I cannot be suspected of ostentation. I judge freely of the actions of others; I give little of my own to judge of, because they are nothing: I do not find so much good in myself, that I cannot tell it without blushing. What contentment would it not be to me to hear any one thus relate to me the manners, faces, countenances, the ordinary words and fortunes of my ancestors? how attentively should I listen to it! In earnest, it would be evil nature to despise so much as the pictures of our friends and predecessors, the fashion of their clothes and arms. I preserve their writing, seal, and a particular sword they wore, and have not thrown the long staves my father used to carry in his hand, out of my closet:— “A father’s garment and ring is by so much dearer to his posterity, as there is the greater affection towards parents.” If my posterity, nevertheless, shall be of another mind, I shall be avenged on them; for they cannot care less for me than I shall then do for them. All the traffic that I have in this with the public is, that I borrow their utensils of writing, which are more easy and most at hand; and in recompense shall, peradventure, keep a pound of butter in the market from melting in the sun:— “Let not wrappers be wanting to tunnyfish, nor olives; . . . and I shall supply loose coverings to mackerel.” And though nobody should read me, have I wasted time in entertaining myself so many idle hours in so pleasing and useful thoughts? In moulding this figure upon myself, I have been so often constrained to temper and compose myself in a right posture, that the copy is truly taken, and has in some sort formed itself; painting myself for others, I represent myself in a better coloring than my own natural complexion. I have no more made my book than my book has made me: ’tis a book consubstantial with the author, of a peculiar design, a parcel of my life, and whose business is not designed for others, as that of all other books is. In giving myself so continual and so exact an account of myself, have I lost my time? For they who sometimes cursorily survey themselves only, do not so strictly examine themselves, nor penetrate so deep, as he who makes it his business, his study, and his employment, who intends a lasting record, with all his fidelity, and with all his force. The most delicious pleasures digested within, avoid leaving any trace of themselves, and avoid the sight not only of the people, but of any other person. How often has this work diverted me from troublesome thoughts? and all that are frivolous should be reputed so. Nature has presented us with a large faculty of entertaining ourselves alone; and often calls us to it, to teach us that we owe ourselves in part to society, but chiefly and mostly to ourselves. That I may habituate my fancy even to meditate in some method and to some end, and to keep it from losing itself and roving at random, ’tis but to give to body and to record all the little thoughts that present themselves to it. I give ear to my whimsies, because I am to record them. It often falls out, that being displeased at some action that civility and reason will not permit me openly to reprove, I here disgorge myself, not without design of public instruction: and also these poetical lashes:— “A slap on his eye, a slap on his snout, a slap on Sagoin’s back,” imprint themselves better upon paper than upon the flesh. What if I listen to books a little more attentively than ordinary, since I watch if I can purloin anything that may adorn or support my own? I have not at all studied to make a book, but I have in some sort studied because I had made it; if it be studying to scratch and pinch now one author, and then another, either by the head or foot, not with any design to form opinions from them, but to assist, second, and fortify those I already have embraced. But whom shall we believe in the report he makes of himself in so corrupt an age? considering there are so few, if any at all, whom we can believe when speaking of others, where there is less interest to lie. The first thing done in the corruption of manners is banishing truth; for, as Pindar says, to be true is the beginning of a great virtue, and the first article that Plato requires in the governor of his Republic. The truth of these days is not that which really is, but what every man persuades another man to believe; as we generally give the name of money not only to pieces of the just alloy, but even to the false also, if they will pass. Our nation has long been reproached with this vice; for Salvianus of Marseilles, who lived in the time of the Emperor Valentinian, says that lying and forswearing themselves is with the French not a vice, but a way of speaking. He who would enhance this testimony, might say that it is now a virtue in them; men form and fashion themselves to it as to an exercise of honor; for dissimulation is one of the most notable qualities of this age. I have often considered whence this custom that we so religiously observe should spring, of being more highly offended with the reproach of a vice so familiar to us than with any other, and that it should be the highest insult that can in words be done us to reproach us with a lie. Upon examination, I find that it is natural most to defend the defects with which we are most tainted. It seems as if by resenting and being moved at the accusation, we in some sort acquit ourselves of the fault; though we have it in effect, we condemn it in outward appearance. May it not also be that this reproach seems to imply cowardice and feebleness of heart? of which can there be a more manifest sign than to eat a man’s own words—nay, to lie against a man’s own knowledge? Lying is a base vice; a vice that one of the ancients portrays in the most odious colors when he says, “that it is to manifest a contempt of God, and withal a fear of men.” It is not possible more fully to represent the horror, baseness, and irregularity of it; for what can a man imagine more hateful and contemptible than to be a coward towards men, and valiant against his Maker? Our intelligence being by no other way communicable to one another but by a particular word, he who falsifies that betrays public society. ’Tis the only way by which we communicate our thoughts and wills; ’tis the interpreter of the soul, and if it deceive us, we no longer know nor have further tie upon one another; if that deceive us, it breaks all our correspondence, and dissolves all the ties of government. Certain nations of the newly discovered Indies (I need not give them names, seeing they are no more; for, by wonderful and unheard-of example, the desolation of that conquest has extended to the utter abolition of names and the ancient knowledge of places) offered to their gods human blood, but only such as was drawn from the tongue and ears, to expiate for the sin of lying, as well heard as pronounced. That good fellow of Greece said that children are amused with toys and men with words. As to our diverse usages of giving the lie, and the laws of honor in that case, and the alteration they have received, I defer saying what I know of them to another time, and shall learn, if I can, in the meanwhile, at what time the custom took beginning of so exactly weighing and measuring words, and of making our honor interested in them; for it is easy to judge that it was not anciently amongst the Romans and Greeks. And it has often seemed to me strange to see them rail at and give one another the lie without any quarrel. Their laws of duty steered some other course than ours. Caesar is sometimes called thief, and sometimes drunkard, to his teeth. We see the liberty of invective they practised upon one another, I mean the greatest chiefs of war of both nations, where words are only revenged with words, and do not proceed any farther.

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Front Page Titles (by Subject) CHAP. IX.: Of Vegetables, or Plants. - The Works, vol. 2 An Essay concerning Human Understanding Part 2 and Other Writings Return to Title Page for The Works, vol. 2 An Essay concerning Human Understanding Part 2 and Other Writings The Online Library of Liberty A project of Liberty Fund, Inc. Search this Title: Also in the Library: CHAP. IX.: Of Vegetables, or Plants. - John Locke, The Works, vol. 2 An Essay concerning Human Understanding Part 2 and Other Writings The Works of John Locke in Nine Volumes, (London: Rivington, 1824 12th ed.). Vol. 2. About Liberty Fund: Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. The text is in the public domain. Fair use statement: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit. Of Vegetables, or Plants. Next to the earth itself, we may consider those that are maintained on its surface; which, though they are fastened to it, yet are very distinct from it; and those are the whole tribe of vegetables or plants. These may be divided into three sorts, herbs, shrubs, and trees. Herbs are those plants whose stalks are soft, and have nothing woody in them, as grass, sowthistle, and hemlock. Shrubs and trees have all wood in them; but with this difference, that shrubs grow not to the height of trees, and usually spread into branches near the surface of the earth, whereas trees generally shoot up in one great stem or body, and then, at a good distance from the earth, spread into branches; thus gooseberries, and currants, are shrubs; oaks, and cherries, are trees. In plants, the most considerable parts are these, the root, the stalk, the leaves, the flower, and the seed. There are very few of them that have not all these parts, though some there are that have no stalk; others that have no leaves; and others that have no flowers. But without seed or root I think there are none. In vegetables, there are two things chiefly to be considered, their nourishment and propagation. Their nourishment is thus: the small and tender fibres of the roots, being spread under ground, imbibe, from the moist earth, juice fit for their nourishment; this is conveyed by the stalk up into the branches, and leaves, through little, and, in some plants, imperceptible tubes, and from thence, by the bark, returns again to the root; so that there is in vegetables, as well as animals, a circulation of the vital liquor. By what impulse it is moved, is somewhat hard to discover. It seems to be from the difference of day and night, and other changes in the heat of the air; for the heat dilating, and the cold contracting those little tubes, supposing there be valves in them, it is easy to be conceived how the circulation is performed in plants, where it is not required to be so rapid and quick as in animals. Nature has provided for the propagation of the species of plants several ways. The first and general is by seed. Besides this, some plants are raised from any part of the root set in the ground; others by new roots that are propagated from the old one, as in tulips; others by offsets; and in others, the branches set in the ground will take root and grow; and last of all, grafting and inoculation, in certain sorts, are known ways of propagation. All these ways of increasing plants make one good part of the skill of gardening; and from the books of gardeners may be best learnt.

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Four years ago, during his campaign and during the presidential debates, Barack Obama promised a few things. He promised to focus on Al Qaeda and responding to those who attacked the U.S. on 9/11. He delivered. Osama bin Laden is dead; the leadership of Al Qaeda is in tatters. He promised to withdraw our troops from Iraq. In December 2011, the last U.S. troops left Iraq. He promised to put together a national health care plan. On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed the Affordable Health Care Act into law. It isn’t the sun, moon, and stars we were all hoping for (I particularly wanted a public option), but it is a start. He promised to end the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy for U.S. military servicemen. On September 30, 2011, that policy was ended. Amazingly enough, our military forces are not in disarray as a result, and the world has not ended. He did try to close Guantanamo; the prison is still open because…well, there are still prisoners, and Congress refused to pass a bill to cover the costs to transfer the prisoners to a facility in the U.S. He did try to pass a cap-and-trade bill, but once again this was obstructed by Congress. He has instructed the Justice Department to stop enforcing The Defense Of Marriage Act. He signed the Lily Ledbetter Act into law shortly after he was inaugurated. When President Obama was elected four years ago, the economy was in freefall. The stock market hit its low in March, 2009, two months after Obama was inaugurated, but had done the majority of its fall the previous year. The high of 14,164 for the Dow Jones Industrial Average was hit in October 2007; by late October 2008, it was already down to 8,451, and it wavered around that point for the remainder of the year. Now? The DJIA is back up around 13,000. By the end of 2008, the U.S. GDP was plummeting by almost 9% for the last quarter of the year. Starting with the third quarter of 2009, the GDP has been positive again. By late 2008, the U.S. had lost 2.6 million jobs for the year. Job losses continued, though slowing down, until March 2010, and have been on a continuous upward trend since October 2010. Even though faced with a recalcitrant Congress, President Obama managed to get a jobs stimulus bill passed in 2009, and economists agree that without it, unemployment would currently be much higher and GDP much lower. The world economy tanked in 2008. There are countries out there—ironically enough, many European countries that Republicans consider “socialist”—that followed the austerity path, rather than the economic stimulus path. Those countries are now still mired in deep recession and high levels of political unrest (Greece, for instance, is facing unemployment of 25%). Climate change is on everyone’s mind right now (even though there was no mention of it during the presidential debates), what with Hurricane Sandy’s recent hit on the Northeastern U.S. Barack Obama is aware of and his administration is quietly working on dealing with global climate change. The U.S.’s carbon emissions have dropped to a 20-year low, natural gas and renewable energy resources have become much more prevalent as energy sources for the U.S. during his administration, and U.S. auto MPG rates have been ramped up, with the most recent requirement going up to 54 mpg (average) by 2025. I think Barack Obama did a hell of a job given the mess he walked into. When he was elected, the Onion’s headline was “Black Man Given Nation’s Worst Job”. Why he still wants it is anyone’s guess (my personal opinion is that his poor performance during the first presidential debate this year was that he was wondering if he really wanted to deal with this shit for four more years). But since he wants it, I’m going to vote that he gets it.

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Last Modified: July 4, 2004 Dear OncoLink "Ask The Experts," I have a friend who is undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer following a mastectomy. I have a problem with her family's continued smoking in the home and car with her. I have been looking for some research that I could show them demonstrating that passive smoke is harmful to chemotherapy patients. Can you point me in the right direction? Barbara Campling, MD, Medical Oncologist at the Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, responds: It is not surprising that you have a problem with your friend's family smoking in the home and car with her. You would probably have a problem with this even if your friend did not have breast cancer. Your question is whether there is any evidence that her exposure to environmental tobacco smoke will be harmful while she is on chemotherapy. There is really nothing in the medical literature which specifically addresses this issue. However, there are some publications in related areas which may give some clues. Is your friend herself a current or former smoker, and if so, is this in any way related to her breast cancer diagnosis? There have been dozens of studies examining the question of whether active or passive smoking increases the risk of breast cancer. Here are two review articles (1; 2), as well as a recently published study on this subject (3). The results are inconclusive at best, with some studies showing a positive association of breast cancer risk with active smoking, others showing no association, and others showing a protective effect. The bottom line is that there may be a slightly increased risk of developing breast cancer in current or former active smokers compared to never-smokers. There is not likely any significant effect of passive smoking on breast cancer risk. Does passive smoking increase the toxicity or decrease the effectiveness of chemotherapy? There are no studies of which I am aware which answer this question. However, there is abundant evidence in a variety of cancers (including lung, breast, colon, prostate, cervix, kidney, head and neck cancer and melanoma) that never-smokers or ex-smokers have a better survival than continuing smokers. For example, a recent study of small cell lung cancer patients showed that those who stopped smoking prior to receiving chemotherapy and radiation survived longer than those who continued to smoke (4). In all these studies, the effect of active smoking on outcome was significant, but relatively small. Since the exposure to tobacco carcinogens is much lower in people exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, I would not expect to see any effect of passive smoking on cancer survival. I think it is unlikely that her relatives are doing any measurable harm to your friend by smoking in her presence. However, they are certainly harming themselves. Should they stop smoking? Absolutely! How can you approach them about this? This could be a difficult situation. You should remember that smoking is a very powerful addiction, and smoking cessation is an enormously difficult process. External stresses (such as a cancer diagnosis in a family member) will make it even more difficult for them to quit. Most smokers know they should stop, and want to quit but are unable to do so. Simply telling them to quit is not likely to have any effect. The motivation will have to come from them. They should consult their physician about medications to help with smoking cessation and smoking cessation support facilities which are available in your area. It won't be easy for them.

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On Monday the American Library Association will announce the winner of its highest award for a picture book, named for the great English illustrator Randolph Caldecott (1846–1886). Why was Caldecott so important? Here’s an answer from Maurice Sendak, who won the Caldecott Medal for Where the Wild Things Are: “Caldecott’s work heralds the beginning of the modern picture book. He devised an ingenious juxtaposition of picture and word, a counterpoint that had never happened before. Words are left out – but the picture says it. Pictures are left out – but the word says it. In short, it is the invention of the picture book.” * * * “My favorite example of Caldecott’s fearless honesty is the final page of Hey Diddle Diddle. After we read, ‘And the Dish ran away with the spoon,’ accompanied by a drawing of the happy couple, there is the shock of turning the page and finding a picture of the dish broken into ten pieces – obviously dead – and the spoon being hustled away by her angry parents. There are no words that suggest such an end to the adventure; it is purely a Caldecottian invention. Apparently, he could not resist enlarging the dimensions of this jaunty nursery rhyme by adding a last sorrowful touch.” Maurice Sendak in Caldecott & Co.: Notes on Books & Pictures (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988), a collection of Sendak’s reviews and other writing for adults. The first quote comes from his essay “Randolph Caldecott” and the second from his acceptance speech for the 1964 Caldecott Medal. Sendak is one of the few great picture-book artists who is also a great critic. Caldecott & Co. has only a dozen pages of pictures but doesn’t need more, because Sendak makes you see books without them. (c) 2008 Janice Harayda. All rights reserved.

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A main character’s name often gives you the first clue to what a novel is “about,” especially when it’s also the title of the book. A good example turns up in Olive Kitteridge, the collection of linked short stories that won the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for fiction. A just-picked olive is as bitter — and the color olive is as drab — as the title character of the book appears at first to be. The salt added during curing removes the bitterness just as love, the salt in this book, removes some of Olive’s. In Ireland a kitter is a left-handed person. And Olive is at least metaphorically left-handed: She’s out of sync with others in her coastal town in Maine. A surname database says of Kitter: “This is an Olde English or Anglo-Saxon pre 10th Century name which derives from the word ‘Cyta’ and is a nickname of the medieval period generally given to one of fairly violent attitudes.” Olive’s views of life are “fairly violent,” especially in the first story, when they are so angry they verge on caricature. May 29, 2009 What’s in a Character’s Name? ‘Olive Kitteridge’ Leave a Comment » No comments yet.

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Earlier today, a Haverhill, Mass., court convicted teenager Aaron Deveau of motor vehicle homicide for texting while he was driving. It is one of the first cases of its kind following the state’s new law that bans texting while driving. The 18-year-old was allegedly texting, and it was this distraction which caused his car to veer across the center line and crash head-on into another vehicle. That car’s driver, 55-year-old Donald Bowley, suffered massive injuries and died after 18 days in the hospital. The court judge sentenced Deveau to one year in prison, suspending the rest of the concurrent sentences from the verdict. The only positive thing in such a horrible situation is that maybe, just maybe, people will start thinking about their actions behind the wheel. To me, the idea of texting — which requires the use of both hands — while driving is just plain dumb. But then again, I’m not a teenager who uses texting as a primary form of interpersonal relationships. Maybe some of those teens, also new to driving, will hear of this case and see the possible consequences of this kind of distracted driving. I hope so. Then again, maybe it’s not just teens who need to pay attention. Even if you don’t text, you are probably just as distractible when you’re behind the wheel. Think about it. How often do you glance away to change the radio or fiddle with your iPod settings? Or turn to talk to your passengers — or the kids in the rear seats? Or let your eyes linger over a neighbor’s pretty new landscaping? Or peer through the sunroof at the amazing sky at sunset? In that instant, the world can change. A number of years ago, I had just picked up the younger kids from preschool. It was an almost unbearably beautiful day. I had to drop something off at Town Hall, and took an atypical route home, up a pretty main road, the sort that garners my town all kinds of notice. The kids were bouncy and ready to get out and play. We were listening to music, singing along, laughing. Mitzi was unusually active, unbuckling herself and standing up a few times, ignoring my eyes in the rear view mirror and my repeated command to sit down. Finally, I couldn’t take it — I turned around and raised my voice. And that’s when the crash happened. The car in front of me had stopped short because the car in front of him had stopped to suddenly turn into the library driveway. I had looked ahead in just enough time to know that, despite slamming on my brakes and turning the wheel, there was nothing I could do to stop the impact. Nothing. In the end, luckily, blessedly, no one was seriously hurt. Though I was driving at about 30 mph, the airbags did not go off. The kids had a few seat belt bruises, and I had a cut on my leg. More fortunate were the passengers in the other car — my car was bigger, heavier and I really smashed the holy heck out of the rear end. The passengers were all seniors, and a couple were taken to the hospital as a precaution (thankfully, none were hurt). That accident lingers in my mind every day — I am even more cautious behind the wheel, and am a little paranoid about driving. I still have the occasional nightmare about it, and never take for granted that we all walked away. Because, instead of hitting a car, it could have been a person I struck while distracted behind the wheel. I could have killed someone. Today’s verdict is a sad one. One life lost, another irrevocably damaged, just because of a little stupidity, a bad decision, and a moment of distraction. I hope at the very least we can all learn something from this story. When I first sat behind the wheel of a car, excited and eager, my mom, who was teaching me to drive, put her hand on top of mine and said, “This is a deadly weapon. Never forget that.” She was right.

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ROME -- Italian fashion designer Fernanda Gattinoni, whose elaborate creations were worn by such screen stars as Audrey Hepburn and Ingrid Bergman, died Tuesday. She was 95. Gattinoni died at Rome's Policlinico Umberto I hospital, her fashion house said. Despite her age, Gattinoni was still actively involved in fashion. She was working at her atelier's headquarters near Rome's Via Veneto on Monday night when she became ill and was taken to the hospital. Gattinoni made her name as a jet-set fashion designer during Rome's cinema boom in the 1950s and 1960s. In those years, she also excelled as a film costume designer, creating, among other things, Audrey Hepburn's attire in the 1956 movie ''War and Peace.'' Born in Italy's northern Lombardy region, Gattinoni left for London at 17 to work at the Molineaux fashion house. Turning down an offer to work for famed French designer Coco Chanel in Paris in the late 1920s, she returned to Italy, where she went on to design haute couture under her own label. A funeral was scheduled today in Rome, the fashion house said. There were no survivors. Published in the Athens Banner-Herald on Wednesday, November 27, 2002. Athens Banner-Herald ©2013. All Rights Reserved.

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Definition of rebound noun - uncountable - the period of time immediately after the end of a relationship, during which time the members of the relationship are incapable of entering into a new relationship in a healthy way. Person A: Who was your brother with last night? Person B: Some rebound girl. |+||Add a definition for this slang term| Slang terms with the same meaning Slang terms with the same root words Other terms relating to 'rebound': |Definitions include: having recently been in a relationship that ended.| |Definitions include: A temporary girlfriend after the end of a moderate to long-term relationship.| |I use it||(6)| |No longer use it||(0)| |Heard it but never used it||(2)| |Have never heard it||(4)| Average of 4 votes: 4% (See the most vulgar words.) Your vote: None (To vote, click the pepper. Vote how vulgar the word is – not how mean it is.) To link to this term in a web page or blog, insert the following. To link to this term in a wiki such as Wikipedia, insert the following. Some wikis use a different format for links, so be sure to check the documentation.

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Many of you will be aware of the Food Bill that is due to be passed through Parliament shortly after the summer holidays. This Bill directly effects Ooooby and its members. 'In a nutshell, if the new Food Bill is passed then 'unexempted' trading of homegrown food could be treated as a criminal offence attracting fines of up to $100,000 and 5 years imprisonment. That means, if a person or corporation has motivation to prevent you from sharing food between neighbours and friends, they could use this law (along with a well argued accusation and fistfuls of money), to send in privately contracted indemnified Food Safety Officers' to search and stop operations at your premises without a warrant and also to gain a warrant to search your private home. They may use any force that is 'reasonable' to find and confiscate any potentially incriminating evidence. This proposed Food Bill is highly discouraging for cottage food. It also means that there will be registration and compliance costs (money and time) that could make small-scale cottage food operations unviable. Ooooby submits that an automatic exemption should be granted to all cottage food operations with annual sales under $60,000.' - Pete Below are three independent interpretations of the Food Bill. They are a longish read (nowhere near as long as the actual Food Bill itself) and they highlight the main points of concern. These interpretations are not Ooooby's nor can we validate that they are entirely correct. Use your own discretion. The Food Bill and how it could affect small-scale and hobby food traders By Johanna Knox A lot of people are worried about the Food Bill that's on its journey through parliament at the moment. The Food Bill is a proposal for a new set of laws (The Food Act) that would replace NZ’s current 1981 Food Act. The Bill is here: There are many issues being raised by different people, but I have a particular personal concern with the Bill's impact on very small-scale, interpersonal food trades. So I've spent my time reading the Bill in order to try to understand and summarise only this aspect of it. I've come to the conclusion that the bill could potentially make life more difficult for numerous people and groups if passed into law as it stands. In my own life: - My mother in law who was thinking of selling her incredible backyard surfeit of figs wholesale to a local fresh market (who would then retail it). - The people I buy cultures (yoghurt, sourdough, kefir etc.) from for a few dollars, when my own die of neglect. - The people at a local vege swap whose presence I always appreciate because I swap my fruit with them for honey, jam or chutney. - The people on green dollars schemes who I have bought home-baked loaves of bread from. And many more. SO - starting from the beginning to give some background ... What are some general differences between the current Act and the new Bill? First of all – the new Bill is nearly four times as long and detailed! Under the 1981 Act, local authorities have more responsibility for food safety in their area, with different areas of NZ having different by-laws. The new Act creates one law for the whole country, and gives central Govt greater responsibility for making and enforcing all food safety regulations. Under the 1981 Act, many food safety regulations relate to the premises from which food sellers operate. These premises are generally required to be licensed. The new bill shifts emphasis from ensuring food businesses operate from premises that are licensed as safe, to ensuring their entire operation runs according to a regulated plan. It’s about what they do in its entirety rather than where they are. ONE OTHER THING … Designated ‘Food Safety Officers’ have greater powers to enforce the law. (For example while they cannot search private homes under the 1981 Act, under the new Food Bill they would be able to.) What will be the overall effect of these general changes? I’m interested to hear from people about how they think these general changes may affect them, in terms of their small scale trades. Which would be harder on you - local council regulation, or central govt regulation? For example, there have been at least two cases in the media in recent years where local councils have come down very hard on community groups and individuals with regard to food safety regulations. (In fact, many of us have probably been subject to a local authority’s ‘bureaucracy gone mad’ approach in one way or another .) On the other hand, I believe those issues have been resolved satisfactorily with the councils now, and lobbying for fairness and lenience at a local level can sometimes be easier than lobbying against central Govt, especially when it is a local community-based issue. ALSO some of us may be lucky enough to live in an area where a council supports the kinds of food-related activities we are involved in, from the outset. Anyway, getting down to the details ... An overview of the proposed new system under the Bill Under the new Food Bill there are three tiers of regulation. In any undertaking where you sell or barter food, (as far as I can see - even on the tiniest scale) you will be subject to one of three regimes depending on the perceived risk of your undertaking: - A Food Safety Plan - A National Safety Plan - Food Handler Guidance Under a Food Safety Plan, you have to submit your own food safety plan for approval,presumably with a fee, and if it is approved you will be registered and then checked up on over time. Under a National Safety Plan, you have to apply to be registered (again presumably with a fee) and then follow the guidelines in a previously written set plan that covers many businesses in your particular food sector. Food Handler Guidance is the third and least onerous of these regimes. Under Food Handler Guidance you do not have to register any kind of a plan. You will just be targeted with safety advice in some way (pamphlets? brochures? I'm not sure) and expected to comply with basic, general food safety regulations. There should be no compliance costs. Several types of undertaking fall under this third, least onerous, Food Handler Guidance category (See Schedule 3 of the Bill in particular). Here are three of them: - People fundraising for a specific purpose for an individual or group (e.g. sausage sizzles for a sports team’s trip), and not selling more than 20 times a year. (See section 94A) - People selling/bartering food for a ‘charitable purpose’ and either not selling more than 20 times a year, OR operating from a premises where what you are doing is not the main activity. (See Section 94.) - Individuals selling their own garden produce directly to consumers (See Schedule 3). ALSO - the Bill says some people/businesses who might be covered by the other two regimes where they need to register a plan, can apply for an exemption from registration - OR be exempted on the initiative of the Chief Executive of the Ministry. Once they are exempted, they would be subject only to Food Handler Guidance. (Note - the law is clear that granting those latter exemptions is entirely at the discretion of the chief executive, who can also revoke them at any time. And it's not known yet how hard it would be to get an exemption for your undertaking, and what it would involve.) So where does that leave community vege swaps, etc.? One of the things that all this means is that people doing the traditional community surplus vege swap are exempted from having to be registered, as long as OR they apply for and gain an exemption. If they are not meeting all those requirements, and do not gain an exemption, then as far as I can see, under this new legislation as it stands they would NOT be complying with the law. So in theory … * People swapping or selling honey, surplus pickles, jams, preserves, cultures, baking, charcuterie etc. would have to gain an exemption or be registered. (Update re eggs: I've just been told eggs come under a different piece of legislation - more detail soon.) * People who sell a little surplus fresh garden produce wholesale to a local shop to retail would have to gain an exemption or be registered. The Minister and NZFSA have made comments to the effect that the Bill's intention is not to prevent the exchanges of food within communities that have always gone on. And yet I cannot reconcile the actual wording of the Bill with that. Whatever the intention of the Bill, it contains nothing I can see that says the two groups of people in the list just above don’t have to be registered or apply for/gain an exemption. In fact it says they DO. (And remember that exemptions and their continuation or revocation are always at the discretion of the chief executive.) A note (at the risk of being repetitive): I think there may be an issue of 'weasel words' creeping into some of the public discourse on this ... 'food' and 'produce' should not be spoken of or read as interchangeable. They're not. It's clear in the Bill that direct trades of home-grown fresh PRODUCE within communities ARE exempted from needing registration. That's good. But it's NOT clear that other home-made FOOD is. (So anything that is more processed than basic fresh horticultural produce is not automatically exempted from the need to register.) Where does the bill say very small-scale and hobby-based trades are covered? Section 9 of the Food Bill defines a food business as Business, activity, or undertaking that trades in food (whether in whole or in part) … (So, 'businesses' in the Act are not just what we would normally define as a business – they are any activity or undertaking.) Section 12 defines sale as selling food for processing and handling or for human consumption; and includes (i) reselling food for processing and handling or for human consumption; and (ii) offering food or attempting to sell food, or receiving or having food in possession for sale, or exposing food for sale, or sending or delivering food for sale, or causing or permitting food to be sold, offered, or exposed for sale; and (iii) bartering food; and (iv) selling, or offering to sell, any thing of which any food forms a part; and (v) supplying food, together with any accommodation, service, or entertainment, as part of an inclusive charge; and (vi) supplying food in exchange for payment or in relation to which payment is to be made in a shop, hotel, restaurant, at a stall, in or on a craft or vehicle, or any other place; and (vii) for the purpose of advertisement or to promote any trade or business, offering food as a prize or reward to the public, whether on payment of money or not, or giving away food; and (viii) exporting food; and (ix) every other method of disposition of food for valuable consideration. There is no mention of the scale of activity, so in theory the law covers these activities at any scale. The bartering issue Just to clarify, both the current 1981 Act and the new Bill see bartering as the same as selling. (Tax law generally does too.) I personally feel that the bartering vs selling issue is a red herring. I think the scale of trades covered by the Food Bill is a bigger issue than the form those trades take. I am worried about the degree to which the Bill interferes in and appears to regulate very small-scale trading – whether it is bartering OR selling for money (including NZ$ and other community currencies.) Much of the very small-scale food trading that takes place within communities is not taxed, as tax law sees it as ’hobby’ rather than ‘business’. (See http://mcleanandco.co.nz/Page115.htm for a very clear description of how non-taxable income from a hobby is defined. ) However, as you can see, many of those hobby-based transactions that go on in the food world are certainly seen as ‘food businesses’ that are needing regulation under the Food Bill. Where is the bill at, right now? The Bill passed its first reading in July 2010. Since then a number of amendments have been made, and according to two MPs and the NZFSA website it is set to go to its second reading possibly quite soon after the general election, although no firm date is set down for this yet. What amendments have been made so far, and which are pending? There are a number, but these are the ones that interest me most, given my scope of interest: Previously in the Bill – farmers markets and other organisations, groups or individuals that simply offered a premises for the sale of food were covered by the Bill. One of several worries with this was that a whole market could be shut down or penalised for hosting a food seller that didn’t comply with regulations. An amendment now makes it clear that the Bill doesn’t cover these organisations. Trade in seeds is covered in the Bill – bringing up many troubling issues. The Minister Kate Wilkinson has promised repeatedly and publicly that amendments will be made to the Bill to clarify that the Act will NOT cover seeds. As yet, those changes have not been made in any version of the Act that I can find. It’s important that people remain aware of this issue and check that the bill does not pass its second reading without it being explicit that seeds for storing, saving, planting, growing, etc. are not covered by its regulations. Green MP Sue Kedgley has asked that it be made explicit in the Act that several types of small-scale transactions have blanket exemptions. So far this request seems to have been rejected. (See http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/5767084/Political-stoush-o... - although it has a slightly tabloid take on it all.) Inconsistencies in the Bill and why small traders should be given automatic exemptions (IMO) * The Bill claims to regulate activities on a risk basis. These risk calculations presumably include frequency and volume of sales. (The more that's sold, the higher the risk to the public.) I have no way of knowing this for sure, but I don't think there would be more home-made food items (jams, baking etc.) traded on a small hobby-based scale for the trader's personal gain than there are items like this traded to fundraise. Fundraising is huge across the country. And yet the hobby traders need registration or to apply for an exemption, while in many cases the fundraisers don't. * While NZ law has for a long time seen raw milk as a high-risk food, it has enabled, and looks set to enable (see below) raw milk sales from 'the farm gate' on a small scale and on a 'buyer beware basis'. In the new discussion document for changes to raw milk sales legislation, it acknowledges that farm gate sales allow the buyer to assess the farms' hygiene and processes and make a more informed decision about their comfort with buying from this producer. Surely buying a bit of jam, baking, cheese etc., from someone who operates at home, could be done on the same 'buyer beware' basis? Why is it different in the eyes of the law? * Tax law makes a fairly clear case for exemption of hobby traders - why can't food law also? What happens next? I personally think pressure needs to stay on the Government and the Minister of Food Safety to give blanket exemptions to several categories of small food trader. The Bill still has a way to go before it is passed into law, and there are a few more stages I believe where these explicit changes could be made. But they certainly might not be made, if there is no pressure on them to do so. The most important thing you can do this week, before Christmas. By Valera K. I don’t usually forward petitions or e-mails concerning legislation, but this one made me very upset. Legislation is being pushed through parliament during the holiday break which restricts our basic right to freely trade, barter or even serve the food we grow in our backyard. The legislation allows for “Food Safety Officers” who are: - not employed by the Government. - can enter and search people’s premises without a search warrant. - have exemption from civil and criminal law. The proposed bill is posted on the Government web site and I’ve looked through it myself. Sadly this is for real: Anyone who trades or sells any quantity of food (ex: sells a jar of homemade jam at a craft market, or exchanges an avocado for an orange with a neighbour) will be considered a “food business”. Serving food is also covered. See 9, 10, 12: Food safety officer does not have to be a person employed by the State sector: Food safety officer may enter without a search warrant: And seize or dispose of food that does not comply with requirements of the Act, or even “exclude a particular person from all or part of a place” (see 270, 272): On top of this, actions of Food Safety Officers are above civil and criminal law: Essentially NZ Food Bill allows our basic human rights to be violated under the guise of protecting us from “bad food”. And we may be forced to only buy commercial food, which will be more tightly controlled by the large corporations. The bill does have some good aspects, such as increasing quality standards for mass produced food. However it should not apply to backyard and small scale growers, and it should not allow anyone the power to search our property without a search warrant or be exempt from civil and criminal law. I encourage you to read the forwarded message below which explains the situation in more detail, and sign the online petition: Also please let anyone who cares to know urgently and contact your local elected politicians about this. We may only have few weeks to stop this nonsense. You can contact your local MP via e-mail here: Feel free to modify or forward my e-mail. Requiring home gardeners to be registered? Making it illegal to trade vegetables and seeds? There’s a high level of concern and conjecture about the new Food Bill. What’s real and what’s exaggerated? Our founder Emily, an ex-lawyer, investigates. What does the Food Bill cover? The main purpose of the Food Bill is to make sure that food sold in New Zealand is safe and suitable for consumption. Any person who trades in food has a duty to ensure it is “safe and suitable”. Trading in food includes producing (growing) and processing food for sale, as well as actually selling it. In the Food Bill, “sale” also includes bartering and any other form of exchanging food for valuable consideration. So, if you’re going to grow food to sell or barter, you have a duty to make sure it’s safe and suitable, which basically means it’s unlikely to cause illness. And if you’re growing food purely for your own household’s consumption, the Food Bill doesn’t apply. So what does the Food Bill mean for small scale, local food trading? Trading home-grown produce with your neighbours The Bill prescribes additional duties and requirements for “food businesses”, which are “a business, activity or undertaking that trades in food” (remember trading includes growing and processing for sale, as well as actually selling). “Food businesses” have to comply with certain requirements set out in the Bill, which are different for different types of food businesses. There has been concern that individuals who grow food on a small scale then trade their excess with neighbours could fall within the definition of a “food business” and that local food trading between unregistered food growers will become illegal. Thankfully, the New Zealand Food Safety Authority has made it clear that the Bill’s requirements are not intended to apply to backyard food growing and neighbourhood food swapping. Selling food you’ve grown or made If you’re growing or making food (e.g. jam, chutney) to sell it, you could be considered a “food business” under the Food Bill. The implications of that depend on how you sell the food. If you’re going to sell the food direct to consumers, for example from a table at your front gate or a stall at your local farmers market, you’re in the lowest risk category of food businesses under the Food Bill, and you’re just subject to “food handler guidance”. What that means is that guidance on safe food handling will be made available to you, but it doesn’t impose any legal duty on you. Things get more complicated when there’s a third party involved. Say you want to sell your food to a local café, or to someone like Ooooby, who then onsells your food to consumers, you fall into a different categorisation under the Food Bill. This categorisation means you are subject to a whole lot more paperwork than someone who sells direct to consumers. You’ll have to apply to register, meet all the requirements set out in a “National Programme”, and have your compliance verified by an external verifier. Trading seeds and seedlings The definition of “food” in the Food Bill is so wide that it technically includes most seeds and seedlings, as they are “capable of being used for human consumption”. A lot of people were pretty concerned about this, and when it was brought to the attention of the Minister for Food Safety, she requested that the definition by amended to make it clear that seeds for cultivation and food plant seedlings are not covered by the Food Bill. Exemptions for small-scale food businesses The Food Bill provides for exemptions for small-scale food businesses. The Bill gives as an example of someone who might qualify for an exemption, a person who produces in their own home food for sale, sells it directly to the consumer, and doesn’t employ any other person to assist in the sale or production of the food. You would have to apply to the chief executive of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries for an exemption. Don’t like the implications? What can you do about it? The Bill has already passed Select Committee stage, when public submissions are heard, so if you want to have your say now you’ll have to go direct to the lawmakers. You could email Kate Wilkinson, the Minister for Food Safety: email@example.com. Or get in touch with the Food Safety spokespeople from other parties and ask them to take your concerns to the Minister (Labour – Ashraf Choudary firstname.lastname@example.org, Green – Sue Kedgleysue.email@example.com). We’ll keep tabs on the progress of the Food Bill and let you know about any developments or other opportunities to have your say. So there you have it folks. If you have any ideas on how we can best respond to this Bill, please let us all know in the comments below.

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Talk:20.109(F12) Pre-Proposal: Engineering Viral Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermic Cancer Therapy - This is a brainstorming page. You are very welcome to write any crazy / non-crazy / inventive / conventional / knowledgeable ideas or information you may have about our project. Some key words: Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNP), Viruses, Magnetic Hyperthermia, Bioengineering What is Magnetic Hyperthermia? How it works? Under an alternating magnetic field, MNP releases heat due to relaxation of magnetic moments (hysteresis). This can cause an increase in temperature to the range of 41C to 47C. Since tumor cells are more heat sensitive than normal cells, they will be killed by this thermal dissipation. Here is an interesting tidbit from a paper I was reading: "In addition to the expected tumor cell death, hyperthermia treatment has also induced unexpected biological responses, such as tumor-specific immune responses as a result of heat-shock protein expression. These results suggest that hyperthermia is able to kill not only local tumors exposed to heat treatment, but also tumors at distant sites, including metastatic cancer cells." (Kobayashi) - Clinical trials in prostate cancer - Shows promising results when coupled with irradiation on breast cancer (mouse) Current Limitations (This information will help us shape and define the problem.) (1) To achieve the necessary rise in temperature with minimal dose of MNP. - In other words, this means: - High specific loss power / specific absorption rate (SLP) of the MNP. - why is higher applied dosage bad? > leads to unnecessary heat dissipation (2) Lack of knowledge about the metabolism, clearance, and toxicity of MNP. Biomedical potentials of MNP - Could be used as early detection for the following using MRI: - Drug Delivery - Cellular labeling and tissue targeting - Purifying and separating cells and DNAs - Transfection by magnetic nanoparticles - Tissue repair - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Types of Relevant Viruses 1. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) - 18nmx300nm, helical - Can withstand high temperatures up to 50C for 30mins (conventional hyperthermia involves heating up to 50C from an external source - Safe for human consumption - Mann group has active research on it - 2130 molecules of coat protein 2. M13 Bacteriophage - 6.6nmx880nm, helical (Length is too long - pose an issue in targeting cells) - Lots of research done by the Belcher group, including attaching MNPs to M13 for imaging purposes - We are familiar with the system 3. Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) - 26nm, icosahedral 4. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) - 27nm, icosahedral 5. Brome mosaic virus (BMV) - 28nm, icosahedral 6. Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) - 30nm, icosahedral Current Work in Viral MNP Attachment Attachment of MNPs to M13 phage for in vivo imaging of prostate cancer What we propose to do See flowchart sketch. - Identifying / Screening for appropriate virus vehicles and tumor-specific anchoring sequencse - Developing / Engineering viral MNPs - in vivo testing for efficacy of engineered vMNPs in mouse tumor cells. We will start with using ferritin (Fe3O4) as the MNP. Stage 1: Virus Hunt - We need to investigate how the selected virus (likely one of the following: TMV, M13, CCMV, CPMV, BMV or TPMV) interacts with mammalian cells in vivo. Stage 2: Screening for MNP binding site on virus - We will start by using Fe3O4 as our MNP of interest. With this, a protein coat screen of the selected virus for a protein coat that can bind with our MNP is necessary. Stage 3: Screening for tumor-specific sequence binding site on virus - We need to do a protein coat or RNA screen of the virus for a region that can bind with a tumor-specific peptide sequence. If necessary, we might need to screen tumors for unique short sequences on their cell surfaces. Stage 4: Virus engineering - We can now engineer wild-type viruses using specific protein coats or RNA regions isolated in Stage 2 and 3 to produce the viral MNP of interest. Stage 5: in vivo testing - Perform an in vivo experiment by injecting the engineered viral MNPs into the circulatory system of mice that have developed tumors. By subjecting these mice to an alternating magnetic field under standard hyperthermia conditions and measuring the change in tumor size, we will be able to quantify the efficacy of using viral MNPs in magnetic hyperthermia. - Experimenting with double layer MNP to increase response - Target other cancerous cells - Experiment with other types of viruses Quantitative Goals (We can quantify with IC50 value) - Currently, with the aid of 10Gy radiation, the hyperthermia treatment successfully accumulated less than 0.3mg Fe/g tissue. Dosage: 0.2mg Fe per gram of mouse. Say mouse is 25g, so 5mg total dosage injected. so 1% efficiency with the aid of radiation. (MNP sizes used: 70nm and 120nm; murine flank breast tumors were 150mm3) From http://manalis-lab.mit.edu/publications/grover%20PNAS%202011.pdf, we estimated that a typical cell has an average density of 1.1g/mL. Since the murine flank breast tumors were 150mm3, and 0.25mg Fe/g of tumor was detected in the tumors, we can calculate that only a total of 0.0495mg of Fe is accumulated in the tumors. This gives a % efficacy of 1%. - South Korean experiment: 75ug of MNPs were injected. - From Belcher lab's paper, what is the % efficacy of using M13? - "The actual rotations of the nanoparticles are disordered because the microviscosity of the local environment in cancer cells is not constant, and effective elasticity depends on the binding conditions between nanoparticles and membranes." - but this is actually present because when treatment is done with individual MNPs, one side of the MNP is always bound to the targeted cell, so direction is never constant! - Gupta AK, Naregalkar RR, Vaidya VD, and Gupta M. Recent advances on surface engineering of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. Future Medicine. 2007. 2(1), 23-39. - Bakoglidis KD, Simeonidis K, Sakellari D, G. Stefanou, and Angelakeris M. Size-Dependent Mechanisms in AC Magnetic Hyperthermia Response of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2012. 48:1320-1323. - Great layman's way of explaining magnetic hyperthermia http://trialx.com/curetalk/2012/11/cancer-treatment-multifunctional-magnetic-nanoparticles-for-molecular-imaging-and-hyperthermia/ - A.J. Giustini, A.A. Petryk, S.M. Cassim, J.A. Tate, I. Baker, P.J. Hoopes. Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia in cancer treatment. Nano LIFE 2010; 01: 17. - D. Ghosh, Y. Lee, S. Thomas, A. G. Kohli, D. S. Yun, A. M. Belcher, K. A. Kelly. M13-templated magnetic nanoparticles for targeted in vivo imaging of prostate cancer. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012; 7 (10): 677–82. - Add more references as deem appropriate 11/29 from Professor Angela Belcher: - Look at Nature Nano Belcher lab paper - Need to do very good characterization of materials using TEM, elemental analysis, etc.

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It’s coming down to the wire for UPS and other delivery services as they rush to get presents to where they need to go before the holiday. Getting them there on time is not just about providing good service; it’s also about revenue. The Wall Street Journal reports that UPS takes a hit for late packages even when the cause is a blizzard or some other bad weather beyond their control (Inside UPS’s Weather Machine, Dec 23) Freight operators generally have to eat the cost when a shipment doesn’t make its delivery on time, so snow, ice, rain, and fog can frost their bottom lines. UPS expects this week to be its busiest of the year, and estimates it will ship 120 million packages, 6% more than in the same week last year. Each late shipment will cost UPS between $5 and $30 in revenue, said spokesman Mike Mangeot. So how do they cope with a rush of packages and winter weather? For one, they meteorologists and other staff who constantly monitor weather and develop contingencies. But they also have an operational hedge in the form of extra capacity. A “hot status board” on the wall listed cities and regions where UPS had positioned spare pilots and planes, prepared to “rescue volume,” or packages stuck somewhere because of mechanical problems or visibility that makes it difficult to land. The company says its “hot spares program” annually rescues more than one million packages that, if late, would cost UPS more than $20 million in revenue. Near 10 p.m., a call came in from a UPS crew in Wichita, Kan. Heavy rain was affecting the aviation equipment on a jet that was due to take off in a half hour. The jet, loaded with cargo in Wichita, was slated to travel to Springfield, Ill., where it would pick up more packages, and then continue on to Louisville, arriving at the hub at 1:16 a.m. with time for the packages to make connecting flights. With some 5,900 packages potentially stranded in Wichita and Springfield, UPS’s contingency team diverted an empty jet that was flying from Laredo, Texas to Louisville to rescue the packages at Wichita, and “sent a hot spare” to Springfield, said Steve Merchant, contingency department manager. By 2 a.m., the packages were in Louisville. This is a nice example of an operational response to risk. The article does not say just how many planes or how many crews are tied up in this rescue role. However, if they save $20 million annually with the program, that could justify a fairly significant investment just on a hard dollar basis. If one also considers more nebulous cost like customer good will that are very real but hard to quantify, this will look even better.

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On Saturday America turns 233 years old, but the first chance Bernie Madoff will have to celebrate the Fourth of July as a free man will be the nation’s 383rd birthday. Before you enjoy any schadenfreude, however, remember that you and I are no more likely to make that party than he is. We will, however, have more room to roam in the interim. 150 years is an astonishingly long sentence. But then, bloggers remind us, it was an astonishingly large crime. Madoff is 71 years old, so Judge Denny Chin clearly imposed the sentence as a symbolic measure. (And yes, you political trivia junkies, this is the same Judge Chin who tossed out the copyright-infringement lawsuit brought by Fox News against our newest senator, Al Franken, for his book “Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right,” with the pronouncement that a person would have to be “completely dense” not to realize the cover was a joke.) But given the statistics on, say, whether the death penalty actually deters homicide, do we really think Judge Chin was fair and balanced this time around? The Corner’s Eli Lehrer certainly doesn’t think so (and he gets bonus points for proper use of the term “penologist,” which is sure to make my tweenage children giggle): Let’s begin with the basics. Penologists typically see three purposes for putting people in prison: Protection of society, deterrence, and punishment. Putting Madoff in prison, of course, does nothing to protect society. He harmed people through the bloodless act of stealing their money. So long as he doesn’t start an investment firm — something that’s not going to happen — he’s no threat to society. Deterring future cons along the same lines as Madoff’s, of course, provides a pretty good reason to imprison Madoff. But a longer sentence seems unlikely to change the deterrence factor very much. No high-living investment manager wants to spend any time in prison and the certainty of any sentence for fraud provides sufficient deterrence. Nearly all sophisticated white-collar criminals operate on the basis that they are too smart to get caught. Finally, one can turn to punishment. And Madoff deserves that. But even a 12-year sentence is a pretty severe punishment. His life expectancy is 13 years and the rigors of prison life — particularly for a man used to living at the height of luxury — hardly seem likely to extend that. Even with the shortest sentence on the table, in short, Madoff would probably die in prison anyway. The sentence length he received is little more than a bit of judicial showmanship. It has no useful purpose. Finally, Madoff also displays many of the factors that tend to reduce individuals’ sentence length. He had strong ties to his community, a previously clean criminal record, and an apparently strong family life. An ordinary defendant would likely be able to use these factors to argue for a reduced sentence. In fact, federal probation administrators recommended “only” 50 years for Madoff. There’s no single correct number for Madoff’s sentence length, but the 150-year sentence he received is very likely too long. “Oh, please,” responds Eric Florack at BitsBlog. “Eli, I’ve got respect for you man, but this one’s all out of whack. Take the 150 years, and be damned glad the judge didn’t just turn him loose in a room full of his victims, which would have been justice in my view. As I said yesterday, I’m uncomfortable with the populist/wealth envy tilt this thing has predictably taken but let’s let’s not get stupid, either.” Dr. Helen Smith doesn’t seem to think Lehrer’s getting stupid at all: I just read the verdict of 150 years for Bernard Madoff and all I can really think is “Why is it that someone who set up a Ponzi scheme gets more jail time than the majority of murderers?” I realize that many people were involved and yes, I would be angry if someone cheated me out of my life’s savings (though I would not give only one person all of my money to invest but that is beside the point). Is Madoff just a symbol of Wall Street greed, which in today’s society is worse than murder to so many? Is it because the people feel they trusted him and were ripped off and therefore justify any horrible thing they can think of to happen to him? Can anyone explain to me how what Madoff did is worse than murder? The answer comes not from “anyone,” but her own husband, the one-and-only Instapundit, Glenn Reynolds: “I think it’s because he made powerful people look stupid.” Writing at the Nation, Robert Scheer sees the big sentence as a bit of misdirection that will let the real bad guys off the hook: How convenient for the judge and the media to paint Bernard Madoff as Mr. Evil, a uniquely venal blight on an otherwise responsible financial industry in which money is handled honestly and with transparency. Madoff, sentenced Monday to 150 years in prison for bilking investors of billions, should be exhibit A in why the dark world of totally unregulated private money managers and hedge funds should be opened to the light of systematic government supervision. Instead, he is being treated as an aberrant menace, with the danger removed once the devil incarnate, as his victims describe him, is locked up and the key thrown away. For goodness’ sake this was not some sort of weird outsider who flipped out, but rather a key developer of the modern system of electronic trading and a founder and chairman of Nasdaq. Madoff often was called upon to help write the rules on financial regulation and therefore became quite expert at subverting them. While Scheer thinks we’re all victims, the Times business columnist Joe Nocera doesn’t have much sympathy: Let’s dispense first with the idea that the S.E.C. should be reimbursing Madoff victims. Why? Government agencies make mistakes, treat people unfairly and do all sorts of things we all wish they wouldn’t. But by law, the federal government cannot be sued when it carries out an unjust prosecution or, for that matter, when it fails to uncover a giant fraud. Government negligence led pretty directly to the recent financial crisis. Does that mean the feds should be reimbursing us for our stock market losses? Of course not. Because it’s not really the S.E.C. that would be paying out the money — it would be the taxpayers. Why should my tax dollars go to helping Madoff victims? This is not 9/11. Besides, as I’ve argued before, the S.E.C.’s negligence notwithstanding, shouldn’t the Madoff victims have to bear at least some responsibility for their own gullibility? Mr. Madoff’s supposed results — those steady, positive returns quarter after blessed quarter — is a classic example of the old saw, “when something looks too good to be true, it probably is.” What’s more, most of the people investing with Mr. Madoff thought they had gotten in on something really special; there was a certain smugness that came with thinking they had a special, secret deal not available to everyone else. Of course, it turned they were right — they did have a special deal. It just wasn’t what they expected. Tapped’s Tim Fernholz manages to find common cause with both Scheer and Nocera: The more I consider it, the less important I think Madoff really is. I side with Joe Nocera on the subject of the victims; sympathy for their plight (and the plight of some of the important nonprofits that were ruined by the scheme) aside, the fact is that the performance of his fake fund really should have raised a lot of questions, and I don’t have a ton of sympathy for the wealthy people participating in the fund who could afford lawyers and advisers to protect their money from this sort of thing (and should presumably know how to diversify their portfolios). we still haven’t seen much in the way of prosecutions for pernicious actions that stripped wealth from people who couldn’t afford to lose it and lacked the resources to protect it — homeowners who saw their limited assets vanish thanks to predatory lending, people whose 401ks and pension funds have disappeared, etc. These broad-reaching prosaic losses are worth getting worked up about while the rare sensational crime holds attention; it’s the broad, systematic failing of our financial system that’s truly outrageous. While Fernholz and Scheer rail like Bones McCoy, Douglas Berman at Sentencing Law and Policy plays Mr. Spock: As many people recognized in anticipation of Bernie Madoff’s sentencing, any prison term of 20 years or more was a functional life sentence for the 71-year-old super Ponzi schemer. And, notably, the presentence report for Madoff apparently recommended a term of 50 years, perhaps to give him a kind of break due to his decision to plead guilty and also because this was double the 25 years given to Bernie Ebbers for what was previously thought to be the biggest corporate fraud sentenced in New York federal courts. But the government argued for a maximum permissible statutory sentencing term of 150 years in prison, and Judge Denny Chin apparently decided that only this term was “sufficient, but not greater than necessary” to achieve the purposes of punishment than Congress set out in 3553(a)(2). And though the choice of this magic sentencing number of 150 years — as opposed to 30 years or 50 years or 100 years — really means very little to Bernie Madoff, it could end up meaning a lot to the government and to some future defendants as a new white-collar sentencing benchmark. Before Madoff, defendants like Ebbers and Jeff Skilling and others prominent white-collar defendants who were sentenced to around 25 years often served as the functional benchmark for sentencing debates for corporate fraudsters. In more than a few prominent white-collar cases, both the feds and defense attorneys would often compare and contrast the defendant to be sentenced to Ebbers and Skilling and the sentences they were given. Now, the most prominent benchmark will be Madoff and the number 150. Because there will be few other Madoffs (we all hope), I suspect that few other defendants will also get the magic number 150. But if the original Madoff got only about 15 or 20 years in this case, lots of lesser fraudsters likely would be claiming that they deserved only a few years because Madoff caused so much more harm. But now that Madoff got 150, only the prosecutors are likely to be talking about the sentencing benchmark that his case has now set. Miriam Baer at PrawfsBlog, however, doesn’t think (or least she hopes) that Madoff’s crimes will remain incomparable in scale. Madoff’s attorney, Ike Sorkin, had previously argued for a sentence of 12 years’ imprisonment, which Sorkin contended constituted Madoff’s life expectancy (Madoff is 71 years old) minus one year. (Sorkin was using data drawn from the Social Security Administration). Even assuming Sorkin’s prediction of how long Madoff would live is correct, the problem with life expectancy sentences is that they lack expressive value. We tend to use prison sentences as a shorthand for moral culpability and societal disgust. “Expectancy” based sentences, calibrated to the particular defendant’s circumstances, undermine our ability to rely on those shorthands. And for a guy like Madoff, “12 years” sounds awfully tame. Moreover, as Doug Berman explained, even if Judge Denny Chin had sentenced Madoff to something like 20 years’ imprisonment (which presumably would have lasted the remainder of Madoff’s life), it would have set a new ceiling for future white collar sentences. Defendants who caused merely hundreds of millions of dollars in fraud losses (rather than Madoff’s billions) would have been able to argue that they should receive significantly lower terms of imprisonment. I’m not sure this is right – if Chin explicitly had said that the 20 years’ was intended to exceed Madoff’s life expectancy, government prosecutors would have been able to reject later attempts to use the “20″ as a ceiling or anchor for sentencing. Nevertheless, you can see the problem with life-expectancy sentences: they can be easily manipulated by later defendants who seek to make false comparisons. At the same time, I don’t think Judge Chin’s 150 year sentence raised the ceiling all that much for “typical” white collar or corporate fraudsters. 150 years is a fanciful number, and Madoff’s fraud is an outrageous, once-in-a-lifetime (one hopes) case. Madoff’s sentence may therefore be seen by most future courts as simply an outlier, only to be mentioned in passing, whereas 20-25 year terms of imprisonment will continue to remain the standard “frame” with which sentencing courts approach large-scale criminal frauds. Well, with Madoff’s future all but certain, what of his inner circle? J. Ezra Merkin, the money manager who lost billions of his investors’ money in the Madoff scam, took it right in the Rothko; the Associated Press tells us that “prosecutors expect to charge at least 10 more people in connection with the scheme; and then, of course, there is the now less-than-devoted wife, Ruth Madoff. New York Magazine’s Jessica Pressler hopes she’ll move on with a renewed reputation: When Judge Denny Chin sentenced Bernard Madoff to 150 years earlier this week, he condemned his crimes as “extraordinarily evil.” “You deceived your own wife,” he added, cutting Ruth Madoff, who had long been suspected of aiding her husband’s crimes, her first real break. Today she got another one: The Post, citing an anonymous source, says that after a six-month probe, federal authorities have found no evidence that Ruth had anything to do with her husband’s fraud. But the world, it seems, is not quite ready to give up the idea of Ruth as a villain. The tabloids are still dogging her. The fact that the government allowed her to keep $2.5 million cash was met with disbelief; her statement, in which she described herself as a victim, dismissed (“I guess it’s somewhat better than rolling around naked in hundred dollar bills and shrieking ‘too bad for you’ to the others — but only just,” one Forbes columnist wrote). And the victims are still convinced she was in on it. Personally, we’d be relieved for Ruth to be innocent. The idea of two people together systematically conducting a twenty-year crime uninterrupted by conscience is pretty horrible to contemplate. But it’s understandable that, especially now that he’s in prison, Bernie’s clients would want another figure on which to lay blame. In a way, they’re right: It truly is “unbelievable” that no one close to Bernie noticed his impossibly high returns, that no one questioned the secrecy of his trading methods, or wondered why his statements were printed on a dot-matrix printer. But who should have noticed? Who should have been paying attention? The person with whom he shared a casual chicken Parmesan every night, or the people who received his statements? Of course they can’t believe that Ruth is innocent of aiding and abetting a fraud. Because in a way, it would mean that they are the ones who are guilty. And, as her society friends collectively turn their back on her, an old admirer has come to the fore: “I was in the Class of 1958 [at Far Rockaway High School in Queens], two years behind Bernie, but in the same class as his wife, Ruth,” writes The Washington Post’s Richard Cohen. “She was my friend, or so our yearbook strongly suggests, although my memory of our friendship no longer speaks to me. I remember her only as really cute, an object of desire across a classroom or another.” Wow, and we thought he had a crush on President Obama ….

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Sleep apnea is a condition in which breathing is repeatedly interrupted during sleep. The time period for which the breathing stops or decreases is usually between 10 and 30 seconds. When these episodes occur repeatedly, sleep apnea can seriously disrupt the quality of sleep. There are three types of respiratory events: - Obstructive apnea—caused by a temporary, partial, or complete blockage of the airway - Central apnea—caused by a temporary failure to make an effort to breathe - Mixed apnea—combination of the first two types These factors increase your chance of developing sleep apnea. Tell your doctor if you have any of these risk factors: - Sex: male - Large neck circumference - Age: middle to older age - Family history of apnea Structural abnormalities of the nose, throat, or other part of the respiratory tract. Examples include: - Severely enlarged tonsils - Deviated nasal septum - Medicines: sedatives and sleeping aids - Alcohol consumption - Fatigue and sleepiness during waking hours - Loud snoring - Breathing that stops during the night (noticed by the partner) - Repeated waking at night - Unrefreshing sleep - Morning headaches - Poor concentration or problems with memory - Irritability or short temper People with chronic untreated sleep apnea may be at risk for: An overnight sleep study is used to help diagnose sleep apnea. Overnight Sleep Study (Polysomnography) This test helps detect the presence and severity of sleep apnea. During sleep, it measures your: - Eye and muscle movements - Brain activity ( electroencephalogram ) - Heart rate - Breathing (pattern and depth) - Percent saturation of your red blood cells with oxygen There are a number of treatment options for sleep apnea, including: - Lose weight if you are overweight. - Avoid using sedatives, sleeping pills, alcohol, and nicotine, which tend to make the condition worse. - Try sleeping on your side instead of your back. - Place pillows strategically so you are as comfortable as possible. - For daytime sleepiness, practice safety measures, such as avoiding driving or operating potentially hazardous equipment. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) entails wearing a mask over your nose and/or mouth during sleep. An air blower forces enough constant and continuous air through your air passages to prevent the tissues from collapsing and blocking the airway. In some cases, dental appliances that help keep the tongue or jaw in a more forward position may help. In some cases, surgery may be recommended. It is most often beneficial in pediatric patients. Types of surgery that may be done to treat severe cases of sleep apnea include: - Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty—The doctor removes excess soft tissue from the nose and/or throat. - Maxillomandibular advancement—The jawbone is repositioned forward. - Tracheotomy —For life-threatening cases of sleep apnea, an opening is made in the windpipe to allow for normal breathing. Bariatric surgery may help with weight loss in some people who are obese . This surgery may reduce many of the complications that are related to obesity, including sleep apnea. Only used in central apnea, acetazolamide (Diamox) may help improve the ability to regulate breathing. Overall, there is not a lot of evidence to support the use of medicines to treat sleep apnea. Supplemental oxygen may be given if blood levels of oxygen fall too low during sleep, even after opening the airway. You may be able to prevent the onset of sleep apnea by maintaining a healthy weight . Avoid alcohol, nicotine, and sedatives, which may contribute to airway obstruction. - Reviewer: Rimas Lukas, MD - Review Date: 09/2012 - - Update Date: 00/93/2012 -

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http://oprmc.com/your-health/?/11549/

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Sexual conflict over care: antagonistic effects of clutch desertion on reproductive success of male and female penduline tits Szentirmai, I., Szekely, T. and Komdeur, J., 2007. Sexual conflict over care: antagonistic effects of clutch desertion on reproductive success of male and female penduline tits. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 20 (5), pp. 1739-1744. Related documents:This repository does not currently have the full-text of this item. You may be able to access a copy if URLs are provided below. A fundamental tenet of sexual conflict theory is that one sex may increase its reproductive success (RS) even if this harms the other sex. Several studies supported this principle by showing that males benefit from reduced paternal care whereas females suffer from it. By investigating penduline tits Remiz pendulinus in nature, we show that parental conflict may be symmetric between sexes. In this small passerine a single female (or male) cares for the offspring, whereas about 30% of clutches are deserted by both parents. Deserting parents enhance their RS by obtaining multiple mates, and they reduce the RS of their mates due to increased nest failure. Unlike most other species, however, the antagonistic interests are symmetric in penduline tits, because both sexes enhance their own RS by deserting, whilst harming the RS of their mates. We argue that the strong antagonistic interests of sexes explain the high frequency of biparental desertion. |Creators||Szentirmai, I., Szekely, T. and Komdeur, J.| |Departments||Faculty of Science > Biology & Biochemistry| |Additional Information||ID number: ISI:000249166200010| Actions (login required)

<urn:uuid:5b700200-4773-4f6a-b740-01428f2bc83c>

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http://opus.bath.ac.uk/3491/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

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Resequencing of positional candidates identifies low frequency IL23R coding variants protecting against inflammatory bowel disease. Momozawa, Yukihide ; Mni, Myriam ; Nakamura, Kayo et al in Nature Genetics (2011), 43(1), 43-7 Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified dozens of risk loci for many complex disorders, including Crohn's disease. However, common disease-associated SNPs explain at most approximately 20 ... [more ▼] Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified dozens of risk loci for many complex disorders, including Crohn's disease. However, common disease-associated SNPs explain at most approximately 20% of the genetic variance for Crohn's disease. Several factors may account for this unexplained heritability, including rare risk variants not adequately tagged thus far in GWAS. That rare susceptibility variants indeed contribute to variation in multifactorial phenotypes has been demonstrated for colorectal cancer, plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, blood pressure, type 1 diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia and, in the case of Crohn's disease, for NOD2 (refs. 14,15). Here we describe the use of high-throughput resequencing of DNA pools to search for rare coding variants influencing susceptibility to Crohn's disease in 63 GWAS-identified positional candidate genes. We identify low frequency coding variants conferring protection against inflammatory bowel disease in IL23R, but we conclude that rare coding variants in positional candidates do not make a large contribution to inherited predisposition to Crohn's disease. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 69 (29 ULg)

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http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/browse?type=authorulg&rpp=20&value=Momozawa%2C+Yukihide+p086790

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

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[en] Numerous works are related to the use of unconventional feed resources, and particularly to Mucuna Spp., in poultry diet. This review aims at describing the context of their use, their nutritional values and the constraints related to their upgrading, before considering the effects of the various methods of treatment on the reduction of the toxic substances that they could contain and on their chemical compositions. The methods of treatment are very variable and their standardisation should allow using them in rural area. Those feed could thus constitute an alternative to costly conventional feed usually used in poultry production. Administration générale de la Coopération au Développement - AGCD

<urn:uuid:7ae15ad2-9a9e-440d-921d-4db57cbe2002>

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http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/90677

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Cleaving of TOPAS and PMMA microstructured polymer optical fibers: Core-shift and statistical quality optimization Publication: Research - peer-review › Journal article – Annual report year: 2012 We fabricated an electronically controlled polymer optical fiber cleaver, which uses a razor-blade guillotine and provides independent control of fiber temperature, blade temperature, and cleaving speed. To determine the optimum cleaving conditions of microstructured polymer optical fibers (mPOFs) with hexagonal hole structures we developed a program for cleaving quality optimization, which reads in a microscope image of the fiber end-facet and determines the core-shift and the statistics of the hole diameter, hole-to-hole pitch, hole ellipticity, and direction of major ellipse axis. For 125μm in diameter mPOFs of the standard polymer PMMA we found the optimum temperatures to be 77.5°C for both blade and fiber. For 280μm in diameter mPOFs of the humidity insensitive polymer TOPAS® (grade 8007) the optimum temperature was 40° for both blade and fiber. A 100μm thick flat-edge blade was found to minimize the core-shift by the cleaving to only 298nm or 5% of the pitch for the PMMA mPOF at the optimal temperature. |Citations||Web of Science® Times Cited: 5| - Microstructured polymer optical fibers, TOPAS, Cleaving, PMMA

<urn:uuid:529fd2be-ae70-40cc-933e-f5a04875cd45>

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http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/cleaving-of-topas-and-pmma-microstructured-polymer-optical-fibers-coreshift-and-statistical-quality-optimization(71dcc554-db59-4e56-88e5-459775a21fae).html

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With support from Blackboard’s global community, OSU is partnering with Blackboard to bring you a faculty training webinar series entitled The Blackboard Innovative Teaching Series (BITS). This program will bring best practices and evolved online pedagogy training to you in a concise and effective series consisting of weekly training webinars that have been designed for educators and will be led by your peers and product experts. All educators are invited to join, regardless of your technical know-how or experience using Blackboard or other learning management solutions. To help you better gauge which sessions to attend, the webinars are divided into three tracks: Getting Started, Collaboration, and Assessing Learners. More information about the tracks, the schedule, and registration can be found at http://www.blackboard.com/bits. All webinars are recorded and available online. Here are a few upcoming offerings in this year’s series: Creating and Planning Content for K-12, April 22, 2013 10AM PDT Strategies for Generating Collaboration Online for K12, April 29, 2013 10AM PDT More About Rubrics, May 6, 2013 10AM PDT Motivating and Engaging Your Online Students, May 13,2013 8AM PDT Organizing Your Content, May 20, 2013 10AM PDT Please note - some of the webinars may demonstrate Blackboard functionality that OSU has not yet upgraded to...

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http://oregonstate.edu/tac/index.php?option=com_events&task=view_cat&year=2012&month=11&day=03&Itemid=429

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